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Demographics of American Samoa
References
References Category:Economy of American Samoa Category:Geography of American Samoa Category:Society of American Samoa American Samoa
Demographics of American Samoa
Table of Content
Short description, Population, Structure of the population, Vital statistics, Registered births and deaths, Ethnic groups, Languages, Religion, References
Politics of American Samoa
Short description
Politics of American Samoa takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the governor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. American Samoa is an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, administered by the Office of Insula...
Politics of American Samoa
Government
Government The government of American Samoa is defined under the Constitution of American Samoa. As an unincorporated territory, the Ratification Act of 1929 vested all civil, judicial, and military powers in the president, who in turn delegated authority to the secretary of the interior in . The secretary promulgated...
Politics of American Samoa
Elections
Elections
Politics of American Samoa
International organization participation
International organization participation United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (associate) Interpol (subbureau) International Olympic Committee Pacific Community
Politics of American Samoa
See also
See also Political party strength in American Samoa American Samoa's at-large congressional district
Politics of American Samoa
References
References
Politics of American Samoa
Table of Content
Short description, Government, Elections, International organization participation, See also, References
Economy of American Samoa
Short description
The economy of American Samoa is a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of the land is communally owned. American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States; economic activity is strongly linked to the main customs zone of the U.S., with which American Samoa conducts the great bulk of it...
Economy of American Samoa
Statistics
Statistics thumb|Employment in the canning industry in American Samoa. Employment in the industry fell following the 2009 closure of a Chicken of the Sea cannery GDP: purchasing power parity – $537 million (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 210 GDP (official exchange rate): $462.2 million (2005) GDP – real ...
Economy of American Samoa
References
References
Economy of American Samoa
External links
External links
Economy of American Samoa
Table of Content
Short description, Statistics, References, External links
August 13
pp-pc1
August 13
Events
Events
August 13
Pre-1600
Pre-1600 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. 554 – Emperor Justinian I rewards Liberius for his service in the Pragmatic Sanction, granting him extensive estates ...
August 13
1601–1900
1601–1900 1624 – The French king Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu as prime minister. 1645 – Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Brömsebro. 1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards. 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Ble...
August 13
1901–present
1901–present 1905 – Norwegians vote to end the union with Sweden. 1906 – The all black infantrymen of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Regiment are accused of killing a white bartender and wounding a white police officer in Brownsville, Texas, despite exculpatory evidence; all are later dishonorably discharged. (Their rec...
August 13
Births
Births
August 13
Pre-1600
Pre-1600 985 – Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1021) 1311 – Alfonso XI, king of Castile and León (d. 1350) 1567 – Samuel de Champlain, French explorer (d. 1635)Fischer (2008), p. 3 1584 – Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English admiral and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland (d. 1640) 1592 – Wi...
August 13
1601–1900
1601–1900 1625 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and physicist (d. 1698) 1662 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1748) 1666 – William Wotton, English linguist and scholar (d. 1727) 1700 – Heinrich von Brühl, Polish-German politician (d. 1763...
August 13
1901–present
1901–present 1902 – Felix Wankel, German engineer (d. 1988) 1904 – Buddy Rogers, American actor and musician (d. 1999) 1904 – Margaret Tafoya, Native American Pueblo potter (d. 2001) 1906 – Chuck Carroll, American football player and lawyer (d. 2003) 1906 – Art Shires, American baseball player and boxer (d. 196...
August 13
Deaths
Deaths
August 13
Pre-1600
Pre-1600 587 – Radegund, Frankish princess and saint (b. 520) 604 – Wen, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (b. 541) 612 – Fabia Eudokia, Byzantine empress (b. 580) 662 – Maximus the Confessor, Byzantine theologian 696 – Takechi, Japanese prince 900 – Zwentibold, king of Lotharingia (b. 870) 908 – Al-Muktafi, Abbasid ca...
August 13
1601–1900
1601–1900 1608 – Giambologna, Italian sculptor (b. 1529) 1617 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss clergyman and theologian (b. 1540) 1667 – Jeremy Taylor, Irish bishop and saint (b. 1613) 1686 – Louis Maimbourg, French priest and historian (b. 1610) 1721 – Jacques Lelong, French priest and author (b. 1665) 1744 – John Cruge...
August 13
1901–present
1901–present 1910 – Florence Nightingale, Italian-English nurse and theologian (b. 1820) 1912 – Jules Massenet, French composer (b. 1842) 1917 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860) 1934 – Mary Hunter Austin, American author and playwright (b. 1868) 1937 – Sigizmund Levanevsky, Soviet aircraf...
August 13
Holidays and observances
Holidays and observances Christian feast day: Benedetto Sinigardi Benildus Romançon Centola and Helen Cassian of Imola Clara Maass (Lutheran Church) Fachtna of Rosscarbery Florence Nightingale, Octavia Hill (Lutheran Church) Herulph Hippolytus of Rome Jeremy Taylor (Anglican Communion) John Berchmans (before 1970) Jun...
August 13
References
References
August 13
External links
External links Category:Days of August
August 13
Table of Content
pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
Avicenna
Short description
Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.* .(page 113) "For one thing, it means that he[Avicenna] had a Persian cultural background......
Avicenna
Name
Name is a Latin corruption of the Arabic patronym Ibn Sīnā (),. meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina. His formal Arabic name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn bin ʿAbdallāh bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhī al-Bukhārī ().
Avicenna
Circumstances
Circumstances Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi schoo...
Avicenna
Biography
Biography
Avicenna
Early life and education
Early life and education Avicenna was born in in the village of Afshana in Transoxiana to a Persian family.According to , Avicenna was "of Persian descent". According to , Avicenna was "born of Persian parentage". According to , Avicenna was "Persian by birth". , mentions Avicenna as an example for "Persian-born aut...
Avicenna
Career
Career
Avicenna
In Bukhara and Gurganj
In Bukhara and Gurganj thumb|right|300px|alt=Geophysical map of southern Central Asia (Khurasan and Transoxiana) with the major settlements and regions|Map of Khurasan and Transoxiana At the age of seventeen, Avicenna was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, his father died. He ...
Avicenna
In Gorgan
In Gorgan Avicenna later moved due to "necessity" once more (in 1012), this time to the west. There he travelled through the Khurasani cities of Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan and Jajarm. He was planning to visit the ruler of the city of Gorgan, the Ziyarid Qabus (), a cultivated patron of writing, whose court attracte...
Avicenna
In Ray and Hamadan
In Ray and Hamadan thumb|Coin of Majd al-Dawla (), the amir (ruler) of the Buyid branch of Ray In , Avicenna went to the city of Ray, where he entered into the service of the Buyid amir Majd al-Dawla () and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler of the realm. There he served as the physician at the court, trea...
Avicenna
In Isfahan
In Isfahan thumb|left|Coin of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (), the Kakuyid ruler of Isfahan Avicenna was subsequently released, and went to Isfahan, where he was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says...
Avicenna
Philosophy
Philosophy Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic, then the language of science in the Muslim world, and some in Early New Persian. Of linguistic significa...
Avicenna
Metaphysical doctrine
Metaphysical doctrine Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence more clearly than Aristotelianism. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy...
Avicenna
Impossibility, contingency, necessity
Impossibility, contingency, necessity Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingen...
Avicenna
Differentia
Differentia The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence other than existence. Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad)Avicenna, Metaphysica of Avicenna, trans. Parviz Morewedge (New York, 1973), p. 43. since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl...
Avicenna
Reception
Reception Avicenna's theology on metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.Ibn al-Qayyim, Eghaathat al-Lahfaan, Published: Al Ashqar University (2003) Printed by International Islamic Publishing House: Riyadh. While disc...
Avicenna
Argument for God's existence
Argument for God's existence Avicenna made an argument for the existence of God which would be known as the "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Avicenna argued that there must be a Proof of the Truthful, an entity that cannot not exist and through a series of arguments, he identified it with God in Islam. Pres...
Avicenna
Al-Biruni correspondence
Al-Biruni correspondence Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school. al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.Rafi...
Avicenna
Theology
Theology Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic.Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, pp. 8–9, Oxford University Press, . His views on Islamic...
Avicenna
Thought experiments
Thought experiments While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment de...
Avicenna
Principal works
Principal works
Avicenna
''The Canon of Medicine''
The Canon of Medicine thumb|Canons of medicine book from Avicenna, Latin translation located at UT Health of San Antonio Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (). It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century. The Canon still...
Avicenna
''Liber Primus Naturalium''
Liber Primus Naturalium Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.Avicenna Latinus. 1992. Liber Primus Naturalium: Tractatus Primus, De Causis et Principiis Naturalium. Leiden (The Netherlands): E.J. Brill. He used the example of polydactyly to explain his perception that ...
Avicenna
''The Book of Healing''
The Book of Healing
Avicenna
Earth sciences
Earth sciences Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing.Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965), The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time, p. 64, University of Chicago Press While discussing the formation of mountains, he explained:
Avicenna
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of...
Avicenna
Logic
Logic An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna.History of logic: Arabic logic , Encyclopædia Britannica. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dī...
Avicenna
Physics
Physics In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book of Healing, developed a theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile...
Avicenna
Psychology
Psychology Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Fl...
Avicenna
Other contributions
Other contributions
Avicenna
Astronomy and astrology
Astronomy and astrology thumb|Skull of Avicenna, found in 1950 during construction of the new mausoleum Avicenna wrote an attack on astrology titled Missive on the Champions of the Rule of the Stars () in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power of astrology to foretell the future.George Saliba (1...
Avicenna
Chemistry
Chemistry Avicenna was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation and used steam distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he used as aromatherapeutic treatments for heart conditions.Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. . Unlike al-R...
Avicenna
Poetry
Poetry Almost half of Avicenna's works are versified.E.G. Browne, Islamic Medicine (sometimes also printed under the title Arabian medicine), 2002, Goodword Pub., , p61 His poems appear in both Arabic and Persian. As an example, Edward Granville Browne claims that the following Persian verses are incorrectly attribut...
Avicenna
Legacy
Legacy
Avicenna
Classical Islamic civilization
Classical Islamic civilization Robert Wisnovsky, a scholar of Avicenna attached to McGill University, says that "Avicenna was the central figure in the long history of the rational sciences in Islam, particularly in the fields of metaphysics, logic and medicine" but that his works did not only have an influence in th...
Avicenna
Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Medieval and Renaissance Europe thumb|upright|Inside view of the Avicenna Mausoleum, designed by Hooshang Seyhoun in 1945–1950 As early as the 14th century when Dante Alighieri depicted him in Limbo alongside the virtuous non-Christian thinkers in his Divine Comedy such as Virgil, Averroes, Homer, Horace, Ovid, Luca...
Avicenna
Modern reception
Modern reception thumb|left|A monument to Avicenna in Qakh (city), Azerbaijan thumb|Soviet Union in 1980 published a stamp entitled "1000th anniversary of the birth of Ibn Sina" thumb|left|Image of Avicenna on the Tajikistani somoni Institutions in a variety of counties have been named after Avicenna in honour of his...
Avicenna
In popular culture
In popular culture The 1982 Soviet film Youth of Genius () by recounts Avicenna's younger years. The film is set in Bukhara at the turn of the millennium."Youth of Genius" (USSR, Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, 1982): 1984 – State Prize of the USSR (Elyer Ishmuhamedov); 1983 – VKF (All-Union Film Festival) Grand Prize (Elye...
Avicenna
List of works
List of works The treatises of Avicenna influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works conce...
Avicenna
Persian works
Persian works Avicenna's most important Persian work is the Danishnama (, "Book of Knowledge". Avicenna created a new scientific vocabulary that had not previously existed in Persian. The Danishnama covers such topics as logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences of his time. It has been translated into Eng...
Avicenna
See also
See also Al-Qumri (possibly Avicenna's teacher) Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi (Iranian theologian) Mummia (Persian medicine) Eastern philosophy Iranian philosophy Islamic philosophy Contemporary Islamic philosophy Science in the medieval Islamic world List of scientists in medieval Islamic world Sufi philosophy...
Avicenna
Namesakes of Ibn Sina
Namesakes of Ibn Sina Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences in Aligarh Avicenna Bay in Antarctica Avicenna (crater) on the far side of the Moon Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation Avicenne Hospital in Paris, France Avicenna International College in Budapest, Hungary Avicenna Mausoleum (comp...
Avicenna
References
References
Avicenna
Citations
Citations
Avicenna
Notes
Notes
Avicenna
Sources
Sources
Avicenna
Further reading
Further reading
Avicenna
Encyclopedic articles
Encyclopedic articles (PDF version) Avicenna entry by Sajjad H. Rizvi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Avicenna
Primary literature
Primary literature For an old list of other extant works, C. Brockelmann's Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Weimar 1898), vol. i. pp. 452–458. (XV. W.; G. W. T.) For a current list of his works see A. Bertolacci (2006) and D. Gutas (2014) in the section "Philosophy". Avicenne: Réfutation de l'astrologie. ...
Avicenna
Secondary literature
Secondary literature This is, on the whole, an informed and good account of the life and accomplishments of one of the greatest influences on the development of thought both Eastern and Western. ... It is not as philosophically thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A.M. Goichon, or L. Gardet, but it is probably the ...
Avicenna
Medicine
Medicine Browne, Edward G. Islamic Medicine. Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians in 1919–1920, reprint: New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2001. Pormann, Peter & Savage-Smith, Emilie. Medieval Islamic Medicine, Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Prioreschi, Plinio. Byzantine and...
Avicenna
Philosophy
Philosophy Amos Bertolacci, The Reception of Aristotle's Metaphysics in Avicenna's Kitab al-Sifa'. A Milestone of Western Metaphysical Thought, Leiden: Brill 2006, (Appendix C contains an Overview of the Main Works by Avicenna on Metaphysics in Chronological Order). Dimitri Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Trad...
Avicenna
External links
External links Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) on the Subject and the Object of Metaphysics with a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography Category:980s births Category:Year of birth unknown Category:1037 deaths Category:11th-century astronomers Category:...
Avicenna
Table of Content
Short description, Name, Circumstances, Biography, Early life and education, Career, In Bukhara and Gurganj, In Gorgan, In Ray and Hamadan, In Isfahan, Philosophy, Metaphysical doctrine, Impossibility, contingency, necessity, Differentia, Reception, Argument for God's existence, Al-Biruni correspondence, Theology, Thou...
The Ashes
Short description
The Ashes is a Test cricket series played biennially between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had d...
The Ashes
1882 origins
1882 origins thumb|upright|Fred Spofforth, "The Demon Bowler", was instrumental in Australia's 1882 victory over England with 14 wickets for 90. The first Test match between England and Australia was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1877, though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. O...
The Ashes
External links
External links Ashes to Ashes An audio history of the first hundred years of the Ashes, narrated by John Arlott Cricinfo's Ashes website The Origin of the Ashes – Rex Harcourt Listen to a young Don Bradman speaking after the 1930 Ashes tour Category:Australia in international cricket Category:Cricket awards and...
The Ashes
Table of Content
Short description, 1882 origins, External links
Analysis
Short description
thumb|Adriaen van Ostade, "Analysis" (1666) Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384–322 BC), though analysis as a fo...
Analysis
Science and technology
Science and technology
Analysis
Chemistry
Chemistry thumb|A clinical chemistry analyzer The field of chemistry uses analysis in three ways: to identify the components of a particular chemical compound (qualitative analysis), to identify the proportions of components in a mixture (quantitative analysis), and to break down chemical processes and examine chemica...
Analysis
Types of Analysis
Types of Analysis A) Qualitative Analysis: It is concerned with which components are in a given sample or compound. Example: Precipitation reaction B) Quantitative Analysis: It is to determine the quantity of individual component present in a given sample or compound. Example: To find concentration by uv-spectroph...
Analysis
Isotopes
Isotopes Chemists can use isotope analysis to assist analysts with issues in anthropology, archeology, food chemistry, forensics, geology, and a host of other questions of physical science. Analysts can discern the origins of natural and man-made isotopes in the study of environmental radioactivity.
Analysis
Computer science
Computer science Requirements analysis – encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, such as beneficiaries or users. Competitive analysis (online algorithm) – shows h...
Analysis
Engineering
Engineering Analysts in the field of engineering look at requirements, structures, mechanisms, systems and dimensions. Electrical engineers analyse systems in electronics. Life cycles and system failures are broken down and studied by engineers. It is also looking at different factors incorporated within the design.
Analysis
Mathematics
Mathematics Modern mathematical analysis is the study of infinite processes. It is the branch of mathematics that includes calculus. It can be applied in the study of classical concepts of mathematics, such as real numbers, complex variables, trigonometric functions, and algorithms, or of non-classical concepts like ...
Analysis
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis – seeks to elucidate connections among unconscious components of patients' mental processes Transactional analysis Transactional analysis is used by therapists to try to gain a better understanding of the unconscious. It focuses on understanding and intervening human behavior.
Analysis
Signal processing
Signal processing Finite element analysis – a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis Independent component analysis Link quality analysis – the analysis of signal quality Path quality analysis Fourier analysis
Analysis
Statistics
Statistics In statistics, the term analysis may refer to any method used for data analysis. Among the many such methods, some are: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) – a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures which compare means by splitting the overall observed variance into different parts Boole...
Analysis
Business
Business Financial statement analysis – the analysis of the accounts and the economic prospects of a firm Financial analysis – refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of a business, sub-business or project Gap analysis – involves the comparison of actual performance with potential or d...