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Argon | About | Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas.In older versions of the periodic table, the noble gases were identified as Group VIIIA or as Group 0. See Group (periodic table). Argon is the third most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at... |
Argon | Characteristics | Characteristics
upright|thumb|left|A small piece of rapidly melting solid argon
Argon has approximately the same solubility in water as oxygen and is 2.5 times more soluble in water than nitrogen. Argon is colorless, odorless, nonflammable and nontoxic as a solid, liquid or gas. Argon is chemically inert under most co... |
Argon | History | History
thumb|left |upright=0.6|A: test-tube, B: dilute alkali, C: U-shaped glass tube, D: platinum electrode
Argon (Greek , neuter singular form of meaning "lazy" or "inactive") is named in reference to its chemical inactivity. This chemical property of this first noble gas to be discovered impressed the namers. An ... |
Argon | Occurrence | Occurrence
Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of Earth's atmosphere. Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products. Argon is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation, a process that also produces purified nitrogen, oxygen, neon, krypton ... |
Argon | Isotopes | Isotopes
The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are (99.6%), (0.34%), and (0.06%). Naturally occurring , with a half-life of 1.25 years, decays to stable (11.2%) by electron capture or positron emission, and also to stable (88.8%) by beta decay. These properties and ratios are used to determine the age of rock... |
Argon | Compounds | Compounds
thumb|upright|Space-filling model of argon fluorohydride
Argon's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells. This full valence shell makes argon very stable and extremely resistant to bonding with other elements. Before 1962, argon and the other noble gases were considered to be chemically ... |
Argon | Production | Production
Argon is extracted industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air in a cryogenic air separation unit; a process that separates liquid nitrogen, which boils at 77.3 K, from argon, which boils at 87.3 K, and liquid oxygen, which boils at 90.2 K. About 700,000 tonnes of argon are produced worldwide e... |
Argon | Applications | Applications
thumb|right|upright=0.8|Cylinders containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire without damaging server equipment
Argon has several desirable properties:
Argon is a chemically inert gas.
Argon is the cheapest alternative when nitrogen is not sufficiently inert.
Argon has low thermal conductivity.
... |
Argon | Industrial processes | Industrial processes
Argon is used in some high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. For example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning.
For some of these processes, the presence of nitrogen or oxygen gases m... |
Argon | Scientific research | Scientific research
Liquid argon is used as the target for neutrino experiments and direct dark matter searches. The interaction between the hypothetical WIMPs and an argon nucleus produces scintillation light that is detected by photomultiplier tubes. Two-phase detectors containing argon gas are used to detect the ion... |
Argon | Preservative | Preservative
thumb|A sample of caesium is packed under argon to avoid reactions with air
Argon is used to displace oxygen- and moisture-containing air in packaging material to extend the shelf-lives of the contents (argon has the European food additive code E938). Aerial oxidation, hydrolysis, and other chemical reacti... |
Argon | Laboratory equipment | Laboratory equipment
thumb|Gloveboxes are often filled with argon, which recirculates over scrubbers to maintain an oxygen-, nitrogen-, and moisture-free atmosphere
Argon may be used as the inert gas within Schlenk lines and gloveboxes. Argon is preferred to less expensive nitrogen in cases where nitrogen may react w... |
Argon | Medical use | Medical use
Cryosurgery procedures such as cryoablation use liquid argon to destroy tissue such as cancer cells. It is used in a procedure called "argon-enhanced coagulation", a form of argon plasma beam electrosurgery. The procedure carries a risk of producing gas embolism and has resulted in the death of at least one... |
Argon | Lighting | Lighting
thumb|upright=0.8|Argon gas-discharge lamp forming "Ar", the symbol for argon
Incandescent lights are filled with argon, to preserve the filaments at high temperature from oxidation. It is used for the specific way it ionizes and emits light, such as in plasma globes and calorimetry in experimental particle p... |
Argon | Miscellaneous uses | Miscellaneous uses
Argon is used for thermal insulation in energy-efficient windows. Argon is also used in technical scuba diving to inflate a dry suit because it is inert and has low thermal conductivity.
Argon is used as a propellant in the development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR). ... |
Argon | Safety | Safety
Although argon is non-toxic, it is 38% more dense than air and therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas. It is difficult to detect because it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. A 1994 incident, in which a man was asphyxiated after entering an argon-filled section of oil pipe under construc... |
Argon | See also | See also
Industrial gas
Oxygen–argon ratio, a ratio of two physically similar gases, which has importance in various sectors. |
Argon | References | References |
Argon | Further reading | Further reading
On triple point pressure at 69 kPa.
On triple point pressure at 83.8058 K. |
Argon | External links | External links
Argon at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
USGS Periodic Table – Argon
Diving applications: Why Argon?
Category:Chemical elements
Category:E-number additives
Category:Noble gases
Category:Industrial gases |
Argon | Table of Content | About, Characteristics, History, Occurrence, Isotopes, Compounds, Production, Applications, Industrial processes, Scientific research, Preservative, Laboratory equipment, Medical use, Lighting, Miscellaneous uses, Safety, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Arsenic | <!-- {{cs1 config | Arsenic is a chemical element; it has symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens, and therefore shares many properties with its group 15 neighbors phosphorus and antimony. Arsenic is notoriously toxic. It occurs naturally in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, ... |
Arsenic | Characteristics | Characteristics |
Arsenic | Physical characteristics | Physical characteristics
thumb|left|Crystal structure common to Sb, AsSb and grey As
thumb|left|Gray arsenic nodule
The three most common arsenic allotropes are grey, yellow, and black arsenic, with grey being the most common. Grey arsenic (α-As, space group Rm No. 166) adopts a double-layered structure consisting o... |
Arsenic | Isotopes | Isotopes
Arsenic occurs in nature as one stable isotope, 75As, and is therefore called a monoisotopic element. As of 2024, at least 32 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 64–95. The most stable of these is 73As with a half-life of 80.30 days. The majority of the other isotopes have ... |
Arsenic | Chemistry | Chemistry
Arsenic has a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to its lighter pnictogen congener phosphorus and therefore readily forms covalent molecules with most of the nonmetals. Though stable in dry air, arsenic forms a golden-bronze tarnish upon exposure to humidity which eventually becomes a black ... |
Arsenic | Compounds | Compounds
Compounds of arsenic resemble, in some respects, those of phosphorus, which occupies the same group (column) of the periodic table. The most common oxidation states for arsenic are: −3 in the arsenides, which are alloy-like intermetallic compounds, +3 in the arsenites, and +5 in the arsenates and most orga... |
Arsenic | Inorganic compounds | Inorganic compounds
One of the simplest arsenic compounds is the trihydride, the highly toxic, flammable, pyrophoric arsine (AsH3). This compound is generally regarded as stable, since at room temperature it decomposes only slowly. At temperatures of 250–300 °C decomposition to arsenic and hydrogen is rapid.Greenwoo... |
Arsenic | Alloys | Alloys
Arsenic is used as the group 5 element in the III-V semiconductors gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, and aluminium arsenide. The valence electron count of GaAs is the same as a pair of Si atoms, but the band structure is completely different which results in distinct bulk properties. Other arsenic alloys inc... |
Arsenic | Organoarsenic compounds | Organoarsenic compounds
left|upright=0.4|thumb|Trimethylarsine
A large variety of organoarsenic compounds are known. Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents such as adamsite. Cacodylic acid, which is of historic and practical int... |
Arsenic | Occurrence and production | Occurrence and production
upright=0.9|thumb|A large sample of native arsenic from Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France
Arsenic is the 53rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust, comprising about 1.5 parts per million (0.00015%). Typical background concentrations of arsenic do not exceed 3 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 10... |
Arsenic | History | History
thumb|Realgar
upright=0.35|thumb|Alchemical symbol for arsenic
The word arsenic has its origin in the Syriac word zarnika, from Arabic al-zarnīḵ 'the orpiment', based on Persian zar ("gold") from the word zarnikh, meaning "yellow" (literally "gold-colored") and hence "(yellow) orpiment". It was adopted in... |
Arsenic | Applications | Applications |
Arsenic | Agricultural | Agricultural
thumb|Roxarsone is a controversial arsenic compound used as a feed ingredient for chickens.
The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria, and fungi led to its use as a wood preservative. In the 1930s, a process of treating wood with chromated copper arsenate (also known as CCA or Tanalith) was invented,... |
Arsenic | Medical use | Medical use
During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds were used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich) and arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler), for treating diseases such as cancer or psoriasis. Arsphenamine, as well as neosalvarsan, was indicated for syphilis, but has ... |
Arsenic | Alloys | Alloys
The main use of arsenic is in alloying with lead. Lead components in car batteries are strengthened by the presence of a very small percentage of arsenic. Dezincification of brass (a copper-zinc alloy) is greatly reduced by the addition of arsenic. "Phosphorus Deoxidized Arsenical Copper" with an arsenic cont... |
Arsenic | Military | Military
After World War I, the United States built a stockpile of 20,000 tons of weaponized lewisite (ClCH=CHAsCl2), an organoarsenic vesicant (blister agent) and lung irritant. The stockpile was neutralized with bleach and dumped into the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s. Lewisite, the chemical warfare agent, is known ... |
Arsenic | Other uses | Other uses
Copper acetoarsenite was used as a green pigment known under many names, including Paris Green and Emerald Green. It caused numerous arsenic poisonings. Scheele's Green, a copper arsenate, was used in the 19th century as a coloring agent in sweets.
Arsenic is used in bronzing.
As much as 2% of produced ... |
Arsenic | Biological role | Biological role |
Arsenic | Bacteria | Bacteria
Some species of bacteria obtain their energy in the absence of oxygen by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenate to arsenite. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite as fuel, which they oxidize to arsenate. The enzymes involved are known as arsenate reductases (Arr).
In 2... |
Arsenic | Potential role in higher animals | Potential role in higher animals
Arsenic may be an essential trace mineral in birds, involved in the synthesis of methionine metabolites. However, the role of arsenic in bird nutrition is disputed, as other authors state that arsenic is toxic in small amounts.
Some evidence indicates that arsenic is an essential tr... |
Arsenic | Heredity | Heredity
Arsenic has been linked to epigenetic changes, heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequence. These include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference. Toxic levels of arsenic cause significant DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes p16 and p53, thu... |
Arsenic | Biomethylation | Biomethylation
thumb|Arsenobetaine
Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolized through a process of methylation. For example, the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic is present. The organic compound arsenobetaine is found ... |
Arsenic | Environmental issues | Environmental issues |
Arsenic | Exposure | Exposure
Naturally occurring sources of human exposure include volcanic ash, weathering of minerals and ores, and mineralized groundwater. Arsenic is also found in food, water, soil, and air. Arsenic is absorbed by all plants, but is more concentrated in leafy vegetables, rice, apple and grape juice, and seafood. An... |
Arsenic | Occurrence in drinking water | Occurrence in drinking water
Extensive arsenic contamination of groundwater has led to widespread arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh and neighboring countries. It is estimated that approximately 57 million people in the Bengal basin are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations elevated above the World Health Or... |
Arsenic | San Pedro de Atacama | San Pedro de Atacama
For several centuries, the people of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile have been drinking water that is contaminated with arsenic, and some evidence suggests they have developed some immunity. |
Arsenic | Hazard maps for contaminated groundwater | Hazard maps for contaminated groundwater
Around one-third of the world's population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are contaminated with unhealthy levels of arsenic or fluoride.Eawag (2015) Geogenic Co... |
Arsenic | Redox transformation of arsenic in natural waters | Redox transformation of arsenic in natural waters
Arsenic is unique among the trace metalloids and oxyanion-forming trace metals (e.g. As, Se, Sb, Mo, V, Cr, U, Re). It is sensitive to mobilization at pH values typical of natural waters (pH 6.5–8.5) under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Arsenic can occur in ... |
Arsenic | Wood preservation in the US | Wood preservation in the US
As of 2002, US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons of arsenic. Ninety percent of this was used for treatment of wood with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). In 2007, 50% of the 5,280 metric tons of consumption was still used for this purpose. In the United States, the voluntary phas... |
Arsenic | Mapping of industrial releases in the US | Mapping of industrial releases in the US
One tool that maps the location (and other information) of arsenic releases in the United States is TOXMAP. TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) funded by ... |
Arsenic | Bioremediation | Bioremediation
Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been used to remediate arsenic contaminated water. Bioremediation is said to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Bioremediation of ground water contaminated with arsenic aims to convert arsenite, the toxic form of arsenic to humans, to arsena... |
Arsenic | Arsenic removal | Arsenic removal
Coagulation and flocculation are closely related processes common in arsenate removal from water. Due to the net negative charge carried by arsenate ions, they settle slowly or not at all due to charge repulsion. In coagulation, a positively charged coagulent such as iron and aluminum (commonly used ... |
Arsenic | Toxicity and precautions | Toxicity and precautions
Arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent poisons (e.g. arsine). Small amount of arsenic can be detected by pharmacopoial methods which includes reduction of arsenic to arsenious with help of zinc and can be confirmed with mercuric chloride paper. |
Arsenic | Classification | Classification
Elemental arsenic and arsenic sulfate and trioxide compounds are classified as "toxic" and "dangerous for the environment" in the European Union under directive 67/548/EEC.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognizes arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds as group 1 carcinogens... |
Arsenic | Legal limits, food, and drink | Legal limits, food, and drink
In the United States since 2006, the maximum concentration in drinking water allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is 10 ppbArsenic Rule. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Adopted 22 January 2001; effective 23 January 2006. and the FDA set the same standard in 2005 fo... |
Arsenic | Reducing arsenic content in rice | Reducing arsenic content in rice
thumb|300px|An improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements
In 2020, scientists assessed multiple preparation procedures of rice for their capacity to reduce arsenic content and preserve nutrients, recommending a procedure involving parbo... |
Arsenic | Occupational exposure limits | Occupational exposure limits
CountryLimitArgentinaConfirmed human carcinogenAustraliaTWA 0.05 mg/m3 – CarcinogenBelgiumTWA 0.1 mg/m3 – CarcinogenBulgariaConfirmed human carcinogenCanadaTWA 0.01 mg/m3ColombiaConfirmed human carcinogenDenmarkTWA 0.01 mg/m3FinlandCarcinogenEgyptTWA 0.2 mg/m3HungaryCeiling concentration... |
Arsenic | Ecotoxicity | Ecotoxicity
Arsenic is bioaccumulative in many organisms, marine species in particular, but it does not appear to biomagnify significantly in food webs. In polluted areas, plant growth may be affected by root uptake of arsenate, which is a phosphate analog and therefore readily transported in plant tissues and cells... |
Arsenic | Toxicity in animals | Toxicity in animals
CompoundAnimalLD50RouteArsenicRat763 mg/kgoralArsenicMouse145 mg/kgoralCalcium arsenateRat20 mg/kgoralCalcium arsenateMouse794 mg/kgoralCalcium arsenateRabbit50 mg/kgoralCalcium arsenateDog38 mg/kgoralLead arsenateRabbit75 mg/kgoral
CompoundAnimalLD50RouteArsenic trioxide (As(III))Mouse26 mg/kgor... |
Arsenic | Biological mechanism | Biological mechanism
Arsenic's toxicity comes from the affinity of arsenic(III) oxides for thiols. Thiols, in the form of cysteine residues and cofactors such as lipoic acid and coenzyme A, are situated at the active sites of many important enzymes.
Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the... |
Arsenic | Exposure risks and remediation | Exposure risks and remediation
Occupational exposure and arsenic poisoning may occur in people working in industries involving the use of inorganic arsenic and its compounds, such as wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, and electronic semiconductor manufacturing. Inorganic arsenic is also fo... |
Arsenic | Treatment | Treatment
Treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning is possible. British anti-lewisite (dimercaprol) is prescribed in doses of 5 mg/kg up to 300 mg every 4 hours for the first day, then every 6 hours for the second day, and finally every 8 hours for 8 additional days. However the USA's Agency for Toxic Substances and D... |
Arsenic | Footnotes | Footnotes |
Arsenic | See also | See also
Aqua Tofana
Arsenic and Old Lace
Grainger challenge
Hypothetical types of biochemistry |
Arsenic | References | References |
Arsenic | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
Arsenic | Further reading | Further reading
|
Arsenic | External links | External links
WHO fact sheet on arsenic
Arsenic Cancer Causing Substances, U.S. National Cancer Institute.
CTD's Arsenic page and CTD's Arsenicals page from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
Contaminant Focus: Arsenic by the EPA.
Environmental Health Criteria for Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, 2001 by t... |
Arsenic | Table of Content | <!-- {{cs1 config, Characteristics, Physical characteristics, Isotopes, Chemistry, Compounds, Inorganic compounds, Alloys, Organoarsenic compounds, Occurrence and production, History, Applications, Agricultural, Medical use, Alloys, Military, Other uses, Biological role, Bacteria, Potential role in higher animals, Here... |
Antimony | distinguish | Antimony is a chemical element; it has symbol Sb () and atomic number 51. A lustrous grey metal or metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl.D... |
Antimony | Characteristics | Characteristics |
Antimony | Properties | Properties
thumb|left|alt=A clear vial containing small chunks of a slightly lustrous black solid, labeled "Sb".|A vial containing the metallic allotrope of antimony
left|thumb|alt=An irregular piece of silvery stone with spots of variation in luster and shade.|Native antimony with oxidation products
thumb|left|Crystal... |
Antimony | Isotopes | Isotopes
Antimony has two stable isotopes: with a natural abundance of 57.36% and with a natural abundance of 42.64%. It also has 35 radioisotopes, of which the longest-lived is with a half-life of 2.75 years. In addition, 29 metastable states have been characterized. The most stable of these is with a half-life o... |
Antimony | Occurrence | Occurrence
thumb|Stibnite, China CM29287 Carnegie Museum of Natural History specimen on display in Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems|alt=
The abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated at 0.2 parts per million,Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 548 comparable to thallium at 0.5 ppm and silver at 0.07 ppm. It is t... |
Antimony | Compounds | Compounds
Antimony compounds are often classified according to their oxidation state: Sb(III) and Sb(V). The +5 oxidation state is more common.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 553 |
Antimony | Oxides and hydroxides | Oxides and hydroxides
Antimony trioxide is formed when antimony is burnt in air. In the gas phase, the molecule of the compound is , but it polymerizes upon condensing. Antimony pentoxide () can be formed only by oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide, antimony tetroxide (), ... |
Antimony | Halides | Halides
Antimony forms two series of halides: and . The trihalides , , , and are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. The trifluoride is prepared by the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydrofluoric acid:Wiberg and Holleman, pp. 761–762
It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluori... |
Antimony | Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds | Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds
Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of . Antimony forms antimonides with metals, such as indium antimonide (InSb) and silver antimonide ().Wiberg and Holleman, p. 760 The alkali metal and zinc antimonides, such as and , are more reactive. T... |
Antimony | History | History
upright=0.3|thumb|alt=An unshaded circle surmounted by a cross.|One of the alchemical symbols for antimony
Antimony(III) sulfide, , was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic (kohl) as early as about 3100 BC, when the cosmetic palette was invented.
An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of a... |
Antimony | Etymology | Etymology
The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony, is . The origin of that is uncertain, and all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos or French , would mean "monk-k... |
Antimony | Production | Production |
Antimony | Process | Process
The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality and composition of the ore. Most antimony is mined as the sulfide; lower-grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation, while higher-grade ores are heated to 500–600 °C, the temperature at which stibnite melts and separates from the gangue minerals. A... |
Antimony | Top producers and production volumes | Top producers and production volumes
In 2022, according to the US Geological Survey, China accounted for 54.5% of total antimony production, followed in second place by Russia with 18.2% and Tajikistan with 15.5%.
+Antimony mining in 2022 Country Tonnes % of total60,00054.520,00018.217,00015.54,0003.64,0003.6Top 510... |
Antimony | Reserves | Reserves
+World antimony reserves in 2022 Country Reserves (tonnes) 350,000350,000310,000260,000140,000120,000100,00078,00060,00060,00050,000Total world>1,800,000 |
Antimony | Supply risk | Supply risk
For antimony-importing regions, such as Europe and the U.S., antimony is considered to be a critical mineral for industrial manufacturing that is at risk of supply chain disruption. With global production coming mainly from China (74%), Tajikistan (8%), and Russia (4%), these sources are critical to supply.... |
Antimony | Applications | Applications
Approximately 48% of antimony is consumed in flame retardants, 33% in lead–acid batteries, and 8% in plastics. |
Antimony | Flame retardants | Flame retardants
Antimony is mainly used as the trioxide for flame-proofing compounds, always in combination with halogenated flame retardants except in halogen-containing polymers. The flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide is produced by the formation of halogenated antimony compounds, which react with hydrog... |
Antimony | Alloys | Alloys
Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead, increasing its hardness and mechanical strength. When casting it increases fluidity of the melt and reduces shrinkage during cooling. For most applications involving lead, varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal. In lead–acid batteries, this addit... |
Antimony | Other applications | Other applications
thumb|upright|InSb infrared detector manufactured by Mullard in the 1960s
Three other applications consume nearly all the rest of the world's supply. One application is as a stabilizer and catalyst for the production of polyethylene terephthalate. Another is as a fining agent to remove microscopic ... |
Antimony | Precautions | Precautions
Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic, and the effects of antimony poisoning are similar to arsenic poisoning. The toxicity of antimony is far lower than that of arsenic; this might be caused by the significant differences of uptake, metabolism and excretion between arsenic and antimony. The uptak... |
Antimony | Toxicity | Toxicity
Certain compounds of antimony appear to be toxic, particularly antimony trioxide and antimony potassium tartrate. Effects may be similar to arsenic poisoning. Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmia... |
Antimony | Notes | Notes |
Antimony | References | References |
Antimony | Cited sources | Cited sources |
Antimony | External links | External links
Public Health Statement for Antimony
International Antimony Association vzw (i2a)
Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Antimony
Antimony at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards –... |
Antimony | Table of Content | distinguish, Characteristics, Properties, Isotopes, Occurrence, Compounds, Oxides and hydroxides, Halides, Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds, History, Etymology, Production, Process, Top producers and production volumes, Reserves, Supply risk, Applications, Flame retardants, Alloys, Other applications... |
Actinium | Distinguish | Actinium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ac and atomic number 89. It was discovered by Friedrich Oskar Giesel in 1902, who gave it the name emanium; the element got its name by being wrongly identified with a substance André-Louis Debierne found in 1899 and called actinium. The actinide series, a set of 15 element... |
Actinium | History | History
André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, announced the discovery of a new element in 1899. He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oska... |
Actinium | Properties | Properties
Actinium is a soft, silvery-white,Actinium, in Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1995, p. 70 radioactive, metallic element. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead.Seitz, Frederick and Turnbull, David (1964) Solid state physics: advances in research and applications. Academic Press. pp. ... |