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Atom | Table of Content | Short description, History of atomic theory, In philosophy, Dalton's law of multiple proportions, Discovery of the electron, Discovery of the nucleus, Bohr model, Discovery of protons and neutrons, The current consensus model, Structure, Subatomic particles, Nucleus, Electron cloud, Properties, Nuclear properties, Mass... |
Arable land | short description | upright=1.25|thumb| Modern mechanised agriculture permits large fields like this one in Dorset, England
Arable land (from the , "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.Oxford English Dictionary, "arable, adj. and n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. Alternatively, for... |
Arable land | By country | By country
thumb|upright=1.8|Share of land area used for arable agriculture, OWID
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in 2013, the world's arable land amounted to 1.407 billion hectares, out of a total of 4.924 billion hectares of land used for agriculture.
+ Arable land area (10... |
Arable land | Arable land (hectares per person) | Arable land (hectares per person)
upright=1.35|thumb|Fields in the region of Záhorie in Western Slovakia
thumb|right|upright=1.35|A field of sunflowers in Cardejón, Spain
+ Country Name 2013 Afghanistan 0.254 Albania 0.213 Algeria 0.196 American Samoa 0.054 Andorra 0.038 Angola 0.209 Antigua and Barbuda 0.044... |
Arable land | Non-arable land | Non-arable land
thumb|upright=1.25|Water buffalo ploughing rice fields near Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia
thumb|upright=1.25|A pasture in the East Riding of Yorkshire in England
Agricultural land that is not arable according to the FAO definition above includes:
Meadows and pasturesland used as pasture and grazed... |
Arable land | Changes in arability | Changes in arability |
Arable land | Land conversion | Land conversion
Land incapable of being cultivated for the production of crops can sometimes be converted to arable land. New arable land makes more food and can reduce starvation. This outcome also makes a country more self-sufficient and politically independent, because food importation is reduced. Making non-arable ... |
Arable land | Land degradation | Land degradation |
Arable land | Examples | Examples
Examples of fertile arable land being turned into infertile land include:
Droughts such as the "Dust Bowl" of the Great Depression in the US turned farmland into desert.
Each year, arable land is lost due to desertification and human-induced erosion. Improper irrigation of farmland can wick the sodium, calci... |
Arable land | See also | See also
Development easement
Land use statistics by country
List of environment topics
Soil fertility |
Arable land | References | References |
Arable land | External links | External links
Article from Technorati on Shrinking Arable Farmland in the world
Surface area of the Earth
Category:Agricultural land |
Arable land | Table of Content | short description, By country, Arable land (hectares per person), Non-arable land, Changes in arability, Land conversion, Land degradation, Examples, See also, References, External links |
Aluminium | other uses | Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. I... |
Aluminium | Physical characteristics | Physical characteristics |
Aluminium | Isotopes | Isotopes
Of aluminium isotopes, only is stable. This situation is common for elements with an odd atomic number. It is the only primordial aluminium isotope, i.e. the only one that has existed on Earth in its current form since the formation of the planet. It is therefore a mononuclidic element and its standard ato... |
Aluminium | Electron shell | Electron shell
An aluminium atom has 13 electrons, arranged in an electron configuration of , with three electrons beyond a stable noble gas configuration. Accordingly, the combined first three ionization energies of aluminium are far lower than the fourth ionization energy alone. Such an electron configuration is s... |
Aluminium | Bulk | Bulk
thumb|left|Aluminium ingot from furnace
Aluminium metal has an appearance ranging from silvery white to dull gray depending on its surface roughness. Aluminium mirrors provides high reflectivity for light in the ultraviolet, visible (on par with silver), and the far infrared region. Aluminium is also good at re... |
Aluminium | Chemistry | Chemistry
Aluminium combines characteristics of pre- and post-transition metals. Since it has few available electrons for metallic bonding, like its heavier group 13 congeners, it has the characteristic physical properties of a post-transition metal, with longer-than-expected interatomic distances. Furthermore, as A... |
Aluminium | Inorganic compounds | Inorganic compounds
The vast majority of compounds, including all aluminium-containing minerals and all commercially significant aluminium compounds, feature aluminium in the oxidation state 3+. The coordination number of such compounds varies, but generally Al3+ is either six- or four-coordinate. Almost all compoun... |
Aluminium | Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides | Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides
thumb|upright=1.0|Structure of trimethylaluminium, a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.
A variety of compounds of empirical formula AlR3 and AlR1.5Cl1.5 exist. The aluminium trialkyls and triaryls are reactive, volatile, and colorless liquids or low-melting... |
Aluminium | Natural occurrence | Natural occurrence |
Aluminium | Space | Space
Aluminium's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm (parts per million). It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen. The only stable isotope of aluminium, 27Al, is the eighteenth most abunda... |
Aluminium | Earth | Earth
thumb|Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of iron oxide minerals.
Overall, the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by mass (seventh in abundance by mass).William F McDonough The composition of the Earth. quake.mit.edu, archived by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Aluminiu... |
Aluminium | History | History
thumb|upright=0.75|Friedrich Wöhler, the chemist who first thoroughly described metallic elemental aluminium
The history of aluminium has been shaped by usage of alum. The first written record of alum, made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the 5th century BCE. The ancients are known to have used ... |
Aluminium | Etymology | Etymology
The names aluminium and aluminum are derived from the word alumine, an obsolete term for alumina, the primary naturally occurring oxide of aluminium. Alumine was borrowed from French, which in turn derived it from alumen, the classical Latin name for alum, the mineral from which it was collected. The Latin ... |
Aluminium | Origins | Origins
British chemist Humphry Davy, who performed a number of experiments aimed to isolate the metal, is credited as the person who named the element. The first name proposed for the metal to be isolated from alum was alumium, which Davy suggested in an 1808 article on his electrochemical research, published in Phi... |
Aluminium | Spelling | Spelling
In 1812, British scientist Thomas Young wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he proposed the name aluminium instead of aluminum, which he thought had a "less classical sound". This name persisted: although the spelling was occasionally used in Britain, the American scientific language used fr... |
Aluminium | Production and refinement | Production and refinement
+World's largest producing countries of aluminium, 2024 Country Output(thousand tons) 43,000 4,200 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,600 1,500 1,300 1,100 870 780 670 Other countries 6,800 Total 72,000
The production of aluminium starts with the extraction of bauxite rock from the ground. Th... |
Aluminium | Bayer process | Bayer process
Bauxite is converted to alumina by the Bayer process. Bauxite is blended for uniform composition and then is ground fine. The resulting slurry is mixed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide; the mixture is then treated in a digester vessel at a pressure well above atmospheric, dissolving the aluminiu... |
Aluminium | Hall–Héroult process | Hall–Héroult process
thumb|upright=0.75|right|Extrusion billets of aluminium
The conversion of alumina to aluminium is achieved by the Hall–Héroult process. In this energy-intensive process, a solution of alumina in a molten () mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) with calcium fluoride is electrolyzed to produce metallic ... |
Aluminium | Recycling | Recycling
thumb|Common bins for recyclable waste along with a bin for unrecyclable waste. The bin with a yellow top is labeled "aluminum". Rhodes, Greece.
Recovery of the metal through recycling has become an important task of the aluminium industry. Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the... |
Aluminium | Applications | Applications
thumb|upright=1.0|right|Aluminium-bodied Austin A40 Sports (c. 1951) |
Aluminium | Metal | Metal
The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231 million metric tons).
Aluminium is almost always alloyed, which markedly improves its mechanical properties, especially when tempered. For example, the common aluminium foils and bev... |
Aluminium | Compounds | Compounds
The great majority (about 90%) of aluminium oxide is converted to metallic aluminium. Being a very hard material (Mohs hardness 9), alumina is widely used as an abrasive; being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as high pressure sodium lamps. Aluminium oxide is... |
Aluminium | Biology | Biology
thumb|upright=1.3|Schematic of aluminium absorption by human skin.
Despite its widespread occurrence in the Earth's crust, aluminium has no known function in biology. At pH 6–9 (relevant for most natural waters), aluminium precipitates out of water as the hydroxide and is hence not available; most elements ... |
Aluminium | Toxicity | Toxicity
Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. A review published in 1988 said that there was little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adult, and a 2014 multi-element toxicology review was unable to find deleterio... |
Aluminium | Effects | Effects
Aluminium, although rarely, can cause vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, erythropoietin-resistant microcytic anemia, and central nervous system alterations. People with kidney insufficiency are especially at a risk. Chronic ingestion of hydrated aluminium silicates (for excess gastric acidity control) may res... |
Aluminium | Exposure routes | Exposure routes
Food is the main source of aluminium. Drinking water contains more aluminium than solid food; however, aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water. Major sources of human oral exposure to aluminium include food (due to its use in food additives, food and beverage packaging, and c... |
Aluminium | Treatment | Treatment
In case of suspected sudden intake of a large amount of aluminium, the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate which may be given to help eliminate aluminium from the body by chelation therapy.Aluminum Toxicity from NYU Langone Medical Center. Last reviewed November 2012 by Igor Puzanov, MD However, this ... |
Aluminium | Environmental effects | Environmental effects
thumb|upright=1.0|"Bauxite tailings" storage facility in Stade, Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.
High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at coal-fired power plants or inciner... |
Aluminium | See also | See also
Aluminium granules
Aluminium joining
Aluminium–air battery
Aluminized steel, for corrosion resistance and other properties
Aluminized screen, for display devices
Aluminized cloth, to reflect heat
Aluminized mylar, to reflect heat
Panel edge staining
Quantum clock |
Aluminium | Notes | Notes |
Aluminium | References | References |
Aluminium | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
Aluminium | Further reading | Further reading
Mimi Sheller, Aluminum Dream: The Making of Light Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2014. |
Aluminium | External links | External links
Aluminium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Toxicological Profile for Aluminum (PDF) (September 2008) – 357-page report from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Aluminum entry (last... |
Aluminium | Table of Content | other uses, Physical characteristics, Isotopes, Electron shell, Bulk, Chemistry, Inorganic compounds, Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides, Natural occurrence, Space, Earth, History, Etymology, Origins, Spelling, Production and refinement, Bayer process, Hall–Héroult process, Recycling, Applications, Metal, C... |
Advanced Chemistry | Short description | Advanced Chemistry is a German hip hop group from Heidelberg in Baden-Württemberg, South Germany. Advanced Chemistry was founded in 1987 by Toni L, Linguist, Gee-One, DJ Mike MD (Mike Dippon) and MC Torch. Each member of the group holds German citizenship, and Toni L, Linguist, and Torch are of Italian, Ghanaian, and H... |
Advanced Chemistry | Career | Career
Advanced Chemistry frequently rapped about their lives and experiences as children of immigrants, exposing the marginalization experienced by most ethnic minorities in Germany, and the feelings of frustration and resentment that being denied a German identity can cause.Bennett, Andy. "Hip-Hop am Main, Rappin' o... |
Advanced Chemistry | Influences | Influences
Advanced Chemistry's work was rooted in German history and the country's specific political realities. However, they also drew inspiration from African-American hip-hop acts like A Tribe Called Quest and Public Enemy, who had helped bring a soulful sound and political consciousness to American hip-hop. One m... |
Advanced Chemistry | Discography | Discography
1992 - "Fremd im eigenen Land" (12"/MCD, MZEE)
1993 - "Welcher Pfad führt zur Geschichte" (12"/MCD, MZEE)
1994 - "Operation § 3" (12"/MCD)
1994 - "Dir fehlt der Funk!" (12"/MCD)
1995 - Advanced Chemistry (2xLP/CD) |
Advanced Chemistry | External links | External links
Official Website of MC Torch
Website of Toni L
Official Website of Linguist
Official Website DJ Mike MD (Mike Dippon)
Website of 360° Records |
Advanced Chemistry | Bibliography | Bibliography
El-Tayeb, Fatima “‘If You Cannot Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me
Pride.’ Afro-German Activism, Gender, and Hip Hop,” Gender & History15/3(2003):459-485.
Felbert, Oliver von. “Die Unbestechlichen.” Spex (March 1993): 50–53.
Weheliye, Alexander G. Phonographies:Grooves in Sonic Afro-Modernity, Duk... |
Advanced Chemistry | References | References
Category:German hip-hop groups |
Advanced Chemistry | Table of Content | Short description, Career, Influences, Discography, External links, Bibliography, References |
Anglican Communion | short description | The Anglican Communion is a Christian communion consisting of the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as ("first among equals"), but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces out... |
Anglican Communion | History | History
The Anglican Communion traces much of its growth to the older mission organisations of the Church of England such as the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (founded 1698), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (founded 1701) and the Church Missionary Society (founded 1799). The ... |
Anglican Communion | Global spread of Anglicanism | Global spread of Anglicanism
thumb|Anglican confirmation at the Mikael Agricola Church in Helsinki, Finland, in June 2013
The enormous expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries of the British Empire brought Anglicanism along with it. At first all these colonial churches were under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Londo... |
Anglican Communion | 21st-century ''de facto'' schisms | 21st-century de facto schisms
Many of the provinces in developed countries have continued to adopt more liberal stances on sexuality and other issues, resulting in a number of de facto schisms, such as the series of splits which led to the creation of the Anglican Church in North America. Many churches are now in full ... |
Anglican Communion | Differences and controversies | Differences and controversies
Some effects of the Anglican Communion's dispersed authority have been differences of opinion (and conflicts) arising over divergent practices and doctrines in parts of the communion. Disputes that had been confined to the Church of England could be dealt with legislatively in that realm,... |
Anglican Communion | Anglo-Catholicism | Anglo-Catholicism
The first such controversy of note concerned that of the growing influence of the Catholic Revival manifested in the Tractarian and so-called Ritualist controversies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This controversy produced the Free Church of England and, in the United States and Canada, th... |
Anglican Communion | Abortion and euthanasia | Abortion and euthanasia
While individual Anglicans and member churches within the communion differ in good faith over the circumstances in which abortion should or should not be permitted, Lambeth Conference resolutions have consistently held to a conservative view on the issue. The 1930 conference, the first to be hel... |
Anglican Communion | Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy | Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy
More recently, disagreements over homosexuality have strained the unity of the communion as well as its relationships with other Christian denominations, leading to another round of withdrawals from the Anglican Communion. Some churches were founded outside the Anglican Communion in the ... |
Anglican Communion | Ecclesiology, polity and ethos | Ecclesiology, polity and ethos
The Anglican Communion has no official legal existence nor any governing structure that might exercise authority over the member churches. There is an Anglican Communion Office in London, under the aegis of the archbishop of Canterbury, but it serves only in a supporting and organisation... |
Anglican Communion | Chicago Lambeth Quadrilateral | Chicago Lambeth Quadrilateral
One of the enduringly influential early resolutions of the conference was the so-called Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral of 1888. Its intent was to provide the basis for discussions of reunion with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, but it had the ancillary effect of establishing par... |
Anglican Communion | Instruments of communion | Instruments of communion
As mentioned above, the Anglican Communion has no international juridical organisation. The archbishop of Canterbury's role is strictly symbolic and unifying and the communion's three international bodies are consultative and collaborative, their resolutions having no legal effect on the auto... |
Anglican Communion | Organisation | Organisation |
Anglican Communion | Provinces | Provinces
thumb|upright=3.65|A world map showing the provinces of the Anglican Communion:
The Church of Ireland serves both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and the Anglican Church of Korea serves South Korea and, theoretically, North Korea. Indian Anglicanism is divided into the Church of North India, and... |
Anglican Communion | Extraprovincial churches | Extraprovincial churches
In addition to the forty-two provinces, there are five extraprovincial churches under the metropolitical authority of the archbishop of Canterbury.
Provinces Territorial Jurisdiction Membership Year Anglican Church of Bermuda Bermuda9,647 2010 Church of Ceylon Sri Lanka50,000 2006 Parish of... |
Anglican Communion | Former provinces | Former provinces
Province Territorial Jurisdiction Year Established Year Dissolved Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui China 1912 1949 (1958) Church of Hawaii Hawaii 1862 1902 Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 1930 1970 Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate St... |
Anglican Communion | New provinces in formation | New provinces in formation
In September 2020, the Archbishop of Canterbury announced that he had asked the bishops of the Church of Ceylon to begin planning for the formation of an autonomous province of Ceylon, so as to end his current position as metropolitan of the two dioceses in that country. |
Anglican Communion | Churches in full communion | Churches in full communion
In addition to other member churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion are in full communion with the Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Scandinavian Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion in Europe, the India-based Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian and Malabar Independe... |
Anglican Communion | Ecumenical relations | Ecumenical relations |
Anglican Communion | Historic episcopate | Historic episcopate
The churches of the Anglican Communion have traditionally held that ordination in the historic episcopate is a core element in the validity of clerical ordinations. The Roman Catholic Church, however, does not recognise Anglican orders (see Apostolicae curae). Some Eastern Orthodox churches have iss... |
Anglican Communion | See also | See also
Acts of Supremacy
English Reformation
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Ritualism in the Church of England
Apostolicae curae
Affirming Catholicism
Anglican ministry
Anglo-Catholicism
British Israelism
Church Society
Church's Ministry Among Jewish People
Compass rose
Evangelical Anglicanism
Flag of ... |
Anglican Communion | Notes | Notes |
Anglican Communion | References | References |
Anglican Communion | Citations | Citations |
Anglican Communion | Sources | Sources
|
Anglican Communion | Further reading | Further reading
Buchanan, Colin. Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism (2nd ed. 2015) excerpt
Hebert, A. G. The Form of the Church. London: Faber and Faber, 1944.
Wild, John. What is the Anglican Communion?, in series, The Advent Papers. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, [196-]. Note.: Expresses ... |
Anglican Communion | External links | External links
Anglicans Online
Project Canterbury Anglican historical documents from around the world
Brief description and history of the Anglican Communion 1997 article from the Anglican Communion Office
Category:1867 establishments in England
Category:Religious organizations established in 1867
Category:Rel... |
Anglican Communion | Table of Content | short description, History, Global spread of Anglicanism, 21st-century ''de facto'' schisms, Differences and controversies, Anglo-Catholicism, Abortion and euthanasia, Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy, Ecclesiology, polity and ethos, Chicago Lambeth Quadrilateral, Instruments of communion, Organisation, Provinces, Extra... |
Arne Kaijser | Short description | Arne Kaijser (born 1950) is a professor emeritus of history of technology at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and a former president of the Society for the History of Technology.
Kaijser has published two books in Swedish: Stadens ljus. Etableringen av de första svenska gasverken and I fädrens spår.... |
Arne Kaijser | References | References |
Arne Kaijser | External links | External links
Homepage
Extended homepage
Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Swedish historians
Category:Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Category:Historians of science
Category:Historians of... |
Arne Kaijser | Table of Content | Short description, References, External links |
Archipelago | Short description | thumb|upright=1.6|The Indonesian Archipelago, located in Asia and Oceania, is the largest archipelago in the world.
thumb|upright|The Aegean Sea with its large number of islands is the origin of the term archipelago.
thumb|The Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar
An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island ... |
Archipelago | Etymology | Etymology
The word archipelago is derived from the Italian arcipelago, used as a proper name for the Aegean Sea, itself perhaps a deformation of the Greek Αιγαίον Πέλαγος.Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "archipelago (n.), Etymology", July 2023, Later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands (since the sea has a l... |
Archipelago | Geographic types | Geographic types
Archipelagos may be found isolated in large amounts of water or neighboring a large land mass. For example, Scotland has more than 700 islands surrounding its mainland, which form an archipelago.
Depending on their geological origin, islands forming archipelagos can be referred to as oceanic islands, ... |
Archipelago | Oceanic islands | Oceanic islands
Oceanic islands are formed by volcanoes erupting from the ocean floor. The Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos Islands in the Pacific, and Mascarene Islands in the south Indian Ocean are examples. |
Archipelago | Continental fragments | Continental fragments
Continental fragments are islands that were once part of a continent, and became separated due to natural disasters. The fragments may also be formed by moving glaciers which cut out land, which then fills with water. The Farallon Islands off the coast of California are examples of continental isl... |
Archipelago | Continental Islands | Continental Islands
alt=|thumb|The Archipelago Sea with many islands in southwestern Finland
Continental islands are islands that were once part of a continent and still sit on the continental shelf, which is the edge of a continent that lies under the ocean. The islands of the Inside Passage off the coast of British C... |
Archipelago | Artificial archipelagos | Artificial archipelagos
Artificial archipelagos have been created in various countries for different purposes. Palm Islands and The World Islands in Dubai were or are being created for leisure and tourism purposes. Marker Wadden in the Netherlands is being built as a conservation area for birds and other wildlife. |
Archipelago | Superlatives | Superlatives
The largest archipelago in the world by number of islands is the Archipelago Sea, which is part of Finland. There are approximately 40,000 islands, mostly uninhabited.
The largest archipelagic state in the world by area, and by population, is Indonesia. |
Archipelago | See also | See also
List of landforms
List of archipelagos by number of islands
List of archipelagos
Archipelagic state
List of islands
Aquapelago |
Archipelago | References | References |
Archipelago | External links | External links
30 Most Incredible Island Archipelagos
Category:Coastal and oceanic landforms
Category:Oceanographical terminology |
Archipelago | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Geographic types, Oceanic islands, Continental fragments, Continental Islands, Artificial archipelagos, Superlatives, See also, References, External links |
Author | short description | In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium. The creation of such a work is an act of authorship. Thus, a sculptor, painter, or composer, is an author of their respective sculptures, paintings, or compositions, ev... |