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# MySQL/Databases manipulation
## Creation
``` sql
CREATE DATABASE database;
```
Require? Privilege.
`mysqladmin create` is a command-line wrapper for this function.
NB: in MySQL, `CREATE SCHEMA` is a perfect synonym of `CREATE DATABASE`,
contrarily to some other DBMS like Oracle or SQL Server.
## Deletion
``` ... |
# MySQL/Stored Programs
MySQL supports some procedural extensions to SQL. By using them, you can
manage the control flow, create loops and use cursors. These features
allow you to create stored programs, which may be of 3 kinds:
- Triggers - programs which are *triggered* before / after a certain
event involves... |
# MySQL/Table types
Every table is a logical object in a database; but it also needs to
physically store its data (records) on the disk and/or in memory. Tables
use a Storage Engine to do this. SE are plugins which can be installed
or uninstalled into the server (if they\'re not builtin).
Many operations are requeste... |
# MySQL/Administration
## Installation
### Debian packages
The package name is usually *mysql-server*, either directly or as a
transitional package for the latest version.
#### Stable
There are two Debian packages in the current *stable* release:
- mysql-server:
depends on latest MySQL version
- mysql-ser... |
# MySQL/Replication
## What is replication
Replication means that data written on a master MySQL will be sent to
separate server and executed there.
Applications:
- backups
- spread read access on multiple servers for scalability
- failover/HA
Replication types:
- Asynchronous replication (basic master/sl... |
# MySQL/Optimization
## Before Starting To Optimise
When the database seems to be \"slow\" first consider all of the
following points as e.g. making a certain query absolutely unnecessary
by simply using a more sophisticated algorithm in the application is
always the most elegant way of optimising it :)
1. Finding ... |
# MySQL/APIs
## Security
Please, remember that the internet has been created by persons who
don\'t want us to have any sort of secrets. Also remember that a lot of
people are payd to learn our secrets and register them somewhere.
Paranoia is a form of intelligence.
### Connection parameters
Sometimes, connection p... |
# MySQL/Debugging
## Logging
There a a few ways to debug a MySQL script. For example, if can become
necessary to log every SQL request. To do so:
``` mysql
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'ON';
SET GLOBAL log_output = 'TABLE';
```
Then it will record every request of the server into the system database
`mysql`, table *g... |
# MySQL/CheatSheet
### Connect/Disconnect
`mysql -h ``<host>`{=html}` -u ``<user>`{=html}` -p``<passwd>`{=html}\
`mysql -h ``<host>`{=html}` -u ``<user>`{=html}` -p`\
`Enter password: ********`\
`mysql -u user -p`\
`mysql`\
`mysql -h ``<host>`{=html}` -u ``<user>`{=html}` -p ``<Database>`{=html}
### Query
``` mysql... |
# Guitar/Different Types of Guitars
Playing different guitars in a music shop is a great way of
familiarising yourself with each model\'s unique qualities but don\'t
forget to take off any objects that could scratch the guitar. A music
salesman will let you try as many guitars as you like but may not be too
happy abou... |
# Guitar/Anatomy of a Guitar
This chapter presents an overview of the different parts most commonly
found on the three main types of guitar.
## Overview of Components
{width="300"}
{width="250"}
---... |
# Guitar/Buying a Guitar
A new guitar can be purchased for a moderate price. Modern manufacturing
techniques coupled with mass production keeps costs low while intonation
and playability are preserved by precise machining. Most manufacturers
offer a full range of guitars from budget to custom-shop.
## Acoustic or Ele... |
# Guitar/Buying an Amplifier
Amplifiers come in a wide variety of designs and your choice of
amplifier should be based on the type of music you wish to play. Your
local guitar dealer will let you test the different amplifiers they
stock though they may only offer a limited range due to space
restrictions. Its always a... |
# Guitar/Tuning the Guitar
Advances in manufacturing have solved many of the tuning problems
associated with the budget guitars of yesteryear. Entry level guitars
are available from major manufacturers such as Yamaha and Fender which
are entirely suitable for beginners. All guitar stores sell tuning forks
and electron... |
# Guitar/Tablature
Tablature and standard notation are two ways that musical information is
shared. Sight-reading of standard notation is a requisite skill for
teaching careers, session work, and the theater orchestra. Reading music
increases your knowledge of music and allows you to notate your musical
ideas. Each no... |
# Guitar/Lead Guitar and Rhythm Guitar
The terms **lead guitar** and **rhythm guitar** are mildly confusing,
especially to the beginner. Of course, a guitar should almost always
follow some sort of rhythm, whether loose or tight. Plus, many times,
guitars are very prominent in a song, where it drives the music, but
it... |
# Guitar/The Basics
The guitar is, and has always been, a social instrument. In all its
forms, it has always been a portable, multi-stringed instrument made for
public hearing. Even today, there\'s nothing better than hanging out
with some friends and being able to strum a few songs on the guitar. And
if you\'ve just ... |
# Guitar/Open Chords
Open chords are chords that include unfretted strings of the guitar.
Open chords contain one or more open strings. For example the Em chord
diagram on this page shows 4 open strings but the D major chord diagram
only has 1 open string. They are both classed as \"open chords\".
Open chords are the... |
# Guitar/Intervals and Power Chords
An interval is the
distance between two notes.
Each interval has a distinctive sound.
Intervals are named with reference to scales. For example, the interval
from the root of the major scale to the second note of the major scale
is called a \"major second\"; the interval from the ... |
# Guitar/Muting and Raking
## Muting
Muting a string is simple: with the fretting hand, touch the string with
a finger, but do not press it down, and strike the string. It is usually
best to do this where a harmonic will not
result, but strings can be muted at harmonics for special effect. In
tablature, muted notes a... |
# Guitar/Learning Songs
Now that you\'ve got a few chords under your belt, you\'re ready to
start learning some songs. Great! There are several ways to learn songs,
and some are more accessible than others.
## General Tips
There are two basic forms that appear in thousands of songs. They are
the twelve bar blues and... |
# Guitar/Scales
!The god of music Apollo strumming a lyre. In Greek mythology the lyre
was invented by Hermes who presented it to Apollo as recompense for
stealing his
cattle.
Western music uses twelve notes called the complete chromatic scale. The
seven white keys and their corresponding black keys on a keyboard all... |
# Guitar/Scale Theory
!The Codex Las Huelgas is a music manuscript from the thirteenth
century. The codex superseded the papyrus scroll and is the precursor of
the modern printed
book.
## The Invention Of Notation
By the ninth century Western music had become standardized into a
notational form called `<i>`{=html}nu... |
# Guitar/Picking and Plucking
There are two major methods of right hand (for right handed players)
techniques namely, either by using a pick (also called a plectrum) or
fingers. The plectrum is very common in rock, country and pop music,
where it is considered convenient for strumming and louder guitar sound.
Use of f... |
# Guitar/Arpeggios and Sweep Picking
## Introduction
The word **arpeggio** (ar-*peh*-jee-oh) is Italian for \"like a harp\".
It is a common technique for playing chords on the harp. To play an
arpeggiated chord on the guitar, pick each note of the chord slowly, one
string at a time. You can play arpeggios with a plec... |
# Guitar/Slides
The **slide** is one of the simplest guitar techniques. There are two
kinds of slides: shift slides and legato slides. In a shift slide, a
note is fretted, then struck, and then the fretting finger slides up or
down to a different fret, and the string is struck again. A legato slide
differs in that the... |
# Guitar/Hammer-ons, Pull-offs, and Trills
Hammer-ons and pull-offs are two closely related techniques. They are
used to play *legato*, that is, in a smooth manner, and are also used to
help the guitarist to play faster. They are most commonly used in
electric guitar work, but can be used in acoustic tunes as
embellis... |
# Guitar/Bending and Vibrato
**Bending** and **vibrato** are two related effects which help give
extra \"life\" to notes, especially sustained notes, by changing their
pitch. The techniques are not commonly used on the acoustic guitar or
general rhythm playing. However, they are *extremely* important to many
styles in... |
# Guitar/Harmonics
Harmonics are fun sounds to produce. They can be quiet and bell-like on
an Acoustic or they can be loud and squeally on an overdriven Electric.
## Harmonics Introduction
!**Harmonic series** of a string. Playing harmonics on the guitar uses
a technique that stops certain partials from
sounding{wid... |
# Guitar/Tremolo Bar Techniques
The tremolo bar was originally only found on Fender guitars, but now
they are on many types of electric guitar. Unfortunately, it has an
inappropriate name, because \"tremolo\" means a fast succession of two
different tones. A more accurate but less common name is the **vibrato
bar**, a... |
# Guitar/Tapping
## Fretboard Tapping
!Eddie Van Halen
**Tapping** is the short name of *fretboard tapping* or *finger
tapping*, a technique where the fingers hammer down (tap) against the
strings in order to produce sounds rather than striking or plucking the
strings. If both the left and right hand are used then it... |
# Guitar/Octaves
## Octaves
Using octaves is a useful way of reinforcing melody lines. When a melody
is played simultaneously at different octaves; the ear interprets it as
a single melodic voice. Octave lead playing stands out and is not that
difficult to master. Any melody you know can be expanded to include
octave... |
# Guitar/Chord Types
A chord is two or more different notes played simultaneously. Most
chords have three notes though. Chords derive their names from the
*root* note; so a C chord has C for its root note and a G7 chord will
have G. The interval between the root note and the third determines
whether a chord is a major... |
# Guitar/Barre Chords
Barre chords are chords that involve using one finger, usually your
first finger, to press all the strings down at once on a single fret.
Barring turns your first finger into a movable
capo. You can then use your
remaining three fingers to play open chord shapes, but in any position
on the fretbo... |
# Guitar/Movable Chords
Because of the relative tuning of the strings on a guitar, it is very
easy to play a variety of chords that can be moved up and down the neck.
The most basic types of movable chords are the power
chord and barre
chord. This section deals with chords
that, in general, do not use open strings. On... |
# Guitar/Chord Progressions
A knowledge of chord progressions will help you communicate and play
with other musicians. Knowing the most commonly used chord progressions
allows for greater enjoyment and unity when playing with other
musicians.
## The I-IV-V
The most common chord progression is I-IV-V. Note that Roman... |
# Guitar/Alternate Picking
Alternate picking is an important skill, because it allows you to play
more than twice as fast than with just down picking. The basic idea is
that if you are picking just on down strokes, every time you bring the
pick back up to stroke down again, you are missing an opportunity to hit
the st... |
# Guitar/Tremolo Picking
## What is Tremolo Picking?
**Tremolo** means a modulation in volume; in the context of stringed
instruments, usually refers to repeatedly striking or bowing a single
string in a steady rhythm, especially the fastest rhythm the player can
maintain. (This technique is particularly common on th... |
# Guitar/Rhythm
Good rhythm is almost essential to good guitar, and probably the
simplest to understand. Let\'s start with some terms:
Beat\
Bars\
Time signature
All bars (measures) consist of a number of beats. A very easy way to
grasp the idea of bars is to learn a 12 bar blues. The time signature
shows the number... |
# Guitar/Folk Guitar
## Introduction
!The folk singer Woody
Guthrie Folk music
is considered to be music that originates from the people. It is not the
preserve of professional composers because its themes and melodies are
derived from the experiences and lives of people who usually have no
professional musical train... |
# Guitar/Slide Guitar
## Introduction
A slide is a metal/glass/ceramic tube which fits over a finger (most
commonly the ring finger or little finger, but any will work). If you
wish to experiment with slide guitar, but do not have a slide, objects
ranging from lighters and glass bottles to sections of metal pipe and
... |
# Guitar/Country and Western
## Introduction
!The Appalachian Region of the
US{width="375"}
Country music is an American genre of music that can trace its roots
back to earlier European folk songs that the arriving immigrants brought
with them. It developed in the Appalachians and surrounding states;
changing the for... |
# Guitar/Metal
*This article uses musical notation called tablature. If you are
inexperienced in reading tablature, you might want to visit this
page*
!Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath. Black Sabbath are recognised as one of
the earliest Metal
bands.
Metal is a genre of music that stemmed from rock in the late 70\'s.
Tod... |
# Guitar/Jazz
## Jazz basics
**Jazz chords:**
Early jazz bands used the banjo as an accompaniment instrument because
its loud volume gave it the ability to be heard, unamplified, against
brass and percussion. As an acoustic instrument, the banjo was limited
to a rhythmic role.
The electric guitar eventually replace... |
# Guitar/Classical Guitar
!The Spanish guitarist and composer Fernando
Sor
## Classical Guitar
The classical guitar was preceded by the lute, vihuela and five-string
baroque guitar. This legacy is reflected in the repertoire of the
Classical guitar which ranges from the Estampie, a thirteenth century
dance, to the m... |
# Guitar/Flamenco
!Paco de Lucia
## Introduction
Flamenco is one of the folk music genres of Spain. In Spain the word
flamenco is not just associated with the guitar but also the people,
songs and dances of Spain. The history of flamenco follows that of
Spain. When the Moors ruled Southern Spain they brought with th... |
# Guitar/Tone and Volume
## 3 zones of distortion
The starting point for dialing-in various electric Rock guitar tone is
not a crystal-clean full-range amplifier and speaker, but rather, a tube
power amp pushing a guitar speaker that has limited frequency response,
with the power tubes on the edge of breakup.
With p... |
# Guitar/Singing and Playing
There are some people who are blessed with a perfect singing voice and
excellent coordination, and they sing and play the guitar like
breathing. For other people, attempting to sing a single note causes
them to immediately lose the rhythm.
This section is intended to help people who alrea... |
# Guitar/Writing Songs
Now that you\'ve got some skill and control over the guitar, you want to
start writing and performing your own songs. But all your famous artists
have such amazing, complicated songs, it\'s hard to know where to begin.
This page is a general guide to writing songs on the guitar. Although it
won... |
# Guitar/Playing With Others
Almost as soon as you start playing the guitar, you start to meet many
other guitarists. Eventually, you will wind up playing with some of
them, in some sort of informal *jam sessions*, where friends play
anything that tickles their fancy.
Playing with others is helped incredibly by havin... |
# Guitar/Recording Music
So you\'ve been practicing and practicing, and finally, you\'re ready to
record your first demo. But where to begin? Should you go to a
professional studio, or just try to do it yourself at home? What kind of
equipment and software will you need? Although everyone talks like they
could write a... |
# Guitar/Tuning Your Ear
Almost as important as learning how to tune your
guitar is learning how to tune your
ear. Most people do not have \"perfect pitch\", which is an umbrella
term for anyone who is really accurate at determining or singing notes.
Although you can naturally be more or less inclined to hear correct
... |
# Guitar/Playing What You Hear
The ultimate goal for many guitarists is to be able to create with the
guitar -- that is, to be able to conceive of a
melody or a chord sequence, \"hear\" it in one\'s
head, and then translate it onto the
fretboard. Ideally, guitarists should be able
to do so with the minimum possible la... |
# Guitar/Guitar Accessories
This page is a list of common (and uncommon) accessories you can get for
guitar. It is not a buying guide, but it will give you an idea of what
to expect in your local guitar shop. While they are not all necessary
for playing guitar, some of them are extremely useful and are a good
investme... |
# Guitar/Effects Pedals
**Effects pedals** are electronic or digital devices that modify the
tone, pitch, or sound of an electric guitar. Effects can be housed in
effects pedals, guitar amplifiers, guitar amplifier simulation software,
and rackmount preamplifiers or processors. Electronic effects and signal
processing... |
# Guitar/E-bow
The E-bow is a device that causes your string to
vibrate without it being plucked, almost like a violin bow makes a
violin string vibrate. It requires a dramatically different technique to
play, as it basically replaces your pick. Furthermore, due to its true
sustain capability, it is possible to actual... |
# Guitar/Cables
Since you are likely to encounter cables at some point in your guitar
playing career, it is important learn about them. This is especially
true if you play the electric guitar. With the electric guitar, the use
of an amplifier is essential and the cable is the only connection that
links the two togethe... |
# Guitar/Bass Guitar
Bass guitars have similar design features to other types of guitar but
scaled up: thicker strings, longer neck and larger body, etc. This
allows lower notes to be created when the strings are tuned to a
playable tension. They are sometimes categorized as guitars but are also
categorized as a separ... |
# Guitar/Harmonica and Guitar Combo
!Diatonic Harmonicas.
Image:Cralize
The harmonica is an instrument that has found favour with many
guitarist. The idea evolved from the blues and country and western
musicians of the early part of the 20th century. The role the harmonica
plays in providing another timbre has appeal... |
# Guitar/Guitar Maintenance and Storage
Properly maintaining a valuable guitar keeps it valuable. Guitars can
take a lot of abuse, especially if you play live shows and tour, and
even if it pretty much \"sounds the same,\" lack of maintenance may
suddenly render the instrument unplayable. You don\'t need to carefully
... |
# Guitar/Adjusting the Guitar
Many beginning or even intermediate guitarists are unaware that their
guitar should be `<b>`{=html}\"set up\"`</b>`{=html}. The adjustments
described in the adjustment subsections below (along with restringing
and tuning) are called a `<b>`{=html}\"set up\"`</b>`{=html}.
# What differenc... |
# Guitar/Stringing the Guitar
Aside from the physical shape of the guitar body, strings are the most
important thing for determining the sound of a guitar. New strings sound
bright and full, while old strings tend to sound dull and dead. Many
guitarists believe that strings should be changed regularly, not just
when t... |
# Guitar/Alternate Tunings
!In standard tuning, the C-major chord has three shapes because of the
irregular major-third between the G- and B-strings. Among alternative
tunings, regular tunings have the same shape for chords everywhere on
the
fretboard.
Many guitar players use alternate tunings, which differ from stan... |
# Guitar/Scale Manual
## Circle Of Fifths
!Circle of
Fifths{width="300"}
The Circle of Fifths is a memory aid for learning all the keys. Here are
some fundamental observations:
Clockwise direction shows all the sharp keys
Anti-clockwise shows all the flat keys
Both directions start at the key of C major which is ... |
# Guitar/Chord Reference
# Open Chords
Open chords tend to sound \"richer\" than corresponding barre chords due
to the fact that open strings resonate freely without any hindrance.
Open chords typically sustain longer than their barre chord equivalent.
An open chord is any chord that has one or more strings sounded w... |
# Guitar/Chords
A chord is two or more different notes played simultaneously. Most
chords have three notes though. Chords derive their names from the
*root* note; so a C chord has C for its root note and a G7 chord will
have G. The interval between the root note and the third determines
whether a chord is a major or m... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Polynomial Remainder Theorem
The **Polynomial Remainder Theorem** is an application of Euclidean
division of polynomials. It is one of the most fundamental and popular
theorems of Algebra. It states that the remainder of the division of a
polynomial $P(x)$ by a linear polynomial $(x ... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Polynomial Factor Theorem
The **Polynomial Factor Theorem** is a theorem linking factors and zeros
of a polynomial.[^1] It is an application of the polynomial remainder
theorem Polynomial Remainder
Theorem.
It states that a polynomial $f(x)$ has a factor $(x - a)$ if and only if
$f(a... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Rational Root Theorem
The rational root theorem states that, if a rational number
$\frac{p}{q}$ (where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime) is a root of a
polynomial with integer coefficients, then $p$ is a factor of the
constant term and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient. In o... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Binomial Theorem
The Binomial Theorem is a fundamental theorem in algebra that provides a
formula to expand powers of binomials. It allows us to easily expand
expressions, $(a+b)^n$, where $a$ and $b$ are real numbers or variables,
and $n\geq0$.
## Proof
**Proposition:** For any re... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Product, Quotient, Composition Rules
The product rule, the quotient rule and the composition *(or chain)*
rule are the most fundamental rules or formulas of differential
calculus. For the functions $u(x)$ and $v(x)$, the rules are,
1. Product Rule: $D_x (uv) = v\cdot D_x u + u\cdot... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Intermediate Value Theorem
The **Intermediate Value Theorem** is a fundamental theorem in calculus.
The theorem states that if a function, $f(x)$ is continuous on a closed
interval $[a,b],$ then for any value, $y$ defined between $(f(a)$ and
$f(b),$ there exists at least one value $c... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Differentiability Implies Continuity
**Statement:** If a function $f(x)$ is differentiable at the point
$x_0,$ then $f$ is continuous at $x_0.$
**Proof:** Assume $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x_0$. Then, $D_{x}f(x_0)$
exists.
The function $f(x)$ is continuous at $x_0$ when
$\lim_{x ... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Rolle's Theorem
The Rolle\'s theorem says that, If a real-valued function $f$ is
continuous on a closed interval $[a, b]$, differentiable on an open
interval $(a, b)$ and $f(a) = f(b)$, then there exists at least a number
$c$ such that $D_xf(c) = 0$. It means that if a function satis... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Bézout's Identity
!Étienne Bézout *(31 March 1730 -- 27 September
1783)*")
**Bézout\'s Identity** is a theorem of Number Theory and Algebra, which
is named after the French mathematician, Étienne Bézout *(31 March 1730
-- 27 September 1783)*. The theorem states that the greatest comm... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/De Morgan's laws
**De Morgan\'s Law** is a fundamental principle in Logic and Set Theory.
It establishes a useful relationship between the logical operators
\'AND\' and \'OR\' when negations *(NOT)* are applied. There are two
primary forms of De Morgan\'s Law, known as De Morgan\'s F... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Mid Point Theorem
!In this right triangle, $AD = CD, BE = CE, DE = \frac {1}{2}AB$and
$DE \parallel AB$ according to the Mid Point
Theorem
The midpoint theorem is a fundamental concept in geometry that
establishes a relationship between the midpoints of a triangle\'s sides.
This theo... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is a fundamental relation between the three
sides of a right triangle in Euclidean Geometry. It states that the
square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of the
other two sides in a right-angled triangle.[^1] !In this rig... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Law of Cosines
!Here
$c^2 = a^2+b^2-2ab\cdot \cos\gamma$
The law of cosines explains the relation between the sides and an angle
of a triangle. The law states that for any triangle $\Delta ABC$, if
$\angle ACB=\theta$, $AB=c$, $AC=b$ and $BC=a$, then
$c^2 = a^2+b^2-2ab\cdot \cos\the... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Brahmagupta Theorem
The Brahmagupta\'s theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is
orthodiagonal (that is, has perpendicular diagonals), then the
perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals
always bisects the opposite side.[^1]
The theorem is named a... |
# Timeless Theorems of Mathematics/Napoleon's theorem
!$\Delta LMN$ is an equilateral
triangle
The Napoleon\'s theorem states that if equilateral triangles are
constructed on the sides of a triangle, either all outward or all
inward, the lines connecting the centers of those equilateral triangles
themselves form an eq... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Definition
understand that it is a subdiscipline of
anthropology and have a basic understanding
of archaeology dating techniques, evolution of cultures, Darwinian
thought, genetics, and primate behaviours.
\_\_toc\_\_ There is a long academic tradition in modern anthropology
which... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Origin
## Beginning of the 20th Century
In 1891, Eugene Dubois discovers remains of hominid fossils (which he
will call *Pithecanthropus*) on the island of Java, in southeast Asia.
The two main consequences of this discovery:
- stimulated research for a \"missing link\" in our... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Bones
## Bone Identification and Terminology
### Skull
**Cranium**: The skull minus the lower jaw bone.
**Brow, Supraorbital Ridges**: Bony protrusions above eye sockets.
**Endocranial Volume**: The volume of a skull\'s brain cavity.
**Foramen Magnum**: The hole in the skull ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Hominids Early
## Overview of Human Evolutionary Origin
The fossil record provides little information about the evolution of the
human lineage during the Late Miocene, from 10 million to 5 million
years ago. Around 10 million years ago, several species of large-bodied
hominids th... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Hominids Early Chronology
## Phylogeny and Chronology
### Between 8 million and 4 million years ago
Fossils of *Sahelanthropus tchadensis* (6-7 million years) and *Orrorin
tugenensis* (6 million years), discovered in 2001 and 2000 respectively,
are still a matter of debate.
The... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Hominids Early Behavior
in human evolution is about the diet of our earliest ancestors. The
presence of primitive stone tools in the fossil record tells us that 2.5
million years ago, early hominids (*A. garhi*) were using stone
implements to cut the flesh off the bones of large an... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Oldowan
Africa
## The Olduvai Gorge
2 million years ago, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) was a lake. Its shores
were inhabited not only by numerous wild animals but also by groups of
hominids, including Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis, as well as the
later Homo erectus.
The gorge,... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Acheulean
proposed the generic name \"*Pithecanthropus*\" for a hypothetical
missing link between apes and humans.
In late 19th century, Dutch anatomist Eugene Dubois was on the
Indonesian island of Java, searching for human fossils. In the fall of
1891, he encountered the now fam... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Hominids Acheulean
## The hominids
### African *Homo erectus*: *Homo ergaster*
*H. ergaster* existed between 1.8 million and 1.3 million years ago.
Like *H. habilis*, the face shows:
- protruding jaws with large molars;
- no chin;
- thick brow ridges;
- long low skull,... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Acheulean Technology
Acheulean industry, enjoyed impressive longevity as a species and great
geographic spread. We will review several cultural innovations and
behavioral changes that might have contributed to the success of *H.
ergaster/erectus*:
- stone-knapping advances that ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Hominids MiddlePaleolithic
## The second phase of human migration
The time period between 250,000 and 50,000 years ago is commonly called
the Middle Paleolithic.
At the same time that Neanderthals occupied Europe and Western Asia,
other kinds of people lived in the Far East and ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/MiddlePaleolithic Technology
## Stone tool industry
!Flint tool found in the Valley of the Kings,
Egypt
Neanderthals and their contemporaries seem to have been associated
everywhere with similar stone tool industries, called the Mousterian
(after Le Moustier Cave in France). Ther... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/UpperPaleolithic
## Early Upper Paleolithic Cultures
### Aurignacian
The Aurignacian indicates a
tool industry from the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. A tool industry
contains standardized tools and production techniques that indicate a
shared cultural knowledge. The Aurignacian i... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Dating Techniques
of reconstructing how anatomical and behavioral characteristics of early
hominids evolved. \_\_toc\_\_ Researchers who are interested in knowing
the age of particular hominid fossils and/or artifacts have options that
fall into two basic categories:
- Relative ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Evolution Culture
## The concept of progress
**Progress** is defined as a gradual but predictable bettering of the
human condition over time, that is, things are always getting better
over time.
### History of Progressivism
- Progressivism has been one of the cornerstones of ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Darwinian Thought
## Pre-Darwinian Thoughts on Evolution
Throughout the Middle Ages, there was one predominant component of the
European world view: stasis.
- All aspects of nature were considered as fixed and change was
unconceivable.
- No new species had appeared, and ... |
# Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Origin of Language
record (following Philip Chase\'s criteria):
- Regularity of use indicating purposeful and repeated activity;
- Yet repetitive behavior alone is not enough, because by itself not
indicative of symbol use: Ex. Actions of individuals working without
a ... |
# Wikijunior:Solar System/Introduction
{{ }}
## Introduction
!These planets are little bigger than dots in the night sky, but if you
call them dots, then Earth (in the marble-sized group, topleft) is
smaller than a grain of
sand. is smaller than a grain of sand."){width="250"
height="250"}
Wikijunior books welcome... |
# Wikijunior:Solar System/Solar System
{{ }} !The Hubble Space Telescope. This
telescope is in space. It takes pictures of things that are too far away
to be seen with a regular
telescope.
Do you ever wonder about the things in the sky---the Sun, the Moon, the
stars? People have been watching the sky for a long time,... |
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