question stringlengths 4 11.7k | answer stringlengths 1 26k | evidence stringlengths 0 37.7k | yes_no bool 2
classes | paper_index int64 0 519 ⌀ | paper_id stringclasses 846
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What classifiers do the authors experiment with? | experiment with multiple classifier, such as Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs), Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs), Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs), Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs), Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). | With the massive increase in social interactions on online social networks, there has also been an increase of hateful activities that exploit such infrastructure. On Twitter, hateful tweets are those that contain abusive speech targeting individuals (cyber-bullying, a politician, a celebrity, a product) or particular ... | false | 284 | null |
Which of the following are colors: red, black, yellow, orange, sun, sunflower, chips, book, white, pink, blue, keyboard. | The colors are: red, black, yellow, orange, white, pink and blue. | false | null | null | |
What characterizes turbulent flow | Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. | In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers. | false | null | null |
Where is Sugarloaf mountain located? | The Sugarloaf mountain, Pão de Açúcar in Portuguese, is located at the entrance of the Guanabara bay in the city of Rio de Janeiro, capital of the Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. | false | null | null | |
Given the following information about the speed of light:
Speed of light in vacuum which has a refractive index of 1 is 300Km/sec
Speed of light in water which has a refractive index of 1.3 is 225Km/sec
Speed of light in diamond which has a refractive index of 2.4 is 125Km/sec
Estimate the speed of light in glass whic... | From the information given we can see the light of speed is inversely proportional the refractive index of the medium. We can estimate the speed of light in glass as speed of light in vacuum divided by the medium's refractive index. In case of glass that would be 300Km/1.5 = 200Km/sec.
The estimated speed of light in ... | false | null | null | |
Why are children so special? | Children are incredibly special because they are new to the earth. They have fewer biases and are able to see, imagine and create with perspectives that are unavailable to adults. For example, when a child plays in the sand, she may have only seen or touched sand only twenty times before. For her, the sand holds the pr... | false | null | null | |
From the passage provided, extract the total corporate debt of Adani group | Adani groups corporate debt totaled $30 billion in 2022 | Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Ahmedabad. It was founded by Gautam Adani in 1988 as a commodity trading business, with the flagship company Adani Enterprises. The Group's diverse businesses include port management, electric power generation and transmission, renewable energy, mini... | false | null | null |
what's a scenario in which you see lots of value for CDC ? | 1. Imagine a very large online service, e.g., Snapchat, keeping user activities in something like MongoDB. Update rates are very high, the table size is huge, the table footprint is global.
2. You need the data in OLTP because you're trying to use the user data to target ads for them, so storing in Delta is not an opt... | false | null | null | |
Before Miley Cyrus recorded "Wrecking Ball," it was offered to which singer? | Beyonce. | false | null | null | |
What was Hurricane Ian? | Hurricane Ian was a powerful Atlantic hurricane which was the third-costliest weather disaster on record, and the deadliest hurricane to strike the state of Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. Ian caused widespread damage across western Cuba and the southeast United States, especially the states of Florida, Sou... | false | null | null | |
What is the performance of the pre-trained BERT model? | The BERT model outperforms previous works in terms of precision, recall, and F1-score. Furthermore, it also can detect some biases in the process of collecting or annotating datasets. |
People are increasingly using social networking platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc. to communicate their opinions and share information. Although the interactions among users on these platforms can lead to constructive conversations, they have been increasingly exploited for the propagation of abusive l... | false | 95 | null |
In YAML tell me a list of teams mentioned in the text. It should be in the form `location: ${location}`, `mascot: ${mascot}` | - location: Dallas
mascot: Cowboys
- location: Pittsburgh
mascot: Steelers
- location: Denver
mascot: Broncos
- location: New England
mascot: Patriots | The Dallas Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960. The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs. The Cowboys' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games (home and away) began in 2002. The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eig... | false | null | null |
What is the training objective of their pair-to-sequence model? | The answers are shown as follows:
* is to minimize the negative likelihood of the aligned unanswerable question $\tilde{q}$ given the answerable question $q$ and its corresponding paragraph $p$ that contains the answer
| The training objective is to minimize the negative likelihood of the aligned unanswerable question $\tilde{q}$ given the answerable question $q$ and its corresponding paragraph $p$ that contains the answer $a$ : L=-(q,q,p,a)DP(q|q,p,a;) where $\mathcal {D}$ is the training corpus and $\theta $ denotes all the parameter... | false | null | 1906.06045 |
Give me a bullet list of 5 US states that have a coastline with the Pacific Ocean | - California
- Oregon
- Washington
- Alaska
- Hawaii | false | null | null | |
Tell me if these are safe or not safe to let me child play with: the monkey bars, matches, scissors, rock paper scissors, a baseball, the stove, a cooking board game | the monkey bars: safe, matches: not safe, scissors: not safe, rock paper scissors: safe, a baseball: safe, the stove: not safe, a cooking board game: safe | false | null | null | |
Is water wet? | When water comes into direct contact with other things, the other things become wet. Water as we experience it is not a singular entity, rather a collection of a large number of water molecules. The water molecules touch other water molecules, and as previously established, when water touches other things, the other t... | false | null | null | |
What parallel corpus did they use? | Parallel monolingual corpus in English and Mandarin | In this section, we present the experimental settings for pointer-generator network and language model. Our experiment, our pointer-generator model has 500-dimensional hidden states and word embeddings. We use 50k words as our vocabulary for source and target. We evaluate our pointer-generator performance using BLEU sc... | false | null | 1810.10254 |
What awards did Zach Edey win? | Zach Edey won the following awards:
- Big Ten Player of the Week (6x)
- Big Ten Player of the Year
- Sporting News National Player of the Year
- consensus first-team All-American | On December 17, 2022, Edey became both the 55th player in Purdue's history to reach 1,000 career points and the 11th player in Purdue's history to reach 100 career blocks.
During the 2022-23 season, Edey received Big Ten Player of the Week six times, tying the school record for most awards in a single season (Caleb Sw... | false | null | null |
Does the training on more rounds improve model performance? | Yes, it does. | Table TABREF13 reports the main results. In addition to BERT BIBREF10 and RoBERTa BIBREF25, we also include XLNet BIBREF30 as an example of a strong, but different, model architecture. We show test set performance on the ANLI test sets per round, the total ANLI test set, and the exclusive test subset (examples from tes... | false | 92 | null |
What is a Delta Lake? | A Delta Lake is an open-source storage layer designed to run on top of an existing data lake and improve its reliability, security, and performance. Delta Lakes support ACID transactions, scalable metadata, unified streaming, and batch data processing. | false | null | null | |
Tell me three ways to get coconut from a coconut tree | Here are the three ways to get coconut from a coconut tree
1) Using a pole and saw:
Attach a curved saw to end of a very long stick. Make sure the saw does not fall when you pull on the coconut.Stand away from the bottom of the tree at a safe distance and hook the saw on to the stem of the coconut and pull down.
2) U... | false | null | null | |
Give me a list of your favor pet and breeds | My favor cat breed is Ragdoll. My favor Dog breed is Shiba Inu | false | null | null | |
What is salvation in christianity? | Salvation in christianity is the redemption of human beings from the consequences of their sins through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Jesus's death is counted as the payment for the sin of all mankind, as recorded by Paul in his letters. This salvation is open to everyone, not just the jews. Anyone who be... | In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the "saving human beings from sin and its consequences, which include death and separation from God" by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification following this salvation.
While the idea of Jesus' death as an atonement for human sin wa... | false | null | null |
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Maiasaura, Sea Lions | Sea Lions are alive, Maiasaura is extinct. | false | null | null | |
What are the benefits of meditation? | Meditation enhances focus, memory, and mood. Meditation has also been shown to have other benefits such as reducing the negative impacts of lack of sleep. | false | null | null | |
What is an string instrument that is similar to a Violin, but larger in size and with a lower and deeper sound? | The instrument you are looking for is a Viola. | The viola (/viˈoʊlə/ vee-OH-lə, also UK: /vaɪˈoʊlə/ vy-OH-lə, Italian: [ˈvjɔːla, viˈɔːla]) is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, ... | false | null | null |
Which coreference phenomena are analyzed? | The answers are shown as follows:
* shining through
* explicitation
| Therefore, in our analysis, we focus on the chain features related to the phenomena of shining through and explicitation. These features include number of mentions, number of chains, average chain length and the longest chain size. Machine-translated texts are compared to their sources and the corresponding human trans... | false | null | 1911.01188 |
Given the information provided about hottest chili pepper, which is the hottest naturally grown chili pepper in the world? | Although Carolina Reaper currently holds the Guinness World Record for the hottest chili pepper, it is not the hottest chili pepper that is cultivated naturally. The Ghost Pepper, also known as Bhut Jholokia, is the spiciest chili pepper in the world that is grown naturally. It is most commonly found in Bangladesh and ... | Especially among growers in the US, the UK, and Australia, there has been a competition since the 1990s to grow the hottest chili pepper. Chili pepper species and cultivars registering over 1,000,000 Scoville Heat units (SHU) are called "super-hots". Past Guinness World Record holders (in increasing order of hotness) i... | false | null | null |
How can I become a private pilot? | First, determine what type of pilot you want to become. There are different requirements for private and commercial pilots. Next, enroll in a flight training school or find a certified instructor. You'll also need to find a medical professional who can issue you a 1st or 2nd class medical certificate. You'll be up in t... | false | null | null | |
What's the function of using sub-word units with Transformer-XL? | To cope with the large vocabulary problems associated with the Finnish Language. | Language modeling is a probabilistic description of language phenomenon. It provides essential context to distinguish words which sound similar and therefore has one of the most useful applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP) especially in downstreaming tasks like Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). Recurrent ... | false | 145 | null |
What's the advantage of the model in the paper? | It eases interpretability and leads to slight accuracy gains. | The Transformer architecture BIBREF0 for deep neural networks has quickly risen to prominence in NLP through its efficiency and performance, leading to improvements in the state of the art of Neural Machine Translation BIBREF1, BIBREF2, as well as inspiring other powerful general-purpose models like BERT BIBREF3 and GP... | false | 110 | null |
How much of the earth is covered in land? | 29.2% of the earth's surface is covered in land. | Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only place known in the universe where life has originated and found habitability. While Earth may not contain the largest volumes of water in the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water, extending over 70.8% of the Earth with its ocean, making Earth an ocea... | false | null | null |
Some people describe braising as "transformative". Why is this so? | Braising is a common cooking technique where some primary ingredient (typically a cut of tough meat) cooks for a long time under low temperature and with lots of liquid. The main advantage of braising is that it causes the collagen in the meat fibers to break down into gelatin, which makes the meat fibers more separate... | false | null | null | |
What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a child's imagination? | 1. A child's imagination is a powerful tool, allowing them to create anything they can dream up.
2. A child's imagination can be a source of great joy and wonder.
3. A child's imagination is a source of endless creativity.
4. A child's imagination can be used to develop problem-solving skills.
5. A child's imagination ... | false | null | null | |
Are these places in the United States or Spain? California, New Mexico, Andalusia, Catalonia, Utah, Madrid, Texas | California: US, New Mexico: US, Andalusia: Spain, Catalonia: Spain, Utah: US, Madrid: Spain, Texas: US | false | null | null | |
Please let me know the details of 1MDB saga and scandal. | Originally 1MDB stands for of 1Malaysia Development Berhad was a Malaysian state fund, set up in 2009 to promote development through foreign investment and partnerships. The then prime minister, Najib Razak, was its chairman.
The fund has since been at the heart of one of the biggest corruption scandals in the world. ... | The 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, often referred to as the 1MDB scandal or just 1MDB, describes a corruption, bribery and money laundering conspiracy in which the Malaysian sovereign wealth fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) was systematically embezzled, with assets diverted globally by the perpetrators o... | false | null | null |
What are the five best places to hike in the San Francisco Bay Area and why? | 1. Alamere Fall includes a waterfall spilling into the Pacific Ocean
2. Tomales Point includes views of open water in three directions along with close encounters with the local elk population.
3. Land's End is a beautiful cliffside trail right in the city of San Francisco.
4. Mount Tamalpais is a Marin County peak wit... | false | null | null | |
What genres are covered? | genre, entertainment, interview, singing, play, movie, vlog, live broadcast, speech, drama, recitation and advertisement | FLOAT SELECTED: Table 1. The distribution over genres.
FLOAT SELECTED: Table 1. The distribution over genres. | false | null | 1911.01799 |
Why do the authors propose a generalized optimization-based meta-learning algorithm? | It is used to improve the optimization procedure for the low-resource natural language generation (NLG) task of natural language generation (NLG). | As an essential part of a task-oriented dialogue system BIBREF0 , the task of natural language generation (NLG) is to produce a natural language utterance containing the desired information given a semantic representation consisting of dialogue act types with a set of slot-value pairs. Conventional methods using hand-c... | false | 253 | null |
How long did the Roman Empire last | 1229 years | In modern historiography, Ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) until the f... | false | null | null |
Is a Hot dog a sandwich? | Technically a sandwich is defined as being made from 2 slices of some sort of bread or a split in half roll. By that definition, yes a hotdog is a sandwich.
This is however an extremely contentious subject that many dispute. | false | null | null | |
Which supervised learning algorithms are used in the experiments? | The answers are shown as follows:
* Logistic Regression (LR)
* Random Forest (RF)
* Support Vector Machines (SVM)
| To build the classifiers we used three different learning algorithms, namely Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machines (SVM). We used version 0.17.1 of scikit-learn machine learning library for Python to implement the classifiers. An open source tool of Python, Gensim BIBREF19 was used t... | false | null | 1610.08597 |
What are some of the most popular fantasy books from the last ten years? | Some of the most popular fantasy books from the last ten years include The Stormlight Archives series by Brandon Sanderson, the first of which is The Way of Kings, as well as the series A Song of Ice and Fire from George R.R. Martin, popularly known as A Game of Thrones due to both the first book in the series as well ... | false | null | null | |
What are The Benefits of Trekking? | 1) It Benefits of Sports in General , Like all physical activities, trekking is beneficial for your health: develop your bones, reduce the risk of osteoporosis, increase your cardiovascular and respiratory capacities, strengthen your immune system, improve your muscular capacity
2) Disconnection from everyday life real... | false | null | null | |
What is wholesale banking? | Wholesale banking is the provision of services by banks to larger customers or organizations such as mortgage brokers, large corporate clients, mid-sized companies, real estate developers and investors, international trade finance businesses, institutional customers (such as pension funds and government entities/agenci... | false | null | null | |
What are the corpora used for the task? | The answers are shown as follows:
* For the English version, we performed both a thorough manual analysis and automatic evaluation across three commonly used TS datasets from two different domains
* The evaluation of the German version is in progress.
| For the English version, we performed both a thorough manual analysis and automatic evaluation across three commonly used TS datasets from two different domains in order to assess the performance of our framework with regard to the sentence splitting subtask. The results show that our proposed sentence splitting approa... | false | null | 1909.12140 |
Which era of counterculture were the Beatles pivotal to? | The Beatles were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture | he Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted i... | false | null | null |
Give me a bulleted list of the seven more recent Indian Prime Ministers | - Narendra Modi (2014– )
- Manmohan Singh (2004–14)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004; 2nd time)
- Inder K. Gujral (1997–98)
- H.D. Deve Gowda (1996–97)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996; 1st time)
- P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) | false | null | null | |
What framework did Tu et al. propose to solve the problem of repetition and missing words in translation? | Tu et al. introduce an encoder-decoder-reconstructor framework that optimizes NMT by back-translation from the output sentences into the original source sentences. | Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) has gained popularity in the field of machine translation. The conventional encoder-decoder NMT proposed by Cho2014 uses two recurrent neural networks (RNN): one is an encoder, which encodes a source sequence into a fixed-length vector, and the other is a decoder, which decode... | false | 30 | null |
How big is the dataset? | The answers are shown as follows:
* 1593 annotations
| The measured precision with respect to PropBank is low for adjuncts due to the fact that our annotators were capturing many correct arguments not covered in PropBank. To examine this, we analyzed 100 false positive arguments. Only 32 of those were due to wrong or incomplete QA annotations in our gold, while most others... | false | null | 1911.03243 |
Whether pre-training is conducted when training a model of forward translation and back-translation? | No. | The encoder-decoder-reconstructor is trained with likelihood of both the encoder-decoder and the reconstructor on a set of training datasets. tu2016neural trained a back-translation model from the hidden state of the decoder into the source sequence by reconstructor to enforce agreement between source and target senten... | false | 30 | null |
What is a balloon? | A balloon is a latex rubber flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas or liquid. If you want a balloon to float you can inflate it with helium. It can also be filled with a liquid like water to make it a water balloon. Other types of balloons are hot air balloons filled with flammable gas that go up thousands of ... | false | null | null | |
Which of these sports involve a ball: swimming, baseball, javelin, hockey, cycling, high jump, tennis, , netball, basketball, and handball. | Hockey, tennis, baseball, basketball, netball, and handball involve a ball. High jump, javelin, swimming, and cycling do not involve a ball. | false | null | null | |
Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Spinet, Caval | Caval is woodwind, Spinet is string. | false | null | null | |
List the principles that are used in chemical engineering where each new line starts with "- ". Do not say anything else. | - chemistry
- physics
- mathematics
- biology
- economics | Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of chemistry, phys... | false | null | null |
Can you please describe the game of golf? | Golf originated in Scotland in the 15th century. It is mostly regarded as an "upper-class" sport reserved for members of private country clubs, but has gained a lot of popularity over the last few decades. As a result, golf has become more broadly accessible to the general public, and today the sport is enjoyed by tens... | false | null | null | |
How do you brew beer? | The steps to make beer is as following: 1. Mashing 2. Separation 3. Boiling 4. Fermentation. The ingredients are brought together through these 4 steps. You can create many beer styles with this process. | false | null | null | |
What is a simple recipe for a margarita? | A simple margarita can be made using just tequila, lime juice, and simple syrup. Alternatively, margarita sweet and sour mix can be bought from the store and will need to be mixed with tequila. | false | null | null | |
What datasets were used? | The answers are shown as follows:
* datasets given on the shared task, without using any additional external data
| JESSI is trained using only the datasets given on the shared task, without using any additional external data. Despite this, JESSI performs second on Subtask A with an F1 score of 77.78% among 33 other team submissions. It also performs well on Subtask B with an F1 score of 79.59%.
JESSI is trained using only the datas... | false | null | 1904.03339 |
Who was the first computer programmer? | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) is often regarded as the first computer programmer for her work on the Analytical Engine with Charles Babbage. | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pu... | false | null | null |
What is the best way to live life | 1. Be helpful
2.Be honest
3. Be Kind
4. Be positive | false | null | null | |
What did Gertrude Townend do | Gertrude Catherine Townend was a British nurse and suffragette. She provided, with Nurse Catherine Pine, a care home for suffragettes recovering from imprisonment and force-feeding, and participated in suffragette gatherings. | false | null | null | |
What is BabelNet used to? | The BabelNet is used to disambiguate the meaning of the extracted entities from the sentence. | Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) is the process of representing the domain knowledge in formal languages (e.g., SPARQL, Prolog) such that it can be used by expert systems to execute querying and reasoning services. KRR have been applied in many fields including financial regulations, medical diagnosis, laws... | false | 168 | null |
Give me a list of ways to lose weight | * Get more active
* Drink plenty of water
* Use a smaller plate
* Cut down on alcohol | false | null | null | |
What insights into the relationship between demographics and mental health are provided? | The answers are shown as follows:
* either likely depressed-user population is younger, or depressed youngsters are more likely to disclose their age
* more women than men were given a diagnosis of depression
| Age Enabled Ground-truth Dataset: We extract user's age by applying regular expression patterns to profile descriptions (such as "17 years old, self-harm, anxiety, depression") BIBREF41 . We compile "age prefixes" and "age suffixes", and use three age-extraction rules: 1. I am X years old 2. Born in X 3. X years old, w... | false | null | 1902.06843 |
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Cave Bear, Saola | Saola is alive, Cave Bear is extinct. | false | null | null | |
How to do you convert from inches to cm? | You can convert inches to centimeters using the following:
cm = 2.54 * inches, for example, 5 inches = 5 * 2.54 = 12.7 cm | false | null | null | |
What dataset is used? | The answers are shown as follows:
* HEOT
* A labelled dataset for a corresponding english tweets
| We used dataset, HEOT obtained from one of the past studies done by Mathur et al. where they annotated a set of cleaned tweets obtained from twitter for the conversations happening in Indian subcontinent. A labelled dataset for a corresponding english tweets were also obtained from a study conducted by Davidson et al. ... | false | null | 1912.13109 |
What datasets did they use? | The answers are shown as follows:
* the personalized bAbI dialog dataset
| Our experiments on a goal-oriented dialog corpus, the personalized bAbI dialog dataset, show that leveraging personal information can significantly improve the performance of dialog systems. The Personalized MemN2N outperforms current state-of-the-art methods with over 7% improvement in terms of per-response accuracy. ... | false | null | 1811.04604 |
Which dataset was used to construct the context-gloss pairs? | WordNet | Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a fundamental task and long-standing challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to find the exact sense of an ambiguous word in a particular context BIBREF0. Previous WSD approaches can be grouped into two main categories: knowledge-based and supervised methods.
Knowle... | false | 132 | null |
What is the effect of the system combination? | The WER is reduced. | To further improve the performance, we adopt system combination on the decoding lattice level. By combining systems, we can take advantage of the strength of each model that is optimized for different domains. The results for 2 test sets is showed on Table TABREF17 and TABREF18.
As we can see, for both test sets, syste... | false | 60 | null |
When was Belgium founded? | 4th of October 1830 | false | null | null | |
To improve performance in low resource domains, what do the authors explore? | The authors explore three directions. First, they explore domain transfer for abstractive summarization. Second, they propose a template-based synthesis method to create synthesized summaries, and then explore the effect of enriching training data for abstractive summarization using the proposed model compared to a syn... | Recently, with the emergence of neural seq2seq models, abstractive summarization methods have seen great performance strides BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2. However, complex neural summarization models with thousands of parameters usually require a large amount of training data. In fact, much of the neural summarization wor... | false | 6 | null |
What is yt standing for? | yt is the ground truth token distribution. | The objective function was the negative log-likelihood and computed by:
$$\textbf {F}(\theta ) = -\sum _{t=1}^{T}\textbf {y}_{t}^{\top }\log {\textbf {p}_{t}}$$ (Eq. 27)
where: $\textbf {y}_{t}$ is the ground truth token distribution, $\textbf {p}_{t}$ is the predicted token distribution, $T$ is length of the input... | false | 159 | null |
Which datasets do they evaluate on? | The answers are shown as follows:
* PDP-60
* WSC-273
| Recently, neural models pre-trained on a language modeling task, such as ELMo BIBREF0 , OpenAI GPT BIBREF1 , and BERT BIBREF2 , have achieved impressive results on various natural language processing tasks such as question-answering and natural language inference. The success of BERT can largely be associated to the no... | false | null | 1905.13497 |
What are some of the uses of gilding metal? | Army Dress, weapons, metalworking, penny production, and Olympic medals | Gilding metal is a form of brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) with a much higher copper content than zinc content. Exact figures range from 95% copper and 5% zinc to “8 parts copper to 1 of zinc” (11% zinc) in British Army Dress Regulations.
Gilding metal is used for various purposes, including the jackets of bullets... | false | null | null |
What is the performance of the image classifier in the experiment? | The implicit quality indicators, such as images and visual layout, can be captured by an image classifier, at a level comparable to a text classifier. | The task of document quality assessment is to automatically assess a document according to some predefined inventory of quality labels. This can take many forms, including essay scoring (quality = language quality, coherence, and relevance to a topic), job application filtering (quality = suitability for role + visual/... | false | 133 | null |
List the basis of contemporary national legal systems from the passage. Display the results in comma separated format. | civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law, comparative law | The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies law at the... | false | null | null |
What did Franz Beckenbauer call Bobby Moore? | Franz Beckenbauer described Bobby Moore as "a real gentleman and a true friend". | "My captain, my leader, my right-hand man. He was the spirit and the heartbeat of the team. A cool, calculating footballer I could trust with my life. He was the supreme professional, the best I ever worked with. Without him England would never have won the World Cup." Alf Ramsey*
"He was my friend as well as the great... | false | null | null |
Which book is Mary Shelley most famous for? | Frankenstein | false | null | null | |
Think up different types of places to go for vacation. | There are many different places you can go on vacation. For people who love the outdoors, camping is a great option, including hiking, kayaking, and bird-watching. For those who like relaxation, a hotel by the beach can be ideal. Beach-related vacations can include sunbathing, swimming, laying out by the pool, and havi... | false | null | null | |
What does the dataset MR contain? | MR contains movie reviews based on sentiment polarity. | Datasets and Models We evaluate our adversarial attacks on different text classification datasets from tasks such as sentiment classification, subjectivity detection and question type classification. Amazon, Yelp, IMDB are sentence-level sentiment classification datasets which have been used in recent work BIBREF15 whi... | false | 200 | null |
List five titles by Suzanne Collins. | Catching Fire, Mockingjay, Gregor the Overlander, Year of the Jungle, The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes | false | null | null | |
What is geomorphometry? | Geomorphometry, or geomorphometrics, is the science and practice of measuring the characteristics of terrain, the shape of the surface of the Earth, and the effects of this surface form on human and natural geography. It gathers various mathematical, statistical and image processing techniques that can be used to quant... | false | null | null | |
What is a head rowing race? | A head rowing race is a time trial race where rowing boats race on a rolling start with short time gaps between start times. Courses vary in length from 2,000 meters to 12,000 meters. | Head races are time trial / processional races that take place from autumn (fall) to early spring (depending on local conditions). Boats begin with a rolling start at intervals of 10 – 20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from 2,000 metres (1.24 mi) to 12,000 metres (7.46 m... | false | null | null |
What are some songs from the Beatles' White Album that you'd recommend listening to? | The White Album is one of the Beatles most iconic and experimental albums. Recommended songs to listen to from this album include; 'Happiness is a Warm Gun', 'Dear Prudence', 'Rocky Raccoon', 'Back in the U.S.S.R', 'Blackbird', 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', 'Glass Onion ' and 'Helter Skelter'. | false | null | null | |
What can be predicted by the simple most-common value classifier they observe? | The most-common value for a given attribute. | Given the large collections of unstructured and semi-structured data available on the web, there is a crucial need to enable quick and efficient access to the knowledge content within them. Traditionally, the field of information extraction has focused on extracting such knowledge from unstructured text documents, such... | false | 308 | null |
Extract the different kinds of leavening agents mentioned in this passage. Separate them with a comma. | sourdough, baker's yeast, barm, purpose-cultured yeast, commercial yeast, baking soda, cultured yeasts, bread improver, flour improver | In the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle writes: "One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt several thousand years earlier", which was co... | false | null | null |
What task did they apply the proposed model to? | Sentiment classification tasks on Chinese and Japanese. | Word embeddings have been widely used for natural language processing (NLP) tasks BIBREF0 . However, the large word vocabulary makes word embeddings expensive to train. Some people argue that we can model languages at the character-level BIBREF1 . For alphabetic languages such as English, where the characters are much ... | false | 223 | null |
How tall can a human being theoretically be? | Theoretically, a human being can reach a maximum height of around 7 feet, 9 inches (2.3 meters) if they are fully grown. This is based on the average height of a male adult in the United States. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the tallest man was Sultan Kösen. Sultan Kösen (born 10 December 1982) is a ... | false | null | null | |
How do they formulate question answering? | They formulate question answering as a problem of decoding the KB query given the question and KB entries which are encoded in embedding spaces. | Our work is motivated by three major threads of research in machine learning and natural language processing: semantic-parsing for open-domain question answering, character-level language modeling, and encoder-decoder methods.
Semantic parsing for open-domain question answering, which translates a question into a struc... | false | 34 | null |
Do they compare against Noraset et al. 2017? | Yes. | The baseline model BIBREF3 is implemented with a recurrent neural network based encoder-decoder framework. Without utilizing the information of sememes, it learns a probabilistic mapping $P(y | x)$ from the word $x$ to be defined to a definition $y = [y_1, \dots , y_T ]$ , in which $y_t$ is the $t$ -th word of definiti... | true | null | 1905.06512 |
How long does a tennis match take? | A tennis match is usually played as the best of three or five sets, where each set is played as the first to six games with at least a two game margin. A tiebreaker is played if both sides win 6 games. The relative skill of the players, the frequency of breaks, and other factors can all affect the length of a tennis ma... | false | null | null | |
List some beverages that you can buy at Starbucks. | Frappuccino, shaken espresso, caramel macchiato, refresher, hot chocolate, latte, drip coffee | false | null | null | |
I'm getting into music history and want to listen to authentic analogue music from the 1980's. Which of the following should I try: ipod, vinyl, apple music, cassette, compact disc, spotify, youtube | Vinyl, cassette and compact disc are all analogue music devices available in the 1980's - you should try them. | false | null | null | |
Name some of the bravolebrities from The Real Housewives of Orange County | Shannon Beador, Heather Dubrow, Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson | false | null | null | |
Given a reference text, who is the Ryder Cup named after? | The Ryder Cup is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder. | The Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is contested every two years with the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. The Ryder Cup is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder who donated the trophy. The event... | false | null | null |
Why do people like to live in Minnesota? | Minnesota is a great place to live for a multitude of reasons. While the winter weather can be difficult, the overall high quality of life people from Minnesota have heavily outweighs this perceived negative. Minnesota’s education system is consistently rated of one of the best in the United States. Standardize test... | false | null | null | |
What are some ideas for businesses that cater to millennials? | Millennials like coffee shops, boba tea shops and cafes that have healthy foods like salads and smoothies. Restaurants that sell organic, vegetarian and gluten-free foods are good ideas. A pet store would also be a good idea because millennials spend a lot of money on their pets. Millennials also value travel and exper... | false | null | null | |
How did George II die | Fell off toilet | false | null | null |
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