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Aircraft | Military | Military
thumb|Boeing B-17E in flight
A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament. Combat aircraft are typi... |
Aircraft | Civil | Civil
thumb|Agusta A109 helicopter of the Swiss air rescue service
Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military and non-state aviation, which can be both private and commercial. Most countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization and wor... |
Aircraft | Experimental | Experimental
thumb|A model aircraft, weighing six grams
An experimental aircraft is an aircraft intended for testing new aerospace technologies and design concepts.
The term research aircraft or testbed aircraft, by contrast, generally denotes aircraft modified to perform scientific studies, such as weather researc... |
Aircraft | Model | Model |
Aircraft | See also | See also |
Aircraft | Lists | Lists
Early flying machines
Flight altitude record
List of aircraft
List of civil aircraft
List of fighter aircraft
List of individual aircraft
List of large aircraft
List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms |
Aircraft | Topics | Topics
Aircraft hijacking
Aircraft spotting
Air traffic control
Airport
Flying car
Personal air vehicle
Powered parachute
Spacecraft
Spaceplane |
Aircraft | References | References
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Aircraft | External links | External links |
Aircraft | History | History
The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
Virtual Museum
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum – online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
Amazing Early Flying Machines slideshow by Life magazine |
Aircraft | Information | Information
Airliners.net
Aviation Dictionary – free aviation terms, phrases and jargons
New Scientists aviation page
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Aircraft | Table of Content | short description, History, Methods of lift, Lighter-than-air, Heavier-than-air{{Anchor, Fixed-wing Aircraft, Rotorcraft, Other methods of lift, Size and speed extremes, Size, Speeds, Propulsion and steering, Unpowered aircraft, Powered aircraft, Propeller aircraft, Jet aircraft, Rotorcraft, Design and construction, St... |
Alfred Nobel | Short description | Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( ; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer and businessman. He is known for inventing dynamite, as well as having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes. He also made several other important contributions to science, holding 355 patents during... |
Alfred Nobel | Biography | Biography |
Alfred Nobel | Early life and education | Early life and education
thumb|The birthplace of Alfred Nobel at Norrlandsgatan in Stockholm
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 21 October 1833. He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Andriette Nobel (née Ahlsell 1805–1889). The couple married in 1827 and had eigh... |
Alfred Nobel | Scientific career | Scientific career
thumb|Portrait of Nobel by Gösta Florman (1831–1900)
As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the work. There he met Ascanio Sobrero, who had synthesized nitroglycerin three years before. Sobrero strongly opposed the use of nitroglycerin because... |
Alfred Nobel | Inventions | Inventions
Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as "dynamite". Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, ... |
Alfred Nobel | Nobel Prize | Nobel Prize
thumb|Front side of one of the Nobel Prize medals
There is a well known story about the origin of the Nobel Prize, although historians have been unable to verify it and some dismiss the story as a myth. In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig supposedly caused several newspapers to publish obituaries of A... |
Alfred Nobel | Health issues and death | Health issues and death
thumb|Alfred Nobel's death mask, at Björkborn Manor, Nobel's residence in Karlskoga, Sweden
In his letters to his mistress, Hess, Nobel described constant pain, debilitating migraines, and "paralyzing" fatigue, leading some to believe that he suffered from fibromyalgia. However, his concerns at ... |
Alfred Nobel | Personal life | Personal life |
Alfred Nobel | Religion | Religion
Nobel was Lutheran and, during his years living in Paris, he regularly attended the Church of Sweden Abroad led by pastor Nathan Söderblom who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930. He was an agnostic in youth and became an atheist later in life, though he still donated generously to the Church. |
Alfred Nobel | Romantic relationships and personality | Romantic relationships and personality
Nobel remained a solitary character, given to periods of depression. He never married, although his biographers note that he had at least three loves. His first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra who rejected his marriage proposal.
In 1876, Austro-Bohemian Countess Be... |
Alfred Nobel | Residences | Residences
thumb|Björkborn Manor, in Karlskoga, was Alfred Nobel's last residence in Sweden.|left
Nobel traveled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in Europe and America. From 1865 to 1873, Nobel lived in Krümmel (now in the municipality of Geesthacht, near Hamburg). From 1873 to 1891, he lived in a h... |
Alfred Nobel | Monument to Alfred Nobel | Monument to Alfred Nobel
The Monument to Alfred Nobel (, ) is in Saint Petersburg along the Bolshaya Nevka River on Petrogradskaya Embankment, the street where Nobel's family lived until 1859. It was dedicated in 1991 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Nobel Prize presentation. Diplomat Thomas Bertelman and Prof... |
Alfred Nobel | Criticism | Criticism
Criticism of Nobel focuses on his leading role in weapons manufacturing and sales. Some people question his motives in creating his prizes, suggesting they are intended to improve his reputation. |
Alfred Nobel | Antisemitism | Antisemitism
Nobel has also been criticized for displays of antisemitism. In his letters to Hess, he wrote "In my experience, [Jews] never do anything out of good will. They act merely out of selfishness or a desire to show off .... among selfish and inconsiderate people they are the most selfish and inconsiderate... a... |
Alfred Nobel | References | References |
Alfred Nobel | Further reading | Further reading
Asbrink, Brita (Summer 2002). "The Nobels in Baku" in Azerbaijan International, Vol 10.2, 56–59.
Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel – The Loneliest Millionaire. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie Press, 1969.
Schück, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel, transl. Brian Lunn, London: Will... |
Alfred Nobel | External links | External links
The Man Behind the Prize – Alfred Nobel
Biography at the Norwegian Nobel Institute
Documents of Life and Activity of The Nobel Family. Under the editorship of Professor Arkady Melua. Series of books. (mostly in Russian)
Alfred Nobel and his unknown coworker
Category:1833 births
Category:189... |
Alfred Nobel | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early life and education, Scientific career, Inventions, Nobel Prize, Health issues and death, Personal life, Religion, Romantic relationships and personality, Residences, Monument to Alfred Nobel, Criticism, Antisemitism, References, Further reading, External links |
Alexander Graham Bell | Short description | Alexander Graham Bell (; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Early life | Early life
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847, to Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds). The family home was on South Charlotte Street in Edinburgh, where a stone inscription marks it as Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845–1870) ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | First invention | First invention
As a child, Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour mill. At the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail br... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Education | Education
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, was schooled at home by his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School in Edinburgh. But he left at age 15, having completed only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main... |
Alexander Graham Bell | First experiments with sound | First experiments with sound
Bell's father encouraged his interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine, a... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Family tragedy | Family tragedy
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire fro... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Canada | Canada
thumb|Melville House, the Bells' first home in North America, now a National Historic Site of Canada
In 1870, 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents and his brother's widow, Caroline Margaret Ottaway, to Paris, Ontario, to stay with Thomas Henderson, a Baptist minister and family friend. The Bells soon pu... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Work with deaf people | Work with deaf people
thumb|Bell, top right, providing pedagogical instruction to teachers at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes, 1871; throughout his life, he referred to himself as "a teacher of the deaf"
Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (later to become the publ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Continuing experimentation | Continuing experimentation
In 1872, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the ma... |
Alexander Graham Bell | The telephone | The telephone
By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success. While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like mac... |
Alexander Graham Bell | The race to the patent office | The race to the patent office
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Later developments | Later developments
thumb|An actor playing Bell in a 1926 film holds Bell's first telephone transmitter
On March 10, 1876, Bell used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here – I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side.
Con... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Competitors | Competitors
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments occurred, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Family life | Family life
thumb|alt=A distinguished bearded man, his young elegant wife next to him and their two young daughters poise for a formal portrait|Alexander Graham Bell, his wife Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, and their daughters Elsie (left) and Marian ca. 1885
thumb|alt=A three-story gray mansion, with a covered front entranc... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Later inventions | Later inventions
thumb|Alexander Graham Bell in his later years
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he o... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Photophone | Photophone
thumb|Photophone receiver, one half of Bell's wireless optical communication system, ca. 1880
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both me... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Metal detector | Metal detector
thumb|Bell's voice, from a Volta Laboratory recording in 1885. Restored by the Smithsonian in 2013.
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance, after the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in 1881. According to so... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Hydrofoils | Hydrofoils
thumb|Bell's HD-4 on a test run ca. 1919
The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that ar... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Aeronautics | Aeronautics
thumb|AEA Silver Dart
In 1891, Bell had begun experiments to develop motor-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. The AEA was first formed as Bell shared the vision to fly with his wife, who advised him to seek "young" help as Bell was at the age of 60.
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Heredity and genetics | Heredity and genetics
Bell, along with many members of the scientific community at the time, took an interest in the popular science of heredity which grew out of the publication of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species in 1859. On his estate in Nova Scotia, Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding exper... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Death | Death
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been affected by pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m. While tending to him after his long il... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Legacy and honours | Legacy and honours
thumb|Bell statue by A. E. Cleeve Horne in front of the Bell Telephone Building of Brantford, Ontario, The Telephone City. (Brantford Heritage Inventory, City of Brantford)
Honours and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Honorary degrees | Honorary degrees
Alexander Graham Bell, who could not complete the university program of his youth, received at least a dozen honorary degrees from academic institutions, including eight honorary LL.D.s (Doctorate of Law), two Ph.D.s, a D.Sc., and an M.D.:
Gallaudet College (then named National Deaf-Mute College) in ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Portrayal in film, television and fiction | Portrayal in film, television and fiction
The 1939 film The Story of Alexander Graham Bell was based on his life and works.
Eyewitness No. 90 A Great Inventor Is Remembered, a 1957 NFB short about Bell.
The 1965 BBC miniseries Alexander Graham Bell starring Alec McCowen and Francesca Annis.
The 1992 film The Sound ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Bibliography | Bibliography
Also published as:
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Alexander Graham Bell | See also | See also
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
Bell Boatyard
Bell Homestead National Historic Site
Bell Telephone Memorial
Berliner, Emile
Bourseul, Charles
IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
Manzetti, Innocenzo
Meucci, Antonio
Oriental... |
Alexander Graham Bell | References | References |
Alexander Graham Bell | Notes | Notes |
Alexander Graham Bell | Citations | Citations |
Alexander Graham Bell | Further reading | Further reading
Mullett, Mary B. The Story of A Famous Inventor. New York: Rogers and Fowle, 1921.
Walters, Eric. The Hydrofoil Mystery. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Puffin Books, 1999. .
Winzer, Margret A. The History Of Special Education: From Isolation To Integration. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, ... |
Alexander Graham Bell | External links | External links
Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation
Alexander Graham Bell Institute at Cape Breton University (archived 8 December 2015)
Bell Telephone Memorial, Brantford, Ontario
Bell Homestead National Historic Site, Brantford, Ontario
Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site of Canada, Baddeck, Nov... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Multimedia | Multimedia
Alexander Graham Bell at The Biography Channel
Shaping The Future, from the Heritage Minutes and Radio Minutes collection at HistoricaCanada.ca (1:31 audio drama, Adobe Flash required)
Category:1847 births
Category:1922 deaths
Category:19th-century Scottish inventors
Category:19th-century Canadi... |
Alexander Graham Bell | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, First invention, Education, First experiments with sound, Family tragedy, Canada, Work with deaf people, Continuing experimentation, The telephone, The race to the patent office, Later developments, Competitors, Family life, Later inventions, Photophone, Metal detector, Hydrofoils, Aerona... |
Anatolia | Short description | Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Turkish Straits to the northwest, and the Black Sea to t... |
Anatolia | Geography | Geography
thumb|right|Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum, c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until ,Dimitrov P., 2003. "The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood". . Oceanology, 4, 52–57.Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004. The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths. . "Sl... |
Anatolia | Etymology | Etymology
The English-language name Anatolia derives from the Greek () meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from anatello '(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "levant" f... |
Anatolia | Names | Names
The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of Hatti" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient Hattians, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient Hittites.
The first recorded name... |
Anatolia | History | History |
Anatolia | Prehistoric Anatolia | Prehistoric Anatolia
thumb|The henges in Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC.
Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the Paleolithic. Neolithic settlements include Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevali Cori, Aşıklı Höyük, Boncuklu Höyük, Hacilar, Göbekli Tepe, Norşuntepe, Köşk Höyük, and Yumuktepe. Çatalhöyük (7... |
Anatolia | Ancient Anatolia | Ancient Anatolia
The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the Bronze Age and continue throughout the Iron Age. The most ancient period in the history of Anatolia spans from the emergence of ancient Hattians, up to the conquest of Anatolia by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE. |
Anatolia | Hattians and Hurrians | Hattians and Hurrians
The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the Hattians in central Anatolia, and Hurrians further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of Hattush. Affiliation of Hattian language remains unclear, while Hurrian language belongs to... |
Anatolia | Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th centuries BCE) | Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th centuries BCE)
thumb|The Sphinx Gate in Hattusa
Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the Hittites were centered at Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speake... |
Anatolia | Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th centuries BCE) | Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th centuries BCE)
After 1180 BCE, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent Syro-Hittite states, subsequent to losing much territory to the Middle Assyrian Empire and being finally overrun by the Phrygians, another Indo-European people w... |
Anatolia | Classical Anatolia | Classical Anatolia
In Classical antiquity, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus; to the west were Mysia, Lydia, and Ca... |
Anatolia | Early Christian period | Early Christian period
thumb|upright=1.1|
thumb|331x331px|The Seven churches of Asia
After the first division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium. In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became one of the first places where Christianity s... |
Anatolia | Medieval period | Medieval period
thumb|left|upright=1.35|Byzantine Anatolia and the Byzantine-Arab frontier zone in the mid-9th century
In the 10 years following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim. The Tu... |
Anatolia | Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire
thumb|Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire between 1359 and 1683
Among the Turkish leaders, the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman I and his son Orhan. The Anatolian beyliks were successively absorbed into the rising Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. It is not well understood how t... |
Anatolia | Modern times | Modern times
thumb|Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Che... |
Anatolia | Geology | Geology
thumb|Salty shores of Lake Tuz
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowl... |
Anatolia | Climate | Climate
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a temperate ocea... |
Anatolia | Ecoregions | Ecoregions
thumb|Mediterranean climate is prevalent in the Turkish Riviera
thumb|Anatolia's dry central plateau
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are temperate broadleaf, mixed and coniferous forest... |
Anatolia | Demographics | Demographics
The largest cities in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of Istanbul) are Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Antalya, Konya, Adana, İzmit, Mersin, Manisa, Kayseri, Samsun, Balıkesir, Kahramanmaraş, Aydın, Adapazarı, Denizli, Muğla, Eskişehir, Trabzon, Ordu, Afyonkarahisar, Sivas, Tokat, Zonguldak, Kütahya, Çanakkale,... |
Anatolia | See also | See also
Aeolis
Anatolian hypothesis
Anatolianism
Anatolian leopard
Anatolian Plate
Anatolian Shepherd
Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
Antigonid dynasty
Doris (Asia Minor)
Empire of Nicaea
Empire of Trebizond
Gordium
Lycaonia
Midas
Miletus
Myra
Pentarchy
Pontic Greeks
Rumi
Saint Anatolia
Saint John
... |
Anatolia | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
Anatolia | References | References |
Anatolia | Citations | Citations |
Anatolia | Sources | Sources
|
Anatolia | Further reading | Further reading
Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991. Anatolia: A World Heritage. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
Brewster, Harry. 1993. Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism. London: I. B. Tauris.
Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995. The Royal Roads of Anatolia. Istanbul: Dünya.
Dusinberre, Elspeth R. ... |
Anatolia | External links | External links
Category:Ancient Greek geography
Category:Geography of the Middle East
Category:Historical regions in Turkey
Category:Peninsulas of Asia
Category:Peninsulas of Turkey
Category:Physiographic provinces
Category:Regions of Asia
Category:Regions of Turkey |
Anatolia | Table of Content | Short description, Geography, Etymology, Names, History, Prehistoric Anatolia, Ancient Anatolia, Hattians and Hurrians, Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th centuries BCE), Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th centuries BCE), Classical Anatolia, Early Christian period, Medieval period, Ottoman Empire, Modern times, Geology, Climate,... |
Apple Inc. | Short description | Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company was incorporat... |
Apple Inc. | History | History |
Apple Inc. | 1976–1980: Founding and incorporation | 1976–1980: Founding and incorporation
thumb|left|In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple in Jobs's parents' home on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Wozniak called the popular belief that the company was founded in the garage "a bit of a myth", although they moved some operations to the garage whe... |
Apple Inc. | 1980–1990: Success with Macintosh | 1980–1990: Success with Macintosh
thumb|Steve Jobs in 1984 with the Macintosh, the first mass-market personal computer to feature an integral graphical user interface and mouse
In December 1979, Steve Jobs and Apple employees, including Jef Raskin, visited Xerox PARC, where they observed the Xerox Alto, featuring a ... |
Apple Inc. | 1990–1997: Decline and restructuring | 1990–1997: Decline and restructuring
thumb|Macintosh LC II
The company pivoted strategy and, in October 1990, introduced three lower-cost models: the Macintosh Classic, the Macintosh LC, and the Macintosh IIsi, all of which generated significant sales due to pent-up demand. In 1991, Apple introduced the hugely succes... |
Apple Inc. | 1997–2007: Return to profitability | 1997–2007: Return to profitability
The NeXT acquisition was finalized on February 9, 1997,, Apple Inc., February 7, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2006. and the board brought Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Jobs staged a boardroom coup that resulted in Amelio's resignation after overseeing a three-year r... |
Apple Inc. | 2007–2011: Success with mobile devices | 2007–2011: Success with mobile devices
thumb|The newly announced first-generation iPhone was on display at the 2007 MacWorld Expo.
During his keynote speech at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced the renaming of Apple Computer, Inc. to Apple Inc., because the company had broadened its focus from comp... |
Apple Inc. | 2011–present: Post-Jobs era, Tim Cook | 2011–present: Post-Jobs era, Tim Cook
On October 5, 2011, Steve Jobs died, marking the end of an era for Apple.; The next major product announcement by Apple was on January 19, 2012, when Apple's Phil Schiller introduced iBooks Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City. Jobs stated in the biog... |
Apple Inc. | Products | Products
Since the company's founding and into the early 2000s, Apple primarily sold computers, which are marketed as Macintosh since the mid-1980s. Since then, the company has expanded its product categories to include various portable devices, starting with the now discontinued iPod (2001), and later with the iPhon... |
Apple Inc. | Mac | Mac
Mac, which is short for Macintosh—its official name until 1999—is Apple's line of personal computers that use the company's proprietary macOS operating system. Personal computers were Apple's original business line, but they account for only about eight percent of the company's revenue.
There are six Mac compu... |