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It's like too blunt. Let's be a little more expressive. Let's add some room where we're just sort of evocative of the mood. So he was still interested in conveying the African American experience, but he was unique. And that's why we're writing about him, because he wanted to do it in a moody, non-representational way.... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
So he was still interested in conveying the African American experience, but he was unique. And that's why we're writing about him, because he wanted to do it in a moody, non-representational way. Let's use that oppositional pair. The other black artists were doing literal protest art, but Sam Gilliam, instead of doing... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
The other black artists were doing literal protest art, but Sam Gilliam, instead of doing that, did non-representational, moody art. We did it. Let's try one more passage. Pause and read these two paragraphs. Topic, framework, author. Here are the common frameworks. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
Pause and read these two paragraphs. Topic, framework, author. Here are the common frameworks. Have at it. Welcome back. This passage is about like prodigies, and the early clue is some people believe that you must have innate talent to be this sort of prodigy. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
Have at it. Welcome back. This passage is about like prodigies, and the early clue is some people believe that you must have innate talent to be this sort of prodigy. When we see some people believe, we think, well, the author's either going to push back or some other point of view. But we see certain psychologists hav... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
When we see some people believe, we think, well, the author's either going to push back or some other point of view. But we see certain psychologists have supported this view. All right, so now we have an entire paragraph saying you got to have innate talent. They have noted, they have found evidence. We know that this... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
They have noted, they have found evidence. We know that this is probably going to pivot into either the other side of a debate or the author pushing back. So let's create some space. Side A. Elite performers got to have innate talent. And here's a really important move. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
Side A. Elite performers got to have innate talent. And here's a really important move. You predict the other point of view. They're going to say, no, you don't need innate talent. Anybody can be LeBron James if you work hard enough. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
You predict the other point of view. They're going to say, no, you don't need innate talent. Anybody can be LeBron James if you work hard enough. So do we pivot into a new point of view? Oh, snap. Where my dancers at? | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
So do we pivot into a new point of view? Oh, snap. Where my dancers at? When you see a pivot, if you got a damn, then you should give it. Pivots tend to show you what kind of framework you should go to pivot. We are going against this old thing where we thought it was innate talent. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
When you see a pivot, if you got a damn, then you should give it. Pivots tend to show you what kind of framework you should go to pivot. We are going against this old thing where we thought it was innate talent. There's some new thing that says it's not innate talent. Sure enough, yeah, there's a payoff line there. Exc... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
There's some new thing that says it's not innate talent. Sure enough, yeah, there's a payoff line there. Exceptional performance. Acquired not innate. We did it, y'all. We predicted it. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
Acquired not innate. We did it, y'all. We predicted it. We were listening for it. We were thirsty for that. It's not innate. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
We were listening for it. We were thirsty for that. It's not innate. It's acquired. We've got the old. We've got the new. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
It's acquired. We've got the old. We've got the new. We're probably all set. When we see the next sentence begin, for example, it's just supporting. We done. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
We're probably all set. When we see the next sentence begin, for example, it's just supporting. We done. All right, let's encode it. The old was that you needed innate talent to be a superstar. The new one is it's mainly acquired skills. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
All right, let's encode it. The old was that you needed innate talent to be a superstar. The new one is it's mainly acquired skills. Keep asking yourself questions early on. What are the clues? What framework? | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
Keep asking yourself questions early on. What are the clues? What framework? If you see a but, however, recently, slow down. There's your framework. And once you pick one, remind yourself of what the big ideas are that you're looking out for. | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
If you see a but, however, recently, slow down. There's your framework. And once you pick one, remind yourself of what the big ideas are that you're looking out for. We're going to now move on into the question type part of the experience. We've talked about a lot of strategies for how to better absorb the passage. Wit... | 2. Find a Framework LSAT Reading Comprehension_segment1.mp3 |
A lot of times causation is set up by some sort of curious comparison, a curious fact. And usually there are multiple ways to explain that, but the author picks one way. We need to be good at assessing the plausibility of the author's hypothesis. And then in other problems we're going to be responsible for putting toge... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And then in other problems we're going to be responsible for putting together a chain of causality. Let's start with those curious comparisons. We're going to show three of them from test questions. After you read each one of them, I just want you to ask yourself, why is that? See if your brain fills in the blank. Like... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
After you read each one of them, I just want you to ask yourself, why is that? See if your brain fills in the blank. Like, why do you think this curious comparison is true? Pause the recording, read all three, and then unpause when you're done. Welcome back. Let's go through these one by one. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Pause the recording, read all three, and then unpause when you're done. Welcome back. Let's go through these one by one. We're going to see two different categories. Let's get those clear in our heads. A small study where we observe things versus a large randomized trial. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
We're going to see two different categories. Let's get those clear in our heads. A small study where we observe things versus a large randomized trial. Okay, well, what's the difference? How do they compare? Turns out there are more newspaper stories about small studies than large ones. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Okay, well, what's the difference? How do they compare? Turns out there are more newspaper stories about small studies than large ones. Why? The author goes on to conclude that, mm, it must be because small studies have really, like, sensational takeaways and newspapers love a good headline. And then the correct answer... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Why? The author goes on to conclude that, mm, it must be because small studies have really, like, sensational takeaways and newspapers love a good headline. And then the correct answer goes, well, it might just be that there's way more small studies than large ones. Right? A large trial takes a significant amount of in... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Right? A large trial takes a significant amount of investment, so it just doesn't happen as frequently. All right, in this one, what's being compared is crosswalks that are marked by stripes and lights versus crosswalks that are not so adorned. And the comparison is that there's more pedestrian injuries happening at th... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And the comparison is that there's more pedestrian injuries happening at the marked crosswalks than the unmarked ones. That's weird. Why are there more injuries at the marked ones? Well, the author goes on to conclude, clearly these safety measures, these lights and these stripes are doing nothing. Look, there's more i... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Well, the author goes on to conclude, clearly these safety measures, these lights and these stripes are doing nothing. Look, there's more injuries here. They're making the situation worse. And LSAT wants us to consider the alternate explanation. Maybe these were the worst crosswalks to begin with, and the stripes and l... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And LSAT wants us to consider the alternate explanation. Maybe these were the worst crosswalks to begin with, and the stripes and lights are there trying to make a bad situation slightly better. This one's comparing people who read the labels on their food products to people who don't read. And it's saying that the one... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And it's saying that the ones who don't read have a higher percentage of fat calories in their diet. Hmm, curious. Why is that? Let's look at one more that you haven't seen yet. All right, Jimmy replaced his old gas water heater with a new one that's rated as highly efficient, but his gas bills went up. So this is a co... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Let's look at one more that you haven't seen yet. All right, Jimmy replaced his old gas water heater with a new one that's rated as highly efficient, but his gas bills went up. So this is a comparison between then and now. He used to have the old gas water heater, and now he's got the new highly efficient one, and yet ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
He used to have the old gas water heater, and now he's got the new highly efficient one, and yet his gas bill's gone up. That's paradoxical. LSAT wants us to be intrinsically confused and thinking, why is that? But you need to build a habit that you actually make your brain say that question, ask it. So make your brain... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
But you need to build a habit that you actually make your brain say that question, ask it. So make your brain think, well, so wait, why is his gas bill higher with this new heater? Does the new heater suck? Is something else changed? Why are newspapers doing more stories on small studies than big ones? Why are there mo... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Is something else changed? Why are newspapers doing more stories on small studies than big ones? Why are there more pedestrians getting hurt at these brightly advertised crosswalks? How come the people who are reading the food label have less fat in their diet? It's important that we develop an ear for curious comparis... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
How come the people who are reading the food label have less fat in their diet? It's important that we develop an ear for curious comparisons so that we can pause and relate to the author, empathize with her, and think, huh, why is that? Once we've asked the question, why is that, our human brains can't help but start ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Here's a question that is all about coming up with four possible explanations for the same curious fact. Pause the recording, give it a try, and then unpause when you're ready to hear about it. So this question is explain the paradox, resolve the paradox, and it's an accept question, so four answers will help to explai... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
One of them will either do nothing or make the surprise worse. And here the correct answer is A. This actually makes it even more surprising because this is saying that his new water heater uses a smaller percentage of gas. So wait, why are his gas bills going up if the new heater uses a smaller percentage of gas? This... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So wait, why are his gas bills going up if the new heater uses a smaller percentage of gas? This makes us even more confused. That's why it's our correct answer. But I want to look at the four that give us different explanations. So how come this new water heater life of his has a higher gas bill than the old water hea... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
But I want to look at the four that give us different explanations. So how come this new water heater life of his has a higher gas bill than the old water heater life he lived? Well, B is saying it's because his uncle moved in. So the difference between now and before is two people versus one. Does it say that the uncl... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So the difference between now and before is two people versus one. Does it say that the uncle actually uses the sink or the shower or the toilet? No, but go ahead and use common sense. C is saying that what's different between now and then is now he does laundry at home, whereas he didn't before. Do we know that doing ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
C is saying that what's different between now and then is now he does laundry at home, whereas he didn't before. Do we know that doing laundry at home means more gas usage than when you didn't do laundry at home? Here, yeah, even without common sense, it says he started using a gas dryer. D is saying that, well, the th... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
D is saying that, well, the thing that's changed is they jacked up my rates. So even though I've got this new heater, I've got higher rates to pay. And then E gives us a story where there's something anomalous. The reason his bill is higher than usual is because the weather is colder than usual. So he just needs to run... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
The reason his bill is higher than usual is because the weather is colder than usual. So he just needs to run a heater more than he usually would run a heater. The variety of possible storylines is part of the richness of causality. Maybe his uncle moved in. Maybe now he's doing laundry at home. Maybe the utility compa... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Maybe his uncle moved in. Maybe now he's doing laundry at home. Maybe the utility company jacked up the rates. Maybe it's just really cold, so everybody's running their heater a lot. We're totally allowed to use common sense when it comes to filling in the blanks for potential explanations. You don't want to invent a c... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Maybe it's just really cold, so everybody's running their heater a lot. We're totally allowed to use common sense when it comes to filling in the blanks for potential explanations. You don't want to invent a crazy story like if we found out that Jimmy just got promoted at his job. I don't know why he'd be using his gas... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
I don't know why he'd be using his gas more. I could make up a story, but there's no common sense connection between getting promoted and using your gas more. Already I'm thinking, well, now that he knows he's making more money, he feels like he can turn the heat up. That's too much of a story. Because there are multip... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
That's too much of a story. Because there are multiple ways to explain, it's a flaw when an author commits to one of them. Whenever we talk about sort of causal flaws, we're really referring to this, that an author's overconfident about one specific storyline when there could be other storylines. Pause the recording an... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Pause the recording and try this one. Unpause when you're done. Welcome back. This is a flaw question. It's asking us how the argument is vulnerable to criticism. What's wrong with it? | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
This is a flaw question. It's asking us how the argument is vulnerable to criticism. What's wrong with it? How is it flawed? A is the correct answer. The four wrong answers are famous flaws, such as sampling, possible versus certain, necessary versus sufficient, or an inappropriate appeal to a source that might not be ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
How is it flawed? A is the correct answer. The four wrong answers are famous flaws, such as sampling, possible versus certain, necessary versus sufficient, or an inappropriate appeal to a source that might not be an expert. If you're unfamiliar with these famous flaws, there's about 10 to 15 of them. If you want to cli... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
If you're unfamiliar with these famous flaws, there's about 10 to 15 of them. If you want to click open this video in another tab, you can come check out those later. The correct answer is saying that the author inferred a cause from a mere correlation. That's a foul ball. Whenever an answer choice on flaw says the aut... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
That's a foul ball. Whenever an answer choice on flaw says the author inferred this from that, the thing you infer is the conclusion. To draw a conclusion is synonymous with to draw an inference. You can actually think your way through these answer choices by just seeing whether they match. First, you just have to find... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
You can actually think your way through these answer choices by just seeing whether they match. First, you just have to find the conclusion and the evidence. The word but tells you that usually we're leaving background counterpoint and now beginning the author's argument. We can ignore the first sentence, but we got to... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
We can ignore the first sentence, but we got to figure out, are we getting conclusion and then evidence or evidence and then conclusion? The so tells us that the conclusion comes second. Is our conclusion a cause? Yes, because it says, training my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk. These active verbs sign... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Yes, because it says, training my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk. These active verbs signify some sort of causal influence. Is the evidence correlation? Do we have ourselves a little curious comparison? We do. We're comparing minivans and sedans to sports cars, and we're saying one is higher or lower w... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Do we have ourselves a little curious comparison? We do. We're comparing minivans and sedans to sports cars, and we're saying one is higher or lower when it comes to an accident rate. So if we heard this curious comparison, we were one step ahead of the game. How do they compare? Sports car drivers are getting into mor... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So if we heard this curious comparison, we were one step ahead of the game. How do they compare? Sports car drivers are getting into more accidents. Why? The author is looking at this curious comparison, asking herself why and coming away with the idea that the sports car is an inherently riskier car to drive. And that... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Why? The author is looking at this curious comparison, asking herself why and coming away with the idea that the sports car is an inherently riskier car to drive. And that's a flaw because that doesn't have to be the explanation. There's multiple ways to explain a correlation. Let's clarify what correlations are. We go... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
There's multiple ways to explain a correlation. Let's clarify what correlations are. We got to get really good at hearing them. You've got statistical correlations where you hear that, like most people in this group have a certain trait. College graduates tend to have good vocab. Or you get an idea that this group's mo... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
You've got statistical correlations where you hear that, like most people in this group have a certain trait. College graduates tend to have good vocab. Or you get an idea that this group's more likely or less likely than this group to have some certain trait. College grads are more likely than non-college grads to hav... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
College grads are more likely than non-college grads to have sophisticated vocab. Another way to express this lumpiness in the statistics is to just show disproportionate representation. Liberals are only 53% of the population, but 79% of university professors. Whoa, why? What's skewing it that way? Correlations can al... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Whoa, why? What's skewing it that way? Correlations can also be temporal. You can say, hey, we raised the speed limit and then the traffic fatalities went down. So I guess the speed limit did it. That's like a before after. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
You can say, hey, we raised the speed limit and then the traffic fatalities went down. So I guess the speed limit did it. That's like a before after. Or you can kind of do simultaneous correlations. Tommy's taxi started offering free breath mints around the same time that Uber's drivers were. When you see a correlation... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Or you can kind of do simultaneous correlations. Tommy's taxi started offering free breath mints around the same time that Uber's drivers were. When you see a correlation, it can be useful to picture those two factors appearing in parallel. There's some association. What is it? The author always assumes a causal one. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
There's some association. What is it? The author always assumes a causal one. Here, with this conclusion, our author would be saying that going to college is causing the advanced vocab. It leads to. Other verbs would be like, it promotes. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Here, with this conclusion, our author would be saying that going to college is causing the advanced vocab. It leads to. Other verbs would be like, it promotes. It contributes to. It influences. Sometimes causal conclusions don't explicitly name cause effect. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
It contributes to. It influences. Sometimes causal conclusions don't explicitly name cause effect. They just imply it. So picture this one. I guess the crackdown on plagiarism is making students check their thesaurus. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
They just imply it. So picture this one. I guess the crackdown on plagiarism is making students check their thesaurus. That's like an obnoxiously cryptic way of saying that being at college and not being allowed to plagiarize some source is leading you to search out new wording, which is building your vocab. So it's te... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
That's like an obnoxiously cryptic way of saying that being at college and not being allowed to plagiarize some source is leading you to search out new wording, which is building your vocab. So it's telling a rich causal story that we actually need to sort of vocalize internally. What is the author imagining? But in a ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
But in a very simple way, we want to look at this correlation and think, OK, the author thinks that the left side leads to the right side. But it doesn't have to be that way. Given that X is correlated with Y, you're not allowed to conclude that X causes Y. First of all, maybe Y causes X. We should always ask ourselves... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
First of all, maybe Y causes X. We should always ask ourselves, which of these came first? Did they have the advanced vocab before they got to college? We call this sort of thing reverse causality, meaning have you considered that maybe it's the other way around? We're not allowed to be sure of it. We can't say definit... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
We call this sort of thing reverse causality, meaning have you considered that maybe it's the other way around? We're not allowed to be sure of it. We can't say definitively, author, you've mistaken cause for effect. That's too sure. But we can say you've failed to consider that maybe it's the other way around. Here, i... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
That's too sure. But we can say you've failed to consider that maybe it's the other way around. Here, it definitely makes some common sense why you might have needed an advanced vocab to get into college. Maybe if your essay didn't sparkle with some scintillating vernacular, then you wouldn't have gotten admitted. The ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Maybe if your essay didn't sparkle with some scintillating vernacular, then you wouldn't have gotten admitted. The other popular alternative explanation for a correlation is that there's some third factor we haven't identified yet that is really the causal difference maker. So sometimes it's causing both things. Someti... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Sometimes it causes one and just happens to be associated with the other. But it's the real reason these two factors are going hand in hand. One we could stipulate would be maybe just being wealthy. Maybe wealthy families are more likely to have advanced vocab, and they're also more likely to get their kids through col... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Maybe wealthy families are more likely to have advanced vocab, and they're also more likely to get their kids through college. If you think about the argument we were reading, there was a correlation between driving a sports car and having a higher rate of getting into accidents. And our author blamed it on the sports ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
She was like, oh, okay, well, if I trade in my sports car, I'll lower my risk. We could consider reverse causality, but it doesn't really make sense to say the higher accident rate came first, and then you got the sports car. Unless we're thinking about this third factor idea of like, well, yeah, you're getting into ac... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And that same personality trait is making you buy a sports car once you can afford it. There's multiple ways to explain a correlation, so it's a flaw for an author to just assume one thing causes another. In addition to chasing down alternate storylines, the test is going to ask us to evaluate or assess the plausibilit... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
In general, when you see a causal argument where you get some curious fact, which is almost always some curious comparison, and then the author goes on to go, hmm, this must explain it. There's two different pressure points. One is, is there some other way we could explain it? And the other one is, okay, how plausible ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And the other one is, okay, how plausible is the author's hypothesis? What information could help me assess whether the author's storyline seems right or seems wrong? Take a look at this strengthen, accept question. Pause the recording and unpause when you're done. Welcome back. So there's a curious comparison, which i... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Pause the recording and unpause when you're done. Welcome back. So there's a curious comparison, which is the Land Party got its only national victory in 1935. So we're kind of comparing 1935 to every other year. And what was different is the Land Party won a national election. Huh? | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So we're kind of comparing 1935 to every other year. And what was different is the Land Party won a national election. Huh? Why is that? Why? So the author has a theory. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Why is that? Why? So the author has a theory. She says, well, I think it was due to a combination of two things. The Land Party specifically spoke to the problems of those hard hit rural, semi-rural areas. And those areas were really suffering. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
She says, well, I think it was due to a combination of two things. The Land Party specifically spoke to the problems of those hard hit rural, semi-rural areas. And those areas were really suffering. How would we assess the plausibility of this? The most common way that LSAT will strengthen plausibility is by showing yo... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
How would we assess the plausibility of this? The most common way that LSAT will strengthen plausibility is by showing you an answer where the cause was absent and the effect was absent. So in this argument, our author thinks, for example, that them specifically addressing the concerns of these groups helped them win t... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So a no cause, no effect answer would sound like when they didn't address their concerns, they didn't win the election. And A actually looks like it's doing that. It sounds like in the preceding elections, which we know they lost, they didn't make an attempt to address the economically distressed group. The problem is ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
The problem is this is talking about urban and we are talking about rural and semi-rural voters. Since this ends up being irrelevant, it's our correct answer because it doesn't strengthen the argument. Choice B strengthens basically by explaining the causal mechanism. Like how would focusing on their problems lead to t... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Like how would focusing on their problems lead to them winning? B is explaining, well, because when voters feel like you're focusing on their problems, they're more likely to vote for you. C strengthens by giving more data points that match the cause and effect are appearing together. In other times when the Land Party... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
In other times when the Land Party had success, we know they only won this one national election, but maybe they've won regional elections, local ones. It was when there was economic distress. So the author thought economic distress in the agricultural sector was a cause for the success in this election. C is reinforci... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
C is reinforcing that connection. It's saying, yeah, most of the time they've been successful. There's been economic distress in the agricultural sector. That's still just a correlation, but it helps. It's more data points that show cause and effect going hand in hand. D strengthens in a way similar to A. | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
That's still just a correlation, but it helps. It's more data points that show cause and effect going hand in hand. D strengthens in a way similar to A. The parties that didn't win in 1935 didn't specifically address these people. So we could think of it as a no cause, no effect. Another way to think about this one is ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
The parties that didn't win in 1935 didn't specifically address these people. So we could think of it as a no cause, no effect. Another way to think about this one is if our author thinks that what the Land Party did right was they specifically addressed the problems of the rural and semi-rural people, he must be impli... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So this is sort of spelling out an assumption. It can't be a causal difference maker if it wasn't actually a difference to begin with. This is affirming the other parties did not campaign in those semi-rural areas. Choice E is making a connection between the economic distress you're in and your likelihood of voting. So... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
Choice E is making a connection between the economic distress you're in and your likelihood of voting. So we know that the rural semi-rural people were in economic distress. This answer then tells us they were very likely to vote. And that helps because the author had identified, you know, the bulk of the population is... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
And that helps because the author had identified, you know, the bulk of the population is rural, semi-rural, but someone might have objected, and yeah, but they don't vote. The bulk of the voters were in urban areas. E is ruling out that objection. It is saying, no, no, no, the rural semi-rural were not only like most ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
It is saying, no, no, no, the rural semi-rural were not only like most of the population, they were the ones most likely to vote. So they were a really important demographic to reach out to. Causal arguments are some of the most complex things on the test because we really have two different ways of analyzing them. So ... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
So you'll need to be always asking yourself two different questions. Any other way that we could explain this curious comparison, this background fact? How plausible is the author's storyline? What information would make me believe it more or believe it less? When it comes to alternate explanations, reverse causality a... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
What information would make me believe it more or believe it less? When it comes to alternate explanations, reverse causality and third factor are the big ideas to remember. When it comes to plausibility answers, all these sort of co-variation answers, which means, you know, here the cause was absent and the effect was... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
We can also weaken with co-variation by saying, hey, your supposed cause was in this situation, but the effect wasn't there. So you weaken with cause effect mismatches. You strengthen with cause effect matches. We can also establish plausibility by just explaining how it would work or indicating there definitely is a d... | Causation LSAT Logical Reasoning_segment0.mp3 |
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