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Albert Camus | External links | External links
Albert Camus. Selective and Cumulative Bibliography
Gay-Crosier Camus collection at University of Florida Library
Albert Camus Society UK
Category:1913 births
Category:1960 deaths
Category:20th-century atheists
Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Category:20th-century French ... |
Albert Camus | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early years and education, Formative years, World War II, Resistance and ''Combat'', Post–World War II, Death, Literary career, Political stance, Role in Algeria, Philosophy, Existentialism, Absurdism, Revolt, Legacy, Tributes, Works, Novels, Short stories, Academic theses, Non-fiction, Pl... |
Agatha Christie | Short description | Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English author known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, th... |
Agatha Christie | Life and career | Life and career |
Agatha Christie | 1890–1907: childhood and adolescence | 1890–1907: childhood and adolescence
thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Christie entitled Lost in Reverie, by Douglas John Connah, 1894
Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born on 15 September 1890, into a wealthy upper middle class family in Torquay, Devon. She was the youngest of three children born to Frederick Alvah Mil... |
Agatha Christie | 1907–1926: early literary attempts, marriage, literary success | 1907–1926: early literary attempts, marriage, literary success
After completing her education, Christie returned to England to find her mother ailing. They decided to spend the winter of 1907–1908 in the warm climate of Egypt, which was then a regular tourist destination for wealthy Britons. They stayed for three mo... |
Agatha Christie | 1926: disappearance | 1926: disappearance
thumb|upright|Daily Herald, 15 December 1926, announcing that Christie had been found. Missing for 11 days, she was found at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire.|alt=Newspaper article with portraits of Agatha and Archie Christie
In August 1926, Archie asked Christie for a divorce.... |
Agatha Christie | 1927–1976: second marriage and later life | 1927–1976: second marriage and later life
thumb|Christie's room at the Pera Palace Hotel in Istanbul, where the hotel claims she wrote her 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express|alt=Colour photograph of a hotel room with Christie memorabilia on the walls
In January 1927, Christie, looking "very pale", sailed with ... |
Agatha Christie | Personal qualities | Personal qualities
thumb|upright|Christie in 1964|alt=Black-and-white portrait photograph of Christie in later life
In 1946, Christie said of herself: "My chief dislikes are crowds, loud noises, gramophones and cinemas. I dislike the taste of alcohol and do not like smoking. I do like sun, sea, flowers, travelling,... |
Agatha Christie | Death and estate | Death and estate |
Agatha Christie | Death and burial | Death and burial
thumb|upright|Christie's gravestone at St Mary's Church, Cholsey, Oxfordshire|alt=Colour photograph of a sandstone headstone
Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her home at Winterbrook House. Upon her death, two West End theatresthe St. Martin's, where The Mousetrap was... |
Agatha Christie | {{anchor | Estate and subsequent ownership of works
Christie was unhappy about becoming "an employed wage slave", and for tax reasons set up a private company in 1955, Agatha Christie Limited, to hold the rights to her works. In about 1959 she transferred her 278-acre home, Greenway Estate, to her daughter, Rosalind Hicks."Ob... |
Agatha Christie | Works | Works |
Agatha Christie | Works of fiction | Works of fiction |
Agatha Christie | Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple | Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple
thumb|upright|alt=Drawing of a gentleman in a dinner suit twirling his large moustache, illustrating the Christie story "13 for Dinner"|An early depiction of detective Hercule Poirot, from The American Magazine, March 1933
Christie's first published book, The Mysterious Affair at Styl... |
Agatha Christie | Formula and plot devices | Formula and plot devices
Early in her career, a reporter noted that "her plots are possible, logical, and always new". According to Hannah, "At the start of each novel, she shows us an apparently impossible situation and we go mad wondering 'How can this be happening?'. Then, slowly, she reveals how the impossible i... |
Agatha Christie | Character stereotypes and racism | Character stereotypes and racism
Christie included stereotyped descriptions of characters in her work, especially before 1945 (when such attitudes were more commonly expressed publicly), particularly in regard to Italians, Jews, and non-Europeans. For example, she described "men of Hebraic extraction, sallow men wit... |
Agatha Christie | Other detectives | Other detectives
In addition to Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, Christie also created amateur detectives Thomas (Tommy) Beresford and his wife, Prudence "Tuppence" née Cowley, who appear in four novels and one collection of short stories published between 1922 and 1974. Unlike her other sleuths, the Beresfords were o... |
Agatha Christie | Plays | Plays
In 1928, Michael Morton adapted The Murder of Roger Ackroyd for the stage under the name of Alibi. The play enjoyed a respectable run, but Christie disliked the changes made to her work and, in future, preferred to write for the theatre herself. The first of her own stage works was Black Coffee, which received... |
Agatha Christie | As Mary Westmacott | As Mary Westmacott
Christie published six mainstream novels under the name Mary Westmacott, a pseudonym which gave her the freedom to explore "her most private and precious imaginative garden". These books typically received better reviews than her detective and thriller fiction. Of the first, Giant's Bread publishe... |
Agatha Christie | Non-fiction works | Non-fiction works
Christie published a few non-fiction works. Come, Tell Me How You Live, about working on an archaeological dig, was drawn from her life with Mallowan. The Grand Tour: Around the World with the Queen of Mystery is a collection of correspondence from her 1922 Grand Tour of the British Empire, includi... |
Agatha Christie | Titles | Titles
Many of Christie's works from 1940 onward have titles drawn from literature, with the original context of the title typically printed as an epigraph.
The inspirations for some of Christie's titles include:
William Shakespeare's works: Sad Cypress, By the Pricking of My Thumbs, There is a Tide..., Absent in ... |
Agatha Christie | Critical reception | Critical reception
thumb|upright|Memorial to Christie in central London|alt=Colour photograph of a large, book-shaped bronze memorial|left
Christie is regularly referred to as the "Queen of Crime"—which is now trademarked by the Christie estate—or "Queen of Mystery", and is considered a master of suspense, plotting,... |
Agatha Christie | Book sales | Book sales
In her prime, Christie was rarely out of the bestseller list. She was the first crime writer to have 100,000 copies of 10 of her titles published by Penguin on the same day in 1948. , Guinness World Records listed Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time. , her novels had sold more than two... |
Agatha Christie | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Commemorative blue plaque in the West End marking The Mousetrap as the world's longest-running play
In 2016, the Royal Mail marked the centenary of Christie's first detective story by issuing six first-class postage stamps of her works: The Mysterious Affair at Styles, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Murder... |
Agatha Christie | Adaptations | Adaptations
Christie's works have been adapted for cinema and television. The first was the 1928 British film The Passing of Mr. Quin. Poirot's first film appearance was in 1931 in Alibi, which starred Austin Trevor as Christie's sleuth. Margaret Rutherford played Marple in a series of films released in the 1960s. C... |
Agatha Christie | Interests and influences | Interests and influences |
Agatha Christie | Pharmacology | Pharmacology
During the First World War, Christie took a break from nursing to train for the Apothecaries Hall Examination. While she subsequently found dispensing in the hospital pharmacy monotonous, and thus less enjoyable than nursing, her new knowledge provided her with a background in potentially toxic drugs. E... |
Agatha Christie | Archaeology | Archaeology
In her youth, Christie showed little interest in antiquities. After her marriage to Mallowan in 1930, she accompanied him on annual expeditions, spending three to four months at a time in Syria and Iraq at excavation sites at Ur, Nineveh, Tell Arpachiyah, Chagar Bazar, Tell Brak, and Nimrud. The Mallowan... |
Agatha Christie | In popular culture | In popular culture
Some of Christie's fictional portrayals have explored and offered accounts of her disappearance in 1926. The film Agatha (1979), with Vanessa Redgrave, has Christie sneaking away to plan revenge against her husband; Christie's heirs sued unsuccessfully to prevent the film's distribution. The Doctor... |
Agatha Christie | See also | See also
Agatha Christie indult – an oecumenical request to which Christie was signatory seeking permission for the occasional use of the Tridentine (Latin) mass in England and Wales
Agatha Awards – literary awards for mystery and crime writers
Agatha Christie Award (Japan) – literary award for unpublished mystery... |
Agatha Christie | Notes | Notes |
Agatha Christie | References | References |
Agatha Christie | Further reading | Further reading
.
Bernthal, J.C. (2022). Agatha Christie: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. .
Curran, John (2009). Agatha Christie's Secret Notebooks: Fifty Years of Mysteries in the Making. London: HarperCollins. .
Curran, John (2011). Agatha Christie: Murder in the Making. London:... |
Agatha Christie | External links | External links
A Christie reading list (on official website)
Works by Agatha Christie in the online library ARHEVE.org
Agatha Christie/Sir Max Mallowan's blue plaque at Cholsey
Agatha Christie profile on PBS.org
Agatha Christie profile on FamousAuthors.org
Agatha Christie recording, oral history a... |
Agatha Christie | Table of Content | Short description, Life and career, 1890–1907: childhood and adolescence, 1907–1926: early literary attempts, marriage, literary success, 1926: disappearance, 1927–1976: second marriage and later life, Personal qualities, Death and estate, Death and burial, {{anchor, Works, Works of fiction, Hercule Poirot and Miss Mar... |
The Plague (novel) | short description | The Plague () is a 1947 absurdist novel by Albert Camus. The plot centers around the French Algerian city of Oran as it combats a plague outbreak and is put under a city-wide quarantine. The novel presents a snapshot into life in Oran as seen through Camus's absurdist lens.
Camus used as source material the cholera ep... |
The Plague (novel) | Plot | Plot
thumb|View of Oran in 1943
In 1940s Oran, rats, initially unnoticed by the populace, begin dying en masse. Hysteria develops soon afterward, prompting local newspapers to report the incident; authorities begin disposing of the rats. Bernard Rieux, a local physician, learns that a concierge in his building has died... |
The Plague (novel) | Critical analysis | Critical analysis
thumb|Camus in 1945
Germaine Brée has characterised the struggle of the characters against the plague as "undramatic and stubborn", and in contrast to the ideology of "glorification of power" in the novels of André Malraux, whereas Camus's characters "are obscurely engaged in saving, not destroying, a... |
The Plague (novel) | In the popular press | In the popular press
The novel has been read as an allegorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II.
The novel became a bestseller during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to the point that its British publisher Penguin Classics reported struggling to keep up with demand. The... |
The Plague (novel) | Adaptations | Adaptations
1965: La Peste, a cantata composed by Roberto Gerhard
1970 Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, a Hong Kong film directed by Patrick Lung
1992: La Peste, a film directed by Luis Puenzo
2017: The Plague, a play adapted by Neil Bartlett. Bartlett substitutes a black woman for the male doctor, Rieux, and a black m... |
The Plague (novel) | Publication history | Publication history
As early as April 1941, Camus had been working on the novel, as evidenced in his diaries in which he wrote down a few ideas on "the redeeming plague".Camus, Albert, Carnets I, Mai 1935 - février 1942, Paris, Gallimard, 2013, 234 p. (), p.204 On 13 March 1942, he informed André Malraux that he was wr... |
The Plague (novel) | See also | See also
The Decameron
The Masque of the Red Death
The Betrothed |
The Plague (novel) | References | References |
The Plague (novel) | External links | External links
La Peste, Les Classiques des sciences sociales; Word, PDF, RTF formats, public domain in Canada
La Peste, ebooksgratuits.com; HTML format, public domain in Canada
Category:1947 French novels
Category:Absurdist fiction
Category:Books with atheism-related themes
Category:Éditions Gallimard books
Categ... |
The Plague (novel) | Table of Content | short description, Plot, Critical analysis, In the popular press, Adaptations, Publication history, See also, References, External links |
Applied ethics | Short description | Applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in t... |
Applied ethics | History | History
Applied ethics has expanded the study of ethics beyond the realms of academic philosophical discourse.Bayertz, K. (2002) Self-enlightenment of Applied Ethics, in: Chadwick, R and Schroeder, D. (eds.) Applied Ethics, Vol1. 36–51, London: Routledge The field of applied ethics, as it appears today, emerged from ... |
Applied ethics | Underpinning theory | Underpinning theory
Applied ethics is distinguished from normative ethics, which concerns standards for right and wrong behavior, and from meta-ethics, which concerns the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments."Applied Ethics" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Whi... |
Applied ethics | See also | See also |
Applied ethics | References | References |
Applied ethics | Further reading | Further reading
(monograph)
|
Applied ethics | External links | External links
Category:Ethics |
Applied ethics | Table of Content | Short description, History, Underpinning theory, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Absolute value | Short description | thumb|The graph of the absolute value function for real numbers
thumb|The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.
In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , is the non-negative value without regard to its sign. Namely, if is a positive number, and if is negati... |
Absolute value | Terminology and notation | Terminology and notation
In 1806, Jean-Robert Argand introduced the term module, meaning unit of measure in French, specifically for the complex absolute value,Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision, June 2008Nahin, O'Connor and Robertson, and functions.Wolfram.com.; for the French sense, see Littré, 1877 and it was... |
Absolute value | Definition and properties | Definition and properties |
Absolute value | Real numbers | Real numbers
For any the absolute value or modulus is denoted , with a vertical bar on each side of the quantity, and is defined asMendelson, p. 2.
The absolute value is thus always either a positive number or zero, but never negative. When itself is negative then its absolute value is necessarily positive
From... |
Absolute value | Complex numbers | Complex numbers
right|thumb|The absolute value of a is the from the origin. It is also seen in the picture that and its have the same absolute value.
Since the complex numbers are not ordered, the definition given at the top for the real absolute value cannot be directly applied to complex numbers. However, the g... |
Absolute value | Absolute value function | Absolute value function
thumb|360px|The graph of the absolute value function for real numbers
256px|thumb|Composition of absolute value with a cubic function in different orders
The real absolute value function is continuous everywhere. It is differentiable everywhere except for . It is monotonically decreasing on the... |
Absolute value | Relationship to the sign function | Relationship to the sign function
The absolute value function of a real number returns its value irrespective of its sign, whereas the sign (or signum) function returns a number's sign irrespective of its value. The following equations show the relationship between these two functions:
or
and for , |
Absolute value | Relationship to the max and min functions | Relationship to the max and min functions
Let , then the following relationship to the minimum and maximum functions hold:
and
The formulas can be derived by considering each case and separately.
From the last formula one can derive also . |
Absolute value | Derivative | Derivative
The real absolute value function has a derivative for every , but is not differentiable at . Its derivative for is given by the step function:Bartle and Sherbert, p. 163
The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exis... |
Absolute value | Antiderivative | Antiderivative
The antiderivative (indefinite integral) of the real absolute value function is
where is an arbitrary constant of integration. This is not a complex antiderivative because complex antiderivatives can only exist for complex-differentiable (holomorphic) functions, which the complex absolute value functio... |
Absolute value | Derivatives of compositions | Derivatives of compositions
The following two formulae are special cases of the chain rule:
if the absolute value is inside a function, and
if another function is inside the absolute value. In the first case, the derivative is always discontinuous at in the first case and where in the second case. |
Absolute value | Distance | Distance
The absolute value is closely related to the idea of distance. As noted above, the absolute value of a real or complex number is the distance from that number to the origin, along the real number line, for real numbers, or in the complex plane, for complex numbers, and more generally, the absolute value of th... |
Absolute value | Generalizations | Generalizations |
Absolute value | Ordered rings | Ordered rings
The definition of absolute value given for real numbers above can be extended to any ordered ring. That is, if is an element of an ordered ring R, then the absolute value of , denoted by , is defined to be:Mac Lane, p. 264.
where is the additive inverse of , 0 is the additive identity, and < and ≥ have... |
Absolute value | Fields | Fields
The four fundamental properties of the absolute value for real numbers can be used to generalise the notion of absolute value to an arbitrary field, as follows.
A real-valued function on a field is called an absolute value (also a modulus, magnitude, value, or valuation)Shechter, p. 260. This meaning of valu... |
Absolute value | Vector spaces | Vector spaces
Again the fundamental properties of the absolute value for real numbers can be used, with a slight modification, to generalise the notion to an arbitrary vector space.
A real-valued function on a vector space over a field , represented as , is called an absolute value, but more usually a norm, if it sa... |
Absolute value | Composition algebras | Composition algebras
Every composition algebra A has an involution x → x* called its conjugation. The product in A of an element x and its conjugate x* is written N(x) = x x* and called the norm of x.
The real numbers , complex numbers , and quaternions are all composition algebras with norms given by definite quadr... |
Absolute value | See also | See also
Least absolute values |
Absolute value | Notes | Notes |
Absolute value | References | References
Bartle; Sherbert; Introduction to real analysis (4th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 2011 .
Nahin, Paul J.; An Imaginary Tale; Princeton University Press; (hardcover, 1998). .
Mac Lane, Saunders, Garrett Birkhoff, Algebra, American Mathematical Soc., 1999. .
Mendelson, Elliott, Schaum's Outline of Beginning Cal... |
Absolute value | External links | External links
Category:Special functions
Category:Real numbers
Category:Norms (mathematics) |
Absolute value | Table of Content | Short description, Terminology and notation, Definition and properties, Real numbers, Complex numbers, Absolute value function, Relationship to the sign function, Relationship to the max and min functions, Derivative, Antiderivative, Derivatives of compositions, Distance, Generalizations, Ordered rings, Fields, Vector ... |
Analog signal | Short description | An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves... |
Analog signal | Representation | Representation
An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information.
... |
Analog signal | Noise | Noise
An analog signal is subject to electronic noise and distortion introduced by communication channels, recording and signal processing operations, which can progressively degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As the signal is transmitted, copied, or processed, the unavoidable noise introduced in the signal path... |
Analog signal | See also | See also
Amplifier
Analog computer
Analog device
Analog signal processing
Magnetic tape
Preamplifier |
Analog signal | References | References |
Analog signal | Further reading | Further reading
Category:Analog circuits
Category:Electronic design
Category:Television terminology
Category:Video signal |
Analog signal | Table of Content | Short description, Representation, Noise, See also, References, Further reading |
Arecales | Short description | Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely named as such only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. The order includes palms and relatives. |
Arecales | Taxonomy | Taxonomy
The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogonaceae in this order, after studies showing Dasypogonaceae as sister to Arecaceae. However, this decision has been called into question. |
Arecales | Historical taxonomical systems | Historical taxonomical systems
The Cronquist system of 1981 assigned the order to the subclass Arecidae in the class Liliopsida (= monocotyledons).
The Thorne system (1992) and the Dahlgren system assigned the order to the superorder Areciflorae, also called Arecanae in the subclass Liliidae (= monocotyledons), with... |
Arecales | Principes | Principes
In plant taxonomy, Principes is a botanical name, meaning "the first". It was used in the Engler system for an order in the Monocotyledones and later in the Kubitzki system. This order included one family only, the Palmae (alternate name Arecaceae). As the rules for botanical nomenclature provide for the us... |
Arecales | References | References |
Arecales | External links | External links
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
Category:Angiosperm orders
Category:Late Cretaceous plants
Category:Extant Campanian first appearances |
Arecales | Table of Content | Short description, Taxonomy, Historical taxonomical systems, Principes, References, External links |
Hercule Poirot | short description | Hercule Poirot (, ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie. Poirot is Christie's most famous and longest-running character, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (Black Coffee and Alibi), and 51 short stories published between 1920 and 1975.
Poirot has been portrayed on radio, in film a... |
Hercule Poirot | Overview | Overview |
Hercule Poirot | Influences | Influences
Poirot's name was derived from two other fictional detectives of the time: Marie Belloc Lowndes's Hercule Popeau and Frank Howel Evans's Monsieur Poiret, a retired French police officer living in London. Evans's Jules Poiret "was small and rather heavyset, hardly more than five feet, but moved with his he... |
Hercule Poirot | Popularity | Popularity
Poirot first appeared in The Mysterious Affair at Styles, published in 1920, and exited in Curtain, published in 1975. Following the latter, Poirot was the only fictional character to receive an obituary on the front page of The New York Times.
By 1930, Agatha Christie found Poirot "insufferable"; by 196... |
Hercule Poirot | Appearance and proclivities | Appearance and proclivities
Captain Arthur Hastings's first description of Poirot:
Agatha Christie's initial description of Poirot in Murder on the Orient Express:
In the later books, his limp is not mentioned, suggesting it may have been a temporary wartime injury. (In Curtain, Poirot admits he was wounded when h... |
Hercule Poirot | Methods | Methods
In The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Poirot operates as a fairly conventional, clue-based and logical detective; reflected in his vocabulary by two common phrases: his use of "the little grey cells" and "order and method". Hastings is irritated by the fact that Poirot sometimes conceals important details of h... |
Hercule Poirot | Life | Life
thumb|A statuette of Poirot in Ellezelles, Belgium |
Hercule Poirot | Origins | Origins
Christie was purposely vague about Poirot's origins, as he is thought to be an elderly man even in the early novels. In An Autobiography, she admitted that she already imagined him to be an old man in 1920. At the time, however, she did not know that she would write works featuring him for decades to come.
A b... |
Hercule Poirot | Policeman | Policeman
Gustave ... was not a policeman. I have dealt with policemen all my life and I know. He could pass as a detective to an outsider but not to a man who was a policeman himself.
— Hercule Poirot, "The Erymanthian Boar"
Hercule Poirot was active in the Brussels police force by 1893. Very little mention is ... |
Hercule Poirot | Private detective | Private detective
I had called in at my friend Poirot's rooms to find him sadly overworked. So much had he become the rage that every rich woman who had mislaid a bracelet or lost a pet kitten rushed to secure the services of the great Hercule Poirot.
During World War I, Poirot left Belgium for England as a refuge... |