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Abjad | Origins | Origins
thumb|upright=1.10|A specimen of Proto-Sinaitic script containing a phrase which may mean 'to Baalat'. The line running from the upper left to lower right reads mt l bclt.
The first abjad to gain widespread usage was the Phoenician abjad. Unlike other contemporary scripts, such as cuneiform and Egyptian hierog... |
Abjad | Impure abjads | Impure abjads
thumb|Al-ʻArabiyya, meaning "Arabic": an example of the Arabic script, which is an impure abjad
Impure abjads have characters for some vowels, optional vowel diacritics, or both. The term pure abjad refers to scripts entirely lacking in vowel indicators. However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebre... |
Abjad | Addition of vowels | Addition of vowels
In the 9th century BC the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script for use in their own language. The phonetic structure of the Greek language created too many ambiguities when vowels went unrepresented, so the script was modified. They did not need letters for the guttural sounds represented by aleph, ... |
Abjad | {{anchor | Abjads and the structure of Semitic languages
The abjad form of writing is well-adapted to the morphological structure of the Semitic languages it was developed to write. This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from a root consisting of (usually) three consonants, the vowels being used to indicate inflec... |
Abjad | Adaptation for use as true alphabets | Adaptation for use as true alphabets
The Arabic abjad have been adapted to perform as true alphabets when used to write several languages, including Kurdish, Swahili, Malay, and Uyghur and historically Bosnian, Mozarabic, Aragonese, Portuguese, Spanish and Afrikaans, with some letters or letter combinations being rep... |
Abjad | Comparative chart of abjads, extinct and extant | Comparative chart of abjads, extinct and extant
Name In use Cursive Direction # of letters Matres lectionis Area of origin Used by Languages Time period (age)Influenced by Writing systems influenced Arabic yes yes right-left 28 3 Middle East Over 400 million people Arabic, Kashmiri, Persian, Pashto, Uyghur, K... |
Abjad | See also | See also
Abjad numerals (Arabic alphanumeric code)
Abugida
Disemvoweling
Gematria (Hebrew & English system of alphanumeric code)
Numerology
Shorthand (constructed writing systems that are structurally abjads) |
Abjad | References | References |
Abjad | Sources | Sources
|
Abjad | External links | External links
The Science of Arabic Letters, Abjad and Geometry, by Jorge Lupin is dead
Category:Arabic orthography
Category:1990s neologisms |
Abjad | Table of Content | short description, Etymology, Terminology, Origins, Impure abjads, Addition of vowels, {{anchor, Adaptation for use as true alphabets, Comparative chart of abjads, extinct and extant, See also, References, Sources, External links |
Abugida | Short description | thumb|300px|Comparison of various abugidas descended from Brahmi script. Sanskrit for, May Śiva protect those who take delight in the language of the gods. (Kalidasa)
An abugida (; from Geʽez: , )sometimes also called alphasyllabary, neosyllabary, or pseudo-alphabetis a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowe... |
Abugida | Etymology | Etymology
In several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, abugida traditionally meant letters of the Ethiopic or Geʽez script in which many of these languages are written. The Geʽez script is one of several segmental writing systems in the world, others include Indic/Brahmic scripts and Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The... |
Abugida | Terminology | Terminology
As Daniels used the word, an abugida is in contrast with a syllabary, where letters with shared consonant or vowel sounds show no particular resemblance to one another. Furthermore, an abugida is also in contrast with an alphabet proper, where independent letters are used to denote consonants and vowels. Th... |
Abugida | General description | General description
The fundamental principles of an abugida apply to words made up of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. The syllables are written as letters in a straight line, where each syllable is either a letter that represents the sound of a consonant and its inherent vowel or a letter modified to indicate the vowe... |
Abugida | Family-specific features | Family-specific features
There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by diacritics, distortion, or orientation.John D. Berry (2002:19) Language Culture Type
The oldest and largest is the Brahmic family of India and Southeast Asia, in which vowels are... |
Abugida | Indic (Brahmic) | Indic (Brahmic)
Indic scripts originated in India and spread to Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Mongolia, and Russia. All surviving Indic scripts are descendants of the Brahmi alphabet. Today they are used in most languages of South Asia (although replaced by Perso-Arabic in Urdu, Kashmiri... |
Abugida | Ethiopic | Ethiopic
thumb|The Geʽez script, an abugida of Eritrea and Ethiopia
In Geʽez script, fidels (individual "letters" of the script) have "diacritics" that are fused with the consonants to the point that they must be considered modifications of the form of the letters. Children learn each modification separately, as in a s... |
Abugida | Canadian Aboriginal syllabics | Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
In the family known as Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, which was inspired by the Devanagari script of India, vowels are indicated by changing the orientation of the syllabogram. Each vowel has a consistent orientation; for example, Inuktitut ᐱ pi, ᐳ pu, ᐸ pa; ᑎ ti, ᑐ tu, ᑕ ta. Although the... |
Abugida | Borderline cases | Borderline cases |
Abugida | Vowelled abjads | Vowelled abjads
Abjads are typically written without indication of many vowels. However, in some contexts like teaching materials or scriptures, Arabic and Hebrew are written with full indication of vowels via diacritic marks (harakat, niqqud) making them effectively alphasyllabaries.
The Arabic scripts used for Kurdi... |
Abugida | Phagspa | Phagspa
The imperial Mongol script called Phagspa was derived from the Tibetan abugida, but all vowels are written in-line rather than as diacritics. However, it retains the features of having an inherent vowel /a/ and having distinct initial vowel letters. |
Abugida | Pahawh | Pahawh
Pahawh Hmong is a non-segmental script that indicates syllable onsets and rimes, such as consonant clusters and vowels with final consonants. Thus it is not segmental and cannot be considered an abugida. However, it superficially resembles an abugida with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Most syllables... |
Abugida | Meroitic | Meroitic
Drawing a dividing line between abugidas and other segmental scripts can be difficult. For example, the Meroitic script of ancient Sudan did not indicate an inherent a (one symbol stood for both m and ma, for example), and is thus similar to Brahmic family of abugidas. However, the other vowels were indicated ... |
Abugida | Shorthand | Shorthand
Several systems of shorthand use diacritics for vowels, but they do not have an inherent vowel, and are thus more similar to Thaana and Kurdish script than to the Brahmic scripts. The Gabelsberger shorthand system and its derivatives modify the following consonant to represent vowels. The Pollard script, whic... |
Abugida | Development | Development
As the term alphasyllabary suggests, abugidas have been considered an intermediate step between alphabets and syllabaries. Historically, abugidas appear to have evolved from abjads (vowelless alphabets). They contrast with syllabaries, where there is a distinct symbol for each syllable or consonant-vowel... |
Abugida | List of abugidas | List of abugidas
Brahmic family, descended from Brāhmī ()
Ahom
Assamese
Balinese
BatakToba and other Batak languages
BaybayinIlocano, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Bikol languages, Visayan languages, and possibly other Philippine languages
BengaliBengali
Bhaiksuki
BrahmiSanskrit, Prakrit
Buhid
BurmeseBurmese, Karen languages... |
Abugida | Fictional | Fictional
Tengwar
Ihathvé Sabethired |
Abugida | Abugida-like scripts | Abugida-like scripts
Meroitic (an alphabet with an inherent vowel) – Meroitic, Old Nubian (possibly)
Thaana (abugida with no inherent vowel) |
Abugida | References | References
Category:1990 neologisms |
Abugida | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Terminology, General description, Family-specific features, Indic (Brahmic), Ethiopic, Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Borderline cases, Vowelled abjads, Phagspa, Pahawh, Meroitic, Shorthand, Development, List of abugidas, Fictional, Abugida-like scripts, References |
ABBA | Short description | ABBA ( , ) were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. They are one of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, and are one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music.
In , ABBA became 's first ... |
ABBA | History | History |
ABBA | 1958–1970: before ABBA | 1958–1970: before ABBA |
ABBA | Member origins and collaboration | Member origins and collaboration
Agnetha Fältskog (born 5 April 1950 in Jönköping, Sweden) sang with a local dance band (headed by Bernt Enghardt) who sent a demo recording of their music to Karl-Gerhard Lundkvist. The demo tape featured a song written and sung by Agnetha: "Jag var så kär" ("I Was So in Love"). Lund... |
ABBA | First live performance and the start of "Festfolket" | First live performance and the start of "Festfolket"
An attempt at combining their talents occurred in April 1970 when the two couples went on holiday together to the island of Cyprus. What started as singing for fun on the beach ended up as an improvised live performance in front of the United Nations soldiers stati... |
ABBA | First record together "Hej, gamle man" | First record together "Hej, gamle man"
"Hej, gamle man", a song about an old Salvation Army soldier, became the quartet's first hit. The record was credited to Björn & Benny and reached number five on the sales charts and number one on Svensktoppen, staying on the latter chart (which was not a chart linked to sales o... |
ABBA | 1970–1973: forming the group | 1970–1973: forming the group
After the 1970 release of Lycka, two more singles credited to "Björn & Benny" were released in Sweden, "Det kan ingen doktor hjälpa" ("No Doctor Can Help with That") and "Tänk om jorden vore ung" ("Imagine If Earth Was Young"), with more prominent vocals by Fältskog and Lyngstad–and moder... |
ABBA | First hit as Björn, Benny, Agnetha and Anni-Frid | First hit as Björn, Benny, Agnetha and Anni-Frid
First logo for the band|thumb|right|220x220pxUlvaeus and Andersson persevered with their songwriting and experimented with new sounds and vocal arrangements. "People Need Love" was released in June 1972, featuring guest vocals by the women, who were now given much grea... |
ABBA | "Ring Ring" | "Ring Ring"
thumb|left|ABBA (known as Björn & Benny Agnetha & Anni-Frid) at Popzien in 1973
In 1973, the band and their manager Stig Anderson decided to have another try at Melodifestivalen, this time with the song "Ring Ring". The studio sessions were handled by Michael B. Tretow, who experimented with a "wall of so... |
ABBA | Official naming | Official naming
In 1973, Stig Anderson, tired of unwieldy names, started to refer to the group privately and publicly as ABBA (a palindrome). At first, this was a play on words, as Abba is also the name of a well-known fish-canning company in Sweden, and itself an abbreviation. However, since the fish-canners were un... |
ABBA | Official logo | Official logo
right|thumb|This well-known ambigram logo for ABBA was designed by Rune Söderqvist in 1976.
Their official logo, with its distinctive backward "B", was designed by Rune Söderqvist, who designed most of ABBA's record sleeves. The ambigram first appeared on the French compilation album, Golden Double Albu... |
ABBA | 1973–1976: breakthrough | 1973–1976: breakthrough |
ABBA | Eurovision Song Contest 1974 | Eurovision Song Contest 1974
thumb|right|ABBA on Dutch TV in April 1974; clockwise from top left: Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad
ABBA entered the Melodifestivalen with "Ring Ring" but did not qualify as the 1973 Swedish entry. Stig Anderson started planning for the 1974 contes... |
ABBA | Post-Eurovision | Post-Eurovision
In November 1974, ABBA embarked on their first European tour, playing dates in Denmark, West Germany and Austria. It was not as successful as the band had hoped, since most of the venues did not sell out. Due to a lack of demand, they were even forced to cancel a few shows, including a sole concert sc... |
ABBA | 1976–1981: superstardom | 1976–1981: superstardom |
ABBA | ''Greatest Hits'' and ''Arrival'' | Greatest Hits and Arrival
In March 1976, the band released the compilation album Greatest Hits. It became their first UK number-one album, and also took ABBA into the Top 50 on the US album charts for the first time, eventually selling more than a million copies there. Also included on Greatest Hits was a new single,... |
ABBA | European and Australian tour | European and Australian tour
In January 1977, ABBA embarked on their first major tour. They opened their tour in Oslo, Norway, on 28 January, and mounted a spectacle that included a few scenes from their self-written mini-operetta The Girl with the Golden Hair. The concert attracted media attention from across Europe... |
ABBA | ''ABBA: The Album'' | ABBA: The Album
In December 1977, ABBA followed up Arrival with the more ambitious fifth album, ABBA: The Album, released to coincide with the debut of ABBA: The Movie. Although the album was less well received by UK reviewers, it did spawn more worldwide hits: "The Name of the Game" and "Take a Chance on Me", which ... |
ABBA | Polar Music Studio formation | Polar Music Studio formation
thumb|Polar Music Studios was situated in this building at 58 Sankt Eriksgatan in Stockholm until 2004.
By 1978, ABBA were one of the biggest bands in the world. They converted a vacant cinema into the Polar Music Studio, a state-of-the-art studio in Stockholm. The studio was used by sev... |
ABBA | North American and European tours | North American and European tours
thumb|left|ABBA performing in Edmonton, Canada, 1979
In mid-January 1979, Ulvaeus and Fältskog announced they were getting divorced. The news caused interest from the media and led to speculation about the band's future. ABBA assured the press and their fan base they were continuing ... |
ABBA | Progression | Progression
In March 1980, ABBA travelled to Japan where upon their arrival at Narita International Airport, they were besieged by thousands of fans. The group performed eleven concerts to full houses, including six shows at Tokyo's Budokan. This tour was the last "on the road" adventure of their career.
In July 1980... |
ABBA | 1981–1982: ''The Visitors'' and later performances | 1981–1982: The Visitors and later performances
In January 1981, Ulvaeus married Lena Källersjö, and manager Stig Anderson celebrated his 50th birthday with a party. For this occasion, ABBA recorded the track "Hovas Vittne" (a pun on the Swedish name for Jehovah's Witness and Anderson's birthplace, Hova) as a tribute ... |
ABBA | Later recording sessions | Later recording sessions
In the spring of 1982, songwriting sessions had started and the group came together for more recordings. Plans were not completely clear, but a new album was discussed and the prospect of a small tour suggested. The recording sessions in May and June 1982 were a struggle, and only three songs... |
ABBA | Later performances | Later performances
Andersson and Ulvaeus began collaborating with Tim Rice in early 1983 on writing songs for the musical project Chess, while Fältskog and Lyngstad both concentrated on international solo careers. While Andersson and Ulvaeus were working on the musical, a further co-operation among the three of them ... |
ABBA | Break and reunion | Break and reunion
ABBA never officially announced the end of the group or an indefinite break, but it was long considered dissolved after their final public performance together in 1982. Their final public performance together as ABBA before their 2016 reunion was on the British TV programme The Late, Late Breakfast ... |
ABBA | Resurgence of public interest | Resurgence of public interest
The same year the members of ABBA went their separate ways, the French production of a "tribute" show (a children's TV musical named Abbacadabra using 14 ABBA songs) spawned new interest in the group's music.
After receiving little attention during the mid-to-late-1980s, ABBA's music ex... |
ABBA | 2016–2024: Reunion, ''Voyage'', and ABBAtars | 2016–2024: Reunion, Voyage, and ABBAtars
On 20 January 2016, all four members of ABBA made a public appearance at Mamma Mia! The Party in Stockholm.ABBA pictured together for first time in 34 years , ABBA have finally reunited in Sweden, for the opening of a Mamma Mia-themed restaurant, 2016-01-21, Cameron Adams, New... |
ABBA | Artistry | Artistry |
ABBA | Recording process | Recording process
ABBA were perfectionists in the studio, working on tracks until they got them right rather than leaving them to come back to later on.ABBA – In Their Own Words, compiled by Rosemary York, 1981, pp 57–65. Omnibus Press They spent the bulk of their time within the studio; in separate 2021 interviews ... |
ABBA | Fashion, style, videos, advertising campaigns | Fashion, style, videos, advertising campaigns
ABBA was widely noted for the colourful and trend-setting costumes its members wore. The reason for the wild costumes was Swedish tax law: the cost of the clothes was deductible only if they could not be worn other than for performances. In their early years, group member... |
ABBA | Political use of ABBA's music | Political use of ABBA's music
John McCain used the song "Take a Chance on Me" for his 2008 presidential campaign. McCain publicly expressed his liking of the band.
In September 2010, band members Andersson and Ulvaeus criticised the right-wing Danish People's Party (DF) for using the ABBA song "Mamma Mia" (with modi... |
ABBA | Success in the United States | Success in the United States
During their active career, from 1972 to 1982, 20 of ABBA's singles entered the Billboard Hot 100; 14 of these made the Top 40 (13 on the Cashbox Top 100), with 10 making the Top 20 on both charts. A total of four of those singles reached the Top 10, including "Dancing Queen", which reach... |
ABBA | Members | Members
Agnetha Fältskog – lead and backing vocals
Anni-Frid "Frida" Lyngstad – lead and backing vocals
Björn Ulvaeus – guitars, backing and lead vocals
Benny Andersson – keyboards, synthesizers, piano, accordion, backing and lead vocals
The members of ABBA were married as follows: Agnetha Fältskog and Björn Ulv... |
ABBA | Discography | Discography
Studio albums
Ring Ring (1973)
Waterloo (1974)
ABBA (1975)
Arrival (1976)
The Album (1977)
Voulez-Vous (1979)
Super Trouper (1980)
The Visitors (1981)
Voyage (2021) |
ABBA | Tours | Tours
Concert tours
Swedish Folkpark Tour (1973)
European Tour (1974–1975)
European & Australian Tour (1977)
ABBA: The Tour (1979–1980)
Concert residencies
ABBA Voyage (2022–2026) |
ABBA | Awards and nominations | Awards and nominations |
ABBA | Documentaries | Documentaries
Eaton, Andrew (producer) A for ABBA. BBC, 20 July 1993
Thierry Lecuyer, Jean-Marie Potiez: Thank You ABBA. Willow Wil Studios/A2C Video, 1993
Barry Barnes: ABBA − The History. Polar Music International AB, 1999
Chris Hunt: The Winner Takes it All − The ABBA Story. Littlestar Services/lambic Producti... |
ABBA | See also | See also
ABBA: The Museum
ABBA City Walks – Stockholm City Museum
ABBAMAIL
List of ABBA tribute albums
List of best-selling music artists
List of Swedes in music
Music of Sweden
Popular music in Sweden |
ABBA | References | References |
ABBA | Notes | Notes |
ABBA | Citations | Citations |
ABBA | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
ABBA | Further reading | Further reading
Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Judy Craymer: Mamma Mia! How Can I Resist You?: The Inside Story of Mamma Mia! and the Songs of ABBA. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006
Carl Magnus Palm. ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions (1994)
Carl Magnus Palm (2000). From "ABBA" to "Mamma Mia!"
Elisabeth Vincen... |
ABBA | External links | External links
The Secret Majesty of ABBA. Variety, 22 July 2018
ABBA's Essential, Influential Melancholy. NPR, 23 May 2015
What's Behind ABBA's Staying Power?. Smithsonian, 20 July 2018
ABBA – The Articles – ABBA news from throughout the world
Category:1972 establishments in Sweden
Category:Atlantic Re... |
ABBA | Table of Content | Short description, History, 1958–1970: before ABBA, Member origins and collaboration, First live performance and the start of "Festfolket", First record together "Hej, gamle man", 1970–1973: forming the group, First hit as Björn, Benny, Agnetha and Anni-Frid, "Ring Ring", Official naming, Official logo, 1973–1976: brea... |
Allegiance | Short description | An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign. |
Allegiance | Etymology | Etymology
The word allegiance comes from Middle English (see Medieval Latin , "a liegance"). The al- prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegiance, an "allegation" (the French comes from the English). Allegiance is formed from "liege," from Old French , "liege, free", of Germanic ori... |
Allegiance | Usage | Usage
Traditionally, English legal commentators used the term allegiance in two ways. In one sense, it referred to the deference which anyone, even a foreigner, was expected to pay to the institutions of the country where one lived. In the other sense, it meant national character and the subjection due to that characte... |
Allegiance | Types | Types
Local allegiance
Natural allegiance |
Allegiance | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
The English doctrine, which was at one time adopted in the United States, asserted that allegiance was indelible: "Nemo potest exuere patriam". As the law stood prior to 1870, every person who by birth or naturalisation satisfied the conditions set forth, even if removed in infancy to another country whe... |
Allegiance | United States | United States
The doctrine that no man can cast off his native allegiance without the consent of his sovereign was early abandoned in the United States, and Chief Justice John Rutledge also declared in Talbot v. Janson, "a man may, at the same time, enjoy the rights of citizenship under two governments."3 U.S. 133, www... |
Allegiance | Oath of allegiance | Oath of allegiance
The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign taken by all persons holding important public office and as a condition of naturalization. By ancient common law, it was required of all persons above the age of 12, and it was repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected. In England, i... |
Allegiance | In Islam<span class="anchor" id="Bayat"></span> | In Islam
The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is bay'at (Arabic: بيعة), which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the Quran by Surah 48:10: "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah Himself". The word is used for the oath of allegiance to an emir. It is also... |
Allegiance | See also | See also
Legitimacy (political)
Mandate of Heaven
Usurpation |
Allegiance | References | References |
Allegiance | Further reading | Further reading
|
Allegiance | External links | External links
Category:Nationalism |
Allegiance | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Usage, Types, United Kingdom, United States, Oath of allegiance, In Islam<span class="anchor" id="Bayat"></span>, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Altenberg | wiktionary | Altenberg (German for "old mountain" or "mountain of the old") may refer to: |
Altenberg | Places | Places |
Altenberg | Austria | Austria
Altenberg, a town in Sankt Andrä-Wördern, Tulln District
Altenberg bei Linz, in Upper Austria
Altenberg an der Rax, in Styria |
Altenberg | Germany | Germany
Altenberg (Bergisches Land), an area in Odenthal, North Rhine-Westphalia
Altenberg Abbey, Cistercian monastery in Altenberg (Bergisches Land)
Altenberger Dom, sometimes called Altenberg Cathedral, the former church of this Cistercian monastery
Altenberg (Hohenahr), hill in Hesse
Altenberg (Limpurg Hills), ... |
Altenberg | Other places | Other places
Altenberg, the German name for Vieille Montagne (old mountain in French), a former zinc mine in Kelmis, Moresnet, Belgium
Altenberg, a district in the city of Bern, Switzerland |
Altenberg | Other uses | Other uses
Altenberg Lieder (Five Orchestral Songs), composed by Alban Berg in 1911/12
Altenberg Publishing (1880–1934), a former Polish publishing house
Altenberg Trio, a Viennese piano trio |
Altenberg | People with the surname | People with the surname
Alfred Altenberg (1878–1924), Polish bookseller and publisher
Jakob Altenberg (1875–1944), Austrian businessman
Lee Altenberg, theoretical biologist
Peter Altenberg (1859–1919), nom de plume of Austrian writer and poet Richard Engländer |
Altenberg | See also | See also
Altenburg (disambiguation) |
Altenberg | Table of Content | wiktionary, Places, Austria, Germany, Other places, Other uses, People with the surname, See also |
MessagePad | Short description | The MessagePad is a series of personal digital assistant devices developed by Apple Computer for the Newton platform, first released in 1993. Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of Apple's MessagePad devices was undertaken in Japan by Sharp. The devices are based on the ARM 610 RISC processor, run Newton O... |
MessagePad | History | History
The development of the Newton MessagePad first began with Apple's former senior vice president of research and development, Jean-Louis Gassée; his team included Steve Capps, co-writer of Mac OS Finder, and an employed engineer named Steve Sakoman. The development of the Newton MessagePad operated in secret unti... |