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1,477,468,751,081
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The \emph{ordinary} representation theory of finite groups over the complex numbers was developed by Frobenius, Burnside, Schur and others around the beginning of the 20th century, and the study of \emph{modular} representation theory, dealing with representations over fields of positive charact...
1,477,468,751,082
arxiv
\section*{Results} \subsection*{Uniqueness of human behavior} To evaluate the likelihood of identifying individuals within smartphone usage data we use a dataset that spans 12 months (Feb. 1st 2016 to Jan. 31st 2017) and encompasses 3.5 million people using in total 1.1 million unique apps. We have chosen to disregard ...
1,477,468,751,083
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Without loss of generality, we consider a domain $\Omega$ that is a union of rectangular domains in $\mathbb{R}^2$, and we assume that $\Omega$ is formed by two different materials separated by a curve $\Gamma$. In particular, this means $\Gamma$ separates $\Omega$ into two sub-domains $\Omega...
1,477,468,751,084
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Mesh networking, which is a key enabler for Internet-of-Things (IoT), is a promising solution for range extension and improved resilience. Bluetooth is a prominent short-range connectivity technology which has evolved tremendously over the last decade. Bluetooth mesh (released in 2017) \cite{BT_...
1,477,468,751,085
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Self-trapped beams in nonlinear media, alias optical spatial solitons, have long been the subject of intensive studies, promising new physical effects and potential application to optic-communication systems and photonic technologies \cite{yuribook,chen}. Common theoretical models for producing ...
1,477,468,751,086
arxiv
\section{Computational model} As part of a general approach to the modelling of AGN spectra, including the self-consistent acceleration of a hadronic component, we have developed a numerical code capable of following the time evolution not only of the proton, but also of the photon and electron distributions in the...
1,477,468,751,087
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For two sets $A,B\subseteq \Z_n$, we let $A\cdot B = \set{ab \pmod n \mid a\in A,b\in B}$. For a set $A$, $A^{\circ b}$ for some relation $\circ$ is defined as the set $\{a \mid a\in A, a\circ b\}$. A subset $B$ of ring $\Z_n$ is called a \emph{$\ell$-covering set} if $\Z_n^{\leq \ell}\cdot B=...
1,477,468,751,088
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{SS-Intro} \setcounter{equation}{0} Random network coding, introduced by Ahlswede et al.~in~\cite{ACLY00}, has proven to be a very effective tool for maximizing the information flow in a non-coherent network with multiple sources and sinks. The main feature of the network is that the nod...
1,477,468,751,089
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The study of the Iwasawa theory of symmetric powers of CM modular forms at supersingular primes was begun by the first author and Antonio Lei in \cite{HL}. They constructed two types of $p$-adic $L$-functions: ``admissible'' ones in the sense of Panchishkin and Dabrowski, and ``plus and...
1,477,468,751,090
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The theory of matrix factorizations was introduced by Eisenbud \cite{Ei} in 1980. It is useful to study hypersurfaces in commutative algebra. In fact, Eisenbud proved the following famous theorem. \begin{theorem}[{\cite[Section 6]{Ei} (cf. \cite[Theorem 7.4]{Y})}] \label{thm.mot} Let $S$ b...
1,477,468,751,091
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A/B testing (also known as split testing or bucket testing) is a method of comparing two versions of a webpage or app against each other to determine which one performs better. It is essentially a special case of multiple variants of a page which are shown to users at random, and statistical ana...
1,477,468,751,092
arxiv
\section{Supporting information} \label{SI} \subsection{Theoretical model} Here we derive a model to describe the vibrational resonance amplification of a weak signal in a thermo-optic waveguide-coupled optical mode. We consider a single optical mode with complex amplitude $a$. We write $\omega_c$, $\kappa_i$, $\kappa...
1,477,468,751,093
arxiv
\section{Scheduling and Resource Allocation Algorithm} \label{s:sra} \begin{algorithm}[t] \noindent \begin{algorithmic}[1] \Require \Statex The up-to-date $CSI_{u}$ and $BSR_{u}$ $\forall u \in U$ \While{$\sum_{u}^{U} BSR_{u} > 0$} \State $MCS_{u}$ = \textbf{Rate-Adaptation}($CSI_{u}$) $\forall u \in U$ ...
1,477,468,751,094
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Especially during the last three years one notices a significant further boost of interest in octonionic analysis both from mathematicians and from theoretical physicists, see for instance \cite{JRS,KO2018,KO2019,Kra2019-1,Nolder2018}. In fact, many physicists currently believe that the oc...
1,477,468,751,095
arxiv
\section{Convergence for general canonical decomposition method at increasing number of modes} In this section, we discuss the convergence of the canonical decomposition method at increasing $Q$ (number of modes). In Sect. 2, we have shown that $\mathcal{M}_Q^h \subset \mathcal{V}^h$, provided that their interpolation...
1,477,468,751,096
arxiv
\section{Sample Section Title} \label{sec:sample1} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing \citep{Fabioetal2013} elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud \citet{Blondeletal2008} exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo ...
1,477,468,751,097
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Graph learning methods generate predictions by leveraging complex inductive biases captured in the topology of the graph \cite{battaglia2018relational}. A large volume of work in this area, including graph neural networks (GNNs), exploits \textit{homophily} as a strong inductive bias, where conn...
1,477,468,751,098
arxiv
\section{Introduction \label{sec:Introduction}} The L{\'e}vy walk is a popular and well-studied model which describes a variety of physical scenarios in which superdiffusive dynamics lead to nonlocal stationary behavior. Nonlocality is manifested in the mathematical description of the relevant observables in terms of ...
1,477,468,751,099
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As early as 1930s, astronomical observations hinted the existence of an unknown form of matter. In the last decades the evidence for the existence of this type of matter, dubbed dark matter (DM) \cite{Zwicky:1933gu}, has become abundant and overwhelming \cite{Tanabashi:2018oca}. We now know that...
1,477,468,751,100
arxiv
\section{The Local REINFORCE Estimator is Unbiased}\label{local_REIN_unbiased} Here we show that the local REINFORCE estimator $\hat{G}^{RE}_{\Phi}=\frac{\partial\log(\pi_\Phi(\Phi|B(\Phi)))}{\partial\theta_\Phi}R$ is an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the expected reward with respect to $\theta_\Phi$. \begin{ali...
1,477,468,751,101
arxiv
\section{Introduction: } Reductive Lie algebras have been shown to be the most convenient class of algebras for physical applications. They arise naturally as the Lie algebras of compact groups, and contain the class of semisimple algebras. Moreover, they have an important property, namely an invariant metric\footnote...
1,477,468,751,102
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cardinality estimation (\textsf{CardEst}), which aims at predicting the result size of a SQL query without its actual execution, is a longstanding and fundamental problem in DBMS. It is the core component of query optimizers~\cite{howgoodare,4,6} to produce high-quality query plans. Although a v...
1,477,468,751,103
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus -.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf}} \def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}{1.5ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\normalsize\bf}} \def\subsubsection{\@startsectio...
1,477,468,751,104
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Today, our daily life is highly dependent on the increasingly growing satellite infrastructure. This infrastructure is used in many services; from communication, transportation, to weather forecast and many more. It is therefore essential to protect all space assets. One of the ...
1,477,468,751,105
arxiv
\section{Introduction} High-redshift quasars are among the most luminous sources in the distant Universe. Their large luminosities ($L \sim 10^{47}$ erg/s) suggest that the powering mechanism of the strong radiative emission is the accretion of gas onto a Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH), with a mass $M_{\rm BH} \gt...
1,477,468,751,106
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Wireless communication has always been more vulnerable to attacks than its wired counterparts. The fact that wireless signals are broadcast means they are more easily eavesdropped. This weakness has been exploited in many wireless networks~\cite{crack_bluetooth, sheldon2012in...
1,477,468,751,107
arxiv
\section*{\centering Abstract} \textit{ This paper proposes an explicit way to optimize the super-resolution network for generating visually pleasing images. The previous approaches use several loss functions which is hard to interpret and has the implicit relationships to improve the perceptual score. We show how to e...
1,477,468,751,108
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In general relativity, the asymptotic symmetries of asymptotically-flat spacetimes at both past and future null infinity are elements of the infinite-dimensional Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) group \cite{BBM, Sachs1} (see \cite{Ashtekar:2014zsa, AK} for recent reviews). It has been...
1,477,468,751,109
arxiv
\subsection{Iris Data} We begin by showing how SCAMP clusters the iris data set of \cite{fisher1936use}. The data matrix contains measurements of sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width for 150 irises of three types: setosa, versicolor, and virginica. There are multiple ties due to rounding: only 43 ...
1,477,468,751,110
arxiv
\section{Defining and identifying treatment effects} \section{Introduction} \label{intro} When designing a randomized trial, it is sometimes necessary and/or desirable to assign the intervention to groups of participants rather than to individuals \cite{hayes_cluster_2017, campbell_how_2014, donner...
1,477,468,751,111
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Nonequilibrium phase transitions are considered a key feature of a countless number of phenomena, such as magnetic systems, biological and ecological models, water-like anomalies, and many others \cite{marr99,hinrichsen,odor04,henkel}. Recently, a considerable interest has been devoted to the...
1,477,468,751,112
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Self-supervised representation learning experienced tremendous advancements in the past few years in many fields. In terms of the quality of the learned feature, unsupervised learning has caught up with supervised learning or even surpassed the latter in many cases. This trend promises unparallel...
1,477,468,751,113
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The \emph{cospark} of a matrix $A \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}, m>n$\footnote{We note that the results in this paper can be straightforwardly generalized to complex numbers.}, denoted by $\textit{cospark($A$)}$, is defined to be the \emph{cardinality of the sparsest vector in t...
1,477,468,751,114
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Libraries of objects for algorithm testing are extremely common in computational geometry. Their set-up requires particular care: If a library consists of objects `too easy to understand', then basically any algorithm would score great on them, thus making it impossible for the researcher to ap...
1,477,468,751,115
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The phase diagram of QCD at finite temperature and baryon density is still largely unknown today, because lattice QCD suffers from a severe sign problem when chemical potential for baryon number is non-vanishing. Several methods have been devised to circumvent this obstacle (see e.g. \cite{de...
1,477,468,751,116
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Talagrand's transport inequality and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality are known to share important features: they both hold for the Gaussian measure in any dimension, they enjoy the tensorization property and they imply Gaussian concentration results. We refer to \cite{villa...
1,477,468,751,117
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec1} Under the assumption of molecular chaos, the velocity distribution function of a \textit{dense} fluid of inelastic hard spheres obeys the Enskog kinetic equation, suitably modified to account for the collisional inelasticity through a constant coefficient of normal restitution $\alph...
1,477,468,751,118
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{0pt}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex minus .3ex}{\normalfont\large\bf}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}% {1.5ex \@plus .2ex}% ...
1,477,468,751,119
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The theory of stochastic differential equations driven by a fractional Brownian motion in infinite dimension has been widely examined by many researchers due to various mathematical models in different fields, such as physics, population dynamics, ecology, biological systems, biotechnology, o...
1,477,468,751,120
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There are two different mechanisms that contribute to nuclear energy dissipation, i.e. the irreversible transfer of energy from collective into intrinsic single-particle motion: two-body collisions and ``one-body friction''. The latter is caused by the moving walls of the self-consistent nuclear ...
1,477,468,751,121
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In modern science, it is often the case that each study screens many features. Identifying which of the many features screened have replicated findings, and the extent of replicability for these features, is of great interest. For example, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)...
1,477,468,751,122
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP)~\cite{SZ95,D98,S00,BE07,KRB10} represents an idealized description of transport in crowded one-dimensional systems, such as traffic~\cite{PS99,AS00,SCN10}, ionic conductors~\cite{R77}, and RNA transcription~\cite{MGB68}. In the ASEP, each site is either v...
1,477,468,751,123
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider the Laguerre unitary ensemble (LUE for short) of $n\times n$ Hermitian matrices whose eigenvalues have the following joint probability density function \cite{Mehta} $$ p(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)=\frac{1}{Z_n}\prod_{1\leq i<j\leq n}(x_i-x_j)^2\prod_{k=1}^{n}w(x_k;\gamma,n), $$ where $w(x;\g...
1,477,468,751,124
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In a recent paper, \textsc{Clamond} and \textsc{Dutykh} \cite{Clamond2018} have introduced a regularization of the classical \textsc{Saint-Venant} (shallow-water) equations, which is non-dispersive, non-dissipative, and formally conserves mass, momentum, and energy. In conservation form, these r...
1,477,468,751,125
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:Intro} Introduction} Granular materials are a class of systems which are out of equilibrium and not easy to understand within the framework of standard statistical mechanics. For static assemblies, the distribution of forces~\cite{Coppersmith} and the continuum limit~\cite{Cates} are difficult to o...
1,477,468,751,126
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $H$ be a (complex and separable) Hilbert space, and denote the operator norm by $\|\cdot\|_\infty$. A function $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{C}$ is said to be \emph{operator Lipschitz} if there exists a constant $C_f$ such that \begin{equation*} \|f(A)-f(B)\|_\infty \leq C_f\|A-B\|_\infty...
1,477,468,751,127
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper presents a comparison of geometric multigrid methods for the solution of systems arising from high-order (we target polynomial orders up to 16) continuous finite element discretizations of elliptic partial differential equations. Our particular interest is to compare the efficiency of...
1,477,468,751,128
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Section:Introduction} This paper is concerned with weak Galerkin (WG) finite element methods by exploring optimal use of polynomial approximating spaces. In general, weak Galerkin refers to finite element techniques for partial differential equations in which differential operators (e.g., ...
1,477,468,751,129
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Suppose that $X$ is a projective $d$-dimensional algebraic variety over a field $k$ and $D$ is an ${\NZQ R}$-Cartier divisor on $X$. Then the volume of $D$ is $$ {\rm vol}(D)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{\dim_k\Gamma(X,\mathcal O_X(nD))}{n^d/d!}. $$ If $D$ is nef, then the volume of $D$ is...
1,477,468,751,130
arxiv
\section{Introduction } Many works have studied properties of the trajectory of a simple random walk. These properties include the growth rate of the trajectory's range, location of the most frequently visited site, the number of the visits to this site, the number of the sites of frequent visits, and so forth. ...
1,477,468,751,131
arxiv
\section*{} Graphene (gr) layers on metallic supports are in the focus of solid state chemistry and physics and materials science for many years~\cite{Tontegode:1991ts,Oshima:1997ek,Batzill:2012,Dedkov:2015kp,Yang:2020fda}. These works, initially motivated by studies of the catalytic activity of transition metal surf...
1,477,468,751,132
arxiv
\subsubsection*{Acknowledgment.} This work was partly supported by the Région Bretagne and by the ANSSI (JavaSec project, see \texttt{http://www.ssi.gouv.fr/site\_article226.html}). \bibliographystyle{plain} \def\leavevmode\hbox{$\rm {}^{TM}$}{\leavevmode\hbox{$\rm {}^{TM}$}} \section{Introduction} \label{sec:rt-i...
1,477,468,751,133
arxiv
\section{Introduction} About half of field sdB stars, which reside in binary systems, can form through common envelope ejection or stable Roche lobe overflow (Han et al. 2002, 2003). It is more difficult to explain the formation of a single sdB star. Two scenarios are possible: the merger of two low-mass helium whit...
1,477,468,751,134
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Nowadays, most modern cars come with at least some advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Systems like an automatic cruise control or a lane keeping assistant are already able to partially take over control of the car and safely steer it along a defined lane. While these problems have been ad...
1,477,468,751,135
arxiv
\section{\boldmath Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The flavor studies of the semi-leptonic $B$ decay processes have been developed these years to test the electroweak sector of the Standard Model (SM) and also to look for evidence of New Physics (NP) effects. In particular, the charged current is described as \begi...
1,477,468,751,136
arxiv
\section{} A locally compact group $G$ is said to be \emph{amenable} if and only if it has an invariant mean \cite{vN}, that is, there exists $\mu\in \ell^\infty(G)^*$ such that $\mu(1)=1$ and $g\mu=\mu$ for all $g\in G$. For a countable discrete group this is equivalent to the Reiter condition \cite{Reiter}: For ea...
1,477,468,751,137
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Privacy is becoming a paramount concern for machine learning and data analysis tasks, which often operate on personal data. For just one example of the tension between machine learning and data privacy, Netflix released an anonymized dataset of user movie ratings for teams competing to develop an...
1,477,468,751,138
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}} \else \section{Introduction} \label{Introduction} \fi \IEEEPARstart{D}{uring} the past years, panoramic video \cite{neumann2000immersive} has become increasingly popular due to its immersive and interactive experience. To achieve this immersive and interactive experience, h...
1,477,468,751,139
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Statement of Results} In this paper we introduce and investigate linear models for the Poincar\'{e} series and the radial limit set of normal subgroups of Kleinian groups of Schottky type. Here, a linear model means a linear graph directed Markov system (GDMS) associated to the free gro...
1,477,468,751,140
arxiv
\section{\label{}} In the years since the ARGUS and CLEO collaboration first observed baryonic $B$ decays \cite{Albrecht88,Crawford92}, many three-body baryonic $B$ decays ($B\rightarrow\mathrm{\mathbf{B\bar{B}'M}}$) have been found \cite{Olive14,Abe02, Aubert06,J.H.Chen08,Wei08}, where $\mathrm{\mathbf{B\bar{B}'}}$ ...
1,477,468,751,141
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The better understanding of the behavior of novel materials with unusual mechanical properties is important in many applications. As it is well known the optimization of the topology and geometry of a structure will greatly impact its performance. Topology optimization, in particular, has found m...
1,477,468,751,142
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since the 1960-1970s, the understanding of dynamic critical phenomena and physical properties of itinerant spin-fluctuation systems has been one of the main topics in the fields of magnetism in condensed matter physics \cite{Doniach_PRL_1966, Berk_PRL_1966, Be...
1,477,468,751,143
arxiv
\section{Probing QCD Matter with Heavy-Ion Collisions} \label{sec:intro} Heavy-ion collision experiments at relativistic energies create extreme states of strongly interacting matter and enable their investigation in the laboratory. Figure~\ref{fig:phasediagram} illustrates the conjectured phases of strongly inte...
1,477,468,751,144
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Structured, sparse communication patterns appear frequently in parallel numerical applications, notably stencil-patterns in two and higher dimensions~\cite{Sourcebook03,Epperson07,CuiOlsen10}. With MPI 3.0 and later versions of the \emph{Message-Passin...
1,477,468,751,145
arxiv
\section{Introduction and motivation} \subsection{Nonuniform networks} The field of natural-network study became popular when Watts and Strogatz \cite{WaSt98} published their observations on the short average path length and the high clustering coefficient of many natural graphs, followed by the observations of scale...
1,477,468,751,146
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Entanglement is perhaps the most puzzling feature of quantum mechanics and in the last two decades it became the key resource in quantum information processing \cite{NielsenBook}. Entangled qubits prepared in pure, maximally entangled states are required by many quantum-information processes. How...
1,477,468,751,147
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In 1965 Roger Penrose published his seminal paper \cite{Pen} which established the first of the modern singularity theorems. In this paper Penrose introduced the notion of a trapped surface $\cT $, which he defined as ``a closed spacelike, two-surface with the property that the two systems...
1,477,468,751,148
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A few years back Jacobs et al.\ \cite{Jacobs2015}, inspired by the advances in creating nanoparticles that interact highly specifically by leveraging the extreme selectivity of base-pairing interaction in DNA, introduced the notion of self-assembling systems with `addressable complexity', i.e....
1,477,468,751,149
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Properties of partially ionized warm clouds in the local interstellar medium} The Sun is surrounded by patchy network of warm (5,000--10,000~K) partially ionized gas clouds extending out to a distance of about 15~pc in the local interstellar medium (LISM). We have learned about...
1,477,468,751,150
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the last few decades, the rapidly emerging field of quantum thermodynamics~\cite{binder2018,gemmer2004,deffner2019} has offered the prospect for unravelling fundamental laws of miniaturized quantum systems, including thermal devices such as quantum batteries~\cite{Alicki,PoliniPRL}, quantum t...
1,477,468,751,151
arxiv
\section{\def\@secnumfont{\mdseries}\@startsection{section}{1}% \z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.5\linespacing}% {\normalfont\scshape\centering}} \def\subsection{\def\@secnumfont{\bfseries}\@startsection{subsection}{2}% {\parindent}{.5\linespacing\@plus.7\linespacing}{-.5em}% {\normalfont\bfseries}} \make...
1,477,468,751,152
arxiv
\section{Derivation of the Search Objective}\label{sec:appx_search_objective} The search objective presented in~\eqref{eq:search_objective_2} is derived in a following way, starting from the $\mathcal{KL}$ divergence between our approximation and the true posterior $\mathcal{KL}(q(\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{w}\...
1,477,468,751,153
arxiv
\section{Guidelines} The Moriond proceedings are printed from camera-ready manuscripts. The following guidelines are intended to get a uniform rending of the proceedings. Authors with no connection to \LaTeX{} should use this sample text as a guide for their presentation using their favorite text editor (see section~...
1,477,468,751,154
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace*{-0.5pt} \noindent Present astronomical observations related to abundances of the light elements $^4{\rm He}$ and $^4\overline{\rm He}$, the content of protons versus antiprotons in cosmic rays, etc, lead to the conclusion\cite{RDTMQ,KT} that, before the nuc...
1,477,468,751,155
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the context of non-Hermitian time-independent quantum mechanics many systems are known to posses real spectra in a certain parameter regime that becomes spontaneously broken when some coupling constants are driven beyond the exceptional point \cite{Bender:1998ke,Benderrev,Alirev,moiseyev...
1,477,468,751,156
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Facility location concerns with the optimal placement of one or several new facilities/plants to satisfy the customers' demands. In discrete facility location problems, the positions of both the customers and the potential new facilities are part of the input as well as the travel costs between ...
1,477,468,751,157
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{A}{erial} surveys are used to measure gamma-ray emission over large areas, with applications in geological exploration, radiation protection, mapping distributed contamination, and finding radiological sources outside of regulatory control~\cite{moxham_airborne_1960, galbraith_rock_...
1,477,468,751,158
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Mean-field games (MFGs) are models for large populations of competing rational agents who seek to optimize an individual objective function. A typical model is the {\em backward-forward MFG}. In one dimension, this game is determined by following the system of partial differential equations ...
1,477,468,751,159
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} The primary purpose of this work is to study the weak convergence of a family of properly rescaled continuous-time Markov chains on integer compositions \cite{Gnedin97} and the limiting diffusions. Our results should be compared with the scaling limits of natural up-down Markov ...
1,477,468,751,160
arxiv
\section{Introduction} According to Quantum Chromodynamics, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase refers to matter where quarks and gluons are believed to be deconfined and it probably takes place at temperatures of the order of 150 to 170 MeV. In large colliders around the world (RHIC/BNL, ALICE/CERN, GSI, etc), ph...
1,477,468,751,161
arxiv
\section{Introduction} ``The law that entropy always increases - the second law of thermodynamics - holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of nature. If someone points out that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If i...
1,477,468,751,162
arxiv
\section{Realism and the need of a physical model of quantum mechanics} Quantum mechanics is extremely efficient for the prediction of experimental results. In contrast the interpretation of the quantum formalism has been the subject of continuous debate since the very begining of the theory\cite {WZurek} and it ...
1,477,468,751,163
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Collaborative human activities are grounded in {\em social and moral norms}, which humans consciously and subconsciously use to guide and constrain their behavior: they undergird human societies by prescribing what is obligatory, permitted, prohibited, and optional \cite{brown1991human}. In d...
1,477,468,751,164
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Random damage may crucially change the structure and function of a network and may even completely destroy it. The description of the destruction of the complex network architectures due to damage is a challenging direction in the multidisciplinary science of networks. Remarkably, ...
1,477,468,751,165
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Theoretical investigation of Ruderman\cite{Ruder} leads to the conclusion that matter may be anisotropic in densities of order $10^{15}\;gm\;cm^{-3}$. The impact of anisotropy on steller configuration may be found in pioneering works of Bower and Liang\cite{BL} and Herrera and Santos\cite{HS}. ...
1,477,468,751,166
arxiv
\subsection{Numerical methods} \subsubsection{Exact dynamics of the periodically modulated lattice} The system, composed of $N_c$ cells of spatial size $\lambda=2\pi$ is discretized with $N_p$ points per cell; the total basis size is thus $N_t=N_c N_p$. We have used both a spatial $\ket{x}$ and momentum $\ket{p}$ ...
1,477,468,751,167
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{secintro} Finding the galaxies that have the highest star formation rates (SFRs) at high redshifts has been a difficult problem. Such galaxies cannot be easily picked out in rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) or optical samples due to their very large and highly variable extinctions (e.g., Bou...
1,477,468,751,168
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ is an {\em{interval graph}} if it is the intersection graph of a family of intervals on the real line in which each vertex is assigned an interval and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their corresponding intervals intersect. The study of interval graphs was ...
1,477,468,751,169
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is a well-known fact (see, e.g., \cite{Kuchment}) that the spectrum of periodic elliptic self-adjoint differential operators has band structure, i.e. it is a locally finite union of compact intervals called \textit{bands}. In general the bands may overlap, otherwise we have a \textit{gap} i...
1,477,468,751,170
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The characterization of density fluctuations in many-body systems is a problem of great fundamental interest in the physical, mathematical and biological sciences \cite{Wi65,Ka66,Fi67,Wi74,Pe93,Wa96,Te97,No98,Sc99,Chand99,Ga05,Ye03,Mu06,Be07,Ji11d}. The anomalous suppression of densit...
1,477,468,751,171
arxiv
\section{Introduction} West's stack-sorting map is a function $s$ that sends permutations to permutations; it was defined by West in his dissertation \cite{West} as a deterministic version of a stack-sorting machine introduced by Knuth in \emph{The Art of Computer Programming} \cite{Knuth}. There has been a great deal...
1,477,468,751,172
arxiv
\section{introduction} Excesses in searching for diboson resonance using boson-tagged jets were recently reported by the ATLAS collaboration~\cite{Aad:2015owa}. It shows local excesses in the $WZ$, $WW$ and $ZZ$ channels with significance of $3.4\sigma$, $2.6\sigma$ and $2.9\sigma$ respectively. Similarly, the CMS co...
1,477,468,751,173
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Critical behavior in the gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field was discovered by Choptuik~\cite{Choptuik:1992jv}, who sought to answer the question ``What happens at the threshold of black hole formation?'' Choptuik considered a massless scalar field undergoing gravitational collaps...
1,477,468,751,174
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In some way, ``prehistorical'' beginning of Leavitt path algebras started with Leavitt algebras (\cite{leav:tmtoar} and \cite{leav:tmtohi}), Bergman algebras (\cite{bergman:casurc}), and graph C$^{\ast}$-algebras (\cite{cunt:acgby}), considering rings with the \textit{Invariant Basis Number} ...
1,477,468,751,175
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Reconstructing the state of a system, through a discrete-time sequence of noisy observations, is a problem which dates far back in time. Although many solutions have been proposed, one of the most prominent approach dates to the sixties, when \cite{KFSeminal} presented the optimal solution when ...
1,477,468,751,176
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last decades, brane world theories have received a lot of attention for the success on solving the gauge hierarchy and cosmological constant problems \cite{Randall,Arkani-Hamed98}. In the brane world scenario, our universe is {a 3-brane embedded} in a higher-dimensional bulk. The wel...
1,477,468,751,177
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Deep learning has advanced various applications in a wide range of domains \cite{devlin2018bert}\cite{he2016deep}\cite{cully2015robots}. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have significantly grown in size in recent years, in pursuit of better model accuracy. Training of large models over large dataset...
1,477,468,751,178
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In a previous paper \cite{OV-M-1} we have studied the implications of the presence of compactified spatial dimensions (or equivalently, the non-trivial topology of the space-time) on the cosmological solutions of a two-dimensional toy model coupled to Brans-Dicke gravity. There we found that th...
1,477,468,751,179
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:intro} \small Development of high-fidelity image simulators has become commonplace in large instrumentation projects in astronomy~\cite{Peterson:2014,Peterson:2015,Leschinski2016,Rowe2015,Sivaramakrishnan2002,Dobke2010,Hilbert2017,Knight2012}. In addition, a full comprehensive phys...
1,477,468,751,180
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Our understanding of the physical processes involved in the formation of massive stars ($>$ 8 M$_{\odot}$) is still incomplete \citep[e.g.,][]{zinnecker07,Motte+2018,rosen20}. Most recent high-resolution studies of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) suggest that massive star...