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breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_8_0.txt | Plants
Main article: Photosynthesis
Plants use carbon dioxide gas in the process of photosynthesis, and exhale oxygen gas as waste. The chemical equation of photosynthesis is 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) and 6 H2O (water), which in the presence of sunlight makes C6H12O6 (glucose) and 6 O2 (oxygen). Photosynthesis uses elect... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_6_5.txt | of 33.7 kPa, of which 6.3 kPa is water vapor, reducing the PO2 in the tracheal air to 5.8 kPa (21% of [33.7 – 6.3] = 5.8 kPa), beyond what is accounted for by a reduction of atmospheric pressure alone (7.1 kPa).
The pressure gradient forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is also reduced by altitude. Doubling th... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_6_0.txt | Effects of ambient air pressure[edit]
Breathing at altitude[edit]
See also: Effects of high altitude on humans
Fig. 4 Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure decreases with the height above sea level (altitude) and since the alveoli are open to the outside air through the open airways, the pressure in the lungs also... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_31.txt | 2 μm thick). It is folded into about 300 million small air sacs called alveoli (each between 75 and 300 µm in diameter) branching off from the respiratory bronchioles in the lungs, thus providing an extremely large surface area (approximately 145 m) for gas exchange to occur.
The air contained within the alveoli has a ... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nose_4_2.txt | became paired (presumably to allow sense of direction of smells), and freeing the midline from the nasal passage allowed evolution of jaws. |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_9_2.txt | – Breathing chages caused by exertion |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nose_3_1.txt | . Amphibians also have a vomeronasal organ, lined by olfactory epithelium, but, unlike those of amniotes, this is generally a simple sac that, except in salamanders, has little connection with the rest of the nasal system.
In reptiles, the nasal chamber is generally larger, with the choanae located much further back in... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_33.txt | at sea level are 21 kPa (160 mmHg) and 0.04 kPa (0.3 mmHg) respectively.
This marked difference between the composition of the alveolar air and that of the ambient air can be maintained because the functional residual capacity is contained in dead-end sacs connected to the outside air by fairly narrow and relatively l... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_19.txt | during a normal breathing cycle at rest. The scale on the left, and the blue line, indicate the partial pressures of carbon dioxide in kPa, while that on the right and the red line, indicate the partial pressures of oxygen, also in kPa (to convert kPa into mm Hg, multiply by 7.5).
The volume of air that moves in or ou... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_3_15.txt | to make allowances for their greater dead space volumes. In some birds (e.g. the whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus, the white spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia, the whooping crane, Grus americana, and the helmeted curassow, Pauxi pauxi) the trachea, which some cranes can be 1.5 m long, is coiled back and forth within the body,... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_6_6.txt | and pressure pump to maintain a steady flow of water over the gills in one direction. Since the blood in the lamellar capillaries flows in the opposite direction to that of the water, the consequent countercurrent flow of blood and water maintains steep concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide along the e... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nose_3_3.txt | the nostrils located at the upper rear part of the beak. Since they generally have a poor sense of smell, the olfactory chamber is small, although it does contain three turbinates, which sometimes have a complex structure similar to that of mammals. In many birds, including doves and fowls, the nostrils are covered by... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_23.txt | vertebrae and base of the skull to the upper ribs and sternum, sometimes through an intermediary attachment to the clavicles. When they contract, the rib cage's internal volume is increased to a far greater extent than can be achieved by contraction of the intercostal muscles alone. Seen from outside the body, the lif... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_3_9.txt | occurs (Fig. 16). As the bird inhales, tracheal air flows through the intrapulmonary bronchi into the posterior air sacs, as well as into the dorsobronchi, but not into the ventrobronchi (Fig. 18). This is due to the bronchial architecture which directs the inhaled air away from the openings of the ventrobronchi, into... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_45.txt | the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood increases. This is detected by central blood gas chemoreceptors on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. The aortic and carotid bodies, are the peripheral blood gas chemoreceptors which are particularly sensitive to the arterial partial pressure of O2 though... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_0_3.txt | of thin or very flat filaments and lammellae which expose a very large surface area of highly vascularized tissue to the water.
Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians, even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respirator... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_6_9.txt | 8,200 ft). If this switch occurs relatively abruptly, the hyperventilation at high altitude will cause a severe fall in the arterial PCO2 with a consequent rise in the pH of the arterial plasma leading to respiratory alkalosis. This is one contributor to high altitude sickness. On the other hand, if the switch to oxyge... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_2_4.txt | pleural space, along with an unusually thick diaphragm, are thought to be evolutionary adaptations allowing the elephant to remain underwater for long periods while breathing through its trunk which emerges as a snorkel.
In the elephant the lungs are attached to the diaphragm and breathing relies mainly on the diaphra... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nose_3_0.txt | Structure in air-breathing forms[edit]
The nose of a tapir
In amphibians and lungfish, the nostrils open into small sacs that, in turn, open into the forward roof of the mouth through the choanae. These sacs contain a small amount of olfactory epithelium, which, in the case of caecilians, also lines a number of neighbo... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_43.txt | pressure of CO2. A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried on the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecules as carbamino groups. The total concentration of carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate ions, dissolved CO2, and carbamino groups) in arterial blood (i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air) ... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_4_0.txt | Control[edit]
Main article: Control of ventilation
The rate and depth of breathing is automatically controlled by the respiratory centers that receive information from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors continuously monitor the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the arterial... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_1_7.txt | they describe the same action.
When the accessory muscles of inhalation are activated, especially during labored breathing, the clavicles are pulled upwards, as explained above. This external manifestation of the use of the accessory muscles of inhalation is sometimes referred to as clavicular breathing, seen especial... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_0_1.txt | sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood. These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_0_0.txt |
Breathing (spiration or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and from the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.
All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which extracts energy from the reaction of oxygen with ... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_7_1.txt | shallow breathing; hyperpnea refers to fast and deep breathing brought on by a demand for more oxygen, as for example by exercise. The terms hypoventilation and hyperventilation also refer to shallow breathing and fast and deep breathing respectively, but under inappropriate circumstances or disease. However, this dis... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_47.txt | airways) to the atmosphere, with the result that alveolar air pressure is exactly the same as the ambient air pressure at sea level, at altitude, or in any artificial atmosphere (e.g. a diving chamber, or decompression chamber) in which the individual is breathing freely. With expansion of the lungs the alveolar air o... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_6_5.txt | contracts, inducing the closure of the passive oral valves, thereby preventing the back-flow of water from the mouth (Fig. 23). The water in the mouth is, instead, forced over the gills, while the gill chambers contract emptying the water they contain through the opercular openings (Fig. 23). Back-flow into the gill c... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_4_3.txt | almost immediately to the same levels as at rest. The respiratory centers communicate with the muscles of breathing via motor nerves, of which the phrenic nerves, which innervate the diaphragm, are probably the most important.
Automatic breathing can be overridden to a limited extent by simple choice, or to facilitate... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_6_1.txt | level but with the following differences:
The atmospheric pressure decreases exponentially with altitude, roughly halving with every 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) rise in altitude. The composition of atmospheric air is, however, almost constant below 80 km, as a result of the continuous mixing effect of the weather. The co... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_13.txt | .e. moves downwards as shown in Fig. 7) increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity in the antero-posterior axis. The contracting diaphragm pushes the abdominal organs downwards. But because the pelvic floor prevents the lowermost abdominal organs from moving in that direction, the pliable abdominal contents cause the... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_64.txt | , defensins and other peptides and proteases, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species. These secretions can act directly as antimicrobials to help keep the airway free of infection. A variety of chemokines and cytokines are also secreted that recruit the traditional immune cells and others to the site of... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_68.txt | the alveoli shrink during exhalation. This causes them to have a greater surface tension-lowering effect when the alveoli are small than when they are large (as at the end of inhalation, when the surfactant molecules are more widely spaced). The tendency for the alveoli to collapse is therefore almost the same at the ... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_3_0.txt | Gas exchange[edit]
Main article: Gas exchange
The primary purpose of breathing is to refresh air in the alveoli so that gas exchange can take place in the blood. The equilibration of the partial pressures of the gases in the alveolar blood and the alveolar air occurs by diffusion. After exhaling, adult human lungs sti... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_2_3.txt | through their noses. A flap of tissue called the soft palate blocks off the pharynx from the mouth (oral cavity) of the horse, except when swallowing. This helps to prevent the horse from inhaling food, but does not allow use of the mouth to breathe when in respiratory distress, a horse can only breathe through its no... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_34.txt | both in and out (i.e. there is no unidirectional through-flow as there is in the bird lung). This typical mammalian anatomy combined with the fact that the lungs are not emptied and re-inflated with each breath (leaving a substantial volume of air, of about 2.5-3.0 liters, in the alveoli after exhalation), ensures tha... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nasal_cycle_0.txt | The nasal cycle is the unconscious alternating partial congestion and decongestion of the nasal cavities in humans and other animals. This results in greater airflow through one nostril with periodic alternation between the nostrils. It is a physiological congestion of the nasal conchae, also called the nasal turbinate... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_4_1.txt | of oxygen in the arterial blood. Together the latter are known as the peripheral chemoreceptors, and are situated in the aortic and carotid bodies. Information from all of these chemoreceptors is conveyed to the respiratory centers in the pons and medulla oblongata, which responds to fluctuations in the partial pressu... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_58.txt | homeostasis is given priority over carbon dioxide homeostasis. This switch-over occurs at an elevation of about 2500 m (or about 8000 ft). If this switch occurs relatively abruptly, the hyperpnea at high altitude will cause a severe fall in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, with a consequent rise in the... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_1_4.txt | Figure on the right) the accessory muscles of inhalation, which connect the ribs and sternum to the cervical vertebrae and base of the skull, in many cases through an intermediary attachment to the clavicles, exaggerate the pump handle and bucket handle movements (see illustrations on the left), bringing about a greate... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_3_1.txt | Arrow 1 indicates the movement of the vertebral ribs. Arrow 2 shows the consequent movement of the sternum (and its keel). The two movements increase the vertical and transverse diameters of the chest portion of the trunk of the bird. Key: 1. skull; 2. cervical vertebrae; 3. furcula; 4. coracoid; 5. vertebral ribs; 6.... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_5_1.txt | secretion of mucus from specialised cells, and is involved in cutaneous respiration. While the lungs are of primary organs for gas exchange between the blood and the environmental air (when out of the water), the skin's unique properties aid rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in oxygen-rich water.
Some a... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_9_0.txt | See also[edit]
Agonal respiration – Abnormal pattern of breathing (not related to death rattle)
Ataxic respiration – Abnormal pattern of breathing
Bad breath – Presence of unpleasant odors in exhaled breath
Breath gas analysis – monitoring volatile organic compounds present in the exhaled breathPages displaying wikidat... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nostril_0_4.txt | to the two eyes. Furthermore, scent information from the two nostrils leads to two types of neural activity with the first cycle corresponding to the ipsilateral and the second cycle corresponding to the contralateral odor representations.
The Procellariiformes are distinguished from other birds by having tubular exte... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_4_5.txt | routinely need to dive, such as penguins, seals and whales. It is also more effective in very young infants and children than in adults.
|
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_2_3.txt | ation. The sticky mucus also traps much of the particulate matter that is breathed in, preventing it from reaching the lungs.
Lower airways[edit]
The anatomy of a typical mammalian respiratory system, below the structures normally listed among the "upper airways" (the nasal cavities, the pharynx, and larynx), is often ... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_8_4.txt | breathing, the thoracic diaphragm adopts a lower position in the core and this helps to generate intra-abdominal pressure which strengthens the lumbar spine. Typically, this allows for more powerful physical movements to be performed. As such, it is frequently recommended when lifting heavy weights to take a deep brea... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_7_0.txt | Respiratory disorders[edit]
Medical condition
Breathing patternsGraph showing normal as well as different kinds of pathological breathing patterns.
Abnormal breathing patterns include Kussmaul breathing, Biot's respiration and Cheyne–Stokes respiration.
Other breathing disorders include shortness of breath (dyspnea), s... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_0_3.txt | also used for reflexes such as yawning, coughing and sneezing. Animals that cannot thermoregulate by perspiration, because they lack sufficient sweat glands, may lose heat by evaporation through panting. |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nose_4_1.txt | of internal folds to increase the surface area, often forming an elaborate "olfactory rosette". In some teleosts, the pouches branch off into additional sinus-like cavities, while in coelacanths, they form a series of tubes.
In the earliest vertebrates, there was only one nostril and olfactory pouch, and the nasal pas... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_8_0.txt | Society and culture[edit]
The word "spirit" comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath. Historically, breath has often been considered in terms of the concept of life force. The Hebrew Bible refers to God breathing the breath of life into clay to make Adam a living soul (nephesh). It also refers to the breath as ret... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_53.txt | it is at sea level). This reduces the partial pressure of oxygen entering the alveoli to 5.8 kPa (or 21% of [33.7 kPa – 6.3 kPa] = 5.8 kPa). The reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air is therefore substantially greater than the reduction of the total atmospheric pressure at altitude would sugge... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_5_0.txt | Composition[edit]
Further information: Atmospheric chemistry
Following on from the above diagram, if the exhaled air is breathed out through the mouth on a cold and humid conditions, the water vapor will condense into a visible cloud or mist.
Inhaled air is by volume 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen and small amounts of ot... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_42.txt | oxygen will meaningfully increase the oxygen concentration of the blood. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in the plasma. However the conversion of dissolved CO2 into HCO3 (through the addition of water) is too slow for the rate at which the blood circulates through the tiss... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_7_5.txt | cs generally possess gills that allow gas exchange between the aqueous environment and their circulatory systems. These animals also possess a heart that pumps blood containing hemocyanin as its oxygen-capturing molecule. Hence, this respiratory system is similar to that of vertebrate fish. The respiratory system of ga... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Breathing_2_4.txt | the branches. The human respiratory tree may consist of, on average, 23 such branchings into progressively smaller airways, while the respiratory tree of the mouse has up to 13 such branchings. Proximal divisions (those closest to the top of the tree, such as the trachea and bronchi) function mainly to transmit air to... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_30.txt | the respiratory system is the equalizing of the partial pressures of the respiratory gases in the alveolar air with those in the pulmonary capillary blood (Fig. 11). This process occurs by simple diffusion, across a very thin membrane (known as the blood–air barrier), which forms the walls of the pulmonary alveoli (Fi... |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Respiratory_system_1_16.txt | to the outside air and being elastic, therefore expand to fill the increased space, pleura fluid between double-layered pleura covering of lungs helps in reducing friction while lungs expansion and contraction. The inflow of air into the lungs occurs via the respiratory airways (Fig. 2). In a healthy person, these air... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_49.txt | PhL..96k3109P. doi:10.1063/1.3365204. S2CID 119209143. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2022-03-02. arxiv.org Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ Water Science School. "Frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimates directly into a vapor". USGS.
^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1967) [1949], Thermodynamics... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_3.txt | ometers.
Bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium[edit]
For experimental physics, hotness means that, when comparing any two given bodies in their respective separate thermodynamic equilibria, any two suitably given empirical thermometers with numerical scale readings will agree as to which is the hotter of the two given bo... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_56.txt | Properties of Gases, Longmans, Green & Co., London, pp. 175–177.
Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
Quinn, T.J. (1983). Temperature, Academic Press, London, ISBN 0-12-569680... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_11_1.txt | displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Instrumental temperature record – In situ measurements that provide the temperature of Earth's climate system
ISO 1 – ISO standard temperature, 20°C
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) – Practical temperature scale
Laser schlieren deflectometry
List of cit... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_4.txt | Main articles: Image sensor, Charge-coupled device, and Active-pixel sensor
MOS technology is the basis for modern image sensors, including the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the CMOS active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), used in digital imaging and digital cameras. Willard Boyle and George E. Smith developed the CCD in ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_42.txt | Such negative temperatures are hotter than any positive temperature. Over time, when the subsystem is exposed to the rest of the body, which has a positive temperature, energy is transferred as heat from the negative temperature subsystem to the positive temperature system. The kinetic theory temperature is not define... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_13_0.txt | Further reading[edit]
Chang, Hasok (2004). Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3.
Zemansky, Mark Waldo (1964). Temperatures Very Low and Very High. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_4_4.txt | a key factor mediating chemical coupling between PLC and TRP/TRPL channels remained a mystery until recently. It was found that breakdown of a lipid product of PLC cascade, diacylglycerol (DAG), by the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase, generates PUFAs that can activate TRP channels, thus initiating membrane depolarization... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_14.txt | matches the absolute Kelvin scale. The Kelvin scale is defined on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics[edit]
Main article: Second law of thermodynamics
As an alternative to considering or defining the zeroth law of thermodynamics, it was the historical development in thermodynam... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_3.txt | to run in a fictive continuous cycle of successive processes that traverse a cycle of states of its working body. The engine takes in a quantity of heat Q1 from a hot reservoir and passes out a lesser quantity of waste heat Q2 < 0 to a cold reservoir. The net heat energy absorbed by the working body is passed, as ther... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_24.txt | –32, especially p. 6, in New Perspectives in Thermodynamics, edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-15931-2.
^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872). Theory of Heat, third edition, Longmans, Green, London, p. 32.
^ Tait, P.G. (1884). Heat, Macmillan, London, Chapter VII, pp. 39–40.
^ Planck, M. (1897/1903). Treatise on Th... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_41.txt | temperature is the inverse of the derivative of the subsystem's entropy with respect to its internal energy. As the subsystem's internal energy increases, the entropy increases for some range, but eventually attains a maximum value and then begins to decrease as the highest energy states begin to fill. At the point of... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_17.txt | insects (among others). TRPS has not yet been well described functionally, though it is known that the C. elegans TRPS, known as CED-11, is a calcium channel which participates in apoptosis.
TRPV[edit]
Family
Sub-Family
Known Taxa
TRPV
Nanchung
Placozoans, cnidarians, nematodes, annelids, molluscs, and arthropo... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_4_2.txt | can happen when the damage causes altered signalling to other areas.
Neurologists usually diagnose disorders of nerves by a physical examination, including the testing of reflexes, walking and other directed movements, muscle weakness, proprioception, and the sense of touch. This initial exam can be followed with test... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_1.txt | 149999999999985 °C
2.5×10 km (1.7 AU)
Lowest temperatureachieved
100 pK
−273.149999999900 °C
29000 km
Coldest Bose–Einstein condensate
450 pK
−273.14999999955 °C
6400 km
One millikelvin(precisely by definition)
0.001 K
−273.149 ° |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_6.txt | no sound understanding of heat and no specific concept of entropy. He wrote of 'caloric' and said that all the caloric that passed from the hot reservoir was passed into the cold reservoir. Kelvin wrote in his 1848 paper that his scale was absolute in the sense that it was defined "independently of the properties of a... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_1_4.txt | ) much of the body, and connect through the vertebral column to the spinal cord and thus to the central nervous system. They are given letter-number designations according to the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column.
Cranial nerves innervate parts of the head, and connect directly to the brain (espe... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_0_1.txt | of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be imposs... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_2.txt | modes of operation of various thermometric devices, relying on microscopic kinetic theories about molecular motion. The numerical scale is settled by a conventional definition of the value of the Boltzmann constant, which relates macroscopic temperature to average microscopic kinetic energy of particles such as molecu... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_8.txt | , the gas thermometer provides an essential theoretical basis by which all thermometers can be calibrated. As a practical matter, it is not possible to use a gas thermometer to measure absolute zero temperature since the gases condense into a liquid long before the temperature reaches zero. It is possible, however, to ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_3.txt | better defined as the melting point of ice. In this scale, a temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius is the same as a 1kelvin increment, but the scale is offset by the temperature at which ice melts (273.15 K).
By international agreement, until May 2019, the Kelvin and Celsius scales were defined by two fixing poin... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_5_1.txt | sensation to reduce their sensitivity to stimuli. For instance the use of TRPV1 agonists would potentially inhibit nociception at TRPV1, particularly in pancreatic tissue where TRPV1 is highly expressed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, found in chili peppers, has been indicated to relieve neuropathic pain. TRPV1 agoni... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_5_0.txt | Clinical significance[edit]
Mutations in TRPs have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders, and may play an important role in cancer. TRPs may make important therapeutic targets. There is significant clinical significance to TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3 and TRPM8’s role as thermorecepto... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_59.txt | , N.W. (2000). Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-50426-5.
Zeppenfeld, M.; Englert, B.G.U.; Glöckner, R.; Prehn, A.; Mielenz, M.; Sommer, C.; van Buuren, L.D.; Motsch, M.; Rempe, G. (2012). "Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules". Nature.... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_34.txt | Continuum Fallacy: Is Temperature a Continuous Function?". Foundations of Physics. 53 (4): 69. Bibcode:2023FoPh...53...69J. doi:10.1007/s10701-023-00713-x. ISSN 1572-9516.
^ van Strien, Marij (2015-10-01). "Continuity in nature and in mathematics: Boltzmann and Poincaré". Synthese. 192 (10): 3275–3295. doi:10.1007/s1... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_42.txt | . (1987). "Microscopic aspects implied by the second law". Foundations of Physics. 17 (7): 713–722. Bibcode:1987FoPh...17..713K. doi:10.1007/BF01889544. S2CID 120576357.
^ The Feynman Lectures on Physics. 39–5 The ideal gas law
^ "2018 CODATA Value: molar gas constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Unc... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_20.txt |
^ Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I., (1971). Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations, Wiley, London, ISBN 0-471-30280-5, pp. 14–16.
^ Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, pp. 133–135.
^ Callen, H.B. (1960/1985), Thermodyna... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_44.txt | third edition, Longman's, Green & Co, London, p. 32.
^ Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, p. 23, "..., if a temperature gradient exists, ..., then a flow of heat,..., must occur to achieve a uniform temperature."
^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1967)... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_10.txt | ^{2}={\frac {3}{2}}k_{\text{B}}T,}
where the Boltzmann constant kB is the ideal gas constant divided by the Avogadro number, and
v
rms
=
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v
2
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=
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v
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v
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{\textstyle v_{\text{rms}}={\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\ |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_31.txt | L.A.J. Medeiros, North-Holland, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-85166-6, pp. 411–451.
^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872). Theory of Heat, third edition, Longmans, Green, London, pp. 155–158.
^ Tait, P.G. (1884). Heat, Macmillan, London, Chapter VII, Section 95, pp. 68–69.
^ Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), p. 73. |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_2_1.txt | etramers when completely functional. The ion selectivity filter, pore, is formed by the complex combination of p-loops in the tetrameric protein, which are situated in the extracellular domain between the S5 and S6 transmembrane segments. As with most cation channels, TRP channels have negatively charged residues withi... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_8.txt | as a second reference point, the first reference point being 0 K at absolute zero.
Historically, the temperature of the triple point of water was defined as exactly 273.16 K. Today it is an empirically measured quantity. The freezing point of water at sea-level atmospheric pressure occurs at very close to 273.15 K (0 ... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_7.txt | defense monitoring, and monitoring temperature, humidity, air pollution, fire, health, security and lighting. MOS gas detector sensors are used to detect carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and other gas substances. Other MOS sensors include intelligent sensors and wireless sensor network (WSN)... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_1.txt | behavior of matter and derives macroscopic properties from statistical averages of microscopic states, including both classical and quantum states. In the fundamental physical description, the temperature may be measured directly in units of energy. However, in the practical systems of measurement for science, technol... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_1.txt | and environmental parameters. The earliest MOSFET sensors include the open-gate field-effect transistor (OGFET) introduced by Johannessen in 1970, the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) invented by Piet Bergveld in 1970, the adsorption FET (ADFET) patented by P.F. Cox in 1974, and a hydrogen-sensitive MOSFE... |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_4_0.txt | See also[edit]
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
ISO 1 – ISO standard temperature, 20°C
Indoor air quality |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_39.txt | hus, Tor (2019-07-01). "Comparison of kinetic theory evaporation models for liquid thin-films". International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 116: 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2019.04.007. hdl:11250/2594950. ISSN 0301-9322. S2CID 146056093.
^ C. Caratheodory (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Therm |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_0.txt | Notes and references[edit]
Notes
^ The cited emission wavelengths are for black bodies in equilibrium. CODATA 2006 recommended value of 2.8977685(51)×10 m K used for Wien displacement law constant b.
^ A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers a... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_13.txt | thermodynamic system. Such hotness may be defined as existing on a one-dimensional manifold, stretching between hot and cold. Sometimes the zeroth law is stated to include the existence of a unique universal hotness manifold, and of numerical scales on it, so as to provide a complete definition of empirical temperatur... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_5_4.txt | really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances.
In organisms of radial symmetry, nerve nets serve for the nervous system. There is no brain or centralised head region, and instead there are interconnected neurons spread out in nerve nets. These are found in Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Echino... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_3_3.txt | three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement.
The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize ene... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_36.txt | : As man looks forward to flight into space, he finds the outer regions not completely unknown". Science. 131 (3398): 385–390. doi:10.1126/science.131.3398.385. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14426791.
^ Chen, Gang (2022-08-01). "On the molecular picture and interfacial temperature discontinuity during evaporation and condens... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_5.txt | back Machine
^ Core temperature of a high–mass (>8–11 solar masses) star after it leaves the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and begins the alpha process (which lasts one day) of fusing silicon–28 into heavier elements in the following steps: sulfur–32 → argon–36 → calcium–40 → titanium–44 → chromium–... |
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