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Author | Legal significance of authorship | Legal significance of authorship
Holding the title of "author" over any "literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, [or] certain other intellectual works" gives rights to this person, the owner of the copyright, especially the exclusive right to engage in or authorize any production or distribution of their work. Any perso... |
Author | Philosophical views of the nature of authorship | Philosophical views of the nature of authorship
The Statute of Anne in 1710 set a legal precedent which laid the foundations of copyright, further establishing an author as the sole creator of a literary work. While this legislation acknowledged that an author's words were their Intellectual property, it in no way pro... |
Author | Relationship with publisher | Relationship with publisher |
Author | Self-publishing | Self-publishing
Self-publishing is a model where the author takes full responsibility and control of arranging financing, editing, printing, and distribution of their own work. In other words, the author also acts as the publisher of their work. |
Author | Traditional publishing | Traditional publishing
With commissioned publishing, the publisher makes all the publication arrangements and the author covers all expenses.
The author of a work may receive a percentage calculated on a wholesale or a specific price or a fixed amount on each book sold. Publishers, at times, reduced the risk of this t... |
Author | Vanity publishing | Vanity publishing
Vanity publishers normally charge a flat fee for arranging publication, offer a platform for selling, and then take a percentage of the sale of every copy of a book. The author receives the rest of the money made. Most materials published this way are for niche groups and not for large audiences.
Va... |
Author | Relationship with editor | Relationship with editor
The relationship between the author and the editor, often the author's only liaison to the publishing company, is typically characterized as the site of tension. For the author to reach their audience, often through publication, the work usually must attract the attention of the editor. The ide... |
Author | Compensation | Compensation
Authors rely on advance fees, royalty payments, adaptation of work to a screenplay, and fees collected from giving speeches.
A standard contract for an author will usually include provision for payment in the form of an advance and royalties.
Advance: a lump sum paid before publication. An advance mus... |
Author | See also | See also
Lead author
Academic authorship
Authors' editor
Writing
Distributive writing
Professional writing
Composition (language)
Auteur
Writer
Poet
Novelist
Author surrogate
Lists of writers
Lists of poets
List of novelists
Lesser-known authors |
Author | References | References
Category:Writing occupations
Category:Literary criticism |
Author | Table of Content | short description, Legal significance of authorship, Philosophical views of the nature of authorship, Relationship with publisher, Self-publishing, Traditional publishing, Vanity publishing, Relationship with editor, Compensation, See also, References |
Andrey Markov | short description | Andrey Andreyevich Markov (14 June 1856 – 20 July 1922) was a Russian mathematician best known for his work on stochastic processes. A primary subject of his research later became known as the Markov chain. He was also a strong, close to master-level, chess player.
Markov and his younger brother Vladimir Andreyevich M... |
Andrey Markov | Biography | Biography
Andrey Markov was born on 14 June 1856 in Russia. He attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School, where some teachers saw him as a rebellious student. In his academics he performed poorly in most subjects other than mathematics. Later in life he attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University (now Saint Peter... |
Andrey Markov | Timeline | Timeline
In 1877, Markov was awarded a gold medal for his outstanding solution of the problem
About Integration of Differential Equations by Continued Fractions with an Application to the Equation .
During the following year, he passed the candidate's examinations, and he remained at the university to prepare for a... |
Andrey Markov | See also | See also
List of things named after Andrey Markov
Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities
Gauss–Markov theorem
Gauss–Markov process
Hidden Markov model
Markov blanket
Markov chain
Markov decision process
Markov's inequality
Markov brothers' inequality
Markov information source
Markov network
Markov numb... |
Andrey Markov | Notes | Notes |
Andrey Markov | References | References |
Andrey Markov | Further reading | Further reading
А. А. Марков. "Распространение закона больших чисел на величины, зависящие друг от друга". "Известия Физико-математического общества при Казанском университете", 2-я серия, том 15, с. 135–156, 1906.
A. A. Markov. "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connect... |
Andrey Markov | External links | External links
Markov, Andrei Andreyevich
Markov, Andrei Andreyevich
Category:19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Category:20th-century Russian mathematicians
Category:Russian atheists
Category:Former Russian Orthodox Christians
Category:Probability theorists
Category:Saint Petersburg State Univer... |
Andrey Markov | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Timeline, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
Angst | Short description | thumb|262px|Edvard Munch tried to represent "an infinite scream passing through nature" in The Scream (1893).
Angst is a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or insecurity. Anguish is its Latinate equivalent, and the words anxious and anxiety are of similar origin. |
Angst | Etymology | Etymology
The word angst was introduced into English from the Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch word and the German word . It is attested since the 19th century in English translations of the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Sigmund Freud. It is used in English to describe an intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or in... |
Angst | Existentialism | Existentialism
In existentialist philosophy, the term angst carries a specific conceptual meaning. The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). In The Concept of Anxiety (originally translated as The Concept of Dread), Kierkegaard used the word Angest (in common Danis... |
Angst | Music | Music
Existential angst makes its appearance in classical musical composition in the early twentieth century as a result of both philosophical developments and as a reflection of the war-torn times. Notable composers whose works are often linked with the concept include Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss (operas and ), ... |
Angst | See also | See also |
Angst | References | References |
Angst | External links | External links
Category:Anxiety
Category:Emotions
Category:Existentialist concepts |
Angst | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Existentialism, Music, See also, References, External links |
Anxiety | Short description | thumb|The Scream (1893) by Edvard Munch is an iconic representation of anxiety.
Anxiety is an emotion characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat, where... |
Anxiety | Anxiety vs. fear | Anxiety vs. fear
Anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived threat.Andreas Dorschel, Furcht und Angst. In: Dietmar Goltschnigg (ed.), Angst. Lähmender Stillstand und Motor des Fortschritts. Stauffenburg, Tübingen 2012, pp. 49–54 Anxiety is related to the ... |
Anxiety | Symptoms | Symptoms
Anxiety can be experienced with long, drawn-out daily symptoms that reduce quality of life, known as chronic (or generalized) anxiety, or it can be experienced in short spurts with sporadic, stressful panic attacks, known as acute anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety can range in number, intensity, and frequency, depe... |
Anxiety | Types | Types
There are various types of anxiety. Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces angst, an existential crisis, or nihilistic feelings. People can also face mathematical anxiety, somatic anxiety, stage fright, or test anxiety. Social anxiety refers to a fear of rejection and negative evaluation (being judged)... |
Anxiety | Existential | Existential
The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety (1844), described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In Art and Artist (1932), the psych... |
Anxiety | Test, performance, and competitive | Test, performance, and competitive |
Anxiety | Test | Test
According to Yerkes-Dodson law, an optimal level of arousal is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam, performance, or competitive event. However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, the result is a decline in performance.
Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervo... |
Anxiety | Performance and competitive | Performance and competitive
Performance anxiety and competitive anxiety (competitive trait anxiety, competitive state anxiety) happen when an individual's performance is measured against others. An important distinction between competitive and non-competitive anxiety is that competitive anxiety makes people view the... |
Anxiety | Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety | Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety
Humans generally require social acceptance and thus sometimes dread the disapproval of others. Apprehension of being judged by others may cause anxiety in social environments.
Anxiety during social interactions, particularly between strangers, is common among young people. It ... |
Anxiety | Trait | Trait
Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term "personality trait". Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan of responding with acute, state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations (whether they are actually deemed threatening or not). A meta-analysis showed that a hig... |
Anxiety | Choice or decision | Choice or decision
Anxiety induced by the need to choose between similar options is recognized as a problem for some individuals and for organizations. In 2004, Capgemini wrote: "Today we're all faced with greater choice, more competition and less time to consider our options or seek out the right advice."Is choice a... |
Anxiety | Panic disorder | Panic disorder
Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs without any triggers. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this disorder can be distinguished by unexpected and repeated episodes of int... |
Anxiety | Anxiety disorders | Anxiety disorders
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by exaggerated feelings of anxiety and fear responses. Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness. There are a nu... |
Anxiety | Short- and long-term anxiety | Short- and long-term anxiety
Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term "trait". Whereas trait anxiety represents worrying about future events, anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fears. |
Anxiety | Four ways to be anxious | Four ways to be anxious
In his book Anxious: The Modern Mind in the Age of Anxiety Joseph LeDoux examines four experiences of anxiety through a brain-based lens:
In the presence of an existing or imminent external threat, you worry about the event and its implications for your physical and/or psychological well-being... |
Anxiety | Co-morbidity | Co-morbidity
Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, or certain personality disorders. It also commonly occurs with personality traits such as neuroticism. This observed co-occurrence is partly due to genetic and envir... |
Anxiety | Risk factors | Risk factors
thumb|A marble bust of the Roman Emperor Decius from the Capitoline Museum, conveying "an impression of anxiety and weariness, as of a man shouldering heavy [state] responsibilities"
Anxiety disorders are partly genetic, with twin studies suggesting 30-40% genetic influence on individual differences in anx... |
Anxiety | Genetics | Genetics
Genetics and family history (e.g. parental anxiety) may put an individual at increased risk of an anxiety disorder, but generally external stimuli will trigger its onset or exacerbation. Estimates of genetic influence on anxiety, based on studies of twins, range from 25 to 40% depending on the specific type an... |
Anxiety | Epigenetics | Epigenetics |
Anxiety | Medical conditions | Medical conditions
Many medical conditions can cause anxiety. This includes conditions that affect the ability to breathe, like COPD and asthma, and the difficulty in breathing that often occurs near death. Conditions that cause abdominal pain or chest pain can cause anxiety and may in some cases be a somatization of a... |
Anxiety | Substance-induced | Substance-induced
Several drugs can cause or worsen anxiety, whether in intoxication, withdrawal or as side effect. These include alcohol, tobacco, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs like heroin), stimulants (such as caffeine, cocaine and a... |
Anxiety | Psychological | Psychological
Poor coping skills (e.g., rigidity/inflexible problem solving, denial, avoidance, impulsivity, extreme self-expectation, negative thoughts, affective instability, and inability to focus on problems) are associated with anxiety. Anxiety is also linked and perpetuated by the person's own pessimistic outcom... |
Anxiety | Evolutionary psychology | Evolutionary psychology
An evolutionary psychology explanation is that increased anxiety serves the purpose of increased vigilance regarding potential threats in the environment as well as increased tendency to take proactive actions regarding such possible threats. This may cause false positive reactions but an indivi... |
Anxiety | Social | Social
Social risk factors for anxiety include a history of trauma (e.g., physical, sexual or emotional abuse or assault), bullying, early life experiences and parenting factors (e.g., rejection, lack of warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high parental negative affect, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunct... |
Anxiety | Gender socialization | Gender socialization
Contextual factors that are thought to contribute to anxiety include gender socialization and learning experiences. In particular, learning mastery (the degree to which people perceive their lives to be under their own control) and instrumentality, which includes such traits as self-confidence, sel... |
Anxiety | Treatment | Treatment
The first step in the management of a person with anxiety symptoms involves evaluating the possible presence of an underlying medical cause, the recognition of which is essential in order to decide the correct treatment. Anxiety symptoms may mask an organic disease, or appear associated with or as a result o... |
Anxiety | Prevention | Prevention
The above risk factors give natural avenues for prevention. Psychological or educational interventions have a small yet statistically significant benefit for the prevention of anxiety in varied population types. Improvement in dietary intake and habits may also help lower the risk of anxiety. |
Anxiety | See also | See also
List of people with an anxiety disorder
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia |
Anxiety | References | References
Category:Emotions
Category:Symptoms or signs involving mood or affect |
Anxiety | Table of Content | Short description, Anxiety vs. fear, Symptoms, Types, Existential, Test, performance, and competitive, Test, Performance and competitive, Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety, Trait, Choice or decision, Panic disorder, Anxiety disorders, Short- and long-term anxiety, Four ways to be anxious, Co-morbidity, Risk fact... |
A. A. Milne | Short description | Alan Alexander Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English writer best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh, as well as children's poetry. Milne was primarily a playwright before the huge success of Winnie-the-Pooh overshadowed his previous work. He served as a lieutenant in the Royal... |
A. A. Milne | Early life and military career | Early life and military career
thumb|right|230px|Plaque commemorating Milne's birthplace in Kilburn, London
Alan Alexander Milne was born in Kilburn, London, to John Vine Milne, who was born in Jamaica,Thwaite, Ann. A.A. Milne: His Life. London: Faber and Faber, 1990. ISBN 0571138888 p. 8 and Sarah Marie Milne (née He... |
A. A. Milne | Literary career | Literary career |
A. A. Milne | 1903 to 1925 | 1903 to 1925
thumb|upright|Milne in 1922
After graduating from Cambridge University in 1903, A. A. Milne contributed humorous verse and whimsical essays to Punch, joining the staff in 1906 and becoming an assistant editor.
During this period he published 18 plays and three novels, including the murder mystery The Red ... |
A. A. Milne | 1926 to 1928 | 1926 to 1928
thumb|left|Milne with his son Christopher Robin and Pooh Bear, at Cotchford Farm, their home in Sussex. Photo by Howard Coster, 1926.
Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne (1920–1996), and various characters inspired by his so... |
A. A. Milne | 1929 onward | 1929 onward
The success of his children's books was to become a source of considerable annoyance to Milne, whose self-avowed aim was to write whatever he pleased and who had, until then, found a ready audience for each change of direction: he had freed pre-war Punch from its ponderous facetiousness; he had made a consi... |
A. A. Milne | Death and legacy | Death and legacy |
A. A. Milne | Commemoration | Commemoration
A. A. Milne died at his home in Hartfield, Sussex, on 31 January 1956, 13 days after his 74th anniversary. A memorial service took place on 10 February at All Hallows-by-the-Tower church in London.
The rights to A. A. Milne's Pooh books were left to four beneficiaries: his family, the Royal Literary F... |
A. A. Milne | Archive | Archive
thumb|right|Milne bequeathed his Winnie-the-Pooh manuscripts to the Wren Library (pictured) at Trinity College, Cambridge
The original manuscripts for Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner are archived at Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
The bulk of A. A. Milne's papers are housed at the Harry Ran... |
A. A. Milne | Religious views | Religious views
Milne did not speak out much on the subject of religion, although he used religious terms to explain his decision, while remaining a pacifist, to join the British Home Guard. He wrote: "In fighting Hitler we are truly fighting the Devil, the Anti-Christ ... Hitler was a crusader against God."
His best ... |
A. A. Milne | Works | Works |
A. A. Milne | Novels | Novels
Lovers in London (1905. Some consider this more of a short story collection; Milne did not like it and considered The Day's Play as his first book.)
Once on a Time (1917)
Mr. Pim (1921) (A novelisation of his 1919 play Mr. Pim Passes By)
The Red House Mystery (1922). Serialised: London (Daily News), serialis... |
A. A. Milne | Non-fiction | Non-fiction
Peace With Honour (1934)
It's Too Late Now: The Autobiography of a Writer (1939)
War With Honour (1940)
War Aims Unlimited (1941)
Year In, Year Out (1952) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard) |
A. A. Milne | ''Punch'' articles | Punch articles
The Day's Play (1910)
The Holiday Round (1912)
Once a Week (1914)
The Sunny Side (1921)
Those Were the Days (1929) [The four volumes above, compiled] |
A. A. Milne | Newspaper articles and book introductions | Newspaper articles and book introductions
The Chronicles of Clovis by "Saki" (1911) [Introduction to]
Not That It Matters (1919)
If I May (1920)
By Way of Introduction (1929)
Women and Children First!. John Bull, 10 November 1934
It Depends on the Book (1943, in September issue of Red Cross Newspaper The Prisoner... |
A. A. Milne | Story collections for children | Story collections for children
A Gallery of Children (1925)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) (illustrated by Ernest H. Shepard)
The House at Pooh Corner (1928) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard)
Short Stories |
A. A. Milne | Poetry collections for children | Poetry collections for children
When We Were Very Young (1924) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard)
Now We Are Six (1927) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard) |
A. A. Milne | Story collections | Story collections
The Secret and other stories (1929)
The Birthday Party (1948)
A Table Near the Band (1950) |
A. A. Milne | Poetry | Poetry
When We Were Very Young (1924) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard)
For the Luncheon Interval (1925) [poems from Punch]
Now We Are Six (1927) (illustrated by E. H. Shepard)
Behind the Lines (1940)
The Norman Church (1948) |
A. A. Milne | Screenplays and plays | Screenplays and plays
Wurzel-Flummery (1917)
Belinda (1918)
The Boy Comes Home (1918)
Make-Believe (1918) (children's play)
The Camberley Triangle (1919)
Mr. Pim Passes By (1919)
The Red Feathers (1920)
The Romantic Age (1920)
The Stepmother (1920)
The Truth About Blayds (1920)
The Bump (1920, Minerva Films)... |
A. A. Milne | References | References |
A. A. Milne | Further reading | Further reading
Last, Kevin J. Remembering Christopher Robin: Escaping Winnie-the-Pooh. Lewes (UK), Unicorn. 2023.
Thwaite, Ann. A.A. Milne: His Life. London: Faber and Faber, 1990.
Toby, Marlene. A.A. Milne, Author of Winnie-the-Pooh. Chicago: Children's Press, 1995.
|
A. A. Milne | External links | External links
A. A. Milne Collection at the Harry Ransom Center
Ann Thwaite Collection of A. A. Milne at the Harry Ransom Center
includes the complete text of the four Pooh books
Portraits of A. A. Milne in the National Portrait Gallery
Essays by Milne at Quotidiana.org
Milne extract in The Guardian
... |
A. A. Milne | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and military career, Literary career, 1903 to 1925, 1926 to 1928, 1929 onward, Death and legacy, Commemoration, Archive, Religious views, Works, Novels, Non-fiction, ''Punch'' articles, Newspaper articles and book introductions, Story collections for children, Poetry collections for childr... |
Asociación Alumni | About | Asociación Alumni, usually just Alumni, is an Argentine rugby union club located in Tortuguitas, Greater Buenos Aires. The senior squad currently competes at Top 12, the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system.
The club has ties with former football club Alumni because both were established ... |
Asociación Alumni | History | History |
Asociación Alumni | Background | Background
The first club with the name "Alumni" played association football, having been found in 1898 by students of Buenos Aires English High School (BAEHS) along with director Alexander Watson Hutton. Originally under the name "English High School A.C.", the team would be later obliged by the Association to change... |
Asociación Alumni | Rebirth through rugby | Rebirth through rugby
In 1951, two guards of the BAEHS, Daniel Ginhson (also a former player of Buenos Aires F.C.) and Guillermo Cubelli, supported by the school's alumni and fathers of the students, decided to establish a club focused on rugby union exclusively. Former players of Alumni football club and descendants o... |
Asociación Alumni | Players | Players |
Asociación Alumni | Current roster | Current roster
As of January 2018:
Federico Lucca
Gaspar Baldunciel
Guido Cambareri
Iñaki Etchegaray
Bernardo Quaranta
Tobias Moyano
Mariano Romanini
Santiago Montagner
Tomas Passerotti
Lucas Frana
Luca Sabato
Franco Batezzatti
Franco Sabato
Rafael Desanto
Nito Provenzano
Tomas Bivort
Juan.P Ceraso
S... |
Asociación Alumni | Honours | Honours
Nacional de Clubes (1): 2002
Torneo de la URBA (7): 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2001, 2018, 2024 |
Asociación Alumni | References | References |
Asociación Alumni | External links | External links
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1951
A
Category:1951 establishments in Argentina |
Asociación Alumni | Table of Content | About, History, Background, Rebirth through rugby, Players, Current roster, Honours, References, External links |
Axiom | short description | An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident'.Cf. axiom, n., etymology. Oxfo... |
Axiom | Etymology | Etymology
The word axiom comes from the Greek word (axíōma), a verbal noun from the verb (axioein), meaning "to deem worthy", but also "to require", which in turn comes from (áxios), meaning "being in balance", and hence "having (the same) value (as)", "worthy", "proper". Among the ancient Greek philosophers and mat... |
Axiom | Historical development | Historical development |
Axiom | Early Greeks | Early Greeks
The logico-deductive method whereby conclusions (new knowledge) follow from premises (old knowledge) through the application of sound arguments (syllogisms, rules of inference) was developed by the ancient Greeks, and has become the core principle of modern mathematics. Tautologies excluded, nothing can be... |
Axiom | Modern development | Modern development
A lesson learned by mathematics in the last 150 years is that it is useful to strip the meaning away from the mathematical assertions (axioms, postulates, propositions, theorems) and definitions. One must concede the need for primitive notions, or undefined terms or concepts, in any study. Such abstr... |
Axiom | Other sciences | Other sciences
Experimental sciences - as opposed to mathematics and logic - also have general founding assertions from which a deductive reasoning can be built so as to express propositions that predict properties - either still general or much more specialized to a specific experimental context. For instance, Newton'... |
Axiom | Mathematical logic | Mathematical logic
In the field of mathematical logic, a clear distinction is made between two notions of axioms: logical and non-logical (somewhat similar to the ancient distinction between "axioms" and "postulates" respectively). |
Axiom | Logical axioms | Logical axioms
These are certain formulas in a formal language that are universally valid, that is, formulas that are satisfied by every assignment of values. Usually one takes as logical axioms at least some minimal set of tautologies that is sufficient for proving all tautologies in the language; in the case of pred... |