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Algeria | Cinema | Cinema
thumb|Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema
The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented... |
Algeria | Cuisine | Cuisine
thumb|upright=0.7| Couscous, the national dish of Algeria
Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries. It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of ... |
Algeria | Sports | Sports
thumb|The Algeria national football team
Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the Aures, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (chess variant). Playing cards, checkers and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (fantasia) and rifle shooting are part of cu... |
Algeria | See also | See also
Index of Algeria-related articles
Outline of Algeria |
Algeria | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
Algeria | Citations | Citations |
Algeria | General bibliography | General bibliography
Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: Hurst. .
Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects. Routledge. .
Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988... |
Algeria | External links | External links
Key Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures |
Algeria | Government | Government
Public Services – gateway to government sites
El Mouradia Palace – official website of the president of Algeria
Statistics – official website of National Office of Statistics |
Algeria | History | History
"History" – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
Algeria | Tourism | Tourism
Visit Algeria – Algeria's official tourism portal |
Algeria | Maps | Maps
Category:North African countries
Category:Maghrebi countries
Category:Saharan countries
Category:Arab republics
Category:Republics
Category:French-speaking countries and territories
Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
Category:G15 nations
Category:Member states of OPEC
... |
Algeria | Table of Content | short description, Name, Etymology, History, Prehistory and ancient history, Middle Ages, Early modern era, French colonisation (1830–1962), The first three decades of independence (1962–1991), Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath, Geography, Climate and hydrology, Fauna and flora, Government and politics, Foreign relat... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Short description | This is a list of characters in Ayn Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged. |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Major characters | Major characters
The following are major characters from the novel. |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Protagonists | Protagonists |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Dagny Taggart | Dagny Taggart
Dagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel. She is vice president in charge of operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart. Given James' incompetence, Dagny is responsible for all the workings of the railroad. |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Francisco d'Anconia | Francisco d'Anconia
Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged, an owner by inheritance of the world's largest copper mining operation. He is a childhood friend, and the first love, of Dagny Taggart. A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the "climax" of the d'Anconia l... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | John Galt | John Galt
John Galt is the primary male hero of Atlas Shrugged. He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental. Only Eddie's s... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Henry "Hank" Rearden | Henry "Hank" Rearden
Henry (known as "Hank") Rearden is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged. He owns the most important steel company in the United States, and invents Rearden Metal, an alloy stronger, lighter, cheaper and tougher than steel. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife Lillian, his brother Phili... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Eddie Willers | Eddie Willers
Edwin "Eddie" Willers is the Special Assistant to the vice-president in Charge of Operations at Taggart Transcontinental. His father and grandfather worked for the Taggarts, and himself likewise. He is completely loyal to Dagny and to Taggart Transcontinental. Willers does not possess the creative ability... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Ragnar Danneskjöld | Ragnar Danneskjöld
One of Galt's first followers, and world-famous as a pirate, who seizes relief ships sent from the United States to the People's States of Europe. He works to ensure that once those espousing Galt's philosophy are restored to their rightful place in society, they have enough capital to rebuild the wo... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Antagonists | Antagonists |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | James Taggart | James Taggart
The President of Taggart Transcontinental and the book's most important antagonist. Taggart is an expert influence peddler but incapable of making operational decisions on his own. He relies on his sister, Dagny Taggart, to actually run the railroad, but nonetheless opposes her in almost every endeavor be... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Lillian Rearden | Lillian Rearden
The unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden, who dislikes his habits and (secretly at first) seeks to ruin Rearden to prove her own value. Lillian achieves this, when she passes information to James Taggart about her husband's affair with his sister. This information is used to blackmail Rearden to sign a Gif... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Dr. Floyd Ferris | Dr. Floyd Ferris
Ferris is a biologist who works as "co-ordinator" at the State Science Institute. He uses his position there to deride reason and productive achievement, and publishes a book entitled Why Do You Think You Think? He clashes on several occasions with Hank Rearden, and twice attempts to blackmail Rearden ... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Dr. Robert Stadler | Dr. Robert Stadler
A former professor at Patrick Henry University, and along with colleague Hugh Akston, mentor to Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He has since become a sell-out, one who had great promise but squandered it for social approval, to the detriment of the free. He works at the State ... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Wesley Mouch | Wesley Mouch
The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom Hank Rearden reluctantly employs in Washington, who rises to prominence and authority throughout the novel through trading favours and disloyalty. In return for betraying Hank by helping broker the Equalization of Opportunity Bill (which, by restricting the num... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Secondary characters | Secondary characters
The following secondary characters also appear in the novel.
Hugh Akston is identified as "one of the last great advocates of reason." He was a renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar D... |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Notes | Notes |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | References | References |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Works cited | Works cited |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | External links | External links
Website with comprehensive list of individuals mentioned in Atlas Shrugged
Category:Fictional socialites
Category:Lists of literary characters
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1957 |
List of Atlas Shrugged characters | Table of Content | Short description, Major characters, Protagonists, Dagny Taggart, Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, Henry "Hank" Rearden, Eddie Willers, Ragnar Danneskjöld, Antagonists, James Taggart, Lillian Rearden, Dr. Floyd Ferris, Dr. Robert Stadler, Wesley Mouch, Secondary characters, Notes, References, Works cited, External links |
Anthropology | Short description | Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and value... |
Anthropology | Etymology | Etymology
The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history. Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their Neo-Latin derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos (, "human") and lógos (, "study").Oxford English Diction... |
Anthropology | Origin and development of the term | Origin and development of the term |
Anthropology | Through the 19th century | Through the 19th century
thumb|upright=.8|left|Bernardino de Sahagún is considered to be the founder of modern anthropology.
In 1647, the Bartholins, early scholars of the University of Copenhagen, defined as follows:
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, including its use by ... |
Anthropology | 20th and 21st centuries | 20th and 21st centuries
Anthropology as a specialized field of academic study developed much through the end of the 19th century. Then it rapidly expanded beginning in the early 20th century to the point where many of the world's higher educational institutions typically included anthropology departments. Thousands of ... |
Anthropology | Fields | Fields
Anthropology is a global discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of huma... |
Anthropology | Sociocultural | Sociocultural
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principal axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individ... |
Anthropology | Biological | Biological
thumb|Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.
Biological anthropology and physical anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and other primates i... |
Anthropology | Archaeological | Archaeological
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural prac... |
Anthropology | Linguistic | Linguistic
Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of ant... |
Anthropology | Ethnography | Ethnography
Ethnography is a method of analysing social or cultural interaction. It often involves participant observation though an ethnographer may also draw from texts written by participants of in social interactions. Ethnography views first-hand experience and social context as important.
Tim Ingold distinguis... |
Anthropology | Key topics by field: sociocultural | Key topics by field: sociocultural |
Anthropology | Art, media, music, dance and film | Art, media, music, dance and film |
Anthropology | Art | Art
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly d... |
Anthropology | Media | Media
thumb|upright=.7|left|A Punu tribe mask, Gabon, Central Africa
Media anthropology emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., eth... |
Anthropology | Music | Music
Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire.
Ethnomusi... |
Anthropology | Visual | Visual
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, incl... |
Anthropology | Economic, political economic, applied and development | Economic, political economic, applied and development |
Anthropology | Economic | Economic
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthrop... |
Anthropology | Political economy | Political economy
Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropolog... |
Anthropology | Applied | Applied
Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiatio... |
Anthropology | Development | Development
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are thos... |
Anthropology | Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality | Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality |
Anthropology | Kinship | Kinship
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", ... |
Anthropology | Feminist | Feminist
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western tradit... |
Anthropology | Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal | Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal |
Anthropology | Medical | Medical
Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation". It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology. Currently, research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth ... |
Anthropology | Nutritional | Nutritional
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, the... |
Anthropology | Psychological | Psychological
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, ... |
Anthropology | Cognitive | Cognitive
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnograp... |
Anthropology | Transpersonal | Transpersonal
Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psycho... |
Anthropology | Political and legal | Political and legal |
Anthropology | Political | Political
Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropolo... |
Anthropology | Legal | Legal
Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in "the cross-cultural study of social ordering". Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation. More recent applications include issues such as human rights, legal pluralism,... |
Anthropology | Public | Public
Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to "demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations ... |
Anthropology | Nature, science, and technology | Nature, science, and technology |
Anthropology | Cyborg | Cyborg
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science.Dumit, Joseph. Davis-Floyd, Robbie (2001). "Cyborg Anthropology". in Routledge Internation... |
Anthropology | Digital | Digital
Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology and extends to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect. It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology, and sometimes considered part of material culture. The field is new, and thus has ... |
Anthropology | Ecological | Ecological
Ecological anthropology is defined as the "study of cultural adaptations to environments". The sub-field is also defined as, "the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment". The focus of its research concerns "how cultural beliefs and practices helped human po... |
Anthropology | Environment | Environment
Social sciences, like anthropology, can provide interdisciplinary approaches to the environment. Professor Kay Milton, Director of the Anthropology research network in the School of History and Anthropology, describes anthropology as distinctive, with its most distinguishing feature being its interest in ... |
Anthropology | Historical | Historical
Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and mate... |
Anthropology | Religion | Religion
The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion,Cassirer, Ernst (1944... |
Anthropology | Urban | Urban
Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter b... |
Anthropology | Key topics by field: archaeological and biological | Key topics by field: archaeological and biological |
Anthropology | Anthrozoology | Anthrozoology
Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozool... |
Anthropology | Biocultural | Biocultural
Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differen... |
Anthropology | Evolutionary | Evolutionary
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic facto... |
Anthropology | Forensic | Forensic
Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals who... |
Anthropology | Palaeoanthropology | Palaeoanthropology
thumb|Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave
Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints. Genetics and mor... |
Anthropology | Organizations | Organizations
Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges. The single largest organization of anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association (AAA), which was founded in 1903.AAAnet.org . AAAnet.org. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. Its memb... |
Anthropology | List of major organizations | List of major organizations
American Anthropological Association
American Ethnological Society
Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, AIBR
Anthropological Society of London
Center for World Indigenous Studies
Ethnological Society of London
European Association of Social Anthropologists
Max Planck I... |
Anthropology | Ethics | Ethics
As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves, and professional societies have generated codes of ethics.
Anthropologists, like other researchers (especially historians and scienti... |
Anthropology | Cultural relativism | Cultural relativism
As part of their quest for scientific objectivity, present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism, which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology. This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately ... |
Anthropology | Military involvement | Military involvement
Anthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war, he published a brief exposé and condemnation of the participation of several American archae... |
Anthropology | Post-World War II developments | Post-World War II developments
Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocu... |
Anthropology | Basic trends | Basic trends
There are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work. One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular plac... |
Anthropology | Commonalities between fields | Commonalities between fields
Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis,... |
Anthropology | See also | See also
Christian anthropology, a sub-field of theology
Philosophical anthropology, a sub-field of philosophy
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Anthropology | Lists | Lists
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Anthropology | Notes | Notes |
Anthropology | References | References |
Anthropology | Works cited | Works cited
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Anthropology | Further reading | Further reading |
Anthropology | Dictionaries and encyclopedias | Dictionaries and encyclopedias
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Anthropology | Fieldnotes and memoirs | Fieldnotes and memoirs
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Anthropology | Histories | Histories
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