instruction stringlengths 161 2.29k | input stringlengths 137 955 | response stringclasses 11
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'The antibodies used in this study are: rabbit anti-GFAP (1∶1000; DAKO), mouse anti-Nestin (1∶100; BD PharMingen), guinea pig anti-Glast (1∶500; Chemicon), rabbit anti-Prox1 (1∶1000; Covance), goat anti-Ngn2 (1∶20; Santa Cruz), goat anti-NeuroD1 (1∶200; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-Pax6 (1∶150... | <Options>: A: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
B: mus musculus domesticus (western european house mouse) (aka mus musculus domesticus)
C: mus <genus> (mice (aka mus <genus>))
D: eastern european house mouse (aka mus musculus musculus)
E: mus sp. (mice (aka mus sp.))
F: peromyscus
G: mus ... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The antibodies used in this study are: rabbit anti-GFAP (1∶1000; DAKO), mouse anti-Nestin (1∶100; BD PharMingen), guinea pig anti-Glast (1∶500; Chemicon), rabbit anti-Prox1 (1∶1000; Covance), goat anti-Ngn2 (1∶20; Santa Cruz), goat anti-NeuroD1 (1∶200; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-Pax6 (1∶150... | <Options>: A: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
B: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
C: hares (aka lepus)
D: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
E: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)
F: japanese white rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
G: lepus cuniculus cuniculus (aka oryctolagus cunicul... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The antibodies used in this study are: rabbit anti-GFAP (1∶1000; DAKO), mouse anti-Nestin (1∶100; BD PharMingen), guinea pig anti-Glast (1∶500; Chemicon), rabbit anti-Prox1 (1∶1000; Covance), goat anti-Ngn2 (1∶20; Santa Cruz), goat anti-NeuroD1 (1∶200; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-Pax6 (1∶150... | <Options>: A: mus (aka mus <subgenus>) (aka mus <subgenus>)
B: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
C: mus sp. (mice (aka mus sp.))
D: mus terricolor (earth-colored mouse) (aka mus terricolor)
E: mus musculus domesticus (western european house mouse) (aka mus musculus domesticus)
F: peromysc... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The antibodies used in this study are: rabbit anti-GFAP (1∶1000; DAKO), mouse anti-Nestin (1∶100; BD PharMingen), guinea pig anti-Glast (1∶500; Chemicon), rabbit anti-Prox1 (1∶1000; Covance), goat anti-Ngn2 (1∶20; Santa Cruz), goat anti-NeuroD1 (1∶200; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-Pax6 (1∶150... | <Options>: A: hares (aka lepus)
B: rabbits and hares (aka leporidae)
C: lepus cuniculus cuniculus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
D: oryctolagus cuniculus (japanese white rabbit) (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
E: lepus palustris (aka sylvilagus palustris)
F: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
G: oryctolagus sp. 'ra... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The antibodies used in this study are: rabbit anti-GFAP (1∶1000; DAKO), mouse anti-Nestin (1∶100; BD PharMingen), guinea pig anti-Glast (1∶500; Chemicon), rabbit anti-Prox1 (1∶1000; Covance), goat anti-Ngn2 (1∶20; Santa Cruz), goat anti-NeuroD1 (1∶200; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-Pax6 (1∶150... | <Options>: A: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
B: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
C: lepus (hares) (aka lepus)
D: rabbits (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
E: rabbits and hares (aka leporidae)
F: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
G: lepus palustris (aka sylvilagus palustris)
H: oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus (lepus cun... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For immunocytochemistry, cultures were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at day five, rinsed with PBS three times prior to pre-incubation with a blocking solution (10% donkey serum, 0.25% TritonX100 in PBS) for 1 hour.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'donkey'. Answer u... | <Options>: A: equus asinus asinus
B: equus subg. asinus (aka equus)
C: hybrid of male horse and female donkey (aka equus caballus x equus asinus)
D: domestic horse (aka equus caballus)
E: equidae (horses) (aka equidae)
F: ass (aka equus asinus) (aka equus asinus)
G: hybrid of male donkey and female horse (aka equus asi... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Cloro-deoxyuridine (CldU) pulse labeling and immunohisto- and immunocyto-chemistry
To assess cell proliferation and ongoing neurogenesis in vivo, animals were injected with BrdU (100 mg/kg, Sigma), two hours prior to sacrifice (for both P2 and two weeks old N... | <Options>: A: mus cricetus (aka cricetus cricetus)
B: mus (aka mus <genus>) (aka mus <genus>)
C: mice (aka mus sp.) (aka mus sp.)
D: house mouse (aka mus musculus)
E: mus (aka mus <subgenus>) (aka mus <subgenus>)
F: mus musculus musculus (eastern european house mouse) (aka mus musculus musculus)
G: mus terricolor (eart... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Immunohistochemistry was carried on as described above using a rat anti-CldU/BrdU primary antibody (1∶200, monoclonal, Immunologicalsdirect, Oxfordshire, UK), with an additional denaturation in 1 M HCl for 30 minutes prior to pre-incubation with serum.
', select the correct biomedical con... | <Options>: A: rat (aka rattus norvegicus) (aka rattus norvegicus)
B: rattus rattus lineage iii (aka rattus rattus complex lineage iii)
C: rats (aka rattus sp.) (aka rattus sp.)
D: rattus (rats (aka rattus))
E: rattus rattus lineage iv (aka rattus rattus complex lineage iv)
F: rattus pyctoris (rattus rattoides) (aka rat... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For immunocytochemistry, cultures were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at day 7, rinsed with PBS three times, treated with 1 M HCl at 65°C for 5–10 min, pre-incubated and then incubated with a rat anti-CldU/BrdU antibody and other primary antibodies.', select the correct biomedical concept... | <Options>: A: rattus rattoides (aka rattus pyctoris)
B: rats (aka rattus norvegicus) (aka rattus norvegicus)
C: rats (aka rattus) (aka rattus)
D: rattus rattus lineage iv (aka rattus rattus complex lineage iv)
E: rats (aka rattus sp.) (aka rattus sp.)
F: rattus rattoides (aka rattus rattus)
G: rattus rattus lineage iii... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In utero surgery
Timed pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats with embryos at gestational age E15.5 were anesthetized with halothane.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sprague dawley rats'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rattus rattoides (aka rattus rattus)
B: rattus villosissimus (rattus sordidus villosissimus) (aka rattus villosissimus)
C: rattus rattus kandianus
D: norway rat (aka rattus norvegicus)
E: rats (aka rattus) (aka rattus)
F: spraguea
G: rats (aka rattus sp.) (aka rattus sp.)
H: spragueidae (spraguidae) (aka ... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this study, more than 25 Ngn2 null, >45 Ngn2 heterozygotes, and >60 WT individuals (including rats injected with retroviruses) were analyzed, in total.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rats'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rattus (rats (aka rattus))
B: rats (aka rattus norvegicus) (aka rattus norvegicus)
C: rattus rattus lineage iv (aka rattus rattus complex lineage iv)
D: rattus rattus lineage iii (aka rattus rattus complex lineage iii)
E: rataniidae
F: black rat (aka rattus rattus)
G: rattus sp. (rats (aka rattus sp.))
H:... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'All data are expressed as±standard error of the mean (SEM).
Human sample and RT-PCR
The brain from a 64 year-old male was provided by the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
B: macrobiotus sapiens
C: primate (aka primates)
D: mammals (aka mammalia)
E: hominidae (great apes) (aka hominidae)
F: apes (aka hominoidea) (aka hominoidea)
G: genus
H: gymnopleurus humanus
I: neanderthal man (aka homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
J: kingdom
K: None ... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Five millimeters thick fresh human hippocampal tissue sample was snap frozen.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: kingdom
B: homininae (homo/pan/gorilla group) (aka homininae)
C: mammals (aka mammalia)
D: great apes (aka hominidae)
E: humans (aka homo)
F: gymnopleurus humanus
G: apes (aka hominoidea) (aka hominoidea)
H: human (aka homo sapiens)
I: genus
J: anthropoides
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Some of them (but not the parent sulfonamides) strongly lowered IOP in rabbits when administered as a 2% solution into the eye.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbits'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus (lepus cuniculus cuniculus) (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
B: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
C: domestic rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
D: rabbits and hares (aka leporidae)
E: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
F: cuniculidae (agoutidae) (aka cuniculidae)
G: cu... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Some of them (but not the parent sulfonamides) strongly lowered IOP in rabbits when administered as a 2% solution into the eye.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbits'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hares (aka lepus)
B: cuniculus (agouti) (aka cuniculus)
C: japanese white rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
D: cuniculidae (agoutidae) (aka cuniculidae)
E: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)
F: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
G: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
H: oryctolagus cunicu... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The new compounds have been characterized by standard physico-chemical procedures, and were assayed as inhibitors of three CA isozymes, hCA I, hCA II and bCA IV (h human; b bovine; these are the isozymes considered to play a critical role in aqueous humour secretion within the eye of high... | <Options>: A: great apes (aka hominidae)
B: primate (aka primates)
C: genus
D: macrobiotus sapiens
E: mammals (aka mammalia)
F: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
G: hominoidea (apes (aka hominoidea))
H: anthropoides
I: homininae (homo/pan/gorilla group) (aka homininae)
J: gymnopleurus humanus
K: None of the above... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The new compounds have been characterized by standard physico-chemical procedures, and were assayed as inhibitors of three CA isozymes, hCA I, hCA II and bCA IV (h human; b bovine; these are the isozymes considered to play a critical role in aqueous humour secretion within the eye of high... | <Options>: A: bovichthus (aka bovichtus)
B: bos sp.
C: bos taurus indicus (aka bos indicus)
D: boveria
E: bovidae
F: cow (aka bos taurus) (aka bos taurus)
G: beefalo (aka bos taurus x bison bison)
H: bos (cattle) (aka bos)
I: bos taurus x bos indicus (aka bos indicus x bos taurus)
J: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Human CA and CA II cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) from the plasmids pACA/hCA I and pACAdaCA II described by Forsman et al.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: genus
B: kingdom
C: gymnopleurus humanus
D: homininae (homo/pan/gorilla group) (aka homininae)
E: homo (humans) (aka homo)
F: homo sapiens neanderthalensis (homo neanderthalensis) (aka homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
G: mammals (aka mammalia)
H: human (aka homo sapiens)
I: anthropoides
J: hominidae (great ... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'IV was isolated from bovine lung microsomes as described by Maren et al, and its concentration has been determined by titration with ethoxzolamide [33].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bovine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bovidae
B: cattle (aka bos)
C: bovichthus (aka bovichtus)
D: boveria
E: dairy cow (aka bos taurus)
F: beefalo (aka bos taurus x bison bison)
G: bos sp.
H: bos primigenius indicus (aka bos indicus)
I: bos taurus x bos indicus (aka bos indicus x bos taurus)
J: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Measurement of tonometric lOP Adult male New Zealand albino rabbits weighing 2-3 kg were used in the experiments (three animals were used for each inhibitor studied).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbits'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus (lepus cuniculus cuniculus) (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
B: domestic rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
C: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
D: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
E: hares (aka lepus)
F: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
G: cuniculus algirus (a... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The rabbits were kept in individual cages with food and water provided ad libitum.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbits'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
B: agouti (aka cuniculus)
C: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
D: european rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
E: lepus cuniculus cuniculus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
F: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)
G: hares (aka lepus)
H: cuniculidae (a... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The ocular hypotensive activity is expressed as the average difference in IOP between the treated and control eye, in this way minimizing the diurnal, seasonal and interindividual variations commonly observed in the rabbit [37-39].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to ... | <Options>: A: sylvilagus palustris (lepus palustris) (aka sylvilagus palustris)
B: oryctolagus cuniculus (japanese white rabbit) (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
C: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
D: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
E: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
F: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus al... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In vivo IOP lowering experiments were done in rabbits with some of the new compounds prepared in the present work, such as the sulfonamides 6 and 7, and their Zn(II) complexes, which were among the strong CA II and CA IV inhibitors in the obtained series.', select the correct biomedical c... | <Options>: A: hares (aka lepus)
B: rabbits (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
C: cuniculidae (agoutidae) (aka cuniculidae)
D: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
E: cuniculus (agouti) (aka cuniculus)
F: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
G: leporidae (rabbits and hares) (aka leporidae)
H: lepus cuniculus cuniculus (aka oryctolag... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Some of the IOP lowering data at half an hour and one hour after the instillation of one drop of 2 % solution of inhibitor within the rabbit eye are shown in 312
Claudiu T. Supuran et al.
Metal-Based Drugs
Table IV, with dorzolamide (at the same concentration) as standard.', sele... | <Options>: A: domestic rabbit (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
B: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)
C: oryctolagus sp. 'rabbit_od'
D: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aquaticus)
E: oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus (lepus cuniculus cuniculus) (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
F: lepus palustris (aka sylvil... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Acetazolamide Methazolamide Ethoxzolamide
Dichlorophenamide Dorzolamide
Human (cloned) isozymes; b From bovine lung microsomes.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hominoidea (apes (aka hominoidea))
B: neandertal man (aka homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
C: homo (humans) (aka homo)
D: homininae (homo/pan/gorilla group) (aka homininae)
E: anthropoides
F: genus
G: primate (aka primates)
H: human (aka homo sapiens)
I: kingdom
J: gymnopleurus humanus
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Acetazolamide Methazolamide Ethoxzolamide
Dichlorophenamide Dorzolamide
Human (cloned) isozymes; b From bovine lung microsomes.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bovine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bos bovis (aka bos taurus)
B: beefalo (aka bos taurus x bison bison)
C: bos taurus x bos indicus (aka bos indicus x bos taurus)
D: bos sp.
E: bos (cattle) (aka bos)
F: bovidae
G: bovichthus (aka bovichtus)
H: boveria
I: bos primigenius indicus (aka bos indicus)
J: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fig l" Time dependence of IOP lowering with dorzolamide (curve 1); the zinc complex 10 (curve 3) and the zinc complex 17 (curve 3), after topical administration of one drop of 2 % solution of inhibitor in rabbit.
Preliminary results from this laboratory indicate that the metal complexe... | <Options>: A: marsh rabbit (aka sylvilagus palustris)
B: lepus cuniculus cuniculus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus)
C: cuniculus algirus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)
D: rabbits (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
E: lepus (hares) (aka lepus)
F: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
G: swamp rabbit (aka sylvilagus aqu... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Borrelia burgdorferi membranes are the primary targets of reactive oxygen species
Abstract
Spirochetes living in an oxygen-rich environment or when challenged by host immune cells are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borre... | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: candidatus borrelia africana (borrelia africana) (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
E: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borreliales ba... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because Borrelia burgdorferi contains no intracellular iron, DNA is most likely not a major target for ROS via Fenton reaction.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
E: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In support of this, growth of B. burgdorferi in the presence of 5 mM H2O2 had no effect on the DNA mutation rate (spontaneous coumermycin A1 resistance), and cells treated with 10 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide or 10 mM H2O2 show no increase in DNA damage.', select the correct biomedical concep... | <Options>: A: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
B: borrelia sp. br
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia
E: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
G: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
H: borreliella americana (borrelia ameri... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Unlike most bacteria, B. burgdorferi incorporates ROS-susceptible polyunsaturated fatty acids from the environment into their membranes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp.
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borrelie... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Analysis of lipoxidase-treated B. burgdorferi cells by Electron Microscopy showed significant irregularities indicative of membrane damage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
B: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia sp. br
D: borrelia
E: borrelia sp.
F: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
G: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
H: borrelia burgdorfe... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These data suggest that B. burgdorferi membrane lipids are targets for attack by ROS encountered in the various stages of the infective cycle.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borreliales bacterium
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
E: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: borrelia sp.
G: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borrel... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Introduction
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, survives and proliferates in distinctly different niches, including its arthropod vector and various mammalian hosts.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'borrelia burgdorferi'. Answer using one o... | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borreliales bacterium
C: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
E: borrelia
F: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
G: borrelia bu... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These ‘micro’ environments provide their own distinct sets of advantages and challenges to B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borreliales bacterium
C: borrelia sp. br
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia
F: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, during the initial stages of infection of the mammalian host, immune cells attempt to prevent B. burgdorferi from establishing an infection using several systems including those generating bacteriocidal reactive oxygen species (ROS)', select the correct biomedical concept cor... | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia sp.
C: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
G: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borrel... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In order for B. burgdorferi to successfully colonize a new host and cause disease, they must overcome the challenges posed by the innate immune system including the deleterious effects of ROS/RNS compounds.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer... | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borrelia
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borrelia sp.
E: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: lyme disease borrelia (a... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two notable exceptions are the photosynthetic bacteria which synthesize and incorporate significant levels of linoleic acid in their membrane (Tasaka et al., 1996) and Helicobacter pylori membranes which contain between 0.5% and 3% linoleic acid (Ursini and Bindoli, 1987).
', select the c... | <Options>: A: helicobacter sp.
B: helicobacter pylori (strain n6) (aka helicobacter pylori n6)
C: helicobacter pylori str. hpag1 (aka helicobacter pylori hpag1)
D: helicobacter canis
E: campylobacter pylori subsp. pylori (aka helicobacter pylori)
F: helicobacter pylori iso8
G: helicobacter pylori (strain nctc11638) (ak... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The intracellular biochemistry of B. burgdorferi suggests that the primary cellular target of ROS may be distinct from that described in other bacteria such as Escherichia coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided opt... | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The intracellular biochemistry of B. burgdorferi suggests that the primary cellular target of ROS may be distinct from that described in other bacteria such as Escherichia coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'escherichia coli'. Answer using one of the provided o... | <Options>: A: escherichia coli c
B: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
C: bacterium coli commune (aka escherichia coli)
D: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
E: e-proteobacteria (aka campylobacterota)
F: escherichia
G: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia co... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In E. coli, the extent of DNA damage due to H2O2 and Fenton chemistry is directly proportional to Fe metabolism and the free Fe concentration within the cell (10 µM) (Keyer and Imlay, 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provid... | <Options>: A: escherichia coli c
B: escherichia coli 1a
C: escherichia coli 9.1796
D: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
E: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
F: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
G: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli ... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As the intracellular Fe concentrations of B. burgdorferi are estimated to be < 10 atoms per cell (Posey and Gherardini, 2000), it seems unlikely that DNA is a primary target for ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provide... | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia sp.
E: borrelia
F: borreliales bacterium
G: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the biochemical effects of ROS on B. burgdorferi, including growth effects and biological/physical damage.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
B: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia
D: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borrelia afr... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Effect of ROS on B. burgdorferi cells
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
B: borrelia
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
G: lyme disease spiroc... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In order to determine what the cellular targets of ROS in B. burgdorferi are, we first needed to determine the sensitivity of Borrelia cells to various oxidants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
C: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
D: borrelia
E: borreliales bacterium
F: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Microaerobic cultures of B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 were grown to a cell density of 5 × 107 cells ml−1, treated with varying concentrations of H2O2 (0–50 mM) or t-butyl hydroperoxide (0–50 mM) and the number of surviving cells determined by plating.', select the correct biomedical concep... | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borrelia sp. br
C: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: borreliella burgdorfe... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, when E. coli cells were exposed to 1 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide, approximately 1% of the cells survive.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: colibacter
B: escherichia coli c
C: unspecified coliform bacterium
D: escherichia sp.
E: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
F: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
G: escherichia
H: bacterium coli commune (aka escherichia coli)
I: escherichia coli 1a
J: colimonas (aka candidatus coli... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'B. burgdorferi cells were much more resistant to t-butyl hydroperoxide than E. coli cells, with a survival rate of approximately 100% at 1 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
F: borrelia
G: lyme disease spir... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'B. burgdorferi cells were much more resistant to t-butyl hydroperoxide than E. coli cells, with a survival rate of approximately 100% at 1 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia sp.
B: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
C: colibacter
D: escherichia coli 1a
E: escherichia
F: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
G: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
H: escherichia/shigella coli (aka escherichia coli)
I: escherichia coli 9.1796
J: ent... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli cells exposed to 1 mM H2O2 have approximately 10% survivability, while 100% of the B. burgdorferi cells survive at this concentration, and approximately 80% survive when exposed to 10 mM H2O2 (Fig. 1B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer usi... | <Options>: A: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: escherichia coli 9.1796
D: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
E: escherichia sp.
F: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
G: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
H: enterobacterales (enterobacteriacea... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli cells exposed to 1 mM H2O2 have approximately 10% survivability, while 100% of the B. burgdorferi cells survive at this concentration, and approximately 80% survive when exposed to 10 mM H2O2 (Fig. 1B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Ans... | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: borre... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, these data indicated that B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was highly resistant to exposure to both t-butyl peroxide and H2O2.
Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is not the primary target of ROS
For most bacteria, DNA is the major target of ROS causing a wide variety of DNA lesions.', s... | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
E: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
F: borreliella b... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, these data indicated that B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was highly resistant to exposure to both t-butyl peroxide and H2O2.
Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is not the primary target of ROS
For most bacteria, DNA is the major target of ROS causing a wide variety of DNA lesions.', s... | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia sp.
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borrelia americana (aka borreliella americana)
G: borreliales bacterium
H: b... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, B. burgdorferi has been shown to harbour few genes encoding orthologues of known iron-containing proteins, does not require Fe for growth and has intracellular Fe concentrations estimated to be < 10 atoms per cell (Posey and Gherardini, 2000).', select the correct biomedical conc... | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia sp. br
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
F: lyme disease spiroche... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, these observations strongly suggest that B. burgdorferi DNA is not a major target for ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp.
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia
E: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
G: b... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test this hypothesis, different techniques were used to measure DNA damage in B. burgdorferi cells after exposure to ROS.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia sp. br
C: borrelia
D: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
E: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
G: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia afri... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In B. burgdorferi, mutations that confer resistance to coumermycin A1, which targets the β subunit of DNA gyrase, have been mapped to gyrB, the gene encoding DNA gyrase B (Samuels et al., 1994).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of... | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borrelia sp. br
F: borrelia sp.
G: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
H: ... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if exposure to oxidants increases DNA damage by increasing point mutations, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells grown under microaerobic conditions were treated with 5 mM H2O2 and plated in the presence and absence of 250 ng ml−1 coumermycin A1.', select the correct biomedical concept... | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borrelia sp.
F: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borrelia africana ... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine whether ROS can damage B. burgdorferi DNA, strain B31A3 cells grown under microaerobic conditions were treated with H2O2 (1 or 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide (1 or 10 mM) or lipoxidase (an enzyme which specifically catalyses the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis, ci... | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: borrelia sp.
G: borreliella genomosp. 1 (bo... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, when E. coli strain TA4315 cells (ahpCF) (Storz et al., 1989) were treated with 100 µM H2O2, the number of AP sites increased ∼10-fold over untreated cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
B: escherichia
C: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
D: colibacter
E: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
F: escherichia coli 9.1796
G: escherichia coli 1a
H: bacillus coli (aka escherichia coli)
I: e... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These data suggest that B. burgdorferi DNA was not a major target for oxidative damage under these conditions.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: borrelia sp.
F: borrelia sp. br
G: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
H: borreli... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is of note to mention that the total number of AP sites per 105 bp DNA is approximately 10-fold higher in untreated Borrelia B31A3 DNA than in untreated E. coli DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli c
B: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
C: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
D: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
E: unspecified coliform bacterium
F: escherichia/shigella coli (aka escherichia coli)
G: escherichia coli 9.1796
H: escherichia coli ... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 harbours 11 linear plasmids and a linear chromosome with ∼100 unpaired bases in the telomere loops per genome or 10 bases per 105 bp DNA (Hinnebusch and Barbour, 1991; Chaconas, 2005).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi... | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borrelia sp.
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: borrelia
G: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
H: borrel... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test this hypothesis, the AP sites were measured in DNA isolated from untreated B. burgdorferi strain B314 which harbours no linear plasmids (Sadziene et al., 1993).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borrelia
F: borrelia sp. br
G: borrelia sp.
H: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americ... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The analyses of the AP sites strongly suggested that B. burgdorferi DNA was not the major target for oxidative damage.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelia sp.
C: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borreliella (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) (aka borreliella)
F: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
G: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreli... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine whether ROS can damage B. burgdorferi DNA and cause 8-oxoguanine lesions, strain B31A3 cells grown under microaerobic conditions were treated with H2O2 (5 or 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide (5 or 10 mM) or lipoxidase.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b.... | <Options>: A: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia
F: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borrelia burg... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, when a MutM (the specific glycosylase that removes the 8-oxoguanine)-deficient E. coli strain was treated with 100 µM H2O2, the amount of 8-oxoguanine sites increased ∼fivefold over untreated cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: escherichia sp.
B: escherichia coli 1a
C: unspecified coliform bacterium
D: escherichia coli 9.1796
E: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
F: escherichia
G: colibacter
H: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
I: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
J: colimonas (aka candidatus colimona... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is important to point out that no MutM homologue has been identified in the genome of B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
B: borrelia sp. br
C: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia sp.
F: borreliales bacterium
G: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
H: borre... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Taken together, these data suggested that B. burgdorferi DNA was not a major target for oxidative damage under these conditions.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia sp.
C: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borreli... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The membranes of B. burgdorferi are targeted during oxidative stress
In eukaryotes, membrane lipids are a major target of ROS.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
E: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
F: borrelia fainii (aka candid... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As B. burgdorferi cannot synthesize their own lipids, they must instead scavenge them.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
B: borrelia sp. br
C: borrelia burgdorferi group (aka borreliella)
D: borrelia
E: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
G: borreliales bacterium
H: borrelia burgdorf... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if B. burgdorferi contains polyunsaturated lipids, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions and analysed for fatty acid composition by Lipid Technologies (Austin, MN).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: borrelia sp.
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borreliales bacterium
D: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
E: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
F: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
G: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if B. burgdorferi contains polyunsaturated lipids, B. burgdorferi strain B31A3 was grown under anaerobic conditions and analysed for fatty acid composition by Lipid Technologies (Austin, MN).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
C: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
D: borrelia sp.
E: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
F: borrelia sp. br
G: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
H: borrelia burg... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if Borrelia polyunsaturated lipids can undergo lipid peroxidation, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells grown microaerobically were treated with 1 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide or 250 mg of lipoxidase, and the cell pellets were analysed for fatty acid composition (Industrial Laboratory).', ... | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
F: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
G: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliel... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These data indicated that the linoleic acid present in B. burgdorferi membranes can be oxidized by ROS.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borreliales bacterium
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borrelia
E: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
F: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
H: borrelia african... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a control, eukaryotic cells (mouse myeloma cells SP2) were treated with AAPH and MDA measured (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mice (aka mus <genus>) (aka mus <genus>)
B: mice (aka mus sp.) (aka mus sp.)
C: mus terricolor (earth-colored mouse) (aka mus terricolor)
D: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
E: mus musculus domesticus (western european house mouse) (aka mus musculus domesticus)
F: peromyscu... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mouse myeloma cells have been used as a model system for the determination of phospholipid hydroperoxides (Chotimarkorn et al., 2005).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus sp. (mice (aka mus sp.))
B: mus domesticus (aka mus musculus domesticus)
C: peromyscus
D: mus terricolor (earth-colored mouse) (aka mus terricolor)
E: mus musculoides (mus musculoides enclavae) (aka mus musculoides)
F: mus (aka mus <subgenus>) (aka mus <subgenus>)
G: eastern european house mouse (aka ... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine if the Borrelia lipids are damaged from growth in an oxygen environment, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown under anaerobic, microaerobic and aerobic conditions and MDA measured.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of... | <Options>: A: borrelia sp. br
B: borreliales bacterium
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia
F: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
G: borrelia sp.
H: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our High Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses of the MDA present in anaerobically grown B. burgdorferi cells showed a small peak with a retention time similar to that of the MDA standard.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of ... | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia sp.
C: borrelia
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
G: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme diseas... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To visualize the lipid hydroperoxides, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were labelled with DPPP and observed by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 5B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
B: borreliella burgdorferi b31 (borrelia burgdorferi str. b31) (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia sp. br
D: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
E: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
F: borrelie... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli Top10 cells and mouse myeloma SP2 cells were also labelled and visualized to serve as negative and positive controls respectively (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
C: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
D: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
E: escherichia
F: escherichia coli (escherichia/shigella coli) (aka escherichia coli)
G: escherichia sp.
H: unsp... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'E. coli Top10 cells and mouse myeloma SP2 cells were also labelled and visualized to serve as negative and positive controls respectively (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mus musculus (house mouse) (aka mus musculus)
B: western european house mouse (aka mus musculus domesticus)
C: mus terricolor (earth-colored mouse) (aka mus terricolor)
D: peromyscus
E: eastern european house mouse (aka mus musculus musculus)
F: mus <subgenus> (mus (aka mus <subgenus>))
G: mice (aka mus <... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context '5B) and for the mouse myeloma cells (Fig. 5C), but not for the E. coli cells (Fig. 5A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mouse'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peromyscus
B: house mouse (aka mus musculus)
C: mus terricolor (earth-colored mouse) (aka mus terricolor)
D: mus (aka mus <subgenus>) (aka mus <subgenus>)
E: eastern european house mouse (aka mus musculus musculus)
F: nannomys musculoides (aka mus musculoides)
G: mice (aka mus sp.) (aka mus sp.)
H: mus do... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context '5B) and for the mouse myeloma cells (Fig. 5C), but not for the E. coli cells (Fig. 5A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
B: colibacter
C: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
D: unspecified coliform bacterium
E: escherichia
F: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
G: escherichia coli c
H: escherichia sp.
I: es... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To further demonstrate Borrelia membrane damage, B. burgdorferi B31A3 cells were grown under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions and visualized by negative stain using an electron microscope.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of ... | <Options>: A: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
B: borrelia sp.
C: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
F: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
G: ... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To date, the most definitive work has been done on E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: escherichia coli c
C: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
D: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
E: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
F: unspecified coliform bacterium
G: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
H: escherichia/s... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It seems clear from several studies that the most physiologically relevant target of ROS in E. coli is DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: escherichia coli 9.1796
C: escherichia coli 1a
D: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
E: escherichia
F: enterobacteriales (aka enterobacterales)
G: e. coli (aka escherichia coli)
H: escherichia coli c
I: unspecified coliform bacterium
J: escherichi... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These observations are critical in beginning to understand the oxidative damage/targets in B. burgdorferi.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia
B: borrelia genomosp. 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
C: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
F: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
G: borrelia sp. br
H: borrelia burgdorfe... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It has been shown in E. coli that the free-iron pool size determines the rate of oxidative DNA damage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
B: unspecified coliform bacterium
C: escherichia
D: escherichia coli 9.1796
E: colibacter
F: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
G: escherichia coli 1a
H: enterococcus coli (aka escherichia coli)
I: escherichia sp.
J: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia co... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, in wild-type E. coli, free iron levels are estimated to be 10 µM, yet H2O2 is only mildly genotoxic (Keyer and Imlay, 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia
B: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
C: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
D: escherichia sp.
E: bacterium coli commune (aka escherichia coli)
F: colibacter
G: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
H: unspecified coliform bacterium
I: colimonas (aka candida... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, in E. coli Fur- mutants, intracellular iron concentration increases eightfold while survival is 10-fold lower when cells are exposed to H2O2.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
B: escherichia coli 1a
C: escherichia
D: e. coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: escherichia coli 9.1796
F: escherichia coli c
G: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
H: colibacter
I: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enter... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because B. burgdorferi cells do not contain detectable levels of intracellular Fe, it seems unlikely that DNA is a major target for damage via the Fenton reaction in this bacterium (Posey and Gherardini, 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Ans... | <Options>: A: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
C: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
E: borreliales bacterium
F: borrelia sp. br
G: borreli... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'When B. burgdorferi cells were exposed to high concentrations of ROS (e.g. H2O2), there was no effect on the spontaneous mutation rate (Fig. 2A) or the number of DNA lesions (AP sites or 8-oxoguanine) (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer ... | <Options>: A: borreliella genomosp. 1 (borreliella genomospecies 1) (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
B: borreliales bacterium
C: lyme disease spirochete (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia sp.
E: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
F: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
G: bor... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It should be noted that in these experiments, a wild-type strain of B. burgdorferi was used and presumably all of the endogenous oxidative stress enzymes were expressed.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borreliales bacterium
B: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (aka borreliella)
C: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia sp.
F: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
G: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka ... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, we do not believe this to be the case as the concentration of oxidants used in these experiments were significantly higher than concentrations known to cause DNA damage in E. coli and other pathogenic bacteria.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. ... | <Options>: A: escherichia coli 9.1796
B: colimonas (aka candidatus colimonas)
C: colibacter
D: escherichia coli c
E: escherichia sp.
F: escherichia coli str. ps (aka escherichia coli ps)
G: enterobacterales (enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts) (aka enterobacterales)
H: escherichia coli 1a
I: enterobacteria (a... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The lack of detectable DNA damage in B. burgdorferi cells under the conditions tested could be the result of very efficient DNA repair systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia sp.
B: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
C: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
D: borrelia sp. br
E: borrelia
F: borreliales bacterium
G: borreliella genomospecies 1 (aka borreliella genomosp. 1)
H: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreli... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Bacteria, such as E. coli, harbour genes encoding repair enzymes (i.e. MutM, MutY, Ung, AlkA, MutS, MutL, ExoIII, EndoVIII, PolI, RecJ).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'e. coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enterobacteria (aka enterobacteriaceae)
B: colibacter
C: escherichia coli (strain b) (aka escherichia coli b)
D: bacterium coli (aka escherichia coli)
E: escherichia coli 1a
F: escherichia
G: unspecified coliform bacterium
H: escherichia coli c
I: escherichia coli 9.1796
J: escherichia coli str. ps (aka e... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Interestingly, the B. burgdorferi genome does not contain genes encoding homologues of MutM, MutY or EndoVIII, suggesting that it would be difficult for the cells to efficiently repair 8-oxoguanine sites using this pathway.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burg... | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
C: borrelia
D: borrelia sp.
E: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
F: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
G: borreliales bacterium
H: borrelia sp. br
I: borreli... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'B. burgdorferi does harbour the genes encoding the enzymes Ung (monofunctional gylcosylase, BB0053), MutS (BB0797, BB0098), MutL (BB0211), ExoIII (BB0114), PolI (BB0548), LigI (BB0552) and RecJ (BB0254) (Fraser et al., 1997) which are involved in excision and repair, via S-BER or L-BER, o... | <Options>: A: lyme disease borrelia (aka borreliella)
B: borreliella burgdorferi (lyme disease spirochete) (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
C: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
D: borreliales bacterium
E: borrelia fainii (aka candidatus borrelia fainii)
F: borrelia burgdorferi b31 (aka borreliella burgd... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clearly, these repair systems in B. burgdorferi do not seem as robust at defending against oxidation of DNA as those described in E. coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. burgdorferi'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: borrelia burgdorferi (aka borreliella burgdorferi)
B: borrelia burgdorferi str. b31 (aka borreliella burgdorferi b31)
C: borrelia sp.
D: borreliella americana (borrelia americana) (aka borreliella americana)
E: borrelia africana (aka candidatus borrelia africana)
F: borrelia sp. br
G: borrelia burgdorferi... | A |
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