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Augustin-Jean Fresnel
External links
External links List of English translations of works by Augustin Fresnel at Zenodo. United States Lighthouse Society, especially "Fresnel Lenses ". . . Category:1788 births Category:1827 deaths Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Category:19th-century French physicists Category:Burials at Père Lachai...
Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Table of Content
Short description, Early life, Family, Education, Religious formation, Engineering assignments, Contributions to physical optics, Historical context: From Newton to Biot, Rêveries, Diffraction, First attempt (1815), "Efficacious ray", double-mirror experiment (1816), Prize memoir (1818) and sequel, Polarization, Backgr...
Abbot
short description
thumb|upright|St. Dominic of Silos enthroned as abbot (Hispano-Flemish Gothic 15th century) Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from abba, the Aramaic form of the Hebrew ab, and means "father".Thomas Oesterr...
Abbot
Origins
Origins The title had its origin in the monasteries of Egypt and Syria, spread through the eastern Mediterranean, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. The word is derived from the Aramaic meaning "father" or , meaning "my father" (it still has this meaning ...
Abbot
Monastic history
Monastic history thumb|upright|Coptic icon of Saint Pachomius, the founder of cenobitic monasticism thumb|Carving of Saint Benedict of Nursia, holding an abbot's crozier and his Rule for Monasteries (Münsterschwarzach, Germany) thumb|upright|Thomas Schoen, abbot of Bornem Abbey thumb|upright|Benedictine Archabbot Schob...
Abbot
Early history
Early history In Egypt, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined. Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over several, each of which had its own abbot as well. Saint John Cassian speaks of an abbot of the Thebaid who had 500 monks under him. ...
Abbot
Later Middle Ages
Later Middle Ages In the 12th century, the abbots of Fulda claimed precedence of the archbishop of Cologne. Abbots more and more assumed almost episcopal state, and in defiance of the prohibition of early councils and the protests of St Bernard and others, adopted the episcopal insignia of mitre, ring, gloves and sand...
Abbot
Appointments
Appointments When a vacancy occurred, the bishop of the diocese chose the abbot out of the monks of the monastery, but the right of election was transferred by jurisdiction to the monks themselves, reserving to the bishop the confirmation of the election and the benediction of the new abbot. In abbeys exempt from the a...
Abbot
General information
General information Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house. When he appeared either in church or chapter all present rose and bowed. His letters were received kneeling, as were those of the pope and the king. No monk might sit in his presence, or leav...
Abbot
Modern practices
Modern practices In the Roman Catholic Church, abbots continue to be elected by the monks of an abbey to lead them as their religious superior in those orders and monasteries that make use of the term (some orders of monks, as the Carthusians for instance, have only priors). A monastery must have been granted the statu...
Abbot
Abbatial hierarchy
Abbatial hierarchy In some monastic families, there is a hierarchy of precedence or authority among abbots. In some cases, this is the result of an abbey being considered the "mother" of several "daughter" abbeys founded as dependent priories of the "mother". In other cases, abbeys have affiliated in networks known as ...
Abbot
Modern abbots not as superior
Modern abbots not as superior The title abbé (French; Ital. abate), as commonly used in the Catholic Church on the European continent, is the equivalent of the English "Father" (parallel etymology), being loosely applied to all who have received the tonsure. This use of the title is said to have originated in the righ...
Abbot
Eastern Christian
Eastern Christian In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the abbot is referred to as the hegumen. The Superior of a monastery of nuns is called the Hēguménē. The title of archimandrite (literally the head of the enclosure) used to mean something similar. In the East, the principle set forth in the Cor...
Abbot
Honorary and other uses of the title
Honorary and other uses of the title Although currently in the Western Church the title "abbot" is given only abbots of monasteries, the title archimandrite is given to "monastics" (i.e., celibate) priests in the East, even when not attached to a monastery, as an honor for service, similar to the title of monsignor in ...
Abbot
Abbots in art and literature
Abbots in art and literature thumb|upright|"The Abbot", from the Dance of Death, by Hans Holbein the Younger "The Abbot" is one of the archetypes traditionally illustrated in scenes of Danse Macabre. The lives of numerous abbots make up a significant contribution to Christian hagiography, one of the most well-known be...
Abbot
See also
See also Abbé Abbé Pierre Abbot (Buddhism) Abthain Commendatory abbot
Abbot
Notes
Notes
Abbot
References
References
Abbot
External links
External links Russian Orthodox Abbot of Valaam Monastery The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel in the Holy Land Category:Religious terminology Category:Ecclesiastical titles Category:Monasticism Category:Organisation of Catholic religious orders Category:Religious leadership roles Category:Catholic ecclesia...
Abbot
Table of Content
short description, Origins, Monastic history, Early history, Later Middle Ages, Appointments, General information, Modern practices, Abbatial hierarchy, Modern abbots not as superior, Eastern Christian, Honorary and other uses of the title, Abbots in art and literature, See also, Notes, References, External links
Ardipithecus
Short description
Ardipithecus is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene epochs in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Originally described as one of the earliest ancestors of humans after they diverged from the chimpanzees, the relation of this genus to human ancestors and whether it is a homini...
Ardipithecus
''Ardipithecus ramidus''
Ardipithecus ramidus A. ramidus was named in September 1994. The first fossil found was dated to 4.4 million years ago on the basis of its stratigraphic position between two volcanic strata: the basal Gaala Tuff Complex (G.A.T.C.) and the Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff (D.A.B.T.). The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly...
Ardipithecus
Ardi
Ardi On October 1, 2009, paleontologists formally announced the discovery of the relatively complete A. ramidus fossil skeleton first unearthed in 1994. The fossil is the remains of a small-brained female, nicknamed "Ardi", and includes most of the skull and teeth, as well as the pelvis, hands, and feet. It was dis...
Ardipithecus
''Ardipithecus kadabba''
Ardipithecus kadabba thumb|250px|Ardipithecus kadabba fossils Ardipithecus kadabba is "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones", and is dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago. It has been described as a "probable chronospecies" (i.e. ancestor) of A. ramidus. Although originally considered a...
Ardipithecus
Classification
Classification Due to several shared characteristics with chimpanzees, its closeness to ape divergence period, and due to its fossil incompleteness, the exact position of Ardipithecus in the fossil record is a subject of controversy. Primatologist Esteban Sarmiento had systematically compared and concluded that there...
Ardipithecus
Paleobiology
Paleobiology The Ardipithecus length measures are good indicators of function and together with dental isotope data and the fauna and flora from the fossil site indicate Ardipithecus was mainly a terrestrial quadruped collecting a large portion of its food on the ground. Its arboreal behaviors would have been limited...
Ardipithecus
See also
See also Australopithecus Paranthropus Graecopithecus List of human evolution fossils Orrorin Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
References
References
Ardipithecus
External links
External links Science Magazine: Ardipithecus special (requires free registration) The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program: Ardipithecus kadabba Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus at Archaeology info Explore Ardipithecus at NationalGeographic.com Ardipithecus ramidus - Science Journal Arti...
Ardipithecus
Table of Content
Short description, ''Ardipithecus ramidus'', Ardi, ''Ardipithecus kadabba'', Classification, Paleobiology, See also, References, External links
Assembly line
Short description
thumb|An Airbus A321 on final assembly line 3 in the Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder plant thumb|Hyundai's car assembly line An assembly line, often called progressive assembly, is a manufacturing process where the unfinished product moves in a direct line from workstation to workstation, with parts added in sequence unti...
Assembly line
Concepts
Concepts thumb|Lotus Cars assembly line as of 2008 Assembly lines are designed for the sequential organization of workers, tools or machines, and parts. The motion of workers is minimized to the extent possible. All parts or assemblies are handled either by conveyors or motorized vehicles such as forklifts, or gravity,...
Assembly line
Simple example
Simple example thumb|right|Motor assembly line at Willys-Overland Company, Toledo, Ohio, 1920 Consider the assembly of a car: assume that certain steps in the assembly line are to install the engine, install the hood, and install the wheels (in that order, with arbitrary interstitial steps); only one of these steps can...
Assembly line
History
History Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A single craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product. They would use their skills and tools such as files and knives to create the individual parts. They would then assemble them into the final pr...
Assembly line
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention. Many industries, notably textiles, firearms, clocks and watches,G.N. Georgano 1985. horse-drawn vehicles, railway locomotives, sewing machines, and bicycles, saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machini...
Assembly line
Interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts During the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as the screw-cutting lathe, metal planer, and milling machine, and of toolpath control via jigs and fixtures, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making interchangeable parts a practical reality.Beetz, Kir...
Assembly line
Late 19th-century steam and electric conveyors
Late 19th-century steam and electric conveyors Steam-powered conveyor lifts began being used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century. Hounshell (1984) shows a sketch of an electric-powered conveyor moving cans through a filling line in a canning factory. The meatpacking indu...
Assembly line
20th century
20th century right|thumb|Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first. thumb|1913 Experimenting with the mounting body on Model T chassis. Ford tested various assembly methods to optimize the procedures before permanently installing the equipment. The actual assembly line used an overhead crane to...
Assembly line
Improved working conditions
Improved working conditions In his 1922 autobiography, Henry Ford mentions several benefits of the assembly line including: Workers do not do any heavy lifting. No stooping or bending over. No special training was required. There are jobs that almost anyone can do. Provided employment to immigrants. The gains in ...
Assembly line
Sociological problems
Sociological problems Sociological work has explored the social alienation and boredom that many workers feel because of the repetition of doing the same specialized task all day long. Karl Marx expressed in his theory of alienation the belief that, in order to achieve job satisfaction, workers need to see themselves ...
Assembly line
See also
See also Modern Times, a 1936 film featuring the Tramp character (played by Charlie Chaplin) struggling to adapt to assembly line work Final Offer, a documentary film about the 1984 UAW/CAW contract negotiations shows working life on the floor of the GM Oshawa Ontario Car Assembly Plant Reconfigurable and flexible ma...
Assembly line
References
References
Assembly line
Footnotes
Footnotes
Assembly line
Works cited
Works cited
Assembly line
External links
External links Homepage for assembly line optimization research Assembly line optimization problems History of the assembly line and its widespread effects Cars Assembly Line Category:Industrial processes Category:Mass production Category:Manufacturing buildings and structures Category:American inventions Categor...
Assembly line
Table of Content
Short description, Concepts, Simple example, History, Industrial Revolution, Interchangeable parts, Late 19th-century steam and electric conveyors, 20th century, Improved working conditions, Sociological problems, See also, References, Footnotes, Works cited, External links
Adelaide
Short description
Adelaide ( , ; ) is the capital and most populous city of South Australia, as well as the fifth-most populous city in Australia. The name "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre; the demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Ad...
Adelaide
History
History
Adelaide
Before European settlement
Before European settlement thumb|upright|alt= Area to the east of Gulf St Vincent highlighted|The approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000) The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the Kaurna people, one of many Aboriginal tribes in South Australia. The ci...
Adelaide
19th century
19th century upright|thumb|alt= Painting of person|Queen Adelaide, after whom the city was named thumb|right|alt= Refer to caption|In July 1876, the Illustrated Sydney News published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide: (South) Adelaide (the CBD), River Torrens, and portion...
Adelaide
20th century
20th century thumb|alt= Electric trams and motor cars at a crossroads in a densely built up area|The intersection of North Terrace and King William Street viewed from Parliament House, 1938 thumb|alt= Refer to caption|An aerial view of Adelaide in 1935, when it was Australia's third largest city. Of note is that only...
Adelaide
21st century
21st century alt=Adelaide City Skyline during 2022 Australia Day Celebrations Forefront: Torrens River, Elder Bank and Riverbank Precinct. From Right to Left: Stanford Hotel, Convention Centre, Myer Centre, The Switch, Realm Adelaide, Frome Central Tower One, GSA North Terrace, Schulz Building (Adelaide University)....
Adelaide
Geography
Geography thumb|Adelaide metropolitan area, with some suburbs named Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the relatively low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges (Mount Lofty, the highest point, is 710 metres above sea level). The city stretches from the coast to th...
Adelaide
Geology
Geology Adelaide and its surrounding area is one of the most seismically active regions in Australia. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12 km from the city centre at Darlington, and a reported magnitude of 5.6.C. Kerr-Grant (1955): The Adelaide E...
Adelaide
Urban layout
Urban layout Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel William Light. His plan, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision" (also the name of a statue of him on Montefiore Hill), arranged Adelaide in a grid, with five squares in the Adelaide city centre and a ring o...
Adelaide
Housing
Housing thumb|right|Terraced housing on North Terrace Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on blocks. A relative lack of suitable, locally-available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry,...
Adelaide
Climate
Climate thumb|A spring storm over Adelaide Adelaide has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification. The city has hot, dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. Most precipitation falls in the winter months, leading to the suggestion that the climate be classified as a...
Adelaide
Liveability
Liveability thumb|Rymill Park in autumn Adelaide was consistently ranked in the world's 10 most liveable cities through the 2010s by The Economist Intelligence Unit. In June 2021, The Economist ranked Adelaide the third most liveable city in the world, behind Auckland and Osaka. In June 2023, Adelaide was ranked the...
Adelaide
Governance
Governance thumb|Parliament House, Adelaide Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the Government of South Australia. The bicameral Parliament of South Australia consists of the lower house known as the House of Assembly and the upper house known as the Legislative Council. General elections ar...
Adelaide
Local governments
Local governments The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between nineteen local government areas. At its centre, the City of Adelaide administers the Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide, and the surrounding Adelaide Parklands. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when...
Adelaide
Demography
Demography thumb|Adelaide's population density by mesh blocks (MB), 2016 census Adelaide's inhabitants are known as Adelaideans. Compared with Australia's other state capitals, Adelaide is growing at a rate similar to Sydney and Hobart (see List of cities in Australia by population). In 2024, it had a metropolitan p...
Adelaide
Ancestry and immigration
Ancestry and immigration + Country of Birth (2021) Birthplace Population Australia 953,200 England 78,486 India 42,933 Mainland China 24,921 Vietnam 16,564 Italy 15,667 Philippines 12,826 New Zealand 10,238 Scotland 9,381 Malaysia 8,509 Afghanistan 7,909 Germany 7,680 Greece 7,590 Nepal 7,055 South Africa 6,98...
Adelaide
Language
Language At the 2016 census, 75.4% of the population spoke English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Italian (2.1%), Standard Mandarin (2.1%), Greek (1.7%) Vietnamese (1.4%), and Cantonese (0.7%). The Kaurna language, spoken by the area's original inhabitants, had no living speakers in th...
Adelaide
Religion
Religion thumb|left|St Nicholas Church, a Russian Orthodox church in Wayville. Adelaide's 19th century moniker was The City of Churches. Adelaide was founded on a vision of religious tolerance that attracted a wide variety of religious practitioners. This led to it being known as The City of Churches.Religion: Diver...
Adelaide
Economy
Economy thumb|The new Royal Adelaide Hospital opened in 2017. Health care and social assistance is the largest ABS-defined employment sector in South Australia. South Australia's largest employment sectors are health care and social assistance, surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07. In...
Adelaide
Defence industry
Defence industry thumb|The Adelaide-built entering Pearl Harbor, August 2004 Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product.Visualised: How Defence dominates govt tenders in SA InDaily, 28 August 2013. Retrieved 1...
Adelaide
Employment statistics
Employment statistics , Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%. The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationall...
Adelaide
House prices
House prices Over the decade March 2001 – March 2010, Metropolitan Adelaide median house prices approximately tripled. (approx. 285% – approx. 11%p.a. compounding) In the five years March 2007 – March 2012, prices increased by approx. 27% – approx. 5%p.a. compounding. March 2012 – March 2017 saw a further increase of...
Adelaide
Education and research
Education and research thumb|Barr Smith Library, part of the University of Adelaide Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the South Australian Government and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a "Learning Ci...
Adelaide
Primary and secondary education
Primary and secondary education There are two systems of primary and secondary schools, a public system operated by the South Australian Government's Department for Education, and a private system of independent and Catholic schools. South Australian schools provide education under the Australian Curriculum for recep...
Adelaide
Tertiary education
Tertiary education thumb|Historic Torrens Building in Victoria Square houses campuses of several international universities operating in South Australia There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as one private university and three constituent colleges of foreign universities. Flinders University ...
Adelaide
Research
Research thumb|right|Bonython Hall, University of Adelaide In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the Royal Institution of Australia, established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old Royal Institution of Great Britain. Many of the organisations involved in ...
Adelaide
{{anchor
Cultural life thumb|The Art Gallery of South Australia on North Terrace thumb|New Year's Eve celebrations in Elder Park on the River Torrens (mid right), Adelaide Oval (further, left) and Adelaide Festival Centre (near right) are also in view. While established as a British province, and very much English in terms o...
Adelaide
North Terrace institutions
North Terrace institutions As the state capital, Adelaide has a great number of cultural institutions, many of them along the boulevard of North Terrace. The Art Gallery of South Australia, with about 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection. Adjacent are the South Australian Museum and S...
Adelaide
Performing arts venues
Performing arts venues thumb|The Adelaide Town Hall thumb|The Adelaide Entertainment Centre, the largest indoor sports and entertainment venue in Adelaide The Adelaide Festival Centre (which includes the Dunstan Playhouse, Festival Theatre and Space Theatre), on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much o...
Adelaide
Music
Music thumb|The Thebarton Theatre, colloquially known as the "Thebby", is one of South Australia's most popular live music venues. In 2015, it was said that there were now more live music venues per capita in Adelaide than any other capital city in the southern hemisphere, Lonely Planet labelled Adelaide "Australia's ...
Adelaide
Television
Television Adelaide is served by numerous digital free-to-air television channels: ABC ABC HD (ABC broadcast in HD) ABC TV Plus ABC Me ABC News SBS SBS HD (SBS broadcast in HD) SBS World Movies HD SBS Viceland HD SBS Food NITV SBS WorldWatch Seven 7HD (Seven broadcast in HD) 7Two 7mate 7Bravo 7flix...
Adelaide
Radio
Radio There are 20 radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area; six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations. DAB+ digital radio has been broadcasting in metropolitan Adelaide since 20 ...
Adelaide
Sport
Sport thumb|Adelaide Oval is the home of Australian Rules football and cricket in South Australia. thumb|Coopers Stadium hosts Adelaide United. The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are Australian Rules football, soccer, cricket, netball, and basketball. Adelaide is the home of two Australian Football L...
Adelaide
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Adelaide
Transport
Transport thumb|Adelaide's railway and tram network, served by the Adelaide Metro Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east–west and north–south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan public transport system managed by and known as the Adelaide Metro. ...
Adelaide
Airports
Airports thumb|left|A Qatar Airways plane at Adelaide Airport with the city skyline in the background The Adelaide metropolitan area has two commercial airports, Adelaide Airport and Parafield Airport. Adelaide Airport, in Adelaide's south-western suburbs, serves in excess of 8 million passengers annually. Parafield...
Adelaide
Health
Health thumb|right|The University of Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, located in the BioMed City precinct on North Terrace Adelaide's two largest hospitals are the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) in Adelaide Parklands, a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Adelaide (800 beds), and the Fli...
Adelaide
Energy
Energy Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the Adelaide Electric Supply Company, which was nationalised by the Playford government in 1946, becoming the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA). Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the L...
Adelaide
Water
Water thumb|An aerial view of Happy Valley Reservoir, 2007 The provision of water services is by the government-owned SA Water. Adelaide's water is supplied from its seven reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para. The yield from these reservoir catchments can...
Adelaide
Communications
Communications AdelaideFree WiFi is a citywide free Wi-Fi network covering most of the inner city areas of Adelaide, primarily the Adelaide CBD and Northern Adelaide precincts. It was officially launched at the Adelaide Central Markets on Tuesday 25 June 2014. It is provided by Internode, with infrastructure provided b...
Adelaide
Sister cities
Sister cities The City of Adelaide has been involved in the sister cities movement since 1972. it has long-term international partnership arrangements with five cities, known as sister cities, based on formal agreements between Adelaide and each city. This allows collaboration in the cultural, educational, business, ...
Adelaide
See also
See also Music of Adelaide Lists Images of Adelaide List of Adelaide obsolete suburb names List of Adelaide parks and gardens List of Adelaide railway stations List of Adelaide suburbs List of films shot in Adelaide List of people from Adelaide List of protected areas in Adelaide List of public art in So...
Adelaide
Notes
Notes
Adelaide
References
References
Adelaide
Further reading
Further reading (full text)
Adelaide
External links
External links Adelaide City Council > Official City Guide Adelaide City Council Kids in Adelaide Retrieved 12 May 2020. Category:1836 establishments in Australia Category:Australian capital cities Category:Cities in South Australia Category:Coastal cities in Australia Category:Planned capitals Category:Popula...
Adelaide
Table of Content
Short description, History, Before European settlement, 19th century, 20th century, 21st century, Geography, Geology, Urban layout, Housing, Climate, Liveability, Governance, Local governments, Demography, Ancestry and immigration, Language, Religion, Economy, Defence industry, Employment statistics, House prices, Educ...
Alan Garner
Short description
Alan Garner (born 17 October 1934) is an English novelist best known for his children's fantasy novels and his retellings of traditional British folk tales. Much of his work is rooted in the landscape, history and folklore of his native county of Cheshire, North West England, being set in the region and making use of ...
Alan Garner
Biography
Biography
Alan Garner
Early life: 1934–56
Early life: 1934–56 Garner was born in the front room of his grandmother's house in Congleton, Cheshire, on 17 October 1934. He was raised in Alderley Edge, a well-to-do village that had effectively become a suburb of Manchester. His "rural working-class family", had been connected to Alderley Edge since at least the ...
Alan Garner
''The Weirdstone of Brisingamen'' and ''The Moon of Gomrath'': 1957–64
The Weirdstone of Brisingamen and The Moon of Gomrath: 1957–64 Aged 22, Garner was out cycling when he came across a hand-painted sign announcing that an agricultural cottage in Toad Hall – a late medieval building situated in Blackden, seven miles from Alderley Edge – was on sale for £510. Although he personally coul...
Alan Garner
''Elidor'', ''The Owl Service'' and ''Red Shift'': 1964–73
Elidor, The Owl Service and Red Shift: 1964–73 In 1962, Garner began work on a radio play entitled Elidor, which eventually became a novel of the same name. Set in contemporary Manchester, Elidor tells the story of four children who enter a derelict Victorian church and find a portal to the magical realm of Elidor. In...
Alan Garner
''The Stone Book'' series and folkloric collections: 1974–94
The Stone Book series and folkloric collections: 1974–94 From 1976 to 1978, Garner published a series of four novellas, which have come to be collectively known as The Stone Book quartet: The Stone Book, Granny Reardun, The Aimer Gate, and Tom Fobble's Day. Each focused on a day in the life of a child in the Garner fa...
Alan Garner
''Strandloper'', ''Thursbitch'', ''Boneland'', ''Where Shall We Run To?'' and ''Treacle Walker'': 1996–present
Strandloper, Thursbitch, Boneland, Where Shall We Run To? and Treacle Walker: 1996–present thumb|right|Garner at his home in Blackden, 2011 In 1996, Garner's novel Strandloper was published. In 1997, he next wrote The Voice That Thunders, a collection of essays and public talks that contains much autobiographical m...