id stringlengths 15 156 ⌀ | content stringlengths 1 234k ⌀ |
|---|---|
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_2.txt | the scales differ by an exact offset of 273.15.
The Fahrenheit scale is in common use in the United States. Water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F at sea-level atmospheric pressure.
Absolute zero[edit]
At the absolute zero of temperature, no energy can be removed from matter as heat, a fact expressed in the third ... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_6_0.txt | History[edit]
Further information: History of neurology and neurosurgery
Herophilos (335–280 BC) described the functions of the optic nerve in sight and the oculomotor nerve in eye movement. Analysis of the nerves in the cranium enabled him to differentiate between blood vessels and nerves (Ancient Greek: νεῦρον (neûr... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_0.txt | Basic theory[edit]
Conjugate variablesof thermodynamics
Pressure Volume (Stress) (Strain) Temperature Entropy Chemical potential Particle number
Temperature is a measure of a quality of a state of a material. The quality may be regarded as a more abstract entity than any particular temperature scale that measures it... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_14_6.txt |
Czech Republic
Portal: Energy |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_3.txt | transistor (CFT), pressure sensor FET (PRESSFET), chemical field-effect transistor (ChemFET), reference ISFET (REFET), biosensor FET (BioFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET). By the early 2000s, BioFET types such as the DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET), gene-modified FET (GenF... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_11.txt |
^ Jaynes, E.T. (1965), pp. 391–398.
^ Cryogenic Society Archived 2020-11-07 at the Wayback Machine (2019).
^ Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of Units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-29, retrieved 20... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_0.txt | Classification of measurement errors[edit]
An infrared sensor
A good sensor obeys the following rules:
it is sensitive to the measured property
it is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and
it does not influence the measured property.
Most sensors have a linear transfer functi... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_21.txt | Thermostatistics, (first edition 1960), second edition 1985, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8, pp. 309–310.
^ Bryan, G.H. (1907). Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, p. 3. "Thermodynamics by George Hartley B... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_3_0.txt | Function[edit]
A nerve conveys information in the form of electrochemical impulses (as nerve impulses known as action potentials) carried by the individual neurons that make up the nerve. These impulses are extremely fast, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s. The impulses travel from one neu... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_32.txt | to the lower temperature one; thermodynamically this is understood by the second law of thermodynamics: The total change in entropy following a transfer of energy
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta E}
from system 1 to system 2 is:
Δ
S
=
−
(
d
S
/
d
E
)
1
⋅
Δ
E
+
(
d
S
/
d
E
)
2
� |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_0_1.txt | heated room in winter) may be very different from an ideal room temperature.
Food or beverages may be served at "room temperature", meaning neither heated nor cooled. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_13.txt | ppenfeld, M., Englert, B.G.U., Glöckner, R., Prehn, A., Mielenz, M., Sommer, C., van Buuren, L.D., Motsch, M., Rempe, G. (2012).
^ Miller, J. (2013).
^ de Podesta, M., Underwood, R., Sutton, G., Morantz, P, Harris, P, Mark, D.F., Stuart, F.M., Vargha, G., Machin, M |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_0.txt | Theoretical foundation[edit]
See also: Thermodynamic temperature
Historically, there are several scientific approaches to the explanation of temperature: the classical thermodynamic description based on macroscopic empirical variables that can be measured in a laboratory; the kinetic theory of gases which relates the ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_7.txt | known molecular character and pressure, this provides a relation between temperature and the Boltzmann constant. Those quantities can be known or measured more precisely than can the thermodynamic variables that define the state of a sample of water at its triple point. Consequently, taking the value of the Boltzmann ... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_0_3.txt | measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages.
Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly faster measurement time and higher sensit... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_9.txt | of many different empirical scales of temperature, the second law of thermodynamics selects the definition of a single preferred, absolute temperature, unique up to an arbitrary scale factor, whence called the thermodynamic temperature. If internal energy is considered as a function of the volume and entropy of a homo... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_1_0.txt | Effects[edit]
Average daily variation in human body temperature
Many physical processes are related to temperature; some of them are given below:
the physical properties of materials including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma), density, solubility, vapor pressure, electrical conductivity, hardness, wear resi... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_25.txt | modynamics, translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green, London, pp. 1–2.
^ Planck, M. (1914), The Theory of Heat Radiation Archived 2011-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, second edition, translated into English by M. Masius, Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, reprinted by Kessinger.
^ J.S. Dugdale (1996). Entropy and its Ph... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_45.txt | olland Publishing Company., Amsterdam, (1st edition 1949) fifth edition 1965, p. 8, "... will gradually adjust themselves until eventually they do reach mutual equilibrium after which there will of course be no further change."
^ Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New Y... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_12.txt | there is the spontaneous transfer of energy as heat from the hotter to the colder of them. Eventually, they reach a state of mutual thermal equilibrium, in which heat transfer has ceased, and the bodies' respective state variables have settled to become unchanging.
One statement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics is ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_30.txt | modynamics as a Theory of Heat Engines, Rigorously Constructed upon the Foundation Laid by S. Carnot and F. Reech, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-07971-8, p. 20.
^ Serrin, J. (1978). The concepts of thermodynamics, in Contemporary Developments in Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations. Proceedings of... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_0_2.txt | , mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_7.txt | Retrieved 2010-10-12..
^ Based on a computer model that predicted a peak internal temperature of 30 MeV (350 GK) during the merger of a binary neutron star system (which produces a gamma–ray burst). The neutron stars in the model were 1.2 and 1.6 solar masses respectively, were roughly 20 km in diameter, and were orb... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_1_1.txt | apses with its muscle fibres, or ends in sensory receptors. The endoneurium consists of an inner sleeve of material called the glycocalyx and an outer, delicate, meshwork of collagen fibres. Nerves are bundled and often travel along with blood vessels, since the neurons of a nerve have fairly high energy requirements.
... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_32.txt |
^ Kondepudi, D. (2008). Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley, Chichester, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8, Section 32., pp. 106–108.
^ Green, Don; Perry, Robert H. (2008). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 660. ISBN 978-0071422949.
^ The kelvin in the SI Brochu... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_20.txt | Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata, and the annelid Capitella teleta. Little is known concerning these channels.
TRPY[edit]
TRPY, Y for "yeast", is highly localized to the yeast vacuole, which is the functional equivalent of a lysosome in a mammalian cell, and acts as a mechanosensor for vacuolar osmotic ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_5.txt | by inter-particle collisions, but for temperature measurement, the motions are chosen so that, between collisions, the non-interactive segments of their trajectories are known to be accessible to accurate measurement. For this purpose, interparticle potential energy is disregarded.
In an ideal gas, and in other theore... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_0_1.txt | 2 consists of TRPP ("P" for polycystic) and TRPML ("ML" for mucolipin). Other less-well categorized TRP channels exist, including yeast channels and a number of Group 1 and Group 2 channels present in non-animals. Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations such as pain, temperature, different kinds of tast... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_60.txt | 7425): 570–573. arXiv:1208.0046. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..570Z. doi:10.1038/nature11595. PMID 23151480. S2CID 4367940. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_8.txt | /kB is 11605 K. In the study of QCD matter one routinely encounters temperatures of the order of a few hundred MeV/kB, equivalent to about 10 K.
Continuous or discrete[edit]
When one measures the variation of temperature across a region of space or time, do the temperature measurements turn out to be continuous or disc... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_6.txt |
TRPC3
TRPC4
TRPC5
TRPC6
TRPC7
TRP
Arthropods
TRPgamma
TRPL
Unknown
Choanoflagellates, cnidarians, xenacoelomorphs, lophotrochozoans, and nematodes
TRPC, C for "canonical", is named for being the most closely related to Drosophila TRP, the namesake of TRP channels. The phylogeny of TRPC channels |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_19.txt | 1966). Generalized Thermodynamics, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge MA, p. 58.
^ Milne, E.A. (1929). The effect of collisions on monochromatic radiative equilibrium, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 88: 493–502.
^ Gyarmati, I. (1970). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Field Theory and Variational Principles, t... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_20.txt | }
(5)
Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient. Thus, a heat engine operating between T1 and T3 must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between T1 and T2, and the second between T2 and T3. This ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_14_2.txt | etric instability
Convective temperature (Tc)
Equilibrium level (EL)
Free convective layer (FCL)
Helicity
K Index
Level of free convection (LFC)
Lifted index (LI)
Maximum parcel level (MPL)
Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
Temperature
Dew point (Td)
Dew point depression
Dry-bulb temperature
Equivalent temperature (Te)
Fore... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_2_0.txt | Structure[edit]
TRP channels are composed of 6 membrane-spanning helices (S1-S6) with intracellular N- and C-termini. Mammalian TRP channels are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli including many post-transcriptional mechanisms like phosphorylation, G-protein receptor coupling, ligand-gating, and ubiqu... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_14.txt | . (2013). A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant, Metrologia, 50 (4): S213–S216, BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd
^ Quinn, T.J. (1983), pp. 98–107.
^ Schooley, J.F. (1986), pp. 138–143.
^ Quinn, T.J. (1983), pp. 61–83.
^ Schooley, J.F. (1986), pp. 115–138.
^ |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_2_3.txt |
Group two most distinguishable trait is the long extracellular span between the S1 and S2 transmembrane segments. Members of group two are also lacking in ankryin repeats and a TRP domain. They have been shown, however, to have endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequences towards on the C-terminal end illustrating p... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_0.txt | Examples[edit]
An illustration of the range of cosmic temperatures
Main article: Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Comparisons of temperatures in various scales
Temperature
Peak emittance wavelength of black-body radiation
Kelvin
Celsius
Absolute zero(precisely by definition)
0 K
−273.15 °C
Infinity
Bla... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_5_6.txt | PV2 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer.
Role in inflammatory responses[edit]
In addition to TLR4 mediated pathways, certain members of the family of the transient receptor potential ion channels recognize LPS. LPS-mediated activation of TRPA1 was shown in mice and Drosophil... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_17.txt | 57.
^ Münster, A. (1970), Classical Thermodynamics, translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, ISBN 0-471-62430-6, pp. 49, 69.
^ Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, pp. 14–15, 214.
^ Callen, H.B. ( |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_7.txt | has not been resolved in detail, but they are present across animal taxa. There are actually only six TRPC channels expressed in humans because TRPC2 is found to be expressed solely in mice and is considered a pseudo-gene in humans; this is partly due to the role of TRPC2 in detecting pheromones, which mice have an i... |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_1_2.txt | 15 °C (86 °F), although a range of 25.9–33.8 °C (79–93 °F) was found.
Owing to variations in humidity and (likely) clothing, recommendations for summer and winter may vary; a suggested typical range for summer is 23–25.5 °C (73–78 °F), with that for winter being 20–23.5 °C (68–74 °F). Some studies have suggested that t... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_51.txt | ^ Tisza, L. (1966). Generalized Thermodynamics, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, page 96: "It is impossible to reach absolute zero as a result of a finite sequence of operations."
^ Kittel, Charles; Kroemer, Herbert (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman Company. p. Appendix E. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2.
^ SVS (2023-0... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_19.txt | TC and TH, respectively, |qC|/qH should be some function of these temperatures:
|
q
C
|
q
H
=
f
(
T
H
,
T
C
)
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{q_{\text{H}}}}=f\left(T_{\text{H}},T_{\text{C}}\right). |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_28.txt | -41806-7, p. 29.
^ Landsberg, P.T. (1961). Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations, Interscience Publishers, New York, p. 17.
^ Thomsen, J.S. (1962). "A restatement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics". Am. J. Phys. 30 (4): 294–296. Bibcode:1962AmJPh..30..294T. doi:10.1119/1.1941991.
^ Maxwell, |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_25.txt | −
T
C
T
H
.
{\displaystyle {\text{efficiency}}=1-{\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{q_{\text{H}}}}=1-{\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}.}
(7)
For TC = 0 K the efficiency is 100% and that efficiency becomes greater than 100% below 0 K. Since |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_4.txt | period of about ten nanoseconds during shot Z1137. In fact, the iron and manganese ions in the plasma averaged 3.58±0.41 GK (309±35 keV) for 3 ns (ns 112 through 115). Ion Viscous Heating in a Magnetohydrodynamically Unstable Z Pinch at Over 2×10 Kelvin, M.G. Haines et al., Physical Review Letters 96 (2006) 075003. Li... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_10.txt |
(2)
Likewise, when the body is described by stating its entropy S as a function of its internal energy U, and other state variables V, N, with S = S (U, V, N), then the reciprocal of the temperature is equal to the partial derivative of the entropy with respect to the internal energy:
1
T
=
(
∂
S
∂
U
)
... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_35.txt | 015-0701-9. ISSN 1573-0964. S2CID 255075377.
^ Fang, G.; Ward, C. A. (1999-01-01). "Temperature measured close to the interface of an evaporating liquid". Physical Review E. 59 (1): 417–428. Bibcode:1999PhRvE..59..417F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.59.417.
^ Newell, Homer E. (1960-02-12). "The Space Environment |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_0.txt | Thermodynamic approach[edit]
Temperature is one of the principal quantities in the study of thermodynamics. Formerly, the magnitude of the kelvin was defined in thermodynamic terms, but nowadays, as mentioned above, it is defined in terms of kinetic theory.
The thermodynamic temperature is said to be absolute for two r... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_2.txt | ET is a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance, and where the metal gate is replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode. The ISFET is widely used in biomedical applications, such as the detection of DNA hybridization, biomarker detection from blood, antibody det... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_37.txt |
F
(
1
+
3
2
N
)
k
B
ln
(
2
τ
2
τ
1
)
,
{\displaystyle T={\frac {E-E_{\text{F}}\left(1+{\frac {3}{2N}}\right)}{k_{\text{B}}\ln \left(2{\frac {\tau |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_29.txt | J.C. (1872). Theory of Heat, third edition, Longman's, Green & Co, London, p. 45.
^ Pitteri, M. (1984). On the axiomatic foundations of temperature, Appendix G6 on pp. 522–544 of Rational Thermodynamics, C. Truesdell, second edition, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90874-9.
^ Truesdell, C., Bharatha, S. (1977). The... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_5_1.txt | fish. Every fish has two Mauthner cells, located in the bottom part of the brainstem, one on the left side and one on the right. Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over, innervating (stimulating) neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord, making numerous connections as... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_7.txt | 314462618... J⋅mol⋅K is the gas constant.
This relationship gives us our first hint that there is an absolute zero on the temperature scale, because it only holds if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale such as Kelvin's. The ideal gas law allows one to measure temperature on this absolute scale using the ga... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_0_0.txt | Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.
Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historicall... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_5_2.txt | , thereby propelling itself rapidly forward. Functionally this is a fast escape response, triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish. Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish—there are about 20 more types, including pairs of "Mauthne... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_6.txt | emitted from material and their velocities are measured, the spectrum of their velocities often nearly obeys a theoretical law called the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, which gives a well-founded measurement of temperatures for which the law holds. There have not yet been successful experiments of this same kind that... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_14_5.txt |
thermodynamic temperature
T
Θ
kelvin
K
amount of substance
n
N
mole
mol
luminous intensity
Iv
J
candela
cd
See also
History of the metric system
International System of Quantities
2019 redefinition
Systems of measurement
Category
Outline
Authority control databases: National
Spain
France
BnF... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_11.txt | rangle }}={\sqrt {\langle \mathbf {v\cdot v} \rangle }}}
is the root-mean-square speed. This direct proportionality between temperature and mean molecular kinetic energy is a special case of the equipartition theorem, and holds only in the classical limit of a perfect gas. It does not hold exactly for most substances... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_6.txt | 10 TK
10 trillion °C
3×10 nm(gamma rays)
For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated strictly per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature.
The 2500 K value is approximate. The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is rounded to 300 K to avoid false pre... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_2.txt | function, several types of deviations can occur which limit sensor accuracy:
Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured pr... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_3.txt | . Citation: Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, 3.2.5 Matter At High Temperatures. Link to relevant Web page. Archived 2007-05-03 at the Wayback Machine All referenced data was compiled from publicly available sources.
^ Peak temperature for a bulk quantity of matter was achieved by a pulsed-power machine used... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_3_1.txt | ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a semipermeable barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogel, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically constrains the macromolecule by bounding it to the scaffold. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_7.txt | mechanics. In the International System of Units (SI), the magnitude of the kelvin is defined in terms of the Boltzmann constant, the value of which is defined as fixed by international convention.
Statistical mechanical versus thermodynamic temperature scales[edit]
Since May 2019, the magnitude of the kelvin is define... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_2.txt | based kind. Especially, it was used for calorimetry, which contributed greatly to the discovery of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, empirical thermometry has serious drawbacks when judged as a basis for theoretical physics. Empirically based thermometers, beyond their base as simple direct measurements of ordinary physic... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_1.txt | selective cation channels that have six transmembrane segments, however, each sub-family is very unique and shares little structural homology with one another. This uniqueness gives rise to the various sensory perception and regulation functions that TRP channels have throughout the body. Group one and group two vary i... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_7.txt | measuring devices. In a time-of-flight camera, the distance resolution is usually equal to the standard deviation (total noise) of the signal expressed in unit of length.
The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the tem... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_7.txt | which was defined to have an absolute temperature of 273.16 K. Nowadays, the numerical value is instead obtained from measurement through the microscopic statistical mechanical international definition, as above.
Intensive variability[edit]
In thermodynamic terms, temperature is an intensive variable because it is equ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_21.txt | ylogenetic analysis has shown that TRPY1 does not form a part with the other metazoan TRP groups one and two, and is suggested to have evolved after the divergence of metazoans and fungi. Others have indicated that TRPY are more closely related to TRPP. |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_0_2.txt | pH of fluids.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much its output changes when the input quantity it measures changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, its sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope dy/dx assuming a linear characteristic). Some sen... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_28.txt | }}}{T}},}
(8)
where the subscript indicates a reversible process. This function corresponds to the entropy of the system, which was described previously. Rearranging (8) gives a formula for temperature in terms of fictive infinitesimal quasi-reversible elements of entropy and heat:
T
=
d
q
r... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_7_0.txt | Heat capacity[edit]
See also: Heat capacity and Calorimetry
When an energy transfer to or from a body is only as heat, the state of the body changes. Depending on the surroundings and the walls separating them from the body, various changes are possible in the body. They include chemical reactions, increase of pressur... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_0_0.txt | A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerves have historically been considered the basic units of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses called action potentials that are transmitted alo... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_57.txt | 8493-5833-7.
Roberts, J.K., Miller, A.R. (1928/1960). Heat and Thermodynamics, (first edition 1928), fifth edition, Blackie & Son Limited, Glasgow.
Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin) (1848). On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations, Pro... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_8.txt | developing common core and varied from roughly 1 to 7 km across over a time span of around 5 ms. Imagine two city-sized objects of unimaginable density orbiting each other at the same frequency as the G4 musical note (the 28th white key on a piano). It's also noteworthy that at 350 GK, the average neutron has a vibrat... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_14.txt | that is not in global thermodynamic equilibrium, but in which there is local thermodynamic equilibrium.
Thus, when local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails in a body, the temperature can be regarded as a spatially varying local property in that body, and this is because the temperature is an intensive variable. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_5.txt | atoms or molecules about their equilibrium position. In an ideal monatomic gas, the kinetic energy is found exclusively in the purely translational motions of the particles. In other systems, vibrational and rotational motions also contribute degrees of freedom.
Kinetic theory of gases[edit]
A theoretical understandin... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_4_0.txt | Kinetic theory approach[edit]
The magnitude of the kelvin is now defined in terms of kinetic theory, derived from the value of the Boltzmann constant.
Kinetic theory provides a microscopic account of temperature for some bodies of material, especially gases, based on macroscopic systems' being composed of many microsco... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_33.txt | ��
Δ
E
=
(
1
T
2
−
1
T
1
)
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta S=-(dS/dE)_{1}\cdot \Delta E+(dS/dE)_{2}\cdot \Delta E=\left({\frac {1}{T_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{1}}}\right)\Delta E}
and is thus positive if |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_7_0.txt | See also[edit]
Endocannabinoid system
Transient receptor potential channel-interacting protein database (2010) |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_6_1.txt | nerves" in diagnosing or blaming any sort of psychological worry or hesitancy, as in the common traditional phrases "my poor nerves",
"high-strung", and "nervous breakdown". |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_1_0.txt | Structure[edit]
Cross-section of a nerve
Each nerve is covered on the outside by a dense sheath of connective tissue, the epineurium. Beneath this is a layer of fat cells, the perineurium, which forms a complete sleeve around a bundle of axons. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bund... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_10.txt | droplets. This was reported at inter-molecular scales, or at the scale of the mean free path of molecules which is typically of the order of a few micrometers in gases at room temperature. Generally speaking, temperature discontinuities are considered to be norms rather than exceptions in cases of interfacial heat tra... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_55.txt | 1–398.
Middleton, W.E.K. (1966). A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
Miller, J (2013). "Cooling molecules the optoelectric way". Physics Today. 66 (1): 12–14. Bibcode:2013PhT....66a..12M. doi:10.1063/pt.3.1840.
Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_18.txt | V1
Specific to vertebrates
TRPV2
TRPV3
TRPV4
TRPV5
TRPV6
TRPV, V for "vanilloid", was originally discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, and is named for the vanilloid chemicals that activate some of these channels. These channels have been made famous for their association with molecules such as capsaicin (a ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_6_1.txt | the group of William Pak, and named TRP according to its behavior in the ERG. The identity of the mutated protein was unknown until it was cloned by Craig Montell, a post-doctoral researcher in Gerald Rubin's research group, in 1989, who noted its predicted structural relationship to channels known at the time and Rog... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_3.txt | y-intercept of a linear transfer function.
Nonlinearity is deviation of a sensor's transfer function from a straight line transfer function. Usually, this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.
Deviation caused b... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_30.txt |
(10)
i.e. the reciprocal of the temperature is the rate of increase of entropy with respect to energy at constant volume.
Definition from statistical mechanics[edit]
Statistical mechanics defines temperature based on a system's fundamental degrees of freedom. Eq.(10) is the defining relation of temperature, where th... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_0_1.txt | myelin.
Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endoneurium. The axons are bundled together into groups called fascicles, and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. Finally, the entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_24.txt | frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{q_{\text{H}}}}={\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}.}
(6)
Substituting (6) back into (4) gives a relationship for the efficiency in terms of temperature:
efficiency
=
1
−
|
q
C
|
q
H
=
1
|
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_4_1.txt | that demonstrate a sustained photoreceptor cell activity in response to light.
A distantly related isoform of TRP channel, TRP-like channel (TRPL), was later identified in Drosophila photoreceptors, where it is expressed at approximately 10- to 20-fold lower levels than TRP protein. A mutant fly, trpl, was subsequentl... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_53.txt | 03 at the Wayback Machine at Brookhaven National Laboratory Archived 2012-06-24 at the Wayback Machine in Upton, New York. Bathe has studied gold-gold, deuteron-gold, and proton-proton collisions to test the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together. Link to news... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_9.txt | what is now called the Maxwell–Boltzmann probability distribution function for the velocity of particles in an ideal gas. From that probability distribution function, the average kinetic energy (per particle) of a monatomic ideal gas is
E
k
=
1
2
m
v
rms
2
=
3
2
k
B
T
,
{\displaystyle E_{\text{k... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_58.txt | W. (Lord Kelvin) (March 1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. XX (part II): 261–268, 289–298.
Truesdell, C.A. (1980). The Tragicomical History of The... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_5.txt | ization error.
If the signal is monitored digitally, the sampling frequency can cause a dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise changes periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate, aliasing errors may occur.
The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the prop... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_9.txt | value and a final value. However, the classical picture is only true in the cases where temperature is measured in a system that is in equilibrium, that is, temperature may not be continuous outside these conditions. For systems outside equilibrium, such as at interfaces between materials (e.g., a metal/non-metal inte... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_16.txt | universe tends to progress toward a maximum of entropy, it is expected that there is some relationship between temperature and entropy. A heat engine is a device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy, resulting in the performance of work. An analysis of the Carnot heat engine provides the necessary rela... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_5_0.txt | Other animals[edit]
A neuron is called identified if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal—properties such as location, neurotransmitter, gene expression pattern, and connectivity—and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has exactly one neuron with the sa... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_12.txt | but are not limited to, vertebrate TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM5, and TRPM8 (the cold and menthol sensor). Two additional major clades have been described: TRPMc, which is present only in a variety of arthropods, and a basal clade, which has since been proposed to be a distinct and separate TRP channel family (TRPS).
TRPN[edit... |
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