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1,116,691,497,815
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Collective behaviour, such as swarming \cite{Buhl_From_2006, Inherent_2009,Bazazi2012, Attanasi_Finite_2014, Attanasi2014, Murakami2014}, fish schooling\cite{Ioannou2012, Strandburg-Peshkin2013, Berdahl2013, Murakami2015, Niizato2017} and bird flocking \cite{Ballerini2008, Cavagna2010, Cavagna20...
1,116,691,497,816
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum field theory predicts that a detector accelerating in empty Minkowski space shall observe a particle bath with a spectrum dependent on the proper acceleration of the detector. In particular, if the motion is linear with constant proper acceleration, the particle bath is thermal with a ...
1,116,691,497,817
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we consider $\lambda Y$-calculus, which is an extension of the simply typed $\lambda$-calculus by a fixed-point operator $Y$. A term $P$ of $\lambda Y$-calculus that is of sort\footnote{% We use the word ``sort'' instead of the usual ``type'' to avoid confusion with intersectio...
1,116,691,497,818
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A pattern that is sometimes seen in collimated stellar outflows is a high-velocity, compact ``clump'', joined to the outflow source by fainter emission with a linear ramp of increasing velocity as a function of distance from the source. This results in striking ``position-velocity'' (PV) diagram...
1,116,691,497,819
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent advances in miniaturization, robotics, sensor technology and communications have revolutionized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and brought about their adoption in a wide range of applications. One such application is the use of UAVs carrying base station equipment acting as aerial base ...
1,116,691,497,820
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Object existence determination\footnote{Certain literature \cite{zagoruyko2016multipath} may refer the problem using the terminology \textit{object detection}. More commonly object detection refers to both deciding the existence of certain patterns and subsequently locating them if so.} (ED) fo...
1,116,691,497,821
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} High-quality physical qubits with long coherence times that allow one to reliably store fragile quantum states form the backbone of currently developed quantum processors~\cite{Ladd2010,nielsen2010}. Over the last decades, the development of methods to characterise physical qubi...
1,116,691,497,822
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Computing Gromov--Witten invariants of the quintic $3$-fold $X$ has attracted interests of both mathematicians and physicists due to its importance in mirror symmetry, which mainly studies Calabi--Yau $3$-folds. One effective way to conquer this computation is to relate them with GW invariants ...
1,116,691,497,823
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Visual SLAM (V-SLAM) is one of enabling technologies for autonomous systems such as self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and space robots. While most V-SLAM solutions rely on point features due to their simplicity, line features commonly seen in man-made environments are less sensitive to...
1,116,691,497,824
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction} Recent years have witnessed considerable success in applying ideas from twistor theory to the calculation of observables in four-dimensional massless supersymmetric field theory\footnote{See \cite{Witten:2003nn,Adamo:2011pv,ArkaniHamed:2012nw,Atiyah:2017erd} and references th...
1,116,691,497,825
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}} \IEEEPARstart{A}{s} the aggressive scaling of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology nodes reaches physical device limits, traditional CMOS-based architectures face significant challenges ranging from saturated performance gains to increased power de...
1,116,691,497,826
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Background and Motivation} The tremendous growth in new wireless systems and services has caused a shortage in the useful radio spectrum~\cite{2012president}. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administratio...
1,116,691,497,827
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The Cell Network Model of Fracture (CNMF \cite{VILLALOBOS10}), is a two dimensional statistical model of fracture \cite{alava-2006-55} inspired in the stress field caused by drying of the bamboo \emph{Guadua angustifolia} \cite{Montoya06,Takeuchi2008}. At the parenchymatous tis...
1,116,691,497,828
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Negative curves on algebraic surfaces are an object of classical interest. One of the most prominent achievements of the Italian School of algebraic geometry was Castelnuovo's Contractibility Criterion. \begin{definition}[Negative curve] We say that a reduced and irreducible curve ...
1,116,691,497,829
arxiv
\section{Gauge Structure: Fundamental, Emergent, Productive} The principle of local gauge symmetry is central to our present theories of fundamental interactions. It has been a guide to discovery, not only through its constructive role in explaining the existence and properties of force-mediating particles -- photo...
1,116,691,497,830
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We denote by $\mathbb{Z}$, $\mathbb{Z}_+$, $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathbb{C}$ the sets of all integers, nonnegative integers, positive integers and complex numbers, respectively. All algebras and vector spaces are assumed to be over $\ensuremath{\mathbb C}\xspace$. For any vector space $V$, we deno...
1,116,691,497,831
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} After the discovery of a non-zero $\theta_{13}$~\cite{An:2012eh,Ahn:2012nd,Abe:2012tg,Adamson:2011qu,Abe:2011sj} the emerging picture from the last decades of neutrino oscillation searches consolidates a structure for the PMNS matrix~\cite{Pontecorvo:1957cp,Pontecorvo:19...
1,116,691,497,832
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The high energy behavior of the hadronic total cross sections remains one of the biggest unsolved problems in the theory of the strong interactions. The problem is that, even at the very high energies $s\rightarrow \infty$, there is a range of scales probed in such a process. Many exclu...
1,116,691,497,833
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} Topological data analysis is a recent and fast growing field that approaches the analysis of datasets using techniques from (algebraic) topology. Its main tool, persistent homology (PH), has seen a notable increase in applications in the last decade. Often cited as the most favourable property of PH...
1,116,691,497,834
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Neutron Stars (NSs) are some of the most fascinating astrophysical objects in multi-messenger astronomy. They contain matter at extreme conditions far beyond the ones accessible in a terrestrial laboratory. The core of a NS is believed to contain matter at a few times nuclear saturation density, ...
1,116,691,497,835
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $S$ be set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^2$, and let $U$ be the union of the unit discs centered at the points of $S$. We would like to maintain the boundary $\partial U$ of $U$, as new points are added to $S$. Even for discs of varying radii, the complexity of $\partial U$ is $O(n)$~\cit...
1,116,691,497,836
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $G$ be a finitely generated profinite group, and let $\Irr(G)$ denote the collection of all continuous irreducible complex characters of~$G$. We observe that each $\chi \in \Irr(G)$ has finite degree and for every positive integer $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we put $r_n(G) = \lvert \{ \chi \in \Irr(G...
1,116,691,497,837
arxiv
\section{Introduction} {\noindent}The phenomenon of global features of complex cognitive functions in the brain arise from the organization of basic functions systematically coordinated in localized brain regions \citep{luria1980}. These two aspects of brain organization are reflected in brain cortical functions and e...
1,116,691,497,838
arxiv
\section{Introduction and summary} For classical mechanics (field theory in $0{+}1$ dimensions) there exists a rich landscape of ${\cal N}{=}\,8$ supersymmetric models, distinguished by the number~$b$ of propagating bosonic degrees of freedom and by the nature of the supersymmetry transformations (linear or nonlinear)...
1,116,691,497,839
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Audio source separation has been intensively studied over the last decade \cite{OzerovF10,LiutkusFRPD14,Roux15,FitzgeraldLB16,Takahashi17} owing to its wide range of applications such as karaoke, remixing, spatial audio, and many other downstream tasks. Although the separation ...
1,116,691,497,840
arxiv
\section{#1}} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}} \def
1,116,691,497,841
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Recent advances in harnessing the topological properties of light beams have led to exciting new developments in various fields \cite{Vector-vortex-Ref1-Forbes, Dunlop-review}. Out of numerous complex and exotic configurations \cite{Vector-vortex-Ref1-Forbes}, vortex and vector beam...
1,116,691,497,842
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the most characteristic predictions of chiral soliton models, such as the Skyrme model, is the possible existence of the $SU(3)-$multiplets of dibaryons, tribaryons, etc., whose strange components could be stable relative to strong interactions \cite{1} - \cite{5}. These predictions fol...
1,116,691,497,843
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the past decade, wireless communication systems have transformed from being limited to serving low data rates, e.g., voice calls and text messages, to offering dependable high data rate services, notably, for video content. The demand in massive amounts of data will only increase going forwa...
1,116,691,497,844
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) coupling methods have been widely used for simulations of large systems in materials science and biology \cite{bernstein09, csanyi04, gao02, kermode08, ogata01, warshel76, zhang12}. A QM model is required to accurately t...
1,116,691,497,845
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro.sec} Nearest neighbor searching is the following problem: we are given a set $S$ of $n$ {\em data points} in a metric space, $X$, and are asked to preprocess these points so that, given any {\em query point} $q \in X$, the data point nearest to $q$ can be reported quickly. Nearest n...
1,116,691,497,846
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Automated planning is a major topic of research in artificial intelligence, and enjoys a long and distinguished history \cite{strips:-a-new-approach-to-the-application-of-theorem}. The classical paradigm assumes a distinguished initial state, comprised of a set of facts, and is defined over a se...
1,116,691,497,847
arxiv
\section{Results} \tocless\subsection{Theory for constructing the intrinsic protein folding landscape from measurements} In a dual beam optical tweezer setup (Fig.~\ref{sys}) the protein is covalently connected to double-stranded DNA handles that are attached to glass or polystyrene beads in two optical traps. For ...
1,116,691,497,848
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this article, we undertake the study of fundamental matrices associated to systems of generalized Schr\"odinger operators; we establish the existence of such fundamental matrices and we prove sharp upper and lower exponential decay estimates for them. Our work is strongly motivated by the pape...
1,116,691,497,849
arxiv
\section{Introduction} YY Geminorum, (BD +32 1582, SAO 60199, Gliese 278c), is a short period (19.54 hours) eclipsing binary with two almost identical dM1e (flare star) components. The close binary is a subsystem of the nearby Castor multiple star (YY Gem = Castor C), at a distance of $\sim$14.9 pc. The binary natu...
1,116,691,497,850
arxiv
\section{Introduction } The transition form factor(TFF) of the pion is attracting the great interest last years. In particular, it is related to the pion radius at small virtualities of the photon. It is used for description of the hadrons-photon interactions, and within it, it is possible to match predictions of the ...
1,116,691,497,851
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Chiral symmetry is an intrinsic symmetry of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the massless limit of quarks and is spontaneously broken due to the nonzero quark condensate. The spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of the $SU_L(3)\times SU_R(3)$ in to the flavor $SU(3)$ generates eight Goldstone parti...
1,116,691,497,852
arxiv
\section{\label{introduction} Introduction} Gamma-ray lines carry unique information of prime importance for our understanding of fundamental astrophysical questions such as the origin of heavy elements or the mechanisms behind the spectacular death of stars in supernovae \citep[see e.g.\ reviews by][]{Prantzos05, Wei...
1,116,691,497,853
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Hybrid materials formed by carbon-conjugated molecules adsorbed on low-dimensional semiconductors and insulators have been attracting attention due to the their structural versatility and electronic tunability.~\cite{Lee2014,zhen+16nano,breu+16pssrrl,Gobbi2018, dauk+19apx,mrky+19apl,rija+20jpcl...
1,116,691,497,854
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In many real world situations it is of interest the estimation of causal effect of some treatment on a certain outcome. The causal effect of taking a certain medicine for a certain disease by the patients and that of participation in a certain job training program by unemployed individuals in ...
1,116,691,497,855
arxiv
\section{Introduction \label{sec:intro}} Interaction-free measurement (IFM) is a counterintuitive feature of quantum mechanics that enables detecting the presence of an object without interacting with it \cite{elitzur1993quantum}. Since its discovery, various applications of IFM have been identified in quantum informa...
1,116,691,497,856
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The so-called ``dark ages" of the universe started $\approx 380000$ years after the Big Bang as matter cooled down and space became filled with neutral hydrogen. This phase of the universe lasted up to about a billion years, when the complex process of reionization of the IGM was completed (\...
1,116,691,497,857
arxiv
\section{List of Profiled Websites}\label{app:urls} \noindent \vspace{-5mm} \begin{table}[h] \centering \caption{Websites profiled in this work. Entries 1-30 are taken from the top websites listed by Alexa~\cite{AlexaInternet2017}, while URLs 31-40 are a selection of whistleblowing portals.} \label{table:websites}...
1,116,691,497,858
arxiv
\section{Conclusion} \label{sec6} \setcounter{equation}{0} \setcounter{figure}{0} \setcounter{table}{0} We addressed the potential negative density and pressure problem that emerges when the high order WENO schemes are applied to solve compressible Euler equations in some extreme situations. The approach that we propo...
1,116,691,497,859
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} Market dynamic is quantified in terms of the entropy $S(\tau,n)$ of the clusters formed by the intersections between the series of the prices $p_t$ and the moving average $\widetilde{p}_{t,n}$. The entropy $S(\tau,n)$ is defined according to Shannon as $\sum P(\tau,n)\log P(\tau,n)$, with $P(\ta...
1,116,691,497,860
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The main goal of the experiments on heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies is to study the properties of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions, especially those of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), the hadronic matter, and the transition between these two phases of matter~\cite...
1,116,691,497,861
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The study of Mg\,{\sc ii}\ absorption line systems in the spectra of quasars (QSOs) has been useful in detecting distant normal field galaxies situated close to the lines of sight of QSOs \citep{1991A&A...243..344B,1994ApJ...437L..75S}. Conventionally, all such absorbers with velocity $<5000$ $...
1,116,691,497,862
arxiv
\subsection*{Estimation of the entropy of the input signal} Because it is possible to analytically compute the entropy of the input signal, the inference of the entropy of the input signal provides a good test case for our procedure to estimate the entropy. At each elementary time step, there is a chance $r=\delta t ...
1,116,691,497,863
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)~\cite{Bloembergen_1967} imaging has gain tremendous interest over the last decade due to its ability to perform label free chemical imaging in biological sample~\cite{Cheng2015,Zhang2018}. In SRS microscopy two laser pulses, a pump at frequency $\omega_p$ and a ...
1,116,691,497,864
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When a compact object spirals into a much more massive object via the emission of gravitational radiation, the waves carry information on the multipoles of the central mass (Ryan 1995). Therefore, by monitoring the gravitational wave signal one could explore the spacetime geometry outside the c...
1,116,691,497,865
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A partition of $n\in\Z^+=\{1,2,3,\ldots\}$ is a way to write $n$ as a sum of positive integers (with repetitions allowed). Partitions of positive integers were first studied by Euler, and they play important roles in number theory and combinatorics. Lagrange's four-square theorem states tha...
1,116,691,497,866
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In \cite{ketonensolovay} Ketonen and Solovay prove the following theorem: \begin{theorem}[Ketonen--Solovay]\label{thm:ketonensolovay} If $X\geq 3$ is $\omega_{d+1}(c+5)$-large, then every colouring $C\colon [X]^{d+2} \rightarrow c$ has homogeneous $H\subseteq X$ of size $> \min H$. \end{theor...
1,116,691,497,867
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Among the tasks of continuous finite-dimensional optimization, the most important from a practical point of view and, at the same time, the most difficult is the class of problems of global optimization. Methods for solving the global optimization problem are divided into deterministic stochastic...
1,116,691,497,868
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Transformation optics \cite{Pendry:2006Sc,Leonhardt:2006Nj,Leonhardt:2008Oe} in the recent years became an important design tool for new types of artificial materials (metamaterials.) In transformation optics one starts from the constitutive equations of vacuum\footnote{Often th...
1,116,691,497,869
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations the existence of strong solutions over an arbitrary time interval is not known. Therefore the validity of the results of the numerical solutions of 3d Navier-Stokes equations is not obvious. This problem is addressed in Chernyshenko et al (2006) ...
1,116,691,497,870
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $f:\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}$ be an entire function. Newton's root finding method for $f$ is implemented by iterating the associated {\em Newton map} \[ N_f:\mathbb{C}\to\widehat{{\C}}, \;z\mapsto z-\frac{f(z)}{f'(z)}\;. \] It is well known that $\xi\in\mathbb{C}$ is a fixed point of $N_f$ ...
1,116,691,497,871
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Problem \& Aim} Whether the bald men like to be bald or not, sometimes they wonder how they would look if they had hair. To that end, bald-to-hairy translation can be performed quickly and realistically by using deep learning methods. We focus on image-to-image translation problem f...
1,116,691,497,872
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \begin{table*} \begin{center} \caption{Details of the observations made of each target. Standard stars (HD49798, EG 274 and EG 21) for photometric calibration were observed with the same instrumental configuration.}\label{tab:obs} \begin{tabular}{cccccccl} \hline Target & Redsh...
1,116,691,497,873
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Jackiw--Teitelboim (JT) gravity is a simple model of two-dimensional quantum gravity on backgrounds of constant curvature such as anti-de~Sitter spaces $AdS_2$ \cite{JACKIW,TEITELBOIM,MaldacenaAdS2,AlmheiriPolchinski,Jensen:2016pah,Engelsoy:2016xyb}. It consists of a real scalar field $\phi$ coup...
1,116,691,497,874
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In statistics, spatial models are useful when residuals exhibit correlation in space after accounting for known covariates in a regression-type setting. Spatial data has long been classified into three categories, namely geostatistical (point-level) data, lattice (area-level) da...
1,116,691,497,875
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The shallow water equations (SWE), also known as the Saint-Venant system, model a variety of geophysical flows and a vast amount of applications exists in the literature. See for instance, \cite{leveque2011tsunami}, where numerical challenges in modelling inundation of small-scale coastal regio...
1,116,691,497,876
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The absence of arbitrage is of fundamental interest in many areas of financial mathematics. Our goal is to provide a systematic discussion for a financial market with one risky asset modeled via its discounted price process \(P = (P_t)_{t \in [0, T]}\), which we assume to be either the stochasti...
1,116,691,497,877
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\nn$, $\nn_0$, $\zz$ and $\cc$ denote the sets of positive integers, nonnegative integers, integers and complex numbers, respectively. For $n\in\nn$ we set $\sigma(n)= \sum_{ d \mid n } d$, where $d$ runs through the positive divisors of $n$. If $n\not \in\nn$ we set $\sigma(n)=0$. Fo...
1,116,691,497,878
arxiv
\section{Introduction} ESA's Gaia mission has been in routine operations for two years. The first intermediate data release (GDR1) occurred in September 2016 and is based on the first~14 months of data gathered by the spacecraft. Such a time baseline is insufficient to disentangle reliably proper motion and parall...
1,116,691,497,879
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec_intro} Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are among the most energetic phenomena known in the universe. They can be identified with various observational techniques in different bands. Radio selection is sensitive to the powerful jet of luminous radio-loud AGN. X-ray has strong penetration ...
1,116,691,497,880
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In many practical applications one is concerned with predicting a quantity $Y$ (target or label) from a set of features $\bm{X}$, i.e. one needs to estimate the conditional $p(Y|\bm{X})$ of the joint probability density distribution $p(Y,\bm{X})$ when the values $\vec{x}$ of the feature variable...
1,116,691,497,881
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} One of the most fundamental problems in number theory is to give formulas for the number of points on a variety over a finite field. In the simplest cases, the number of points over ${\mathbb F}_p$ can be expressed in terms of powers of $p$ and Artin symbols expressing the decom...
1,116,691,497,882
arxiv
\section{Introduction: the basics of turbulence} Turbulence is characterized by chaotic motions in a fluid \citep{rempel04, he05, chian06, chian07, chian10} that lead to diffusion of matter and dissipation of kinetic energy. It is to be stressed that not all chaotic motions in a fluid may be called ``turbulent...
1,116,691,497,883
arxiv
\section{introduction} The study of electron transport through single-molecule junctions (SMJs) have attracted great research interest in recent years.\cite{Nitzan,Galperin} One of the prominent features of molecular junctions is the essential role played by the vibrational degrees of freedom (phonons or vibrons)....
1,116,691,497,884
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} {\bf We enlarge the chiral model, the so-called extended Linear Sigma Model (eLSM), by including the low-lying hybrid nonet with exotic quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$ and the nonet of their chiral partners with $J^{PC}=1^{+-}$ to a global $U(3)_r \times U(3)_l$ chiral symmetry. We use the assignme...
1,116,691,497,885
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Illicit platforms have become increasingly common on the dark web \cite{chen_dark_2012}. Examples include Dark Net Markets (DNMs) and carding shops enabling hackers to exchange stolen data, hacking tools, and other illegal products. These malicious products could be detrimental to cyber defense ...
1,116,691,497,886
arxiv
\section{Conclusion} \label{sec:conclusion} We have presented a novel \textit{reactive} planning objective allowing the ego-agent to jointly reason about its own plans as well as how other actors will react to them. We formulated the problem with a deep energy-based model which enables us to explicitly model trajec...
1,116,691,497,887
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cluster-assembled materials, in which atomic clusters are arranged methodically in a periodic array to form a solid, are emerging materials for their technological applications. Also known as nanostructured materials, they allow the integration of multiple length scales into a hierarchical mater...
1,116,691,497,888
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Arguably the most promising short term application of quantum information technology is in the field of cryptography, with quantum key distribution (QKD) the canonical example \cite{bb84-orig,Ekert:1991p460}. In the years since its inception, researchers have worked to improve the rigour and gene...
1,116,691,497,889
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The profinite completion $\widehat{G}$ of a group $G$ is the inverse limit of its finite quotients. If $G$ is residually finite, then $G$ embeds into $\widehat{G}$ and it is natural to wonder what properties of $G$ can be detected from $\widehat{G}$. Especially a question of Grothendieck, posed i...
1,116,691,497,890
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Lossless data compression is important in application domains and usage environments where bandwidth or storage limitations may negatively impact application or system performance. Generally classifiable into statistical or dictionary methods, lossless data compression algorithms can range widely...
1,116,691,497,891
arxiv
\section{Location-Based Geometric Beamforming and Mobility Management} \label{sec:beamforming_and_mobility} Network densification and accurate \gls{UE} positioning in 5G will open new opportunities also for \gls{RRM} and \gls{MIMO}. Especially \gls{MU-MIMO} is seen as a promising solution for 5G as it enables \gls{...
1,116,691,497,892
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Graph-based visual representations are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to encode visual, semantic, and even temporal relationships in a compact representation that has several downstream tasks such as object tracking~\cite{bal2022bayesian}, scene understanding...
1,116,691,497,893
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This article is motivated by an effort to provide a~new framework for constructing so\hyp{}called Floer theories, which are used to construct invariants of low\hyp{}dimensional manifolds, knots, as well as Lagrangians in symplectic manifolds. Originally, Floer implanted ideas from finite\hyp{}dim...
1,116,691,497,894
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Intro} Let $k$ be a field, and $A_\bullet=\bigoplus_{n\geq0} A_n$ a $k$-algebra graded by $\mathbb{N}$. The algebra $A_\bullet$ is quadratic if it is {\sl 1-generated} --- i.e., every element is a combination of products of elements of $A_1$ ---, and its relations are generated by homogen...
1,116,691,497,895
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} In survey sampling, it is a common practice to collect data on a large number of items. Even when a sampled unit responds to the survey, this unit may not respond to some items. In this scenario, imputation can be used to create a complete data set by filling in missing values with plausible val...
1,116,691,497,896
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A rigid circular cylinder, when exposed to a fluid flow, expresses a wide variety of dynamics depending on not only its mechanical properties and the flow characteristics, but also its boundary conditions. For example, \citet{Strouhal_1878} and \citet{Rayleigh_1879} illustrated ...
1,116,691,497,897
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}} \IEEEPARstart{R}{ecent} \yty{years have witnessed the great success of convolution neural networks (CNNs) applied to image recognition \cite{Krizhevsky2012, Szegedy2015, He2016}, object detection \cite{Girshick2014, Girshick2015, Ren2015} and semantic segmentation \cite{...
1,116,691,497,898
arxiv
\section{Problem statement} Symmetries play a paramount role in nature and are foundational aspects of both theoretical physics and deep learning. Knowing symmetries of a physical problem is often the first step towards its solution. In machine learning, models that exploit symmetries of their data domain are most s...
1,116,691,497,899
arxiv
\section{Motivation} Does an isolated quantum many-body system that is prepared in a non-thermal initial state relax to thermal equilibrium? As we know from our everyday experience, many physical systems can very successfully be described by a thermal state. On the other hand, the time-reversal symmetry that results f...
1,116,691,497,900
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Polynomial interpolation is to construct a polynomial $p$ belonging to a finite-dimensional polynomial subspace from a set of data that agrees with a given function $f$ at the data set. Univariate polynomial interpolation has a well developed theory, while the multivariate one is very problematic...
1,116,691,497,901
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{I}{n} this work, we are interested in answering the following question -- {\em Is there an optimal way to combine multi-view and multi-date satellite images, and noisy training labels derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) \cite{osm} for the task of semantically labeling build...
1,116,691,497,902
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, we describe a procedure for automatically explaining logical and perceptual abstractions encoded by individual neurons in deep networks. Prior work in neural network interpretability has found that neurons in models trained for a variety of tasks learn human-interpretable concept...
1,116,691,497,903
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Almost all statements that have been made in the other chapters of this review \cite{chapIntro} about the duality and integrability of string theory on $\mathrm{AdS}_5\timesS} % {\mathbbm{S}^5$ and $\mathcal{N}=4$ Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions, also hold in an appropriately adopted form ...
1,116,691,497,904
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Rust is a statically typed programming language designed to improve performance and security by solving problems that C/C++ developers have long struggled with: memory errors and concurrent programming. Rust provides a way to import other libraries into your project, primarily through Rust's pack...
1,116,691,497,905
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The brain \footnote{The Brain is wider than the Sky,\\ For, put them side by side,\\ The one the other will include\\ With ease, and you beside.\\ Emily Dickinson, Complete Poems. 1924 (1830-1886).} is the most complex organ in the human body. It contains approximately $10^2$ billion neurons an...
1,116,691,497,906
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{waffle1} For all natural numbers $n$, we define the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n = (V,E)$ where $V = \{0,1\}^n$ and $uv \in E$ if the two vertices differ in exactly one co-ordinate. For a vertex $u \in V$ inductively we let $\Gamma^0(u) = \{u\}$, $\Gamma^1(u) = \Gamma(u) = \{v \in V(Q_n):...
1,116,691,497,907
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There are multidimensional physical problems modelled by partial differential equations in networks of spatial domains than are essentially straight. In such cases the governing equations can be assumed to be one-dimensional (1D), potentially resulting in significant computing savings. Examples ...
1,116,691,497,908
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \textit{Respondent-Driven Sampling} (RDS) is a network-based sampling technique that leverages social relationships to recruit individuals of hard-to-reach populations into research studies \citep{Hec97}. The RDS process, which proceeds through recruitment \textit{waves}, star...
1,116,691,497,909
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Extracting and assessing common features amongst multiple variables is a natural task occurring in many different problem settings. Wyner's common information~\cite{Wyner} provides one answer to this, which was originally defined for finite alphabets as follows \begin{align} \label{eqn:Wynerde...
1,116,691,497,910
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The fundamental combinatorial problem of graph coloring is as ancient as the cartographer's task of coloring a map without using the same color on neighboring regions. In the context of general graphs, we say that an assignment of a color to every vertex is a \emph{proper coloring}\/ if no t...
1,116,691,497,911
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Many problems in ergodic theory and dynamical systems involve properties of limits of sequences of invariant probability measures. If the phase space is compact then the space of invariant probability measures is also compact in the the weak$^*$ topology, which is partly a con...
1,116,691,497,912
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{S1Intr} The ultraviolet (UV) continuum spectrum of star-forming galaxies is characterized by the spectral index $\beta$ in the form of $f_{\lambda} \propto \lambda^{\beta}$ \citep{Calz94}. The $\beta$ values are related with physical quantities such as age, metallicity, and dust extincti...
1,116,691,497,913
arxiv
\section{ Introduction} The new data of TOTEM collaboration\cite{TOTEMRHO1,TOTEMRHO2,TOTEMRHO3, TOTEMRHO4} drew attention to the state with negative signature and with an intercept which is close to unity (see Refs.\cite{KMRO,BJRS,TT,MN,BLM,SS,KMRO1,KMRO2,GLP,CNPSS}). This state is known as the Odderon, and it ...
1,116,691,497,914
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} With the rapid development of internet and network science, the explosive growth of various information volumes in different fields is accompanied by an urgent need for scientific research and industry to improve data processing capabilities. The complex network, which takes big data and comple...