uuid
int64
541B
3,299B
dataset
stringclasses
1 value
text
stringlengths
1
4.29M
2,869,038,154,528
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many galactic disks in the nearby Universe appear to be non-axisymmetric \citep{Jog2009}. The feature was first systematically studied in \citet{Baldwin1980}, which considered lopsided galaxies as a subclass of spirals. They examined about 20 best known galaxies with asymmetries and proposed tha...
2,869,038,154,529
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The announcement of the five-sigma discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC on July 4th 2012 officially launched a new program of precision tests of the standard model (SM) in Higgs physics. By precisely measuring the production and decay rates of the Higgs boson we aim t...
2,869,038,154,530
arxiv
\section{Introduction and motivation}\label{sec:introduction} \IEEEPARstart{T}{he} increasing demand for ubiquitous, reliable, fast, and scalable wireless services is pushing today's radio technology toward its ultimate limits. In this context, it is natural to continue searching for more bandwidth, which in turn pu...
2,869,038,154,531
arxiv
\subsection*{Introduction} This paper presents a proof of the following theorem: \bte \label{main} \footnote {\rm\ It follows from an e-mail discussion between G.~Hjorth and the author in May -- July 1995 that G.~Hjorth may have proved equal or similar theorem independently.} \ Let\/ $\mathbin{\relf{E}}$ be a\/ $\...
2,869,038,154,532
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Single-image super-resolution (SR) algorithms aim to construct a high-quality high-resolution (HR) image from a single low-resolution (LR) input. Numerous single-image SR algorithms have been recently proposed for generic images that exploit priors based on edges~\cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/SunXS08}, g...
2,869,038,154,533
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The quantum phase transitions of two (spatial) dimensional systems have been the focus of much study in the condensed matter community. Prominent examples include the superfluid-insulator transition in thin films \cite{gruner,kapi,shahar}, the transitions between various quantu...
2,869,038,154,534
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Skyrme model \cite{skyrme} is an effective low-energy action for QCD \cite{witten}, where the primary ingredients are meson fields, whereas baryons appear as solitonic excitations, and the baryon number is identified with the topological charge. \\ The original Skyrme Lagrangian has the foll...
2,869,038,154,535
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many of the ideas presented in this paper have also appeared previously in \cite{us}. The intent of this article is to assemble what we view as the important points in a short and coherent summary, and to add some results concerning a relation between Lee-Yang zeroes and Stokes phenomena. Quantu...
2,869,038,154,536
arxiv
\section{Abundances in Dwarf Galaxies and the Halo} The idea that the stellar halo of the Milky Way (MW) formed {\it predominantly} through the infall of smaller star systems --- presumably dwarf galaxies --- has a long history (Searle \& Zinn 1978), strong observational evidence (e.g., Majewski 1993, Majewski, Munn \...
2,869,038,154,537
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} The spectrum of mutations in a collection of cancer genomes can be described by a mixture of a few mutational signatures. The mutational signatures can be found using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). To extract the mutational signatures we have to assume a distribution for the observed muta...
2,869,038,154,538
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Consider the free Hamiltonian as a self-adjoint operator acting on $L^2({\bf R}^n)$: \begin{align*} H_0 = p^2 - \sigma |x|^{\alpha}, \end{align*} where $x= (x_1, x_2,...,x_n) \in {\bf R}^n$, $p = -i \nabla $, $p^2 = p \cdot p = - \Delta $, $\sigma > 0$ and $0 < \alpha < 2$. The external poten...
2,869,038,154,539
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sc:setting of the problem} In this paper we consider the following non-linear parabolic equation \begin{equation}\label{eq: PDE non lin iniziale} \left\{\begin{array}{lcr} \frac{\partial u(t,x)}{\partial t}= \Delta u (t,x) + F( \nabla u(t,x)) b (t, x),&\quad& x\in \mathbb R^d ,t \...
2,869,038,154,540
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Optical solitons are localized pulses that do not change shape as they propagate in nonlinear media \cite{Agr92,Tay92,Kiv03}. Dispersion and nonlinearity conspire to cancel the spatial dependence in the dynamics, which is usually described by nonlinear differential equations \cite{Lam80,Nov84}, ...
2,869,038,154,541
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The first observation of \glspl{gw} by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations~\cite{Abbott:2017xlt} marked the beginning of \gls{gw} astronomy. It was quickly followed by many more detections~\cite{LIGOScientific:2018mvr}. However, inherent sources of noise in ground-based ...
2,869,038,154,542
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Photoemission \textcolor{black}{spectroscopy} is an essential \textcolor{black}{experimental} tool to characterize the electronic structure of a system. In particular it can be used to trace phase transitions, which are especially important in strongly correlated systems. Indeed, one of the most ...
2,869,038,154,543
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{W}{ith} the rapid development of sensing, computing, and communication technologies, the internet of things (IoT) is a popular solution to solve the problems in industry, agriculture, energy, transportation, etc. However, privacy issues in IoT are often a significant concern have be...
2,869,038,154,544
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{Q}{uadrature} squeezed states are quantum resources in continuous-variable quantum information processing with quadrature amplitudes of light \cite{Squeeze:Walls,CVQI:PvL,EntanglementFromSq}. Especially, squeezed vacua are used as ancillary inputs for quantum operations such as quan...
2,869,038,154,545
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Even though in the general theory of relativity (GR) the geometry of spacetime is modelled by a \mbox{(pseudo-)Riemannian} metric of Lorentzian signature, there is no clear physical principle, nor experimental evidence, that tells us that this spacetime geometry should necessarily be \mbox{(pse...
2,869,038,154,546
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} A \emph{sparse model} is one in which signals of a given type $\vec{\data} \in \reals^{\ndims}$ can be represented accurately as sparse linear combinations of the columns (atoms) of a learned dictionary $\mat{\dict} \in \reals^{\ndims{\times}\natoms}$, $\vec{\data} = \ma...
2,869,038,154,547
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Shapley's Constellation~III in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is one of the most enigmatic structures in the local universe: a coherent semicircular arc spanning several hundred parsecs, composed of thousands of bright young stars and tens of star clusters. Its regularity across such a large...
2,869,038,154,548
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Complexity of quantum evolution is of wide theoretical and practical interest. It can be captured in different ways, one common idea is to quantify what is colloquially called scrambling of quantum information~\cite{Hayden07,Susskind08}. Details of what scrambling means depend on a parti...
2,869,038,154,549
arxiv
\section{Experimental setups} \renewcommand\thefigure{\thesection.\arabic{figure}} \setcounter{figure}{0} \noindent\textbf {Experimental setup to characterize resonance tuning}: The experimental setup to characterize the resonance frequency tuning versus voltage applied on the AlN actuator is shown in Fig. \ref...
2,869,038,154,550
arxiv
\subsection{Experimental estimation of activation volume of C14 CaMg$_2$} The available data on specifically basal slip in the C14 CaMg$_2$ Laves phase studied here allows at least an approximate comparison of the activation volumes \cite{freund2021plastic}. Using the scarce, slip system-specific data with a linear fi...
2,869,038,154,551
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \label{sec0} The only known way to obtain direct experimental information on the space-time structure of the particle emitting source created in a relativistic nuclear collision is through two-particle intensity (Hanbury-Brown--Twiss (HBT)) interferometry \cite{BGJ90}. The goal of this method ...
2,869,038,154,552
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Hartogs triangle $$ \mathbb{H} = \{(z_1, z_2)\in \mathbb{C}^2: |z_1|< |z_2| < 1\} $$ is a pseudoconvex domain with non-Lipschitz boundary. It serves as a model counterexample for many questions in several complex variables. For instance, it does not admit a Stein neighborhood basis o...
2,869,038,154,553
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Computing optimal transport (OT) distances between pairs of probability measures or histograms, such as the earth mover's distance~\citep{werman1985,Rubner2000} and Monge-Kantorovich or Wasserstein distance~\citep{villani09optimal}, are currently generating an increasing...
2,869,038,154,554
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The following is well known \begin{theorem}{\rm (The Jordan theorem)}\label{theo1.1} Let $f:[0,1] \to \bR^2$ be a simple closed curve in the plane ($f$ is continous, $f(0) = f(1)$ and $f(u) \not= f(v)$ for $0 < u < v \le 1$). Define $P=_{\rm def}$ {\rm image}$f= \{f(u) : 0 \le u \le 1\}$,...
2,869,038,154,555
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Currently most laboratory experiments are described up to a very good precision by the Standard Model of particle interactions. However, recent developments show that effects beyond the Standard Model surely exist. The anomaly in atmospheric neutrinos is now understood by $\nu_\mu \rightarrow ...
2,869,038,154,556
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is a rather subjective matter to decide whether a given statement in \textbf{ZFC} belongs to the field of Elementary Number Theory or not. A typical example is Goodstein's Theorem, which, even if it concerns positive integers, it has been traditionally classified as belonging to the field of ...
2,869,038,154,557
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Theoretical prediction of two inertial ranges, consequence of both energy and enstrophy concervation laws by the two- dimensional Euler equations, was and still is one of the most remarkable achievements of statistical hydrodynamics [1]. A direct and most important outcome of these conserv...
2,869,038,154,558
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cyber-physical systems consist of discrete (usually digital, often implemented in software) controllers interacting with a continuous physical environment. Control is often networked, sometimes wirelessly. Many cyber-physical systems are safety- or performance-critical, or economically vital. We...
2,869,038,154,559
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Fairness, non-discrimination, and unwanted bias have always been concerns in human decision making \cite{VarshneyV2017}, but are increasingly in the limelight because historical human decisions are now being used as training data for machine learning models in high stakes appli...
2,869,038,154,560
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Event analysis from news and social networks is very useful for a wide range of social studies and real-world applications \cite{chen2020event}, such as the impact of epidemics, wars and urban violence, finance, elections, and sentiment analysis. Although machine learning methods have been recen...
2,869,038,154,561
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Voronoi Diagram (VD) is one of the essential structures for computational geometry, along with the convex hull and the Delaunay triangulation which is its dual. The VD provides proximity information of the input seeds (points), something that is required by several scientific and technologica...
2,869,038,154,562
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Bohr's quantum jump is accompanied by the absorption or emission of a photon in case of a radiative resonant energy transfer. In a quantum system there are continuous transitions, making it difficult to monitor or control them. To monitor individual transitions, Dehmelt \cite{dehmelt,deh} propos...
2,869,038,154,563
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace*{-0.05in} The Low Latency Fault Tolerance (LLFT) system provides fault tolerance for distributed applications, using the leader-follower replication technique. LLFT provides application-transparent replication, with strong replica consistency, for applications that involve multiple ...
2,869,038,154,564
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} In 1966, Schmidt \cite{Schmidt1} introduced a two-player game referred to thereafter as Schmidt's game. Schmidt invented the game primarily as a tool for studying certain sets which arise in number theory and Diophantine approximation theory. Schmidt's game, and other si...
2,869,038,154,565
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} We thank S.~Singh and J.~Ritt for supplying the mouse gastrointestinal samples. We thank K.~Calabro for helping develop the Monte Carlo simulation code. We thank all the members of the Biomicroscopy Lab for their helpful conversations and careful review of this manuscript. This work was suppo...
2,869,038,154,566
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the coming years the production and decay of Higgs bosons will play a central role in many analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A crucial ingredient is often provided by the matching coefficients which govern the coupling of Higgs bosons to gluons. The corresponding effecti...
2,869,038,154,567
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} The very short lifetime of the $\tau$ lepton ($2.9 \times 10^{-13}$s) makes it very difficult to measure its electric and magnetic dipole moments. While the Standard Model (SM) prediction of the $\tau$ anomalous magnetic moment $a_{\tau}=(g-2)_{\tau}/2$ is known with a tiny unc...
2,869,038,154,568
arxiv
\section*{References}
2,869,038,154,569
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} With the advent of complex silicon detectors such as monolithic sensors or hybrid detectors with 3D sensors, detailed end-to-end Monte Carlo simulations of such devices have become an indispensable tool for detector R\&D. They are used to optimize the detector design prior to p...
2,869,038,154,570
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Parsing expression grammars are a recognition-based system for parsing of formal languages. They were defined by Ford \cite{ford2004parsing}, who showed equivalence with earlier parsing systems by Birman and Ullman \cite{birman1970parsing,birman1970tmg} that are able to recognise the class of \...
2,869,038,154,571
arxiv
\section{Conclusions} In this paper, we present almost optimal distributed algorithms for coverage problems. Our algorithms beat the previous ones in several fronts: e.g., (i) they provably acheive the optimal approximation factors for these problems, (ii) they run in only four rounds of computation (as opposed to ...
2,869,038,154,572
arxiv
\section{How to Correct/review this document} \section{Introduction} \subsection{Space telescopes and technological innovations} The ambitious science quests conceived during the past decade (e.g. cosmic origins, exploration of exoplanets) come together with demanding technological challenges. The spac...
2,869,038,154,573
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Define the automorphism group of a vector field on a smooth manifold to be the group of diffeomorphisms of the manifold preserving the vector field. A natural question is how small the automorphism group of a vector field can be. Suppose that we only consider vector fields which are invariant...
2,869,038,154,574
arxiv
\section{Introduction} State determination through measurements, also called \emph{Tomography}, is very important in Quantum Mechanics. It is also important in Classical mechanics, but it is considerably more nuanced and involved in quantum theory. We recall here a very deep characterisation of states in general given...
2,869,038,154,575
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Introduction} Recent work in machine learning and computer vision have demonstrated advantages of integrating human attention with artificial neural network models, as studies show that many machine vision tasks, i.e., image segmentation, image captioning, object recognition, etc., can...
2,869,038,154,576
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Baker and Norine defined linear equivalence and ranks of divisors on graphs and showed that they have many properties similar to those of linear equivalence and dimensions of complete linear series on algebraic curves. In particular, they satisfy analogues of the Riemann-Roch and Abel-Jacobi Th...
2,869,038,154,577
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A system that is driven out of equilibrium by a quantum quench will display many interesting, non-equilibrium phenomena (for a review, see Ref.~\onlinecite{Mitra2018}). However, it is generally believed that after some transient period, a generic, infinite (or in practice large) system equilibra...
2,869,038,154,578
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec01} The response to external electric and magnetic fields provides a fundamental tool for studying and altering the properties of materials with numerous attendant applications. In particular higher-order responses allow for `manipulating light with light.' Thus, there is considerable...
2,869,038,154,579
arxiv
\section{Introduction: file preparation and submission} The \verb"iopart" \LaTeXe\ article class file is provided to help authors prepare articles for submission to IOP Publishing journals. This document gives advice on preparing your submission, and specific instructions on how to use \verb"iopart.cls" to follow t...
2,869,038,154,580
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Navigation comes easy to humans. We are able to maneuver through novel parts of our environments, self-locate by integrating over convoluted trajectories, and even come up with shortcuts that traverse areas of the environment we have never visited before. Two principles seem to drive these abil...
2,869,038,154,581
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In two previous papers~\cite{cmr,cmr1}, we considered the long term nonlinear evolution of a Keplerian binary system that is perturbed by a normally incident periodic gravitational wave, and in a recent work~\cite{cmr2} we considered the additional effect of radiation damping, which is of inter...
2,869,038,154,582
arxiv
\section{\fontsize{14}{16pt}\fontseries{bx}\fontshape{n}\selectfont #1}} \newcommand{\subsEction}[1] {\subsection{\fontsize{12}{14pt}\selectfont #1}} \newcommand{\okrug} {\unitlength=1mm \makebox[10mm][l]{ \raisebox{-3mm}[4mm][3mm]{ \put(4,4){\circle{6}} \put(1,4){\circle*{1.50}} }}} \newcommand{\lintwopt}[2] {\unitl...
2,869,038,154,583
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} Recently, quaternion-valued signal processing has been introduced to solve problems related to three or four-dimensional signals, such as vector-sensor array signal processing~\cite{BihanN2004,liu14e,liu14k}, and wind profile prediction~\cite{took09a,liu13j}. In many...
2,869,038,154,584
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Optimal Mass Transport (OMT) is a well-studied problem with a variety of applications in a diverse set of fields, ranging from physics to computer vision and in particular statistics and data science. Fueled by the appearance of OMT in transformation-based density estimation and random sampling a...
2,869,038,154,585
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Reinforcement learning (RL) is promising in solving sequential decision making problems such as robotic navigation with obstacle avoidance as it seeks long-term optimal policies \cite{RL1998Sutton, Q-learningML1992}. Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which combines deep neutr...
2,869,038,154,586
arxiv
\section*{To-do list and general comments} \section{Introduction} Stochastic Reaction Networks (SRNs) are a class of continuous-time Markov chains, $X{\equiv}\{X(t)\}_{t\in[0,T]}$, that take values in $\mbox{$\zset_+^d$}$, \emph{i.e.}, the lattice of $d$-tuples of non-negative integers. SRNs are mathematical models...
2,869,038,154,587
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{int} In the canonical quantization approach to quantum field theory (QFT), states of the quantum field containing particles are built up from the vacuum state using particle creation operators. The definition of particle states therefore relies on the definition of a vacuum state (a s...
2,869,038,154,588
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The concentration--compactness method is nowadays a basic tool in applied mathematics for the analysis of variational problems with lack of compactness or more specifically for proving existence of solutions of non-linear partial differential equations which are invariant under a group of transf...
2,869,038,154,589
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{The mysteries of LLL} The LLL algorithm (\cite{LLL82}) is one of the most celebrated algorithmic inventions of the twentieth century, with countless applications to pure and computational number theory, computational science, and cryptography. It is also the most fundamental of lat...
2,869,038,154,590
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s:intro} Phase I dose-finding clinical trials in oncology seek to find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) to obtain reliable information regarding the safety profile of a drug or a combination of drugs, pharmacokinetics, and the mechanism of action \cite{chevret_2006}\cite{crowley_2005}. In...
2,869,038,154,591
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In optical metrology of nanostructures rigorous (i.e., accurate) simulation of light propagation is an essential component~\cite{Pang2012aot,Lai2012aot}. A challenge consists in reducing computation times for simulation results matching predefined accuracy requirements. This is especially impo...
2,869,038,154,592
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Particle physics data are famously collated and summarised in the Particle Data Book \cite{Beringer:1900zz}. However, it is interesting to note that there are no entries on the deconfined phase of QCD -- a symptom of the difficulty of studying (experimentally and theoretically) this new phase. Th...
2,869,038,154,593
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Literature Review} The dynamics of incompressible fluid flows are described by a set of nonlinear PDEs known as the Navier-Stokes equations. The properties of such flows are then characterized in terms of a dimensionless parameter $Re$, the Reynolds number. Experiments show that many...
2,869,038,154,594
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Kitaev's famous proposal~\cite{kitaev.01} for the realization of Majorana quasiparticles opened a period of intense study into these topological bound states~\cite{aguado.17,lutchyn.bakkers.18,pawlak.hoffman.19}. Currently, realizations of Majorana bound states are expected in a few low-dimensi...
2,869,038,154,595
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The paper is devoted to the study of the asymptotic behavior in time of solutions to the Cauchy problem of the following two systems of cubic nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equations in one space dimension: The first one is \begin{equation}\label{E:sysnew1} \left\{ \begin{aligned} &i\partial_t u...
2,869,038,154,596
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec1} According to Moore’s law \cite{ref31}, traditional computer architectures will reach their physical limits in the near future. Quantum computers \cite{ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7,ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref...
2,869,038,154,597
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Lyman limit systems are a special class of Ly$\alpha$ absorbers which span a range of column densities: $\NHI = 1.6\times10^{17}\pcms - 2\times10^{20}\pcms$. The lower limit is defined by the column density which gives an optical depth of unity at the Lyman limit and the upper limit is defi...
2,869,038,154,598
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The seminal works of Dirac \cite{Dirac} on constraint Hamiltonian systems have been developed in several important research lines. One of these developments is due to Fradkin, Fradkina, Batalin and Tyutin (BFFT) \cite{BFFT}, where Hamiltonian systems submitted to second class constraints are con...
2,869,038,154,599
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A dynamical system with time delays reacts not only to its current state, but also to what occurred in the past. It is well known in this context that time-delayed dynamical systems are prone to instabilities whenever the delay times become comparable to the time scales needed to react to curr...
2,869,038,154,600
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, great scientific interest has been taken in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their fascinating optical properties \cite{Mak_MoS2monofirst_PhysRevLett_2010}. TMDs materials like MoS$_2$, WS$_2$, MoSe$_2$ and WSe$_2$, being semiconductors with a bandgap in the visible waveleng...
2,869,038,154,601
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} One of the most intriguing predictions of Quantum electrodynamics is the existence of irreducible vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic (e.m.) field. It was Casimir's fundamental discovery \cite{casimir} to realize that this purely quantum phenomenon was not confined to the atomic s...
2,869,038,154,602
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease is a progressive, ultimately fatal disease causing progressive loss of motor function~\cite{Oliver2017}. ALS progression is heterogeneous in terms of the pattern of spread across body parts and the rate of ...
2,869,038,154,603
arxiv
\section{Introduction} If electroweak symmetry breaking in the Standard Model (SM) arises solely from the presence of a fundamental scalar, the scale of the electroweak interactions requires a severe fine-tuning. The economy of the Higgs mechanism thus comes at the cost of making the SM unnatural. Technicolor models...
2,869,038,154,604
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{section1} Let $f$ be a locally integrable function on $\mathbb R^n$. The Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator of $f$ is defined by \begin{align} M(f)(x)=\sup\limits_{Q}\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Q|f(y)|dy,\;\;x\in \mathbb R^n, \end{align} where the supremum is taken over all cubes containing $x$. It is...
2,869,038,154,605
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The role of strangeness in low and medium energy nuclear physics is currently of considerable interest, as it has the potential to deepen our understanding of the relevant strong interaction mechanisms in the non-perturbative regime of QCD. For example, the system of a strange baryon (hyperon $Y...
2,869,038,154,606
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In his seminal 1987 paper \cite{Polyakov:1987zb}, Polyakov provides a solution to the two-dimensional induced gravity theory \cite{Polyakov:1981rd}, \begin{equation} \label{polyeq1} S = \frac{c}{96 \pi} \int d^2x \sqrt{-g} \, R \frac{1}{\nabla^2} R, \end{equation} by working in a light-cone gaug...
2,869,038,154,607
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Artificial intelligence is a wide research field that simulates human intelligence using certain machines that are programmed to perform human-like skills. Presently, the study of artificial intelligence encompasses several branches, such as machine learning (ML), reinforcement learning and deep...
2,869,038,154,608
arxiv
\section{The problem: regular magnetic field resists strong shocks} Magnetic fields in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way and other disc galaxies are, to a first approximation, frozen-in to the interstellar gas: put another way, the magnetic Reynolds number of the medium is sufficiently high that advection domina...
2,869,038,154,609
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}} Theoretical model atmospheres are needed in order to interpret stellar fluxes and derive individual characteristics of stars, like stellar parameters and chemical abundances. In recent decades, successive improvements of the often used one-dimensional (1D) hydrostatic atm...
2,869,038,154,610
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Non-Gaussian and in general non-classical states of light enjoy an increasing interest in the quantum information community. They are indispensable building blocks for entanglement generation, distillation and broadcasting, for quantum information relays and networks in the realm of quantum in...
2,869,038,154,611
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Consider an $N$-node multi-hop network, where each node $i$ observes a convex function $f_i$, and all the $N$ nodes wish to determine an optimal consensus $x^*$, which minimizes the sum of the $f_i$'s: \begin{align} x^*\in\operatornamewithlimits{arg\,min}_x\sum_{i=1}^Nf_i(x)...
2,869,038,154,612
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the most studied problems in extremal combinatorics is the so-called Tur\'an problem originated in the work of Tur\'an \cite{T1941} (for a recent survey see \cite{FS2013}). A basic problem of this sort asks for the maximum possible number of edges $ex(F,G)$ in a subgraph $G'$ of a given gr...
2,869,038,154,613
arxiv
\section{Generalized extraction of the sum over certain range from a higher-order tensor of cumulative sums} \label{app:cumsum-extraction} \vspace{1cm} \begin{theorem} \label{theorem:multi-cumsum} Let $\mathfrak{X}, C \in \mathbb{R}^{N_1 \times N_2 \times \cdots \times N_M}$ with $\mathfrak{X}$ being an ...
2,869,038,154,614
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For many decades, factor analysis has been a popular method to model the covariance matrix $\Vary$ of correlated, multivariate observations $\ym_t$ of dimension $\dimy$, see e.g. \citet{and:int} for a comprehensive review. Assuming $\nfactrue$ uncorrelated factors, a factor model yields the...
2,869,038,154,615
arxiv
\subsection*{Abstract} Privacy-preserving releasing of complex data (e.g., image, text, audio) represents a long-standing challenge for the data mining research community. Due to rich semantics of the data and lack of {\em a priori} knowledge about the analysis task, excessive sanitization is often necessary to ensure ...
2,869,038,154,616
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Modern methods for stretching single molecules provide a valuable insight about the response of polymers to external forces. The interest on single molecules loading encouraged new research and technological developments on related mechanical experiments. Typically, mechanical methods allow the m...
2,869,038,154,617
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Computer vision research has made great progress in the past few years, driven by the development of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) \cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet, szegedy2015going, he2016deep, huang2017densely, xie2017aggregated, jf2021grcnn, wang2017gated, Chen_2020_CVPR, hu2018squeez...
2,869,038,154,618
arxiv
\section{\label{intro}Introduction} The problem of a dipole emitter placed close to a reflective surface has received much interest over the last few decades: seminal work \cite{DREXHAGE} by Drexhage in 1970 first demonstrated that a reflective interface modifies the intrinsic properties of the emitter, influencing b...
2,869,038,154,619
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$ decay) is a second order nuclear weak decay process with the emission of two electrons only~\cite{Vog92,fae98,AEE07}: $(A,Z)\rightarrow (A,Z+2)+2e^-$. This process violates the total lepton number conservation and is therefore forbidden in the stan...
2,869,038,154,620
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The equation \begin{equation}\label{LebNag} x^2 + D = y^n \end{equation} is known as the \emph{Lebesgue--Nagell equation}. Here, $x$ and $y$ are coprime integers, $n \geq 3$ and $D$ is an integer whose prime divisors belong to a fixed finite set. The Lebesgue--Nagell equation has a rich history ...
2,869,038,154,621
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The production of lepton pairs in hadron-hadron collisions via the Drell--Yan (DY) process is described in the standard model (SM) by the $s$-channel exchange of $\gamma^*/\text{Z}$. Theoretical calculations of the differential cross section $d\sigma/dM(\ell\ell)$, wh...
2,869,038,154,622
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Online shopping has become popular in our daily lives. Hundreds of millions of users visit e-commerce platforms (such as Amazon, eBay, Taobao and JD) every day. The product search service, which displays relevant products based on user queries, is of great importance for user experience and tran...
2,869,038,154,623
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is commonly accepted that the parent compounds of the superconducting high-$T_c$ cuprates are antiferromagnetic charge-transfer insulators and that superconductivity emerges upon doping either with holes or electrons.\cite{Imada, ARM} There are some similarities but also differences between h...
2,869,038,154,624
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sectionintroduction} The discovery and exploration of the mechanism of mass generation and electroweak symmetry breaking is one of the most important tasks of future collider experiments. Within the Standard Model of elementary particle physics (SM) electroweak symmetry breaking is realiz...
2,869,038,154,625
arxiv
\section*{Appendix} \noindent {\it Microscopics of the model.---} ${\cal N} = 2^{*}$ gauge theory is obtained as a deformation of the maximally supersymmetric $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory. The field content of ${\cal N}=4$ SYM theory includes the gauge field $A_\mu$, four Majorana fermions $\psi_a$, and three complex sca...
2,869,038,154,626
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Black hole quasinormal modes (QNMs), describing the characteristic oscillations of black holes, have attracted a lot of attention recently, see for example reviews~\cite{Chandrasekhar:1985kt,Kokkotas:1999bd,Berti:2009kk,Konoplya:2011qq} and references therein. Due to the existence of an event hor...
2,869,038,154,627
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Supervised learning can achieve good performance given considerable amounts of labelled data for training. One essential factor accounting for the recent successes in deep learning and image classification is the ImageNet database which contains more than 14 million hand-annotat...