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Altruism | Jainism | Jainism
thumb|Sculpture depicting the Jain concept of (non-injury)
The fundamental principles of Jainism revolve around altruism, not only for other humans but for all sentient beings. Jainism preaches – to live and let live, not harming sentient beings, i.e. uncompromising reverence for all life. The first , Rishab... |
Altruism | Christianity | Christianity
Thomas Aquinas interprets the biblical phrase "You should love your neighbour as yourself" and as meaning that love for ourselves is the exemplar of love for others.Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II:II Quaestio 25, Article 4 Considering that "the love with which a man loves himself is the form and roo... |
Altruism | Islam | Islam
In the Arabic language, "" (إيثار) means "preferring others to oneself".'iythar Google Translate
On the topic of donating blood to non-Muslims (a controversial topic within the faith), the Shia religious professor, Fadhil al-Milani has provided theological evidence that makes it positively justifiable. In fact, ... |
Altruism | Judaism | Judaism
Judaism defines altruism as the desired goal of creation. Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook stated that love is the most important attribute in humanity. Love is defined as bestowal, or giving, which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. Ka... |
Altruism | Sikhism | Sikhism
Altruism is essential to the Sikh religion. The central faith in Sikhism is that the greatest deed anyone can do is to imbibe and live the godly qualities such as love, affection, sacrifice, patience, harmony, and truthfulness. , or selfless service to the community for its own sake, is an important concept in ... |
Altruism | Hinduism | Hinduism
In Hinduism, selflessness (), love (), kindness (), and forgiveness () are considered as the highest acts of humanity or "". Giving alms to the beggars or poor people is considered as a divine act or "" and Hindus believe it will free their souls from guilt or "" and will led them to heaven or "" in afterlife.... |
Altruism | Philosophy | Philosophy
There is a wide range of philosophical views on humans' obligations or motivations to act altruistically. Proponents of ethical altruism maintain that individuals are morally obligated to act altruistically. The opposing view is ethical egoism, which maintains that moral agents should always act in their ow... |
Altruism | Effective altruism | Effective altruism
Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that uses evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. Effective altruism encourages individuals to consider all causes and actions and to act in the way that brings about the greatest positive impact, based upo... |
Altruism | Extreme altruism | Extreme altruism |
Altruism | Pathological altruism | Pathological altruism
Pathological altruism is altruism taken to an unhealthy extreme, such that it either harms the altruistic person or the person's well-intentioned actions cause more harm than good.
The term "pathological altruism" was popularised by the book Pathological Altruism.
Examples include depression and... |
Altruism | Characteristics of extreme altruists | Characteristics of extreme altruists
Norms
In 1970, Schwartz hypothesised that extreme altruism is positively related to a person's moral norms and is not influenced by the cost associated with the action. This hypothesis was supported in the same study examining bone marrow donors. Schwartz discovered that indivi... |
Altruism | Possible explanations | Possible explanations
Evolutionary theories such as the kin-selection, reciprocity, vested interest and punishment either contradict or do not fully explain the concept of extreme altruism. As a result, considerable research has attempted for a separate explanation for this behaviour.
Costly Signalling Theory for E... |
Altruism | Digital altruism | Digital altruism
Digital altruism is the notion that some are willing to freely share information based on the principle of reciprocity and in the belief that in the end, everyone benefits from sharing information via the Internet.
There are three types of digital altruism: (1) "everyday digital altruism", involving e... |
Altruism | See also | See also
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Altruism | Further reading | Further reading
Cappelen, Alexander W.; Enke, Benjamin; Tungodden, Bertil (2025). "Universalism: Global Evidence". American Economic Review. 115 (1): 43–76. |
Altruism | Notes | Notes |
Altruism | References | References
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Altruism | External links | External links
Category:Auguste Comte
Category:Defence mechanisms
Category:Interpersonal relationships
Category:Moral psychology
Category:Morality
Category:Philanthropy
Category:Social philosophy |
Altruism | Table of Content | Short description, The notion of altruism, Cross-cultural perspectives on altruism, Scientific viewpoints<!--linked from 'Evolution of morality'-->, Anthropology, Evolutionary explanations, Neurobiology, Psychology, Genetics and environment, Sociology, Religious viewpoints, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Judai... |
Ayn Rand | Short description | Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system which she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States ... |
Ayn Rand | Life and career | Life and career |
Ayn Rand | Early life | Early life
Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February2, 1905, into a Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg, which was then the capital of the Russian Empire. She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna (). She was 12 when the October R... |
Ayn Rand | Early fiction | Early fiction
thumb|upright|alt=Poster for the play Night of January 16th|Rand's play Night of January 16th opened on Broadway in 1935.
In 1932, Rand's first literary success was the sale of her screenplay Red Pawn to Universal Studios, although it was never produced. Her courtroom drama Night of January 16th, first... |
Ayn Rand | ''The Fountainhead'' and political activism | The Fountainhead and political activism
In the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband were full-time volunteers for Republican Wendell Willkie's 1940 presidential campaign. This work put her in contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journal... |
Ayn Rand | ''Atlas Shrugged'' and Objectivism | Atlas Shrugged and Objectivism
thumb|upright|alt=Magazine cover with a man holding lightning bolts|Rand's novella Anthem was reprinted in the June 1953 issue of the pulp magazine Famous Fantastic Mysteries.Ralston, Richard E. "Publishing Anthem". In .
Following the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received many... |
Ayn Rand | Later years | Later years
In the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through nonfiction and speeches, including annual lectures at the Ford Hall Forum. In answers to audience questions, she took controversial stances on political and social issues. These included supporting abortion rights, oppo... |
Ayn Rand | Literary approach, influences and reception | Literary approach, influences and reception
Rand described her approach to literature as "romantic realism". She wanted her fiction to present the world "as it could be and should be", rather than as it was.Britting, Jeff. "Adapting The Fountainhead to Film". In . This approach led her to create highly stylized situa... |
Ayn Rand | Influences | Influences
thumb|upright|alt=Photo of Victor Hugo|Rand admired the novels of Victor Hugo.
In school, Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, and Friedrich Schiller, who became her favorites. She considered them to be among the "top rank" of Romantic writers because of their focus on moral t... |
Ayn Rand | Contemporary reviews | Contemporary reviews
thumb|right|upright|alt=Photo of Rand|Rand in 1957
The first reviews Rand received were for Night of January 16th. Reviews of the Broadway production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the produc... |
Ayn Rand | Academic assessments of Rand's fiction | Academic assessments of Rand's fiction
Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was limited. Mimi Reisel Gladstein could not find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s. Since her ... |
Ayn Rand | Philosophy | Philosophy
Rand called her philosophy "Objectivism", describing its essence as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute". She considered Objectivism a systematic philosophy and ... |
Ayn Rand | Metaphysics and epistemology | Metaphysics and epistemology
In metaphysics, Rand supported philosophical realism and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernaturalism, including all forms of religion.Den Uyl, Douglas J. & Rasmussen, Douglas B. "Ayn Rand's Realism". In . Rand believed in free will as a form of agent causation and reject... |
Ayn Rand | Ethics and politics | Ethics and politics
In ethics, Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism (rational self-interest), as the guiding moral principle. She said the individual should "exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself".Wright, Darryl. A Human Society': Rand's Social Philosop... |
Ayn Rand | Relationship to other philosophers | Relationship to other philosophers
Except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals, Rand was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her. Acknowledging Aristotle as her greatest influence, Rand remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend "three ... |
Ayn Rand | Early academic reaction | Early academic reaction
During Rand's lifetime, her work received little attention from academic scholars. In 1967, John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition of his textbook, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis. In 1967, Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Objectivism in her book ... |
Ayn Rand | 21st-century academic reaction | 21st-century academic reaction
In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified "an explosion of scholarship" about Rand since 2000; however, as of that year, few universities included Rand or Objectivism as a philosophical specialty or research area. From 2002 to 2012, over 60 colleges and universities accepted grants f... |
Ayn Rand | Legacy | Legacy |
Ayn Rand | Popular interest | Popular interest
thumb|upright|alt=Dust jacket from Atlas Shrugged depicting railroad tracks|Atlas Shrugged has sold more than 10 million copies.
With over 37million copies sold , Rand's books continue to be read widely. In 1991, a survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book of the Month Club asked clu... |
Ayn Rand | Political influence | Political influence
Although she rejected the labels "conservative" and "libertarian", Rand has had a continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism. Rand is often considered one of the three most important women, along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson, in the early development of modern Ame... |
Ayn Rand | Objectivist movement | Objectivist movement
thumb|right|upright|alt=Photo of Leonard Peikoff|Rand's heir Leonard Peikoff co-founded the Ayn Rand Institute.
After the closure of the Nathaniel Branden Institute, the Objectivist movement continued in other forms. In the 1970s, Peikoff began delivering courses on Objectivism. In 1979, Peter S... |
Ayn Rand | Selected works | Selected works
Fiction and drama
Night of January 16th (performed 1934, published 1968)
We the Living (1936, revised 1959)
Anthem (1938, revised 1946)
The Unconquered (performed 1940, published 2014)
The Fountainhead (1943)
Atlas Shrugged (1957)
The Early Ayn Rand (1984)
Ideal (1936, performed 1989)
Think T... |
Ayn Rand | Notes | Notes |
Ayn Rand | References | References |
Ayn Rand | Works cited | Works cited
Reprinted from Esquire, July 1961.
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Ayn Rand | Further reading | Further reading
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Ayn Rand | External links | External links
Rand's papers at The Library of Congress
Ayn Rand Lexicon – searchable database
Frequently Asked Questions About Ayn Rand from the Ayn Rand Institute
"Writings of Ayn Rand" – from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
Category:1905 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:2... |
Ayn Rand | Table of Content | Short description, Life and career, Early life, Early fiction, ''The Fountainhead'' and political activism, ''Atlas Shrugged'' and Objectivism, Later years, Literary approach, influences and reception, Influences, Contemporary reviews, Academic assessments of Rand's fiction, Philosophy, Metaphysics and epistemology, Et... |
Alain Connes | short description | Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. He was a professor at the , , Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982. |
Alain Connes | Career | Career
Alain Connes attended high school at in Marseille, and was then a student of the classes préparatoires in . Between 1966 and 1970 he studied at École normale supérieure in Paris, and in 1973 he obtained a PhD from Pierre and Marie Curie University, under the supervision of Jacques Dixmier.
From 1970 to 1974 he... |
Alain Connes | Research | Research
Connes' main research interests revolved around operator algebras. Besides noncommutative geometry, he has applied his works in various areas of mathematics and number theory, differential geometry.Alexander Hellemans, "The Geometer of Particle Physics" Scientific American, 24 July 2006 Since the 1990s, he ... |
Alain Connes | Awards and honours | Awards and honours
Connes was awarded the Peccot-Vimont Prize in 1976, the Ampère Prize in 1980, the Fields Medal in 1982, the Clay Research Award in 2000 and the Crafoord Prize in 2001. The French National Centre for Scientific Research granted him the silver medal in 1977 and the gold medal in 2004.
He was an invit... |
Alain Connes | Family | Family
Alain Connes is the middle-born of three sons – born to parents both of whom lived to be 101 years old. He married in 1971. |
Alain Connes | Books | Books
Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives, Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007,
Alain Connes, André Lichnerowicz, and Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger, Triangle of Thought, translated by Jennifer Gage, American Mathematical Society, 2001,
Jean-... |
Alain Connes | See also | See also
Bost–Connes system
Cyclic category
Cyclic homology
Factor (functional analysis)
Higgs boson
C*-algebra
Noncommutative quantum field theory
M-theory
Groupoid
Spectral triple
Criticism of non-standard analysis
Riemann hypothesis |
Alain Connes | References | References |
Alain Connes | External links | External links
Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book Non-commutative geometry, .
Alain Connes' Standard Model
An interview with Alain Connes and a discussion about it
Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Draguignan
Category:20th-century French... |
Alain Connes | Table of Content | short description, Career, Research, Awards and honours, Family, Books, See also, References, External links |
Allan Dwan | Short description | Allan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter. |
Allan Dwan | Early life | Early life
Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan (née Hunt). The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Det... |
Allan Dwan | Career | Career
Dwan started his directing career by accident in 1911, when he was sent by his employers to California, in order to locate a company that had vanished. Dwan managed to track the company down, and learned that they were waiting for a film director (who was an alcoholic) to return from a binge and allow them to re... |
Allan Dwan | Partial filmography as director | Partial filmography as director
The Restless Spirit (1913)
Back to Life (1913)
Bloodhounds of the North (1913)
The Lie (1914)
The Honor of the Mounted (1914)
The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914)
Remember Mary Magdalen (1914)
Discord and Harmony (1914)
The Embezzler (1914)
The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914)
The End of th... |
Allan Dwan | See also | See also
Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood |
Allan Dwan | References | References |
Allan Dwan | Further reading | Further reading
Brownlow, Kevin, The Parade's Gone By... (1968)
Bogdanovich, Peter, Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer (1971)
Foster, Charles, Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood (2000)
Lombardi, Frederic, Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios (2013)
Print E-book |
Allan Dwan | External links | External links
Allan Dwan profile, virtual-history.com; accessed June 16, 2014
Category:1885 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:20th-century American male writers
Category:20th-century American screenwriters
Category:Film directors from Los Angeles
Category:Film producers from Los Angeles
Category:American male scr... |
Allan Dwan | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Partial filmography as director, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Algeria | short description | Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Medi... |
Algeria | Name | Name
alt=Page of typeset book|left|thumb|"Algeria" page in the Civitates Orbis Terrarium of 1575
Different forms of the name Algeria include: , , . The country's full name is officially the People's Democratic Republic of AlgeriaProclamación de la República argelina , Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st... |
Algeria | Etymology | Etymology
Algeria's name derives from the city of Algiers, which in turn derives from the Arabic (, 'the islands'), referring to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older (, 'islands of Bani Mazghanna').al-Idrisi, Muhammad (12th century) Nuzhat al-Mushtaq The name was given by Buluggin ibn Zir... |
Algeria | History | History |
Algeria | Prehistory and ancient history | Prehistory and ancient history
left|thumb|Roman ruins at Djémila
Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit ... |
Algeria | Middle Ages | Middle Ages
After negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.
Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th centur... |
Algeria | Early modern era | Early modern era
thumb|upright|left|Hayreddin Barbarossa
In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who operated successfully under the Hafsids, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards with help from the locals who saw t... |
Algeria | French colonisation (1830–1962) | French colonisation (1830–1962)
thumb|Battle of Somah in 1836
Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached genocidal proportions. Historian Ben Kiernan wrote o... |
Algeria | The first three decades of independence (1962–1991) | The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)
The number of European Pied-Noirs who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the Oran massacre of 1962, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking c... |
Algeria | Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath | Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath
thumb|Massacres of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) claimed responsibility for many of them.
In December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first of two rounds of legislative elections. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the autho... |
Algeria | Geography | Geography
thumb|The Sahara, the Hoggar Mountains and the Atlas Mountains compose the Algerian relief.
thumb|The Algerian Desert makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.
Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean B... |
Algeria | Climate and hydrology | Climate and hydrology
thumb|left|Algeria map of Köppen climate classification
In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.
Rainfall is fai... |
Algeria | Fauna and flora | Fauna and flora
thumb|left|The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria.
The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife.
In Algeria forest cover is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) o... |
Algeria | Government and politics | Government and politics
left|thumb|upright|Abdelmadjid Tebboune, President of Algeria since 2019
Algeria's government has been described as authoritarian,Muradova Huseynova, L. (2016). Riqueza petrolífera y autoritarismo: Argelia en la Primavera Árabe. Revista Española De Ciencia Política, (40). Retrieved from https... |
Algeria | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
thumb|President Abdelaziz Bouteflika and George W. Bush exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are Dmitriy Medvedev, left, and Yasuo Fukuda, right.
Algeria is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood P... |
Algeria | Military | Military
thumb|A Djebel Chenoua-class corvette, designed and assembled in Algeria
The military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defence Forces. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Ar... |
Algeria | Human rights | Human rights
Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded Freedom House as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free". In December 2016, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report rega... |
Algeria | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
Algeria is divided into 58 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is usually the largest city.
The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. Whe... |
Algeria | Economy | Economy
upright=1.35|thumb|right|GDP per capita development in Algeria
Algeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In June 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for Algeria, which joins ... |
Algeria | Oil and natural resources | Oil and natural resources
thumb|Pipelines across Algeria
Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an OPEC member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long bee... |
Algeria | Research and alternative energy sources | Research and alternative energy sources
Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development programme is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power. Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar ener... |
Algeria | Labour market | Labour market
The overall rate of unemployment was 11.8% in 2023. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programmes introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the programme to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).
Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and ... |
Algeria | Tourism | Tourism
thumb|Djanet
The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.
There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Alger... |
Algeria | Transport | Transport
thumb|The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the Cairo–Dakar Highway project.
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:
Cairo-Dakar Highway
Algiers-Lagos Highway
The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at of high... |
Algeria | Demographics | Demographics
Algeria has a population of an estimated 45.6 million, of which the majority, 75% to 85% are ethnically Arab. At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately 4 million. About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentr... |
Algeria | Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups
left|thumb|Some of Algeria's traditional clothes
Arabs and indigenous Berbers as well as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, Turks, various Sub-Saharan Africans, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria. Descendants of Andalusi refugees are also present in the popul... |
Algeria | Languages | Languages
Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.thumb|Signs in the University of Tizi Ouzou in three languages: Arabic... |
Algeria | Religion | Religion
thumb|right|Hassan Pasha Mosque in Oran
Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA World Factbook estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in ... |
Algeria | Health | Health
In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas. Some ... |
Algeria | Education | Education
thumb|UIS literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015
Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who h... |
Algeria | Culture | Culture
thumb|Algerian musicians in Tlemcen, Regency of Algiers; by Bachir Yellès
Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Tamazight and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Most... |
Algeria | Media | Media |
Algeria | Art | Art
thumb|upright=0.65|left|Mohammed Racim; founder of the Algerian school for painting
Algerian painters, like Mohammed Racim and Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. ... |
Algeria | Literature | Literature
The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the Numidian and Roman African era, when Apuleius wrote The Golden Ass, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known Augustine of Hippo, Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella, among many others. The Middle Ages have known... |