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American Film Institute | External links | External links
American Film Institute on Internet Archive
AFI Los Angeles Film Festival – history and information (archived July 17, 2009)
Category:Arts organizations based in Los Angeles
Category:Cinema of Southern California
Category:Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Category:Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Category:Orga... |
American Film Institute | Table of Content | short description, Leadership, History, List of programs in brief, AFI Conservatory, Notable alumni, AFI Film Festivals, American Film Institute Festival, Red Carpet Premieres, AFI Docs, AFI programs, AFI Catalog of Feature Films, AFI Life Achievement Award, AFI Awards, AFI Maya Deren Award, AFI 100 Years... series, AF... |
Akira Kurosawa | Short description | was a Japanese filmmaker who directed 30 feature films in a career spanning six decades. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. Kurosawa displayed a bold, dynamic style strongly influenced by Western cinema yet distinct from it. He was involved with all a... |
Akira Kurosawa | Biography | Biography |
Akira Kurosawa | Childhood to war years (1910–1945) | Childhood to war years (1910–1945) |
Akira Kurosawa | Childhood and youth (1910–1935) | Childhood and youth (1910–1935)
Kurosawa was born on March 23, 1910, in Ōimachi in the Ōmori district of Tokyo. His father Isamu (1864–1948), a member of a samurai family from Akita Prefecture, worked as the director of the Army's Physical Education Institute's lower secondary school, while his mother Shima (1870–195... |
Akira Kurosawa | Director in training (1935–1941) | Director in training (1935–1941)
In 1935, the new film studio Photo Chemical Laboratories, known as P.C.L. (which later became the major studio Toho), advertised for assistant directors. Although he had demonstrated no previous interest in film as a profession, Kurosawa submitted the required essay, which asked appl... |
Akira Kurosawa | Wartime films and marriage (1942–1945) | Wartime films and marriage (1942–1945)
In the two years following the release of Horse in 1941, Kurosawa searched for a story he could use to launch his directing career. Towards the end of 1942, about a year after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, novelist Tsuneo Tomita published his Musashi Miyamoto-inspired jud... |
Akira Kurosawa | Early postwar years to ''Red Beard'' (1946–1965) | Early postwar years to Red Beard (1946–1965) |
Akira Kurosawa | First postwar works (1946–1950) | First postwar works (1946–1950)
After the war, Kurosawa, influenced by the democratic ideals of the Occupation, sought to make films that would establish a new respect towards the individual and the self. The first such film, No Regrets for Our Youth (1946), inspired by both the 1933 Takigawa incident and the Hotsumi... |
Akira Kurosawa | International recognition (1950–1958) | International recognition (1950–1958)
After finishing Scandal, Kurosawa was approached by Daiei studios to make another film for them. Kurosawa picked a script by an aspiring young screenwriter, Shinobu Hashimoto, who would eventually work on nine of his films. Their first joint effort was based on Ryūnosuke Akutagaw... |
Akira Kurosawa | Birth of a company and ''Red Beard'' (1959–1965) | Birth of a company and Red Beard (1959–1965)
Starting with Rashomon, Kurosawa's productions had become increasingly large in scope and so had the director's budgets. Toho, concerned about this development, suggested that he might help finance his own works, therefore making the studio's potential losses smaller, whil... |
Akira Kurosawa | Hollywood ambitions to last films (1966–1998) | Hollywood ambitions to last films (1966–1998) |
Akira Kurosawa | Hollywood detour (1966–1968) | Hollywood detour (1966–1968)
When Kurosawa's exclusive contract with Toho came to an end in 1966, the 56-year-old director was seriously contemplating change. Observing the troubled state of the domestic film industry and having already received dozens of offers from abroad, the idea of working outside Japan appealed... |
Akira Kurosawa | A difficult decade (1969–1977) | A difficult decade (1969–1977)
Knowing that his reputation was at stake following the much publicised Tora! Tora! Tora! debacle, Kurosawa moved quickly to a new project to prove he was still viable. To his aid came friends and famed directors Keisuke Kinoshita, Masaki Kobayashi and Kon Ichikawa, who together with Kur... |
Akira Kurosawa | Two epics (1978–1986) | Two epics (1978–1986)
In 1977, George Lucas released Star Wars, a wildly successful science fiction film influenced by Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress. Lucas, like many other New Hollywood directors, revered Kurosawa and considered him a role model and was shocked to discover that the Japanese film-maker was unable to... |
Akira Kurosawa | Final works and last years (1987–1998) | Final works and last years (1987–1998)
For his next movie, Kurosawa chose a subject very different from any that he had ever filmed before. While some of his previous pictures (for example, Drunken Angel and ) had included brief dream sequences, Dreams was to be entirely based upon the director's own dreams. Signific... |
Akira Kurosawa | Filmography | Filmography
Although Kurosawa is primarily known as a filmmaker, he also worked in theater and television and wrote books. A detailed list, including his complete filmography, can be found in the list of works by Akira Kurosawa. |
Akira Kurosawa | Style, themes and techniques | Style, themes and techniques
thumb|left|upright|Throne of Blood cast and crew photo taken in 1956, showing (from left to right) Shinjin Akiike, Fumio Yanoguchi, Kuichiro Kishida, Samaji Nonagase, Takao Saito, Toshiro Mifune (in the jeep), Minoru Chiaki, Takashi Shimura, Teruyo Nogami, Yoshirō Muraki, Akira Kurosawa,... |
Akira Kurosawa | Legacy and cultural impact | Legacy and cultural impact
Kurosawa is often cited as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. In 1999, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by AsianWeek magazine and CNN, cited as "one of the [five] people who contributed most to the betterment of Asia in the past 1... |
Akira Kurosawa | External links | External links
Akira Kurosawa at The Criterion Collection
Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion
Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide
Several trailers
Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa School of Film
Category:1910 births
Ca... |
Akira Kurosawa | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Childhood to war years (1910–1945), Childhood and youth (1910–1935), Director in training (1935–1941), Wartime films and marriage (1942–1945), Early postwar years to ''Red Beard'' (1946–1965), First postwar works (1946–1950), International recognition (1950–1958), Birth of a company and ''... |
Ancient Egypt | Short description | Ancient Egypt () was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeast Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower Egypt were amalgamated by Menes, who is believed by the majority of Egyptologist... |
Ancient Egypt | History | History
The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization. |
Ancient Egypt | Predynastic period | Predynastic period
thumb|A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period)
In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in ... |
Ancient Egypt | Early Dynastic Period ({{circa | Early Dynastic Period ( BC)
The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilization of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-centuryBC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He beg... |
Ancient Egypt | Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) | Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC)
thumb|The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population growth, made possible by a we... |
Ancient Egypt | First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC) | First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)
After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. The ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale civil wars. Yet despite difficult pr... |
Ancient Egypt | Middle Kingdom (2134–1690 BC) | Middle Kingdom (2134–1690 BC)
thumb|A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the imiut; the divine kilt suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.
thumb|Pyramidion of Amenemhat III, capstone o... |
Ancient Egypt | Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos | Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos
Around 1785BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos, who had already settled in the Delta, seized control of Egypt and established their capital at Avaris, forcing the former central government to retreat to... |
Ancient Egypt | New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC) | New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
thumb|Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun.
The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including t... |
Ancient Egypt | Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC) | Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC)
Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078BC, Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of Tanis. The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, who recognized Smendes in name only. During this time, Libyans had ... |
Ancient Egypt | Late Period (653–332 BC) | Late Period (653–332 BC)
The Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. By 653BC, the Saite king Psamtik I was able to oust the Assyrians with the help of Greek mercenaries, who were recruited to form Egypt's first navy. Greek influence expan... |
Ancient Egypt | Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC) | Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC)
thumb|Portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor wearing the double crown of Egypt
In 332BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptole... |
Ancient Egypt | Roman period (30 BC – AD 642) | Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)
thumb|right|The Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures.
Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium. The Romans ... |
Ancient Egypt | Government and economy | Government and economy |
Ancient Egypt | Administration and commerce | Administration and commerce
thumb|The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power.
The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government, who relied... |
Ancient Egypt | Social status | Social status
thumb|Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom
Egyptian society was highly stratified, and social status was expressly displayed. Farmers made up the bulk of the population, but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or noble fami... |
Ancient Egypt | Legal system | Legal system
thumb|left|The Seated Scribe from Saqqara, 5th dynasty
The head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintaining law and order, a concept the ancient Egyptians referred to as Ma'at. Although no legal codes from ancient Egypt survive,... |
Ancient Egypt | Agriculture | Agriculture
thumb|right|Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of Menna at Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty)
thumb|Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty
A combination of favorable geographical features contributed to the su... |
Ancient Egypt | Animals | Animals
thumb|left|Sennedjem plows his fields in Aaru with a pair of oxen, Deir el-Medina.
The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole. Animals, both domesticate... |
Ancient Egypt | Natural resources | Natural resources
Egypt is rich in building and decorative stone, copper and lead ores, gold, and semiprecious stones. These natural resources allowed the ancient Egyptians to build monuments, sculpt statues, make tools, and fashion jewelry. Embalmers used salts from the Wadi Natrun for mummification, which also provi... |
Ancient Egypt | Trade | Trade
thumb|Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the Land of Punt
The ancient Egyptians engaged in trade with their foreign neighbors to obtain rare, exotic goods not found in Egypt. In the Predynastic Period, they established trade with Nubia to obtain gold and incense. They also established trade with Palestine, as e... |
Ancient Egypt | Language | Language |
Ancient Egypt | Historical development | Historical development
The Egyptian language is a northern Afro-Asiatic language closely related to the Berber and Semitic languages. It has the longest known history of any language having been written from BC to the Middle Ages and remaining as a spoken language for longer. The phases of ancient Egyptian are Old Egy... |
Ancient Egypt | Sounds and grammar | Sounds and grammar
Ancient Egyptian has 25 consonants similar to those of other Afro-Asiatic languages. These include pharyngeal and emphatic consonants, voiced and voiceless stops, voiceless fricatives and voiced and voiceless affricates. It has three long and three short vowels, which expanded in Late Egyptian to abo... |
Ancient Egypt | Writing | Writing
thumb|The Rosetta Stone ( BC) enabled linguists to begin deciphering ancient Egyptian scripts.|280x280px
Hieroglyphic writing dates from BC, and is composed of hundreds of symbols. A hieroglyph can represent a word, a sound, or a silent determinative; and the same symbol can serve different purposes in differen... |
Ancient Egypt | Literature | Literature
thumb|Hieroglyphs on stela in Louvre, BC
Writing first appeared in association with kingship on labels and tags for items found in royal tombs. It was primarily an occupation of the scribes, who worked out of the Per Ankh institution or the House of Life. The latter comprised offices, libraries (called Ho... |
Ancient Egypt | Culture | Culture |
Ancient Egypt | Daily life | Daily life
thumb|left|Lower-class occupations
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of mudbrick designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for ... |
Ancient Egypt | Cuisine | Cuisine
thumb|Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of Nefermaat and his wife Itet ()
Egyptian cuisine remained remarkably stable over time; indeed, the cuisine of modern Egypt retains some striking similarities to the cuisine of the ancients. The staple diet consisted of bread and beer, supplemented with vege... |
Ancient Egypt | Architecture | Architecture
The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world: the Great Pyramids of Giza and the temples at Thebes. Building projects were organized and funded by the state for religious and commemorative purposes, but also to reinforce the wide-ranging power of the pharaoh. ... |
Ancient Egypt | Art | Art
thumb|Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna, BC
The ancient Egyptians produced art to serve functional purposes. For over 3500 years, artists adhered to artistic forms and iconography that were developed during the Old Kingdom, following a strict set of principles that resisted foreign influence... |
Ancient Egypt | Religious beliefs | Religious beliefs
thumb|upright=1.35|The Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife.
Beliefs in the divine and in the afterlife were ingrained in ancient Egyptian civilization from its inception; pharaonic rule was based on the divine right of kings. The Egyptian pantheon was populated by... |
Ancient Egypt | Burial customs | Burial customs
thumb|left|Anubis, the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy
The ancient Egyptians maintained an elaborate set of burial customs that they believed were necessary to ensure immortality after death. These customs involved preserving the body by mummification, perform... |
Ancient Egypt | Military | Military
thumb|Tutankhamun charging enemies on his chariot, 18th dynasty
The ancient Egyptian military was responsible for defending Egypt against foreign invasion, and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the ancient Near East. The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai during the Old Kingdom and fought... |
Ancient Egypt | Technology, medicine and mathematics | Technology, medicine and mathematics |
Ancient Egypt | Technology | Technology
thumb|right|Glassmaking was a highly developed art.
In technology, medicine, and mathematics, ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication. Traditional empiricism, as evidenced by the Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri (), is first credited to Egypt. The Egyptians created ... |
Ancient Egypt | Faience and glass | Faience and glass
Even before the Old Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians had developed a glassy material known as faience, which they treated as a type of artificial semi-precious stone. Faience is a non-clay ceramic made of silica, small amounts of lime and soda, and a colorant, typically copper. The material was used to ... |
Ancient Egypt | Medicine | Medicine
The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly from their environment. Living and working close to the Nile brought hazards from malaria and debilitating schistosomiasis parasites, which caused liver and intestinal damage. Dangerous wildlife such as crocodiles and hippos were also a common thr... |
Ancient Egypt | Maritime technology | Maritime technology
Early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding as early as 3000BC. The Archaeological Institute of America reports that the oldest planked ships known are the Abydos boats. A group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos were constructed... |
Ancient Egypt | Mathematics | Mathematics
right|thumb|Facsimile of the Astronomical chart in Senemut's tomb, 18th dynasty
The earliest attested examples of mathematical calculations date to the predynastic Naqada period, and show a fully developed numeral system. The importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian is suggested by a New Kingdom ... |
Ancient Egypt | Population | Population
thumb|The halls of Karnak Temple are built with rows of large columns.
Estimates of the size of the population range from 1–1.5 million in the 3rd millennium BC to possibly 2–3 million by the 1st millennium BC, before growing significantly towards the end of that millennium. |
Ancient Egypt | Archaeogenetics | Archaeogenetics
According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, conflicting DNA analysis on recent genetic samples such as the Amarna royal mummies has led to a lack of consensus on the genetic makeup of the ancient Egyptians and their geographic origins.
The genetic history of Ancient Egyp... |
Ancient Egypt | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Frontispiece of Description de l'Égypte, published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829
The culture and monuments of ancient Egypt have left a lasting legacy on the world. Egyptian civilization significantly influenced the Kingdom of Kush and Meroë with both adopting Egyptian religious and architectural n... |
Ancient Egypt | See also | See also
Egyptology
Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts
Index of ancient Egypt–related articles
Outline of ancient Egypt
List of ancient Egyptians
List of Ancient Egyptian inventions and discoveries
Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
Archeological Map of Egypt
British school of diffusionism |
Ancient Egypt | Notes | Notes |
Ancient Egypt | References | References |
Ancient Egypt | Citations | Citations |
Ancient Egypt | Works cited | Works cited
|
Ancient Egypt | Further reading | Further reading
|
Ancient Egypt | External links | External links
BBC History: Egyptiansprovides a reliable general overview and further links
Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989
Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt, Art History.
Digital Egypt for Universities. Scholarly treatment with broad cover... |
Ancient Egypt | Table of Content | Short description, History, Predynastic period, Early Dynastic Period ({{circa, Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC), First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC), Middle Kingdom (2134–1690 BC), Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos, New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC), Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC), Late Period ... |
Analog Brothers | Short description | Analog Brothers were an experimental hip hop band featuring Tracy "Ice-T" Marrow (Ice Oscillator) on keyboards, drums and vocals, Keith "Kool Keith" Thornton (Keith Korg) on bass, strings and vocals, Marc Live (Marc Moog) on drums, violins and vocals, Christopher "Black Silver" Rodgers (Silver Synth) on synthesizer, la... |
Analog Brothers | Music | Music
The group's only studio album Pimp to Eat featured guest appearances by various members of Rhyme Syndicate, Odd Oberheim, Jacky Jasper (who appears as Jacky Jasper on the song "We Sleep Days" and H-Bomb on "War"), D.J. Cisco from S.M., Synth-A-Size Sisters and Teflon. |
Analog Brothers | Legacy | Legacy
While the group only recorded one album together as the Analog Brothers, a few bootlegs of its live concert performances, including freestyles with original lyrics, have occasionally surfaced online. After Pimp to Eat, the Analog Brothers continued performing together in various line ups. Kool Keith and Marc Liv... |
Analog Brothers | Discography | Discography
2000 - 2005 A.D. (single), Ground Control Records/Nu Gruv
2000 - Pimp to Eat (LP), Ground Control Records/Mello Music Group
2014 - Slang Banging (Return to Analog), Junkadelic Music |
Analog Brothers | References | References |
Analog Brothers | External links | External links
Kool Keith's Site
Ultrakeith
Analog Brothers at Discogs
Category:Ice-T
Category:American hip-hop groups |
Analog Brothers | Table of Content | Short description, Music, Legacy, Discography, References, External links |
Motor neuron diseases | short description | Motor neuron diseases or motor neurone diseases (MNDs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells which control voluntary muscles of the body. They include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), pseudobulbar palsy, progressive muscular ... |
Motor neuron diseases | Signs and symptoms | Signs and symptoms
thumb|325x325px|A man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (A) He needs assistance to stand. (B) Advanced atrophy of the tongue. (C) There is upper limb and truncal muscle atrophy with a positive Babinski sign. (D) Advanced thenar muscle atrophy.
Signs and symptoms depend on the specific disea... |
Motor neuron diseases | Patterns of weakness | Patterns of weakness
Various patterns of muscle weakness occur in different motor neuron diseases. Weakness can be symmetric or asymmetric, and it can occur in body parts that are distal, proximal, or both. According to Statland et al., there are three main weakness patterns that are seen in motor neuron diseases, wh... |
Motor neuron diseases | Lower and upper motor neuron findings | Lower and upper motor neuron findings
Motor neuron diseases are on a spectrum in terms of upper and lower motor neuron involvement. Some have just lower or upper motor neuron findings, while others have a mix of both. Lower motor neuron (LMN) findings include muscle atrophy and fasciculations, and upper motor neuron ... |
Motor neuron diseases | Causes | Causes
Most cases are sporadic and their causes are usually not known. It is thought that environmental, toxic, viral, or genetic factors may be involved. |
Motor neuron diseases | DNA damage | DNA damage
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), is a critical component of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) enzymatic pathway that repairs DNA double-strand breaks in pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons. TDP-43 is rapidly recruited to double-strand breaks where it acts as a scaffold for the recruitment of... |
Motor neuron diseases | Associated risk factors | Associated risk factors
In adults, men are more commonly affected than women. |
Motor neuron diseases | Diagnosis | Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis can be challenging due to the number of overlapping symptoms, shared between several motor neuron diseases. Frequently, the diagnosis is based on clinical findings (i.e. LMN vs. UMN signs and symptoms, patterns of weakness), family history of MND, and a variation of tests, many of whi... |
Motor neuron diseases | Classification | Classification
thumb|296x296px|Corticospinal tract. Upper motor neurons originating in the primary motor cortex synapse to either lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the central gray matter of the spinal cord (insert) or brainstem motor neurons (not shown). Motor neuron disease can affect either upper motor n... |
Motor neuron diseases | Tests | Tests
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests: Analysis of the fluid from around the brain and spinal cord could reveal signs of an infection or inflammation.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI of the brain and spinal cord is recommended in patients with UMN signs and symptoms to explore other causes, such as a tumor... |
Motor neuron diseases | Treatment | Treatment
There are no known curative treatments for the majority of motor neuron disorders.
Physiotherapy helps maintain movement and function when someone is affected by
disability, injury or illness. This is achieved through movement and exercise, manual
therapy, education and advice. Although physiotherapy can’t... |
Motor neuron diseases | Prognosis | Prognosis
The table below lists life expectancy for patients who are diagnosed with MND.
TypeMedian survival time from start of symptomsAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)2–5 yearsPrimary lateral sclerosis (PLS)8–10 yearsProgressive muscular atrophy (PMA)2–4 yearsProgressive bulbar palsy (PBP)6 months – 3 yearsPseudo... |
Motor neuron diseases | Terminology | Terminology
In the United States and Canada, the term motor neuron disease usually refers to the group of disorders while amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is frequently called Lou Gehrig's disease. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term motor neuron(e) disease is used for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although is ... |
Motor neuron diseases | See also | See also
Spinal muscular atrophies
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies
Stephen Hawking |
Motor neuron diseases | References | References |
Motor neuron diseases | External links | External links
Motor neuron diseases
Category:Rare diseases
Category:Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system |
Motor neuron diseases | Table of Content | short description, Signs and symptoms, Patterns of weakness, Lower and upper motor neuron findings, Causes, DNA damage, Associated risk factors, Diagnosis, Classification, Tests, Treatment, Prognosis, Terminology, See also, References, External links |
Abjad | short description | An abjad ( or abgad) is a writing system in which only consonants are represented, leaving the vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. This contrasts with alphabets, which provide graphemes for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels.Daniels, P. (1990). "Fundamentals of Gramma... |
Abjad | Etymology | Etymology
The name abjad is based on the Arabic alphabet's first (in its original order) four corresponding to a, b, j, and to replace the more common terms "consonantary" and "consonantal alphabet" in describing the family of scripts classified as "West Semitic". It is similar to other Semitic languages such as Phoeni... |
Abjad | Terminology | Terminology
According to the formulations of Peter T. Daniels, abjads differ from alphabets in that only consonants, not vowels, are represented among the basic graphemes. Abjads differ from abugidas, another category defined by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks ... |