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2,869,038,154,728 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
The discovery of superconductivity in doped LaFeAsO triggered intensive research on layered FeAs systems\cite{LaFeAsOF_YKamihara_01}.
So far, the superconducting (SC) transition temperature {$T_{\rm sc}$} of $R$FeAsO has rapidly been raised up to 54\,K\cite{PrFeAsOF_ZARen_01,NdF... |
2,869,038,154,729 | arxiv |
\section{\label{sec:introduction} Introduction}
Similar to the majority of the stable isotopes beyond iron,
$^{206,207,208}$Pb and $^{209}$Bi are synthesized by the rapid
\mbox{($r$-)} and slow \mbox{($s$-)} neutron capture processes.
However, this mass region is particularly interesting because the
$r$-process abun... |
2,869,038,154,730 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Boron presents a wealth of possible two-dimensional (2D) allotropes, and boron sheets exhibit various structural polymorphs containing mostly hexagonal and triangular lattices \cite{Tang2007,Penev2012,Zhou2014a,Zhang2015c,Mannix2015,Feng2016a}. Low-buckled borophene sheets in the form of triangu... |
2,869,038,154,731 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The noncommutative Schwartz space~${\mathcal{S}}$ is a weakly amenable m-convex
Fr\'echet algebra whose properties have been investigated in several
recent papers, see e.g.~\cite{TC,PD,KP,KP1}. It is not difficult to see that as a Fr\'echet space,~${\mathcal{S}}$ is nuclear. From this, we can ea... |
2,869,038,154,732 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The primordial inflation~\cite{Guth:1980zm} is perhaps one of the most important
paradigms of the early Universe, for a recent review,
see~\cite{Mazumdar:2010sa}. Inflation
is responsible for stretching the initial perturbations to the
observable scales in
the cosmic microwave background ra... |
2,869,038,154,733 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Exceptional objects and exceptional sequences have been studied in various contexts. The terminology
{``exceptional"} was first used by Rudakov and his school \cite{Ru} when dealing
with vector bundles on the complex projective plane $\bbP^2$, or more generally for del Pezzo surfaces.
They ... |
2,869,038,154,734 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Support vector machine (SVM)~\cite{cristianini2000} is a popular methodology applicable to extensive domains requiring prediction or statistical analysis including text categorization, medical and biological study, economics, psychology and social science. The methodology learns the coefficient v... |
2,869,038,154,735 | arxiv | \section{$Q^2$ dependence of $(\sigma_A - \sigma_P)$}
The $Q^2$ and $\nu$ dependence of
$(\sigma_A - \sigma_P)$ is contained in two spin dependent nucleon
form factors
$G_1(\nu, Q^2)$ and $G_2(\nu, Q^2)$, viz.
\begin{equation}
\sigma_A - \sigma_P =
{16 m \pi^2 \alpha \over 2 m \nu - Q^2}
\Biggl(
m \nu G_1 (\nu, Q... |
2,869,038,154,736 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The last few years have seen
the emergence of a Standard $\Lambda$CDM Model of cosmology
motivated by and consistent with
a wide range of observations, including
the cosmic microwave background,
distant supernovae,
big-bang nucleosynthesis,
large-scale structure,
the abundance of r... |
2,869,038,154,737 | arxiv | \section{ Introduction}
Symbiotic stars (SS) are a class of variable stars consisting of a
cool giant, a hotter object, either a hot subdwarf or a compact object,
and an emission nebula.
The optical variability of symbiotics may take different forms and
time scales. One form is of cyclic variations, due to the var... |
2,869,038,154,738 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In these short notes, we study a very simple
problem with a solution that is universally well-known:
spontaneous decay of a laser-driven two-level atom
which is coupled to the electromagnetic field in the vacuum state.
The techniques that we use to discretize the quantum
stochastic differential ... |
2,869,038,154,739 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Entanglement entropy quantifies the amount of information about a quantum state that is lost upon restriction to a subsystem. Typically, by ``subsystem'' one means a spatial region, but in general it can be any subalgebra of observables that belong to the theory in question. This algebraic point... |
2,869,038,154,740 | arxiv | \section*{References}
[1] Burbidge, E. Margaret, Burbidge, Geoffrey R., Fowler, William
A. \& Hoyle, Fred ``Synthesis of the Elements in Stars'', Reviews of
Modern Physics, 29, 547 (1957)
\noindent
[2] Abel, Tom, Bryan, Greg~L. \& Norman, Michael~L. ``The Formation of
the First Star in the Universe'', Science, ... |
2,869,038,154,741 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of how the structural parameters of galaxies are linked to their dynamics and stellar properties via scaling relations and how these change as a function of redshift, environment and wavelength constitute some of the most used probes to understand the formation and evolution of galaxi... |
2,869,038,154,742 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
\vspace{-2mm}
The systematic study of $A$-hypergeometric $D$-modules, also known as GKZ-systems, was initiated by Gelfand, Graev, Kapranov, and Zelevinski \cite{GGZ}, \cite{GKZ}. These are systems of linear partial differential equations in several complex variables that generalize classical hy... |
2,869,038,154,743 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) (see, e.g., \cite{Koh-RMP-99}) is a successful method for electronic structure calculations, thanks to its unique combination of low computational cost and reasonable accuracy. In the Kohn-Sham formalism, the total energy of a many-elec... |
2,869,038,154,744 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
We call {\it{pluricomplex Green function}} $G_A$ of a compact set $A\subset\mathbb{C}^n$, $n\geq 1$, the plurisubharmonic function defined as$$\displaystyle G_{A}:= {\sup}^* \bigg\{ v \in PSH(\mathbb{C}^n):\text{ } v|_{A}\leq 0,\text{ } v(z)\leq \frac{1}{2}\log(1+\|z\|^2)+O(1)\bigg... |
2,869,038,154,745 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Complex organic molecules have been detected toward a range of astrophysical environments, including low-mass protostars \citep{vanDishoeck95, Cazaux03, Bottinelli07}; however, the origins of these complex molecules as well as their fates are uncertain. Commonly-suggested formation routes for th... |
2,869,038,154,746 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{int}
Denote by $\zeta_N$ an $N$-th primitive root of unity. Let $\mathcal{MT}(\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_N][1/N])$ denote the category of mixed Tate motives unramified over $\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_N][1/N]$. By the main result of \cite{dg}, the motivic fundamental groupoid of $\mathbb{P}^1-\{0,\mu_... |
2,869,038,154,747 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
IceCube Neutrino Observatory, the world's largest neutrino
detector, has detected 54 neutrino events within 1347 days with energy between 20 TeV to 2.3 PeV ~\cite{aartsen2014observation,kop}.
Shower events, most likely due to $\nu_e$ or
$\nu_\tau$ charge current $\nu N$ interactions and also du... |
2,869,038,154,748 | arxiv | \section{Bootstrap-Based Test}
\label{sec:bootstrap}
\subsection{The Bootstrap Algorithm}
The permutation test bypasses the need to estimate the (unbiased) marginal distributions $f_{X}, f_{Y}$, which can be difficult and even impossible when $\wfun$ vanishes on part of the support of $f_{XY}$. Nevertheless, when we ca... |
2,869,038,154,749 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Geometric optimization problems are central to geometry processing as most methods involve some form of optimization as a step in their pipeline.
Shape deformation problems are inherently nonlinear and therefore can be difficult to solve. In particular, problems involving near-isometric deforma... |
2,869,038,154,750 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The radio population of a star-forming galaxy -- dominated by supernova
remnants (SNRs), {\sc Hii} regions, and radio pulsars -- contains much
information on the evolution and properties of such galaxies. To better
understand such sources in M31, we have surveyed M31 at 325 MHz ... |
2,869,038,154,751 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Motivations and General Framework}
In this paper, we shall be concerned with geometric functionals and
excursion probabilities for some nonlinear transforms evaluated on Fourier
components of spherical random fields. More precisely, let $\left\{ T(x)
\text{ }x\in S^{2}\right\}... |
2,869,038,154,752 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Conductance\cite{ChungSpectraBook} is a well studied and important measure of network resilience in the face of edge failures or attacks. Combinatorial conductance or edge based conductance\cite{SinclairJerrum,ChungSpectraBook} is defined as
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Phi(G) &= \min_{S \subset V, Vol... |
2,869,038,154,753 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Packing problems form an important class of combinatorial optimization problems that have been well studied under numerous variants \cite{Specht,MOSTOFAAKBAR20061259,10.5555/1206604,Stracquadanio}. It is a classic type of NP-hard problems, for which there is no deterministic algorithm to find ex... |
2,869,038,154,754 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Nowadays it is strongly believed that the universe is experiencing
an accelerated expansion. The observation data confirm it such
as type Ia supernovae \cite{R3} in associated with large scale
structure \cite{R4} and Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies
\cite{R5} have provided main evidence ... |
2,869,038,154,755 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The risks that algorithms---including those embedded in AI systems---can raise concerns relating to bias are well recognized.
Addressing algorithmic bias requires an understanding of normative conceptions of fairness, and how they can be quantitatively measured. Moreover, algorithm designers an... |
2,869,038,154,756 | arxiv | \section*{\mbox{ } }\end{document}
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
We present spectrally resolved imaging of the \ciiw\ spectral line
from the luminous \sgrb\ region in our Galactic center. Understanding
the distribution of \cii\ intensity and its relationship with star
formation in galactic nuclei is import... |
2,869,038,154,757 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we address the question of obtaining a priori estimates, positivity, boundary behavior, Harnack inequalities, and regularity for a suitable class of weak solutions of nonlinear nonlocal diffusion equations of the form:\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{equation}\label{FPME.equation}
\partial_t... |
2,869,038,154,758 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The gravitational redshift (GRS) effect in clusters of galaxies
is a feature in any metric theory of gravity. It is
caused by the spatial variation of the gravitational potential;
light traveling from deeper in the potential of a cluster
is expected to be redshifted, compared
to light originatin... |
2,869,038,154,759 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{s:introduction}
In the standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm, the formation of
galaxies is driven by the growth of the large-scale structure of the
Universe and the formation of dark matter halos. Galaxies form by the
cooling and condensation of gas in the centers of the potential well... |
2,869,038,154,760 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As a motivating example, we consider viral marketing in a social
network. In the standard version of the problem, the goal is to send
advertisements to influential members of a social network such that by
sending advertisements to only a few people our message spreads to a
large portion of the n... |
2,869,038,154,761 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The aligned understanding of a norm is an essential process for the interaction between different agents (human or artificial) in normative systems. Mainly because these systems take into consideration norms as the basis to specify and regulate the relevant behavior of ... |
2,869,038,154,762 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of asymptotic completeness in quantum field theory (QFT) has been a subject of active research
over the last two decades, both on the relativistic \cite{Le08,DT10} and non-relativistic side \cite{Sp97,DG99,FGS04,DK11,GMR11}. However, all the results obtained so
far concern Wigner pa... |
2,869,038,154,763 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The ubiquitous Traveling Salesman problem \cite{lawler,gutin,applegate} is to find a tour of edges on a finite graph that returns to the initial vertex and has the shortest possible length. The Analyst's Traveling Salesman problem \cite{Jones-TST,Schul-survey} is to find a rect... |
2,869,038,154,764 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Throughout, let $F$ be a local non-archimedean field, $\OO$ its ring of integers, and let $G=\GL_r(F)$ be the general linear group of rank $r$
with center $Z$.
Let $\K=\GL_r(\OO)$ be the standard maximal compact subgroup of $G$ and for any $n\ge1$
let $K(n)=K_r(n)$ be the principal congruence... |
2,869,038,154,765 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Metric fixed point theory is a very extensive area of analysis with various applications.
Many of the most important nonlinear problems of applied mathematics reduce to
finding solutions of nonlinear functional equations which can be formulated
in terms of finding the fixed poi... |
2,869,038,154,766 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro} Introduction}
The availability of free undulator tunnels at the European XFEL
facility offers a unique opportunity to build a beamline optimized
for coherent diffraction imaging of complex molecules, like proteins
and other biologically interesting structures. Crucial parameters
for su... |
2,869,038,154,767 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and statement of main results}
Let $X$ and $Y$ be topological spaces.
Denote by $\CL(X)$ the family of all closed subsets of $X$,
and by $C(X,Y)$ the family of all continuous functions $f\colon X\to Y$.
Given a fixed family $\G\subseteq C(X,Y)$, let $R_\G$ be the binary relation defined by
... |
2,869,038,154,768 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
The issue of the initial conditions of the universe -- in particular, the degree to which they are ``unnatural'' or ``fine-tuned,'' and possible explanations thereof -- is obviously of central importance to cosmology, as well as to the foundations of statistical mechanics.
T... |
2,869,038,154,769 | arxiv | \section*{Materials and Methods}
\subsection*{Experiment}
The experiments are performed in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature ($\approx$ 4.5 K) with an Omicron STM that is combined with an optical set-up adapted to detect light emitted at the STM tip-sample junction. The emitted photons are collected with a lens loca... |
2,869,038,154,770 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of two-dimensional Conformal Quantum Field Theory (CQFT)
has received much attention in the last ten years, following the
pioneering
work of Belavin, Polyakov, and Zamolodchikov (BPZ) \cite{BPZ}.
Interest
in this subject has been promoted by the relation of 2D-CQFT's to
two-dimensional... |
2,869,038,154,771 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
High-mass stars are responsible for the dynamical and chemical evolution of the interstellar medium and of their host galaxies by injecting heavier elements and energy in their surrounding environment by means of their strong UV emission and winds. Despite their importance, ... |
2,869,038,154,772 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In recent years, there have been efforts to apply generative models, e.g., StyleGAN2~\cite{karras2020analyzing}, for face image editing~\cite{song2022editing, alaluf2021HyperStyle, wang2021high, parmar2022spatially, tov2021designing, alaluf2021restyle, richardson2021encoding, xu... |
2,869,038,154,773 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum field theory (QFT) is one of the most elegant and accurate frameworks which describes nature to a very high accuracy. QFTs admit deformations by operators which trigger a flow, known as the renormalization group (RG) flow, as we look into the theory at different scales \cite{Wilson}, \ci... |
2,869,038,154,774 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:INTRODUCTION}
Large-scale datasets of mobile communication activity collected by network operators are becoming an important source of information for investigations of the spatiotemporal features of human dynamics. These datasets represent an important proxy of the movement patterns a... |
2,869,038,154,775 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The seminal paper \cite{Donaldson1998} of Donaldson-Thomas has
inspired a considerable amount of work related to gauge theory in
higher dimensions. Tian \cite{Tian2000} and Tao--Tian \cite{Tao2004}
made significant progress on important foundational analytical
questions. Rece... |
2,869,038,154,776 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of minimizing automata and transition systems has been widely studied in the literature. Minimization involves finding the smallest equivalent structure, using an appropriate definition of equivalence, (e.g. language equivalence or simulation equivalence). In many software engineerin... |
2,869,038,154,777 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, many studies discussed verification of maximally entangled states
from theory \cite{HMT,Ha09-2,HayaM15,PLM18,ZH4,Markham} to experiment \cite{MST,KSKWW,Bavaresco,FVMH,JWQ}.
However, their verification ensures only that the constructed state is close to
the maximally entangled state.... |
2,869,038,154,778 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
In 2015, \citeauthor{Berezhiani2015} proposed a new hypothesis that combines features of Cold Dark Matter ({\sc CDM}) and Modified Newtonian Dynamics ({\sc MOND}) \citep{Milgrom1983a,Milgrom1983b,Milgrom1983c,Bekenstein1984}: superfluid dark matter, hereafter {\sc SFDM}. In {\sc SFDM}, dark m... |
2,869,038,154,779 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In this paper we will consider the partition functions of five-dimensional $\mathcal{N} = 1$ gauge theories with an $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ R-symmetry on $\mathcal{M}_4 \times S^1$,
partially topologically twisted on the toric K\"ahler manifold $\mathcal{M}_4$ \cite{Witten:1988ze,Witt... |
2,869,038,154,780 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
Let $B(H)$ stand for the $C^{*}$-algebra of all bounded linear
operators on a complex separable Hilbert space $H$ with inner
product $\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle$ and let $K(H)$ denote the
two-sided ideal of compact operators in $B(H)$. For $A\in B(H)$, let
$\|A\|=\sup\{\|Ax\|:\|x\|=1\}... |
2,869,038,154,781 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
As communication systems become more complex, \RevA{physical-layer design, i.e., devising optimal transmission and detection methods,} has become harder as well. This is true not only in wireless communication, where hardware impairments and quantization have increasingly become a limitation on... |
2,869,038,154,782 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Motivation and main result}
We consider the $L^2$-critical generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation (gKdV)
\begin{equation} \label{gkdv}
\partial_tu+\partial_x\big(\partial_x^2u+u^5\big)=0 ,\quad (t,x) \in \mathbb R\times \mathbb R,
\end{equation}
where $u(t,x)$ is a real-valued functi... |
2,869,038,154,783 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the interstellar medium, the hot molecular cores exhibit the rich chemical complexity and nursery of simple and complex molecular gases ({\color{blue}Herbst \& van Dishoeck 2009}). The hot molecular core regions are chemically rich which has a big influence on how the interstellar medium evol... |
2,869,038,154,784 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The investigation of optical properties of atoms coupled to
dissipative environments with a structured density of modes
has been a topic of active research over the years \cite{klepner1,lmg,lzm,klepner2,kurizki,prata1,ref8,poizat}. Of particular interest is the discussion of atoms (impurities) e... |
2,869,038,154,785 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Different mathematicians mean different things when they say
``$L$-function.'' Some mean an element of the Selberg class and others
might mean a Dirichlet series with Euler product and require that it
be associated
to an automorphic form. For some people an $L$-function has to be
entire, for ... |
2,869,038,154,786 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}0
\hspace{8mm} The very early stages of the Universe must be described with physics
beyond our current models. Around the Planck time, energy and sizes
involved would require a quantum gravity
treatment in order to account accurately for the physics
at such scale.
Strin... |
2,869,038,154,787 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent A \textit{mobile facility} (MF) is a facility capable of moving from one place to another, providing real-time service to customers in the vicinity of its location when it is stationary \citep{halper2011mobile}. In this paper, we study a mobile facility \textcolor{black}{fleet sizing, ... |
2,869,038,154,788 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:1}Introduction and Motivation}
Optical systems combining lossy and active elements provide a platform to
implement analogues of non-hermitian $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quantum
systems \cite{bender,ptreview1,ptreview2}, which allows to realize unique
optical switching effects
\cite{christodoulide... |
2,869,038,154,789 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The use of the graph Laplacian to diffuse information over networks is well-established in classical and contemporary work ranging from opinion dynamics \cite{Taylor68} to distributed consensus \cite{DeGroot1974} and controls \cite{Preciado10}, synchronization \cite{Barahona2002... |
2,869,038,154,790 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
After the most recent findings by BES~\cite{bes} and Belle~\cite{belle}, and after years of experimental research on $X,Z$ exotic spectroscopy, we can rely on a set of well established states which present very similar features and pose a clear problem about their interpretation.
The most studi... |
2,869,038,154,791 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we consider the generic unconstrained minimization problem
\begin{equation}\label{eq:mainP}
\compactify \min_{x\in \R^n} f(x),
\end{equation}
where $f: \R^n \rightarrow \R$ is a smooth objective function and bounded from below. One of the most fundamental methods for solving ... |
2,869,038,154,792 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Coupled cluster (CC) calculations~\cite{cizek1966} are considered to be one of the most reliable computational methods in quantum chemistry and thus often used as benchmarks~\cite{bartlett2007}. Their application, however, is strictly limited to single-reference systems, where the CC ansatz of
... |
2,869,038,154,793 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stability analyis of vector fields around an equilibrium point is a subject of interest in nonlinear dynamical systems.
For the nonlinear system if the eigenvalues of the linearized Jacobian has a mixture of positive, negative and zero real parts the analysis is not so straightforward an... |
2,869,038,154,794 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many research areas, it is important to assess the distributional effects
of covariates on an outcome variable. Several methods have been implemented in
the literature to study this. A prolific line of research is a combination of
conditional mean and quantile regression models together with ... |
2,869,038,154,795 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} It is well-known that a Riemannian manifold could be embedded isometrically in a Euclidean space, via the Nash embedding theorems. However, this is difficult technically. On the other hand, manifolds are often encountered as a differentiable submersion of a differentiable embedding. It turns out ... |
2,869,038,154,796 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Weak gravitational lensing (WL) by large scale structures (LSS) is recognized as a powerful tool for probing
the distribution of dark matter (DM) in the Universe. The details of this distribution depend both on DM particle
properties and on the cosmological growth factor, itself a function of t... |
2,869,038,154,797 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A positive integer $A$ is called a {\bf congruent number} if
$A$ is the area of a right-angled triangle with three rational
sides. So, $A$ is congruent if and only if there exists a
rational Pythagorean tripel $(a,b,c)$ (\ie, $a,b,c\in\mathds{Q}$,
$a^2+b^2=c^2$, and $ab\neq 0$), such that $\fr... |
2,869,038,154,798 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reading comprehension is the task of answering questions pertaining to a given passage. An AI agent which can display such capabilities would be useful in a wide variety of commercial applications such as answering questions from financial reports of a company, troubleshooting using product manua... |
2,869,038,154,799 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec_introduction}
As discussed in
\citet[][hereafter Paper~I]{per04}
and
\citet[][hereafter Paper~II]{per05},
accretion disks are commonly believed to be present in both cataclysmic
variables
(CVs)
and quasi-stellar objects and active galactic nuclei
(QSOs/AGNs).
A property that CVs and Q... |
2,869,038,154,800 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation holds the key
to understanding the seeds of the structure we see around us in the universe,
and could potentially enable precision measures for most of the important
cosmological parameters.
For this reason, as well as because of its i... |
2,869,038,154,801 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Determining the physical properties and chemical abundances of the interstellar medium can help us to get a better understanding about the formation and evolution of galaxies. Photoionized regions such as planetary nebulae (PNe) and \ion{H}{ii} regions, give us information about the past and th... |
2,869,038,154,802 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
This paper presents a method to actively sample individuals in a population as a way to mitigate the spread of pandemics such as COVID-19. Sampling algorithms are commonly used in machine learning to acquire training data labels for classification ("active learning" \cite{AL-MJ, ... |
2,869,038,154,803 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Space debris consists of a range of human-made objects in a variety of orbits around the Earth, representing the remnants of payloads and payload delivery systems accumulated over a number of decades. With the increasing accumulation of debris in Earth orbit, the chance of collisions between th... |
2,869,038,154,804 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The spatial curvature of the Universe is one of the most fundamental physical parameters, and spatial flatness is an essential ingredient of the current concordance $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model \cite{Planck2020}.
This work is driven by simple questions; why do we believe tha... |
2,869,038,154,805 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
In the past 20 years, observations from space-based telescopes
revealed that the solar corona and transition region are much more
dynamic than had been thought. Surges, jets, macrospicules, bright
points and macroflares take place everywhere in the solar
atmosphere. Sometimes, surges, jets and m... |
2,869,038,154,806 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}
\subsection{The Fermi bubbles}
Non-thermal lobes emanate from the nuclei of many galaxies.
These lobes, thought to arise from starburst activity or an outflow from a super-massive black hole \citep[for reviews, see][]{VeilleuxEtAl05,KingPounds15}, play an important role... |
2,869,038,154,807 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Anisotropic superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces have raised a considerable interest over the recent years. Such surfaces in the Cassie state, i.e., where the texture is filled with gas, can induce exceptional lubricating properties~\cite{bocquet2007,rothstein.jp:2010,vinogradova.oi:2012} and generat... |
2,869,038,154,808 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s1}
Graph-based representations are powerful tools to analyze real-world structured data that encapsulates pairwise relationships between its parts~\cite{DBLP:conf/nips/DefferrardBV16,DBLP:journals/tnn/ZambonAL18}. One fundamental challenge arising in the analysis of graph-based data is to... |
2,869,038,154,809 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality in the female population in the world~\cite{acs2017breast}. It accounts for around $25\%$ of all the cancers diagnosed in women~\cite{alshanbari2015breast}. For traditional diagnostic tools like mammography, even experienced radiologists... |
2,869,038,154,810 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
The developments of new radioactive ion beam facilities and new detection techniques have largely extended our knowledge of nuclear
physics from stable nuclei to unstable nuclei far from the $\beta$-stability line, the so-called exotic nuclei. Novel and striking features have
been found in t... |
2,869,038,154,811 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{Intro}
Computer simulation is a powerful tool for modeling and evaluating scientific ideas and engineering solutions in many fields. Simulations are often used by engineers to design and test individual components of an imaging system, including lenses and sensors. Image system simulations... |
2,869,038,154,812 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A multi-gap superconductor is characterized by separate superconducting gaps opening on distinctly different parts of the Fermi surface \cite{PhysRevLett.3.552}. The interest in this phenomenon and the emergent new physics was invigorated after the experimental discovery of two-gap superconducti... |
2,869,038,154,813 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Cosmic strings are topological defects that could have been
created during cosmological phase transitions in the early
universe \cite{vilenkin1}. Beyond all question, these defects
cannot be responsible for the primordial density perturbations in
the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. Howev... |
2,869,038,154,814 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Irreversibility is the telltale sign of nonequilibrium dissipation~\cite{maes2003time,parrondo2009entropy}. {Systems operating far-from-equilibrium utilize part of their free energy budget to perform work, while the rest is dissipated into the environment. Estimating the amount of free energy los... |
2,869,038,154,815 | arxiv | \section{Introduction. Statement of Results.}
A \emph{graph} is a connected one dimensional compact
polyhedron. Ghrist and Abrams (\cite{abramsthesis},
\cite{abramsgeom},\cite{ghrist}) have recently called attention to
the $n-$point unordered configuration space of a graph $X$,
denoted here as $\cal U \rm _n... |
2,869,038,154,816 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field.
The Zariski Cancellation Problem for Affine Spaces
asks whether the affine space $\A^n_k$ is cancellative, i.e.,
if $\V$ is an affine $k$-variety such that
$\V \times \A^1_k \cong \A^{n+1}_k$,
does it follow that $\V \cong \A_k^n$? Equivalently,... |
2,869,038,154,817 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The time-dependent Schr{\"o}dinger equation (TDSE) governs the behavior of $N$ quantum particles,
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:tdse}
i \partial_t \Psi(r_1, r_2, ..., r_N,t) = \hat{H}(r_1, r_2, ..., r_N,t) \Psi(r_1, r_2, ..., r_N,t),
\end{equation}
where $\hat{H}$ is the Hamiltonian and $\Psi$ is... |
2,869,038,154,818 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Nucleus-nucleus collisions at ultrarelativistic energies probe the properties
of nuclear matter under extreme conditions \cite{QM99}. Of particular
interest is the question whether ordinary nuclear matter undergoes
a (phase) transition to quark-gluon matter, as predicted by lattice
calculations... |
2,869,038,154,819 | arxiv | \section{Motivation}
A remarkable property of quantum mechanics, is the so called quantum
Zeno effect \cite{Misra}. This effect, is that frequent observation
slow down the evolution of the state, with the limit of continuous
observation leading to ``freezing'' of the state\footnote{To be more
precise, restriction to a ... |
2,869,038,154,820 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Some standard model (SM) parameters have been measured with such a high
precision that has allowed to constrain the values of other SM parameters,
or even new physics, through the use of radiative corrections\cite{lepa},
as can be exemplified by the correct agreement between the predicted
top m... |
2,869,038,154,821 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[]{%
\label{fig:fig1_heatmap_a}
\includegraphics[clip,keepaspectratio,width=0.49\columnwidth]{images/fig1_heatmap_a.pdf}%
}
\subfloat[]{%
\label{fig:fig1_heatmap_b}
\includegraphics[clip,keepaspectratio,width=0.49\columnwidth]... |
2,869,038,154,822 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Curved spacetimes describing highly compact astrophysical objects
may be characterized, according to the Einstein field equations, by
null circular geodesics (closed light rings) \cite{Bar,Chan,ShTe} on
which photons and gravitons can orbit the central self-gravitating
compact object. These null... |
2,869,038,154,823 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hierarchical clustering is the favoured scenario to describe
the formation and evolution of matter structures in the universe
(White \& Rees, 1978), and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
proved themselves to be a powerful tool of investigation since the first
formulation (White \& Fren... |
2,869,038,154,824 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this note we state a bit detailed account about
MacPherson's Chern class transformation $C_*$ for quotient stacks defined in \cite{O1},
although all the instructions have already been made in that paper.
Our approach is also applicable for
other additive characteristic classes, e.g.,
... |
2,869,038,154,825 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
A Nakayama algebra is an algebra whose quiver consists of a single oriented cycle with a finite number of monomial relations or a single path, with or without relations. These are called \emph{cyclic} and \emph{linear} Nakayama algebras respectively. There are many results about these algebras.... |
2,869,038,154,826 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent experimental works in the $1s0d$ shell with large $\gamma$ detector arrays and heavy-ion fusion reactions have substantially extended the knowledge of relatively high spin states. However, these do not form well-behaved rotational bands amenable to study by collective models because rota... |
2,869,038,154,827 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recommender systems \ric{that use} historical customer-product interactions to provide customer\iadh{s} with useful suggestions \iadh{have} been of interest to \iadh{both} academia and industry for many years. Various matrix completion\iadh{-based} methods \cite{rendle2009bpr,he2017neural,mnih200... |
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