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it from inclusions ) . A large , flawless diamond is known as a paragon .
= = = Natural history = = =
The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions — exposure of carbon @-@ bearing materials to high pressure , ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars ( 4 @.@ 5 and 6 GPa ) , but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900 and 1 @,@ 300 ° C ( 1 @,@ 650 and 2 @,@ 370 ° F ) . These conditions are met in two places on Earth ; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates , and at the site of a meteorite strike .
= = = = Formation in cratons = = = =
The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure . These depths are estimated between 140 and 190 kilometers ( 87 and 118 mi ) though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about 300 km ( 190 mi ) . The rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth . In particular , under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth , beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required . The correct combination of temperature and pressure is only found in the thick , ancient , and stable parts of continental plates where regions of lithosphere known as cratons exist . Long residence in the cratonic lithosphere allows diamond crystals to grow larger .
Through studies of carbon isotope ratios ( similar to the methodology used in carbon dating , except with the stable isotopes C @-@ 12 and C @-@ 13 ) , it has been shown that the carbon found in diamonds comes from both inorganic and organic sources . Some diamonds , known as harzburgitic , are formed from inorganic carbon originally found deep in the Earth 's mantle . In contrast , eclogitic diamonds contain organic carbon from organic detritus that has been pushed down from the surface of the Earth 's crust through subduction ( see plate tectonics ) before transforming into diamond . These two different source of carbon have measurably different 13C : 12C ratios . Diamonds that have come to the Earth 's surface are generally quite old , ranging from under 1 billion to 3 @.@ 3 billion years old . This is 22 % to 73 % of the age of the Earth .
Diamonds occur most often as euhedral or rounded octahedra and twinned octahedra known as macles . As diamond 's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms , they have many facets that belong to a cube , octahedron , rhombicosidodecahedron , tetrakis hexahedron or disdyakis dodecahedron . The crystals can have rounded off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated . Sometimes they are found grown together or form double " twinned " crystals at the surfaces of the octahedron . These different shapes and habits of some diamonds result from differing external circumstances . Diamonds ( especially those with rounded crystal faces ) are commonly found coated in nyf , an opaque gum @-@ like skin .
= = = = Transport from mantle = = = =
Diamond @-@ bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth 's surface by deep @-@ origin volcanic eruptions . The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed — 150 km ( 93 mi ) or more ( three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes ) . This is a relatively rare occurrence . These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes . The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action , but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased . During eruption these pipes are open to the surface , resulting in open circulation ; many xenoliths of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes . Diamond @-@ bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest , coolest regions of continental crust ( cratons ) . This is because cratons are very thick , and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable . Not all pipes contain diamonds , and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable .
The magma in volcanic pipes is usually one of two characteristic types , which cool into igneous rock known as either kimberlite or lamproite . The magma itself does not contain diamond ; instead , it acts as an elevator that carries deep @-@ formed rocks ( xenoliths ) , minerals ( xenocrysts ) , and fluids upward . These rocks are characteristically rich in magnesium @-@ bearing olivine , pyroxene , and amphibole minerals which are often altered to serpentine by heat and fluids during and after eruption . Certain indicator minerals typically occur within diamantiferous kimberlites and are used as mineralogical tracers by prospectors , who follow the indicator trail back to the volcanic pipe which may contain diamonds . These minerals are rich in chromium ( Cr ) or titanium ( Ti ) , elements which impart bright colors to the minerals . The most common indicator minerals are chromium garnets ( usually bright red chromium @-@ pyrope , and occasionally green ugrandite @-@ series garnets ) , eclogitic garnets , orange titanium @-@ pyrope , red high @-@ chromium spinels , dark chromite , bright green chromium @-@ diopside , glassy green olivine , black picroilmenite , and magnetite . Kimberlite deposits are known as blue ground for the deeper serpentinized part of the deposits , or as yellow ground for the near surface smectite clay and carbonate weathered and oxidized portion .
Once diamonds have been transported to the surface by magma in a volcanic pipe , they may erode out and be distributed over a large area . A volcanic pipe containing diamonds is known as a primary source of diamonds . Secondary sources of diamonds include all areas where a significant number of diamonds have been eroded out of their kimberlite or lamproite matrix , and accumulated because of water or wind action . These include alluvial deposits and deposits along existing and ancient shorelines , where loose diamonds tend to accumulate because of their size and density . Diamonds have also rarely been found in deposits left behind by glaciers ( notably in Wisconsin and Indiana ) ; in contrast to alluvial deposits , glacial deposits are minor and are therefore not viable commercial sources of diamond .
= = = = Space diamonds = = = =
Not all diamonds found on Earth originated on Earth . Primitive interstellar meteorites were found to contain carbon possibly in the form of diamond . A type of diamond called carbonado that is found in South America and Africa may have been deposited there via an asteroid impact ( not formed from the impact ) about 3 billion years ago . These diamonds may have formed in the intrastellar environment , but as of 2008 , there was no scientific consensus on how carbonado diamonds originated .
Diamonds can also form under other naturally occurring high @-@ pressure conditions . Very small diamonds of micrometer and nanometer sizes , known as microdiamonds or nanodiamonds respectively , have been found in meteorite impact craters . Such impact events create shock zones of high pressure and temperature suitable for diamond formation . Impact @-@ type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters . Popigai crater in Russia may have the world 's largest diamond deposit , estimated at trillions of carats , and formed by an asteroid impact .
Scientific evidence indicates that white dwarf stars have a core of crystallized carbon and oxygen nuclei . The largest of these found in the universe so far , BPM 37093 , is located 50 light @-@ years ( 4 @.@ 7 × 1014 km ) away in the constellation Centaurus . A news release from the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics described the 2 @,@ 500 @-@ mile ( 4 @,@ 000 km ) -wide stellar core as a diamond .
= = Material properties = =
A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a covalent network lattice ( sp3 ) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face centered cubic structure . Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material 's exceptional physical characteristics . Most notable are its extreme hardness and thermal conductivity ( 900 – 2320 W · m − 1 · K − 1 ) , as well as wide bandgap and high optical dispersion . Above 1700 ° C ( 1973 K / 3583 ° F ) in vacuum or oxygen @-@ free atmosphere , diamond converts to graphite ; in air , transformation starts at ~ 700 ° C. Diamond 's ignition point is 720 – 800 ° C in oxygen and 850 – 1000 ° C in air . Naturally occurring diamonds have a density ranging from
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their songs . Mike Reiss said that Fox felt that the show could have gotten a " real group " for that amount of money . The animators gave many of the members of the crowd at the Spinal Tap concert long bangs , so they would not have to animate many pairs of eyes . In the final scene to feature the band , their tour bus bursts into flames after being knocked off the road . According to the writers , the scene was not in the original script and was added because they felt the band 's final scene was not interesting enough .
= = Cultural references = =
When Homer puts on an old jacket he finds a can of Billy Beer in one of the pockets . While waiting in the car during the Spinal Tap concert ( as well as the ensuing riot ) , Homer sings along to the song " Spanish Flea " by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass . The writers had a difficult time getting the rights to the song , but a writer who is related to a member of the band was able to get the rights at the last minute . Homer also hums along to " Summer Samba " at a later segment in the car . Homer makes a comment on their situation with Otto , saying " This is not Happy Days and he is not The Fonz ! " Otto then walks in and says to Homer , " Heeeeeyy , Mr. S , " in reference to the long @-@ running situation comedy . The song Otto plays on the school bus is " Free Bird " by Lynyrd Skynyrd . Otto 's statement that he would prefer to be sleeping in a Dumpster brand trash container over a " Trash Co . Waste Disposal Unit " alludes to the word 's status as a registered trademark for a brand of large trash containers .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing on the Fox Network , the episode had an 11 @.@ 5 Nielsen rating and was viewed in approximately 10 @.@ 59 million homes . It finished the week of April 20 – 26 , 1992 ranked 41st , down from the season 's average rank of 35th . The Simpsons was the fourth highest rated show on Fox that week after Married ... with Children , Beverly Hills , 90210 and In Living Color .
The episode , like the whole of the third season , received mostly positive reviews from critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote , " A nice episode for Otto and some great moments for Skinner as he tries to drive the bus , but especially memorable for Homer 's moment of forgetfulness after the concert . Michael McKean , Christopher Guest and Harry Shearer reprise their roles from This Is Spinal Tap perfectly . " MovieFreak.com 's Dennis Landmann named " The Otto Show " as one of the stand @-@ out episodes from the third season . Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed was also positive about the episode , giving it a rating of five donuts out of five and writing " The writing is at full throttle here
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, cramming tons of jokes into the episode 's 20 @-@ minute runtime with stunning success . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote that it was " another solid episode . Actually , it regresses somewhat from the high quality of its predecessors . The Spinal Tap material feels somewhat tacky – it was a tie @-@ in with their then @-@ current attempt to sell a new album – and Otto 's not a strong character . I don ’ t think the series ever made him the lead again , and he works best in small doses . " Otto : remains very good , but it doesn ’ t compete with the year ’ s best shows . " "
Especially the guest appearance of Spinal Tap was noticed . Bryce Wilson , in his review of the third season for Cinema Blend , wrote " Simpson ’ s [ sic ] voice actor Harry Shearer ... reunites Spinal Tap just for " The Otto Show " , an episode full of the trademark Tap banter and stage disasters that rival even the mighty 18 inch Stonehenge . " IGN named Spinal Tap as the ' 18th best guest stars ' in the show 's history for this episode . Andrew Martin of Prefix Mag named Spinal Tap his favorite musical guests on The Simpsons out of a list of ten .
= Sonic and the Secret Rings =
Sonic and the Secret Rings ( ソニックと秘密のリング , Sonikku to Himitsu no Ringu ) is a video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega as part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series . It was released exclusively for the Wii on February 20 , 2007 in North America ; March 2 in Europe and March 15 in Japan . It is the first Sonic game for the console , released in place of an aborted attempt to port the 2006 video game Sonic the Hedgehog . Secret Rings is a three @-@ dimensional platform and action game whose plot follows the series ' main character , Sonic the Hedgehog , on a quest to stop an evil genie named the Erazor Djinn . In addition to the basic platforming gameplay of previous Sonic titles , Secret Rings uses a system of experience points and levels , as well as special moves that are unlocked via leveling up .
Producer Yojiro Ogawa conceived the game to tap into the Wii Remote 's capabilities . He chose the theme of Arabian Nights , using many elements of the stories in the game 's setting , characters , and Middle Eastern @-@ influenced music . Sega changed the title of the game several times , settling on Sonic and the Secret Rings to tie in the theme of Arabian Nights . Upon release , Secret Rings got mixed reviews . Reviewers praised its visuals but said that its controls and inconsistent difficulty take some time to get used to . It sold 83 @,@ 000 copies in its first month and continued to chart throughout the year . Sega released a sequel in March 2009 , Sonic and the Black Knight ; the two form what is known as the Storybook series . Sonic and the Secret Rings was de @-@ listed in 2010 , due to Sega 's decision to remove all Sonic titles with sub @-@ average Metacritic scores from retail stores in order to increase the value of their brand after positive reviews for Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I and Sonic Colors .
= = Gameplay = =
Sonic and the Secret Rings is a three @-@ dimensional platform and action game featuring an on @-@ rails style of movement . Sonic the Hedgehog , the series ' main character , is the game 's only player character . He is controlled exclusively with the Wii Remote , which is held horizontally like a traditional gamepad . Players adjust his forward movement by tilting the controller . He runs along a predesignated path ; players jump and brake using corresponding face buttons . Thrusting the Wii Remote forwards allows Sonic to perform a homing attack , a mid @-@ air move that targets and damages enemies in his path .
Like in other games in the series , Sonic collects rings scattered throughout levels ; contact with certain obstacles and enemies scatters them away , and Sonic dies if he touches an enemy without any rings . Unlike previous titles , Secret Rings does not feature a life counter or game over screen , but instead Sonic reappears at the last visited checkpoint after dying , although the player will have to restart a mission if they fail a specified objective . The game contains 100 missions ( including boss battles ) over the course of eight levels . New missions , cutscenes , and sometimes new levels are unlocked by completing missions . Successful missions earn Sonic experience points , which advance him levels .
Sonic has 104 special moves called " skills " that are unlocked upon leveling up or reaching certain points in the story . The player can distribute these skills to four " Skill Rings " , which the player selects before starting a mission . Skills can provide Sonic with improved movement , offensive , and defensive capabilities , as well as special attacks . Skills are generally
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used by depleting the " Soul Gauge " , which is slowly filled by collecting pearls scattered throughout the levels . Notable skills Sonic can obtain are the " Speed Break " , which greatly increases his speed , and " Time Break " which slows down time , allowing the player to dodge obstacles more easily .
Secret Rings features three game modes : " Adventure " , " Party " , and " Special Book " . The story is played in the Adventure mode . The Party mode features multiplayer gameplay for up to four players simultaneously , in which players spar in a turn @-@ based tournament of motion control @-@ based minigames . The " Special Book " mode displays the game 's 225 unlockable bonuses , won by completing levels quickly and collecting " Fire Souls " — small fiery objects scattered throughout the levels . These bonuses are development documentaries , interviews , concept art , in @-@ game cutscenes , and game music .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters = = =
Sonic is the game 's protagonist , and his sidekick throughout the game is Shahra , " Genie of the Ring " . Their enemy is Erazor Djinn , a genie who aspires to erase the entirety of the Arabian Nights book . He was once the Genie of the Lamp from the story of Aladdin and the Magic Lamp , who was punished for misdeeds and imprisoned in his lamp until he granted the wishes of one thousand people . Erazor did so , gaining a renewed hatred of humanity and deciding to take over the world . Several Sonic series characters appear in the form of figures from Arabian Nights , such as Miles " Tails " Prower as Ali Baba , Knuckles the Echidna as Sinbad the Sailor , and Dr. Eggman as Shahryār . Though Sonic recognizes them as old acquaintances , they do not recognize him , and Shahra insists that Sonic 's perception is mistaken .
= = = Story = = =
After reading the Arabian Nights , Sonic falls asleep , only to be awoken by Shahra . She explains that Erazor is erasing the pages of the Arabian Nights and asks Sonic to help her , to which he agrees . He dons a ring that makes him Shahra 's master and grants him the ability to ask for any wishes within her power ; he then enters the book . Sonic and Shahra encounter Erazor inside ; he tells them of his intent to search for seven artifacts called the World Rings , which Shahra claims do not exist . Erazor shoots an arrow of fire at Shahra , but Sonic takes it for her . Erazor opportunistically tells Sonic that he will remove the arrow if Sonic gathers the World Rings for him . If Sonic does not do so before the flame goes out , his " life is forfeit " . Sonic and Shahra embark on a quest to retrieve the World Rings . Over the course of this quest , they learn that whoever collects the rings must be sacrificed to create a link between the Arabian Nights world and the real world . Elsewhere in the quest , Shahra gives Sonic Erazor 's lamp to use as a last resort .
Sonic manages to obtain the World Rings , and Erazor convinces Shahra to give them to him . To try to keep them out of Erazor 's hands , Sonic wishes for Shahra to do what she truly thinks is right , and she collapses on the ground as her mind cracks due to her conflicting emotions . Erazor attempts to sacrifice Sonic in order to open the gateway between worlds , but in a move of altruistic suicide , Shahra interrupts the attack , saving Sonic and asking for his forgiveness before dying in his arms . Without Sonic as the proper offering , Erazor mutates into the monster Alf Layla wa @-@ Layla , now intent on remaking the Arabian Nights in his image before moving on to Sonic 's world . Sonic absorbs three of the World Rings and transforms into Darkspine Sonic , a darker , more violent version of Super Sonic , granting him the power to defeat Alf Layla wa @-@ Layla , but Erazor subsequently boasts that he is immortal and will always return . Sonic then reveals that he possesses Erazor 's lamp . Sonic then wishes for Erazor to bring Shahra back to life , restore the book to its original state , and be trapped in his lamp for all eternity . Erazor refuses to do so , but is helpless against the power of his lamp . After granting the third wish , Erazor pleads for Shahra to stop Sonic and save him , but she refuses , leaving him to be sucked into his lamp . Shahra then bursts into tears , and Sonic wishes for a mountain of handkerchiefs to help her through her crying . Sonic then disposes of the lamp in a pit of lava in a previously explored level . Sonic runs through the book until he finds a way home . Shahra states that his story will be forever remembered in the pages of the Arabian Nights , and the credits roll . An image of the title of " Aladdin and the Magic Lamp " in the book then changes to " Sonic and the Secret Rings " .
= = Development = =
Sonic and the Secret Rings was developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega . Sega originally planned to release a port of the 2006 Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game Sonic the Hedgehog as the first Sonic game for the Wii . Citing lengthy development times for a port , Sega switched plans and conceived of a Sonic game that would use the capabilities of the Wii Remote . Producer Yojiro Ogawa , who had previously worked on Sonic Adventure , " already had this basic idea ( of Sonic constantly moving forward ) in [ his ] mind " , and immediately imagined its compatibility with the Wii .
He later decided that this could be done by using the Arabian Nights — a compilation of Middle @-@ Eastern fables — as the game 's setting . This inspired the use of Sonic characters as figures from Arabian Nights . Sega removed " some of the extraneous elements " of recent Sonic games to " get ... back to basics " . Storyboard director Zachary G. Brown stated that , " This game could put Sonic the Hedgehog in a whole new light . He could reach the top of the charts once more . " The game 's art and setting were heavily influenced by the games Shadow of the Colossus , Prince of Persia , and God of War . Its cutscenes consistently feature hand @-@ painted , static imagery resembling classic art through paint on parchment . On a technical level , Secret Rings uses the PhysX engine . Sega improved the game 's camera system to address criticisms of prior Sonic games .
On January 19 , 2006 , IGN staff writer Matt Casamassina revealed that " sources close to Sega " had informed IGN of an upcoming Revolution @-@ exclusive Sonic game , which was two months in development . Sega officially announced Sonic Wild Fire at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2006 , then as Hyper Sonic at a Nintendo press conference and again as Sonic Wild Fire in its trailers . Sega changed the title to Sonic and the Secret of the Rings , then slightly modified it to Sonic and the Secret Rings in August 2006 . Sega preferred Wild Fire over Secret Rings , but the latter better fit the game 's story and Arabian Nights . The game received a rating of E from the ESRB , 7 + from PEGI , and A from CERO .
= = = Music = = =
The music of Sonic and the Secret Rings was composed by Kenichi Tokoi , Fum
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5 in ( 33 – 38 cm ) at the withers and the usual weight range is 35 – 45 lb ( 16 – 20 kg ) with a roughly rectangular appearance . The Clumber Spaniel meanwhile is normally between 17 – 20 in ( 43 – 51 cm ) high at the shoulder , and weighing 55 – 85 lb ( 25 – 39 kg ) .
One of the noticeable features is their golden liver @-@ coloured coat which is unique to the breed . Historically however , there have also been examples of both black and sandy coloured Sussex Spaniels . The coat is thick ( sometimes with a slight wave to it ) , feathering on the chest , legs and ears and consists of a weather resistant undercoat with a silky outer coat . The eyes are hazel in colour . The silky ears are lobe @-@ shaped typical of the Spaniel , and set moderately low . The Sussex is a short , stocky kind of dog .
= = Temperament = =
The Sussex Spaniel is a slow paced , calm breed with somewhat clownish behaviour that normally keeps his energy and enthusiasm in check . He is always eager to be around people , is excellent around children , and can be quite protective of the family . They make excellent candidates for therapy dog work . Most Sussex Spaniels are primarily family pets , but they are competent enough to aid a hunter though quite stubborn to train . They tend to have a natural ability to quarter in the field , have excellent noses , and can be used to retrieve , given training . The breed is the only spaniel to howl once a game 's scent is picked up .
= = Health = =
The breed is generally healthy with an average life span of 12 to 15years . Hip dysplasia , a genetic malformation of the hip joint , may be a concern but because of the breed 's compact nature is not often seriously debilitating . Surveys conducted by the Orthopedic Foundation For Animals showed that 41 @.@ 5 % of Sussex Spaniels were affected by hip dysplasia , and the breed was ranked 9th worst affected out of 157 breeds .
Another common condition is otitis externa ( outer ear infections ) , which is common to a variety of spaniels , as the long floppy ears trap moisture , making them more prone to recurrent infections than dogs with more upright ears . The infections can be caused by a variety of reasons including mites , ear fungi and generally dirt and germs . Treatment is relatively simple and can range from prescribed antibiotics to over @-@ the @-@ counter ear cleaning liquids .
Whelping sometimes presents difficulties and require caesarean section for successful delivery of the puppies .
Heart conditions in the Sussex Spaniel can include pulmonary valve stenosis , which is the most common of the congenital heart defects . Essentially , in an animal with this condition , the pulmonary valve is improperly formed which causes the heart to work much faster to pump blood around the body . The final results of this condition can be swelling of fluid in the chambers of the heart , thickening of the heart muscle known as ventricular hypertrophy leading to eventual heart failure .
Patent ductus arteriosus also appears in the breed . It is a condition where a small blood vessel connecting two major arteries does not close following birth . It can cause complications as it is positioned to allow the blood flow to bypass the lungs . It also appears in American Staffordshire Terriers .
A heart condition uncommon to the breed is tetralogy of Fallot , which is more common in the Keeshond and English Bulldog breeds relatively . It is actually a combination of up to four conditions , including the previously mentioned pulmonary valve stenosis , with a secondary condition of right ventricular hypertrophy . The other conditions are ventricular septal defect which is a defect or hole in the wall of the heart between the two ventricles and the aorta which carries the blood from the left to the right side of the heart can be mis @-@ positioned . The effect on the dog depends on the severity of the condition , and can range from a heart murmur through to reduced activity levels to death . Symptoms in puppies are generally a failure to grow and a reduced tolerance for exercise . Active treatment is effective in around 50 % of cases .
= = = Intervertebral disc syndrome = = =
Also commonly called spinal disc herniation , this is where the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures into the vertebral canal where the spinal cord resides . When the cord is compressed , the dog can experience symptoms ranging in scope from mild back or neck pain to paralysis of limbs , loss of sensation , and loss of bladder or bowel control . It is most commonly seen in the mid @-@ back area , but can occur anywhere along the spine . Mild cases that do not result in paralysis can be treated medically by confining the animal in a crate to restrict movement to a minimum for several weeks , which can be accompanied by pain medication . Surgery can restore sensation to a dog 's legs following paralysis but the success rate depends on how severe the herniation was .
= = History = =
In 1795 , Mr. Fuller of Rosehill Park , Hastings in East Sussex , England began breeding gun dogs to work in districts where the terrain was rough and the undergrowth very dense which meant that a spaniel was needed which could give tongue or to alert the hunter on his quarry . Fuller crossed various breeds such as the liver and white Norfolk Spaniel ( now extinct ) , the Field Spaniel , and possibly some early English Springer Spaniels . The Sussex was bred specifically to inherit the barking ability that was not common in most Spaniel breeds during this era .
The Sussex Spaniel was one of the first ten breeds admitted into the stud book by the American Kennel Club in 1884 , but lost what little popularity it had achieved in the 1940s . During World War II , breeding was discouraged but the Sussex saved from extinction by English breeder Joy Freer . All modern Sussex Spaniels are descended from the dogs she saved . In 1947 , only ten Sussex Spaniels were registered in the English Kennel Club .
In 2004 the breed was identified as a vulnerable native breed by Kennel Club of Great Britain which are described as having annual registration figures of less than 300 per year . In 2008 , only 56 puppies were registered .
In 2009 a Sussex Spaniel named " Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee , " call name " Stump , " won best in show at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . At 10 years old , Stump is the oldest dog to win this title .
The breed is more popular in the United States than any other country . It is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club , Fédération Cynologique Internationale , American Kennel Club , Kennel Club of Great Britain , Canadian Kennel Club , National Kennel Club , New Zealand Kennel Club , and the American Canine Registry .
= Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria =
Ivan Vladislav ( Bulgarian : Иван Владислав ) ruled as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018 . The year of his birth is unknown ; he was born at least a decade before 987 , but probably not much earlier than that .
Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir , the Bulgarian Emperor , in 976 , Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne . Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades @-@ long war with the Byzantine Empire , and in an attempt to consolidate his position , he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II . After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance , attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back . During his period of rule , Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army , reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter @-@ offensive , but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018 . After his death his widow , Empress Maria , the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II , who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire .
Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage , varying from a reputation of being ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as best as he could . The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered
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increase in the number of missing books secretly returned to the library " , the Transcript reported in 1932 . : 89
= = = Gutenberg Bible theft = = =
On the night of August 19 , 1969 an attempt was made to steal the library 's Gutenberg Bible , valued at $ 1 million . The 20 @-@ year @-@ old would @-@ be thief hid in a lavatory until after closing , then made his way to the roof , from which he descended via a knotted rope to break through a Memorial Room window . But after smashing the bible 's display case and placing its two volumes in a knapsack , he found it impossible to reclimb the rope carrying his 70 @-@ pound ( 32 kg ) booty . : D
Eventually he fell some 50 feet ( 15 m ) : 45 to the pavement of one of the light courts , where ( despite landing on the knapsack ) : D he lay semicon scious until his moans were heard by a janitor . : 45 He was found about 1 a.m. , " consid er a bly the worse for his adventure " , : D with injuries including a fractured skull . " It looks like a profes sion al job all right , in the fact that he came down the rope , " commented Harvard Police Chief Robert Tonis . " But it doesn 't look very profes sion al that he fell off . " Tonis specu lated that the attempt may have been modeled on a similar caper depicted in the 1964 film Topkapi , though a retired Harvard librarian later commented that the thief ( who was later judged insane ) " evidently knew nothing about books — or , at least , about selling them ... There was no explanation of what he expected to do with the Bible . " : 72
Only the books ' bindings ( which are not original ) were damaged . Since the incident only one or the other Bible volume is on display at any given time : E and a replica has been substituted at times of heightened security concern .
= = = " The Slasher " = = =
Around 1990 , empty bindings stripped of their pages began to appear in the Widener stacks . Eventually some 600 mutilated books were discovered , the vandal preferring works on early Christianity in Greek , Latin , or languages such as Icelandic . Notes left at Widener , and later at Northeastern University , threatened graphically described mutilations of library workers , cyanide gas attacks , and bombings of libraries and a local bank . Other notes instructed that $ 500 @,@ 000 be left in a Northeastern library , demanded that Northeastern " terminate all Jew personnel " , and directed that $ 1 million be left in the Widener stacks : " pUt THe mONEy FucKer BEhiNd THE eLevATOR on D WEST in THE basemENT WhERE tHe 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 dollaRS IN rare GreEK bOOks wAS slASHEd ApARt MIGNE GREEK PATROLOGIA . " These " ransom drops " were staked out by the FBI , and surveillance cameras installed in ersatz books , without result .
In 1994 police connected an incident at Northeastern , in which a library worker there ( a former Widener employee ) was caught stealing chemistry books , with the fact that chemistry texts had been among the works mutilated at Widener . Officials found " a kind of renegade reference room " in the worker 's basement , includ ing library books , piles of ripped @-@ out pages , a microfilm camera , and hundreds of unusable microfilms he had haphaz ardly made of the books ( worth $ 180 @,@ 000 ) he had destroyed . At trial " The Slasher " said he had acted in revenge for the eighteen months he had been detained in a state psychiatric hospital after expiration of a six @-@ month jail term he had received for a minor offense .
= = Artwork = =
In the 1920s the university commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint , within the fourteen @-@ foot @-@ high arched panels flanking the entrance to the Memorial Rotunda , two murals giving tribute to the univer sity 's World War I dead . The accompanying inscription , by Lowell , reads : " Happy those who with a glowing faith / In one embrace clasped Death and Victory " . With Memorial Church , which directly faces Widener , these constitute what the Boston Public Library calls " the most elaborate World War I memorial in the Boston area . "
Above the Rotunda entrance is inscribed :
To the memory of Eleanor Elkins Rice • whose noble and endearing spirit inspired the conception and completion of this Memorial Library • 1938 .
( Eleanor Elkins Widener became Eleanor Elkins Rice when , in October 1915 , she married Harvard professor and surgeon Alexander Hamilton Rice , Jr . , a noted South American explorer whom she had met at the library 's dedication four months earlier . She died in 1937 . )
On the second floor is a bronze bust , by Albin Polasek , of sculptor and muralist Frank Millet , who had also died on the Titanic . In the main reading room is a sculpture of George Washington ; on the stairs to the third floor a sculpture of John Elbridge Hudson ; and on the ground floor a sculpture of Henry Ware Wales , as well as vaulted hallways — " just like the Oyster Bar at Grand Central ... astounding " , according to historian Thomas Gick — by Rafael Guastavino , who ( with his son ) also designed and built domes and vaults in buildings such as Carnegie Hall , the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , and the Boston Public Library .
Three dioramas — depicting the grounds , buildings , and vicinity of Harvard Yard in 1667 , 1775 and 1936 — were installed behind the main stairs in 1947 , but removed during renovation in 2004 . A six @-@ foot @-@ square bronze tablet , featuring a bas relief of Gore Hall , is at the exterior northwest corner . Its inscription reads in part :
On this spot stood Gore Hall • Architect Richard Bond , Supervisor • Daniel Treadwell • Built in the Year 1838 • In honor of Christopher Gore Class of 1776 . • Fellow of the College , Overseer , Benefactor • Governor of the Commonwealth . • Senator of the United States . • The first use of modern book @-@ stacks was in this library . ...
Two of Gore Hall 's granite pinnacles were preserved , and flank Widener 's rear ( Massachusetts Avenue ) entrance . : 151
= = Restrictions on women = =
The building originally included a separate Radcliffe Reading Room behind the card catalogs — " barely large enough for a single table " —
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" when shit was pure " . Ektomorf vocalist Zoltán Farkas describes the album as one of his primary influences . Paul Mazurkiewicz of Cannibal Corpse stated Lombardo 's performance on the album helped him play faster throughout his career . Kelly Shaefer of Atheist said : " When Reign in Blood came out it changed everything ! That is easily the best extreme metal record ever ! "
Hanneman said that the album was his personal favorite , reasoning it was " so short and quick and to the point " . Araya has remarked that Slayer 's 2006 album Christ Illusion " comes close " , but that " nothing can surpass Reign in Blood for intensity and impact . No one had heard anything like it before . In the twenty years since then , people have got more desensitized . What was over the top then might not be now . " Drummer Paul Bostaph who was a Slayer member from 1992 to 2001 ( and 2013 – present ) first heard the record when he was a member of Forbidden . During a party Bostaph walked towards music he heard from another room , and approached Forbidden guitarist Craig Locicero . When asked what music was playing , Locicero shouted " the new Slayer record " . After listening closely to the record , he looked at Locicero , and concluded that his band was " fucked " .
= = Live performances = =
The tracks " Raining Blood " and " Angel of Death " have become almost permanent additions to Slayer 's live set , and were Hanneman 's favorite tracks to play live . The band played Reign in Blood in its entirety throughout the fall of 2004 , under the tour banner " Still Reigning " . In 2004 , a live DVD of the same name was released , which included a finale with the band covered in fake blood during the performance of " Raining Blood " .
King later said that while the idea of playing Reign in Blood in its entirety was suggested before by their booking agency , it was met with little support . The band ultimately decided they needed to add more excitement to their live shows , and to avoid repetition incorporated the ideas of raining blood . When asked about using fake blood in future performances , King remarked : " It 's time to move on , but never say never . I know Japan never saw it , South America and Australia never saw it . So you never know . " In 2008 the band performed Reign in Blood in its entirety once again , this time in Paris , France , during the third European Unholy Alliance Tour .
Although it was omitted from a number of concerts because of short time allotments , Slayer have often said that they enjoy playing the album in its entirety . According to Hanneman : " We still enjoy playing these songs live . We play these songs over and over and over , but they 're good songs , intense songs ! If it were melodic songs or some kind of boring ' clap your hands ' song , you 'd be going crazy playing those every night . But our songs are just bam @-@ bam @-@ bam @-@ bam , they 're intense . " The band was on stage for 70 minutes , which only allowed seven or eight additional songs to be played following the album 's play . King stated this arrangement " alienates too many people " . In the Unholy Alliance Tour of 2004 , however , the album was played in its entirety during Slayer 's set as the last ten songs to end the show . The album was performed live at the I 'll Be Your Mirror London festival in May 2012 . In May 2014 , it was announced that Slayer would perform the album in its entirety at Riot Fest in Chicago and Denver .
= = Controversy = =
= = = Artwork = = =
Def Jam 's distributor , Columbia Records , refused to release the album due to its controversial lyrical themes and cover art . Reign in Blood was eventually distributed by Geffen Records ; however , due to the controversy it did not appear on Geffen 's release schedule .
The artwork was designed by Larry Carroll , who at the time was creating political illustrations for The Progressive , Village Voice , and The New York Times . The cover art was featured in Blender Magazine 's 2006 " top ten heavy metal album covers of all time . "
= = = Lyrical themes = = =
For the album , Slayer decided to abandon much of the earlier Satanic themes explored on their previous album Hell Awaits , and write about issues that were more on a street level . Reign in Blood 's lyrics include meditations on death , anti @-@ religion , insanity , and murderers , while the lead track " Angel of Death " details human experiments conducted at the Auschwitz concentration camp by Josef Mengele , who was dubbed " the Angel of death " by inmates . The song led to accusations of Nazi sympathizing and racism , which have followed the band throughout their career .
Hanneman was inspired to write " Angel of Death " after he read a number of books on Mengele during a Slayer tour . Hanneman has complained people usually misinterpret the lyrics , and clarified : " Nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man , because to me — well , isn 't that obvious ? I shouldn 't have to tell you that . " The band utilized the controversy to attract publicity , incorporating the Reichsadler into their logo ( also the S in the band 's name resembles the Sig runes used by the SS ) , and writing a song in Divine Intervention titled " SS @-@ 3 " , which mentions Reinhard Heydrich , the second in command in the Schutzstaffel .
= = Song covers = =
" Raining Blood " was covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album Strange Little Girls . King has admitted that he
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ink ( then known as Mabuya punctata ) , a species otherwise known only from Fernando de Noronha , a small archipelago off northeastern Brazil . On the basis of its geographic origin , J. Peters and R. Donoso @-@ Barros preferred to place it with one of the Mabuya species of Amazonia and classified it as a junior synonym of Mabuya mabouya . In reviewing the nomenclature of the Noronha skink , P. Mausfeld and D. Vrcibradic noted in 2002 that Tschudi 's name was preoccupied within Mabuya , making it unavailable for use as a valid name . They were unable to examine the holotype and therefore did not comment on its affinities . In the same year , Mausfeld and others split the genus Mabuya , retaining most American species in Mabuya but placing the African species and the Noronha skink in a separate genus Euprepis ; the latter name was later corrected to Trachylepis .
In 2009 , A. Miralles and others reviewed Tschudi 's species and re @-@ examined the holotype . Like Mausfeld and Vrcibradic , they noted that the name punctata is preoccupied ; earlier uses of the name in Trachylepis include Lacerta punctata Linnaeus , 1758 , which they consider a synonym of Trachylepis homalocephala from South Africa , and Tiliqua punctata J.E. Gray , 1839 , an earlier name for the Noronha skink . ( The former was assigned to Lygosoma punctatum , a member of another skink genus , by Bauer in 2003 . ) Miralles and coworkers proposed a new name , Trachylepis tschudii , to replace Tschudi 's name punctata ; the new name honors Tschudi , who first described the animal . They assigned it to the genus Trachylepis , rather than Mabuya , on the basis of several characters of the external anatomy which it shares with the former , but were unable to resolve its placement within Trachylepis . It is distinct from T. maculata , a species recorded from Guyana that represents another doubtful mainland South American record of Trachylepis . They considered three hypotheses : ( 1 ) T. tschudii is a real , but very rare species from Amazonia ; ( 2 ) T. tschudii is actually from somewhere in the Old World , but its origin was wrongly recorded ; and ( 3 ) T. tschudii represents the same species as the Noronha skink , and it either represents an otherwise unknown Amazonian population of that species or actually comes from Fernando de Noronha and was mislabeled . Considering the close similarity between T. tschudii and the Noronha skink , they considered the third hypothesis to be most likely .
= = Description = =
The holotype and only known specimen , which is in very poor condition , is preserved in the Museum d 'Histoire Naturel de Neuchâtel as specimen MHNN 91 @.@ 2426 . It has five auricular lobules in front of the ears on each side of the head , 39 rows of scales around the midbody , keels on its dorsal scales , and the third supraocular scale in contact with the frontal scale , all characters which align it with Trachylepis rather than Mabuya . The other putative mainland South American Trachylepis , T. maculata , has five instead of three keels , 32 to 34 midbody scales , and separated parietal scales . T. tschudii agrees with the Noronha skink in size , coloration , numbers of scales , and discrete characters , such as having the supranasal , parietal , and prefrontal scales all in contact .
The muzzle is narrow and long . The lower eyelid contains a large , transparent disk . The head is olive @-@ brown . There are black scales with a white border between the eyes and the ears . The body is somewhat darker than the head and covered with irregular black and white spots above and is bluish white below . The limbs are yellowish white below . The tail is light brown above , but has two rows of darker spots , and yellowish white below . Snout @-@ to @-@ vent length is 83 mm (
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endos that were thought to be unsuitable for children . McDonald 's shut down its Happy Meal tie @-@ in for Batman Returns .
= = = Batman Forever ( 1995 ) = = =
Although Batman Returns was a financial success , Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money . The studio decided to change the direction of the Batman film series to be more mainstream . Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director , while Burton decided to stay on as producer . However , Michael Keaton did not like the new direction the film series was heading in , and was replaced by Val Kilmer as Batman . Chris O 'Donnell was introduced as Robin , Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler , while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two @-@ Face . Filming started in September 1994 , and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones . Batman Forever was released on June 16 , 1995 with financial success , earning over $ 350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations , but the film was met with mixed reviews from critics .
= = = Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) = = =
After the release of Batman Forever , Warner Bros. started development on Batman & Robin , commissioning it on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release . Val Kilmer did not return , because of scheduling conflicts with The Saint , and was replaced by George Clooney . Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr. Freeze , while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy and Alicia Silverstone starred as Batgirl . Chris O 'Donnell reprised his role as Robin . Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997 , two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule . Batman & Robin was released on June 20 , 1997 , and received primarily negative reviews . Observers criticized the film for its toyetic and campy approach , and for homosexual innuendos added by Schumacher . Still , the film was a financial success , but remains to be the least commercially successful live @-@ action Batman film ever . Batman & Robin received numerous nominations at the Razzie Awards and ranks among the worst rated superhero films of all time .
= = = Proposals for fifth film = = =
= = = = Batman Unchained = = = =
During the filming of Batman & Robin , Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies , prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to reprise his directing duties for a third film . Writer Akiva Goldsman , who worked on Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , turned down the chance to write the script . In late 1996 , Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film . A projected mid @-@ 1999 release date was announced . Titled Batman Unchained but often incorrectly referred to as Batman Triumphant , Protosevich 's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain and the Joker would return as a hallucination in Batman 's mind caused by the Scarecrow 's fear toxin . Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character , written as the Joker 's daughter trying to kill Batman to avenge her father 's death . George Clooney , Chris O 'Donnell and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman , Robin , and Batgirl . Schumacher had also approached Nicolas Cage for the role of Scarecrow . However , when Batman & Robin received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors , Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for Batman Unchained . The studio decided it was best to consider a live @-@ action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman : Year One . Warner Bros. would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most . Schumacher felt he " owe [ d ] the Batman culture a real Batman movie . I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight . " He approached Warner Bros. to do Batman : Year One in mid @-@ 1998 .
= = = = Batman : DarKnight = = = =
Despite Warner Bros. and Schumacher 's interest with Year One , Lee Shapiro , a comic book fan , and Stephen Wise pitched the studio with a script titled Batman : DarKnight in mid @-@ 1998 . DarKnight
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had Bruce Wayne giving up his crime fighting career , and Dick Grayson attending Gotham University . Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as head psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum to conduct his experiments into fear ( this element would later appear in Batman Begins ) . During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague , Dr. Kirk Langstrom , Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk 's transformation into the creature known as Man @-@ Bat . Citizens of Gotham believe Man @-@ Bat 's nightly activities to be Batman 's " bloodthirsty " return . Bruce becomes Batman " to clear his name , " and solve the mystery of Man @-@ Bat . Kirk struggles with his " man @-@ vs.-monster " syndrome , as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane , while Crane exacts revenge on those responsible for his dismissal from both Arkham and the university while encountering truths about his past . Warner Bros. decided not to move forward with the project , and passed on Batman : DarKnight in favor of Year One and Batman Beyond .
= = = = Robin spin @-@ off = = = =
Chris O 'Donnell revealed in a 2012 interview with Access Hollywood that a Robin spin @-@ off was planned but was scrapped after Batman & Robin .
= = = Other proposals = = =
= = = = Batman : Year One and Batman Beyond = = = =
By September 2000 Warner Bros. was developing a live action screen adaptation of Batman Beyond , written by Paul Dini , Neal Stephenson and Boaz Yakin , with the possibility of Yakin directing , as well as an adaptation of Frank Miller 's 1987 comic book story arc Batman : Year One . Despite interest from Schumacher , Darren Aronofsky was hired to direct and co @-@ write with Miller , whom he previously collaborated with on an unproduced script for Ronin . Yakin developed one draft of the Batman Beyond screenplay with the writers but soon lost interest , and Warner Bros. abandoned Batman Beyond almost instantly in favor of Batman : Year One . Aronofsky and Miller intended to reboot the Batman franchise , " it 's somewhat based on the comic book , " Aronofsky said . " Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman ! Everything ! We 're starting completely anew . " Regular Aronofsky collaborator , Matthew Libatique , was set as cinematographer , and Christian Bale had been approached for the role of Batman . Coincidentally , Bale would be cast in the role for Batman Begins . At the same time , Warner Bros. was moving forward on a Catwoman spin @-@ off . However , by June 2002 , the studio decided to move forward on Batman vs. Superman and abandon Year One .
= = = = Batman vs. Superman = = = =
Warner Bros. abandoned J. J. Abrams ' script for Superman : Flyby , which had been greenlighted with McG to direct . When McG dropped out in favor of Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , Warner Bros. approached Wolfgang Petersen to direct Superman : Flyby , however , in August 2001 , Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs Superman , attaching Petersen as director . Superman : Flyby was put on hold , and Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker 's Batman vs. Superman .
Goldsman 's draft , dated June 21 , 2002 , had Bruce Wayne going through a mental breakdown after his five @-@ year retirement from crime fighting . Dick Grayson , Alfred Pennyworth and Commissioner Gordon are all dead , but Bruce finds some solace in his fiancée , Elizabeth Miller . Meanwhile , Clark Kent is struggling because of a recent divorce from Lois Lane . Clark and Bruce are close friends , and Clark is Bruce 's best man . After the Joker kills Elizabeth on their honeymoon , Bruce swears revenge , while Clark tries to hold him back . Bruce blames Clark for her death , and the two go against one another . Ultimately , Lex Luthor is revealed to have masterminded the entire plot to get Batman and Superman to destroy each other . The two decide to team up and stop Luthor . Christian Bale , who would play the character in Christopher Nolan 's Batman film trilogy , was simultaneously approached to portray Batman for Darren Aronofsky 's Batman : Year One , while Josh Hartnett was offered the role of Superman .
Filming was to start in early 2003 , with plans for a five- to six @-@ month shoot . The release date was set for the summer of 2004 . However , Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after Abrams submitted another draft for Superman : Flyby . According to Petersen " [ Warner Bros. ' chief ] Alan Horn was so torn , because it 's such a fascinating concept to do a Batman versus Superman film . " In the opening scene of I Am Legend , a billboard displays the Superman symbol within the Batman symbol in Times Square . It is meant as an in @-@ joke by the film 's writer , Akiva Goldsman , who also wrote the script for Batman vs. Superman .
= = = OnStar commercials = = =
The Batman OnStar
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with an offensive alliance against his regime , Rosas declared war on Brazil .
Allied forces first advanced into Uruguayan territory , defeating the Rosas supporters from the Blanco party led by Manuel Oribe . Afterwards , the Allied army was divided , with the main arm advancing by land to engage Rosas 's main defenses and the other launching a seaborne assault directed at Buenos Aires .
The Platine War ended in 1852 with the Allied victory at the Battle of Caseros , for some time establishing Brazilian hegemony over much of South America . The war ushered a period of economic and political stability in the Empire of Brazil . With Rosas gone , Argentina began a political process which would result in a more unified state . However , the end of the Platine war did not completely resolve issues within the Platine region . Turmoil continued in subsequent years , with internal disputes among political factions in Uruguay , a long civil war in Argentina , and an emergent Paraguay asserting its claims . Two more major international wars ( see : Paraguayan War ) followed during the next two decades , sparked by territorial ambitions and conflicts over influence .
= = Background = =
= = = Rosas rule in Argentina = = =
Don Juan Manuel de Rosas became governor of Buenos Aires after the brief period of anarchy following the end of the Cisplatine War in 1828 . In theory , Rosas only held as much power as governors of the other Argentine provinces , but in reality he ruled over the entire Argentine Confederation , as the country was then known . Although he was one of the Federalists , a faction which demanded greater provincial autonomy , in practice Rosas exercised control over the other provinces and become the virtual dictator of Argentina . During his 20 @-@ year government , the country witnessed the resurgence of armed conflicts between the Unitarians ( his rival political faction ) and the Federalists .
Rosas desired to recreate the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . He aimed to build a powerful , republican state with Argentina placed at the its center . The defunct Viceroyalty had shattered into several separate nations following the Argentine War of Independence at the beginning of the 19th century . To achieve reunification , the Argentine government needed to annex the three neighboring countries - Bolivia , Uruguay and Paraguay , as well as to incorporate a portion of the southern region of Brazil . Rosas first had to gather allies across the region who shared his vision . In some instances , this meant that he had to become involved in the internal politics of neighboring countries , backing those sympathetic to union with Argentina , and occasionally even financing rebellions and wars .
= = = Paraguay = = =
Paraguay considered itself a sovereign nation since 1811 , but it was not recognized as such by any other nation . Argentina viewed it as a rebellious province . The Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia decided that the best way to maintain his own rule and the independence of Paraguay from Argentina was to isolate the country from contacts with the outside world . It was for this reason that , up until 1840 , Paraguay had avoided establishing diplomatic relations with other nations . With the death of Francia , this policy began to shift , and his successor Don Carlos Antonio López signed two treaties in July 1841 . These were the " Friendship , Commerce and Navigation " and " Limits " agreements made with the Argentine province of Corrientes , which itself had broken away from Argentina under Rosas . Meanwhile , Rosas increasingly put pressure on Paraguay . He continued to refuse to recognize Paraguayan independence and placed a blockade on international traffic to and from Paraguay on the Paraná river .
= = = Uruguayan conflict = = =
The old Brazilian province of Cisplatina had become independent Oriental Republic of Uruguay after the Cisplatine War of the 1820s . The country soon was engulfed in a long civil war between its two political parties : the Blancos , led by Don Juan Antonio Lavalleja , and the Colorados , led by Don Fructuoso Rivera .
Lavalleja soon discovered that Rosas in neighbouring Buenos Aires was interested in aiding him financially and militarily . In 1832 , Lavalleja began to receive aid from Bento Gonçalves , a soldier and farmer from the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul . Gonçalves had been encouraged by Rosas to rebel against the Brazilian government in 1835 , with the ultimate aim of enabling Argentina to annex the province of Rio Grande do Sul . Together , Lavalleja and Gonçalves initiated a military campaign in Uruguay which was characterized by extensive violence and pillage . Gonçalves betrayed Rosas and Lavalleja by becoming an ally of Rivera . Both then invaded Uruguay and overran most of the country outside the environs of the capital , Montevideo . Defeated , the then @-@ Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe , like the betrayed Lavalleja a member of the Blanco party , resigned his position as president and fled to Argentina .
Rosas was determined to restore Argentine suzerainty over Uruguay and take revenge on Gonçalves . A series of interventions resulted . In 1839 an army led by Lavalleja , Oribe and Justo José de Urquiza , ( Governor of Entre Rios ) was quickly defeated by Rivera . At this point , Lavalleja turned his back on the conflict and played no further part in the civil war . Rosas sent another army of Argentines and Uruguayans in 1845 , led by Oribe and Urquiza , and this time defeated Rivera 's forces , slaughtering the survivors . Rivera was one of the few who managed to escape , and went into exile in Rio de Janeiro . What remained of Rivera 's Colorados held power only in the country 's capital Montevideo as Oribe 's forces began the Great Siege of Montevideo . The violence in Uruguay escalated , with Oribe 's men killing more than 17 @,@ 000 Uruguayans and 15 @,@ 000 Argentinians during the conflict .
Oribe 's control of nearly all of Uruguay had been secured , enabling him to launch an invasion of southern Brazil , his forces stealing cattle , looting ranches , and liquidating political enemies as they went . More than 188 Brazilian farms were attacked , with 814 @,@ 000 cattle and 16 @,@ 950 horses stolen . Local Brazilians independently decided to retaliate , making raids into Uruguay which became known as " Califórnias " , in reference to the violence in western North America during California 's revolt against Mexico , its brief independence and subsequent annexation by the U.S. As conflict further escalated with the persistent support of Rosas for the Blancos , anarchy spread over wide areas in the region ; with a growing threat to trade , the era 's two greatest powers , France and Great Britain , were induced to declare war on Argentina and impose the Anglo @-@ French blockade of the Río de la Plata . Buenos Aires suffered repeated attacks from Anglo @-@ French fleets . The Argentine government was able to mount effective resistance , however , leading to a peace accord in 1849 .
= = = Empire of Brazil reacts = = =
By the middle of the 19th century , the Empire of Brazil was the richest and most powerful nation in Latin America . It thrived under democratic institutions and a constitutional monarchy , and prided itself on the absence of the caudillos , dictators and coups d 'état which were common across the rest of the continent . During the minority of emperor Pedro II in the 1830s , however , there had been internal rebellions driven by local disputes for power within a few provinces . One of these , the Ragamuffin War , had been led by Gonçalves , as noted above .
For the Brazilian Empire , expansionist plans on the part of powerful , republican Argentina represented an existential threat . It also signified a threat to Brazilian hegemony across its southern borders . A successful Argentine bid to incorporate Paraguay and Uruguay into a reconstituted Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( and control of the Platine river network consequently passing into entirely hostile hands ) would have threatened to cut communication between the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro . With river transportation denied , the alternative land routes would require months of travel instead of days . Nor was Brazil keen to share a direct border with Argentina , fearing an increased vulnerability to an invasion by Rosas .
The members of the Brazilian Cabinet could not reach agreement as to how to address the danger posed by Rosas . Some ministers advocated seeking a peaceful resolution at any cost . These feared Brazil was unprepared for war and that a defeat would lead to a situation similar to the chaos following the loss of Cisplatine in the 1820s , which ended in abdication by Dom Pedro I , the Emperor 's father . Other ministers took the position that only a military response would eliminate the threat . In 1849 , however , Paulino José Soares de Sousa , a member of the pro @-@ war faction and later Viscount of Uruguai , was chosen as the new minister of Foreign Affairs . Soares made clear his intent to deal with Argentina without foreign assistance , announcing that the " Imperial Government does not desire or judge convenient an alliance with France or any other European nation related to the matters in the Platine region . It understands that they must be resolved by the nations which [ we ] are closely connected with ... It will not admit European influence over America .
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the mimic is sufficiently protected .
Convergent evolution is an alternative explanation for why organisms such as coral reef fish and benthic marine invertebrates such as sponges and nudibranchs have come to resemble each other .
= = = Children 's = = =
Hoff , M. K. ( 2003 ) Mimicry and Camouflage . Creative Education . Mankato , Minnesota , USA , Great Britain . ISBN 1 @-@ 58341 @-@ 237 @-@ 9 .
= The Box Tree =
The Box Tree is a restaurant located in Ilkley , West Yorkshire , England . It has been operated by chef Simon Gueller and his wife , Rena , since 2005 . Under their management the restaurant has been redecorated , although elements from the original owners of the restaurant remain . Reception by food critics has improved over the years ; the restaurant has a single Michelin star and three AA rosettes . A sister company is also run by the chef , called Box Tree Events .
The restaurant opened originally as a tearoom in 1962 , and went on to become one of the first four British restaurants to win two stars in 1977 . After losing both stars , it regained a star between 1996 and 2001 , whilst owned by Helen Avis . In 2010 , former employee Marco Pierre White bought into the restaurant . It serves modern French cuisine , and has also been awarded three AA rosettes and listed in Harden 's restaurant guide .
= = Description = =
The Box Tree has been located at 35 – 37 Church Street in Ilkley since its original opening under Malcolm Reid and Colin Long in 1962 . It has been operated by Simon and Rena Gueller since 2004 , originally under lease from the previous operator . Gueller had previously been head chef at the Michelin @-@ starred restaurant Rascasse . The Guellers also run a sister company called Box Tree Events , which provides outside catering .
After being purchased by the Guellers in 2004 , the restaurant was redecorated and modernised , the décor having become shabby under previous owners . The new decorations included recessed lighting and fabric @-@ covered walls . There is a fireplace in the centre of the dining room , with an 18th @-@ century settle ( a type of bench ) beside it . Elements from the Reid and Long era remain , with the bar and ceilings still being recognisable from their time at the restaurant .
= = = Menu = = =
The current menu still has elements from the earlier days of the restaurant , such as lobster thermidor and grouse . Chef Gueller produces modern French cuisine , with classical elements . Dishes on the restaurant 's menu include a terrine of foie gras served with a salad of smoked eel , alongside apple served both as a jelly and as a purée . Foie gras was temporarily taken off the menu in 2008 following threats of protests from animal rights activists . The dish was later restored to the menu , and foie gras has also since been served with a duck terrine and pistachios .
To celebrate the 45th anniversary of the restaurant in 2008 , Gueller recreated elements of the 1963 menu , but decided not to make certain dishes such as chicken chasseur or melon boats . Other parts of the original menu included crêpes and half a grilled grapefruit . The dishes selected were included for a week in a six course 1960s set menu .
= = History = =
The sandstone building itself dates back to the 1720s . It was purchased by Reid and Long in 1962 who initially operated the premises as a tea room . The restaurant gained two Michelin stars in 1977 ; that year 's list was the first with two star restaurants in the UK ( the others were The Waterside Inn , Le Gavroche and The Connaught ) .
Following the Michelin stars , the restaurant became a hot @-@ spot for celebrities , with the singer Johnny Mathis being a regular , and both Shirley Bassey and Margaret Thatcher were seen at the restaurant . In 1979 future multi @-@ Michelin star chef Marco Pierre White began working at the Box Tree at the age of 17 , under Reid and Long ; he received his training at the restaurant . He later recalled in his book White Heat that the restaurant made him obsessed with food and he still considers the restaurant to be his spiritual home .
After holding the two Michelin stars until 1988 , and then losing its single star in 1991 , in 1992 the restaurant went into receivership and was purchased by Helen Avis . Under chef Thierry LePratre @-@ Granet , the restaurant was restored to a single Michelin star in 1996 . White returned to the restaurant as a consultant in 1994 , which lasted two months and ended in a court case against the chef with damages of £ 880 awarded after he damaged a ceiling .
LePratre @-@ Granet left the restaurant in 2001 , and was replaced by Toby Hill , the youngest chef ever to hold a Michelin star . The change of chef also changed the style of food served to a " Mediterranean slant " . something which did not last as Hill left after only seven months in charge of the kitchen . He was replaced by Shane Goodway in 2002 and the style reverted to traditional French . The restaurant lost the Michelin star in the 2003 edition of the guide and was no longer included in either the AA Restaurant Guide or the Good Food Guide . Goodway left the kitchen shortly after the restaurant lost the Michelin star , but stated that the decision had been taken before they had been informed .
The Guellers leased the restaurant from Avis in 2004 . Within five months of re @-@ opening it regained a Michelin star . Having been friends with Simon Gueller since they were teenagers , Marco Pierre White returned to the restaurant in 2007 in order to film segments for the ITV1 cookery reality television show Hell 's Kitchen . White has aspirations to work with Gueller to return the Box Tree to its former status as a two @-@ Michelin @-@ starred restaurant .
= = Reception = =
Jan Moir reviewed the restaurant in 2004 for The Daily Telegraph shortly after Gueller took over and refurbished the restaurant . She praised the lighter style of the food under the new chef and , although she was initially concerned over the waiter suggesting squab pigeon , she described the dish as " neatly executed " , and the most successful dish that she tasted . She thought that the chef was good , but needed time to settle in and described his wife Rina in front of house as a " complete natural " . Jay Rayner visited the restaurant in 2005 , prior to the restaurant being awarded a new Michelin star . He pointed out some issues regarding menu pricing as there were differences in prices on the website as opposed to in person . He thought that the scallops were undercooked , and the brioche served with a beef tenderloin arrived soggy . He said that the dishes " showed an understanding of the fundamentals " , but were not of particular note .
In 2012 , Jill Turton ate at the restaurant for the Yorkshire Post following the restaurant 's fiftieth anniversary , and described some dishes , such as asparagus and a soft @-@ boiled egg which had been cooked in a bain @-@ marie , as " perfect " . She described the meal overall as " terrific " , but said that the desserts were not a stretch for the kitchen , having ordered a chocolate brownie .
Harden 's , a British restaurant guide , describes the food as " light and delicious " , and the cooking as " exemplary " . In its review system , it rates the food as one out of five ( one being the highest rating available ) , and both service and ambiance as two out of five . The Automobile Association has awarded The Box Tree three AA rosettes .
= Alloxylon pinnatum =
Alloxylon pinnatum , commonly known as Dorrigo waratah , is a tree of the family Proteaceae found in warm @-@ temperate rainforest of south @-@ east Queensland and northern New South Wales in eastern Australia . It has shiny green leaves that are either pinnate and up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , or lanceolate ( spear @-@ shaped ) and up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long . The prominent pinkish @-@ red flower heads , known as inflorescences , appear in spring and summer ; these are made up of 50 to 140 individual flowers arranged in corymb or raceme . These are followed by rectangular woody seed pods , which bear two rows of winged seeds .
Previously known as Oreocallis pinnata for many years , it was transferred to the new genus Alloxylon by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991 . This genus contains the four species previously classified in Oreocallis that are found in Australasia . Its terminal tubular flowers indicate that
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the species is pollinated by birds . Classified as near threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 , Alloxylon pinnatum has proven difficult to keep alive in cultivation .
= = Description = =
The Dorrigo waratah is a rainforest tree that reaches 25 m ( 82 ft ) high and a has non @-@ buttressed trunk of 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) diameter at breast height ( dbh ) . The bark is greyish brown and covered in many small pimples , rendering it sandpaper @-@ like in texture . The green foliage consists of several distinct juvenile and adult leaf forms , which are arranged alternately along the stems . Juvenile leaves are light green and at first simple , with a single blade . Successive leaves on more mature plants become more complex , or pinnate , with deep ' pinnae ' ( lobes ) ; these leaves are up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) long with 2 – 11 leaflets . Some adult leaves are simple — with a single lanceolate leaf blade — and up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long ; these are generally located near the flower heads . Among the green foliage there are occasional yellow leaves . New branchlets and leaves are covered in brown hair .
The pinkish @-@ red compound flowerheads , known as inflorescences , are up to 20 cm ( 8 cm ) across in spring to summer , and contain between 50 and 140 smaller flowers , arranged in a corymb or raceme . These individual flowers are 3 – 3 @.@ 8 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long and sit atop stalks ( known as pedicels ) up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 3 ⁄ 8 in ) in length , which arise in pairs off the main stalk within the inflorescence . Each flower consists of a tubular perianth , which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style . The stigma is contained within a slanting disc @-@ like structure at the tip of the style . The tubular perianth splits into four segments at its tip , and the anther lies in the concave parts within each of these segments . The flower parts are glabrous ( smooth ) . The pollen is crimson . After flowering , the 8 – 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long woody seedpod develops . Cylindrical in shape , it splits down one side to release the seed , which are ripe from February to June . The seeds are arranged in two rows , with at least four seeds in each row . Each seed is separated from the others by a membranous separator , and has a long rectangular wing , which is much longer than the seed itself . Alloxylon pinnatum can be distinguished from other members of the genus Alloxylon by its pinnate adult leaves . This feature serves to differentiate it as other species in the genus have simple adult leaves . The other species have inflorescences with fewer flowers ( 50 maximum ) , and have yellow pollen .
= = Taxonomy = =
First described as a variety of what was then known as
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. The front toes are long with small webs at their bases and are not adapted to grasping . The opening of the nostril is longitudinal and set in a soft cere , and the nostril lack a septum . Like all New World vultures , the greater yellow @-@ headed vulture lacks a syrinx , and is therefore unable to make any sound other than grunts or a low hiss .
It differs in appearance from the similar lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture in several ways . It is larger than the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture , with a longer , broader tail . The plumage is a dark , glossy black in contrast to the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture 's browner plumage . Its legs are darker in color and its head is more yellow and less orange / pink than that of the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture . Its wings are broader and its flight is also steadier . Unlike the other members of the genus Cathartes , the greater yellow @-@ headed vulture has relatively dark inner primaries , which contrast slightly with the paler secondaries and outer primaries . The greater yellow @-@ headed vulture prefers to live in forests while the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture prefers to inhabit savannas , and it is more heavily built than the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture . The greater yellow @-@ headed vulture is also somewhat larger than the turkey vulture . It can be distinguished from that species only at relatively close range by the differing head coloration . The underwing coloration is similar to the turkey vulture but the greater yellow @-@ headed usually has a faint but broad and dark band vertically down the middle of the wings .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The greater yellow @-@ headed vulture is found in the Amazon Basin of tropical South America ; specifically in south @-@ eastern Colombia , southern and eastern Venezuela , Guyana , French Guiana , Suriname , northern and western Brazil , northern Bolivia , eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador . It is not found in the Andes , in the lowlands west or north of the Andes , in the relatively open regions of northern South America , eastern South America , or in the southern subtropical regions . It has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 6 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 2 @,@ 586 @,@ 884 @.@ 5 sq mi ) . Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests . It is not generally found in high @-@ altitude regions . It is common in heavily forested regions . It may wander over grasslands , but rarely strays far from forested areas , which provide shelter and nesting areas .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
The greater yellow @-@ headed vulture roosts on high , exposed dead trees to observe surrounding terrain . When flying , it travels in pairs or alone and is rarely found in groups . Flight
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businesses that were entirely private . This proved to be a large hindrance in several areas , as the South Vietnamese government had a policy of having majority ownership of any industry deemed to be of vital national importance , as well as banning foreigners from having a stake in such ventures . South Vietnam 's Ambassador to the US , Tran Van Chuong protested to the Americans about this clause , without success . Chuong wrote that the American restriction on the importation of capital goods " perpetuates dependence on this aid " , and that " American aid would be most valuable if it were partly devoted to promoting [ the ] country 's industrial capacities " .
Over time , the economists in the Eisenhower administration became frustrated with Diem 's refusal to devaluate the piaster once the Republic of Vietnam had become a stable nation . Diem refused to make the CIP exchange rate equivalent to the free market exchange rate for the two currencies . Although the fixed exchange rate meant that Americans were heavily funding the South Vietnamese economy and that the importing firms could obtain more goods for their money , the rate also meant that South Vietnam goods would not be economically competitive on the export market . Diem was reluctant to cut the currency rate , arguing that it would diminish the value of US aid to South Vietnam and undermine the urban middle class support for his regime as they would resent the loss of their cheap consumer and luxury goods . In 1963 , the US Ambassador Frederick Nolting and his economic advisers exhorted Diem to spend more of the CIP funds on rural development in an attempt to shore up peasant support in the face of increasing communist pressure , but were rebuffed .
On October 5 , 1963 , the CIP was briefly suspended by the United States in the wake of the McNamara Taylor mission , a fact @-@ finding expedition to South Vietnam conducted by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Maxwell D. Taylor to investigate the progress of the fight against the communist Vietcong insurgency . The report concluded that Diem was not concentrating on fighting the insurrection but was instead preoccupied with quelling Buddhist protests for religious equality , such as raiding pagodas and firing on Buddhist dissidents . One of the reasons for the CIP suspension was to give military officers a signal that Washington was unhappy with Diem and therefore increase the prospects of a coup , as well as to try and foster urban resentment towards Diem among those that had previously benefited from the CIP . Another was that Diem might change his policy direction in accordance with US wishes , although they considered this to be unlikely . Funding was restored in early November 1963 , about a month later , after the deposal and assassination of Diem in a military coup .
The CIP continued until the dissolution of South Vietnam in April 1975 when the communists overran South Vietnam following the withdrawal of US forces following the 1973 cease @-@ fire agreement . Kahin said that " together with other elements of U.S. economic support ... substantially expanded South Vietnam 's middle class and helped purchase its political loyalty to both the Saigon regime and its American sponsor " and that it " provided the means for a way of life that was as artificial as the economy upon which it rested " . Kahin said that the initiative had the opposite effect of its stated aims , in that it promoted increasing economic dependency .
= Dhondup Wangchen =
Dhondup Wangchen ( born 17 October 1974 ) is a Tibetan filmmaker imprisoned by the Chinese government in 2008 on charges related to his documentary Leaving Fear Behind . Made with senior Tibetan monk Jigme Gyatso , the documentary consists of interviews with ordinary Tibetan people discussing the 14th Dalai Lama , the Chinese government , the 2008 Beijing Olympics , and Han Chinese migrants to the region . After smuggling the tapes of the interviews out of Tibet , however , Dhondup Wangchen and Jigme Gyatso were detained during the 2008 Tibetan unrest .
Dhondup Wangchen was sentenced to six years ' imprisonment for subversion . Numerous international human rights organizations protested his detention , including Amnesty International , which named him a prisoner of conscience . In 2012 , he was awarded the International Press Freedom Award of the US @-@ based Committee to Protect Journalists .
He served his full six @-@ year sentence and was released from prison on 5 June 2014 .
= = Early life = =
Dhondup Wangchen was born in 1974 , in Bayen in the Tsoshar region of Amdo . His family were farmers . He later moved to the capital of Lhasa . There Dhondup Wangchen witnessed a pro @-@ independence demonstration repressed by security authorities , an experience that a relative would later describe as critical to his " political awareness " . In 1993 , he and a cousin crossed the Himalayas into India to receive the blessing of Tibet 's exiled spiritual leader , the Dalai Lama . Dhondup returned to Tibet shortly after to act as an activist for the Tibetan cause .
= = Leaving Fear Behind = =
In 2006 , Dhondup Wangchen and friend Jigme Gyatso , a senior Tibetan monk , conceived of a documentary interviewing ordinary Tibetan people on their views of the Dalai Lama and the Chinese government in the year leading up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics . The documentary was to be called Leaving Fear Behind . The pair coordinated their efforts with a Dhondup Wangchen 's cousin Gyaljong Tsetrin , who remained in Switzerland . In preparation for likely reprisals by the Chinese government , Dhondup Wangchen moved his wife , Llamo Tso , and their four children to Dharamsala , India .
Between August 2007 to March 2008 , Dhondup Wangchen and Jigme Gyatso
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10 . He was praised by first @-@ team coach Mark O 'Connor for reclaiming his place in the side .
He started the first match of 2010 – 11 away at Wolverhampton Wanderers , but was dropped for the next match in favour of Collins . Higginbotham signed a contract extension in October 2010 for a further 12 months , keeping him at Stoke until the summer of 2013 . He made his 200th top @-@ flight appearance against Manchester United on 24 October 2010 . He struggled with injury for the rest of the first half of the season , and was in and out of the first team .
" We wanted to cement Danny 's future with the club because he is such a good professional and it is important we look after certain players at the football club who started all this off . I 've got a lot of time for Danny because he is one who falls into that category . He may not be in the side on a regular basis at the moment , but he still has a crucial role to play , as do a number of other players in a similar situation . The fabric of a football club is made up of the whole cloth , not bits and pieces , so we are delighted Danny will remain a part of that . "
After signing his contract extension , Higginbotham stated that he wanted to end his career at Stoke . He scored a rare league goal in January 2011 against Bolton Wanderers . He scored the first FA Cup goal of his career in a quarter @-@ final win against West Ham United in March 2011 . It proved to be the winning goal , thus earning Stoke their first semi @-@ final appearance in 39 years . He scored an identical goal against Newcastle United the following week . However , in the next league match against Chelsea , Higginbotham sustained a cruciate knee ligament injury that ruled him out for six months . Pulis spoke of his disappointment at losing Higginbotham but also stressed he would play a key role in the final few matches of the season due to his influence in the dressing room . Higginbotham later admitted that missing the FA Cup final made him " jealous " of his teammates .
Higginbotham targeted to return from his knee injury by October 2011 . He marked his return from his knee injury by scoring the only goal in a 1 – 0 reserve team win over Sheffield United on 11 October 2011 . However , after failing to force his way back into the first team , Higginbotham joined Championship team Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the season on 31 January 2012 . Upon signing for Forest , Higginbotham admitted that he was unsure of his future at Stoke . He was backed by Thomas Sørensen to make a return to Stoke 's first team . On 10 March 2012 , Higginbotham scored his first goal for a year when he scored the second for Forest in a 3 – 1 home win over Millwall . His loan spell with Forest was ended early in April 2012 due to injury .
Higginbotham joined Championship club Ipswich Town on a one @-@ month loan on 21 September 2012 , which was later extended until January 2013 . He was expected to extend his loan until the end of the season but Higginbotham rejected the deal saying he wanted to be based closer to his home , and left Portman Road having played 12 matches . After his move to Sheffield United , Higginbotham has stated that his six @-@ year spell at Stoke was ' the best years of his career ' .
= = = Later career = = =
On 1 January 2013 , Higginbotham signed for Sheffield United on a six @-@ month contract , and made his debut for the club against their South Yorkshire rivals Doncaster Rovers the same day . Former Stoke teammate and current Sheffield United teammate Dave Kitson played a part in Higginbotham 's move to Bramall Lane , Higginbotham stated on his move to the club : " I was getting ready to go back to Ipswich on Sunday but after speaking to Dave I was optimistic something would be sorted here and thankfully it was ... I was very surprised and very happy when I got a phone call on Sunday to say that something could be happening here [ Sheffield United ] ... Dropping into League One isn 't a worry for me because this is a club on the up and I didn 't want to be stuck at Stoke just picking my money up because that isn 't me " On 18 June 2013 , having made sufficient first @-@ team appearances for Sheffield United , Higginbotham activated a clause in his contract to extend it for the following season .
On 29 August 2013 , Higginbotham joined Conference Premier club Chester on a one @-@ year deal after falling out of the Sheffield United first team . After making 17 appearances for Chester , Higginbotham left the club in order to forge a media career . After leaving Chester , Higginbotham signed for Altrincham of the Conference North , as he wished to continue playing on a part @-@ time basis with fewer travel commitments . Higginbotham had previously stated it was an ambition of his to play for Altrincham , as he had supported them as a boy . He announced his retirement from football on 8 January 2014 .
= = International career = =
Born and raised in England , Higginbotham was eligible to play for the Gibraltar national team through his maternal grandmother . The former Gibraltar manager , Allen Bula , is his uncle . Higginbotham made his international debut in Gibraltar 's first ever match as a UEFA member , a 0 – 0 draw in a friendly against Slovakia , on 19 November 2013 . He was praised for his performance and was named man of the match . He announced his retirement from international football in March 2014 , having earned three caps for Gibraltar .
= = Media career = =
In February 2013 Higginbotham began to write his own column in The Sentinel , a local newspaper in the North Staffordshire and South Cheshire area . Higginbotham also has a regular sports column in The Independent . He released his autobiography in April 2015 , entitled : Rise of the Underdog . He has appeared on several television and radio stations , including Talksport , BBC Radio 5 Live , BT Sport and Sky Sports .
= = Personal life = =
His first child , Jak , was born in 2001 . His second child , Jessica , was born on 12 October 2003 . His first marriage ended in 2008 .
In 2010 he married Nicole , an American woman , who gave birth to his third child , Joshua , in 2011 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Honours = =
= = = Individual = = =
Derby County Player of the Year : 2001 – 02
Stoke City Player of the Year : 2006 – 07
= Jaws ( film ) =
Jaws is a 1975 American thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley 's 1974 novel of the same name . In the story , a giant man @-@ eating great white shark attacks beachgoers on Amity Island , a fictional New England summer resort town , prompting the local police chief to hunt it with the help of a marine biologist and a professional shark hunter . The film stars Roy Scheider as police chief Martin Brody , Robert Shaw as shark hunter Quint , Richard Dreyfuss as oceanographer Matt Hooper , Murray Hamilton as Larry Vaughn , the mayor of Amity Island , and Lorraine Gary as Brody 's wife , Ellen . The screenplay is credited to both Benchley , who wrote the first drafts , and actor @-@ writer Carl Gottlieb , who rewrote the script during principal photography .
Shot mostly on location on Martha 's Vineyard in Massachusetts , the film had a troubled production , going over budget and past schedule .
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is a wonderful actor . " Kenneth Biller , executive story editor , felt that the episode gave Picardo a " chance to shine " , and that the episode was " a lot of fun " . Picardo himself was pleased with the episode , later describing it as his favourite of the first season . Garrett Wang also added that he was happy with the episode , as being an Asian @-@ American actor he didn 't otherwise get a great deal of chances to appear in period work , and he enjoyed the wardrobe he wore .
= = = Critical response = = =
In his chapter , " From Anglo @-@ Saxon to Angelina : Adapting Beowulf for Film " , in Medieval Afterlives in Contemporary Culture , Stewart Brooks compared " Heroes and Demons " to the Beowulf story . He said that certain elements of the episode were more similar to the roleplaying game Dungeons & Dragons instead of historical fact , such as the character of Freya who he also compared to Éowyn from J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . He praised the episode , saying that the " real pleasures " were " to witness the surly , introverted , neurotic Doctor being forced to play the hero , banter with Vikings and have his first romantic liaison when Freya falls for him . " In 2011 , Brian J. Robb also linked the episode to roleplaying games in his article on the episode for Star Trek Monthly , suggesting that the repetition of some scenes may have been influenced by the increase in popularity of computer based roleplaying games at the time of production .
Edward L. Risden described " Heroes and Demons " as " Pulp TV tackles mead @-@ hall ritual " in his book , co @-@ authored with Nickolas Haydock , Beowulf on Film : Adaptations and Variations . He added that it gave the Beowulf story " a new twist adaptive to science fiction and to audiences who want human interest even in electronic projections . " Michelle Erica Green , while reviewing the episode for TrekToday , said that the plot was " pretty superficial " and the science was " pretty nonsensical " . But she said that it was a " delightful outing for the Doctor " and demonstrated the potential for the character . Jamahl Epsicokhan , at his website Jammer 's Reviews , called the plot a " lame @-@ brained exercise in the obvious " , but praised the performance of Picardo and the drama within the holodeck . He described McCarthy 's score as " ambitious " , and added that the production design was " convincing " providing an added bonus to the episode .
Marvin V. Rush was nominated for Individual Achievement in Cinematography for a Series at the 47th Primetime Emmy Awards for his work in this episode , but the award went to Tim Suhrstedt for his work on " Over the Rainbow " , an episode of Chicago Hope . At the same ceremony , Dennis McCarthy was also nominated for an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Music Composition for his work on " Heroes and Demons " .
= = = Home media release = = =
The first home media release of " Heroes and Demons " was on VHS cassette in the UK . The releases featured two episodes per tape , with this episode appearing alongside " State of Flux " in 1995 . It was subsequently released by itself on VHS in the United States July 11 , 2000 . The first DVD release was also in the UK , as part of the first season box set on May 3 , 2004 . A similar release followed in the United States on February 24 , 2004 , and a re @-@ release occurred in the UK on September 24 , 2007 .
= Tefillin =
Tefillin ( Askhenazic : / ˈtfɪlᵻn / ; Israeli Hebrew : [ tfiˈlin ] , תפילין ) , also called phylacteries ( / fɪˈlæktəriːz / from Ancient Greek φυλακτή
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inspiration for the Joker 's appearance , and Robinson produced a sketch of a joker playing card ( right ) .
Robinson claimed that it was his 1940 card sketch that served as the character 's concept , and which Finger associated with Veidt 's portrayal . Kane hired the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Robinson as an assistant in 1939 , after he saw Robinson in a white jacket decorated with his own illustrations . Beginning as a letterer and background inker , Robinson quickly became primary artist for the newly created Batman comic book series . In a 1975 interview in The Amazing World of DC Comics , Robinson said he wanted a supreme arch @-@ villain who could test Batman , but not a typical crime lord or gangster designed to be easily disposed . He wanted an exotic , enduring character as an ongoing source of conflict for Batman ( similar to the relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty ) , designing a diabolically sinister @-@ but @-@ clownish villain . Robinson was intrigued by villains ; his studies at Columbia University taught him that some characters are made up of contradictions , leading to the Joker 's sense of humor . He said that the name came first , followed by an image of a playing card from a deck he often had at hand : " I wanted somebody visually exciting . I wanted somebody that would make an indelible impression , would be bizarre , would be memorable like the Hunchback of Notre Dame or any other villains that had unique physical characters . " He told Finger about his concept by telephone , later providing sketches of the character and images of what would become his iconic Joker playing @-@ card design . Finger thought the concept was incomplete , providing the image of Veidt with a ghastly , permanent rictus grin .
Kane countered that the Robinson 's sketch was produced only after Finger had already shown the Gwynplaine image to Kane , and that it was only used as a card design belonging to the Joker in his early appearances . Finger said that he was also inspired by an image in Steeplechase Park at Coney Island that resembled a Joker 's head , which he sketched and later shared with future editorial director Carmine Infantino . In a 1994 interview with journalist Frank Lovece , Kane stated his position :
Bill Finger and I created the Joker . Bill was the writer . Jerry Robinson came to me with a playing card of the Joker . That 's the way I sum it up . [ The Joker ] looks like Conrad Veidt – you know , the
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these movies and [ Anderson ] was like , ' Well Mike , I kinda like you . ' So then I asked him , ' Are you setting me up to die because if there 's a fourth movie , I 'm as good as dead . ' " Sienna Guillory was planned to reprise her role as Jill Valentine ; however , she passed on the role , citing commitments to Eragon . On May 9 , 2006 , Oded Fehr was confirmed to reprise his role of Carlos Olivera , as well as Iain Glen , Spencer Locke and Ashanti Douglas who were added to the cast . It was rumored that Debra Marshall was originally cast as Cindy Lennox . However , it was proven to be only a rumor . Chris Redfield was rumored to appear in the film portrayed by Australian actor Charlie Clausen and Leon S. Kennedy was also rumored to be played by Jensen Ackles .
= = = Story development = = =
The film 's story takes place in Death Valley , where the large scale action sequences take place amid post @-@ apocalyptic landscapes of Las Vegas in broad daylight . Drawing inspirations from western films and post @-@ apocalyptic movies , including the Mad Max series , Extinction manages to reference such predecessors , with plot elements revolving around the shortage of oil , the shortage of supplies , a convoy traveling across a desert , and the desert taking over civilized land .
Anderson stated that the film 's story is original and unfolds in a world that fans of the game recognize : " It 's all part of trying to deliver a movie @-@ going experience that satisfies the fans of the game but also provides a fun cinematic experience for a broader audience that has never played a Resident Evil game . " The story takes place five years after the events of Resident Evil : Apocalypse . While previous installments in the series had minor changes to plot and characters , Extinction branches completely away from the video game series as evidenced by the fact that Resident Evil 4 takes place six years after the events portrayed in Resident Evil 2 and the world has not become overrun with zombies . References to Code Veronica are made , such as the replica mansion and the viral outbreak itself . A common element used throughout each Resident Evil film is the climactic battle which occurs in the finale . Extinction marked the first appearance of herbs , a healing item in the video game series , as seen in Dr. Isaac 's lab , and it also referenced the first film with the inclusion of a replica Hive facility designed after the one in Raccoon City , the Raccoon City Hospital , a holographic computer database known as the White Queen , and the replica Spencer Mansion .
Numerous references to the video game series have been made , including zombies being unleashed through a T @-@ virus mutation . While the concept of the undead remains the same , this film includes " Super Undead " . As Anderson explains , these are " a result of Umbrella experimenting with the Undead and attempting to give them back some of their reasoning power , some of their intelligence and a little of their humanity . Unfortunately , these experiments don 't quite work and the side effect is the Super Undead , which are Undead that are faster , stronger and [ a ] more cunning foe . " Other creatures from the video game series have also made appearances in the film , including the Tyrant , a swarm of crows , and a pack of Dobermans ( although Belgian Shepherd Dogs were used during production ) .
Two main characters were added to the film 's cast : the main antagonist Albert Wesker ( portrayed by Jason O 'Mara ) and secondary protagonist Claire Redfield ( portrayed by Ali Larter ) from Resident Evil 2 .
Horror magazine Fangoria featured the film in its August 2007 issue and also on the cover of its September 2007 issue , talking with director Russell Mulcahy . The following details reported were inaccurate , possibly indicating to a change in the storyline :
Alice 's convoy are traveling across the Nevada desert trying to reach sanctuary in Alaska to meet Chris Redfield and other survivors . In the film , however , there is no mention of Chris , and the convoy is headed by Claire .
The film would feature new " super zombies " that had been " pumped up on some sort of alter @-@ essence steroids " . The final " super zombies " are created using blood taken from clones of Alice .
Mulcahy stated concerning the ( what was then considered to be ) ending of the film trilogy , " As far as I 'm aware , this is indeed supposed to close the book . "
Resident Evil : Extinction takes place eight years after Resident Evil : Apocalypse . In the film , this was contradicted when characters stated that it had been five years since the outbreak .
The character of Claire Redfield did not exist in the early draft scripts for the film and previously Jill Valentine ( who appeared in Resident Evil : Apocalypse played by Sienna Guillory ) would continue the role in Resident Evil : Extinction . Later , producers Paul W. S. Anderson and Jeremy Bolt decided to have a separate game character appear alongside Alice , saying , " We thought , rather than bring Jill back , put her with another game heroine . "
= = = Filming and post @-@ production = = =
Resident Evil : Extinction began principal photography with a budget of $ 45 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in Mexicali , Baja California , Mexico in May , 2006 after filming locations had to be changed from the Australian Outback to Mexico , causing production dates to be pushed back repeatedly from November 2005 to May 2006 . Numerous sets were designed by production designer Eugenio Caballero including Umbrella 's underground laboratory , the Las Vegas Strip , the New York @-@ New York Hotel & Casino , Paris Las Vegas , Realto Ponte , Luxor Hotel and the replica of the Spencer Mansion . The film entered post @-@ production in late July 2006 with details about production being kept secret and with the film 's special effects being covered by Tatopoulos Studios and Mr. X Inc . , whom both worked on the 2006 film Silent Hill .
In late June 2006 , Sony released the film 's first two production stills which included Alice wearing a costume designed by her fashion company Jovovich @-@ Hawk and Claire Redfield .
= = Marketing and release = =
The film 's teaser trailer was shown with Ghost Rider on February 16 , 2007 , and was structured in the same manner of the " Regenerate " teaser trailer for Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The film 's website was launched by Sony on February 17 , 2007 with confirmation of its September 21 , 2007 release date .
The film 's teaser poster was leaked onto the internet via a fansite in May 2007 , before appearing on IGN , whereas a German website leaked concept art for Extinction including vehicle and numerous set designs . The film 's theatrical trailer premiered on Yahoo ! Movies in late July 2007 , with NBC releasing several scenes including the crow attack sequence . The social networking website Myspace also featured numerous clips of four of the main characters — Claire Redfield , Carlos Olivera , Nurse Betty , and Alice . The official website for Extinction launched an online game titled Resident Evil Extinction : Online Convoy Game in August 2007 . On September 12 , 2007 Sony released numerous promotional clips and television spots and on September 17 , 2007 the film 's soundtrack was released , whereas the film 's score was released on December 18 , 2007 .
On July 31 , 2007 , a full two months before the film 's release , a novelization by Keith R. A. DeCandido was published . At 368 pages , it is the longest of all of the Resident Evil novels . DeCandido also wrote the novelizations of the first ( subtitled as Genesis ) and second films .
Resident Evil : Extinction was released on DVD , UMD , and high @-@ definition Blu @-@ ray Disc in North America on January 1 , 2008 . A Blu @-@ ray release of the Resident Evil trilogy , featuring the three films in one package was also released on January 1 . A 3 @-@ disc
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DVD set of the Resident Evil trilogy was also made available in 2008 . Milla Jovovich and Oded Fehr filmed a commentary while Jovovich was pregnant , which Fehr expects to be shown " in a little square box in the corner " of the Blu @-@ ray version . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray versions of the film showed previews for Resident Evil : Degeneration , a trailer of Devil May Cry 4 , and a video of Resident Evil 5 . Resident Evil : Extinction was released on DVD in Australia on February 13 , 2008 and in the UK on the February 18 , 2008 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
The film was the number one movie at the North American box office on its opening weekend , grossing $ 23 million in 2 @,@ 828 theaters , averaging $ 8 @,@ 372 per theater . It opened more strongly than the two previous films in the series , and as of January 1 , 2008 , the film had grossed $ 50 @,@ 648 @,@ 679 domestically and $ 97 million overseas for a worldwide total of $ 147 million .
= = = Critical response = = =
Extinction received a Rotten Tomatoes score of 22 % based on 95 reviews and Metacritic gave it a " mixed or average " score of 41 out of 100 .
Steven Hyden of The Onion 's A.V. Club said that " the movie delivers some simple @-@ minded thrills " and praised the " solidly effective killer @-@ ravens sequence " but felt the film was too predictable , saying : " Anybody who has ever seen a zombie movie can figure out what happens next . Somebody will get bit without telling the others , which will inevitably backfire . Survivors will be forced to shoot suddenly undead friends in the head . One of them dastardly science folk will protect the monsters in order to study them , which will also inevitably backfire . And legions of undead will be re @-@ killed in surprisingly easy fashion . "
Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times praised the film , saying that " the story and characters are surprisingly engaging , with fight scenes and scares effectively placed between plot turns " although he felt that the ending was too " open @-@ ended " . Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave Extinction half a star out of a possible four , saying that the film was " no more interesting than watching someone else play with his Playstation " . Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly said that Extinction " plays like a flabby middle chapter , full of nerdy details but fraudulently short on the ruined Vegas @-@ scape that ads have been promising . " Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film a score of one and a half stars out of five , calling the action scenes " monotonous " and urging audiences to " flee this yawn of the dead . " Helen O 'Hara of Empire gave Extinction a score of two stars out of five , saying that while the film was " better than Resident Evil : Apocalypse " and had " an effectively creepy empty world setting " , she felt that it was " nevertheless scuppered by a lack of coherence . "
Frank Scheck says that as the film is " fast @-@ paced and filled with brisk action sequences " , it should " reasonably satisify the devotees . " Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide gave the film a score of two and a half stars out of four , saying : " Equal parts Mad Max and Day of the Dead , [ Extinction ] is no less derivative than its predecessors but moves along at a brisk clip . " Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat gave Extinction a score of three out of five , saying that the film had " rather lazy pacing " but added that " the way Anderson keeps upping the ante with regard to Alice 's ultimate fate continues to amuse . "
A common complaint was the noticeable digital airbrushing on numerous close @-@ up shots of Jovovich 's face , for which reviewers were confused at the use of , or found unnecessary . The film won the Golden Trailer Award for Best Action Poster and was nominated for Best TV Spot .
= What 'd I Say =
" What 'd I Say " ( or " What I Say " ) is an American Rhythm and blues song , by Ray Charles released in 1959 . As single divided into two parts , it was one
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and hockey @-@ rink keyboards fit the Keys like vintage denim . " Claire Suddath of Time magazine and Andrew Leahey of The Washington Times both named El Camino one of the Top 10 Albums of 2011 , while the staff of AllMusic selected the album as one of their favorites of the year . In end @-@ of @-@ year polls , writers for Rolling Stone selected " Little Black Submarines " as the 18th @-@ best song of 2011 , while the publication 's readers voted " Lonely Boy " the year 's third @-@ best song .
At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards , The Black Keys won the award for Best Rock Album for El Camino , and Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song for " Lonely Boy " . Auerbach was honored as Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical for co @-@ producing El Camino and producing records by Hacienda and Dr. John . The Black Keys also received nominations for Album of the Year for El Camino and Record of the Year for " Lonely Boy " .
= = Tour = =
In December 2011 , The Black Keys announced a 2012 concert tour , their first playing arenas as a headlining act . The tour opened in Europe on January 23 , 2012 with three weeks of shows , before visiting North America from March to May . The tour made multiple return visits to Europe and North America throughout the year , while also visiting Australasia from October through November . In total , the group played 112 shows in 2012 . Among the support acts that accompanied the band were Band of Skulls , Arctic Monkeys , and Tegan and Sara . After tickets went on sale , The Black Keys ' concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City sold out in 15 minutes , resulting in the addition of a second date at the venue to satisfy demand . The tour grossed $ 12 @.@ 7 million in 2012 , and after 129 shows , it ended on July 13 , 2013 .
Just as it did on its previous tour , the group added bassist Gus Seyffert and keyboardist / guitarist John Wood as touring musicians in order to perform songs as close to their studio arrangements as possible . Auerbach explained the decision for the expanded live band : " It wasn 't about the size of the venue . It was just that we could afford to do it and our songs deserved it . We wanted to finally present the songs like we 'd written them . " During the middle portion of each concert , Auerbach and Carney played older material as a duo without the backing musicians . Many critics singled these performances out as the shows ' highlights .
The concert stage used a setup with a lighting system and video projections designed by Karl Lemieux . The lighting comprised four banks of on @-@ stage vintage spotlights , along with two disco balls and a lighted sign bearing the band 's name that were lowered for the encores . Lemieux 's video , which was projected onto a white sheet at the stage 's rear , incorporated black @-@ and @-@ white footage of junkyards , deserts , and open highways . Carney explained that the band was aiming for a retro aesthetic , saying , " We kind of wanted to make the whole stage look like an old @-@ school rock ' n ' roll show , as much as possible . We 're referencing bands in the ' 70s , what they were doing when they were playing arenas . " Moreover , the footage was meant to pay homage to the group 's origins . Auerbach said , " We wanted it to represent our music and the Midwest where we 're from , the Rust Belt and open spaces . We find that stuff beautiful and uplifting . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Dan Auerbach , Patrick Carney , and Brian " Danger Mouse " Burton .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Single charts = = =
= = Certifications = =
= French battleship Mirabeau =
Mirabeau was one of the six Danton class semi @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy ( armée navale ) in the first decade of the twentieth century . The ship spent most of World War I blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to prevent German , Austro @-@ Hungarian and Turkish warships from breaking out into the Mediterranean . She did , however , participate in the attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia in late 1916 . Mirabeau briefly participated in the occupation of Constantinople after the end of the war and was deployed in the Black Sea in early 1919 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . She ran aground in February 1919 off the coast of the Crimea and could not be refloated until some of her guns and armor were removed . After returning to France , the ship was used as an accommodation hulk until she was condemned in 1921 . Mirabeau was later sold for scrap and broken up in 1928 .
= = Design and description = =
Although the Danton @-@ class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Liberté class , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . They were not well liked by the French Navy , although their numerous rapid @-@ firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean .
Mirabeau was 146 @.@ 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 @.@ 8 meters ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 9 @.@ 2 meters ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 @,@ 736 metric tons ( 19 @,@ 424 long tons ) at deep load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines that used steam generated by twenty @-@ six Belleville boilers . The turbines were rated at 22 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 @,@ 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Mirabeau , however , reached a top speed of 19 @.@ 7 knots ( 36 @.@ 5 km / h ; 22 @.@ 7 mph ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 027 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 995 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 @,@ 370 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 240 km ; 3 @,@ 880 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
Mirabeau 's main battery consisted of four 305mm / 45 Modèle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm / 50 Modèle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on each side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 65 @-@ caliber 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns and ten 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with two submerged 450 @-@ millimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's waterline armor belt was 270 millimeters ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 millimeters ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 @-@ millimeter thick sides .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
During the war , 75 @-@ millimeter anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship 's two forward 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) gun turrets . During 1918 , the elevation of
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responsible for education provision . The mandatory school age ranges between 5 – 7 to 16 – 18 years , contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent . In 2002 , 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post @-@ secondary education ; for those aged 25 to 34 , the rate of post @-@ secondary education reached 51 percent . The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average , particularly in mathematics , science , and reading .
= = = Ethnicity = = =
According to the 2006 census , the country 's largest self @-@ reported ethnic origin is Canadian ( accounting for 32 % of the population ) , followed by English ( 21 % ) , French ( 15 @.@ 8 % ) , Scottish ( 15 @.@ 1 % ) , Irish ( 13 @.@ 9 % ) , German ( 10 @.@ 2 % ) , Italian ( 4 @.@ 6 % ) , Chinese ( 4 @.@ 3 % ) , First Nations ( 4 @.@ 0 % ) , Ukrainian ( 3 @.@ 9 % ) , and Dutch ( 3 @.@ 3 % ) . There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands , encompassing a total of 1 @,@ 172 @,@ 790 people . Canada 's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate , and four percent of Canada 's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006 . Another 16 @.@ 2 percent of the population belonged to a non @-@ aboriginal visible minority . In 2006 , the largest visible minority groups were South Asian ( 4 @.@ 0 % ) , Chinese ( 3 @.@ 9 % ) and Black ( 2 @.@ 5 % ) . Between 2001 and 2006 , the visible minority population rose by 27 @.@ 2 percent . In 1961 , less than two percent of Canada 's population ( about 300 @,@ 000 people ) were members of visible minority groups . By 2007 , almost one in five ( 19 @.@ 8 % ) were foreign @-@ born , with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia ( including the Middle East ) . The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China , the Philippines and India . According to Statistics Canada , visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031 .
= = = Religion = = =
Canada is religiously diverse , encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs . Canada has no official church , and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism . Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right , allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference . The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state . With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life , Canada has become a post @-@ Christian , secular state . The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives , but still believe in God . According to the 2011 census , 67 @.@ 3 % of Canadians identify as Christian ; of these , Roman Catholics make up the largest group , accounting for 38 @.@ 7 % of the population . The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada ( accounting for 6 @.@ 1 % of Canadians ) , followed by Anglicans ( 5 @.@ 0 % ) , and Baptists ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) . Secularization has been growing since the 1960s . In 2011 , 23 @.@ 9 % declared no religious affiliation , compared to 16 @.@ 5 % in 2001 . The remaining 8 @.@ 8 % are affiliated with non @-@ Christian religions , the largest of which are Islam ( 3 @.@ 2 % ) and Hinduism ( 1 @.@ 5 % ) .
= = = Languages = = =
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians , with English and French ( the official languages ) being the mother tongues of approximately 60 % and 20 % of Canadians respectively . Nearly 6 @.@ 8 million Canadians listed a non @-@ official language as their mother tongue . Some of the most common non @-@ official first languages include Chinese ( mainly Cantonese ; 1 @,@ 072 @,@ 555 first @-@ language speakers ) , Punjabi ( 430 @,@ 705 ) , Spanish ( 410 @,@ 670 ) , German ( 409 @,@ 200 ) , and Italian ( 407 @,@ 490 ) . Canada 's federal government practices official bilingualism , which is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages in consonance with Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Federal Official Languages
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Maidenhead Synagogue .
Reading also has places of worship of other religions , the Shantideva Mahayana Buddhist centre , a Hindu temple , a Sikh gurdwara , a Salvation Army citadel , a Quaker meeting house , and a Christadelphian Hall .
There is presently one mosque , the Central Reading Mosque . The £ 3 – 4m Abu Bakr Islamic Centre , on Oxford Road in West Reading , was granted planning permission in 2002 . The community @-@ funded project began construction in 2006 , but , as of July 2008 , had no estimated completion date . A second Islamic centre in eastern Reading has also been granted planning permission . This £ 4m project has garnered some controversy .
= = Sport = =
Reading is the home of Reading Football Club , an association football club nicknamed The Royals , formed in 1871 . Formerly based at Elm Park , the club plays at the 24 @,@ 161 capacity Madejski Stadium , named after chairman Sir John Madejski , and which opened in 1998 . After winning the 2005 – 06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points , Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League before being relegated to The Championship . For the 2012 – 2013 season , the club again competed in the Premier League , after securing first place in The Championship for the 2011 – 2012 season , but were relegated back down to The Championship at season 's end .
Reading Town Football Club , formed in 1966 , played at Scours Lane and were playing in the Hellenic League Premier Division but were dissolved in 2016 , while fellow Non @-@ League football club Highmoor Ibis F.C. play at Palmer Park Stadium .
Reading is a centre for rugby union football in the area , with the Aviva Premiership team London Irish as tenants at the Madejski Stadium . Reading is also home to another three senior semi @-@ professional rugby clubs ; Reading Abbey R.F.C. , Redingensians R.F.C. and Reading R.F.C ..
The town hosts Australian rules football team Reading Kangaroos and American football team Berkshire Renegades . Palmer Park Stadium has a velodrome and athletics track . It is used by Reading Athletic Club and the Berkshire Renegades for training . The Reading Hockey Club play in the Men 's Premier Division and in Women 's Division One of the English Hockey League . The Reading Rockets basketball club plays in the English Basketball League .
Rowing is pursued by the Reading Rowing Club , the Reading University Boat Club , both next to Caversham Bridge whilst Reading Blue Coat School trains in Sonning adjacent to The Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in Caversham , which provides training facilities for the GB National Squad . However almost all club rowing is done on the River Thames . The annual Reading Town Regatta takes place near Thames Valley Park , with the Reading Amateur Regatta taking place in June , usually two weeks prior to Henley Royal Regatta .
The town was home to a motorcycle speedway team , Reading Racers . Speedway came to Reading in 1968 at Tilehurst Stadium , until the team moved to Smallmead Stadium in Whitley , which was demolished at the end of 2008 . The team is inactive pending the building of a new stadium , which was once hoped to be completed in 2012 .
The Reading Half Marathon is held on the streets of Reading in March of each year , with 16 @,@ 000 competitors from elite to fun runners . It was first run in 1983 and took place in every subsequent year except 2001 , when it was cancelled because of concerns over that year 's outbreak of foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease .
The British Triathlon Association was formed at the town 's former Mall health club on 11 December 1982 . Britain 's first ever triathlon took place just outside Reading at Kirtons 's Farm in Pingewood in 1983 and was revived 10 years ' later by Banana Leisure with one of the original organisers as Event Director . Thames Valley Triathletes , based in the town , is Britain 's oldest triathlon club , having its origins in the 1984 event at nearby Heckfield , when a relay team raced under the name Reading Triathlon Club .
The Hexagon theatre was home to snooker 's Grand Prix tournament , one of the sport 's " Big Four " , from 1984 to 94 .
= = Notable people = =
= = Town twinning = =
Reading is twinned with :
Düsseldorf , Germany ( since 1947 , officially since 1988 )
Clonmel , Ireland ( since 1994 )
Meaux , France
San Francisco Libre , Nicaragua ( since 1994 )
Speightstown , Barbados ( since 2003 )
Reading is also a sister city of :
Beruwala , Sri Lanka ( since 2004 )
Reading , Pennsylvania
= Battle of Lake Pontchartrain =
The Battle of Lake Pontchartrain was a single @-@ ship action on September 10 , 1779 , part of the Anglo @-@ Spanish War . It was fought between the British sloop @-@ of @-@ war HMS West Florida and the Continental Navy schooner USS Morris in the waters of Lake Pontchartrain , then in the British province of West Florida .
The West Florida was patrolling on Lake Pontchartrain when it encountered the Morris , which had set out from New Orleans with a Spanish and American crew headed by Continental Navy Captain William Pickles . The larger crew of the Morris successfully boarded the West Florida , inflicting a mortal wound on its captain , Lieutenant John Payne . The capture of the West Florida eliminated the major British naval presence on the lake , weakening already tenuous British control over the western reaches of West Florida .
= = Background = =
Significant military activities of the American Revolutionary War did not occur on the Gulf Coast until 1779 , when Spain entered the war . Before then , New Orleans , then the capital of Spanish Louisiana , served as a semi @-@ secret source of money and matériel for the Patriot cause . The cause was quietly supported by the Spanish governors before 1779 , and often mediated by Oliver Pollock , a prominent New Orleans businessman . Pollock effectively acted as an agent of the Continental Congress , negotiating with the Spanish governor , and taking other actions , including spending some of his own fortune , on Patriot activities along the lower Mississippi River .
In 1778 James Willing led a raiding expedition directed against targets in British West Florida . One prize that he captured on the Mississippi River was a British ship , the Rebecca , which he brought into New Orleans . She was brought into the Continental Navy and rechristened the USS Morris in honor of Philadelphia financier Robert Morris .
The British province of West Florida extended from the Mississippi River in the west to the Apalachicola River in the east . The HMS West Florida had been cruising Lake Pontchartrain since 1776 under the command of George Burdon , stopping and searching all manner of shipping , including Spanish merchants destined for New Orleans , to the annoyance of the Spanish . Burdon was unsuccessful in tracking down Willing during his 1778 raid , and returned to Pensacola , West Florida 's capital , for refit and repair late in 1778 . In January 1779 Burdon was replaced at her helm by Lieutenant John Payne , who had been engaged in survey duty along the West Florida coast and knew the area well . The West Florida was a sloop @-@ of @-@ war armed , according to its captors , with several four- and six @-@ pound cannons and carrying a crew complement of about 30 . ( British accounts place the crew size at 15 . )
= = Prelude = =
Payne cruised West Florida 's waters uneventfully until August 1779 . On August 27 he sent a boat with a few men to make contact with a detachment of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dickson 's men at Manchac . The boat never returned . On that day Bernardo de Gálvez , the governor of Spanish Louisiana , launched an expedition to
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gain control of British military posts on the Mississippi , and the boat was captured by his men . Gálvez successfully took the Manchac garrison on September 7 , and negotiated the surrender of Dickson and the remaining British forces on the Mississippi after the Battle of Baton Rouge on September 21 . Payne however was unaware of these activities .
Pollock used commissioning authority granted him by Congress to give command of the Morris to Continental Navy Captain William Pickles . However , she was destroyed in a hurricane ( which also delayed the departure of Gálvez ' expedition ) , and Gálvez provided another ship for Pickles ' use , variously called Morris or " Morris 's tender " . According to the report of Lieutenant Peter George Rousseau , Pickles ' second @-@ in @-@ command , this ship was a schooner armed with five small ( 2 @.@ 5 pound or less ) cannons and ten swivel guns , and that it lacked barricades to protect the men on deck from gunfire . Furthermore , the crew was not otherwise well prepared for close action , lacking axes , lances , and other tools useful for a boarding action . Pollock instructed Pickles to harass British military shipping on the lake , which had recently increased in activity .
= = Battle = =
Pickles sailed from New Orleans with a crew of 57 Americans and Spaniards ( Rousseau , his second in command , was a Frenchman commissioned into the Continental Navy ) . To hide his intentions , Pickles flew a British ensign as a false flag . Spotted on September 10 , the two ships closed , and Payne hailed the Morris to discover her intentions . He was told she was a merchant bound for Pensacola shortly before Pickles had the false colors hauled down and replaced with an American flag . The Americans and Spaniards then threw grappling hooks to bring the ships together and opened fire with their swivel guns while Lieutenant Rousseau prepared a boarding party . It is unlikely that either ship fired its larger guns .
Payne 's small crew put up spirited resistance , twice repulsing the boarders . The third boarding attempt succeeded , and Payne himself went down with a mortal wound in fighting described as " very violent " . The boarders successfully overwhelmed the British , wounding two men in addition to Payne , while suffering 6 to 8 killed and several wounded .
= = Aftermath = =
Captain Pickles took the prize back to New Orleans , where Pollock had her fitted out . Pickles cruised with her in West Florida 's waters during Governor Gálvez 's march up the Mississippi . Pickles then assisted Gálvez in the Battle of Fort Charlotte , which resulted in the capture of Mobile , before sailing her to Philadelphia for sale .
The battle is commemorated by a historic marker in Mandeville , Louisiana . The marker credits William Pickles with ending the Revolutionary War in Louisiana , since some British individuals on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain evidently surrendered to Captain Pickles in mid @-@ October of 1779 ( three weeks after the Battle of Baton Rouge ) . In this context , " Louisiana " means the future state of Louisiana and not the larger area of Spanish Louisiana . The Battle of St. Louis , also within Spanish Louisiana , took place in 1780 .
= SMS ( Bangerz ) =
" SMS ( Bangerz ) " is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus featuring Britney Spears for Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Mike Will Made It and Marz , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus and Sean Garrett . The track incorporates elements of hip hop styles , and is lyrically a " celebration of pop culture , beautiful women , [ and ] strong women " . Upon its release " SMS ( Bangerz ) " received generally mixed reviews from music critics ; some complimented its originality , while others criticized its production and Cyrus ' rapping . The album 's digital downloads helped the song chart in the United States and the United Kingdom . Cyrus has performed on MTV Unplugged and her Bangerz Tour .
= = Production and composition = =
" SMS ( Bangerz ) " was written by Miley Cyrus , Mike Will Made It , Sean Garrett , and Marz , while production was handled by Mike Will Made It and Marz . Stephen Hybicki and Tim Roberts recorded the track with help from Mike Gaydusek , and Jaycen Joshua mixed it with assistants of Ryan Kaul . Chris " Tek " O 'Ryan handled engineering the song , and it was further mastered by Dave Kutch at the Mastering Palace . The track is the third on Cyrus 's fourth album Bangerz , which was released in 2013 .
" SMS ( Bangerz ) " has been described as " 1980s hip hop @-@ inspired track " . The song lasts for two minutes and 49 seconds . Garrett stated that its concept was inspired by the female
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. It is also regarded as one of the top reggae albums of all time .
= = Background = =
Businessman Danny Sims made a deal with Johnny Nash to star in and score the film Want So Much To Believe in Sweden and Nash invited Marley to work with him on composing songs for the soundtrack . Marley moved to Sweden to work on the film , and then from November to December 1971 toured Great Britain with Nash and the Wailers , with CBS also releasing a single by the Wailers ( the Nash @-@ produced " Reggae on Broadway " ) . After the tour , Sims and Nash had left the city for Miami , Florida , and CBS lost interest in the group , leaving the band without enough money to return to Jamaica and unable to work due to work permit issues . The band asked promoter Brent Clarke in the hope that he would help them . Clarke contacted Chris Blackwell from Island Records , who had released many Wailers singles in Great Britain . He then promised Clarke an advance of GB £ 8000 for their next album , and Clarke lent the Wailers some money for their way back to Jamaica .
= = Recording = =
In 1972 , sessions for the album started , with recording taking place at three Kingston , Jamaica studios , all members recording inside one room : Dynamic Sound , Harry J 's and Randy 's . Engineer Sylvan Morris put the songs on eight @-@ track tape , and allocated tracks with the drum mixes on one track and piano and guitar together on another . In the winter of 1972 , Marley flew back to London to present the master tapes . The deal with Island led to a dispute with CBS and Sims , to whom the band were already contracted . The case was won by the first , who received US $ 9 @,@ 000 and two percent of royalties from the band 's first six albums , and Sims received GB £ 5 @,@ 000 and the publishing rights to the Wailers songs .
Catch a Fire , which is Jamaican patois ( slang ) for smoking herb , features many backing musicians , but none of those were credited in the liner notes . Muscle Shoals session guitarist Wayne Perkins , who at that time was also recording a new Smith , Perkins & Smith album at the Island Studios on the Basing Street , was asked by Blackwell in the early 1972 to make overdubs for the song Catch a Fire in the studio below . Perkins , not knowing at the time what reggae was , agreed with the proposal and first played the guitar solo on " Concrete Jungle " , including the three @-@ octave feedback at the end . After also playing slide guitar on " Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock It Baby ) " and the wah @-@ wah @-@ laced lead on " Stir it Up " , Perkins then went back to complete his own album . " Stir it Up " was later covered by Johnny Nash 's band , Rabbit and the Jungles , on their I Can See Clearly Now , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , Rabbit Bundrick played on all songs on numerous keyboards , including on a synthesizer and a clavinet . Robbie Shakespeare played the bass on " Concrete Jungle " , while organist Tyrone Downie performed on the same track as well as on " Stir it Up " . Chris Karen , Francisco Willie Pep and Winston Wright served as percussionists , and the female backing singing was performed by Rita Marley and her friend Marcia Griffiths , the latter of whom was already popular in Jamaica as a solo artist and together with her husband Bob Andy released successful singles . Tommy McCook played the flute .
According to Aston Barrett , " some of the songs had been recorded before , ... , in different studios and with different musicians , but we gave them that strict timing and brought the feeling out of them more " . " Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock it Baby ) " is similar to " Black Bitter " , recorded in an earlier session .
The song 's lyrics deal with political injustice towards blacks and poverty , as is the case in many of their albums . Catch a Fire is about " the current state of urban poverty " , and " Slave Driver " " connects the present to past injustices " . But politics are not the main theme ; " Stir it Up " , for example , is a love song .
= = Cover art = =
The original 1973 vinyl release , designed by graphic artists Rod Dyer and Bob Weiner , was encased in a sleeve depicting a Zippo lighter . The sleeve functioned like a real Zippo lighter case , opening at a side hinge to reveal the record within . Only the original pressing of 20 @,@ 000 had the Zippo cover , subsequent pressings had an alternative cover designed by John Bonis featuring an Esther Anderson portrait of Marley smoking a " spliff " or joint , with the album now credited to " Bob Marley and the Wailers " . Copies of the record from the original pressings have since become collectors ' items . The original cover art was reproduced in 2001 for the deluxe compact disc edition .
= = Release = =
The first release from the album sessions was the " Baby We 've Got a Date " single , released in early 1973 on Island 's Blue Mountain subsidiary . Catch a Fire was released on 13 April 1973 on the Island label with a supporting tour . The album sold around 14 @,@ 000 copies in its first weeks , and peaked at number 171 on the Billboard 200 chart and at number 51 on Billboard R & B chart .
Catch a Fire has been re @-@ released under different recording labels with different track lengths . In 2001 , a special collection edition was released containing unreleased , non @-@ overdubbed ( " Jamaican " ) songs on the first side and the original , overdubbed album on the second side .
A documentary about the album , directed by Jeremy Marre , was released in 2000 , featuring interviews with the musicians and engineers who worked on the album , archive performance footage , and home video footage filmed by members of the band .
= = Tour = =
The album 's supporting tour began in 1973 in the United Kingdom and then moved to the United States . In England they performed on 19 shows at universities and clubs . While in London , the band performed on the BBC shows The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top Gear . In the first performance singer Bunny Livingston performed for the first and last time for the Wailers , as he was unhappy touring outside Jamaica , difficulty finding suitable food due to his strict Ital diet a contributing factor . After Bunny 's resignation from the band , Tosh consulted with Marley and finally picked Joe Higgs . Blackwell hired the concert promoter Lee Jaffe to book gigs in North America . The Wailers performed at Paul 's Mall in Boston , Massachusetts , and then three gigs in New York alongside Bruce Springsteen 's E Street Band , and in October opened for Sly and the Family Stone in Las Vegas . These concerts marked an important step towards international acknowledgement .
= = Reception = =
Catch a Fire had a positive critical reception . Robert Christgau rated the album as " A " , saying that " half these songs are worthy of St. John the Divine " , and " Barrett brothers ' bass and drums save those that aren 't from limbo " . Reviewers from Rolling Stone also praised the brother 's playing , concluding that " Catch a Fire is a blazing debut " . According to the review , " ' Concrete Jungle ' and ' Slave Driver ' crackle with streetwise immediacy , while ' Kinky Reggae ' and ' Stir It Up ' ... revel in the music 's vast capacity for good @-@ time skanking . ' Stop That Train ' and ' 400 Years , ' both written by Peter Tosh , indicate the original Wailers weren 't strictly a one @-@ man show " .
Critics have called Catch a Fire one of the greatest reggae albums of all time . Vik Iyengar from AllMusic comments that " Marley would continue to achieve great critical and commercial success during the 1970s , but Catch a Fire is one of the finest reggae albums ever . This album is essential for any music collection " . Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 123 on its list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the second highest placement for a reggae album ; only Legend , ranked higher at number 46 . Writing in The Spectator arts blog in 2012 , Dave Rodigan described it as " quite simply , one of the greatest reggae albums ever made " . The album was also groundbreaking as its singles were released as long @-@ playing records as against to the early reggae songs coupled with two sides .
= = Track listing = =
= = = Original album release ( 1973 ) = = =
All songs were written by Bob Marley , except where noted .
= = = The Definitive Remastered edition ( 2001 ) = = =
= = = Deluxe edition ( 2001 ) = = =
= = Personnel = =
= Tropical Storm Amy ( 1975 ) =
Tropical Storm Amy was the first tropical cyclone to develop during the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming on June 28 from a trough of low pressure , Amy gradually attained tropical storm status off the
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a nude woman , covered in a mist or dressed , in a seductive posture . While not an offensive attack , the Sexy Jutsu is mainly used for distractive purposes with a stronger effect on more perverted targets . Naruto also invented the more potent Harem Jutsu ( ハーレムの術 , Hāremu no Jutsu ) , through his Shadow Clones , and the Pervy Jutsu ( Disney XD dub version : " Hottie Jutsu " ) where he adds an alluring outfit to his guise in order to add further enticement . Naruto also taught his jutsu to Konohamaru , who also invented his own more potent variations . During Part II , Konohamaru , who has been taught the technique by Naruto , creates a variation that transforms him into two nude men in suggestive positions instead . Meanwhile , Naruto combines that variation with more shadow clones to create the Reverse Harem Jutsu ( 逆ハーレムの術 , Gyaku Hāremu no Jutsu ) for dealing with female opponents .
= = = Shadow Clone Jutsu = = =
The Shadow Clone Jutsu ( 影分身の術 , Kage Bunshin no Jutsu , English manga : " Art of the Shadow Doppelganger " ) is one of Naruto Uzumaki 's signature techniques , invented by Tobirama Senju with the instructions placed in a forbidden scroll that Naruto was tricked into stealing by a ninja named Mizuki . Unlike regular clone jutsus , the Shadow Clones are physical clones of the user capable of cohabiting with their surroundings , performing jutsu , and engaging in battle before dispersing in a puff of smoke when sufficiently damaged or at the user 's discretion . When clones are created , the user 's chakra is evenly distributed among them , making it easy for the user to quickly expend all their chakra . While most ninja limit themselves to only making a few clones because of this , Naruto can create thousands of clones due to his large amount of chakra . He can also combine it with his " Sexy Jutsu " to produce the " Harem Jutsu " . During Part II , having been unaware of this fact until Kakashi explains it , Naruto learns that any knowledge his clone possesses will be transferred to him at the moment that the jutsu is canceled . This fact enables Naruto to make use of the Jutsu in gaining more experience within days of training that would last years and to cover more ground with by using his Shadow Clones as scouts .
= = = Shikotsumyaku = = =
Shikotsumyaku ( 屍骨脈 , Literally meaning " Dead Bone Pulse " ) is a kekkei genkai of the Kaguya clan , who are one of the many descendants of Kaguya Otsutsuki , the first human possessing chakra . Due to the clan 's barbaric and bloodthristy nature , the technique met its end with the clan 's last surviving member , Kimimaro , who is one of the few members to possess the technique as well as being terminally ill ; the technique is then lost after Kimimaro 's death until Kabuto Yakushi 's usage of Kimimaro 's DNA to gain the Shikotsumyaku through a construct of Kimimaro 's body . The Shikotsumyaku is the ability to manipulate the user 's own skeletal structure by using chakra infusions to manipulate the growth and properties of their bones for combat use . The user thus recovers heavy injuries fast and not hindered at all if their bones are broken ; in fact , the technique 's usage encourages the user to break up their bones , which are hardened almost like steel , for offensive use . Most of the technique 's names are named after plants , combined with a theme around " dances " , including the Dance of Willow ( 柳の舞 , Yanagi no Mai ) , Dance of Camellia ( 椿の舞 , Tsubaki no Mai ) , and Dance of Seedling Fern ( 早蕨の舞 , Sawarabi no Mai ) . Meanwhile , the technique 's progenitor , Kaguya , uses an advanced variation called the All @-@ Killing Ash Bones ( 共殺の灰骨 , Tomogoroshi no Haikotsu ) : she manifests bones from her back and then fires bones from her palms at the intended target . When these bones hit a living organism , the target starts to deteriorate at a molecular level , reducing their bodies to nothing more than a pile of ash . She also used this attack in a variety of ways : as a projectile attack , incorporating the use of her dimension @-@ manifesting abilities to land a two @-@ sided attack as well as a close @-@ range melee attack .
= = = Byakugan = = =
The Byakugan ( 白眼 , lit . " White Eye " , English manga : " Evil Eye " / " All @-@ Seeing Eye " ) is a genetic eye technique and one of the Three Great Dōjutsu that naturally occurs in members of the Otsutsuki clan as well as its descendants , the Hyuga clan . The Byakugan originated with Kaguya with her Hamura inheriting the dojutsu before he and most of his clan took residence on the moon where they nearly die out from infighting resulted in the clan having only one surviving descendant . Only one branch of Hamura 's clan remained behind and eventually become the Hyuga clan over many generations . Unlike the Sharingan and Rinnegan which are gained through experience and time , the Byakugan manifest at the moment of the user 's birth . While normally lavender @-@ white , pupil @-@ less eyes , Byakugan 's activation causes the pupils to become more distinct while the veins near their temples bulge . The Byakugan gives the user a nearly 360 degree field of vision . The user can concentrate his or her chakra in the blind spot to achieve a 360 degree angle . They can see and focus in on anything within a certain distance from themselves , the range of which can be extended through training . During Part I of the series , Neji Hyuga is limited to fifty meters , and by Part II , he can see objects at least eight @-@ hundred meters away .
The Byakugan can detect and see through anything within its range of sight . In battle , users of the Byakugan can see the flow of chakra within an opponent 's body . This enables the user to forcibly release their own chakra through one of the opponent 's 361 chakra release points , cutting off the flow of chakra or directly attacking the internal organs . Because this is accomplished through only the slightest amount of physical contact , this style of fighting is named " Gentle Fist " ( 柔拳 , Jūken ) . Due to the manifold techniques using the Byakugan and the Gentle Fist style , the Hyūga impose an elaborate family hierarchy for security reasons . The Gentle Fist 's secret techniques are only allowed to be learned by the clan 's " main house " , who are protected at all times by members of the " branch houses " . Branch house members are also branded with a cursed seal that destroys their Byakugan when they die , preventing enemy ninja from studying their bodies to learn the Byakugan 's secrets . In Part II , it is revealed that a Kirigakure ninja , Ao , had the Byakugan of a ninja he defeated transplanted into his right eye . Himawari Uzumaki has her variant of the Byakugan , which appears to function like a Sharingan rather than manifest at her birth .
= = = Tenseigan = = =
Tenseigan ( 転生眼 , lit . " Reincarnation Eye " ) is a term that refers to two different concepts : an eye technique and an object . The eye technique first manifested in Hamura Ōtsutsuki , the son of the first known Byakugan user , Kaguya . His descendants , the Hyūga and the Ōtsutsuki clans both inherit only Byakugan , but by combining the two bloodlines their Byakugan will evolve into Tenseigan ( similar to the Senju and Uchiha clans combination required to obtain Rinnegan ) . It is characterized by a blue pupil surrounded by a blue and white flower @-@ like iris . The Tenseigan allows the user to control both attractive and repulsive forces , similar to the Rinnegan . Additionally , it also grants the
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at number 2 in the US , with $ 25 @,@ 143 @,@ 007 from 2 @,@ 807 cinemas – average of $ 8 @,@ 957 per cinema – behind Titanic , which would become one of the highest @-@ grossing films of its time . Tomorrow Never Dies ultimately achieved a worldwide gross of over $ 330 million , although it did not surpass its predecessor GoldenEye , which grossed almost $ 20 million more .
The critical reception of the film was mixed , with the film review collection website Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 58 % rating , and similar site Metacritic rating it at 56 % . In the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four @-@ stars , saying " Tomorrow Never Dies gets the job done , sometimes excitingly , often with style " with the villain " slightly more contemporary and plausible than usual " , bringing " some subtler @-@ than @-@ usual satire into the film " . James Berardinelli described it as " the best Bond film in many years " and said Brosnan " inhabits his character with a suave confidence that is very like Connery 's . " However , in the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan thought a lot of Tomorrow Never Dies had a " stodgy , been @-@ there feeling " , with little change from previous films , and Charles Taylor wrote for Salon.com that the film was " a flat , impersonal affair " .
The title song sung by Sheryl Crow was nominated for a Golden Globe for " Best Original Song – Motion Picture " and a Grammy for " Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television " . The film received four nominations for Saturn Awards , with Brosnan winning " Best Actor " . It also won a MPSE Golden Reel Award for " Best Sound Editing – Foreign Feature " and a BMI Film Music Award .
The original UK release received various cuts to scenes of violence and martial arts weaponry , and to reduce the impact of sound effects , to receive a more box @-@ office @-@ friendly 12 certificate . Further cuts were made to the video / DVD release to retain this rating . These edits were restored for the Ultimate Edition DVD release in the UK , which was consequently upgraded to a 15 certificate . However , upon the release of the Blu @-@ ray in 2012 , it was rated back down to a 12 uncut .
= = Appearances in other media = =
Tomorrow Never Dies was the first of three Bond films to
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uster serving as a member . The commission concluded that HM Treasury had mismanaged the County Courts , and on 1 August 1922 the Lord Chancellor 's Office instead became responsible for the courts , with Schuster becoming Accounting Officer . The committee 's final report was used as the basis for the County Courts Act 1924 , which did much to correct the problems with the County Courts . Schuster was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 1920 New Year War Honours .
= = = Lords Cave and Haldane ( 1922 – 1924 , 1924 ) = = =
By the summer of 1922 the coalition government Birkenhead was a member of began to splinter , and when it finally collapsed Birkenhead was forced to resign on 25 October 1922 . His replacement was Lord Cave , a member of the new Conservative government who was appointed on 27 October 1922 . The Conservative government under Stanley Baldwin soon ran into trouble due to his desire to introduce protectionist tariffs to protect British jobs . Baldwin called an early general election in December 1923 to serve as a referendum on the subject , and although the Conservatives remained the largest party they did not have enough Members of Parliament to claim a parliamentary majority . At the opening of the new Parliament in January 1924 the party was defeated in a vote of no confidence , and the king instead invited the Labour Party under Ramsay MacDonald to form a government . This caused various constitutional problems ; traditionally every member of a cabinet , including the Prime Minister , must be a Privy Councillor . MacDonald was not a Privy Councillor , and therefore could not be made Prime Minister . The king asked Lord Cave for a way around this problem , and as an expert on constitutional issues Schuster helped draft the response . In the end it was determined that MacDonald would be sworn in as a Privy Councillor and then invited to form a government .
As a member of the old Conservative government Cave left office on 23 January 1924 . He was replaced by Lord Haldane , who was serving for a second time and was sworn in on 25 January . Haldane was in favour of the creation of a Ministry of Justice , and although Schuster was privately against it he suggested that he would have accepted the responsibilities of such a Ministry on the condition that it remained under his control as the Lord Chancellor 's Office was . Haldane was ill , however , and the Labour government lasted only ten months thanks to the publishing of the Zinoviev Letter , and no large @-@ scale reforms such as the creation of a Ministry of Justice were ever pushed through .
= = = Lords Cave and Hailsham ( 1924 – 1928 , 1928 – 1929 ) = = =
After the collapse of the Labour government in October 1924 the Conservative Party returned to power , and Lord Cave became Lord Chancellor for a second time on 7 November . Spending four and a half years in office Cave had time to push through some significant reforms , including the Law of Property Act 1925 based on the 1922 act Schuster had been involved in . By 1925 Schuster had spent a decade as Permanent Secretary and was described as a " Whitehall Mandarin " , his contacts and long service allowing him greater influence over policy decisions than a Permanent Secretary normally had . The expansion of the Lord Chancellor 's Office he had overseen also gave him greater opportunities to delegate to his subordinates , allowing him more time to spend on committees and inquiries directly influencing the way the government worked . As a result of his power and influence he grew to dislike being opposed in any way , and this led to conflict between him and other heads of department . As a reward for his continued service with the Lord Chancellor 's Office he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1927 as part of the New Year Honours .
Lord Cave resigned on 28 March 1928 due to ill health , and died the day after . His replacement was Lord Hailsham , who was appointed by Stanley Baldwin on 29 March 1928 . Hailsham 's first tenure as Lord Chancellor lasted barely a year and highlighted the fact that despite his abilities ( many politicians considered that if he had not accepted the offer to become Lord Chancellor he would likely have become Prime Minister ) he was not a particularly innovative Lord Chancellor . For a short period in August 1928 he acted as Prime Minister ( Baldwin was on holiday in Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence ) with Schuster as his chief adviser , but he rarely went to 10 Downing Street and nothing eventful happened during his time in charge .
= = = Lord Sankey ( 1929 – 1935 ) = = =
Lord Hailsham left office in mid @-@ 1929 with the fall of the Conservative government in 1929 . His replacement was a member of the newly elected Labour Government , Lord Sankey , who was appointed on 8 June 1929 . Sankey was appointed on Schuster 's advice , and served longer with him than any other Lord Chancellor . Sankey was a " reforming " Lord Chancellor , and as part of one of his first reforms Schuster helped him draft and pass the Statute of Westminster in 1931 .
During this period the question of Judge 's salaries also arose , and almost caused a constitutional crisis . As Permanent Secretary Schuster was tasked with ensuring that the courts ran correctly , and although the Judges were independent they were paid by the Lord Chancellor 's Office . Although a Select Committee in 1878 had recommended that County Court Judges be paid £ 2 @,@ 000 a year this increase had still failed to appear due to the economic hardships caused by the First World War . The increase was eventually implemented in 1937 , but in the meantime High Court Judges had also been lobbying for an increase , as their pay had stayed at the same level since 1832 . Schuster and Warren Fisher had produced a report recommending a pay increase in 1920 , but again the economic hardship prevented their plan from being implemented . The 1931 economic crash led to the government passing the National Recovery Act 1931 , which reduced the salaries of High Court Judges by 20 % . The Judges , who had been expecting a pay raise rather than a pay cut , were shocked , and six High Court Judges threatened to resign , with Henry McCardie accusing Schuster of having his salary almost doubled in
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s daughter , Elizabeth , whom he married in 1896 . They had two children : a son , Christopher John Claud Schuster , in 1899 and a daughter , Elizabeth Alice Schuster , in 1902 , before Elizabeth Merry 's death in 1936 . Christopher also attended Winchester College and was killed in 1918 on the Western Front , and Elizabeth later married Theodore Turner , a King 's Counsel , before dying in 1983 .
= Scotland national football team =
The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association . Scotland maintains its own national side that competes in the two major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship . Scotland is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games . The majority of Scotland 's home matches are played at the national stadium , Hampden Park .
Scotland are the joint oldest national football team in the world , alongside England , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . Scotland has a longstanding rivalry with England , whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989 . The teams have met only five times since then , most recently in November 2014 .
Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice , but have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals tournament . The team have achieved some noteworthy results , such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3 – 2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967 . Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3 – 2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands , who reached the final of the tournament . In their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008 , Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners @-@ up France 1 – 0 in both fixtures .
Scotland supporters are collectively known as the Tartan Army . The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has made more than 50 appearances for Scotland . Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances , having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986 . Dalglish scored 30 goals for Scotland and shares the record for most goals scored with Denis Law .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Scotland and England are the oldest national football teams in the world . Teams representing the two sides first competed at the Oval in five matches between 1870 and 1872 . The two countries contested the first official international football match , at Hamilton Crescent in Part
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standing on the stage once again , before he attacked A.J. Styles during a tag team match on the special midnight episode of Impact ! , preventing him from winning the NWA World Tag Team Championship with Christopher Daniels . This attack prompted a feud between Moore and Styles , with Moore stalking Styles , attacking him and stealing his " Mr. TNA " award plaque . This led to a street fight between the two , which Moore won . On the February 18 episode of Impact ! , Moore faced Roderick Strong and Jay Lethal in a three @-@ way match for a place on Team USA , but the match was won by Lethal . Moore then teamed with Samoa Joe to defeat Styles and Daniels . Moore 's final match as part of TNA aired on the March 18 episode of Impact ! , when he , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) and Alex Shelley lost to Styles , Daniels , Ron Killings , and Rhino .
= = = Return to WWE ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = =
On March 17 , 2006 , WWE released an interview with Moore talking about his imminent return to the company . In July 2006 , Moore began appearing as part of WWE 's ECW brand , making his first appearances in vignettes calling himself " The Reject " . His in ring debut was a loss to CM Punk on September 12 , a week before Punk had confronted Moore and called him a " poser " before slapping him . After one more loss to Punk , Moore made only sporadic appearances throughout the rest of 2006 and early 2007 , losing each time .
On the February 16 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! Moore suddenly switched brands , appearing in an in @-@ ring brawl with other SmackDown ! cruiserweights , which was a prelude to a Cruiserweight Open at No Way Out . Moore was eliminated from the Cruiserweight Open by the defending WWE Cruiserweight Champion Gregory Helms . Moore then established himself as a fan favorite by teaming with Scotty 2 Hotty and Jimmy Wang Yang to defeat Helms , Chavo Guerrero , and Daivari in a six @-@ man tag team match .
Following a hiatus from television , Moore returned on the June 15 episode of SmackDown ! , competing in a fatal four @-@ way number one contender match for the Cruiserweight Championship , which was won by Wang Yang and also involved Daivari and Jamie Noble . The following week , Moore teamed with Wang Yang in a losing effort against Guerrero and Noble . Moore competed in the 20 @-@ man battle royal for the World Heavyweight Championship in July , but was the third person to be eliminated . He also competed in the " Cruiserweight Open " at The Great American Bash along with Noble , Funaki , Wang Yang , and Guerrero . The match was inadvertently won by Hornswoggle . He also faced Noble and Guerrero , in losing efforts . Moore began feuding with Noble , appearing in several backstage vignettes together , where he mocked Noble for his obsession with Hornswoggle . Moore defeated Noble on the September 14 episode of SmackDown ! , by pretending that Hornswoggle was at ringside , distracting Noble and allowing Moore to pin him for the victory . In a rematch two weeks later , Noble pinned Moore .
In October 2007 , Moore formed a tag team with
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Yang , with the two defeating Deuce ' n Domino . They later competed in a tag team battle royal to determine the number one contenders to the WWE Tag Team Championship on the November 9 episode of SmackDown , but were the second team eliminated . In December , Moore and Yang challenged John Morrison and The Miz for the WWE Tag Team Championship , but were unsuccessful , igniting a feud between the two teams . The following week on ECW , Moore and Yang defeated Morrison and The Miz in a non @-@ title match , to earn a rematch for the championship . On January 1 , 2008 , Moore and Wang Yang once again beat Morrison and the Miz , this time in a six @-@ person tag team match also involving Layla and Kelly Kelly . The following week , in a Fifteen Minutes of Fame Match , Moore and Wang Yang tied the champions on pinfalls , meaning Miz and Morrison retained the championship . Throughout late January and February , Moore and Yang moved into a feud with Deuce ' n Domino , defeating them two weeks in a row . On the February 15 episode of SmackDown , Moore , Yang , and Jesse and Festus defeated Deuce ' n Domino and Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder in an eight @-@ man tag team match on SmackDown . In April , Moore and Yang reignited their feud with Morrison and The Miz , losing to them twice in tag team encounters . Yang and Moore went on to win singles matches against Morrison and The Miz respectively , earning another match for the WWE Tag Team Championship on the May 2 episode of SmackDown , but were unsuccessful once again .
After this feud ended , Moore was rarely utilised . On August 8 , 2008 , WWE announced that Moore had been released from his WWE contract .
= = = Return to TNA ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = =
On the first live Monday edition of Impact ! on January 4 , 2010 , Moore made his return to TNA by celebrating backstage with Jeff Hardy , after Hardy had also made his return to the company . On February 19 , Dixie Carter confirmed that Moore had signed a new contract with TNA . On the March 8 episode of Impact ! , Moore attacked the TNA X Division Champion Doug Williams , and Eric Bischoff announced that Moore would face Williams for the X Division Championship at Destination X. At the pay @-@ per @-@ view Williams retained his title , after hitting Moore with a brick . Moore 's first victory since his return to TNA came on the March 29 episode of Impact ! in a tag team match when he pinned Brian Kendrick . At Lockdown Moore received another shot at the now vacant X Division Championship in a three @-@ way steel cage match , where he faced Homicide and the eventual winner of the match , Kazarian .
In April , Moore insulted the TNA World Tag Team Champion Matt Morgan , provoking a rivalry between the two . The following week Morgan cost Moore his shot at the TNA X Division Championship , and later attacked his tag team partner with Jesse Neal . Moore aided Neal , prompting the pair to form a tag team known as Ink Inc .. At Sacrifice Ink Inc. failed in their attempt to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship from The Band ( Kevin Nash and Scott Hall ) , when Neal 's trainer Brother Ray interfered in the match and attacked Neal . The following month , on the June 17 episode of Impact ! , Ink Inc. defeated The Band ( Kevin Nash and Eric Young ) to advance to the finals of a tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship . In the final , Ink Inc. was defeated by Beer Money , Inc. when Brother Ray attacked Neal backstage prior to the match . On the October 28 episode of Impact ! , Ink Inc. received a match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Motor City Machine Guns in a three @-@ way match , which also included Generation Me ( Max and Jeremy Buck ) , but failed to win the championship . On December 5 at the Final Resolution pay @-@ per @-@ view , Ink Inc. lost to Beer Money , Inc. in a number one contender 's match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship . Ink Inc. received a match for Beer Money 's TNA World Tag Team Championship at Victory Road in March 2011 , but were unsuccessful . After the match Moore turned heel by refusing to shake hands with the champions and instead spat beer in Storm 's face . On April 17 at Lockdown , Ink Inc. defeated The British Invasion ( Douglas Williams and Magnus ) , Crimson and Scott Steiner and Eric Young and Orlando Jordan in a four team steel cage match to become the number one contenders to the TNA World Tag Team Championship . The following month at Sacrifice , Ink Inc. was defeated by Mexican America ( Anarquia and Hernandez ) . During the match , Neal suffered a neck injury , which sidelined him for the next four months .
As a result , Moore returned to singles competition and on July 10 at Destination X , Moore participated in his first Ultimate X match , for a shot at the X Division Championship
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Galaxy in the 2011 – 12 CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinals at the Rogers Centre in front of 47 @,@ 658 .
= No. 4 Commando =
No. 4 Commando was a battalion @-@ sized British Army commando unit , formed in 1940 early in the Second World War . Although it was raised to conduct small @-@ scale raids and harass garrisons along the coast of German occupied France , it was mainly employed as a highly trained infantry assault unit .
The unit 's first operation was the successful raid on the Lofoten Islands in March 4 , 1941 . The next two planned operations were both cancelled and it was not until April 22 , 1942 that No. 4 Commando took part in another raid , Operation Abercrombie , a raid on the French coastal town of Hardelot . On August 22 , 1942 , No. 4 was one of three commando units selected for the Dieppe raid . Under the command of Lord Lovat , No. 4 Commando landed on the right flank of the main landings and successfully silenced a German gun battery . This was the only complete success of the operation , which was eventually aborted , after less than 10 hours , following heavy losses .
As part of the 1st Special Service Brigade , No. 4 Commando took part in the Normandy Landings in June 1944 . Landing on Sword beach 30 minutes before the rest of the brigade , their first objectives were to capture a strong point and gun battery in Ouistreham . After the commandos eliminated these positions they rejoined the brigade , reinforcing the 6th Airborne Division at the Orne bridges . Before the invasion the brigade had been informed that they would stay in France for only a few days . The commando remained there for a further 82 days , protecting the beachhead 's left flank . During that period , No. 4 Commando endured over 50 percent casualties . Finally withdrawn to Britain in September 1944 , they were reassigned to the 4th Special Service Brigade for the assault on Walcheren island . At the end of the war No. 4 Commando became part of the occupation force in Germany , but together with all other army commando units were disbanded in 1946 .
= = Background = =
The British Commandos were a formation of the British Armed Forces organised for special service in June 1940 . After the Dunkirk evacuation , the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Winston Churchill , called for a force to be assembled and equipped to inflict casualties on the Germans and bolster British morale . Churchill told the joint Chiefs of Staff to propose measures for an offensive against German @-@ occupied Europe , and stated , " they must be prepared with specially trained troops of the hunter class who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast . " One staff officer , Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Clarke , had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff . Dill , aware of Churchill 's intentions , approved Clarke 's proposal and on 23 June 1940 , the first commando raid took place .
The request for volunteers for special service was initially restricted to serving Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain , and from men of the disbanding divisional Independent Companies originally raised from Territorial Army divisions who had served in Norway .
By November 1940 , more than 2 @,@ 000 men had volunteered and were organised into four battalions in a Special Service Brigade , under the command of Brigadier J. C. Haydon . The Brigade quickly expanded to 12 battalions , which were renamed commandos . Each commando had a lieutenant colonel as the commanding officer ( CO ) and numbered around 450 men ( divided into 75 man troops that were further divided into 15 man sections ) . Technically these men were only on secondment to the commandos ; they retained their regimental cap badges and remained on the regimental roll for pay . The new force of commandos came under the operational control of the Combined Operations Headquarters .
= = Formation = =
No. 4 Commando was formed in Weymouth on 21 July 1940 , when the first intake of 500 volunteers arrived . The unique nature of the commandos immediately became apparent when every man was held responsible for finding his own quarters . As commandos were expected to be fighting troops , they had no administrative personnel , such as clerks and cooks for example . To assist them with living ' off camp ' , with no cook house all ranks were given a daily allowance and a ration card , the allowance being 67 pence for officers and of 34 pence for other ranks . This arrangement meant that commandos lived on civilian rations , while the rest of the armed forces had the more plentiful military scale of rations .
Lieutenant Colonel C.P.D Legard , 5RIDG and the Regimental Sergeant Major W. Morris held their first parade on 22 July 1940 , at Weymouth Pavilion . The volunteers were informed of the intended role for the commandos and that training would be " tough and demanding and any who could not measure up to the standard required would be returned to their parent unit without any leave of appeal " .
Training started immediately and concentrated on physical fitness , weapons training , movement across country including cliff climbing , obstacle crossing and raiding operations . Weapons training was limited by the lack of anything other than the personal weapons ( rifles and pistols ) that each man had brought with him . Machine guns or anything heavier were available at the time . In August 1940 , some officers and non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCO ) were sent to Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands on a commando course . These men were then responsible for teaching the rest of the unit .
No. 4 Commando remained at Weymouth until 13 October 1940 , when it boarded trains for Scotland . Arriving on the River Clyde at 06 : 00 the next day , they were sent on board HMS Glengyle , an Infantry landing ship . Glengyle sailed on 18 October for Inveraray , to conduct training for the first time with Assault Landing Craft . The move to Scotland became permanent and No. 4 Commando were based at Ayr .
While all this was going on , a decision was made to concentrate the commandos and Independent Companies into five large 1 @,@ 000 man battalions , each of two companies . No. 4 Commando was renamed the No. 1 Company of the 3rd Special Service Battalion , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Lister . No. 2 Company was formed by the re @-@ designation of No. 7 Commando . This new formation proved to be too large and unwieldy in practice . Within three months , the Special Service Battalions were disbanded and the original commando units reformed but on a smaller scale with six troops instead of the original ten . Each troop would comprise three officers and 62 other ranks ; this number was set so each troop would fit into two Assault Landing Craft . The new formation also meant that two complete Commando units could be carried in the ' Glen ' type landing ship and one unit in the ' Dutch ' type landing ship .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Lofoten Islands = = =
On 20 February 1941 , No. 4 Commando were informed they would be going to Troon in Scotland for an exercise . The next day the unit boarded HMS Queen Emma , but on 22 February 1941 , after they anchored at Scapa Flow , their real objective was divulged . Together with No. 3 Commando they were to conduct Operation Claymore , a raid on the Lofoten Islands . Claymore 's main objective was to stop the manufacture of fish oil and its exportation to Germany , where it was used in making explosives .
Extra training commenced on board ship , including how the men were to get to their boat stations to disembark . Each troop also rehearsed its own part in the mission . Lectures were given in escape and evasion and troop commanders and NCO 's were given small silk maps of Norway to help with any escape attempt . Another item of escape equipment issued was a pair of trouser fly buttons that , when placed one on top of the other , became a small compass .
Claymore took place on 4 March 1941 . The Germans were caught unprepared and the landings were unopposed . Within an hour No. 4 Commando had taken all its objectives . The raid was a success : 11 fish oil factories and storage tanks were destroyed , 10 ships sunk , 225 prisoners taken with an unknown number of German sailors killed on the sunken ships . An added bonus were the 315 Norwegian volunteers brought back to join the Free Norwegian Forces .
= = = Operation Puma = = =
After returning from Norway , training started for Operation Puma , the occupation of the Canary Islands . The operation was planned following intelligence that Spain was going to join the war on the side of the Axis forces . The intention was to prevent Germany using the islands as a U @-@ Boat base . The force assembled included five commando units , an army
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" , and opined that his guarded personality was a way of " defying the good guy , bad guy stereotype " . The role was expanded following the casting of Divins . An article on Soaps.com wrote that Divins adapted the character from being a " West Coast music producer to [ an ] ambitious and tortured Crane heir " . Over the course of the show , Chad was defined by his " possibly incestuous relationship with his supposed half @-@ sister Whitney , and the gender @-@ bending incestuous relationship with his nephew @-@ niece , Vincent @-@ Valerie " . Swaby expressed disapproval of the direction of the character 's storyline when played by Divins .
Despite the controversy , and negative reception of Chad 's sexual encounters with Vincent , Divins noted " the characters and their relationship [ are ] important aspects of the show " . According to the blog " Out in Hollywood " , which is affiliated with the Los Angeles Daily News and cited as " one of the only gay @-@ themed blogs at any mainstream news organization in the country " , Divins identified Chad 's confusion over his sexual orientation as a " really strong undercurrent " of the storyline , saying " [ t ] he underlying drama of what 's going on is Chad 's denial and coping with it " . When queried by an interviewer about the reveal of Chad 's sexuality , Divins said the show would include clear representations of " male intimacy " . Divins described feeling uncomfortable shooting the scenes related the storylines , but viewed it as the perfect opportunity to sharpen his skills as an actor by adding " I confronted what was uncomfortable in me , and faced it " . He added that he wanted to make the character and storyline as " grounded and real as possible " and keep the focus on how Chad reconciles with his sexual orientation .
To prepare for the storyline , Divins consulted with his gay friends and asked them , " How do you approach a character like this and as a straight guy how do I play a convincing gay character ? " and " [ H ] ow do you make sure it being represented correctly and honestly ? " . Oprah Winfrey 's discussion of the down @-@ low on her talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show also helped Divins better understand the character . He believed the characters ' tumultuous romance with Whitney and Vincent met viewers ' expectations for a soap opera and said , " People watch soaps as an escape . People need drama . Whether you love it or hate it , people will talk about it . " Divins was unaware of the developments in Chad 's sexuality until he was given the script four days prior to the filming of the episodes . He said he was surprised by the real that Chad 's affair was with a man , but thought the soap opera 's " storytelling style lends itself to dramatic changes " . Divins praised the show for being " socially conscious " and having a black , gay character on daytime television regardless of any negative feedback from fans who supported Chad and Whitney as a couple . He stated the development of the character reflected the increasing invisibility of LGBT issues on television and in everyday society .
Throughout his run on Passions , the character received mixed feedback from the show 's cast members . Brook Kerr , who plays Chad 's primary love interest Whitney Russell , viewed her scenes with Chad as allowing her to explore more of Whitney 's independence and act the character in new and different ways . Phillip Jeanmarie , who plays the villain Vincent Clarkson , perceived Chad and his storyline with Vincent as a part of the larger history of the representation of LGBT persons in daytime television and cited it as inspiring future soap operas to address LGBT issues . However , Tracey Ross , who plays Russell family matriarch Eve Russell , revealed she " was never crazy about the incest storyline with Whitney and Chad " .
= = Storylines = =
Chad Harris @-@ Crane first appears in the episode airing on September 23 , 1999 , in which he moves from Los Angeles to Harmony , after discovering he was adopted , in order to find his real parents . While in Harmony , Chad encounters two people with information on his past - Orville Perkins and Crystal Harris . Orville , a senile old man , erroneously believes Chad is Eve 's long @-@ lost son with Crane Industries CEO Julian Crane and claims to have evidence proving this connection . In a desperate attempt to keep her past hidden , Eve burns down Orville 's house and any evidence inside and places him in a retirement home . Chad later meets jazz singer Crystal Harris , who was Eve 's confidante during her relationship with Julian and subsequent pregnancy . Crystal also offers information about Chad 's birth and parents , but is killed by a French drug cartel 's assassin Antoine , who mistakes her for socialite Sheridan Crane , before she can deliver it to him .
During this time , Chad meets and falls in love with Whitney Russell . Their relationship is complicated by her sister Simone Russell 's crush on him , and her parent 's disapproval of him . Eve discour
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that " It 's good to see Live make the package this time around , but we 're disappointed that after all these years LucasArts is still scratching around abusing the Star Wars brand in this way . There are some good ideas here that haven 't been realised , and we 're once again left waiting for the definitive Star Wars FPS to appear . "
IGN were more impressed , scoring the game 8 out of 10 . Although they were critical of the graphics and frame rate , and found the game to be inferior to Jedi Outcast , reviewer Steve Butts concluded " For the 15 or so hours that it lasted , I enjoyed Jedi Academy . " GameSpot 's Craig Beers scored the game 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 . He praised the mapping of the PC version 's controls to the Xbox Controller and the implementation of Xbox Live , but like IGN , he was critical of the frame rates . He concluded that " The game may not look great , but it translates well to the Xbox--for those who would prefer to play it on a console . It even caters to those who aren 't familiar with the Star Wars universe and just want pure action . In general , Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy is highly recommendable . " GameZone 's Nick Valentino scored the game 8 @.@ 2 out of 10 and was especially impressed with the use of Xbox live ; " the biggest draw--and the one that has me playing this one very often--is the fact that the multiplayer modes can also be played online using the Xbox Live service . That 's right , you read it correctly . You can duel against other Xbox gamers out there using any of the seven multiplayer modes and even talk trash using your Xbox Communicator . Here 's your chance to see if you 're truly good with the lightsaber . "
= Final Fantasy II =
Final Fantasy II ( ファイナルファンタジーII , Fainaru Fantajī Tsū ) is a fantasy role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) in 1988 for the Family Computer as the second installment of the Final Fantasy series . The game has received numerous enhanced remakes for the WonderSwan Color , the PlayStation , the Game Boy Advance , the PlayStation Portable , and multiple mobile and smartphone types . As neither this game nor Final Fantasy III were initially released outside Japan , Final Fantasy IV was originally released in North America as Final Fantasy II , so as not to confuse players . The most recent releases of the game are enhanced versions for the iOS and Android , which were released worldwide in 2010 and 2012 , respectively .
The game 's story centers on four youths whose parents were killed during an army invasion by the empire of Palamecia , who are using hellspawn to conquer the world . Three of the four main characters join a rebellion against the empire , embarking on missions to gain new magic and weapons , destroy enemy superweapons , and rescue leading members of the resistance . The Game Boy Advance remake adds a bonus story after the game is completed .
Final Fantasy II introduced many elements that would later become staples of the Final Fantasy franchise , including chocobos and the recurring character Cid . It also eliminated the traditional experience point leveling system of the previous and later games in the series , instead introducing an activity @-@ based progression system where the characters ' statistics increase according to how they are used or acquired . Despite being a sequel to Final Fantasy , the game includes no characters or locations from the first game . Final Fantasy II received little attention at the time from non @-@ Japanese reviewers , though its remakes have garnered favorable reviews .
= = Gameplay = =
Final Fantasy II features gameplay similar to that of its predecessor , Final Fantasy . The player can freely roam an overworld containing several towns and dungeons . A menu @-@ based system allows the player to outfit each character with equipment and up to two — often disposable — items for battle . Magic spells are assigned to the character from the item menu , and certain spells , such as " Cure " , can be used outside of battle . The player can also save their progress on the overworld . Weapons , armor , items , and magic spells can be purchased at shops , and townspeople provide useful information for the player 's progression through the game . One new feature is the " Word Memory " system : when in conversation with non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) , the player can " ask " about and " memorize " special keywords or phrases , which can later be repeated to other NPCs to gain more information or unlock new actions . Similarly , there exist a handful of special items that can be shown to NPCs during conversation or used on certain objects , which have the same effect . Characters and monsters are no longer separated into separate windows in the battle screen as they were in the first Final Fantasy , and players can see their current and total hit points below the battle . Players can also fight with less than four characters in their party , which was not possible in the first game . Final Fantasy II introduced the chocobo , the signature Final Fantasy mascot , which lets characters ride to a location at great speed without being attacked by enemies . The recurring character Cid was also introduced in II ; a character of the same name has appeared in every main @-@ series game since .
On the overworld and within dungeons , random encounters with enemies can be fought to improve each character 's attributes . Unlike the original Final Fantasy , players could not upgrade their characters ' classes . The game is also one of the few games in the series to not use experience @-@ based levels . Instead , each character participating in battle develops depending on what actions they take . For instance , characters who frequently use a particular type of weapon will become more adept at wielding a weapon of that type , and will also increase in physical strength and accuracy . Attributes include hit points , magic points , magic power , stamina , strength , spirit , agility , intelligence , and evasion . Players can also increase their ability to wield certain types of weapon , and repeated use in combat causes the ability to level up . Hit points ( HP ) and magic points ( MP ) increase with their use ; a character who takes a heavy amount of damage in a battle might earn an increase in maximum HP , while a character who uses a lot of MP during battle might increase their maximum MP . This experience system had several unintended consequences that allowed characters to gain much more experience than intended , such as players having their characters attack each other and repeatedly cast spells , thus causing their HP and abilities to grow extensively . Final Fantasy II uses the same turn @-@ based battle system seen in the original Final Fantasy , with battle parties consisting of up to four characters at a time . The game introduces a " back row " in battle , within which characters or enemies are immune to most physical attacks , but can be harmed with bows and magical attacks .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters = = =
Final Fantasy II features four playable characters as well as several secondary characters who are only briefly controlled by the player . Primary characters include Firion ( フリオニール , Furionīru , " Frioniel " in the Japanese release and English NES prototype ) , a resident of the country of Fynn and the main protagonist ; Maria ( マリア ) , a soft @-@ spoken archer and dedicated enemy of the Empire ; Guy ( ガイ , Gai , " Gus " in the remake for the PlayStation ) , a simple monk who communicates with animals ; and Leon ( レオンハルト , Reonharuto , " Leonhart " in the Japanese release and English NES prototype ) , a conflicted dark knight who is missing for most of the game . Five
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playable characters temporarily join the party to assist Firion , Maria , and Guy in their missions for the rebellion . These are Gordon ( ゴードン , Gōdon ) , the prince of Kas 'ion and a member of the rebellion ; Josef ( ヨーゼフ , Yōzefu ) , a villager in the town of Salamand ; Leila ( レイラ , Reira , " Reila " in the Japanese release and English NES prototype ) , a pirate ; Minwu ( ミンウ , Min 'u , " Mindu " in the PlayStation remake and " Ming @-@ Wu " in the Japanese release and English NES prototype ) , who is a White Mage with the rebellion , and Ricard Highwind ( リチャード ・ ハイウインド , Richādo Haiuindo , " Gareth " in the PlayStation remake , Edward in the English NES prototype and " Richard " in the Japanese release ) , who is the first dragoon to appear in the series .
Firion and the Emperor of Palamecia ( パラメキア皇帝 , Paramekia Kōtei ) ( named Mateus ( マティウス , Matiusu ) in Kenji Terada 's novelization of the game ) are the respective hero and villain representing Final Fantasy II in Dissidia Final Fantasy , a fighting game featuring characters from across the series . Firion is voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa in the Japanese version and by Johnny Yong Bosch in the English version ; Mateus is voiced by Kenyu Horiuchi in the Japanese version and Christopher Corey Smith in the English version . In the PlayStation 's opening FMV of Final Fantasy II , Firion is also voiced by Yukimasa Obi , while Maria is played by Noriko Shitaya , Guy by Kenta Miyake , and Leon by Takayuki Yamaguchi .
= = = Story = = =
Final Fantasy II begins as Firion , Maria , Guy and Leon are attacked by Palamecian Black Knight soldiers and left for dead . Firion , Maria , and Guy are rescued by Princess Hilda , who has established a rebel base in the town of Altair after her kingdom of Fynn was invaded by the Emperor . Hilda denies their request to join the rebel army because they are too young and inexperienced . The three set off for Fynn in search of Leon ; there they find a dying Prince Scott of Kashuan , Hilda 's fiancé , who informs them that a former knight of Fynn , Borghen , betrayed the rebellion and became a General in the Imperial army . The party returns to Altair to inform Hilda . She allows the group to join the rebellion and asks them to journey north to find mythril , a metal which could be used to create powerful weapons . The party makes its way north to the occupied village of Salamand , saves the villagers forced to work in the nearby mines , and retrieves the mythril .
For their next mission , the party is sent to the city of Bafsk to prevent the construction of a large airship known as the Dreadnought ; however , it takes off just as they arrive . After retrieving the Sunfire , a weapon which can blow up the Dreadnought , they watch helplessly as an airship with Hilda on board is captured by the Dreadnought . When the Dreadnought lands to stock up on supplies , the party rescues Hilda and throws the Sunfire into the airship 's engine . Before escaping from the explosion , the party encounters a dark knight whom Maria thinks she recognizes as Leon .
On his deathbed , the King of Fynn tasks the party to seek the help of the seemingly extinct dragoons of Deist . In Deist , the party finds only a mother with her son , learning that all but one of the Dragoons are dead , partly as a result of Imperial poison . After placing an egg of the last wyvern in a cavern , the party returns to Altair and rescues Hilda from the Empire a second time , before successfully reclaiming Fynn from the Imperial forces . They then travel west in search of a powerful magic item , joining forces with the last surviving dragoon on the way . The party returns to Fynn and sees that many towns have been destroyed by a cyclone summoned by the Emperor . The party calls upon the newly born last wyvern to take them to a castle inside the cyclone , where they confront and kill the Emperor . Back at Fynn , everyone celebrates the Empire 's defeat , but a mortally wounded Fynn soldier arrives and reveals that Leon has taken the throne and plans to destroy the Rebels with the Imperial army .
The party enters the castle of Palamecia and confronts Leon . However , the Emperor reappears in the throne room in a new demonic form , revealing he has returned from Hell with the intention of destroying the entire world . The party and Leon escape Palamecia Castle with the wyvern , as the castle is replaced with the palace of Hell , Pandaemonium . Leon agrees to help the group seal the Emperor away . The party travels to the Jade Passage , an underground passage to the underworld , and finds the portal to Pandaemonium , where they finally defeat the Emperor .
The Dawn of Souls remake of the game for the Game Boy Advance includes an additional mission that takes place after the game , called " Soul of Rebirth " . The story of the bonus mission follows several characters who died during the story of the game as they travel through alternate versions of several locations in the game and defeat another version of the Emperor .
= = Development = =
During the development of the first installment in the series , Square 's management decided to manufacture 400 @,@ 000 copies of the game to make a sequel possible . As there were no concrete ideas for Final Fantasy II from the start , it was eventually taken in a new direction and included none of the previous game 's characters or locations . Hironobu Sakaguchi , who had previously served as the main planner for Final Fantasy , assumed the role of director to accommodate for the larger development team .
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Using the experience gained from the first installment , which focused more on fitting story ideas into their new gameplay system and game world , the developers fully crafted the story of Final Fantasy II first . The gameplay was then built around the narrative . The experience system was designed to be a more realistic advancement system than that of the first game . Several members of the original staff from the first game reprised their jobs for Final Fantasy II . Sakaguchi again created the plot for the title , with the actual scenario written by Kenji Terada . Nobuo Uematsu composed the music , as he had for the first game , while Yoshitaka Amano was again the concept artist . As with the original , Final Fantasy II was programmed by Nasir Gebelli . Midway through the development of the game , Gebelli was forced to return to Sacramento , California from Japan due to an expired work visa . The rest of the development staff followed him to Sacramento with necessary materials and equipment and finished production of the game there . The game was released one day less than a year after the first game came out .
In April 1989 , the game was novelized by its original scenario writer Kenji Terada under the title Final Fantasy II : Muma no Meikyū ( lit . " The Labyrinth of Nightmares " ) . It was published in Japan exclusively by Kadokawa Shoten .
= = Music = =
The music for Final Fantasy II was later arranged by Tsuyoshi Sekito for the WonderSwan Color , PlayStation , and Game Boy Advance remakes . Although the two soundtracks were composed separately , the soundtrack to II has only been released as a combined album with the soundtrack to Final Fantasy I. They were first released as All Sounds of Final Fantasy I • II in 1989 , which was then republished in 1994 . An arranged album of music from the two soundtracks titled Symphonic Suite Final Fantasy was also released in 1989 , while Final Fantasy & Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack , a combined soundtrack album for the PlayStation versions of the games , was released in 2002 and re @-@ released in 2004 . The music of Final Fantasy II has also appeared in various official concerts and live albums , such as 20020220 music from Final Fantasy , a live recording of an orchestra performing music from the series including several pieces from the games . Additionally , several songs from the game were performed as part of a medley by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra for the Distant Worlds – Music from Final Fantasy concert tour , while a different medley of songs from the game were performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra in the Tour de Japon : Music from Final Fantasy concert series .
= = Versions and re @-@ releases = =
Final Fantasy has been remade several times for different platforms , and has frequently been packaged with Final Fantasy I in various collections . While all of these remakes retain the same basic story and battle mechanics , various tweaks have been made in different areas , including graphics , sound , and specific game elements .
= = = Unreleased English version = = =
Following the successful North American release of the original Final Fantasy by Nintendo in 1990 , Square Soft , Square 's North American subsidiary , began work on an English language localization of Final Fantasy II , to be called Final Fantasy II : Dark Shadow Over Palakia . Assigned to the project was Kaoru Moriyama , whose later work included script translations for Final Fantasy IV and Secret of Mana ( known as Seiken Densetsu 2 in Japan ) . Although a beta version was produced , and the game was advertised in several Square Soft trade publications , the long development time , the age of the original Japanese game and the arrival of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , the NES 's successor console , led Square Soft to cancel work on the Final Fantasy II localization in favor of the recently released Final Fantasy IV ( which , to avoid confusing North American players , was retitled Final Fantasy II to reflect the jump in releases ) .
Although a prototype cartridge of the English NES Final Fantasy II was produced , the project was , by Moriyama 's own admission , still far from complete ; " We had so very limited memory capacity we could use for each game , and it was never really " translating " but chopping up the information and cramming them back in ... [ Additionally ] our boss had no understanding in putting in extra work for the English version at that time . " In 2003 , when the game was finally released to English @-@ speaking audiences as part of Final Fantasy Origins , it was released with new graphics , music , and a brand new translation under the supervision of Akira Kashiwagi . A fan translation of the original game was also created prior to the release of Origins , and makes use of an original translation as the existence of the prototype cartridge was not common knowledge at the time .
= = = Re @-@ releases = = =
In addition to its original Famicom release , Final Fantasy II was re @-@ released on the WonderSwan Color in 2001 , and both singularly and as part of a collection with Final Fantasy I for the PlayStation in 2002 . It was released on the Game Boy Advance in 2004 as part of Final Fantasy I & II : Dawn of Souls , on the PlayStation Portable in 2007 , and for the Japanese Wii Virtual Console on June 16 , 2009 .
The Final Fantasy I • II collection included the original game with only minor changes . The WonderSwan Color remake of the game was first released on May 3 , 2001 , and later included as a bundle with a special Final Fantasy II edition of the console . It included completely redone graphics in the manner of the 16 @-@ bit generation Final Fantasy games and includes larger character sprites , remixed music by Tsuyoshi Sekito , and full graphical backgrounds in battle mode .
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The PlayStation version featured even more graphical updates over the WonderSwan version , and the soundtrack was again remixed by Tsuyoshi Sekito to a higher quality so as to utilise the audio capabilities of the PlayStation . Sekito also composed a few new tracks to be used in the new cutscenes . It was published both individually ( in Japan only ) and alongside Final Fantasy I in a collection entitled Final Fantasy Origins ( or Final Fantasy I + II Premium Collection in Japan ) ; this was the first release of the game outside Japan . On December 18 , 2012 the port was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box package .
Final Fantasy II was again released in a new format in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance as part of Final Fantasy I & II : Dawn of Souls . The primary change for this version was the addition of a bonus storyline entitled Soul of Rebirth accessible to the player after completing the game . In 2004 and 2006 , Square Enix released a version of Final Fantasy II for three Japanese mobile phone networks . To celebrate the Final Fantasy series ' 20th anniversary , the game was released in Japan for the PlayStation Portable in 2007 . The remake features improved graphics , the cutscenes and soundtrack from Final Fantasy Origins , and the bonus quest and dungeons from Final Fantasy I & II : Dawn of Souls . It additionally includes two new dungeons in which more character @-@ specific equipment can be found , alongside powerful enemies and a new boss . The release for the Japanese Virtual Console on June 16 , 2009 for the Wii , December 11 , 2013 for the Wii U and on February 12 , 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS is identical to the original Famicom release , incorporating none of the updates of the later versions . On February 25 , 2010 , Square Enix released a port of the PSP version modified with touchscreen controls for the iOS platform . Following this , a touchscreen port was brought to Android in 2012 through the Google Play store .
= = Reception = =
According to Square 's publicity department , the original Famicom release sold 800 @,@ 000 copies . As of March 31 , 2003 , the game , including all re @-@ releases at the time , had shipped 1 @.@ 28 million copies worldwide , with 1
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@.@ 08 million of those copies being shipped in Japan and 200 @,@ 000 abroad . Despite having only been released in June of that year , as of September 2007 the PlayStation Portable version had shipped 90 @,@ 000 copies in Japan and 70 @,@ 000 in North America . Despite these high sales , the game had sold the least copies of any of the first ten main games in the Final Fantasy series .
Upon release , Famicom Tsūshin ( now Famitsu ) gave the original Famicom version a score of 35 out of 40 , based on a panel of four reviewers giving it ratings of 9 , 9 , 9 and 8 out of 10 . This made it one of their three highest @-@ rated games of 1988 , along with Dragon Quest III ( which scored 38 / 40 ) and Super Mario Bros. 3 ( which scored 35 / 40 ) . It was also one of the magazine 's five highest @-@ rated games up until 1988 , along with Dragon Quest II ( which scored 38 / 40 ) and Zelda II : The Adventure of Link ( which scored 36 / 40 ) . The 1989 " All Soft Catalog " issue of Famicom Tsūshin included Final Fantasy II in its list of the best games of all time , giving it the Best Scenario award . Retrospectively , G4 described the stat @-@ building system as an " Innovation " , noting that " Computer RPGs took the “ level ” system wholesale from tabletop role @-@ playing games and made it a genre staple , but FF2 eliminated levels altogether , " but that what " sounds novel at first wound up being a huge mess " .
The game 's re @-@ releases have been more heavily reviewed . Famitsu magazine scored the WonderSwan version of the game a 30 out of 40 , and GameSpot noted the Dawn of Souls ' mostly outdated graphics but praised its length and bonus content . IGN noted the great improvement in the translation of the story over Final Fantasy I and the addition of later Final Fantasy features , such as being able to save anywhere in the overworld map without a tent or cabin . The Dawn of Souls release was named the IGN Game Boy " Game of the Month " for March 2004 , and the package was rated 76th in Nintendo Power 's Top 200 Games list . The dialogue system was thought to be time consuming and stilted , but was still a milestone for interactivity . The story was considered to be much more involved and deep than the first Final Fantasy , as it involved romance and the death of characters . The game 's plot was thought by some reviewers to mirror elements of Star Wars : A New Hope in its use of an orphan joining a rebellion against an empire that was building a massive ship , with a captive princess inside . GameSpy praised the addition of the ability to save the game at any time , calling the feature crucial for a game on a handheld game console , and in contrast to GameSpot , praised the graphics , saying that while they were primitive , they were " well @-@ suited " to the Game Boy Advance .
The PSP version was met with generally average reviews . GameSpot described the " more intriguing " story and " key words " system as " notable " in " the evolution of the series and genre " but called the level up system " chaotic " and noted that unlike previous versions , this was shipped without a version of Final Fantasy I. IGN described the " dialogue and story " as " much more interesting than " its predecessor and the " proficiency system not unlike what 's found in The Elder Scrolls " as a " semi @-@ innovation " for its time , but also complained about the gameplay , saying , " If you 're the type of player who puts a higher emphasis on more satisfying gameplay experiences [ ... ] then FF2 definitely isn 't the upgrade it appears to be . " Both sources praised the graphics , however . GameSpy , however , while echoing similar complaints about the "
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= = = Timeline = = =
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Melissa ( 1983 )
Don 't Break the Oath ( 1984 )
In the Shadows ( 1993 )
Time ( 1994 )
Into the Unknown ( 1996 )
Dead Again ( 1998 )
9 ( 1999 )
= Barbara Gittings =
Barbara Gittings ( July 31 , 1932 – February 18 , 2007 ) was a prominent American activist for gay equality . She organized the New York chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis ( DOB ) from 1958 to 1963 , edited the national DOB magazine The Ladder from 1963 – 66 , and worked closely with Frank Kameny in the 1960s on the first picket lines that brought attention to the ban on employment of gay people by the largest employer in the US at that time : the United States government . Her early experiences with trying to learn more about lesbianism fueled her lifetime work with libraries . In the 1970s , Gittings was most involved in the American Library Association , especially its gay caucus , the first such in a professional organization , in order to promote positive literature about homosexuality in libraries . She was a part of the movement to get the American Psychiatric Association to drop homosexuality as a mental illness in 1972 . Her self @-@ described life mission was to tear away the " shroud of invisibility " related to homosexuality , which had theretofore been associated with crime and mental illness .
She was awarded a lifetime membership in the American Library Association , and the ALA named an annual award for the best gay or lesbian novel the The Barbara Gittings Award . The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) also named an activist award for her . At her memorial service , Matt Foreman , the executive director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said , " What do we owe Barbara ? Everything . "
= = Early life = =
= = = Education = = =
Barbara Gittings was born to Elizabeth ( née Brooks ) Gittings and John Sterett Gittings in Vienna , Austria , where her father was serving as a U.S. diplomat . Barbara and her siblings attended Catholic schools in Montreal . She was so immersed in Catholicism at one point in her childhood that she considered becoming a nun . Her family returned to the United States at the outbreak of World War II and settled in Wilmington , Delaware . Although aware of her attraction to other girls , Gittings said she first heard the word " homosexual " when she was rejected for membership in the National Honor Society in high school . Despite being an excellent student , a teacher who had reservations about her character took her aside and told her that the rejection was based on what the teacher believed were " homosexual inclinations " .
While majoring in drama at Northwestern University , Gittings developed a close but non @-@ sexual friendship with another female student , prompting rumors that the two were lesbians , which led Gittings to examine her own sexual orientation . In her attempts to understand it , she had her suspicions confirmed by a psychiatrist who offered to cure her . Not having enough money to make regular visits , she was unable to get the money from her father , who reasoned there were no problems a psychiatrist could solve that a priest could not . A close friend suggested they see less of each other so as not to further encourage the rumors about them .
Having no one to talk to about the issues that were consuming her , she decided to read as much as she could on the topic . She found very little , and much of what she found described homosexuals as " deviants " , " perverts " , and " abnormal " in medical books and texts on abnormal psychology , or odd generalizations that stated homosexuals were unable to whistle
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superior surveillance capability compared to the British Lynx . They would locate hostile boats for the British helicopters , which would then attack the target with its Sea Skua missiles . In total , Lynx helicopters flew nearly 600 sorties during the Gulf War , while their crews and engineers maintained flying rates three times their norm .
Despite her parent ship dodging mines and maintaining the air defence line as the closest non @-@ US to Kuwait for the first 4 weeks of the 1991 War , Cardiff 's Lynx helicopter , no . 335 of 815 NAS , saw more of the combat in the Gulf War than Cardiff actually did . On 24 January 1991 , no . 335 spotted Iraqi minesweepers and landing craft going to support the Iraqi land operations of the Battle of Khafji . 335 attacked and sank one - the first successful British naval engagement of the war . Later that day , Qaruh Island was captured by coalition forces , becoming the first Kuwaiti territory to be liberated . Overnight five days later ( 30 – 31 January 1991 ) with Lynxes from Gloucester and Brazen , no . 335 attacked at least two Iraqi missile firing fast patrol boats vessels exiting the Shatt Al Arab . Cardiff and 335 sank two more Iraqi ships in February . Cardiff and Brazen were relieved in mid February by Group Yankee , comprising Brave , Brilliant , Exeter and Manchester .
= = = Post Gulf War = = =
After the Gulf War , Cardiff 's assignments included a deployment with the Standing Naval Force Mediterranean , a post Cold War NATO immediate reaction force in the Mediterranean , and counter @-@ narcotics patrols in the West Indies , during which she also assisted with relief tasks on the island of Eleuthera in the wake of Hurricane Andrew .
Cardiff later returned to the Persian Gulf for seven months .
On 14 October 1994 , in response to renewed Iraqi deployment of troops near the Kuwaiti border , the US @-@ led Operation Vigilant Warrior began . The operation was designed to deter Saddam 's " sabre @-@ rattling " by sending large amounts of allied military forces to Kuwait ; Cornwall and Cardiff were the UK contribution . The operation ended on 21 December 1994 , when Saddam pulled back his forces .
Upon her return to the UK from Operation Vigilant Warrior , Cardiff participated in the 1995 NATO exercise " Strong Resolve " , a training exercise conducted every four years in dual crisis management . The ship next underwent Operational Sea Training ( OST ) at Portland , in preparation for assuming the duty of Fleet Ready Escort , which required a ship to be available to deploy anywhere in the world at short notice . After completing OST , she attended the 50th VE Day anniversary in Copenhagen and Oslo and provided navigational sea training for frigate and destroyer navigating officer candidates . A visit to her namesake city of Cardiff for VJ Day celebrations followed , after which she sailed to Plymouth for a trials and weapon training programme . She then took part in Operation Bright Star , a multi @-@ national exercise conducted every two years in Egypt . In November , Cardiff became the first Royal Navy ship to enter the Lebanese capital of Beirut in 27 years , spurring the creation of the Beirut Phoenicians Rugby Club , followed by visits to Tunisia and Gibraltar .
In 2000 , as part of the Royal Navy 's Atlantic Patrol Task North , Cardiff spent six months in the Caribbean with RFA Black Rover . They provided relief aid to the island of Caye Caulker , near Belize , in the wake of Hurricane Keith . In addition to clearing routes , distributing supplies , and making buildings and electrical cables safe , Cardiff 's surgeon and medical team monitored sanitation . In October , they also took part in the NATO exercise " Unified Spirit " , held off the east coast of the United States . " Unified Spirit " is a training exercise conducted every four years in NATO @-@ led " out @-@ of @-@ area " UN peace support operations . In the same year she participated in the US Navy Fleet Battle Exercise after her combat system was integrated into the Digital Fires Network .
Cardiff conducted her last Armilla patrol in early 2003 . During her time in the Persian Gulf , Cardiff prevented more than £ 2 million of illegal cargo from being smuggled out of Iraq , inspected 178 vessels , and seized more than 25 @,@ 000 tonnes of oil . The destroyer was relieved by Richmond before the beginning of the Iraq War and returned to Portsmouth on 4 April 2003 . In late 2003 , the ship was involved in the annual Sea Days demonstration exercise , and in October was used for tests of QinetiQ 's Maritime Tactical Network .
In 2005 , she participated in the Trafalgar 200 International Fleet Review , just two weeks before she was decommissioned . In this post Gulf War period , the Royal Navy 's first female chaplain also served on board .
= = Decommissioning and fate = =
Cardiff was originally to be replaced in 2009 by Daring , the first of the Royal Navy 's next generation Type 45 destroyers . However , it was announced in July 2004 that she would be one of a number of ships withdrawn from service early , in accordance with the " Delivering Security in a Changing World " white paper on the British military .
Cardiff was decommissioned on 14 July 2005 , after making a final visit to her namesake city , where members of the public were allowed on board . She then stayed in Portsmouth Harbour at Fareham
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. That changes when Ta sees her in a Western dress ( " Like a God " ) .
Linda comes to Madam Liang 's graduation party from citizenship school with Linda 's " brother " ( actually the comedian from Sammy 's nightclub ) and presents herself as Ta 's intended , with her " brother " giving his consent for the marriage . The extroverted , Americanized woman is not what Wang has in mind for his elder son , and Wang and Ta argue . Sammy Fong arrives and quickly penetrates Linda 's scheme : Linda , frustrated by the five years she has been seeing Sammy , is determined to marry someone , and if Sammy won 't step forward , she will settle for Ta . Sammy quickly strikes back by inviting the Wangs , Mei Li and her father to watch the show at his " Celestial Bar " ( " Fan Tan Fannie " ) . Linda does her striptease , realizing too late who is sitting at the best table . Sammy 's special guests storm out , except for Ta , who is so humiliated that he does not know what to do . He is led away by childhood friend Helen Chao , a seamstress who fits Linda 's costumes for her , and whose love for Ta is unrequited . Linda , goaded beyond endurance when Sammy raises his glass to her , dumps a champagne bucket over his head .
Act II : The drunken Ta spends the night at Helen 's apartment ( " Ballet " ) . In the morning , Mei Li delivers Master Wang 's coat for Helen to mend and is distressed to see Ta 's dinner jacket there . Mei Li jumps to conclusions and leaves horrified . Ta leaves the lonely Helen , totally oblivious to her attempts to interest him . Wang wants the bar and its " evil spirits " shut down ; his sister @-@ in @-@ law informs him that free enterprise cannot be shut down , and the two wonder at the foibles of the younger generation ( " The Other Generation " ) . Ta arrives home to admit that his father was right , Mei Li is the girl for him . But now , Mei Li wants nothing to do with him , and the Lis leave the Wang home . Sammy Fong and Linda decide to get married ( " Sunday " ) , but when he goes to the Three Family Association ( a benevolent association ) to announce Linda as his bride , he finds Mei Li and her father there , and the elders insist that he honor his betrothal to the immigrant girl .
Ta brings Mei Li a wedding gift of a pair of his mother 's earrings that she wore on her wedding day and tries unsuccessfully to hide the fact that he is now deeply in love with her . The wedding procession moves down San Francisco 's Grant Avenue with the bride , heavily veiled , carried on a sedan chair ( " Wedding Parade " ) . Sammy drinks from the traditional wedding goblet , then offers the goblet to his new bride . Unveiled , Mei Li confesses to Sammy 's mother that she cannot marry Sammy as she is an illegal alien – a tactic she learned by watching American television . The contract is void , and that gives both Sammy and Ta the opportunity to marry their true loves , Linda and Mei Li .
= = = Casting and tryouts = = =
According to Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest , Rodgers , Hammerstein and Fields had hoped to engage Yul Brynner as director . Brynner , who had gained fame in the team 's 1951 hit , The King and I , was an accomplished director . However , he was busy starring in The Sound and the Fury , and they could not negotiate his release from Twentieth @-@ Century Fox . Instead , they hired actor and dancer Gene Kelly , who had never directed on stage before . Kelly felt that the work would not be one of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's best , but " as long as I crammed the show brim @-@ full of every joke and gimmick in the book , I could get it to work " .
The three producers sought Chinese , or at least Asian , actors to fill the cast , an idea that was , at the time , considered " very risky " . In the 1950s , there were relatively few Asian @-@ American actors ; Rodgers believed that Asians avoided acting because of shyness . Critics note , in any case , that Asian @-@ Americans " had found few opportunities in mainstream theatre . " Joshua Logan recommended a young Japanese actress , Miyoshi Umeki , whom he had discovered and cast the previous year opposite Marlon Brando in the film Sayonara ( for which she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar ) ; she was cast as Mei Li . They cast Keye Luke , well known as Charlie Chan 's Number One Son , as Master Wang . Rodgers and Hammerstein considered young talent from The King and I who might fit the parts , and came up with teenager Patrick Adiarte , a Filipino @-@ American who had played several of the young princes as he grew up , before finishing as the crown prince , Chulalongkorn . A talented dancer , he was cast as Wang San , Ta 's thoroughly Americanized younger brother . Pat Suzuki , a Japanese @-@ American who had been interned during World War II , was a recent arrival in New York who had made strong positive impressions for her singing on such television programs as The Tonight Show ( with Jack Paar ) and The Ed Sullivan Show . She became the first Linda Low , as Ta 's nightclub love interest was renamed .
The team found it difficult to fill the remaining places in the company with Asian performers , especially in the chorus . Four other shows with Asian themes had opened or were in rehearsal in New York , and the demand for the few Asian actors was strong . Kelly and the show 's choreographer , Carol Haney , journeyed to cities across the country to seek out talent . Agents were sent to other cities ; in Honolulu , they found nightclub singer and Native Hawaiian Ed Kenney , who would originate Wang Ta . Meanwhile , in New York , the three producers were visiting dance schools . An advertisement in New York Chinatown newspapers received one response . No formal audition was held in San Francisco 's Chinatown , and the only find was Forbidden City nightclub comedian Goro " Jack " Suzuki ( who soon changed his name to Jack Soo ) , who was cast as Frankie Wing , comedian at Sammy Fong 's Celestial Bar . The role of Fong proved difficult to cast . Initially , it was given to Larry Storch , a nightclub comic , but during the Boston tryouts , it was given to another Caucasian , Larry Blyden , who was married to Carol Haney , the show 's choreographer . The role of Madam Liang , Master Wang 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , fell to Juanita Hall , a light @-@ skinned African American who had played a Tonkinese ( Vietnamese ) woman , Bloody Mary , in South Pacific . Another African @-@ American performer , Diahann Carroll , was considered for the cast but not hired . Rodgers later wrote , " what was important was that the actors gave the illusion of being Chinese . This demonstrates one of the most wonderful things about theatre audiences . People want to believe what they see on a stage , and they will gladly go along with whatever is done to achieve the desired effect . Ask them to accept Ezio Pinza as a Frenchman [ in South Pacific ] , Yul Brynner as Siamese and they are prepared to meet you nine tenths of the way even before the curtain goes up . "
When rehearsals began in September 1958 , Hammerstein was absent , still recuperating from his surgery . Rodgers was present , but kept falling asleep . Hammerstein was told by his son James that Kelly was ineffective as a director , and began attending rehearsals . A number of changes were made to the songs . " My Best Love " , a song for Master Wang , was at first thought better suited to his sister @-@ in @-@ law , but when Juanita Hall could not make it work , the song was cut entirely . Rodgers and Hammerstein transformed a song entitled " She Is Beautiful " into " You Are Beautiful "
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= = =
The observation of Jupiter dates back to the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC . The ancient Chinese referred to Jupiter as " the Year Star " ( Sui @-@ xing 歲星 ) , and by the 4th century BC had divided the sky into twelve zodiacal regions , with Jupiter passing through one each year . The Chinese historian Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De , an ancient Chinese astronomer , discovered one of Jupiter 's moons in 362 BC with the unaided eye . If accurate , this would predate Galileo 's discovery by nearly two millennia . In his 2nd century work the Almagest , the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter 's motion relative to Earth , giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332 @.@ 38 days , or 11 @.@ 86 years . In 499 , Aryabhata , a mathematician – astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy , also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter 's period as 4332 @.@ 2722 days , or 11 @.@ 86 years .
= = = Ground @-@ based telescope research = = =
In 1610 , Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter ( now known as the Galilean moons ) using a telescope ; thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth 's . One day after Galileo , Simon Marius independently discovered moons around Jupiter , though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614 . It was Marius 's names for the four major moons , however , that stuck — Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto . These findings were also the first discovery of celestial motion not apparently centered on Earth . The discovery was a major point in favor of Copernicus ' heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets ; Galileo 's outspoken support of the Copernican theory placed him under the threat of the Inquisition .
During the 1660s , Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots and colorful bands on Jupiter and observed that the planet appeared oblate ; that is , flattened at the poles . He was also able to estimate the rotation period of the planet . In 1690 Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes differential rotation .
The Great Red Spot , a prominent oval @-@ shaped feature in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter , may have been observed as early as 1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Cassini , although this is disputed . The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831 .
The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878 . It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century .
Both Giovanni Borelli and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter 's moons , allowing predictions of the times when the moons would pass before or behind the planet . By the 1670s , it was observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth , these events would occur about 17 minutes later than expected . Ole Rømer deduced that sight is not instantaneous ( a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected ) , and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the speed of light .
In 1892 , E. E. Barnard observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the 36 @-@ inch ( 910 mm ) refractor at Lick Observatory in California . The discovery of this relatively small object , a testament to his keen eyesight , quickly made him famous . This moon was later named Amalthea . It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by visual observation .
In 1932 , Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter .
Three long @-@ lived anticyclonic features termed white ovals were observed in 1938 . For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere , sometimes approaching each other but never merging . Finally , two of the ovals merged in 1998 , then absorbed the third in 2000 , becoming Oval BA .
= = = Radiotelescope research = = =
In 1955 , Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin detected bursts of radio signals coming from Jupiter at 22 @.@ 2 MHz . The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet , and they were also able to use this information to refine the rotation rate . Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms : long bursts ( or L @-@ bursts ) lasting up to several seconds , and short bursts ( or S @-@ bursts ) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second .
Scientists discovered that there were three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter .
Decametric radio bursts ( with a wavelength of tens of meters ) vary with the rotation of Jupiter , and are influenced by interaction of Io with Jupiter 's magnetic field .
Decimetric radio emission ( with wavelengths measured in centimeters ) was first observed by Frank Drake and Hein Hvatum in 1959 . The origin of this signal was from a torus @-@ shaped belt around Jupiter 's equator . This signal is caused by cyclotron radiation from electrons that are accelerated in
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makes a plea deal : Kate gets ten years probation , but must stay in the state of California . Jack meets Kate in the parking garage . He admits that he still loves her ( in contrast to his false testimony under oath on her behalf ) and asks to go out for coffee with her . Kate responds that they cannot go out until he is willing to visit her baby . It is then revealed that Kate is raising Claire Littleton 's ( Emilie de Ravin ) son Aaron ( William Blanchette ) as her own .
= = Production = =
Greggory " Gregg " Nations worked as the script coordinator for the late 1990s CBS television series Nash Bridges . Lost 's show runners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse — the former was a writer and the latter was the show runner for Nash Bridges — hired Nations to serve as Lost 's script coordinator in the 2005 alongside pre @-@ production of the second season . Nations rewatched every episode and created a series " Bible " and timeline . Nations made his direct Lost writing debut with " Eggtown " . Nations would be promoted to a coproducer for the show 's fifth season .
Lindelof and Cuse hyped in September 2007 that " Eggtown " would conclude Kate 's potential pregnancy . After having sex a few times in the third season , Kate and Sawyer begin to wonder if Kate is pregnant . In " Eggtown " , Kate exclaims to Sawyer that she is not pregnant and Sawyer rejoices , causing Kate to become angry with him and suddenly leave the Barracks . Evangeline Lilly was excited by Kate 's new connection to Aaron . Lilly has said that if she could choose to play another Lost character , it would be Claire because of Aaron . Now she gets to have Aaron while portraying Kate . She also enjoyed Kate having more responsibility because it puts her in a different situation from previous seasons .
The word " Eggtown " is not directly referenced in the episode , resulting in online speculation and confusion . According to Lindelof and Cuse , it has been " the most questioned title of the show " . Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly suggested that the title was a reference to the ancient cosmic egg concept or the chicken or the egg causality dilemma , while John Kubicek of BuddyTV guessed that it was a shout @-@ out to the children 's book and film called The Easter Egg Adventure , which depicts roosters attempting to steal Easter eggs from the animals of a place called Egg Town or that it was an allusion to the Great Depression slang term , which was used in the 1930s when describing a bad deal . Lindelof and Cuse confirmed that the episode was primarily named as such because Locke fries eggs for Ben 's breakfast and secondarily because the story deals with Kate 's possible pregnancy .
" Eggtown " continues Lost 's pattern of featuring numerous literary references , which may allude to a favourite book of the writers or a story similar to that of a character . Locke gives Ben Philip K. Dick 's VALIS , a 1981 science fiction novel about a gnostic vision of one aspect of God . Sawyer reads The Invention of Morel , a 1940 science fiction novel by Argentine writer Adolfo Bioy Casares about a fugitive who hides on a deserted Pacific island where the people are only images and do not exist .
Hurley also asks James if he would like to watch Xanadu or a fictional film called Satan 's Doom but James replies saying that he is reading a book . Hurley then plays Xanadu and we hear the film 's title song .
= = Reception = =
" Eggtown " was watched by 13 @.@ 647 million American viewers , ranking Lost seventh of the week in Nielsen ratings . The episode was watched by a total of 15 @.@ 438 million viewers , including those who watched within seven days of broadcast , making it the most recorded show of the week ; this number went toward the year @-@ end season average . It received at least 5 @.@ 7 / 13 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic . The Canadian broadcast was seen by 1 @.@ 615 million people , making it the ninth most watched show of the week . In the United Kingdom , Lost brought in 1 @.@ 1 million viewers . Amidst speculation that Lost would be pulled from the schedule , 780 @,@ 000 Australians tuned in to " Eggtown " and made it the nineteenth most watched show of the night . Nevertheless , it was in the top ten programs of the night in each of the key adults 25 – 54 , 18 – 49 and 16 – 39 demographics .
Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Lilly 's performance , saying that it was almost worthy of a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . TV Guide 's Michael Ausiello dubbed " Eggtown " the best episode of the first four episodes of the fourth season . Nikki Stafford of Wizard described it as a " great episode " and observed that it features " the first conversation between Jin and Sun [ of the ] season . Interesting that last season so many fans were up in arms for the [ early third season ] because we didn 't get to see enough of the other characters , and this season we 're seeing even less of the others , yet no one is complaining . Looks like the writers finally found the right balance . " Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen thought that the episode " was all about moving all the simmering subplots forward so the next episodes can drive them home " . Kristin Dos Santos of E ! called the episode 's final plot twist " fantastic " and " unexpected " . Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson @-@ Jones called it the best of the first four episodes of the season with four out of five stars , saying that " the courtroom scenes were very well executed , with a marked difference in the characterisation of Jack [ who ] has become known as the trustworthy , honest type since Oceanic Flight 815 crashed , so his blatant lies about the island under oath were definitely dramatic . " Erin Martell of AOL 's TV Squad reviewed " Eggtown " positively , writing that it " not many shows could mix topics like blackmail , grenades , and motherhood into one episode , but Lost pulled it off . " Jon Lachonis of UGO claimed that Lost " again blew everybody 's minds " with " Eggtown " . BuddyTV 's Oscar Dahl commented that " those last few [ flash ] forward scenes were genius . The writers really out @-@ did themselves . " Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post thought that " Eggtown " " effectively kept up the frantic pace that this season has set , answering some really good questions while effectively bringing up new ones . "
Patrick Day of the Los Angeles Times found " Eggtown " to be set at a slower pace than other episodes of the season and said that " the witness stand as forum for revelation … holds no appeal for me . " Newsday 's Diane Werts had mixed feelings about " Eggtown " . She criticized the lack of plot twists , stating that " that last @-@ second ' reveal ' of [ Kate raising Aaron ] turned out to be a bit of a dud " . Werts also critiqued the execution and acting , calling the trial " blandly delivered " and Lilly and Fox " expressionless " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger dubbed " Eggtown " " the weakest episode of the season " , partially because he also was unimpressed with the lack of plot twists and does not find Kate to be a compelling character . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune 's Karla Peterson gave a mixed review , writing that " last night 's Lost was not amazing , until it slammed us upside the head with a plot curveball that left us unable to remember whatever doubts we may have had , say , one minute before . " Daniel of TMZ gave the episode a " D " , partially because the twist ending had been spoiled for him . IGN 's Chris Carabott rated it the worst of the first four by scoring it as a 7 @.@ 6 / 10 . He wrote that the flashforward was " out of place " and that the " final revelation was shocking … but Lost can 't survive on shock value alone . " Daniel MacEachern of Television Without Pity gave the episode a " B " , the lowest grade for a fourth season episode from the website .
= 1980 Eureka earthquake =
The 1980 Eureka earthquake ( also known as the Gorda Basin earthquake ) occurred on November 8 at 02 : 27 : 34 local time along the northern coastal area of California in the United States . With a moment magnitude of 7 @.@ 3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ) , this strike @-@ slip earthquake was the largest to occur in California in 28 years . Although damage was considered light , several loss estimates equaled or exceeded $ 2 million , and six injuries resulted when two vehicles came down with the partial collapse of a highway overpass on US 101 in Fields Landing . The north coast of California experiences frequent plate boundary earthquakes near the Mendocino Triple Junction and intraplate events also occur within the Gorda Plate .
Due to the regional seismic risk , the nuclear portion of the Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in the
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' )
/ tfsːrnt / > [ təfəsːəˈrənt ] ( ' you ( fp ) explained ' )
= = Grammar = =
Central Atlas Tamazight grammar has many features typical of Afro @-@ Asiatic languages , including extensive apophony in both the derivational and inflectional morphology , gender , possessive suffixes , VSO typology , the causative morpheme / s / , and use of the status constructus .
= = = Morphology = = =
Tamazight nouns are inflected for gender , number , and state . Singular masculine nouns usually have the prefix / a- / , and singular feminines the circumfix / t ... t . Plurals may either involve a regular change ( " sound plurals " ) , internal vowel change ( " broken plurals " ) , or a combination of the two . Masculine plurals usually take the prefix / i- / , feminines / ti- / , and sound plurals also take the suffix / -n / in masculine and / -in / } in feminine , although many other plural patterns are found too .
Examples :
/ axam / → / ixamn / ' big tent ( s ) ' ( m )
/ amaziɣ / → / imaziɣn / ' Berber ( s ) ' ( m )
/ adaʃu / → / iduʃa / ' sandal ( s ) ' ( m )
/ asrdun / → / isrdan / ' mule ( s ) ' ( m )
/ taxamt / → / tixamin / ' tent ( s ) ' ( f )
/ tafunast / → / tifunasin / ' cow ( s ) ' ( f )
/ taɡrtilt / → / tiɡrtal / ' mat ( s ) ' ( f )
/ tamazirt / → / timizar / ' property ( ies ) ' ( f )
Nouns may be put into the construct state ( contrasting with free state ) to indicate possession , or when the subject of a verb follows the verb . This is also used for nouns following numerals and some prepositions , as well as the conjunction / d- / ( ' and ' ) . The construct state is formed as follows : in masculines , initial / a / becomes / u , wː , wa / , initial / i / becomes / i , j , ji / , and initial / u / becomes / wu / . In feminines , initial / ta / usually becomes / t / , initial / ti / usually becomes / t / , and initial / tu / remains unchanged .
Examples ( in Ayt Ayache ) :
/ babuxam / ( ← / axam / ) ' head of the house'
/ ijːs ntslit / ( ← / tislit / ) ' the horse of the bride'
Central Atlas Tamazight 's personal pronouns distinguish three persons , and two genders . Pronouns appear in three forms : an independent form used in the subject position , a possessive suffix ( and a derived independent possessive pronoun ) , and an object form affixed to the controlling verb .
Demonstrative pronouns distinguish between proximate and remote . When they occur independently , they inflect for number . They may also be suffixed to nouns , e.g. / tabardaja / ' this pack @-@ saddle ' .
Central Atlas Tamazight verbs are heavily inflected , being marked for tense , aspect , mode , voice , person , and polarity . Tamazight verbs have at their core a stem , modified by prefixes , suffixes , moveable affixes , circumfixes , and ablaut . The prefixes indicate voice , tense , aspect , and polarity , while the suffixes indicate mood ( normal , horatory , or imperative ) . Subject markers are circumfixed to the verb , while object marking and satellite framing are accomplished via either prefixing or suffixing depending on environment Some verb forms are accompanied by ablaut , and sometimes metathesis .
Pronominal complement markers cliticize to the verb , with the indirect object preceding the direct object , e.g. / iznz @-@ as @-@ t / " he sold it to him " .
Attributive Adjectives after the noun they modify , and inflect for number and gender . Adjectives may also occur alone , in which case they become an NP . Practically all adjectives also have a verbal form used for predicative purposes , which behaves just like a normal verb .
/ argaz amʕdur / ' the foolish man ' ( lit . ' man foolish ' )
/ tamtˤut tamʕdur / ' the foolish woman'
/ irgzen imʕdar / ' the foolish men'
/ tajtʃin timʕdar / ' the foolish women'
/ i @-@ mmuʕdr urgaz / ' the man is foolish ' ( lit . ' 3ps – foolish man ' )
/ argaz i @-@ mmuʕdr @-@ n / ' the foolish man ' [ using a non @-@ finite verb ]
Prepositions include / xf / ( ' on ' ) , / qbl / ( ' before ' ) , / ɣr / ( ' to ' ) , and the proclitics / n / ( ' of ' ) and / d / ( ' with , and ' ) . These may take pronominal suffixes . Some prepositions require the following noun to be in the construct state , while others do not .
= = = Syntax = = =
Word order is usually VSO ( with the subject in construct state ) but sometimes is SVO ( with the subject in free state ) , e.g. ( / ifːɣ umaziɣ / vs. / amaziɣ ifːɣ / ' the Berber went out ' ) . Tamazight also exhibits pro @-@ drop behavior .
Tamazight may use a null copula , but the word / ɡ / ' to be , to do ' can function as a copula in Ayt Ayache , especially in structures preceded by / aj / ' who , which , what ' .
wh- questions are always clefts , and multiple wh @-@ questions do not occur . Consequently , Tamazight 's clefting , relativisation , and wh @-@ interrogation contribute to anti @-@ agreement effects , similar to Shilha , and causes deletion of the verbal person marker in certain situations .
= = Vocabulary = =
As a result of relatively intense language contact , Central Atlas Tamazight has a large stratum of Arabic loans . Many borrowed words in Berber also have native synonyms , e.g. / lbab / or / tiflut / ' door ' , the latter used more in rural areas . The contact was unequal , as Moroccan Arabic has not borrowed as much from Berber languages , though Berber has contributed to Moroccan and Algerian Arabics ' very reduced vowel systems .
Arabic loans span a wide range of lexical classes . Many nouns begin with / l- / , from the Arabic definite prefix , and some Arabic feminines may acquire the native Berber feminine ending / -t / , e.g. / lʕafit / for / lʕafia / ' fire ' . Many Arabic loans have been integrated into the Tamazight verb lexicon . They adhere fully to inflectional patterns of native stems , and may even undergo ablaut . Even function words are borrowed , e.g. / blli / or / billa / ' that ' , / waxxa / ' although ' , / ɣir / ' just ' , etc .
The first few ( 1 – 3 in Ayt Ayache and Ayt Ndhir ) cardinal numerals have native Berber and borrowed Arabic forms . All higher cardinals are borrowed from Arabic , consistent with the linguistic universals that the numbers 1 – 3 are much more likely to be retained , and that a borrowed number generally implies that numbers greater than it are also borrowed . The retention of one is also motivated by the fact that Berber languages near @-@ universally use unity as a determiner .
Central Atlas Tamazight uses a bipartate negative construction ( e.g. / uriffiɣ ʃa / ' he did not go out ' ) which apparently was modeled after proximate Arabic varieties , in a common development known as Jespersen 's Cycle . It is present in multiple Berber varieties , and is argued to have originated in neighboring Arabic and been adopted by contact .
= = Examples = =
Universal Declaration of Human Rights :
ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ , ⴰⴽⴽ
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the profession . He has won several industry awards , and six career @-@ retrospective books about him have been published since 1998 . Living in Pennsylvania with his wife Corina , Williamson retired in his seventies .
Williamson was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2000 .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and career = = =
Al Williamson was born in Manhattan , New York City , New York , one of two children of Sally and Alfonso Williamson , who was of Scottish descent and a Colombian citizen . The family relocated to Bogotá , Colombia , when Al was two years old . " My father was Colombian and my mother was American , " Williamson said in 1997 . " They met in the States , got married and went down there . I grew up down there so I learned both English and Spanish at the same time . It was comic books that taught me to read both languages . " At age nine , Williamson took an interest in comic strips via the Mexican magazine Paquin , which featured American strips as well as Underwater Empire by Argentine cartoonist Carlos Clemen . Later , Williamson was attracted to Alex Raymond 's Flash Gordon strip after his mother took him to see the Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe movie serial . While living in Bogotá he met future cartoonist Adolfo Buylla , who befriended him and gave him artistic advice . At age 12 , in 1943 , Williamson moved with his mother to San Francisco , California ; they later moved to New York .
In the mid @-@ 1940s Williamson continued to pursue his interest in cartooning and began to take art classes with Tarzan cartoonist Burne Hogarth , and later at Hogarth 's Cartoonists and Illustrators School . There he met future cartoonists Wally Wood and Roy Krenkel . According to Williamson , " Roy broadened my collecting horizons , he became my guide to all the great illustrators — the artists who directly influenced adventure cartoonists like [ Alex ] Raymond and [ Hal ] Foster . He showed me J.C. Coll , Franklin Booth , Joseph Franke , Dan Smith , Norman Lindsay , Fortunino Matania , and the great Blue Book illustrators like Herbert Morton Stoops and Frank Hoban . " As he continued to learn about the cartooning field , he would visit the comic @-@ book publisher Fiction House , meeting such artists as George Evans , Bob Lubbers , John Celardo , and Mort Meskin .
Williamson 's first professional work may have been helping Hogarth pencil some Tarzan Sunday pages in 1948 , although Williamson , who had initially believed so , reconsidered in a 1983 interview and recalled that his Tarzan work had come after his first two pieces of comic @-@ book art : providing spot illustrations for the story " The Ugliest Horse in the World " in an unspecified issue of Eastern Color 's seminal series Famous Funnies , and a two @-@ page Boy Scouts story , his first comics narrative , in New Heroic Comics # 51 ( Nov. 1948 ) . ( Williamson is also identified as co @-@ penciler , with Frank Frazetta , of a three @-@ page crime story , " The Last Three Dimes " , in Standard Comics ' Wonder Comics # 20 [ Oct. 1948 ] ) Williamson explained that while Hogarth had offered him Tarzan work , Williamson " just couldn 't do it . ... I couldn 't get it into my little brain that he wanted me to do it exactly the way that he did it , " and instead successfully recommended Celardo , artist of the Tarzan @-@ like feature " Ka 'a'nga " in Fiction House 's Jungle Comics . As Williamson recalled :
... Hogarth got in touch with [ Celardo ] , and the next thing you knew , he was penciling the Sunday page for him . He did it for quite some time and something must have happened ... but at that point I was going to the Hogarth school again in the evenings ... and he asked me again if I would like to give it a try , so I said OK . He gave me a page and he had already laid it out , so I just tightened it up . Then he gave me another page that I tightened up and he inked it . Then I said I 'd like to try laying it out myself and asked if I could do that , and he said , ' Go ahead , Al , ' and handed me the script . So I laid that page out on a sketchpad . He said fine and just made a couple of suggestions as to what I should do ; then I just did it on the big Sunday page , and when I was through , he inked it and the other one I had done the same way , and that was it .
During this period Williamson met his main stylistic influence , Raymond : " I had just turned 18 . I had been in the business about six months or so . He gave me about two hours . "
= = = 1950s = = =
From 1949 to 1951 , Williamson worked on science @-@ fiction and Western stories for publishers such as American Comics Group ( AGC ) , Avon Publications , Fawcett Comics , Standard Comics , and , possibly , Toby Press . He began collaborating with Frank Frazetta , who often inked his work ; and with Roy Krenkel , who often did backgrounds . Examples of his work from that period include " Chief Victorio 's Last Stand " , in Avon 's Chief Victorio 's Apache Massacre ( no number , no month , 1951 ) ; " Death in Deep Space " , in Magazine Enterprises ' Jet # 4 ( no month , 1951 ) ; and " Skull of the Sorcerer " , in ACG 's Forbidden Worlds # 3 ( Dec. 1951 ) , inked by Wally Wood
In 1952 , upon the suggestion of artists Wally Wood and Joe Orlando , Williamson began working for EC Comics , an influential comic book company with a reputation for quality artists . While at EC , Williamson frequently collaborated with fellow artists Frank Frazetta , Roy Krenkel and Angelo Torres , a group which , along with Nick Meglin and George Woodbridge , became affectionately known as the " Fleagle Gang " , named after a notorious criminal gang . Williamson primarily worked on EC 's science fiction comics Weird Science , Weird Fantasy , and Weird Science @-@ Fantasy , illustrating both original stories , primarily by writer Al Feldstein , and adaptations of stories by authors such as Ray Bradbury and Harlan Ellison , but his work occasionally appeared in EC 's horror and crime comics as well .
Williamson worked at EC
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lasted between 30 and 60 seconds and copulation lasted four minutes .
The predominant source of embryonic nutrition is histotroph , which supports a 46 @-@ fold weight increase from ovum to near @-@ term fetus . By the time the embryo is 4 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) across , it has fully resorbed its yolk sac and external gills . The litter size ranges from one to seven . The first litter of the year ( spring @-@ summer ) is larger than the second ( autumn @-@ winter ) , with the number of offspring increasing with the size of the female ; this relationship is not observed for second litter . On the other hand , the newborns of the first litter tend to be slightly smaller than those of the second litter , at an average length of 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) versus 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) . The second litter 's fewer , larger young may reflect the lower temperatures of autumn @-@ winter , which results in slower growth . Seagrass beds serve as important habitat for parturition . The newborns emerge tail @-@ first and are similar in coloration to the adults , though the disc is relatively wider . They also have a small " knob " or " tentacle " that covers most of the spiracle , which is resorbed shortly after birth . Males and females reach sexual maturity at disc widths of 15 – 16 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) and 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) respectively . The maximum lifespan is 15 – 25 years .
= = Human interactions = =
Generally , yellow stingrays pay little heed to divers and can be approached closely . If stepped on or otherwise provoked , however , this ray will defend itself with its tail spine , coated in potent venom . The resulting wound is extremely painful , but seldom life @-@ threatening . Small and docile , the yellow stingray adapts readily to captivity and has reproduced in the aquarium ; it requires a large amount of space ( at least 180 gal or 684 L ) and a fine , deep substrate with minimal ornamentation .
The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed the yellow stingray under Least Concern , citing its wide distribution and high abundance in certain regions . In addition , its small size implies relatively high productivity , which would make its population more resilient to fishing pressure . This species is not targeted commercially , but is probably taken incidentally by inshore fisheries throughout its range . It is also harvested for the home aquarium trade , being the most frequently available member of its family on the North American market . The extent of this trade has not yet been quantified . Another potential threat is habitat degradation , particularly to seagrass beds . No conservation measures have been enacted for this species .
= Stay Trippy =
Stay Trippy is the third solo studio album by American rapper Juicy J. The album was released on August 23 , 2013 , by Kemosabe Records and Columbia Records . The album was Juicy J 's first solo album since distancing himself from Three 6 Mafia and joining Wiz Khalifa 's Taylor Gang Records , who makes three appearances on the album .
Stay Trippy 's production was handled between 2011 and 2013 by producers such as Juicy J himself , Mike WiLL Made It , Cirkut , Lex Luger , SAP , Supa Dups , ID Labs , Timbaland and Young Chop , among others . The album also features additional guest appearances from Justin Timberlake , Chris Brown , Lil Wayne , 2 Chainz , The Weeknd , ASAP Rocky , Wale , Trey Songz , Young Jeezy , Big Sean , Pimp C , Trina , Yelawolf and Project Pat .
Stay Trippy was met with generally positive reviews from music critics . The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 , selling 64 @,@ 000 copies in the United States during its first week . As of November 6 , 2013 , the album has sold 138 @,@ 000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album was supported by four official singles , the certified platinum " Bandz a Make Her Dance " , " Show Out " , " Bounce It " and " Talkin ' Bout " . The first three charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He also went on the Stay Trippy Tour with ASAP Ferg beginning on April 20 , 2013 till September 2013 .
= = Background and recording = =
After frequently collaborating with rapper Wiz Khalifa , Juicy J joined Taylor Gang Records in December 2011 as a part @-@ owner and A & R representative . Soon after he started recording for his next studio album . On March 7 , 2012 , Juicy J stated his third studio album would be titled Stay Trippy . He went on to say that he has recorded many songs with rap group Odd Future . In late November 2012 , Juicy J announced the album would be released in February 2013 and indicated an interest in working with Nas , Dr. Dre and Jay Z. He also went on to say the album was almost finished . Juicy J had stated he recorded around 80 songs for the project , which were mostly recorded in hotel rooms while on tour . Complex ranked
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R & B and pop musical genres , and , according to music critics , contains a gospel production performed by a choir and features " crashing drums " .
= = Release and promotion = =
On 29 January 2008 , Lewis announced on her website that " Footprints in the Sand " , along with " Better in Time " , would be released as a double A @-@ side . The single was launched with the song " You Bring Me Down " as the B @-@ side , and was released in the United Kingdom as a digital download on 9 March 2008 , and a physical release on the following day , with proceeds going to the charity . The song was remixed for the single release ( " Single Mix " ) , which , unlike the original version , begins with Lewis 's voice only , and music starts after she performs the first verse — the album version of " Footprints in the Sand " starts with a piano tune before she starts to sing the lyrics — , and lasts at 3 : 58 .
" Footprints in the Sand " became the official song of the charity Sport Relief , a biennial charity organised by Comic Relief and BBC Sport , for their 2008 broadcast . In her performance , Lewis sang the song to the Sports Relief event . Also , there were musicians that played violas , violins , and a piano , and The Tuff Session Singers performed the chorus . Whilst she sang , images of " sadness and desperation " were shown to the public . But , as the Tuff Session Singers began , the third chorus , those images became pictures of " happiness " . As part of promotion , Lewis performed the song live on the British television programme Dancing on Ice on 9 March 2008 ; her song accompanied Torvill and Dean 's ice dance routine . In 2013 , Lewis added the song to the setlist of her Glassheart Tour .
= = = Music video = = =
The accompanying music video was filmed in Johannesburg , South Africa , and was directed by British director Sophie Muller back @-@ to @-@ back with the video for " Better in Time " . It premiered on Lewis official website and BBC Radio 1 's website on 27 February 2008 . The video begins with the message " Working to change lives across the world , in support of Sport Relief " . Then , it intercuts a performance of Lewis in front of a wall and greyscale scenes : an image of a child walking on a landfill site , a funeral , a child lying in the street , and a kid sat in a traffic island . As the first chorus begins , the video continues showing scenes of poverty and AIDS issues in the country . Whilst the second verse goes , pictures of malnourished people appears . As the second chorus and the bridge elapse people crying still coming on the scene . But whereas The Tuff Session Singers start to sing the third chorus , the video begins to show images of kids playing association football and cricket . The video ends with children smiling as Lewis sings the outro of the song . It was released on the US iTunes Store on 3 February 2009 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Upon the release of Spirit , " Footprints in the Sand " received generally positive reviews by music critics , with some of them comparing Lewis 's performance to other singers such as Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera . In his review of the album , Chris Elwell @-@ Sutton of the Evening Standard commented that the song would be perfect as a " theme to a Disney movie " . Whilst reviewing Spirit , Chad Grischow of IGN Music described " Footprints in the Sand " , along with " Here I Am " , as a " sleeper ballad " . Lyndsey Winship , a reviewer from BBC Music , noted that the song " is a piano warbler that brings Leona 's voice to the forefront " .
Sarah @-@ Louise James of Daily Star commented that it contains some Westlife elements , and it would be perfect for a chick flick soundtrack . A reviewer for South African news site iafrica.com described the song as a " show @-@ stopping [ ... ] lush Mariah @-@ style ballad [ ... ] that utilises Lewis ' [ s ] full vocal range and sounds uncannily like Carey at her best . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it " drippy " , and added that with " Footprints " Lewis would receive comparisons to Carey . Digital Spy 's reviewers gave similar opinions about " Footprints in the Sand " . Nick Levine in his review of the album called the song an " histrionic finale " of Spirit , and added that it " seems hellbent on revisiting Mariah Carey 's schlock @-@ pop masterwork ' Anytime You Need a Friend ' " . After it was released as a single Alex Fletcher claimed it has " the sort of ludicrous outro even Mariah Carey might consider over @-@ the @-@ top " and that its lyrics " will have your granny in tears " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Footprints in the Sand " charted in Europe , reaching position seventy @-@ three on the European Hot 100 Singles . In November 2007 , the song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number sixty @-@ five , staying on the chart for another week . On 15 March 2008 , the single re @-@ entered it at number sixty @-@ three . " Footprints in the Sand " claimed its peak position next week at number twenty @-@ five , staying on the chart for eleven weeks . On the Irish Singles Chart the song debuted and peaked at number fifty ; whilst on the Swiss Singles Chart , it debuted on 15 November 2009 at thirty @-@ five , and it stayed there three weeks .
The double A @-@ side " Better in Time " and " Footprints in the Sand " debuted at number seventy @-@ four on the UK Singles Chart on 1 March 2008 . After selling 40 @,@ 476 copies it peaked at number two on 22 March 2008 , the same week " Footprints in the Sand " debuted in the top forty . It was Lewis 's third single to reach the top five in the UK . It was certified as silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 16 January 2009 . The single debuted on the German Singles Chart on 16 June 2008 at number five , and reached its peak position , at number two , on 28 July 2008 . It also peaked on
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asimha Rao Expressway was completed between Mehdipatnam and Rajendranagar , where it joins NH 7 . The longest flyover in India at 11 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 2 mi ) , it has reduced travel time between the airport and the city to 30 – 40 minutes .
The " Pushpak - Airport Liner " service of the Telangana State Road Transport Corporation provides bus transportation to different parts of the city . It was launched in December 2012 to replace GMR 's Aero Express service .
= = = Rail = = =
Under the second phase of the Hyderabad Metro Rail project , a 28 @-@ kilometre ( 17 mi ) rail link between Raidurg / Gachibowli and RGIA will be constructed . As of late 2015 , feasibility studies on the phase are underway .
= = Future plans = =
The master plan of the airport project encompasses three phases , with the first phase completed upon the opening of the airport in 2008 . The ultimate goal is to raise the capacity to 40 million passengers per year .
= = = Second phase = = =
In 2009 , GHIAL decided to postpone the second phase due to lower growth in passenger traffic than anticipated . The phase was revived in late 2015 , as the airport is expected to reach its capacity in 2016 . The first leg of this phase will bring the capacity to 18 million passengers annually , and the second leg will raise it to 20 million . The passenger terminal will be enlarged with additional security lanes , check @-@ in counters and other facilities , and solar panels will be built on the roof . Once GHIAL receives approval from the Central Government , it expects construction on the second phase to take 18 – 20 months .
= = = Third phase = = =
The final phase of expansion will increase the terminal capacity to 40 million passengers annually .
= Hurricane Kate ( 2003 ) =
Hurricane Kate was the second @-@ longest tropical cyclone in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season . The eleventh tropical storm , fifth hurricane , and third major hurricane of the season , Kate developed from a tropical wave in the central tropical Atlantic on September 25 . Its unusual track included four major changes in direction . The storm moved northwestward until a weakness in the subtropical ridge forced it eastward . Kate strengthened to a hurricane , turned sharply westward while moving around a mid @-@ level low , and intensified to a 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) major hurricane on October 4 . Kate turned sharply northward around the periphery of an anticyclone , weakened , and became extratropical after passing to the east of Newfoundland . The extratropical storm persisted for three days until losing its identity near Scandinavia .
The storm had minimal effects on land , limited to moderately strong winds and heavy rainfall over Newfoundland . Kate threatened Atlantic Canada just one week after Hurricane Juan caused severe damage in Nova Scotia .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 21 , a tropical wave – a trough of relatively low atmospheric pressure – began moving slowly westward from the west coast of Africa , passing near the Cape Verde islands on September 23 . Though the wave was disorganized , a low @-@ level circulation developed on September 24 a few hundred miles to the southwest of Cape Verde . Steady organization ensued , including the development of convection into curved bands around the system . Though it lacked a well @-@ defined center , the system organized enough to be classified Tropical Depression Sixteen on September 25 while located about 920 mi ( 1 @,@ 480 km ) west @-@ southwest of the Cape Verde Islands .
The depression moved northwestward due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge . Despite early predictions of steady strengthening to reach 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) within 48 hours , the depression remained weak due to strong south @-@ southwesterly wind shear . The shear remained strong , and though the National Hurricane Center forecast the system to remain a depression through September 30 , the depression unexpectedly strengthened to Tropical Storm Kate on September 27 , coinciding with an increase in deep convection near the center . Kate turned to the north and northeast , and despite 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) of shear over the storm Kate continued to strengthen . A banding eye developed early on September 29 , and later that day it intensified into a hurricane while located 655 mi ( 1 @,@ 055 km ) southwest of the Azores .
Hurricane Kate maintained hurricane status for twelve hours before decelerating to the north and weakening to a tropical storm . The storm then turned sharply west @-@ southwestward while moving around the eastern side of a mid @-@ level circulation . Passing over progressively warmer waters and into an area with decreasing vertical shear , Kate regained hurricane status on October 1 . Guided by an anticyclone to its north and a cyclonic circulation to its south , the hurricane continued west @-@ southwestward over the subtropical waters of 30 ° N , and presented a well @-@ defined eye on October 2 . On the next day it strengthened to attain major hurricane status , and on October 4 Hurricane Kate reached a peak intensity of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) while located 650 mi ( 1 @,@ 050 km ) east of Bermuda .
Shortly after peaking , the western portion of the central dense overcast , or the area of high , thick clouds around the eye , began to deteriorate , and Hurricane Kate started to weaken . On October 5 , the storm dropped below major hurricane status . Kate turned sharply northward due to it moving around the western periphery of a powerful anticyclone , and consequently slowed its forward motion . It slowly weakened as it turned to the north @-@ northeast , with an eye occasionally re @-@ appearing on satellite images . On October 7 , however , Kate weakened to a tropical storm while moving over cooler waters . It accelerated to the northeast , and after passing about 260 mi ( 420 km ) east of Newfoundland , Kate became extratropical as cold air clouds entrained the center . The system remained a powerful system , and later on October 8 the extratropical remnant of Kate retained winds of up to 75 mph ( 140 km / h ) while passing south of Greenland . The storm turned to the east , passed a short distance south of Iceland , and merged with another extratropical storm near Scandinavia on October 10 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Just a week after Hurricane Juan hit Nova Scotia , the Newfoundland and Labrador Emergency Measures Organization advised the general public to take appropriate actions for the anticipated effects of Hurricane Kate , including high winds and potentially up to 3 in ( 80 mm ) of rain . Such actions include securing loose objects , cleaning debris from storm drains , and owning appropriate hurricane supplies ( such as a charged cell phone and batteries in the event of power outages ) . A cruise ship scheduled to stop in St. John 's bypassed Newfoundland to avoid the storm . The Newfoundland and Maritimes Weather Center issued a storm warning for Newfoundland , while the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued a hurricane @-@ force wind warning . Due to the expected combination of moisture from Kate and a cold front , the Canadian Hurricane Centre also issued a heavy rainfall warning for southeastern Newfoundland . Offshore , waves were expected to reach 33 feet ( 10 m ) , while marine wind warnings were issued as well .
From September 28 to October 7 , 33 ships reported winds of over 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) in relation to Kate , though nearly all occurred as the storm was becoming extratropical . The highest wind reported was 59 mph ( 95 km / h ) , while the lowest pressure reported from a ship was 989 mbar . The interaction between Kate and a high pressure area to its north produced 3 – 4 foot ( 1 m ) waves along the coast of North Carolina and New England . The strongest winds of Kate remained away from any landmasses , though the large circulation produced sustained winds
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2 @,@ 010 m ) . 400 rounds were provided for each gun . Short @-@ range air defence was provided by 48 QF 2 @-@ pounder guns in six octuple mountings . The 2 @-@ pounder gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 1 @.@ 684 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 764 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ) to a distance of 6 @,@ 800 yards ( 6 @,@ 200 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute . 1800 rounds per gun were carried by the ships .
Their armour scheme was virtually identical to that of the King George V class . The waterline belt was composed of Krupp cemented armour ( KCA ) 15 inches ( 381 mm ) thick and was 433 feet ( 132 @.@ 0 m ) long . The main portion of the belt was 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) high , but a lower strake , 8 feet 3 inches ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) high , extended an additional 40 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 m ) past the ends of the armoured citadel . It tapered vertically from 15 inches in thickness to 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 mm ) at the bottom edge of the belt , while the plates at the end of the belt were only 11 inches ( 279 mm ) thick at the top . Transverse bulkheads 10 – 12 inches ( 254 – 305 mm ) thick closed off each end of the central citadel . At the aft end of the steering gear compartment was a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) transverse bulkhead . The KCA face @-@ plates of the main gun turrets were 15 inches thick and their roofs 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) non @-@ cemented armour plates . Their sides remained 7 – 10 inches ( 180 – 250 mm ) in thickness . The barbettes for the 16 @-@ inch guns were 15 inches thick on the sides , but tapered to 12 – 13 @.@ 5 inches ( 305 – 343 mm ) closer to the centreline of the ship .
Intended to resist the impact of a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 450 kg ) armour @-@ piercing bomb dropped from a height of 14 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) , the Lions ' deck protection was identical to that of the King George V class . It consisted of 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) non @-@ cemented armour over the magazines that reduced to 5 inches ( 127 mm ) over the machinery spaces . The armour continued forward and aft of the citadel at the lower @-@ deck level . Forward it tapered in steps from five inches down to 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) near the bow . Aft , it protected the steering gear and propeller shafts with 4 @.@ 5 – 5 inches ( 114 – 127 mm ) of armour . Unlike the Germans , French and Americans , the British no longer believed that heavy armour for the conning tower served any real purpose given that the chance of hitting the conning tower was very small and protected the forward conning tower with only 3 – 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 76 – 114 mm ) of armour .
The underwater protection , also virtually identical to that of the King George Vs , consisted of a three @-@ layer system of voids and liquid @-@ filled compartments meant to absorb the energy of an underwater explosion . It was bounded on the inside by the 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) torpedo bulkhead . Both of the inner and outer voids were fitted with pumps to flood them with water to level the ship ( counter @-@ flood ) in case she began to list . Over the length of the citadel , this system was found to be proof against 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) of TNT during full @-@ scale trials . The Lion @-@ class ships had a double bottom with a depth of 4 feet ( 1 @.@
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for the second day running , Daniel Teklehaimanot . Teklehaimanot took the maximum points over the Col du Chat . The trio were under seven minutes ahead of the peloton at the foot of the Col de Cuvery . Teklehaimanot again took the points at the top , where the lead had dropped to over a minute .
A crash in the peloton with 21 km ( 13 @.@ 0 mi ) remaining left a group of riders chasing to the back of the main group , including pre @-@ race favourite Joaquim Rodríguez . The breakaway was caught with 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) . In the final kilometre , the MTN – Qhubeka team controlled the front before leading out their sprinter , Edvald Boasson Hagen . His move was made too early and he was overtaken by three other riders , with Nacer Bouhanni ( Cofidis ) crossing the finish line first . Third @-@ placed Sacha Modolo ( Lampre – Merida ) took the lead of the points classification , with Bouhanni becoming the best young rider .
= = = Stage 3 = = =
9 June 2015 — Roanne to Montagny , 24 @.@ 5 km ( 15 @.@ 2 mi ) ( TTT )
The route for the team time trial of stage three from Roanne to Montagny was 24 @.@ 5 km ( 15 @.@ 2 mi ) in length . At the 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) in mark , a small climb preceded a descent to the intermediate time check at 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) . A gradual incline took the stage to its finish .
FDJ were the first team to set a time , with 31 ' 31 " . They were soon displaced by the third team to start BMC Racing Team , the team time trial world champions , who set a time of 29 ' 58 " . Astana then came in with a four @-@ second deficit to BMC and placed second . Movistar Team were next recording a time of 30 ' 16 " , which put them third . Etixx – Quick @-@ Step 's time of 30 ' 16 " placed them fourth , with fifth taken by Orica – GreenEDGE , a further five seconds in arrears .
Team Sky , who placed sixth , lost their lead of the team classification to stage winners BMC . Although BMC 's highest placed rider in the general classification was Manuel Quinziato , he was not one of the five riders required to finish ; the highest of the five was Rohan Dennis , who became the new leader in both the general and young rider classifications . Second placed overall Tejay van Garderen , who was BMC 's general classification leader and a pre @-@ race favourite praised his team 's effort and was confident about his chances in the race , saying " I feel good . This was the first big test of the Dauphiné , and going into the mountains I feel ready to put up a good challenge . " Nacer Bouhanni moved into the lead of the points classification .
= = = Stage 4 = = =
10 June 2015 — Anneyron to Sisteron , 228 km ( 141 @.@ 7 mi )
The fourth stage was the longest of the race at 228 km ( 141 @.@ 7 mi ) . Starting in Anneyron , the route covered rolling terrain until the passing of the third @-@ category Col de Lescou at 93 @.@ 5 km ( 58 @.@ 1 mi ) . A short descent led to the foot of the fourth @-@ category Col de Pre @-@ Guittard , the stage 's highest point . A similarly sized uncategorised climb followed . The long descent featured a number of small rises before the Côte de la Marquise with 12 @.@ 5 km ( 7 @.@ 8 mi ) to go . A series of small climbs then took the stage to the flat finish at Sisteron .
A breakaway duo consisting of Martijn Keizer ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) and Tosh Van der Sande ( Lotto – Soudal ) escaped 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) into the stage . Their lead had six minutes and thirty seconds after they had passed the Lescou and Pre @-@ Guittard climbs . At the foot of the Côte de la Marquise , the pair had a one @-@ minute advantage . Van der Sande was dropped on the climb and Keizer led over the summit with margin of twenty seconds . Attacks from the peloton on the descent saw the formation of a group consisting of Cyril Gautier ( Team Europcar ) , Tim Wellens ( Lotto – Soudal ) , Lawson Craddock ( Giant – Alpecin ) and Wilco Kelderman . Wellens attacked and then passed Keizer .
Wellens was caught by the peloton in the final 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) , before a failed move by a trio consisting of Daniel Oss , Tony Martin ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) and Bram Tankink ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) . Tony Gallopin ( Lotto – Soudal ) launch a late attack , but was caught by the bunch sprint that was won by Nacer Bouhanni , his second stage victory of the race . There were no changes to the classifications .
= = = Stage 5 = = =
11 June 2015 — Digne @-@ les @-@ Bains to Pra Loup , 161
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km ( 100 @.@ 0 mi )
Stage five from Digne @-@ les @-@ Bains to Pra Loup was the first classified as mountainous and was 161 km ( 100 @.@ 0 mi ) in length . The first section of the stage was flat , until the passing of the third @-@ category Col des Léques at 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) . After a descent and small rise a came another third @-@ category climb , the Col de Toutes Aures . The route then dropped down before a further rising up to the second @-@ category Col de la Colle @-@ Saint @-@ Michel which came 161 km ( 100 @.@ 0 mi ) in . The descent was followed by the first @-@ category Col d 'Allos . The resulting descent , which began with 22 km ( 13 @.@ 7 mi ) to go , was long and technical . The final climb to the finish at Pra Loup was 6 @.@ 2 km ( 3 @.@ 9 mi ) -long and had an average gradient of 6 @.@ 5 % .
Mountains classification leader Daniel Teklehaimanot was the first to initiate the early seven @-@ rider breakaway ; the other riders were Christophe Riblon ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Tim Wellens , Pieter Serry ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , Romain Sicard ( Team Europcar ) , Arnaud Courteille , and Albert Timmer ( both Giant – Alpecin ) . Courteille claimed the points at the Col des Lèques , with Teklehaimanot second , with the aforementioned first over the Col de Toutes Aures and Col de la Colle @-@ Saint @-@ Michel . Team Sky set a high pace at the head of the peloton throughout the Col d 'Allos , leading to a large number of riders being dropped , including the race leader Rohan Dennis . In the breakaway , an attack by Serry dropped Riblon , Teklehaimanot , and Courteille . Before the summit of the climb , with 24 km ( 14 @.@ 9 mi ) remaining , the break was caught .
As the race reached the summit , Romain Bardet attacked , and the bottom had gained a twenty @-@ second advantage over the front group of around thirty riders , increasing it to one minute at the foot of the Pra Loup climb . Sky again controlled the head of the chase , with Vincenzo Nibali , Alejandro Valverde and Wilco Kelderman the notable riders distanced . Chris Froome launched an attack in the final 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) , with Tejay van Garderen and Beñat Intxausti following . Van Garderen dropped Intxausti and passed Froome to take second place , thirty @-@ six seconds behind stage winner Bardet . The new leaders in the classifications were Van Garderen in the general , Bardet in the young riders ' and Sky in the team standings .
= = = Stage 6 = = =
12 June 2015 — Saint @-@ Bonnet @-@ en @-@ Champsaur to Villard @-@ de @-@ Lans , 183 km ( 113 @.@ 7 mi )
The sixth stage from Saint @-@ Bonnet @-@ en @-@ Champsaur to Villard @-@ de @-@ Lans moved the race into the high mountains with six categorised climbs . It was the second longest stage at 183 km ( 113 @.@ 7 mi ) . The opening third of the route crossed hilly terrain that featured two third @-@ category climbs , the Rampe du Motty and the Côte du Barrage de Sautet . The riders traversed the second @-@ category Col de la Croix Haute at the 67 @.@ 5 km ( 41 @.@ 9 mi ) mark , before a short descent and a further rise to the third @-@ category Col de Grimone . After a long descent and short rise , the race came to the foot of the first @-@ category Col du Rousset . At the summit with 51 km ( 31 @.@ 7 mi ) remaining , the day 's highest point ( 1 @,@ 254 m ( 4 @,@ 114 ft ) ) , the riders dropped down to the final hills before the summit finish at the third @-@ category climb to Villard @-@ de @-@ Lans .
Early in the wet stage , a group of nine riders broke away , only to be pulled back the peloton , with a second group of nineteen also failing . An unsuccessful move from Tony Martin was followed by an attack by Vincenzo Nibali over the Col de Grimone and the formation of an elite five @-@ strong group on descent with Rui Costa , Alejandro Valverde , and Tony Gallopin . This attack reduced the main group of chasers and caused the abandonment of several riders . The advantage of the break was over three minutes as they climbed the Col de Rousset , with Nibali briefly escaping on the subsequent descent .
Martin was dropped with 22 km ( 13 @.@ 7 mi ) remaining , with the advantage at over two minutes . In the chasing main group , Simon Yates ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) and Dan Martin ( Cannondale – Garmin ) moved clear . Gallopin launched an attack from the breakaway with 4 @.@ 5 km ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) to go , with Nibali following at 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 9 mi ) . Costa was able to pull both back ahead and passed them to take the stage win . Nibali took over the lead of the general classification , with a margin of twenty @-@ nine seconds over Costa . Movistar Team moved into the lead of the team classification .
= = = Stage 7 = = =
13 June 2015 — Montmélian to Saint @-@ Gervais @-@ les @-@ Bains , 155 km ( 96 @.@ 3 mi )
Stage seven was the queen stage of the race , with five first @-@ category climbs and the third @-@ category Col des Aravis . It was the shortest in length of the three mountain stages . The initial 27 @.@ 5 km ( 17 @.@ 1 mi ) were flat apart from one small climb . The riders then began the climb of the Col de Tamié , which was followed by the ascent of Col de la Forclaz . After a decent and a number of small hills , the Col de la Croix Fry was climbed . At the top a small drop and climb over the Col des Aravis took the riders to a descent and a long gradual incline . A further descent and flat section placed the race at the foot of the Côte des Amerand . After a small drop the stage concluded with the climb to Saint @-@ Gervais @-@ les @-@ Bains .
Another wet stage saw a breakaway of thirty @-@ five riders move away 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) in , which decreased to twenty @-@ five on the Col de la Croix Fry . On the aforemetenioed climb , Team Sky reduced the size peloton and the advantage of
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arts program , chorus , creative writing , drama , art , and three levels of orchestra are offered as optional activities . Students in these groups have opportunities to perform and exhibit their work throughout the year . The Book Club is available to students in groups six and above to extend the reading program . Computer Club , Creative Writing Club , Art Club , French Film Club , and Drama Club also offer opportunities to build on classroom activities .
Student Council is primarily a service organization , which organizes charitable fund raising and community service opportunities in which all students can participate . Two representatives are elected from each group , one through eight , for each school year . Students may also volunteer for the Annual staff , which edits and produces the yearbook , Reflections .
Intramural sports are offered to students in group five and interscholastic sports are available in groups five through eight . ACS competes in the West DuPage Elementary School Association ( WDESA ) Conference . Team sports include co @-@ ed soccer and girls ' volleyball in the fall , boys ' and girls ' basketball in the winter , and co @-@ ed track in the spring . There are no team tryouts and all students are free to participate .
ACS students participate actively in academic competitions at the state and national level , including MATHCOUNTS , Science Olympiad , and other math and science competitions , as well spelling bees , geography bees , and contests in other subjects . The Chess Club competes locally , and won the first @-@ place trophy in the Naperville Chess Tournament in 2009 .
= = Student body and finances = =
Admission is competitive and decisions are based on evaluations of applicants ' intellectual ability , social and emotional maturity , and readiness for the accelerated program of study . Applicants for kindergarten through eighth group must submit IQ test results at or above the 91st percentile ( over 120 on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence ( WPPSI ) or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children ( WISC ) ) , with consistent subtest scores , to qualify for consideration . Evaluations are based on report cards , parent questionnaires , teacher recommendations , and in @-@ person assessments by the faculty . Early childhood through kindergarten applicants are screened in one @-@ hour play sessions . Applicants for groups one and two are invited for a half @-@ day school visit , and older applicants for an entire day , where they are assessed by teachers in the actual classroom setting .
Avery Coonley serves 378 students aged 3 through 14 as of 2010 , with a nearly even ratio of males to females in each grade . ACS seeks to achieve ethnic diversity in every group , and offers limited need @-@ based aid to families of children who would otherwise be unable to attend . The student body is " primarily middle- and upper @-@ class white suburban children " , and students " come from some of the most affluent families " in Chicago 's western suburbs , but thirty percent of the students are non @-@ white .
Tuition for kindergarten through group eight was $ 16 @,@ 750 , junior kindergarten was $ 9 @,@ 500 , and early childhood $ 4 @,@ 850 in 2009 . The Annual Giving Fund makes up 3 @.@ 5 percent and the Annual Auction another 5 percent of the operating budget ( $ 5 @.@ 9 million in 2008 – 2009 ) .
= = Academic achievement = =
" Avery Coonley reports that scores on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills , an exam given in schools across the United States , are in the top 1 percent in the nation " , with average scores of 99 in all eight grades and all four test sections ( vocabulary , comprehension , language arts , and mathematics ) . Avery Coonley was one of seventeen Illinois schools recognized as a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education in 1987 – 88 for " excellence in student success , school philosophy , curriculum , leadership , and climate " . Over five percent of Avery Coonley graduates since 1989 have been admitted to the nationally recognized Illinois Math and Science Academy ( IMSA ) , Illinois ' public , competitive @-@ entry , boarding school for top math and science students .
Avery Coonley students have a record of top honors at the state and national level in science , math , geography and other subjects stretching back as far as 1989 . In recent competitions , students won 24 Gold Medals at the 2009 Illinois Junior Academy of Science ( IJAS ) Science Fair , and won the Science Olympiad Jr . High State Championship . Avery Coonley won the 2009 IMSA Junior High Mathematics Competition ( with four out of five first place awards ) and placed second in the 2009 Illinois State MATHCOUNTS competition . In 2008 , a seventh group student placed in the top 0 @.@ 2 percent of competitors from around the world with a perfect score in the 24th annual American Mathematics Contest .
In 2009 , the seventh and eighth group Social Studies teams both placed third in the nation at the National Social Studies League contest and an ACS student won the Illinois Geography Bee , The same year , two eighth group students received perfect scores on Le Grand Concours — the National French Contest of the American Association of Teachers of French . Of the 40 Avery Coonley students who took Le Grand Concours , 32 placed in the top ten in the nation at their grade level . Avery Coonley third group students " won highest honors in
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356 days . The next day he spoke about the achievement : " I knew I had to be patient and wait for it to come [ ... ] I wasn 't that nervous last night , but I was a bit nervous this morning . " Dismissed for 125 out of a total of 298 , Ponting scored 17 boundaries in his five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour stay at the crease . Coach Greg Shipperd was impressed in what he saw : " It was an excellent innings , one of classical stroke play . The way he freely put together a good , solid innings , showed that his potential is being realised . It was an indication , for him , of what it 's like to go the extra step . " These performances lead Ponting to his List A debut on 13 December against Victoria in Devonport . He struggled , however , scoring 22 from 45 balls in Tasmania 's defeat . His form , nonetheless , remained strong in first @-@ class cricket , scoring another half @-@ century , Ponting scored back @-@ to @-@ back centuries against Western Australia in Perth , the nation 's fastest wicket , thus becoming the youngest batsmen in Shield history to score two centuries in a match . After setting a goal of scoring 500 first @-@ class runs in the season , Ponting finished with 781 runs at 48 @.@ 81 . But his form in List A games were not as strong , aggregating 99 at 33 in four matches . Still , Ponting hit an unbeaten 59 from 52 balls against a touring England A side in Hobart . After the season 's end , still aged 18 , Ponting played seven four @-@ day games for the Australian Academy , scoring 484 runs at 96 @.@ 70 .
Speculation ignited that Ponting was an outsider to be selected for the Australian squad on their 1993 tour to England . Of the speculation , Ponting said " At the start of the season I was wondering whether or not I 'd play Shield cricket this year and all of a sudden there 's talk in the papers that I 'm a chance go on an Australian tour of England . I think it 's way out of reach — there are blokes like [ South Australian ] Jamie Siddons who have scored 20 or 30 first @-@ class centuries who are ahead of me . Nevertheless , Shipperd thought Ponting could handle the experience : " A lot of attention affects different people in different ways , but Ricky is such a well @-@ rounded young fella that it hasn 't changed him . I 've told him to enjoy the all the attention and if he just keeps on being himself I 'm sure he 'll cope well with all the success that I imagine he will achieve . " The selectors eventually chose Western Australian batsman Damien Martyn for the tour , with Ponting selected in the Academy squad captained by Justin Langer , which toured India and Sri Lanka for seven games in August and September in 1993 . Australian success was limited , with only a few wins . No batsman scored a century , but Ponting reached 99 not out in a one @-@ day game in Colombo . He finished the tour second highest in the run @-@ scorers behind Langer . Before the start of the 1993 – 94 Sheffield Shield season , Pont
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steam north to the Skagerrak , with the intention of luring out a portion of the British fleet so it could be destroyed by Scheer 's waiting battleships .
Kaiser and the rest of the III Battle Squadron were the leading unit of the High Seas Fleet ; the four König @-@ class battleships led the line . Kaiser , the flagship of Konteradmiral H. Nordmann , was directly astern of the four Königs . I Battle Squadron , composed of the eight Helgoland- and Nassau @-@ class battleships , followed III Squadron , with the six elderly pre @-@ dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron bringing up the rear . Hipper 's five battlecruisers left the Jade estuary at 02 : 00 on 31 May ; Scheer , with the High Seas Fleet , followed an hour and a half later .
Shortly before 16 : 00 CET , the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron , under the command of David Beatty . The opposing ships began an artillery duel that saw the destruction of Indefatigable , shortly after 17 : 00 , and Queen Mary , less than a half an hour later . By this time , the German battlecruisers were steaming south in order to draw the British ships towards the main body of the High Seas Fleet . At 17 : 30 , König 's crew spotted both the I Scouting Group and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron approaching . The German battlecruisers were steaming to starboard , while the British ships steamed to port . At 17 : 45 , Scheer ordered a two @-@ point turn to port to bring his ships closer to the British battlecruisers , and a minute later at 17 : 46 , the order to open fire was given .
Between 17 : 48 and 17 : 52 , Kaiser , Kronprinz , Friedrich der Grosse , and all eight battleships of the I Squadron opened fire on several ships of the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron ; Kaiser , Ostfriesland , and Nassau engaged HMS Southampton , though only Nassau managed to score a hit on the cruiser . In the span of eight minutes , Kaiser fired eleven salvos at Southampton without success . The 2nd LCS then moved back out of range , having largely escaped unscathed . At 17 : 58 , Scheer ordered the fleet to maximum speed ; the greater speed of the Königs caused the distance between Kaiser and König to rapidly increase . At 18 : 05 , Southampton again came into range , and Kaiser opened fire . Kaiser fired four salvos at a range of 12 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 yd ) , though again without scoring any hits . After three minutes of firing , Kaiser 's guns again fell silent .
Starting at 18 : 10 , Kaiser began firing on the 5th Battle Squadron battleship Malaya ; in the span of 25 minutes , Kaiser fired 27 salvos at an average range of 17 @,@ 300 m ( 18 @,@ 900 yd ) . The British destroyers Nestor and Nomad , which had been disabled by earlier in the engagement , lay directly in the path of the advancing High Seas Fleet . Shortly before 18 : 30 , Kaiser and her three sister ships opened fire on Nomad with their secondary batteries . The hail of 15 @-@ cm shells smothered the ship ; a fire was started and one shell detonated the ship 's forward ammunition magazine . Nomad sank stern first at 18 : 30 . Nestor was meanwhile destroyed by the battleships of I Squadron .
Shortly after 19 : 00 , the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the British battlecruiser Invincible ; Rear Admiral Behncke in König attempted to maneuver the III Squadron to cover the stricken cruiser . Simultaneously , the British 3rd and 4th Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line ; while advancing to torpedo range , they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns . The eight III Squadron battleships fired on the British cruisers , but even sustained fire from the battleships ' main guns failed to drive off the British cruisers . The armored cruisers Defence , Warrior , and Black Prince joined in the attack on the crippled Wiesbaden . Between 19 : 14 and 19 : 17 , Kaiser and several other battleships and battlecruisers opened fire on Defence and Warrior . Defence was struck by several heavy caliber shells from the German dreadnoughts . One salvo penetrated the ship 's ammunition magazines and , in a massive explosion , destroyed the cruiser .
As Warrior limped away to the west , the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron joined the Grand Fleet as it entered the battle from the north . However , Warspite was forced to haul out of line to the south , towards the oncoming German fleet .
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should fortify Samos as quickly as possible .
Despite these events , Pisander and the other envoys of the conspirators arrived at Athens and made a speech before the people . Pisander won the argument , putting Alcibiades and his promises at the center . The Ecclesia deposed Phrynichus and elected Pisander and ten other envoys to negotiate with Tissaphernes and Alcibiades .
At this point , Alcibiades 's scheme encountered a great obstacle . Tissaphernes would not make an agreement on any terms , wanting to follow his policy of neutrality . As Kagan points out , Tissaphernes was a prudent leader and had recognized the advantages of wearing each side out without direct Persian involvement . Alcibiades realized this and , by presenting the Athenians with stiffer and stiffer demands on Tissaphernes 's behalf , attempted to convince them that he had persuaded Tissaphernes to support them , but that they had not conceded enough to him . Although the envoys were angered at the audacity of the Persian demands , they nevertheless departed with the impression that Alcibiades could have brought about an agreement among the powers if he had chosen to do so . This fiasco at the court of Tissaphernes , however , put an end to the negotiations between the conspirators and Alcibiades . The group was convinced that Alcibiades could not deliver his side of the bargain without demanding exorbitantly high concessions of them and they accordingly abandoned their plans to restore him to Athens .
= = = Reinstatement as an Athenian General = = =
In spite of the failure of the negotiations , the conspirators succeeded in overthrowing the democracy and imposing the oligarchic government of the Four Hundred , among the leaders of which were Phrynichus and Pisander . At Samos , however , a similar coup instigated by the conspirators did not go forward so smoothly . Samian democrats learned of the conspiracy and notified four prominent Athenians : the generals Leon and Diomedon , the trierarch Thrasybulus , and Thrasyllus , at that time a hoplite in the ranks . With the support of these men and the Athenian soldiers in general , the Samian democrats were able to defeat the 300 Samian oligarchs who attempted to seize power there . Further , the Athenian troops at Samos formed themselves into a political assembly , deposed their generals , and elected new ones , including Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus . The army , stating that they had not revolted from the city but that the city had revolted from them , resolved to stand by the democracy while continuing to prosecute the war against Sparta .
After a time , Thrasybulus persuaded the assembled troops to vote Alcibiades 's recall , a policy that he had supported since before the coup . Then he sailed to retrieve Alcibiades and returned with him to Samos . The aim of this policy was to win away Persian support from the Spartans , as it was still believed that Alcibiades had great influence with Tissaphernes . Plutarch claims that the army sent for Alcibiades so as to use his help in putting down the tyrants in Athens . Kagan argues that this reinstatement was a disappointment to Alcibiades , who had hoped for a glorious return to Athens itself but found himself only restored to the rebellious fleet , where the immunity from prosecution he had been granted " protected him for the time being but not from a reckoning in the future " ; furthermore , the recall , which Alcibiades had hoped to bring about through his own prestige and perceived influence , was achieved through the patronage of Thrasybulus .
At his first speech to the assembled troops , Alcibiades complained bitterly about the circumstances of his exile , but the greatest part of the speech consisted of boasting about his influence with Tissaphernes . The primary motives of his speech were to make the oligarchs at Athens afraid of him and to increase his credit with the army at Samos . Upon hearing his speech the troops immediately elected him General alongside Thrasybulus and the others . In fact , he roused them so much that they proposed to sail at once for Piraeus and attack the oligarchs in Athens . It was primarily Alcibiades , along with Thrasybulus , who calmed the people and showed them the folly of this proposal , which would have sparked civil war and led to the immediate defeat of Athens . Shortly after Alcibiades 's reinstatement as an Athenian general , the government of the Four Hundred was overthrown and replaced by a broader oligarchy , which would eventually give way to democracy .
Presently Alcibiades sailed to Tissaphernes with a detachment of ships . According to Plutarch , the supposed purpose of this mission was to stop the Persian fleet from coming to the aid of the Peloponnesians . Thucydides is in agreement with Plutarch that the Persian fleet was at Aspendus and that Alcibiades told the troops he would bring the fleet to their
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) , is an extinct shield volcano in the Oregon High Cascades , near Mount Bailey . Because eruptive activity ceased 250 @,@ 000 years ago , glaciers have heavily eroded the volcano 's structure , creating precipitous slopes and a horn @-@ like peak . The spire @-@ like shape of Thielsen attracts lightning strikes and creates fulgurite , an unusual mineral . The prominent horn forms a centerpiece for the Mount Thielsen Wilderness , a reserve for recreational activities such as skiing and hiking .
Thielsen was produced by subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the North American Plate . Volcanism near the Cascades dates back to 55 million years ago ( mya ) , and extends from British Columbia to California . Thielsen is part of the High Cascades , a branch of the main Cascades range that includes Oregonian volcanoes less than 3 @.@ 5 million years old ; it is also a member of a group of extinct volcanoes distinguished by their sharp peaks .
The area surrounding the volcano was originally inhabited by Chinook Native Americans , and was later encountered by Polish settlers . One of the visitors was Jon Hurlburt , an early explorer of the area who named the volcano after the engineer Hans Thielsen . Later explorers discovered nearby Crater Lake . The volcano was not analyzed until 1884 , when a team from the United States Geological Survey sampled its fulgurite deposits .
= = History = =
The area was originally inhabited by Chinook Native Americans , who referred to the mountain as " Hischokwolas " ; the Klamath call it " hisc 'akwaleeas " . Jon Hurlburt , a Polish explorer , renamed the volcano after Hans Thielsen , a railroad engineer and builder who played a major role in the construction of the California and Oregon Railroad .
In 1884 a United States Geological Survey team headed by J. S. Diller began studying the mountains of the Cascade Range . Their intended destinations included Thielsen , which was climbed and sampled for its fulgurite variant . Thielsen 's spire @-@ like top is hit by lightning so frequently that some rocks on the summit have melted into a rare mineraloid known as lechatelierite , a variety of fulgurite . The mountain has earned the nickname " the lightning rod of the Cascades " .
Apart from study , Thielsen and the rest of the Crater Lake area features heavily into 19th- and early 20th @-@ century exploration . In 1853 , miners from Yreka first described Crater Lake ; one called it " the bluest water he had ever seen " , another " Deep Blue Lake . " The first published description was written by Chauncy Nye for the Jacksonville Sentinel in 1862 . Nye recalled an expedition of gold prospectors where they passed a lake of a deep blue color . Native Americans lived in the area and grew irritable towards new settlers in the area . In 1865 , Fort Klamath was built as a protective sanctuary . A wagon road was built to connect the Rogue Valley to the building . In late 1865 , two hunters ventured upon the lake ; more explorers followed . By then , the lake became famous for its distinctive color , and crowds flocked to see it . The first non @-@ Native American to stand on the shore of Crater Lake was Sergeant Orsen Stearns , who climbed down into the caldera . A friend , Captain F.B. Sprague , gave it the name " Lake Majesty . " Tourism continued until May 22 , 1902 ; on that day , Theodore Roosevelt designated the lake and surrounding area a national park .
= = Geography = =
= = = Regional = = =
The Cascade Range was produced by convergence of the North American Plate with the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate . Active volcanism has taken place for approximately 36 million years ; the nearby Challis Range features complexes as old as 55 mya . Most geologists believe that activity in the Cascades has been relatively intermittent , producing up to 3 @,@ 000 volcanic calderas at a time . Frequent volcanism within the last 10 @,@ 000 years created complexes from Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia to north California 's Lassen Peak complex . Remarkably different from state to state , the volcanism ranges from large volcanoes to zones of many smaller geologic features such as lava shields and cinder cones . The Cascade volcanoes are divided into two large sectors , called the High Cascades and the Western Cascades ; Thielsen is part of the High Cascades , which are east of the Western Cascades .
= = = Local = = =
Diamond Lake , formed by one of Thielsen 's eruptions , lies to the west of Mount Thielsen and beyond lies Mount Bailey , a much less eroded and younger stratovolcano . Thielsen 's sharp peak is a prominent feature of the skyline visible from Crater Lake National Park . All three volcanoes are part of the Oregon High Cascades , a range that sections off the stratovolcanoes of Oregon that are younger than 3 @.@ 5 million years . The High Cascades include Mount Jefferson , the Three Sisters , Broken Top , and other stratovolcanoes and remnants .
Rock in the area ages from the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary . Basalt and basaltic andesite comprise newer volcanoes atop the High Cascades : major volcanic centers include Mount Hood , Three Sisters @-@ Broken Top , Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) , and Mount Jefferson . All have produced diverse eruptions , including both lava flows and pyroclastic eruptions , and variability in composition between dacite , basalt , and even rhyolite ( except for Mount Hood , which is not known to have produced rhyolite ) . Thielsen is part of a series of extinct volcanoes in Oregon termed the Matterhorns for their steep , spire @-@ like summits ; Thielsen is the highest at 9 @,@ 182 feet ( 2 @,@ 799 m ) . Other Matterhorns include Mount Washington , Three Fingered Jack , Mount Bailey , and Diamond Peak . Unlike other mountains in the High Cascades , all these volcanoes became extinct 250 @,@ 000 to 100 @,@ 000 years ago , and their summits endured the last few ice ages , accounting for their distinct shapes .
= = Geology = =
Thielsen has been so deeply eroded by glaciers that there is no summit crater and the upper part of the mountain is more or less a horn . Thielsen is a relatively old Cascade volcano , and cone @-@ building eruptions stopped relatively early . Erosion caused during the last two or three ice ages remains visible . Subsidence of the last material in Thielsen 's crater moved its youngest lava more than 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) above the active crater .
On the mountain past lava flows are diverse , some as thick as 33 feet ( 10 m ) , others as thin as 1 foot ( 30 cm ) . Stack @-@ like figures composed of breccia and past flow deposits are as thick as 328 feet ( 100 m
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official match on 3 June 2015 . After winning the first game of the qualifier , " Stixxay " was banned by Riot Games for two weeks due to his in @-@ game behaviour . Counter Logic Gaming Black lost both subsequent games , using Parsa " Frost " Baghai as a substitute , and so failed to qualify for the following North American Challenger Series Summer Split .
On 5 November 2015 , it was announced that CLG Black was once again recruiting , with Thinkcard as the only returning player . On 10 December , Tony " ZIkz " Gray confirmed a final roster of I KeNNy U , Thinkcard , Tyson " Innox " Kapler , Yuri " KEITHMCBRIEF " Jew and Petar " Unlimited " Georgiev in a comment on the / r / CLG subreddit . Three days later , the team was knocked out of the 2016 NACS Spring Split Open Qualifier by Team Liquid Academy , once again failing to qualify . The team has since been disbanded .
= = = Dota 2 = = =
On 2 February 2012 , Counter Logic Gaming picked up the unsigned eXperience Gaming roster , made up of Jonathan " Loda " Berg , Joakim " Akke " Akterhall , Jesper " Mirakel " Nyhlén , Per Anders Olsson " Pajkatt " Lille , and Alexander " Pinoy " Pettersson , under the name CLG Dota . On 2 March 2012 , exactly a month later , Johan " smulgullig " Gidmark replaced Pinoy after the former acted as a stand @-@ in for the team for minor online events . From March to August , after success in relatively minor online tournaments , CLG Dota 's schedule was dominated by various more prolific online tournaments , either of the form of a group stage followed by playoff finals , or of a round @-@ robin tournament . The first of these was Star Ladder Star Series Season 1 , running from 12 March to 29 April 2012 . Counter Logic Gaming placed third in the group stage , beating Darer at playoffs before losing to both Natus Vincere and Moscow Five in the Winners Bracket and Losers Bracket Finals , finishing third .
The second and third of the tournaments were ProDOTA World League Season 1 and The Premier League Season 2 , taking place from 13 April to 5 August , and 17
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on behalf of City Sightseeing .
Rural services , linking local towns and villages with York , are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York , EYMS , Reliance & Stephonsons of Easingwold Operating most of them . Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including , Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby , East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull , Beverley , Pocklington , Transdev in Harrogate services to Knaresborough and Harrogate . Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough , Filey , Bridlington and Whitby .
= = = Local Transport Plan 2006 = = =
English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans ( LTPs ) , strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer @-@ term vision . LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes . The final Local Transport Plan 2006 – 2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006 . The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years . The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility , air quality and safety . Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan 's life span include outer ring road improvements , improved management of the highway network , improvements to the bus network including park and ride services , provision of off @-@ road walking and cycling routes , air quality improvements and safety measures .
= = Education = =
The University of York 's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Management , Law , Theatre , Film , and Television at Heslington East . The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King 's Manor in the city centre . It was York 's only institution with university status until 2006 , when the more centrally located York St John University , formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds , attained full university status . The city also hosts a branch of The University of Law . The University of York also has a highly rated medical school , Hull York Medical School .
The city has two major further education institutions . York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College . Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses , and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves . Askham Bryan College offers further education courses , foundation and honours degrees , specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture , agriculture , animal management and even golf course management .
There are 70 local council schools with over 24 @,@ 000 pupils in the City of York Council area . The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city . Primary schools cover education from ages 5 – 11 , with some offering early years education from age 3 . From 11 – 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools , four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18 . In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School .
York also has several private schools . St Peter 's School was founded in 627 . The scholar Alcuin , who went on to serve Charlemagne , taught there . It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes . Two schools have Quaker origins : Bootham School is co @-@ educational and The Mount School is all @-@ girls . On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret 's School . Pupils from The Minster School , York sing in York Minster choir .
= = Culture = =
= = = Theatre = = =
The Theatre Royal , which was established in 1744 , produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star , Berwick Kaler . The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions . The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company , which as well as operating a busy national touring department , also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments . York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups . The Department of Theatre , Film and Television , and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances .
The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals , using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play . ( For instance the Shipwrights ' Play is the Building of Noah 's Ark and the fish @-@ sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah 's Ark ) . The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England . Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the fourteenth century until 1570 , they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain , when York was one of the cities with a regional festival . They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years . They were mostly produced in a temporary open @-@ air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary 's Abbey , using some professional but mostly amateur actors . Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green ( in the role of Christ ) and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl , in 1951 , 1954 and 1957 . ( She remains a Patron of the plays ) . The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996 , within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002 , 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares , in the Dean 's Park , or at the Eye of York . They go around the streets , recreating the original productions . In 2012 , the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St. Mary 's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens .
= = = Music = = =
The Academy of St Olave 's , a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave 's Church , Marygate , is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York . A former church , St Margaret 's , Walmgate , is the National Centre for Early Music , which hosts concerts , broadcasts , competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival . Students , staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel . The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city .
= = = Gastronomy = = =
Each September since 1997 , York holds an annual Festival of Food and Drink . The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production . The Festival attracts up to 150 @,@ 000 visitors over 10 days , from all over the country . One of the notable local products is York ham , a mild @-@ flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring . It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce . As a lightly smoked , dry @-@ cured ham , York ham is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry @-@ cured hams . Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham . Robert Burrow Atkinson 's butchery shop , in Blossom Street , is the birthplace of the original " York Ham " and the reason why the premises became famous .
In the centre of York , in St Helen 's Square , there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms . Bettys founder , Frederick Belmont , travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936 . He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary 's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen 's Square . A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out , and the basement ' Bettys Bar ' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York . ' Bettys Mirror ' , on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen , remains on display today as a tribute to them .
= = = Beer and pubs = = =
The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities . It has its origins in the 13th century , when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods . The current version was resurrected in the 1990s by the Sheriff of York and is led by the Guild of Scriveners . In June 20
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15 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre , some of which are hundreds of years old . These include the Golden Fleece , Ye Olde Starre Inne , noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733 , and The Kings Arms , often photographed during floods .
= = = UNESCO status bids = = =
In 2010 York 's city council and a number of heritage organisations submitted a bid for York 's entire city centre to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site . This nomination , to the UK 's Department for Culture , Media and Sport would have included York on a list of tentative sites to be reviewed by UNESCO itself . York 's bid failed , leading to ' disappointment ' from the team involved . This indirectly led to the city making a successful bid to be part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts . It is the fourth of these cities , following Lyon , France ; Enghien @-@ les @-@ Bains , France ; and Sapporo , Japan .
= = Media = =
The York area is served by a local newspaper , The Press ( known as the Evening Press until April 2006 ) , The York Advertiser newspaper ( based at The Press on Walmgate ) , and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York . Local arts , culture news and events are covered by community media start @-@ up ; and social enterprise ; One & Other . One & Other was founded in September 2011 .
On 27 November 2013 , Ofcom awarded the 12 @-@ year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel , with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015 .
York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners . The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films .
The University of York has its own television station York Student Television ( YSTV ) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision . Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK , and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005 .
= = Sport = =
The city 's football team is York City who are competing in National League as of the 2016 – 17 season . York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their " giant killing " status in cup competitions , having reached the FA Cup semi @-@ final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3 – 0 during the 1995 – 96 League Cup . Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent .
York also has a strong rugby league history . York FC , later known as York Wasps , formed in 1901 , were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium , poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002 . The supporters formed a new club , York City Knights , who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1 . There are three amateur rugby league teams in York , New Earswick All Blacks , York Acorn and Heworth . York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year . Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference .
An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge . The rowing clubs of The University of York , York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training . There are two sailing clubs close to York , both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse . The York RI ( Railway Institute ) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe , a village 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the south of York . The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south of York .
York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running . This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings . The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005 . In August racing takes place over the four @-@ day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843 .
Motorbike speedway once took place at York . The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged . In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy .
York has also hosted the UK Snooker Championship , which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport , at the York Barbican Centre .
On 6 July 2014 , York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France . Starting the Départ Fictif from York Racecourse , the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough . In 2015 , the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year , with the Day 2 stage finishing in York .
The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren , who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School ( now called Millthorpe School ) .
= = Geodesy = =
York Minster was the origin ( meridian ) of the 6 inch and 1 : 2500 Ordnance Survey maps for Yorkshire .
= = Twin cities = =
York is twinned with Dijon , France ( 1953 ) , Münster , Germany ( 1957 ) and on 22 October 2014 , it announced the first ' temporal twinning ' with Jórvík , the Viking city from 866 to 1066 .
= Any Human Heart =
Any Human Heart : The Intimate Journals of Logan Mountstuart is a 2002 novel by William Boyd , a British writer . It is written as a lifelong series of journals kept by Mountstuart , a writer whose life ( 1906 – 1991 ) spanned the defining episodes of the 20th century , crossed several continents and included a convoluted sequence of relationships and literary endeavours . Boyd uses the diary form to explore how public events impinge on individual consciousness , so that Mountstuart ’ s journal alludes almost casually to the war , the death of a prime minister or the abdication of the king . Boyd plays ironically on the theme of literary celebrity , introducing his protagonist to several real writers who are included as characters – a spat with Virginia Woolf in London , a possible sexual encounter with Evelyn Waugh at Oxford , a clumsy exchange with James Joyce in Paris , and a friendship with Ernest Hemingway that spans several years .
Boyd spent 30 months writing the novel . The journal style , with its gaps , false starts and contradictions , reinforces the theme of the changing self in the novel . Many plot points simply fade away . The novel received mixed reviews from critics on publication , but has sold well . A television adaptation was made with the screenplay written by Boyd , first broadcast in 2010 .
= = Composition = =
Mountstuart appeared in Boyd 's short story " Hôtel des Voyageurs " written in the early 1990s and published in London Magazine and his 1995 collection The Destiny of Nathalie ' X ' . The story was inspired by the journals written by writer and critic Cyril Connolly in the 1920s . It was written in journal form and was , like Connolly 's journals self obsessed , lyrical and hedonistic . Boyd was obsessed with Connolly as a schoolboy , avidly reading his reviews in The Sunday Times , and later read his entire published œuvre and found his flawed personality ' deeply beguiling ' .
In 1988 Boyd had written The New Confessions as a memoir , the hoax biography of an invented artist , Nat Tate : An American Artist 1928 @-@ 1960 , in which Mountstuart reappeared . Boyd claimed that he , as biographer , had first heard of the painter through the work of a little @-@ known British writer , a black @-@ and @-@ white photograph Boyd of whom had found in a French second @-@ hand shop . The caption identified the chubby man as " Logan Mountstuart in 1952 " . Boyd described him as ,
a curious and forgotten figure in the annals of 2
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Ashford . Each member was given a personality so that the player would form connections with the squad . Commander Arlen MacPherson assumes overall charge of the squad , and he has regular dealings with Hegemony ambassador Creon Pentheus . Live @-@ action full @-@ motion video cutscenes depicting character interaction occasionally play between missions .
= = = Story = = =
As the game begins , pirates steal a shipment of highly destructive " Petrovsk grenades " . A reconnaissance mission by Nikola identifies the grenades at a heavily defended pirate base , and they are recovered en route to a transport ship . Without the grenades , the base is assaulted by Strike Force Centauri , and Hegemony equipment is found there . When MacPherson confronts Pentheus about the incident , he denies involvement . Proof of the Hegemony 's intentions is later found at a Thatcher smuggling base , and Pentheus declares war on the Centauri colonies . Now knowing the pirates are funded by the Hegemony , MacPherson suspects that a previous information leak was in fact the work of a Hegemony spy ; Nikola questions Brandt , who responds with indignance . After a series of missions against the Hegemony , Nikola 's aircraft is ambushed and shot down , and he is captured by Pentheus . During this time , Pentheus tells him that a traitor within Strike Force Centauri is responsible for the ambush . The squad rescues Nikola , but Schuyler is killed in the assault . At his funeral , Ashford accuses Nikola as the traitor .
It soon becomes clear that MacPherson is being poisoned . Nikola believes that Brandt is responsible , because of his recent disappearances , but is proven wrong . After MacPherson dies , Sarah Walker takes his place as commander of Strike Force Centauri . Walker sends Nikola , disguised as a pirate , on an espionage mission to discover the traitor 's identity . Nikola finds information that incriminates Ashford , who , when confronted , boasts of his actions and leaps to his death from a docking bay . The squad continues the war , and the Hegemony is eventually forced to gather its remaining forces at a base on Thatcher . The squad destroys the facility by detonating a highly explosive fuel tank inside it . Following its defeat , the Hegemony denies involvement in the war , declares Pentheus a rogue agent and appoints a new ambassador to the system . While angered by the announcement , Strike Force Centauri celebrates its victory as the game ends .
= = Development = =
Terra Nova was conceived in 1992 , around the time that Looking Glass Technologies ' first game , Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss , was completed . Company co @-@ founder Paul Neurath wrote a design document for a tactical , squad @-@ based game with a science fiction setting , and he helped the team initiate its development . Artist Robb Waters created concept art . It was originally titled Freefall , because of the way the soldiers enter combat by dropping from aircraft . Development was initially led by a newly hired programmer who envisioned the game as an exact simulation , in which every element was as realistic as possible . Programmer Dan Schmidt created the game 's artificial intelligence , and he attempted to make squadmates intelligently follow orders and provide assistance , instead of merely " staying out of your way " . Schmidt hired Eric Brosius and Terri Brosius , then @-@ members of the band Tribe , to compose the game 's music , which was called " orchestrally flavored " by the Boston Herald . As with their 1995 video game Flight Unlimited , Looking Glass Technologies self @-@ published Terra Nova .
The game began production alongside the company 's second project , Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds , and remained in development after that game 's 1993 release . It then continued through the creation of their titles System Shock ( released in 1994 ) and Flight Unlimited . The game was subject to numerous delays , which Schmidt later attributed to its lack of a set deadline . He stated that the team was " trying to go with the same philosophy " as the company 's earlier games , in that they would " develop the systems and the game would come out of it " . However , the team 's development priorities regularly changed , and the programmer who led the project left several years into production . According to Schmidt , his departure meant that " there was no @-@ one left who was psyched about making this really [ realistic ] simulation " . Despite this fact , the team continued using the idea , even though serious difficulties were involved in achieving it . Schmidt said that the game 's development status was uncertain after the programmer left , and that he inherited the role of lead programmer around that time merely because the position had to be filled . He later assumed the role of project leader . In January 1995 , Looking Glass showed Terra Nova alongside Flight Unlimited at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show , under their " Immersive Reality " marketing label .
In the team 's original plan , Terra Nova consisted of missions that were bookended by simplistic cutscenes , akin to those of the 1990 Origin Systems video game Wing Commander . However , in 1994 , Origin released Wing Commander III : Heart of the Tiger , which features live @-@ action full @-@ motion video ( FMV ) cutscenes . This pressured Looking Glass into incorporating FMV into Terra Nova . Schmidt later said , " Lots of A @-@ list games were including more and more FMV , and it was felt by management that if Terra Nova didn 't have any , it would look second @-@ rate . " The decision to include it came when the game was already overdue , and a large portion of the game 's funding was redirected toward cutscene production . A scriptwriter from outside the company was hired to write the cutscenes ; because of the interplay between the cutscenes and missions , the script underwent numerous rewrites . The game 's delays and large budget resulted in the removal of a planned online multiplayer component , and the FMV cutscenes , which were expensive to produce , increased the number of sales needed to recoup development costs . A patch was planned to add the online multiplayer functionality after release , but it did not materialize . Schmidt called the cutscenes a " giant distraction " for the team and himself as project leader : he later described them as " cheesier than most " of those from the period and noted that " I wince a lot looking back on [ them ] " . Schmidt believed that they were likely an error from a business standpoint , as they further increased the game 's budget and production length , but ultimately did not increase sales .
Roughly a year before its release , the team concluded that Terra Nova 's realistic , simulation @-@ style gameplay was not enjoyable . However , Schmidt said that the game 's already lengthy development meant that it had to be released ; otherwise , he believed that it would be canceled , or that its high cost would bankrupt the company . As a result , the game was completely redesigned to be " much more arcadey " only a few months before release . Schmidt said that , in the new game , " you were going around blowing people up " and " your enemies have brackets on them showing their health and it 's very bright and glowy and green " . He believed that these elements drastically increased the game 's enjoyability . He summarized , " Six months before it shipped the game wasn 't fun at all and we actually ended up shipping something that was at least somewhat enjoyable to play " . The game was released on March 5 , 1996 ; by this time , its graphical technology had been surpassed by other video games , according to Schmidt . Lead programmer Art Min later expressed dissatisfaction with the game : he believed that , while the team coalesced at the end of development , they shipped the game too soon because of "
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was criticized for its perceived difficulty and lack of features . Schneider called Super Smash Bros. " an excellent choice for gamers looking for a worthy multiplayer smash ' em @-@ up " . Another IGN editor Matt Casamassina called it an incredibly addictive multiplayer game , but criticized the single @-@ player mode for not offering much of a challenge . It was given an Editors ' Choice award from IGN .
Super Smash Bros. was commercially successful , and became a Nintendo 64 Player 's Choice title . In Japan , 1 @.@ 97 million copies were sold , and 2 @.@ 93 million have been sold in the United States as of 2008 .
= = Legacy = =
The first sequel , Super Smash Bros. Melee , was released for the GameCube two years after the original . Melee retains nearly all the gameplay features of its predecessor while also expanding upon them , as well as expanding the fighter lineup . It also features three unlockable stages from the original game . As of March 2008 , 7 @.@ 09 million copies of Super Smash Bros. Melee had been sold worldwide .
Super Smash Bros. Brawl for Wii was released in 2008 . Nintendo president Satoru Iwata requested Super Smash Bros. director Masahiro Sakurai direct Brawl after it was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2006 's pre @-@ conference . Brawl retains most of the gameplay of its predecessors while featuring major gameplay additions — such as a more substantial single @-@ player mode and online play via the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection — and a further @-@ expanded lineup . Unlike its predecessors , the game has four methods of control , including the use of the Wii Remote ( with or without the Nunchuk ) , GameCube controller , and the Classic Controller . Like Melee , Brawl makes references to other Nintendo games and franchises , but also features third @-@ party characters , a first for the series . As of March 2013 , a total of 11 @.@ 49 million copies were sold , making it the 9th best selling Wii game in history .
Super Smash Bros. was released for the Wii Virtual Consoles in Japan , North America , and Europe throughout 2009 . It was noted by Nintendo as their 500th Virtual Console offering in North America . In July 2013 , the game was offered as one of several Virtual Console games which " Elite Status " members of the North America Club Nintendo could redeem as a free gift .
Nintendo announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 that they would be releasing two new Super Smash Bros. games , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , making it the first cross @-@ platform and first portable release in the series . Cross @-@ compatibility between the Wii U and 3DS versions was also confirmed , allowing players to customize their characters and transfer them between versions . While development had begun , Sakurai stated that the early announcement was made public in order to attract developers needed for the game . The titles are also the first games to utilize Nintendo 's Amiibo platform . The new Super Smash Bros. titles were released in late 2014 .
= Raised by Another =
" Raised by Another " is the tenth episode of the first season of the American drama series Lost . It first aired on December 1 , 2004 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . Directed by Marita Grabiak and written by Lynne E. Litt , the episode was the first to reveal the backstory of Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) . It also represented a shift from previous Lost backstories by being one of the first to emphasise the series ' mythology – a decision that made the network nervous at the time .
In this episode , flashbacks depict the story behind Claire 's pregnancy . Rejected by her boyfriend when he refused to raise their child , Claire decides to go to an adoption agency out of a belief that she will struggle to raise it alone . Claire visits a psychic ( Nick Jameson ) who warns her of a dangerous future for her unborn child if she does not raise it . In the present , Claire experiences terrifying nightmares and begins to suspect that somebody is trying to harm her unborn child . In response , Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) decides to start a census of all of the survivors .
" Raised by Another " marks the revelation that Ethan ( William Mapother ) is not among the remaining survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 and is instead an outsider , revealed to be one of the Others alluded to in the previous episode . The final scene involving Claire and Charlie ( Dominic Monaghan ) being approached by Ethan was lauded by television commentators .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Claire Littleton takes a pregnancy test with the assistance of her boyfriend , Thomas ( Keir O 'Donnell ) , and it is positive . Thomas reassures her that everything will be fine and that they will be good parents . Claire goes to a psychic , Richard Malkin ( Nick Jameson ) , who knows she is pregnant . After touching her hand , he has a supposed vision and becomes upset , but refuses to tell Claire what he " saw " . Later , Thomas tells Claire he is leaving , saying that he is not ready for the responsibility of a child .
Claire returns to the psychic and asks him for another reading . Richard knows that Thomas left her and says that Claire must raise the baby , as , if anyone else parents it , the baby will be in danger . Though the psychic repeatedly tells Claire not to give the child away , she tells him that she 's going to an adoptive services agency . Claire is about to sign papers so that a couple can adopt her baby , but none of the pens she tries work . After Claire thinks , she leaves the adoption agency and goes to the psychic . He gives her $ 6 @,@ 000 and a ticket on Oceanic Flight 815 , explaining that a couple in Los Angeles would adopt the baby and give her an additional $ 6 @,@ 000 . Initially Claire is skeptical about giving her child to complete strangers in Los Angeles , but Richard assures her that " they 're not strangers " and that they are " good people . " Even though Claire initially finds this change of heart suspicious , she accepts .
= = = On the Island = = =
It is Day 15 , October 6 , 2004 , and Claire wakes up from nightmares two nights in a row , screaming . In the first , Claire wakes to find herself no longer pregnant , as she walks into the forest and encounters John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) at a table , playing cards . She asks him why he is there , but Locke interrupts , telling her " He was your responsibility , but you gave him away , Claire . Everyone pays the price now . " Locke looks up with one white and one black eye . She hears crying and finds a baby crib . After unfolding several layers of material she dips her hands into a pool of blood and then wakes screaming ; she has injured her hands by digging her nails deeply into her palms . In the second dream , someone holds Claire down and injects something into her stomach , though she has no wound .
Claire 's attack persuades Hugo " Hurley " Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) to take a census of the survivors to have a clear idea of who actually resides on the island . The next day , while conducting his census , Hurley talks to Ethan Rom ( William Mapother ) , who seems concerned about giving his information to Hurley . Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) suggests to Claire that she imagined the attack and offers her a sedative . Claire becomes upset that Jack does not believe her , deciding to leave the caves and move back to the beach .
Boone Carlyle ( Ian Som
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. Despite the setback , Tech was able to keep Ole Miss from scoring in the first quarter and tacked on a 29 @-@ yard field goal by kicker Jack Simcsak before time came to an end in the quarter . At the end of the quarter , Tech led 17 – 0 .
In the second quarter , Mississippi came storming back . Following the field goal , Tech head coach Jerry Claiborne ordered an onside kick in an effort to gain another chance on offense and potentially build an insurmountable lead . Onside kicks , unlike an ordinary free kick , can be recovered by the kicking team — but only after the ball has traveled 10 yards . If the kicking team touches the ball before it has traveled 10 yards , the receiving team takes possession at the place the ball was touched . Unfortunately for Virginia Tech , Simsak 's onside kick — though it surprised Ole Miss — did not travel the requisite 10 yards . Mississippi took over at the Virginia Tech 49 @-@ yard line , and many of the Ole Miss players were angered by what they considered to be an insult .
Mississippi quarterback Archie Manning used the good field position and his inspired offense proficiently following the kick , driving the Rebels down the field and connecting with Hank Shows on a 21 @-@ yard touchdown pass for Mississippi 's first points just 30 seconds into the second quarter . By halftime , Manning had connected on another touchdown pass , this one a 23 @-@ yard strike to Leon Felts . Tech still held a 17 – 14 lead , but Mississippi had the momentum and would receive the ball to begin the second half .
Ole Miss wasted no time in scoring , as Steve Hindman turned the first play of the second half into a 79 @-@ yard for a touchdown . The Rebels now held a 21 – 17 lead , and Virginia Tech never threatened afterward . Ole Miss defender Bob Bailey intercepted a Virginia Tech pass at the beginning of the fourth quarter and returned it 70 yards for another Mississippi touchdown . The Rebels also added a pair of field goals to their score , and rolled to a 34 – 17 victory over Virginia Tech .
= = Statistical summary = =
Mississippi 's Steve Hindman was named the game 's most valuable player after he rushed the ball for 121 yards and a touchdown in addition to catching three passes for 32 yards . Ole Miss quarterback Archie Manning finished the game with 141 passing yards and two touchdowns . Virginia Tech was led on offense by Ken Edwards , who finished with 119 rushing yards and a touchdown , and Terry Smoot , who finished with 91 rushing yards and a touchdown . Tech turned the ball over five times , committing three fumbles and throwing two interceptions to the Mississippi defense . Despite Tech 's relative offensive success on the ground , the Hokies were completely inept through the air , completing just one pass for two net passing yards . Both marks remain Liberty Bowl records for the fewest passes and fewest passing yards gained by a team .
Although the Hokies had success on defense during the first quarter , Mississippi dominated the H
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reached number 21 . Fairport Convention appeared on Top of the Pops on 14 August 1969 , miming to the song and augmented by a roadie , Steve Sparks on percussion .
In 2004 Q magazine placed Unhalfbricking at number 41 in its list of the 50 Greatest British Albums Ever , and in the same year The Observer , describing it as " a thoroughly English masterpiece " , listed it at number 27 in its Top 100 British Albums . The following year , 2005 , it was included in Robert Dimery 's " 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die " . The Sandy Denny track , " Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? " , was voted " Favourite Folk Track of All Time " by listeners in the Radio 2 Folk Awards 2007 . In 2010 Unhalfbricking was voted the second best Fairport Convention album after Liege & Lief by Mojo magazine readers .
= = Track listing = =
Side one
" Genesis Hall " ( Richard Thompson ) – 3 : 41
" Si tu dois partir " ( Bob Dylan ) – 2 : 25
" Autopsy " ( Sandy Denny ) – 4 : 27
" A Sailor 's Life " ( traditional , arranged by Denny , Thompson , Simon Nicol , Ashley Hutchings , Martin Lamble ) – 11 : 20
Side two
" Cajun Woman " ( Thompson ) – 2 : 45
" Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? " ( Denny ) – 5 : 13
" Percy 's Song " ( Dylan ) – 6 : 55
" Million Dollar Bash " ( Dylan ) – 2 : 56
Bonus tracks on CD reissue
" Dear Landlord " ( Dylan )
" Ballad of Easy Rider " ( Roger McGuinn , Dylan )
NOTE : Bob Dylan is not officially credited as a songwriter on " Ballad of Easy Rider " .
= = Release history = =
Unhalfbricking has been released on several occasions and in several formats :
= = Personnel = =
Sandy Denny – vocals , harpsichord
Richard Thompson – electric and acoustic guitars , electric dulcimer , piano accordion , organ , backing vocals
Ashley Hutchings – bass , backing vocals
Simon Nicol – electric and acoustic guitars , electric dulcimer , backing vocals
Martin Lamble – drums , stacked chair backs on " Si tu dois partir "
Additional personnel
Iain Matthews – backing vocals on " Percy 's Song "
Dave Swarbrick – fiddle on " Si tu dois partir " , " A Sailor 's Life " , and " Cajun Woman " and Mandolin on " Million Dollar Bash "
Trevor Lucas – triangle on " Si tu dois partir "
Marc Ellington – vocals on " Million Dollar Bash "
Dave Mattacks – drums on " Ballad of Easy Rider "
Production
Recorded at Sound Techniques and Olympic Studios , London
Engineer : John Wood
Sleeve design : Diogenic Attempts Ltd .
Source :
= Brian : Portrait of a Dog =
" Brian : Portrait of a Dog " is the seventh episode and the season finale of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16 , 1999 . The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian after he swallows his pride , and joins a dog show , after much convincing , in order to win money for a new air conditioner . But after an argument over a trick gone bad , with his owner , Peter Griffin , Brian realizes he is a second @-@ class citizen and runs away from home , landing him in the pound on death row . Desperate to save their dog , the Griffin family attempts to release Brian , and prevent him from being euthanized .
The episode was written by Gary Janetti and directed by Michael Dante DiMartino . It received praise from television critic Ahsan Haque for its storyline and use of cultural references . The episode featured guest performances by Butch Hartman , Rachael MacFarlane , Dick Van Patten , Mary Scheer , Joey Slotnick and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring voice actors for the series .
= = Plot = =
Quahog is in the grip of an unusual heat wave and , not having air conditioning , the Griffins are suffering . Peter learns of an upcoming dog show offering a top prize of $ 500 , which he sees as the perfect way to be able to buy an air conditioner . He persuades a reluctant Brian to participate . Brian performs his tricks at the dog show . Peter puts a bone biscuit on Brian 's nose ; finding this demeaning and becoming angry , Brian refuses to " perpetuate the stereotype of the ' good dog ' " , as well as Peter saying he is embarrassed that Brian would not comply . Brian subsequently exits in a huff .
On the way home , Peter and Brian argue until Brian gets out of the car . A police officer gives Brian a ticket , for which Peter has to pay $ 10 , for violating the local leash law , which only widens the rift between Peter and Brian . Another argument ensues and Peter mentions that he found Brian on the road as a stray dog . Angry that Peter brought that up and becoming more angry when Peter then demands that Brian stop being a bad dog , Brian leaves the house , whereupon he is treated cruelly by the community , and is ( ultimately ) forced to sleep at the bus shelter . Peter buys a new cat which turns out to be mischievous and abusive ; the family gets rid of it and searches for Brian . By the time Peter decides to apologize to Brian , Brian has been kicked out of a restaurant and a public store and chased by the police when he was found drinking from a water fountain . Brian becomes homeless , having actually attacked a man on the street for treating him as a drunken hobo and for not believing that he was not a good dog but a crazy animal . He is subsequently taken away by the police .
A social worker announces to Brian and the rest of his family that Brian
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= = Critical response = =
In articles providing updates about the sculpture 's status , The Oregonian called the work " larger @-@ than @-@ life style highway art " and " Twilight Zone Bambi " . Angela Webber of the Daily Journal of Commerce expressed her love for the sculpture and disappointment in the public 's reaction . She wrote , " This makes me so sad . [ ... ] Apparently , this giant baby @-@ faced deer statue isn 't pretty enough for Milwaukie . [ ... ] I imagine the folks of Milwaukie just don 't get it . "
Following confirmation about the artist 's withdrawal , the journal 's Aaron Spencer said local residents are being deprived of the sculpture 's " disturbing fantastical whimsy " . In an article called " Let 's save the giant baby @-@ faced deer statue ! " , he wrote : " As we all know , I love this statue . I love it a lot . And I think we can save it . There are lots of places in Portland that could use some beautification , and a little public art can go a long way . " Spencer and a colleague compiled a gallery of images created using Adobe Photoshop to illustrate the sculpture 's potential .
= Patient X ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Patient X " is the thirteenth episode of the fifth season of American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by series creator Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz , directed by Kim Manners and aired in the United States on March 1 , 1998 on the Fox network . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 6 , being watched by 20 @.@ 21 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , as a rebel alien race secretly attacks several groups of former alien abductees , the agents meet Cassandra Spender ( Veronica Cartwright ) , a woman who claims to be a multiple abductee and wants to deliver a positive message about aliens . Agent Mulder , now skeptical about extraterrestrial activity , is disturbed when Agent Scully forms a special bond with the woman .
" Patient X " was a story milestone for the series . It introduced several new recurring characters for the series . It was the first episode to feature Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender and Veronica Cartwright as Cassandra Spender . It is the first of a two @-@ part story that concludes with the following episode , " The Red and the Black " .
= = Plot = =
In Kazakhstan , two young boys see an unknown object fall from the sky . Seconds later , they witness a man being burned alive and are captured by an Alien Bounty Hunter who has his eyes and mouth sewn shut . The next day , Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) leads an investigation of U.N. troops of the area . She runs into Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , who has caught Dimitri , one of the Kazakh boys . Krycek tells Marita to tell her superiors that " it is all going to hell " .
Meanwhile , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) attends a lecture at MIT , where the testimony of Cassandra Spender ( Veronica Cartwright ) , an alien abductee , is being presented . Mulder argues against other members of the lecture over the existence of alien life , claiming that it is a lie created to cover up a program of medical experimentation on civilians run by the military industrial complex . When the lecture ends , Mulder is met by Dr. Heitz Werber , who is surprised to see that Mulder has lost his belief in alien life since the last time they met . Werber tells Mulder that he is Cassandra 's doctor , and asks him to visit her .
Meanwhile , Krycek , who has beaten Dmitri into telling him what he saw , orders his Russian colleagues to infect him with the black oil . Back in the United States , Werber introduces Mulder to the wheelchair @-@ bound Cassandra , who considers him a hero of hers . She claims that the aliens are in a state of upheaval and that she will be abducted by them again . Mulder tells Cassandra there is nothing he can do for her and leaves .
In Russia , Krycek , working against the orders of his superiors , kidnaps the infected Dmitri and flees to the U.S. , sewing shut the boy 's eyes , nose , and mouth to keep the black oil from leaving his body . At FBI headquarters , Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) meets Agent Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) , Cassandra 's son , who fears the damage to his reputation if his colleagues learn about his mother . He tells Scully to keep Mulder away from her .
Marita reports to the Syndicate , which expected colonization at a much later date . Krycek offers Dmitri to the Syndicate in exchange for all their research on a vaccine . Meanwhile , Scully talks to Mulder about his meeting with Cassandra . She realizes that she has much in common with Cassandra , including being abducted at Skyland Mountain and having an implant inserted in the base of her neck . Scully visits Cassandra , who immediately realizes that she 's a fellow abductee . Scully tells her not to remove the implant . Cassandra assures Scully that she never will , as she looks forward to being abducted again .
A group of abductees meet at Skyland Mountain and are burned alive by more faceless Alien Bounty Hunters . Scully and Mulder visit the scene , with Mulder continuing to be very skeptical of any alien involvement . The Syndicate is shocked by the massacre . Mulder and Scully visit Cassandra again , who knew many of the people who died . They encounter Spender , who is upset about their visit with his mother . Krycek is met by Marita . When Krycek returns to the cell where Dmitri is held , he finds him gone , and the Well @-@ Manicured Man there instead .
Scully finds that the victims of the attack had implants in their necks and all claimed to be abductees . Mulder believes they were led there by the military , not aliens . Mulder is called by Marita , who kidnapped Dmitri . Dmitri pulls the stitches off his eyes , resulting in Marita getting infected with the black oil . Mulder calls Cassandra , looking for Scully , but Jeffrey answers and reveals that Cassandra is gone . At that moment Cassandra is with a group of abductees , including Scully , at the Ruskin Dam , brought there by Syndicate assassin Quiet Willy . The abductees see a UFO appear in the sky . Suddenly screams are uttered as two faceless aliens arrive .
= = Production = =
= = = Casting = = =
This episode marks the first appearance of Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender . Owens previously appeared in earlier episodes , the first being " Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man " , in which he played the younger version of The Smoking Man . Owens later reprised this role in episode " Demons " . During the fifth season of the show , Owen was cast to play the part of The Great Mutato in " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " . After his stint on The X @-@ Files , Owens attempted to get a job as a waiter in Vancouver , to no avail . One day , however , he ran into series creator Chris Carter at a bar , who humorously told him , " I didn 't know they served guys with two faces here " , a reference to his portrayal of The Great Mutato . Carter explained that David Duchovny had
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of water that now fill the Earth 's oceans , or at least a significant portion of it . Other researchers have cast doubt on this idea . The detection of organic molecules , including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , in significant quantities in comets has led some to speculate that comets or meteorites may have brought the precursors of life — or even life itself — to Earth . In 2013 it was suggested that impacts between rocky and icy surfaces , such as comets , had the potential to create the amino acids that make up proteins through shock synthesis . In 2015 , scientists found significant amounts of molecular oxygen in outgassings from comet 67P , an indicator that presence of that molecule may occur naturally more often than it had been thought , and thus that it may not be as strong an indicator of alien life as has been supposed .
It is suspected that comet impacts have , over long timescales , also delivered significant quantities of water to the Earth 's Moon , some of which may have survived as lunar ice . Comet and meteoroid impacts are also thought to be responsible for the existence of tektites and australites .
= = Fate of comets = =
= = = Departure ( ejection ) from Solar System = = =
If a comet is traveling fast enough , it may leave the Solar System ; such is the case for hyperbolic comets . To date , comets are only known to be ejected by interacting with another object in the Solar System , such as Jupiter . An example of this is thought to be Comet C / 1980 E1 , which was shifted from a predicted orbit of 7 @.@ 1 million years around the Sun , to a hyperbolic trajectory , after a 1980 encounter with the planet Jupiter .
= = = Volatiles exhausted = = =
Jupiter @-@ family comets and long @-@ period comets appear to follow very different fading laws . The JFCs are active over a lifetime of about 10 @,@ 000 years or ~ 1 @,@ 000 orbits whereas long @-@ period comets fade much faster . Only 10 % of the long @-@ period comets survive more than 50 passages to small perihelion and only 1 % of them survive more than 2 @,@ 000 passages . Eventually most of the volatile material contained in a comet nucleus evaporates away , and the comet becomes a small , dark , inert lump of rock or rubble that can resemble an asteroid . Some asteroids in elliptical orbits are now identified as extinct comets . Roughly six percent of the near @-@ Earth asteroids are thought to be extinct nuclei of comets that no longer emit gas .
= = = Breakup and collisions = = =
The nucleus of some comets may be fragile , a conclusion supported by the observation of comets splitting apart . A significant cometary disruption was that of Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 , which was discovered in 1993 . A close encounter in July 1992 had broken it into pieces , and over a period of six days in July 1994 , these pieces fell into Jupiter 's atmosphere — the first time astronomers had observed a collision between two objects in the Solar System . Other splitting comets include 3D / Biela in 1846 and 73P / Schwassmann – Wachmann from 1995 to 2006 . Greek historian Ephorus reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372 – 373 BC . Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress , internal gas pressure , or impact .
Comets 42P / Neujmin and 53P / Van Biesbroeck appear to be fragments of a parent comet . Numerical integrations have shown that both comets had a rather close approach to Jupiter in January 1850 , and that , before 1850 , the two orbits were nearly identical .
Some comets have been observed to break up during their perihelion passage , including great comets West and Ikeya – Seki . Biela 's Comet was one significant example , when it broke into two pieces during its passage through the perihelion in 1846 . These two comets were seen separately in 1852 , but never again afterward . Instead , spectacular meteor showers were seen in 1872 and 1885 when the comet should have been visible . A minor meteor shower , the Andromedids , occurs annually in November , and it is caused when the Earth crosses the orbit of Biela 's Comet .
Some comets meet a more spectacular end – either falling into the Sun or smashing into a planet or other body . Collisions between comets and planets or moons were common in the early Solar System : some of the many craters on the Moon , for example , may have
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9 , with the game localized for the North American audience by removing the references to the Gunhed film . The game was rereleased on the Wii 's Virtual Console service in North America on May 21 , 2007 ( 2007 @-@ 05 @-@ 21 ) , in Europe on May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 @-@ 05 @-@ 25 ) , in Australia on July 30 , 2007 ( 2007 @-@ 07 @-@ 30 ) , and in Japan on June 17 , 2008 ( 2008 @-@ 06 @-@ 17 ) . It was released for the PlayStation Network in Japan on July 21 , 2010 ( 2010 @-@ 07 @-@ 21 ) . During development of the game Super Star Soldier , NEC considered calling the game Blazing Lazers II because of the similarity in gameplay with Blazing Lazers . The game was featured in a preview of future TurboGrafx @-@ 16 games in Electronic Gaming Monthly in November 1989 . In a section previewing new TurboGrafx @-@ 16 games , said that game was a " total blast from start to finish " .
= = Reception = =
The game has been considered by game reviewers as one of the better shoot ' em up video games in the genre as well as one of the best games on the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 gaming console . Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk Lesser from Dragon reviewed the game in its " The Role of Computers " column , giving the game 5 out of 5 stars . Brett Alan Weiss from Allgame considered this game as " one of the most highly regarded games in the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 library " . VideoGames & Computer Entertainment featured a walkthrough of the game which spanned over two issues in 1990 ; they praised the game , saying that it is " one of the fastest games for the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 " , that it " will keep you going for hours " .
Steve Harris reviewed the game in Electronic Gaming Monthly in November 1989 . He said that Blazing Lazers was the next best game to the much @-@ anticipated port of R @-@ Type . He noted the great gameplay and spectacular graphics , sound , and music . He appreciated the amount of detail in the game 's graphics . He said that the large bosses in the game were the best part , saying that they " were enough
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. Like Saints Anthony and Sebastian on the exterior of the polyptych , the archangel offered ... hope that they would overcome their physical ills . "
= = Description = =
The altarpiece is composed of fifteen separate paintings on nine panels , six of which are painted on both sides . The closed view comprises two upper and four lower panels on the outside of the shutters . The upper panels are separately hinged and able to close independently of the others . When all the shutters are opened , the viewer is exposed to the expansive " Last Judgement " interior panels . These document the possible spiritual fates of the viewers : that they might reach Heaven or Hell , salvation or damnation ; stark alternatives appropriate for a hospice . The exterior panels serve as a funerary monument for the donors . Art historian Lynn Jacobs believes that the " dual function of the work accounts for the choice of the theme of the Last Judgement on its interior " .
The work clearly distinguishes between figures of the divine , earthly and hellish realms . Perhaps following Jan van Eyck 's c . 1432 Ghent Altarpiece , the polyptych wings form an inverted T @-@ shape . When the shutters are closed the panels resemble an upside @-@ down cross , a form common in 15th @-@ century carved retables : an elevated central panel allowed additional space for a narrative scene , to depict a heavenly vista , a single large figure , or a crucifixion with space for the cross to extend above the other panels , an innovation seen in van der Weyden 's Descent from the Cross . This shape echoes typical configuration of Gothic churches , where the naves often extended past the aisles into the apse or choir . The imagery of the outer panels is set in the earthly realm with the donors , and saints painted in grisaille to imitate sculpture .
= = = Inner panels = = =
According to Jacobs , the treatment of the panels as a whole with van der Weyden 's " elimination of thresholds is quite remarkable and indeed astonishing in the history of the triptych . " As with his Braque Triptych , the background landscape extends across each panel of the lower register . The celestial sphere , towards which the saved move , is dramatically presented with a " radiant gold background , spanning almost the entire width of the altarpiece " .
Motifs and arrangements of figures extend along the lower panels from one to the next , to the extent that the separations between panels are ignored with the intersections cutting figures in two . This is particularly evident on the lower register where each panel division intersects figures , so that parts of figures are painted on two adjoining panels ; whereas Christ and St Michael are enclosed within the single central panel , giving emphasis to the iconography .
The lower register presents Earth , with its exits to Heaven and Hell . The imposing figure of Christ above indicates the " reign of heaven is about to begin . " The distinction between the earthly and heavenly realms creates a sense of order . Christ , raised high above the altarpiece , " exudes calm and control " , and creates a sense of balance and movement throughout the other panels .
The manner with which van der Weyden presents the resurrection of the dead across the five lower panels is reminiscent of a Gothic tympanum , specifically that at Autun Cathedral . Rolin would have been familiar with the Autun Cathedral entrances , which may have motivated his decision to commission a Last Judgement for the hospice from van der Weyden .
Rolin was aware of the liturgy associated with the Mass for the Dead , and would have known Last Judgement scenes associated with the Mass from 15th @-@ century illuminated manuscripts , such as the full @-@ page Last Judgement in the Hours of Catherine of Cleves which shows Christ placed in a similar position , sitting above as the dead rise from the ground .
= = = = Upper register = = = =
Jesus sits in judgement in the upper centre panel . He holds a lily in his right hand and a sword in his left , and sits on a rainbow extending across two panels , while his feet rest on a sphere . His right hand is raised in the act of blessing , his left hand lowered . These positions indicate the act of judgement ; he is deciding if souls are to be sent to Heaven or Hell , his gestures echoing the direction and positioning of the scales held by the Archangel Michael beneath him . His palms are open , revealing the wounds sustained when they were nailed to the cross , while his cope gapes in places making visible the injury caused by the lance , which pours deep @-@ red blood . Christ 's face is identical to the representation in van der Weyden 's Braque Triptych , completed just a few years later in 1452 . Christ , placed so high in the pictorial space and spanning both registers , orchestrates the entirety of the inner panels . Whereas earlier Last Judgements might have seemed chaotic , here Christ brings a sense of order .
The two upper register wings on either side of Jesus show a pair of angels holding the instruments of the Passion . These include a lance , crown of thorns and a stick with a sponge soaked in vinegar . The angels are dressed in white liturgical vestments .
The Archangel Michael , the embodiment and conduit of divine justice , is positioned directly below Christ , the only figure to reach both Heaven and Earth . He wears a dispassionate expression as he holds a set of scales to weigh souls . Unusually for Christian art , the damned outweigh the blessed ; Michael 's scales have only one soul in each pan , yet the left pan tips below the right . Michael is given unusual prominence in a " Last Judgement " for the period , and his powerful presence emphasises the work 's function in a hospice and its preoccupation with the liturgy of death . His feet are positioned as if he is stepping forward , almost about to move out of the canvas and he looks directly at the viewer , giving the illusion of judging not only the souls in the painting but also the viewers . Michael , like Sebastian and Anthony , was a plague saint and would have been visible to inmates through the openings of the pierced screen as they lay in their beds . Michael is painted with iconographic elements associated with paintings of the Last Judgement , and is by far the most beautifully and colourfully painted figure ; he is dressed in a red cope with woven golden fabrics over a shining white alb , which dominates the lower panels , " hypnotically attracting the viewer 's glance " according to Lane . He is surrounded by four cherubs , playing trumpets to call the dead to their final destination . Michael 's role in the Last Judgement is emphasised through van der Weyden 's use of colour : Michael 's gleaming white alb contrasts with the cherub 's red vestments , set against a blue sky directly below heaven 's golden clouds .
Beneath Michael , souls scurry left and right . The saved walk in single file towards the gates of Heaven where they are greeted by a saint ; the damned arrive at the mouth of Hell and fall en masse headlong into damnation . The souls balanced in the scales are naked . The blessed look towards Christ , the banished look downwards . Both groups are tilted in the direction of Christ 's hands . Reinforcing this , inscriptions around the groupings read VIRTUTES ( Virtues ) and PECCATA ( sins ) .
= = = = Lower register = = = =
The Virgin Mary , John the Baptist , the twelve Apostles and an assortment of dignitaries are positioned at either side of Michael in a Deësis . The apostles are seated in a semicircle ; Peter , dressed in red , is on the far left , and Paul , dressed in green , is on the far right . The seven haloed dignitaries , dressed in contemporary clothing , are unidentified but include a king , a pope , a bishop , a monk , and three women . Rather than general representative types , they are portraits of specific unidentified individuals , according to Shirley Blum .
The dead rise from their graves around Michael 's feet ; some emerge to walk towards Heaven , others towards Hell . They are tiny compared to Christ and the saints . Lorne Campbell notes that these panels display a deeply pessimistic view of humanity , with the damned far outnumbering the saved , especially compared to Stefan Lochner 's Cologne panel , where the saved crowd the entrance to Heaven . The dead undergo a gradual transformation as they move from panel to panel . The souls rising at Michael 's feet show little expression , becoming more animated as they move to either side ; horror and desperation become especially visible on the faces of the damned as they move towards Hell . On the left , the saved all have , according to Jacobs , " the same beatific expressions " , but their postures gradually change from facing Christ and Michael to looking towards Heaven 's gate , notably with the couple below Mary – the man turns the woman 's gaze away from Michael , towards Heaven . This contrasts with another couple on the opposite panel who face Hell ; the woman is hunched over as the man raises his hand in vain to beseech God for mercy .
Heaven is represented by an entrance to the Heavenly City , which is in a contemporary Gothic style illuminated by long , thin rays of light . The saved approach clasping their hands in prayer , and are greeted at the entrance by an angel . Only a few souls pass through the heavenly gates at a time . The imagery of a church as an earthly representation of Heaven was popularised in the 13th century by theologians such
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leaner reported heavy rains , which inundated roads , washed away livestock and destroyed crops . On June 9 , the Church Welfare Organization of the West Indies Junior Seventh Day Adventists set out food , money and blankets the victims .
= = = Tropical Storm Anna = = =
On July 23 , a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa . By 0600 UTC on July 25 , the system developed into Tropical Depression Twelve . Initially , the depression strengthened slowly while moving west @-@ northwestward . Eventually , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Anna on July 27 . Intensification continued during the next 66 hours . On July 29 , Anna peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 002 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . Thereafter , the storm began to weaken and moved in a more northwesterly direction . Late on July 31 , Anna was downgraded to a tropical depression , while situated north of the Lesser Antilles .
Anna briefly re @-@ strengthened into a tropical storm late on August 1 . The storm re @-@ curved northeastward on July 2 and remained offshore of the East Coast of the United States . Ana once again reached tropical storm status by early on July 3 . Further intensification occurred , with the storm reaching winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) later that day . However , Anna transitioned into an extratropical cyclone after merging with an extratropical low pressure area at 0000 UTC on August 4 , while centered near Sable Island . The remnants continued rapidly east @-@ northeastward across the Atlantic until becoming unidentifiable on August 5 .
= = = Hurricane Blanche = = =
A tropical wave was initially tracked about 1 @,@ 300 mi ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles on August 6 . The system curved west @-@ northward on August 6 and eventually moved around the western periphery of the Bermuda high . Late on August 10 , a circulation developed and by 0000 UTC on August 11 , the system became a tropical depression while located about 530 mi ( 850 km ) east of Wabasso Beach , Florida . Under the influence of a trough , it headed rapidly north to north @-@ northeastward . After ships reported winds up to 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Blanche later on August 11 .
Significant intensification then occurred . Later on August 11 , Navy reconnaissance reports indicated that Blanche reached hurricane intensity . After winds peaked at 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , the strong southwesterly current which Blanche was embedded in caused the storm to accelerate northeastward . On August 12 , the storm began losing tropical characteristics near Sable Island ; namely , the wind field was becoming asymmetrical . At Sable Island , a weather station reported sustained winds of 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) and gusts up to 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) . While passing to the south of Newfoundland , Blanche was absorbed by a frontal zone at 0000 UTC on August 13 .
= = = Hurricane Camille = = =
A tropical disturbance moved off the west coast of Africa on August 5 , and developed into Tropical Storm Camille near Grand Cayman on August 14 . The storm strengthened quickly and was a Category 3 hurricane when it struck near the western tip of Cuba on August 15 . The storm damaged 100 homes on Isla de la Juventud , while 20 @,@ 000 residents were left homeless on the mainland ; Five fatalities were also reported . Early on August 16 , Camille emerged into the Gulf of Mexico . Between August 16 and August 17 , the storm rapidly deepened , with a minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar ( 26 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Later on August 17 , Camille peaked as a 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Category 5 . It likely maintained this intensity until landfall near Bay St. Louis , Mississippi early on August 18 ; Camille was one of only three tropical cyclones to strike the United States as a Category 5 , the others were the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . Mississippi bore the brunt of Hurricane Camille . A combination of strong winds and large storm surges caused adverse impact in the state . In Mississippi alone , 3 @,@ 881 dwellings were destroyed and 41 @,@ 848 were damaged . About 406 trailers were destroyed and an additional 325 suffered major losses . An estimated 645 farm buildings were destroyed and another 2
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the Messiah . This conception of the star has been referred to as “ a serious study of what could have been a messianic Jewish perspective concerning the heavens two millennia ago . ”
= = = = Regulus , Jupiter , and Venus = = = =
Attorney Frederick Larson examined the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew , chapter 2 and found the following nine qualities of Bethlehem 's Star : It signified birth , it signified kingship , it was related to the Jewish nation , and it rose " in the East " ; King Herod had not been aware of it ; it appeared at an exact time ; it endured over time ; and , according to Matthew , it was in front of the Magi when they traveled south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem , and then it stopped over Bethlehem .
Using astronomy software , and an article written by astronomer Craig Chester based on the work of Ernest Martin , Larson thinks all nine characteristics of the Star of Bethlehem are found in events that took place in the skies of 3 @-@ 2 BC . Highlights include a triple conjunction of Jupiter , called the king planet , with the fixed star Regulus , called the king star , starting in September 3 BC . Larson believes that may be the time of Jesus ' conception .
By June of 2 BC , nine months later , the human conception period , Jupiter had continued moving in its orbit around the sun and appeared in close conjunction with Venus with Venus in June of 2 BC . In Hebrew Jupiter is called " Sedeq " , meaning " righteousness " , a term also used for the Messiah , and suggested that because the planet Venus represents love and fertility , so Chester had suggested astrologers would have viewed the close conjunction of Jupiter and Venus as indicating a coming new king of Israel , and Herod would have taken them seriously . Astronomer Dave Reneke independently found the June 2 BC planetary conjunction , and noted it would have appeared as a " bright beacon of light " .
Jupiter next continued to move and then it stopped in its apparent retrograde motion on December 25 of 2 BC over the town of Bethlehem . Since planets in their orbits have a " stationary point " , a planet moves eastward through the stars but " After it passes the opposite point in the sky from the sun , it appears to slow , come to a full stop , and move backward ( westward ) for some weeks . Again it slows , stops , and resumes its eastward course , " said Chester . The date of December 25 that Jupiter appeared to stop while in retrograde took place in the season of Hanukkah , and is the date later chosen to celebrate Christmas .
= = Relating the star historically to Jesus ' birth = =
If the story of the Star of Bethlehem described an actual event , it might identify the year Jesus was born . The Gospel of Matthew describes the birth of Jesus as taking place when Herod was king . According to Josephus , Herod died after a lunar eclipse and before a Passover Feast . The eclipse is usually identified as the eclipse of March 13 , 4 BC . Other scholars suggested dates in 5 BC , because it allows seven months for the events Josephus documented between the lunar eclipse and the Passover than the 29 days allowed by lunar eclipse in 4 BC . Others suggest it was an eclipse in 1 BC . The narrative implies that Jesus was born sometime between the first appearance of the star and the appearance of the Magi at Herod 's court . That the king is said to have ordered the execution of boys two years of age and younger , implies that the Star of Bethlehem appeared within the preceding two years . Some scholars date the birth of Jesus as 6 – 4 BC , while others suggest Jesus ' birth was in 3 / 2 BC .
The Gospel of Luke says the census from Caesar Augustus took place when Quirinius was governor of Syria . Tipler suggests this took place in AD 6 , nine years after the death of Herod , and that the family of Jesus left Bethlehem shortly after the birth . Some scholars explain the apparent disparity as an error on the part of the author of the Gospel of Luke , concluding that he was more concerned with creating a symbolic narrative than a historical account , and was either unaware of , or indifferent to , the chronological difficulty .
However , there is some debate among Bible translators about the correct reading of Luke 2 : 2 . Instead of translating the registration as taking place " when " Quirinius was governor of Syria , some versions translate it as " before " or use " before " as an alternative , which Harold Hoehner , F.F. Bruce , Ben Witherington and others have suggested may be the correct translation . While not in agreement , Emil Schürer also acknowledged that such a translation can be justified grammatically . According to Josephus , the tax census conducted by the Roman senator Quirinius particularly irritated the Jews , and was one of the causes of the Zealot movement of armed resistance to Rome . From this perspective , Luke may have been trying to differentiate the census at the time of Jesus ’ birth from the tax census mentioned in Acts 5 : 37 that took place under Quirinius at a later time . One ancient writer identified the census at Jesus ’ birth , not with taxes , but with a universal pledge of allegiance to the emperor .
Jack Finegan noted some early writers ' reckoning of the regnal years of Augustus are the equivalent to 3 / 2 BC , or 2 BC or later for the birth of Jesus , including Irenaeus ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Clement of Alexandria ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Tertullian ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Julius Africanus ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Hippolytus of Rome ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Hippolytus of Thebes ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Origen ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Eusebius of Caesarea ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Epiphanius of Salamis ( 3 / 2 BC ) , Cassiodorus Senator ( 3 BC ) , Paulus Orosius ( 2 BC ) , Dionysus Exiguus ( 1 BC ) , and Chronographer of the Year 354 ( AD 1 ) . Finegan places the death of Herod in 1 BC , and says if Jesus was born two years or less before Herod the Great died , the birth of Jesus would have been in 3 or 2 BC . Finegan also notes the Alogi reckoned Christ 's birth with the equivalent of 4 BC or AD 9 .
= = Religious interpretations = =
= = = Eastern Orthodoxy = = =
In the Orthodox Church , the Star of Bethlehem is interpreted as a miraculous event of symbolic and pedagogical significance , regardless of whether it coincides with a natural phenomenon ; a sign sent by God to lead the Magi to the Christ Child . This is illustrated in the Troparion of the Nativity :
In Orthodox Christian iconography , the Star of Bethlehem is often depicted not as golden , but as a dark aureola , a semicircle at the top of the icon , indicating the Uncreated Light of Divine grace , with a ray
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ish Pavilion on March 10 , 2015 , the president jokingly indicated that he was supposed to be introduced by George P. Burdell , but no one could find George .
= Typhoon Utor ( 2006 ) =
Typhoon Utor , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Seniang , swept through the central Philippines in December 2006 , exacerbating the damage left behind by previous Philippine typhoon strikes that year . Residual moisture from the tropical cyclone indirectly contributed to extensive flooding in Malaysia . Utor originated from an area of disturbed weather that organized into a tropical depression on December 7 west @-@ southwest of Yap . The cyclone steadily progressed westward while gradually intensifying , reaching tropical storm intensity late on December 7 . On December 9 and the ensuing two days , Utor crossed the central Philippines and reached typhoon strength before weakening somewhat upon entry into the South China Sea . Reintensification ensued afterwards , and Utor reached its peak intensity on December 13 with maximum sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) shortly after regaining typhoon strength . However , wind shear and dry air began to take its toll on Utor thereafter , quickly weakening the storm until its dissipation on December 15 .
Due to the destruction wrought by Typhoon Durian just weeks prior , preparations began in earnest in the Philippines . Over 91 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from areas at risk , primarily from Albay . Two major summits to be held in Cebu were postponed as a result of the forecast inclement weather . In addition , recovery efforts for victims of Durian had to be suspended and all domestic flights in the Philippines were cancelled . Utor 's impacts in the central Philippines were extensive , with 30 casualties reported and the damage toll reaching US $ 15 @.@ 8 million . Widespread power outages affected the entirety of Eastern Visayas . Numerous ships sunk as a result of rough seas generated by the typhoon , including a ferry carrying 104 passengers and crew . Following the storm , relief agencies began to allocate resources to those affected by the typhoon , in turn also adding to relief efforts for the three Philippine typhoons which preceded Utor . Precautionary efforts also took place in Vietnam , Thailand , and Malaysia , while the Paracel Islands sustained marked damage but no fatalities . Although the storm mostly dissipated in the South China Sea , Utor 's remnant moisture later contributed in part to Peninsular Malaysia 's worst flood event in recorded history , as copious amounts of precipitation fell over a short , four @-@ day period . Eight people were killed by the floods which were worst in Kota Tinggi and Segamat District .
= = Meteorological history = =
The predecessor to Typhoon Utor was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) as a cluster of thunderstorms southeast of Chuuk on December 2 . Over the next few days , a center of circulation accompanied by intermittent shower activity began to develop in the presence of favorable conditions . At 00 : 00 UTC on December 7 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) determined that the disturbance had become sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression ; at the time the cyclone was centered 175 km ( 110 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Yap . Tracking westward under the influence of a powerful subtropical ridge to its north , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm at 18 : 00 UTC . In accordance , the storm was given the name Utor ; this name had been submitted by the United States and means " squall line " .
Utor 's development following its naming was slow , but quickened as the tropical storm neared the Philippines . The tropical cyclone reached the southeastern coast of Samar by 06 : 00 UTC on December 9 and began tracking through the central Philippine archipelago over the next two days . Despite its interaction with the nearby islands , Utor continued to strengthen without much impediment and reached typhoon strength in the Visayan Sea at 12 : 00 UTC that day . Twelve hours later , the typhoon attained an initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 955 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 20 inHg ) in the Sibuyan Sea according to the JMA . The JTWC analyzed an intensity of ( 185 km / h ) 115 mph at that time . By 12 : 00 UTC on December 10 , Utor had emerged into the South China Sea .
Although Utor tracked back over water on December 10 , the storm began to weaken due to increasing wind shear and dry air from the west . As a result , the JMA downgraded Utor to severe tropical storm intensity upon its emergence into the South China Sea . Despite these hindering conditions , the storm 's improved outflow was sufficient enough to enable redevelopment . At 18 : 00 UTC on December 11 , the JMA once again upgraded the system to typhoon strength southeast of Hainan . Intensification continued until Utor peaked with winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 945 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 91 inHg ) the next day . This strength was held for only twelve hours before Utor 's outflow began to succumb to the wind shear and dry air stemming from the monsoonal flow it had previously suppressed . Traveling in a tight clockwise loop , the typhoon rapidly weakened on December 13 ; by the following day Utor was a minimal tropical storm . At 06 :
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This would lead to the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , which was to prove more difficult than the Battle of Aachen .
= Steuart Wilson =
Sir James Steuart Wilson ( 21 July 1889 – 18 December 1966 ) was an English singer , known for tenor roles in oratorios and concerts in the first half of the 20th century . After the Second World War he was an administrator for several organisations including the Arts Council of Great Britain , the BBC and the Royal Opera House .
Following service in the First World War , Wilson became known for singing tenor roles in oratorios by composers from Bach to Elgar , and was particularly admired both as the Evangelist in Bach 's St Matthew Passion and in the title role of The Dream of Gerontius . He was a champion of music by English composers of his generation , notably Ralph Vaughan Williams , Gustav Holst and Rutland Boughton . He also appeared from time to time in operatic tenor roles , including Satyavan in the first professional performance of Holst 's Savitri . The quality of his voice and even his technique , though , was not universally admired . In a high @-@ profile libel case Wilson sued a member of the public who had criticised one of his performances in a letter , and the BBC for publishing it : he won £ 2 @,@ 000 in damages .
In 1937 Wilson settled for a while in the United States , teaching at the Curtis Institute of Music . He retired from singing and returned to the United Kingdom in 1942 where he began a second career as an administrator . He initially worked for the BBC , then after the war was appointed music director of the newly created Arts Council of Great Britain ; in 1948 he was knighted for his services in that post . That same year he became the BBC 's director of music , and infamously engineered the enforced retirement of the BBC Symphony Orchestra 's chief conductor , Adrian Boult . The following year he became deputy general administrator of the Royal Opera House , in which post he secured the premiere staging of Vaughan Williams 's The Pilgrim 's Progress in 1951 . Unhappy with being subordinate to the Royal Opera 's general administrator , David Webster , Wilson resigned from his post in June 1955 and started a campaign against homosexuals in the musical profession . Wilson ended his career as principal of the Birmingham School of Music , 1957 – 1960 .
= = Life and career = =
= = = Early years = = =
Wilson was born in Bristol , the youngest child of the Rev. James Maurice Wilson , headmaster of Clifton College who was once described as " something of a theological firebrand " . Steuart 's elder brother was Arnold Talbot Wilson , later the colonial administrator of Mesopotamia . Wilson was educated at Winchester College and King 's College , Cambridge , where he read classics but developed a strong interest in music . During that time he formed friendships with Clive Carey , Edward J. Dent and Ralph Vaughan Williams . Wilson 's first public appearance as a singer was in Vaughan Williams 's incidental music for Aristophanes ' The Wasps in 1909 , and he made his first appearance in opera as Tamino in Mozart 's The Magic Flute in 1911 .
At the outbreak of the First World War Wilson volunteered for service and was commissioned in the army . He served in France and was twice wounded , then worked in the Intelligence Bureau of the General Staff at the War Office and General Headquarters in France . Authorities differ on whether the wounds , which resulted in the loss of a lung and a kidney , affected his singing voice . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that they did not ; Frank Howes , writing in 1951 , and The Times in its obituary , both state that they did .
= = = Singing career = = =
After the war , Wilson developed an interest in early English music and was instrumental in founding the London @-@ based sextet , the English Singers , in 1920 . The following year he sang the role of Satyavan in the first professional performance of Gustav Holst 's Savitri , at the Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith .
In 1921 Wilson met A. H. Fox Strangways , editor of the newly founded journal Music and Letters ; they discovered a shared interest in making practical translations of Lieder texts , Wilson having only recently encountered Schubert Lieder , and collaborated on and published volumes of Schubert , Schumann and Brahms translated into English . Wilson later made an English translation of the texts set in Mahler 's Das Lied von der Erde
From 1921 to 1923 Wilson taught music at Bedales School , an appointment that left him time to take singing engagements all over the United Kingdom . In 1924 he left the English Singers and furthered his singing studies abroad , first in Nice with
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particularly French — literature .
His first book does not seem to have had an enormous impact , and Andrade broadened the scope of his writing . He left São Paulo for the countryside , and began an activity that would continue for the rest of his life : the meticulous documentation of the history , people , culture , and particularly music of the Brazilian interior , both in the state of São Paulo and in the wilder areas to the northeast . He published essays in São Paulo magazines , accompanied occasionally by his own photographs , but primarily he accumulated massive amounts of information about Brazilian life and folklore . Between these trips , Andrade taught piano at the Conservatory , and became one of its professors in 1921 .
= = The Week of Modern Art = =
While these folklore @-@ gathering trips were going on , Andrade developed a group of friends among young artists and writers in São Paulo , who , like him , were aware of the growing modernist movement in Europe . Several of them were later known as the Grupo dos Cinco ( the Group of Five ) : Andrade , poets Oswald de Andrade ( no relation ) and Menotti del Picchia , and artists Tarsila do Amaral and Anita Malfatti . Malfatti had been to Europe before World War I , and introduced São Paulo to expressionism . Jack E. Tomlins , the translator of Andrade 's second book , describes in his introduction a particularly crucial event in the development of Andrade 's modernist philosophy . In 1920 , he had recently met the modernist sculptor Victor Brecheret , and bought a sculpture from him entitled " Bust of Christ , " which depicted Christ as a Brazilian with braided hair . His family ( apparently to his surprise ) was shocked and furious . Andrade retreated to his room alone , and later recalled , in a lecture translated by Tomlins , that — still " delirious " — he went out onto his balcony and " looked down at the square below without actually seeing it . "
Retaining that title ( Paulicéia Desvairada , in Portuguese ) , Andrade worked on the book for the next two years . He very quickly produced a " barbaric canticle " , as he called it in the same lecture , and then gradually edited it down to half its original size .
These poems were entirely different from his earlier formal and abstract work . The lines of verse vary greatly in length and in syntactical structure , consisting primarily of impressionistic and fragmented descriptions interspersed with seemingly overheard , disconnected bits of speech in São Paulo dialect . The speaker of the poems often seems overwhelmed by the maze of dialogue that constantly interrupts him , as in " Colloque Sentimental " :
After the poems were completed , Andrade wrote what he called an " Extremely Interesting Preface " , in an attempt to explain in hindsight the poems ' theoretical context ( though Bruce Dean Willis has suggested that the theories of the preface have more to do with his later work than with Paulicéia ) . The preface is self @-@ deprecating ( " This preface — although interesting — useless " ) but ambitious , presenting a theory not just of poetry but of the aesthetics of language , in order to explain the innovations of his new poems . Andrade explains their tangle of language in musical terms :
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destruction . John ran in another dimension of time and space . His opponents ran into the glass walls which covered his escape routes from their bewildered clutches . He left mouths , and back rows , agape . "
Gareth Edwards , in his 1978 autobiography , when describing John , wrote : " He had this marvellous easiness in the mind , reducing problems to their simplest form , backing his own talent all the time . One success on the field bred another and soon he gave off a cool superiority which spread to others in the side . Physically he was perfectly made for the job , good and strong from the hips down and firm but slender from the waist to the shoulders . "
Gerald Davies , who played with John for Wales and the British Lions , in his 1971 autobiography when contrasting Gareth Edwards ' and John 's different temperaments described Edwards as " fiery and impulsive " , but John was " ... fairer , aloof and apart . Whilst the hustle and bustle went on around him he could divorce himself from it all ; he kept his emotions in check and a careful rein on the surrounding action . The game would go according to his will and no @-@ one else 's ... "
Rodney Webb , who represented England between 1967 and 1972 , is quoted as saying " Barry John 's punting was phenomenal . He could drop the ball on a sixpence and he could do it every time " . Webb , who developed the modern rugby ball , believes that John can not be compared to modern kickers because " the modern ball is coated in a laminate , has dimpled surfaces , unobtrusive lacing and multi panels . In the seventies the balls soaked up water , swerved all over the place and were placed in the mud and slime when kicking for goal " .
Barry John came third in the 1971 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award , beaten by winner Princess Anne and runner @-@ up George Best . John was one of the inaugural inductees of the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and in 1999 was inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame . In 2015 John was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .
= = = Amateurism = = =
As an amateur rugby union player John was not paid to play rugby at club or international level . To receive money for playing would have been recognised as an act of professionalism and would have resulted in action from one of the governing unions , normally suspension or a ban . To prevent players switching to professional rugby league , players were given ' boot money ' by their clubs or sponsors , named after the early practice of placing money in the players ' boots . In his 2011 book Addy , Meirion Appleton claimed that in the 1970s he made illegal payments to both John and Gareth Edwards . Appleton claims that before an international match he gave both players envelopes containing money from sportswear manufacturer Adidas . John was never charged with taking illegal payments during his career .
= = Personal history = =
John was born at Low @-@ land , a smallholding at Cefneithin . He was the second child of William and Vimy John , his brother Delville was three years his senior . John had a further four siblings , Alan , Clive , Madora and Diane . All three of his brothers played rugby . Delville played for Cefneithin , captaining them for two seasons ; Alan progressed from the local club to Llanelli and also toured Argentina with Wales ; while Clive was a Llanelli wing forward who was selected for Wales ' B ' . The family went to live at Foelgastell , staying with an uncle and aunt , shortly after John 's birth but returned to Cefneithin when John was two . His early schooling was at Cefneithin Primary , and after failing his 11 @-@ Plus he spent a year at Cross Hands senior centre . He passed the entrance exam and was accepted into Gwendraeth Grammar School at Drefach .
At eighteen he left grammar school , and was awarded a place at Trinity College , Carmarthen , with ambitions of becoming a teacher . He studied physical education , junior science and horticulture . He left Trinity in the summer of 1967 , and took up a post as a physical education teacher at Monkton House School in Cardiff , a private school for boys between the ages of eight and sixteen . John moved to Cardiff
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was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 4 – Super Soldiers , a DVD collection including episodes involving the alien super soldiers arc .
The episode 's casting and plot initially proved controversial when in early 2001 , Hispanic activists complained about the often negative portrayal of Latinos on television , particularly in the Law & Order episode " Sunday in the Park with Jorge " . In turn , the major broadcasters signed agreements that created a head of diversity at each network . When the episode 's title and synopsis were announced , some activists worried that it would further propagate negative stereotypes .
= = = Reviews = = =
Michael Liedtke and George Avalos of the Contra Costa Times were pleased with the episode and wrote , " The latest episode also contained many of the elements of a classic mythology episode . The stakes were huge and the heroes faced the greatest of hazards . The use of the oil rig created a sense of isolation for Mulder and Doggett , and the paranoia levels were sky @-@ high . We still can 't figure out why we haven 't seen more episodes along the lines of " Vienen " during the past three seasons . " Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity awarded the episode a " B – " . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , gave Vienen a positive review , and wrote , " after watching ' Vienen ' , I can honestly say that for once of the few times this season , it felt good to be an X @-@ Files fan again " . Kessenich praised the significant development in Mulder and Scully 's relationship and the return of the " fourth season version " of the black oil ; the 1998 movie had dramatically altered the nature of the substance — infected hosts gestate aliens inside their bodies rather than merely being taken over .
Todd VanDerWerff from The A.V. Club named the episode one of the " 10 must @-@ see episodes " of The X @-@ Files , and wrote that it " abruptly makes the series ’ alien @-@ conspiracy storyline relevant again . " His review concludes , " [ i ] t 's a fine example of a show past its glory days , nevertheless finding a way to make itself relevant again . " VanDerWerff later awarded the episode an " A – " and praised — in addition to its refreshing take on the alien mythology — the episode 's location , noting that the oil rig 's " isolation and man @-@ made island status , was definitely the sort of place that would look and feel different from just about every other episode of the show . " He also applauded the dynamic between Mulder and Doggett , and wrote that the episode successfully was a way for " David Duchovny and Fox Mulder to pass the torch to Robert Patrick and John Doggett . "
Not all reviews were positive . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five and wrote that the installment 's return to the black oil mythos seemed " out of date " . They also wrote that Mulder and Doggett are " good at running away , which doesn 't give either of them much dignity . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She wrote , " as action @-@ adventure , ' Veinen ' is so @-@ so . Except for the big ' money shot ' explosion at the end , it doesn 't exploit the possibilities of the physical location . " Meghan Deans of Tor.com ultimately concluded that " while ' Vienen ' works hard to hit its marks — a classic villain , a battle of dudes — it can ’ t measure up to all that ’ s come before it . " She surmised that " the transfer [ from Mulder to Doggett ] is functional , but the transfer is hollow . " She did , however , applaud the return of the black oil , noting that she was " happy to have it back . "
= Vanadinite =
Vanadinite is a mineral belonging to the apatite group of phosphates , with the chemical formula Pb5 ( VO4 ) 3Cl . It is one of the main industrial ores of the metal vanadium and a minor source of lead . A dense , brittle mineral , it is usually found in the form of red hexagonal crystals . It is an uncommon mineral , formed by the oxidation of lead ore deposits such as galena . First discovered in 1801 in Mexico , vanadinite deposits have since been unearthed in South America , Europe , Africa , and in other parts of North America .
= = Origins = =
Vanadinite is an uncommon mineral , only occurring as the result of chemical alterations to a pre @-@ existing material . It is therefore known as a secondary mineral . It is found in arid climates and forms by oxidation of primary lead minerals . Vanadinite is especially found in association with the lead sulfide , galena . Other associated minerals include wulfenite , limonite , and barite .
It was originally discovered in Mexico by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801 . He called the mineral " brown lead " and asserted that it contained a new element , which he first named pancromium and later , erythronium . However , he was later led to believe that this was not a new element but merely an impure form of chromium . In 1830 , Nils Gabriel Sefström discovered a new element , which he named vanadium . It was later revealed that this was identical to the metal discovered earlier by Andrés Manuel del Río . Del Río 's " brown lead " was also rediscovered , in 1838 in Zimapan , Hidalgo , Mexico , and was named vanadinite because of its high vanadium content . Other names that have since been given to vanadinite are johnstonite and lead vanadate .
= = Occurrence = =
Vanadinite occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of lead @-@ bearing deposits , the vanadium is leached from wall @-@ rock silicates . Associated minerals include mimetite , pyromorphite , descloizite , mottramite , wulfenite , cerussite , anglesite , calcite , barite , and various iron oxide minerals .
Deposits of vanadinite are found worldwide including Austria , Spain , Scotland , the Ural Mountains , South Africa , Namibia , Morocco , Argentina , Mexico , and 4 states of the United States : Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and South Dakota .
Vanadinite deposits are found in over 400 mines across the world . Notable vanadinite mines include those at Mibladen and Touisset in Morocco ; Tsumeb , Namibia ; Cordoba , Argentina ; and Sierra County , New Mexico , and Gila County , Arizona , in the United States .
= = Structure = =
Vanadinite is a lead chlorovanadate with the chemical formula Pb5 ( VO4 ) 3Cl . It is composed ( by weight ) of 73 @.@ 15 % lead , 10 @.@ 79 % vanadium , 13 @.@ 56 % oxygen , and 2 @.@ 50 % chlorine . Each structural unit of vanadinite contains a chlorine ion surrounded by six divalent lead ions at the corners of a regular octahedron , with one of the lead ions provided by an adjoining vanadinite molecule . The distance between each lead and chlorine ion is 317 picometres . The shortest distance between each lead ion is 4 @.@ 48 Å . The octahedron shares two of its opposite faces with that of neighbouring vanadinite units , forming a continuous chain of octahedrons . Each vanadium atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of an irregular tetrahedron . The distance between each oxygen and vanadium atom is either 1 @.@ 72 or 1 @.@ 76 Å . Three oxygen tetrahedrons adjoin each of the lead octahedrons along the chain .
Crystals of vanadinite conform to a hexagonal system of symmetry . This internal structure is often reflected in the hexagonal external shape of the crystals . The crystals are usually in the form of short hexagonal prisms , but can also be found as hexagonal pyramids , rounded masses or crusts . A unit cell of vanadinite , the smallest divisible unit
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in 53 AD and the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia . The dates of his birth and death are unknown . His early reign was marked by a brief interruption towards the end of the year 54 and a much longer one from 58 to 63 AD . In an agreement to resolve the Roman @-@ Parthian conflict in and over Armenia , Tiridates I ( one of the brothers of Vologases I of Parthia ) was crowned king of Armenia by the Roman emperor Nero in 66 AD ; in the future , the king of Armenia was to be a Parthian prince , but his appointment required approval from the Romans . Even though this made Armenia a client kingdom , various contemporary Roman sources thought that Nero had de facto ceded Armenia to the Parthian Empire .
In addition to being a king , Tiridates I was also a Zoroastrian priest and was accompanied by other magi on his journey to Rome in 66 AD . In the early 20th century , Franz Cumont speculated that Tiridates was instrumental in the development of Mithraism which became the main religion of the Roman Army and spread across the whole empire . Furthermore , during his reign , he started reforming the administrative structure of Armenia , a reform which was continued by his successors , and which brought many Iranian customs and offices into it .
Tiridates I is one of the principal characters in George Frideric Handel 's opera Radamisto and Reinhard Keiser 's opera Octavia .
= = Ascension = =
Tiridates I was one of the sons born to Vonones II , king of Media Atropatene and later king of Parthia , by a Greek concubine . Virtually nothing is known about Tiridates ' youth , which he spent in Media Atropatene . " Tiridates " means " given by Tir " . Tir was the Armeno @-@ Parthian god of literature , science and art based on the Avestan Tishtrya and fused with the Greek Apollo .
In 51 AD the Roman procurator of Cappadocia , Julius Paelignus , invaded Armenia and ravaged the country , then under an Iberian usurper Rhadamistus . Rhadamistus had killed his uncle Mithridates , the legitimate king of Armenia , by luring the Roman garrison that was protecting him outside of the fortress of Gornea . Acting without instruction , Paelignus recognized Rhadamistus as the new king of Armenia . Syrian governor Ummidius Quadratus sent Helvidius Priscus with a legion to repair these outrages , but he was recalled so as not to provoke a war with Parthia .
In 52 AD King Vologases I of Parthia took the opportunity to invade Armenia , conquering Artaxata ( Artashat in Armenia ) and proclaiming his younger brother Tiridates I as king . This action violated the treaty that had been signed by the Roman emperor Augustus and Parthian king Phraates IV which gave the Romans the explicit right to appoint and crown the kings of Armenia . Vologases I considered the throne of Armenia to have been once the property of his ancestors , now usurped by a foreign monarch in virtue of a crime . A winter epidemic as well as an insurrection initiated by his son Vardanes forced him to withdraw his troops from Armenia , allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors ; they eventually revolted and replaced him with the prince Tiridates I in early 55 . Rhadamistus escaped along with his wife Zenobia who was pregnant . Unable to continue fleeing , she asked her husband to end her life rather than be captured . Rhadamistus stabbed her with a Median dagger and flung her body into the river Araxes . Zenobia was not fatally injured and was recovered by shepherds who sent her to Tiridates . Tiridates I received her kindly and treated her as a member of the monarchy . Rhadamistus himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father Parasmanes I of Iberia for having plotted against the royal power .
= = War with Rome = =
Unhappy with the growing Parthian influence at their doorstep , Roman Emperor Nero sent General Corbulo with a large army to the east in order to restore Roman client kings . A Hasmonean named Aristobulus was given Lesser Armenia ( Nicopolis and Satala ) and Sohaemus of Emesa received Armenia Sophene . In the spring of 58 , Corbulo entered Greater Armenia from Cappadocia and advanced towards Artaxata , while Parasmanes I of Iberia attacked from the north , and Antiochus IV of Commagene attacked from the southwest . Supported by his brother , Tiridates I sent flying columns to raid the Romans far and wide . Corbulo retaliated using the same tactics and the use of the Moschoi tribes who raided outlying regions of Armenia . Tiridates I fled from the capital , and Corbulo burned Artaxata to the ground . In the summer , Corbulo began moving towards Tigranocerta through rough terrain and passing through the Taronitida ( Taron ) , where several of his commanders died in an ambush by the Armenian resistance ; however , the city opened its doors , with the exception of one of the citadels , which was destroyed in the ensuing assault . By this time the majority of Armenians had abandoned resistance and accepted the prince favored by Rome .
Nero gave the crown to the last royal descendant of the Kings of Cappadocia , the grandson of Glaphyra ( daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia ) and Alexander of Judea ( the brother of Herod Archelaus and the son of Herod the Great ) , who assumed the Armenian name Tigranes ( his uncle was Tigranes V ) . His son , named Gaius Julius Alexander , married Iotapa , the daughter of Antiochus IV of Commagene and was made King of Cilicia . Nero was hailed vigorously in public for this initial victory and Corbulo was appointed governor of Syria as a reward . A guard of 1000 legionary soldiers , three auxiliary cohorts and two wings of horses were allotted to Tigranes in order to defend the country . Border districts were bestowed to Roman allies that assisted Corbulo including Polemon , Parasmanes , Aristobolus and Antiochus .
Vologases I was infuriated by the fact that an alien now sat on the Armenian throne but hesitated to reinstate his brother as he was engaged in a conflict with the Hyrcanians who were revolting . Tigranes invaded the Kingdom of Adiabene and deposed its King Monobazes in 61 , who was a vassal of Parthians .
Vologases I considered this an act of aggression from Rome and started a campaign to restore Tiridates I to the Armenian throne . He placed under the command of spahbod Moneses a well @-@ disciplined force of cataphracts along with Adiabenian auxiliaries and ordered him to expel Tigranes from Armenia . Having quelled the Hyrcanian revolt , Vologases I gathered the strength of his dominions and embarked toward Armenia . Corbulo , having been informed of the impending attack , sent two legions under the commands of Verulanus Severus and Vettius Bolanus to the assistance of Tigranes with secret directions that they should act with caution rather than vigour . He also dispatched a message to Nero , urging him to send a second commander with the explicit purpose of defending Armenia as Syria was now also in peril . Corbulo placed the remainder of the legions on the banks of the Euphrates and armed irregular troops of the nearby provinces . Since the region was deficient in water , he erected forts over the fountains and concealed the rivulets by heaping sand over them .
Moneses marched towards Tigranocerta but failed to break the defense of the city walls as his troops were unfit for a long siege . Corbulo , although eminently successful thought it prudent to use his good fortune with moderation . He sent a Roman centurion by the name of Casperius to the camp of Vologases I in Nisibis located 37 miles ( 60 km )
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Goey to mark the first save of the match . Chelsea held on however ; a few minutes later , Poyet ran towards the ball to direct a powerful volley on goal following a weak clearing header from Berthold , but a well @-@ placed Franz Wohlfahrt dived to read the attempt . Chelsea had another chance before half time , which saw Wise from a Di Matteo free kick launch another volley , with the successive effort going just off the target .
= = = = Second half = = = =
Prior to the first half , Chelsea continued to dominate possession and round @-@ up more opportunities – the ball was given to Wise , after cooperation between Petrescu and Vialli , whose shot went just across the left goal . It did not take long , before Granville generated another endeavor for Chelsea to make Wohlfahrt throw himself to the right in order to prevent the shot . The club made its first substitute change in the 71st minute , which saw Flo being replaced by Zola . He made an effect immediately , picking up the ball after a well @-@ timed pass by Wise , and finishing with a half volley in the penalty box , past Wohlfahrt , which found its way straight in the top right corner . As the match went on , Petrescu was sent off for an illegal tackle on Yakin . It did not affect Chelsea as Stuttgart failed to produce anything to turn the final in their favour . Stuttgart 's situation proved worse when they were also reduced to ten men , as Poschner was dismissed after quarrels with referee Braschi .
= = = Details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Following Chelsea 's victory , player @-@ manager Vialli was satisfied with his club 's performance , commending the substitution of Zola by assistant manager Graham Rix : " He decided he had a feeling and he was right " . Vialli also praised Zola , but felt that the honours had to be shared by all the players including Vialli himself , who took part in the match : " It was a great first touch – he put the ball in the net and we won the cup . But the credit has to be shared between all the chaps – and I am over the moon . " The Italian further added that their goal now was to win the league championship : " The next step will be the Premier League , fingers crossed . I am still the player @-@ manager and I have to be one next season . We are very happy to win , but we do not want to stop here . We want to keep improving and next season we will start trying to win the Premier League , which is our aim now . "
Zola himself was happy with his achievements to the Chelsea side , but when asked if his substitution was all projected , he denied it , stating : " It wasn 't planned . In the moment , I used my positive strength and I got a reward for the passion , the work not only I , but the masseur Mimmo Pezza did together in Rimini . The injury should take one month to heal , Mimmo Pezza helped me be fit in less than half that . I thank this man for a beautiful moment which will be in my heart for as long as I can remember . " Their victory meant Aston Villa gained a place in the 1998 – 99 UEFA Cup .
Stuttgart manager Joachim Löw was disappointed with the defeat , but remained confident about his future at the team , as well as the season : " I 'm calmly looking forward to the discussion . The club has to approach me . I have a contract until 1999 . There must be some tough
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uncertain . A pair of closely spaced spikes was found articulated with a tail tip , and a number of spikes were found apparently regularly spaced in pairs along the path of an articulated tail .
Hennig and Janensch , while grouping the dermal armour elements into four distinct types , recognised an apparently continuous change of shape among them , shorter and flatter plates at the front gradually merging into longer and more pointed spikes towards the rear , suggesting an uninterrupted distribution along the entire body , in fifteen pairs . Because each type of osteoderm was found in mirrored left and right versions , it seems probable that all types of osteoderms were distributed in two rows along the back of the animal , a marked contrast to the better @-@ known North American Stegosaurus , which had one row of plates on the neck , trunk and tail , and two rows of spikes on the tail tip . There is one type of spike that differs from all others in being strongly , and not only slightly , asymmetrical , and having a very broad base . Because of bone morphology classic reconstructions placed it on the hips , at the iliac blade , while many recent reconstructions place it on the shoulder , because a similarly shaped spike is known to have existed on the shoulder in the Chinese stegosaurs Gigantspinosaurus and Huayangosaurus .
= = Discovery and species = =
The first fossils of Kentrosaurus were discovered by the German Tendaguru Expedition in 1909 , recognised as belonging to a stegosaur by expedition leader Werner Janensch on 24 July 1910 , and described by German palaeontologist Edwin Hennig in 1915 . The name Kentrosaurus was coined by Henning and comes from the Greek kentron / κέντρον , meaning " sharp point " or " prickle " , and sauros / σαῦρος meaning " lizard " , Hennig added the specific name aethiopicus to denote the provenance from Africa .
From 1909 onwards , Kentrosaurus remains were uncovered in four quarries in the Mittlere Saurierschichten ( Middle Saurian Beds ) and one quarry in the Obere Saurierschichten ( Upper Saurian Beds ) . During four field seasons , the German Expedition found over 1200 bones of Kentrosaurus , belonging to about fifty individuals , many of which were destroyed during the Second World War . Today , almost all remaining material is housed in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin ( roughly 350 remaining specimens ) , while the museum of the Institute for Geosciences of the Eberhard @-@ Karls @-@ University Tübingen houses a composite mount , roughly 50 % of it being original bones .
Although no complete individuals were found , some material was discovered in association , including a nearly complete tail , hip , several dorsal vertebrae and some limb elements of one individual . These form the core of a mount in the Museum für Naturkunde by Janensch . The mount was dismantled during the museum renovation in 2006 / 2007 , and re @-@ mounted in an improved pose by Research Casting International . Some other material , including a braincase and spine , was thought to have been misplaced or destroyed during World War II . However , all the supposedly lost cranial material was later found in a drawer of a basement cupboard .
The type and sole accepted species of Kentrosaurus is Kentrosaurus aethiopicus , named by Hennig in 1915 . Fragmentary fossil material from Wyoming , named Stegosaurus longispinus by Charles Gilmore in 1914 , was in 1993 classified as a North American species of Kentrosaurus , as K. longispinus . However , this action was not accepted by the paleontological community , and S. longispinus has been assigned to its own genus , Alcovasaurus , differing from Kentrosaurus in having more elongated tail spikes and the structure of the pelvis and vertebrae .
= = = Type specimens and type locality = = =
In the original description , Hennig did not designate a holotype specimen . However , in a detailed monography on the osteology , systematic position and palaeobiology of Kentrosaurus in 1925 , Hennig picked the most complete partial skeleton , today inventorised as MB.R.4800.1 through MB.R.4800.37 , as a lectotype ( see syntype ) . This material includes a nearly complete series of tail vertebrae , several vertebrae of the back , a sacrum with five sacral vertebrae and both ilia , both femora and an ulna , and is included in the mounted skeleton at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin , Germany . The type locality is Kindope , Tanzania , near the Tendaguru hill .
Unaware that Hennig had already defined a lectotype , Peter Galton selected two dorsal vertebrae , specimens MB.R.1930 and MB.R.1931 , from the material figured in Hennig 's 1915 description , as ' holotypes ' . This definition of a holotype is not valid , because Hennig 's selection has priority . In 2011 , Heinrich Mallison clarified that all the material known to Hennig in 1915 , i.e. all the bones discovered before 1912 , when Hermann Heck concluded the last German excavations , are paralectotypes , and that MB.R.4800 is the correct lectotype .
= = = Naming controversy = = =
Soon after its description , a controversy arose over the stegosaur 's name , which is very similar to the ceratopsian Centrosaurus . Under the rules of biological nomenclature , forbidding homonymy , two animals may not be given the same name . Hennig renamed his stegosaur Kentrurosaurus , " pointed @-@ tail saurian " , in
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1916 , while Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa renamed the genus Doryphorosaurus , " lance @-@ bearing saurian " , the same year . If a renaming had been necessary , Hennig 's would have had priority . However , because both the spellings and the pronunciations are different ( Centrosaurus is pronounced with a soft C ) , both Doryphorosaurus and Kentrurosaurus are unneeded replacement names ; Kentrosaurus remains the valid name for the genus with Kentrurosaurus and Doryphorosaurus being its junior objective synonyms .
= = Phylogeny = =
Kentrosaurus was by Hennig assigned to the Stegosauridae in 1915 . This is confirmed by modern cladistic analyses , although it should be noted that in 1915 Stegosauridae was a far more inclusive concept . A consecutive narrowing down of this concept caused Kentrosaurus , until the 1980s to be seen as a typical " primitive " stegosaurian , to be placed in a more derived , higher , position in the stegosaur evolutionary tree . Derived traits include a sacral yoke , a long prepubic process , a long thighbone and two rows of plates or spikes . A study by Octávio Mateus e.a. in 2009 recovered Kentrosaurus in a basal position in the Stegosauridae as shown by this cladogram :
Earlier analyses had shown Kentrosaurus closer in the tree to Stegosaurus . Basal traits include a prominent paraquadratic foramen at the quadrate in the skull ; maxillary teeth with only seven denticles at the margin ; and a shoulder spine .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Feeding = = =
Like all ornithischians , Kentrosaurus was a herbivore . The fodder was barely chewed and swallowed in large chunks . One theory on stegosaurid diet holds that they were low @-@ level browsers , eating foliage and low @-@ growing fruit from various non @-@ flowering plants . Kentrosaurus was capable of eating at heights of up to 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) when on all fours . It may also have been possible for it to rear up on its hindlegs to reach vegetation higher in trees . With its centre of mass close to the hind @-@ limbs , the animal could potentially support itself as it stood up . The hips were likely capable of allowing a vertical trunk rotation of about 60 degrees and the tail probably would either have been fully lifted , not blocking this movement or have enough curvature to rest on the ground ; thus it could have provided additional support , though precisely because of this flexibility it is not certain whether much support was actually provided : it was not stiff enough to function as a " third leg " as had been suggested by Robert Thomas Bakker . In this pose , Kentrosaurus could have fed at heights of 3 @.@ 3 m ( 11 ft ) .
= = = Defense = = =
Because the tail had at least forty caudal vertebrae , it was highly mobile . It could possibly swing at an arc of 180 degrees , covering the entire half circle behind it . Swing speeds at the tail end may have been as high as 50 km / h . Continuous rapid swings would have allowed the spikes to slash open the skin of its attacker or to stab the soft tissues and break the ribs or facial bones . More directed blows would have resulted in the sides of the spikes fracturing even sturdy longbones of the legs by blunt trauma . These attacks would have crippled small and medium @-@ sized theropods and may even have done some damage to large ones . Earlier interpretations of the defensive behaviour of Kentrosaurus included the suggestion that the animal might have charged to the rear , to run through attackers with its spines , in the way of modern porcupines .
Though Kentrosaurus likely stood with forelimbs erect like in other dinosaurs , it is hypothesised that the animal adopted a sprawling posture when defending itself . Its neck was flexible enough to allow it to keep sight of predators , as it could reach the sides of its body with its snout and look over the back . In addition , the posterior position of the center of mass may not have been advantageous for rapid locomotion , but meant that the animal could quickly rotate around the hips by pushing sideways with the arms , keeping the tail pointed at the attacker . Kentrosaurus was nevertheless not invulnerable . A quick predator could have made it to the tail base ( where the impact speed would be much lower ) when the tail passed and the neck and upper @-@ part of the body would have been unprotected by the tail swings . A successful predation of Kentrosaurus may have required group hunting . Compared to the more robust spikes of Stegosaurus , the thinner spikes of Kentrosaurus were at greater risk of bending .
= = = Growth = = =
In 2013 , a study by Ragna Redelstorff e.a. concluded that the bone histology of Kentrosaurus indicated that it had a higher growth rate than reported for Stegosaurus and Scutellosaurus , in view of the relatively rapid deposition of highly vascularised fibrolamellar bone . As Stegosaurus was larger than Kentrosaurus , this contradicts the general rule that larger dinosaurs grew quicker than smaller ones .
= = = Sexual dimorphism = = =
Differences in the proportions , not the size , of the femurs ( thighbones ) led Holly Barden and Susannah Maidment to realize that Kentrosaurus probably showed sexual dimorphism . This dimorphism of the femurs consisted in them being either more or less robust than the other . The occurrence ratio of the robust morph to the gracile one was 2 : 1 , and it is likely that the higher percentage of animals were females . Because of this ratio , it was considered reasonable to assume that in their society , Kentrosaurus males mated with more than one female , a behaviour also found in other vertebrates .
The problem posed by the ratio is that the multiple specimens studied , died in the same place , but probably not in a sudden mass @-@ death and so do not represent a single herd or contemporary population . The results may have been distorted by a greater chance for robust animals of getting fossilised or discovered . In an earlier study by Galton in 1982 , it was suggested that individual difference in the sacral rib count of both Kentrosaurus and Dacentrurus might be an indication of dimorphism : females would have had an extra pair of sacral ribs , having also the first sacral vertebra connected to the ilium , in addition to the subsequent four sacrals .
= = Paleoecology = =
Kentrosaurus lived in what is now Tanzania in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation . The main Kentrosaurus quarries were located in the Middle Saurian Beds dating from the upper Kimmeridgian . Some remains were found in the Upper Saurian Beds dating from the Tithonian . Since 2012 , the boundary between the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian is dated at 152 @.@ 1 million year ago . The Tendaguru ecosystem primarily consisted of three types of environment : shallow , lagoon @-@ like marine environments , tidal flats and low coastal environments ; and vegetated inland environments . The marine environment existed above the fair weather wave base and behind siliciclastic and ooid barriers . It appeared to have had little change in salinity levels and experienced tides and storms . The coastal environments consisted of brackish coastal lakes , ponds and pools . These environments had little vegetation and were probably visited by herbivorous dinosaurs mostly during droughts . The well vegetated inlands were dominated by conifers . Overall , the Late Jurassic Tendaguru climate was subtropical to tropical with seasonal rains and pronounced dry periods . During the Early Cretaceous , the Tendaguru became more humid . The Tendaguru Beds are similar to the Morrison Formation of North America except in its marine interbeds .
Kentrosaurus would have coexisted with fellow ornithischians like Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki ; the sauropods Giraffatitan brancai , Dicraeosaurus hansemanni and D. sattleri , Janenschia africana , Tendag
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and in the conquest of the Americas . Battle cavalry developed to take on a multitude of roles in the late 18th century and early 19th century and was often crucial for victory in the Napoleonic wars . In the Americas , the use of horses and development of mounted warfare tactics were learned by several tribes of indigenous people and in turn , highly mobile horse regiments were critical in the American Civil War .
Horse cavalry began to be phased out after World War I in favor of tank warfare , though a few horse cavalry units were still used into World War II , especially as scouts . By the end of World War II , horses were seldom seen in battle , but were still used extensively for the transport of troops and supplies . Today , formal battle ready horse cavalry units have almost disappeared , though the United States Army Special Forces used horses in battle during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan . Horses are still seen in use by organized armed fighters in Third World countries . Many nations still maintain small units of mounted riders for patrol and reconnaissance , and military horse units are also used for ceremonial and educational purposes . Horses are also used for historical reenactment of battles , law enforcement , and in equestrian competitions derived from the riding and training skills once used by the military .
= = Types of horse used in warfare = =
A fundamental principle of equine conformation is " form to function " . Therefore , the type of horse used for various forms of warfare depended on the work performed , the weight a horse needed to carry or pull , and distance travelled . Weight affects speed and endurance , creating a trade @-@ off : armour added protection , but added weight reduces maximum speed . Therefore , various cultures had different military needs . In some situations , one primary type of horse was favoured over all others . In other places , multiple types were needed ; warriors would travel to battle riding a lighter horse of greater speed and endurance , and then switch to a heavier horse , with greater weight @-@ carrying capacity , when wearing heavy armour in actual combat .
The average horse can carry up to approximately 30 % of its body weight . While all horses can pull more than they can carry , the weight horses can pull varies widely , depending on the build of the horse , the type of vehicle , road conditions , and other factors . Horses harnessed to a wheeled vehicle on a paved road can pull as much as eight times their weight , but far less if pulling wheelless loads over unpaved terrain . Thus , horses that were driven varied in size and had to make a trade @-@ off between speed and weight , just as did riding animals . Light horses could pull a small war chariot at speed . Heavy supply wagons , artillery , and support vehicles were pulled by heavier horses or a larger number of horses . The method by which a horse was hitched to a vehicle also mattered : horses could pull greater weight with a horse collar than they could with a breast collar , and even less with an ox yoke .
= = = Light @-@ weight = = =
Light , oriental horses such as the ancestors of the modern Arabian , Barb , and Akhal @-@ Teke were used for warfare that required speed , endurance and agility . Such horses ranged from about 12 hands ( 48 inches , 122 cm ) to just under 15 hands ( 60 inches , 152 cm ) , weighing approximately 800 to 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 360 to 450 kg ) . To move quickly , riders had to use lightweight tack and carry relatively light weapons such as bows , light spears , javelins , or , later , rifles . This was the original horse used for early chariot warfare , raiding , and light cavalry .
Relatively light horses were used by many cultures , including the Ancient Egyptians , the Mongols , the Arabs , and the Native Americans . Throughout the Ancient Near East , small , light animals were used to pull chariots designed to carry no more than two passengers , a driver and a warrior . In the European Middle Ages , a lightweight war horse became known as the rouncey .
= = = Medium @-@ weight = = =
Medium @-@ weight horses developed as early as the Iron Age with the needs of various civilizations to pull heavier loads , such as chariots capable of holding more than two people , and , as light cavalry evolved into heavy cavalry , to carry heavily armored riders . The Scythians were among the earliest cultures to produce taller , heavier horses . Larger horses were also needed to pull supply wagons and , later on , artillery pieces . In Europe , horses were also used to a limited extent to maneuver cannons on the battlefield as part of dedicated horse artillery units . Medium @-@ weight horses had the greatest range in size , from about 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) but stocky , to as much as 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) , weighing approximately 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 pounds ( 450 to 540 kg ) . They generally were quite agile in combat , though they did not have the raw speed or endurance of a lighter horse . By the Middle Ages , larger horses in this class were sometimes called destriers . They may have resembled modern Baroque or heavy warmblood breeds . Later , horses similar to the modern warmblood often carried European cavalry .
= = = Heavy @-@ weight = = =
Large , heavy horses , weighing from 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 680 to 910 kg ) , the ancestors of today 's draught horses , were used , particularly in Europe , from the Middle Ages onward . They pulled heavy loads , having the power to pull weapons or supply wagons and disposition to remain calm under fire . Some historians believe they may have carried the heaviest @-@ armoured knights of the European Late Middle Ages though others dispute this claim , indicating that the destrier , or knight 's battle horse , was a medium @-@ weight animal . It is also disputed whether the destrier class included draught animals or not . Breeds at the smaller end of the heavyweight category may have included the ancestors of the Percheron , agile for their size and physically able to manoeuvre in battle .
= = = Ponies = = =
The British Army 's 2nd Dragoons in 1813 had 340 ponies of 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) and 55 ponies of 14 hands ( 56 inches , 142 cm ) ; the Lovat Scouts , formed in 1899 , were mounted on Highland ponies ; the British Army recruited 200 Dales ponies in World War II for use as pack and artillery animals ; and the British Territorial Army experimented with the use of Dartmoor ponies as pack animals in 1935 , finding them to be better than mules for the job .
= = = Other equids = = =
Horses were not the only equids used to support human warfare . Donkeys have been used as pack animals from antiquity to the present . Mules were also commonly used , especially as pack animals and to pull wagons , but also occasionally for riding . Because mules are often both calmer and hardier than horses , they were particularly useful for strenuous support tasks , such as hauling supplies over difficult terrain . However , under gunfire , they were less cooperative than horses , so were generally not used to haul artillery on battlefields . The size of a mule and work to which it was put depended largely on the breeding of the mare that produced the mule . Mules could be lightweight , medium weight , or even , when produced from draught horse mares , of moderate heavy weight .
= = Training and deployment = =
See also Horse training
The oldest known manual on training horses for chariot warfare was written c . 1350 BC by the Hittite horsemaster , Kikkuli . An ancient manual on the subject of training riding horses , particularly for the Ancient Greek cavalry is Hippike ( On Horsemanship ) written about 360 BC by the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon . One of the earliest texts from Asia was that of Kautilya , written about 323 BC .
Whether horses were trained to pull chariots , to be ridden as light or heavy cavalry , or to carry the armoured knight , much training was required to overcome the horse 's natural instinct to flee from noise , the smell of blood , and the confusion of combat . They also learned to accept any sudden or unusual movements of humans while using a weapon or avoiding one . Horses used in close combat may have been taught , or at least permitted , to kick , strike , and even bite , thus becoming weapons themselves for the warriors they carried .
In most cultures , a war horse
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asmus , before slowly progressing to Cornelius Nepos and finally onto Ovid , Vergil , and Horace . The school was advertised in the June and July 1736 editions of The Gentleman 's Magazine : " At Edial , near Litchfield , in Staffordshire , Young Gentlemen are Boarded , and Taught the Latin and Greek Languages , by Samuel Johnson " .
After being open for little more than a year , the school failed in February 1737 , gaining Johnson a reputation as a failed schoolmaster . He slowly abandoned his desire to teach to focus more on writing his first major work , the historical tragedy Irene . The play did not earn him the money he had hoped for , though , until Garrick produced it in 1749 .
On 2 March 1737 , penniless , Johnson left for London with his former pupil David Garrick . To make things worse , Johnson received word that his brother had died on the day they left . However , their prospects were not completely hopeless , as Garrick was set to inherit a large sum the next year . Also , Garrick had connections in London , and the two would stay with his distant relative , Richard Norris , who lived on Exeter Street . Johnson did not stay there long , and set out for Greenwich near the Golden Hart Tavern to finish Irene . During that time , he wrote to Cave on 12 July 1737 and proposed a translation for Paolo Sarpi 's The History of the Council of Trent ( 1619 ) , which Cave did not accept until months later .
Johnson started working on the translation of Sarpi before Cave approved , and he returned home to his wife during this time . In all , he managed to write between four hundred and eight hundred pages of text with corresponding commentary before he stopped working on it in April 1739 . In October 1737 , Johnson brought his wife to London ; they first lived at Woodstock Street and then moved to 6 Castle Street . Soon , Johnson found employment with Cave , and wrote for his The Gentleman 's Magazine . His work for the magazine and other publishers during this time " is almost unparalleled in range and variety " , and " so numerous , so varied and scattered " that " Johnson himself could not make a complete list " .
In May 1738 , his first major work , a poem called London , was published anonymously . The work was based on Juvenal 's Third Satire and describes the character Thales 's leaving for Wales to escape the problems of London . In particular , the poem describes how London is a place of crime , corruption , and the neglect of the poor . Johnson could not bring himself to regard the poem as granting him any merit as a poet ; however , Alexander Pope claimed that the author " will soon be déterré " ( brought to light , become well known ) , although it did not immediately happen .
In August , Johnson was denied a position as master of the Appleby Grammar School because a master 's degree from Oxford or Cambridge was required . To ensure that he would not suffer rejection again , Pope asked John Gower , a man with influence in the Appleby community , to have a degree awarded to Johnson . Gower attempted to have a degree awarded to Johnson from Oxford , but he was told that it was " too much to be asked . " Gower then wrote to a friend of Jonathan Swift to persuade him to use his influence at the University of Dublin to have a masters awarded to Johnson , which could then be used to justify a masters awarded to Johnson from Oxford . However , Swift refused to act on Johnson 's behalf . Regardless of Swift 's motivation in not acting on Johnson 's behalf , or how Johnson reacted to Swift 's actions , it is known that Johnson then after refused to appreciate Swift as a poet , writer , or a satirist , with one exception : Swift 's Tale of a Tub , of which Johnson doubted Swift 's authorship .
Between 1737 and 1739 , Johnson became close to Richard Savage . Feeling guilty for his own poverty , Johnson stopped living with his wife and spent time with Savage . Together , they would roam the streets at night without enough money to stay in taverns or sleep in " night @-@ cellars " . Savage was both a poet and a playwright , and Johnson was reported to enjoy spending time and discussing various topics with him , along with drinking and other merriment . However , poverty eventually caught up with Savage , and Pope , along with Savage 's other friends , gave him an " annual pension " in return for him agreeing to move to Wales . Savage ended up in Bristol however , and once again fell into debt by reliving his former London lifestyle . He was soon in debtors ' prison and died in 1743 . A year later , Johnson wrote Life of Mr Richard Savage ( 1744 ) at Cave 's prompting , and this work formed the beginning of Johnson 's long @-@ lasting success . The biography was a " moving " work that , according to Walter Jackson Bate , " remains one of the innovative works in the history of biography " .
= = Early works = =
Johnson 's early works and early life have been neglected topics within Johnson scholarship . As a result , he is primarily known for the events surrounding his later life and later works like A Dictionary of the English Language . This imbalance originates in the failure of James Boswell , Johnson 's friend and companion , to discuss in great detail Johnson 's childhood and the beginning of his career within the Life of Samuel Johnson , the most famous biography on Johnson . In particular , Boswell ignored Johnson 's early politics and political writings which show a concern with Sir Robert Walpole 's political administration .
His first major work , the poem London , contains an early version of Johnson 's ethics and morality system . Within the poem , he combined attacks on the politics of Walpole and the British government with the immoral actions of the common Londoner to form a general satire of 18th @-@ century London society . Johnson compares London to the Roman Empire in its decline and blames moral and political corruption for its fall . Although Johnson did not start his literary criticism career until later , London is an example of what Johnson thought poetry should be : it is youthful and joyous , but it also relies on simple language and easy to understand imagery .
Johnson 's first major success came with Life of Savage , but it was not his first biography ; Savage was the fourth in a series which also included biographies of Jean @-@ Philippe Baratier , Robert Blake and Francis Drake . Although it was not the only biography that appeared immediately after Savage 's death , it became the most popular , and it embodied Johnson 's ideas on what a biography should be .
The book did contain some inaccuracies , particularly those surrounding Savage 's claim that he was the illegitimate child of a nobleman . It was successful in its partial analysis of Savage 's poetry and in portraying insights into Savage 's personality , but for all of its literary achievements it did not bring immediate fame or income to Johnson or to Cave ; it did , though , provide Johnson with a welcome small income at an opportune time in his life . More importantly , the work helped to mould Johnson into a biographical career ;
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by a spokesman for the North West Water Authority that the cocktail of effluent and occasional untreated sewage meant that the Irwell was still " a class 4 river – top of the pollution chart " . During 1985 the Croal – Irwell Valley local plan was launched , listing 187 proposals for the improvement of the valley and in 1986 the Mersey Basin Campaign was announced . The campaign was to cover a large area , from Rossendale in the north to Crewe in the south , and it was promised that £ 67m would be made available in the first three years for water- and land @-@ based projects . In September 1987 plans were revealed for a mile @-@ long landscaped walkway in Manchester city centre and developers announced plans to develop three bricked @-@ up railway arches on the side of the river , opposite Manchester Cathedral , into a wine bar and restaurant . In 1988 Manchester 's first water bus made its maiden voyage from the New Bailey Landing Stage , then known as the Mark Addy Quay , on a five @-@ mile ( 8 km ) inaugural round trip to Salford Quays By the end of the 1980s ambitious plans had been announced to turn Manchester into a top international tourist centre " mainly based on the derelict areas around the waterways of Manchester , Salford and Trafford – the Irwell , the Irk , the ship canal and the Bridgewater Canal ... bringing £ 500m of investment and 13 @,@ 000 new jobs over the next 10 years " . The Manchester Ship Canal Company also announced a £ 70 million redevelopment scheme for Pomona Docks in Salford , to include a marina , homes , offices and other commercial developments .
= = = = 1990s = = = =
In 1990 , the newly formed Mersey and Irwell Packet Company launched regular tourist trips along the river from a landing stage opposite the Granada Studios Tour entrance in Quay Street , taking in the stretch from Castlefield to Salford Quays . This was not universally welcomed as , by September of that year , a retired chemical engineer claimed that the pleasure boat was " leaving clouds of methane in its wake as it disturbed sediment on the river bed " . However , in 1991 a feature article appeared in the magazine Lancashire Life extolling the virtues of the cruise , and stating that the Irwell " once thought a liability is in fact a major asset to urban regeneration ... now the twin cities compete to befriend her , to dress her in finery and proudly introduce her back into society . And the public are cordially invited back onto her waters . " During 1994 , construction work began on a new £ 1.3M footbridge to link Manchester and Salford , to be known as Trinity Bridge . The box @-@ girder and steel cable construction was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava to represent a ship in full sail as the centrepiece of the £ 50M Chapel Wharf Regeneration Scheme , which was expected to breathe new life into a run @-@ down area of Salford and to create up to 8 @,@ 000 new jobs . In May 1995 a new 30 @-@ mile ( 48 km ) long multimillion @-@ pound arts trail , to be known as the Irwell Sculpture Trail , was reported in the Manchester Evening News and in June 1997 work began on the £ 10 million Lower Irwell Valley Flood Defence Scheme in Lower Kersal .
= = = 21st century = = =
In July 2000 there was a setback for the clean @-@ up programme when a pollution incident affected approximately 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) of the river between Rawtenstall and Ramsbottom , causing the death of more than 36 @,@ 000 fish . The large number of fish killed , however , did serve to illustrate how much the river had improved from the lifeless , " melancholy stream " of the 1950s . In 2005 a £ 1M project to make the river " the cleanest it has been for decades " was announced by United Utilities . The improvements included fitting filters on sewers in Lower Broughton to ensure litter was not washed into the river , as part of a scheme to improve overflows across Adlington , Wigan , Chorley , Rochdale and Bury . Then in October 2008 United Utilities announced that work on the Ringley Fold Wastewater Works in Stoneclough , to be completed by the end of the year , should increase the number of fish in the river and " massively improve the environment locally so walkers , canoeists and anglers will all reap the benefits . " The company said that this was to be the biggest scheme that they had undertaken in the region , and the project manager was quoted as saying :
" Reducing the amount of phosphate in the water is the main driver behind the scheme . New legislation states that the amount of phosphate in waste water should be one milligram per litre because it causes water to clog with algae and reduces the amount of oxygen in the water , which results in less aquatic life and fish . "
The treatment plant , which was built in the 1930s and last updated in the 1970s , treats waste water from a population of half a million , from Bolton , Prestwich , Whitefield and Clifton .
There was another pollution incident in March 2008 when twenty miles of the river turned orange . Iron oxide from old mine workings near the source at Irwell Springs had polluted the water since 1969 and in 1997 a Coal Authority survey identified the stretch as having the fourth worst case of minewater pollution in the country . A treatment plant was built in 1999 to remove the pollution at a cost of £ 1M ; however , it is thought that there was a collapse in the mine after heavy rains in the spring of 2008 . Although the water was stained with ochre , no damage to wildlife was reported .
= = Commerce = =
= = = Mersey and Irwell Navigation = = =
In the late 17th century , the Warrington businessman Thomas Patten had made the River Mersey navigable as far as Warrington and suggested that there would be significant commercial value in extending this along the Irwell as far as Manchester . In 1721 , Parliament authorised the alteration with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Act , and by 1736 work had been completed by creating eight canal locks along the 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) route from Warrington to Manchester , allowing access to boats of up to 51 tonnes . The waterway , which became known as the Mersey & Irwell Navigation , played a central role in the cotton industry of the 18th century that spearheaded the Industrial Revolution .
= = = Bridgewater Canal = = =
When Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater built the Bridgewater Canal , the task of crossing the Irwell was one of the main obstacles he faced . The solution was to build a canal @-@ carrying bridge across the river , the first barge aqueduct in England . The aqueduct , which opened in 1761 , measured 12 metres ( 39 ft ) high and 200 metres ( 656 ft ) long , and became one of the wonders or the age . The Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal competed for trade to and from Manchester for the next 120 years and specially designed barges with a shallow draft , known as " Mersey flats " , were used on both waterways . Over the years both trade and rivalry continued to grow with each company offering reduced freight charges or special rates and concessions to gain business from the other . The most important cargo carried was raw cotton from Liverpool to Manchester but timber , dyewoods , pig iron , lead , copper , nails , tar , sand , grain and flour were also carried . Passenger services had been operating on the Bridgewater Canal for some years and in 1807 the Irwell and Mersey Navigation Company began to compete with daily services between Runcorn and Manchester . In 1816 they began to use packet steamers . However , in 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened ; packet boat services went into decline , and ceased to operate completely in the 1860s . In Manchester two other canals used the Irwell as a point of access : the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal from 1809 , and the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal from 1839 . The previous year , the short Hulme Locks Branch Canal had also connected the Irwell to the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield . All are now non @-@ navigable , although the first is under restoration .
= = = Manchester Ship Canal = = =
As the 19th century progressed , the increasing need for large freight carriers led to Liverpool 's dominance as a port .
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of the week , even beating The Simpsons .
IGN 's Tory Ireland Mell gave the episode an " incredible " rating of 9 @.@ 6 out of 10 , praising the return of Larrin and the introduction of " FRAN " . He described the space battle against the Replicators as " legendary " , but did not feel that the visual effects were as good as Battlestar Galactica . GateWorld rated the episode with four stars ( out of a possible four ) , only one of two episodes in the season to do so . " Be All My Sins Remember 'd " achieved 9 @.@ 52 out of 10 from the GateWorld fan rating , making it one of only seven episodes in the Stargate franchise to have a fan rating higher than 9 @.@ 5 at the time . The space battle earned the visual effects team a nomination for " Best Visual Effects " in the 23rd Annual Gemini Awards , but they lost to The Tudors . Four days after the episode 's first broadcast , Stargate Atlantis won a People 's Choice Award for " Best Sci @-@ Fi Show " , beating Battlestar Galactica and Doctor Who .
= John Parkinson ( botanist ) =
John Parkinson ( 1567 – 1650 ; buried 6 August 1650 ) was the last of the great English herbalists and one of the first of the great English botanists . He was apothecary to James I and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in December 1617 , and was later Royal Botanist to Charles I. He is known for two monumental works , Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris ( Park @-@ in @-@ Sun 's Terrestrial Paradise , 1629 ) , which generally describes the proper cultivation of plants ; and Theatrum Botanicum ( The Botanical Theatre or Theatre of Plants , 1640 ) , the most complete and beautifully presented English treatise on plants of its time . One of the most eminent gardeners of his day , he kept a botanical garden at Long Acre in Covent Garden , today close to Trafalgar Square , and maintained close relations with other important English and Continental botanists , herbalists and plantsmen .
= = Life = =
Parkinson , born in 1567 , spent his early life in Yorkshire . He moved to London at the age of 14 years to become an apprentice apothecary . Rising through the ranks , he eventually achieved the position of apothecary to James I , and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in December 1617 ; until 1622 he also served on the Court of Assistants , the Society 's governing body . In addition , he assisted the Society in obtaining a grant of arms and in preparing a list of all medicines that should be stocked by an apothecary . He was on the committee that published their Pharmacopœia Londinensis ( London Pharmacopœia ) in 1618 .
Then , on the cusp of a new science , he became botanist to Charles I. Anna Parkinson , a " distant descendant " of Parkinson and the author of a new popular biography of him , asserts that in 1625 when Charles I 's bride , Henrietta Maria of France , came at the age of 15 years to live at St. James 's Palace , " he took on the role of introducing the young queen to horticulturally sophisticated circles . " When he summed up his experience in writing Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris ( Park @-@ in @-@ Sun 's Terrestrial Paradise , 1629 – " Park @-@ in @-@ Sun " is a pun on " Parkinson " ) , with the explanatory subtitle A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our English ayre will permit to be noursed up , it was natural that he dedicated this work , which he called his " Speaking Garden " , to the queen . Blanche Henrey called the work the " earliest important treatise on horticulture published in England " , while the Hunt catalogue described it as " a very complete picture of the English garden at the beginning of the seventeenth century , and in such delightful , homely , literary style that gardeners cherish it even to the present day . "
Parkinson actively sought new varieties of plants through his contacts abroad and by financing William Boel 's plant @-@ hunting expedition to Iberia and North Africa in 1607 – 1608 . He introduced seven new plants into England and was the first gardener in England to grow the great double yellow Spanish daffodil ( Pseudonarcissus
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as one of the best concert halls in the country . The hall was destroyed by fire in 1969 , but Britten was determined that it would be rebuilt in time for the following year 's festival , which it was . The Queen again attended the opening performance in 1970 .
The Maltings gave the festival a venue that could comfortably house large orchestral works and operas . Britten conducted the first performance outside Russia of Shostakovich 's Fourteenth Symphony at Snape in 1970 . Shostakovich , a friend since 1960 , dedicated the symphony to Britten ; he was himself the dedicatee of The Prodigal Son . Two other Russian musicians who were close to Britten and regularly performed at the festival were the pianist Sviatoslav Richter and the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich . Britten composed his cello suites , Cello Symphony and Cello Sonata for Rostropovich , who premiered them at the Aldeburgh Festival .
One of the best known of Britten 's works , the War Requiem , was premiered in 1962 . He had been asked four years earlier to write a work for the consecration of the new Coventry Cathedral , a modernist building designed by Basil Spence . The old cathedral had been left in ruins by an air @-@ raid on the city in 1940 in which hundreds of people died . Britten decided that his work would commemorate the dead of both World Wars in a large @-@ scale score for soloists , chorus , chamber ensemble and orchestra . His text interspersed the traditional Requiem Mass with poems by Wilfred Owen . Matthews writes , " With the War Requiem Britten reached the apex of his reputation : it was almost universally hailed as a masterpiece . " Shostakovich told Rostropovich that he believed it to be " the greatest work of the twentieth century " .
In 1967 the BBC commissioned Britten to write an opera specially for television . Owen Wingrave was based , like The Turn of the Screw , on a ghost story by Henry James . By the 1960s Britten found composition much slower than in his prolific youth ; he told the 28 @-@ year @-@ old composer Nicholas Maw , " Get as much done now as you can , because it gets much , much more difficult as you grow older . " He did not complete the score of the new opera until August 1970 . Owen Wingrave was first broadcast in Britain in May 1971 , when it was also televised in Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the USA and Yugoslavia .
= = = Last years = = =
In September 1970 Britten asked Myfanwy Piper , who had adapted the two Henry James stories for him , to turn another prose story into a libretto . This was Thomas Mann 's novella Death in Venice , a subject he had been considering for some time . At an early stage in composition Britten was told by his doctors that a heart operation was essential if he was to live for more than two years . He was determined to finish the opera and worked urgently to complete it before going into hospital for surgery . His long @-@ term colleague Colin Graham wrote :
Perhaps of all his works , this one went deepest into Britten 's own
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child , Banks was not very interested in baseball , preferring swimming , basketball and football . His father bought Ernest a baseball glove for less than three dollars at a five and dime store and motivated Banks with nickels and dimes to play catch . Banks 's mother encouraged him to follow one of his grandfathers into a career as a minister .
Banks graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1950 . He lettered in basketball , football and track . Banks ' school did not have a baseball team ; he played fastpitch softball for a church team during the summer . He was also a member of the Amarillo Colts , a semi @-@ professional baseball team . History professor Timothy Gilfoyle wrote that Banks ' talent for baseball was discovered by Bill Blair , a family friend who scouted for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League . Other sources say Banks was noticed by Cool Papa Bell of the Monarchs .
In 1951 , Banks was drafted into the U.S. Army and served in Germany during the Korean War . He served as a flag bearer in the 45th Anti @-@ Aircraft Artillery Battalion at Fort Bliss , where he played with the Harlem Globetrotters on a part @-@ time basis . In 1953 , he was discharged from the army and joined the Monarchs for the remainder of that season , achieving a .347 batting average . Banks later said , " Playing for the Kansas City Monarchs was like my school , my learning , my world . It was my whole life . "
= = MLB career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Banks signed with the Chicago Cubs in late 1953 , making his major league debut on September 17 at age 22 and playing in 10 games at Wrigley Field . He was the Cubs ' first black player ; he became one of several former Negro league players who joined MLB teams without playing in the minor leagues . Larry Moffi and Jonathan Kronstadt wrote that he " just was not the crusading type . He was so grateful to be playing baseball for a living , he did not have time to change the world , and if that meant some people called him an Uncle Tom , well , so be it . "
During his first game for the Cubs , Banks received a visit from Jackie Robinson that influenced his quiet presence in baseball . Robinson told Banks , " Ernie , I 'm glad to see you 're up here so now just listen and learn ... For years , I didn 't talk and learned a lot about people " . Later , when Banks felt like becoming more vocal , he discussed the issue with teammate Billy Williams , who advised him to remain quiet . Williams drew the analogy of fish that are caught once they open their mouths . Banks said , " I kept my mouth shut but tried to make a difference . My whole life , I 've just wanted to make people better " .
In 1954 , Banks ' double play partner during his official rookie season was Gene Baker , the Cubs ' second black player . Banks and Baker roomed together on road trips and became the first all @-@ black double @-@ play combination in major league history . When Steve Bilko played first base , Cubs announcer Bert Wilson referred to the Banks @-@ Baker @-@ Bilko double play combination as " Bingo to Bango to Bilko " . Banks hit 19 home runs and finished second to Wally Moon in Rookie of the Year voting . Banks participated in a trend toward lighter baseball bats after he accidentally picked up a teammate 's bat and liked that it was easy to generate bat speed .
In 1955 , Banks hit 44 home runs , had 117 RBI and batted .295 . He played and was the starting NL shortstop in his first of 13 All @-@ Star Games that season . His home run total was a single @-@ season record among shortstops . He also set a thirty @-@ year record of five single @-@ season grand slam home runs . Banks finished third in 1955 in the league 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) voting , behind Roy Campanella and Duke Snider . The Cubs finished with a 72 – 81 win @-@ loss record , winning 29 of 77 road games . In 1956 , Banks missed 18 games due to a hand infection , breaking his run of 424 consecutive games played . He finished the season with 28 home runs , 85 RBIs , and a .297 batting average . He made the All @-@ Star selection as a reserve player but did not play in the game . In 1957 , Banks finished the season with 43 home runs , 102 RBI , and a .285 batting average .
In 1958 and 1959 , Banks became the first NL player to be awarded back @-@ to @-@ back NL MVP Awards . He hit .313 and led the major league and NL with 47 HR in 1958 . The following year , he hit .304 with 45 HR , and was the NL RBI leader with 129 and 143 RBI in both of those seasons . In 1959 , the Cubs came the closest to a winning season since Banks ' arrival , finishing with a 74 – 80 record .
In 1960 , Banks hit a major league and NL @-@ leading 41 HR , had 117 RBI , and led the NL in games played for the sixth time in seven years . He was also the first Cubs player to receive an annual NL Gold Glove award ( for shortstop ) . On the eve of the 1960 World Series , Joe Reichler , a writer for the Associated Press , reported that the Milwaukee Braves were prepared to pay cash and trade pitchers Joey Jay , Carlton Willey and Don Nottebart , outfielder Billy Bruton , shortstop Johnny Logan and first baseman Frank Torre in exchange for Banks from the Cubs .
= = = Move to first base = = =
In 1961 , Banks experienced problems with a knee injury he had acquired while in the army . After 717 consecutive games , he removed himself from the Cubs lineup for at least four games , ending his pursuit of the record for playing in the most consecutive NL games of 895 games set by Stan Musial . In May , the Cubs announced that Jerry Kindall would replace Banks at shortstop and that Banks would move to left field . Banks later said , " Only a duck out of water could have shared my loneliness in left field " . Banks credited center fielder Richie Ashburn with helping him learn to play left field ; in 23 games Banks committed only one error . In June , he was moved to first base , learning that position from former first baseman and Cubs coach Charlie Grimm . He was not selected to be an All @-@ Star for the first of two All @-@ Star games that season since 1959 , when MLB started having
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earthquake of 1995 in Japan , which killed over 6 @,@ 000 people . He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . Teruyuki Kato , a seismologist at the University of Tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China . According to reports from Chengdu , the capital of Sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " .
= = = Extent of the tremors = = =
Places ordered by distance from epicenter ( or time of propagation ) :
China ( Mainland ) : All provincial @-@ level divisions except Xinjiang , Jilin and Heilongjiang were physically affected by the quake .
Hong Kong : Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake , continuing for about half a minute . This was also the most distant earthquake known ever to be felt in Hong Kong . The intensity reached MM III in Hong Kong .
Macau : Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake .
Vietnam : Tremors were felt approximately five minutes after the earthquake in northern parts of Vietnam . The intensity was MM III in Hanoi .
Thailand : In parts of Thailand tremors were felt six minutes after the quake . Office buildings in Bangkok swayed for the next several minutes .
Taiwan : It took about eight minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan , where the tremors continued for one to two minutes ; no damage or injuries were reported . The intensity was MM III in Taipei .
Mongolia : Tremors were felt approximately eight minutes after the earthquake in parts of Mongolia .
Bangladesh : Tremors were felt eight and a half minutes after the quake in all parts of Bangladesh .
Nepal : Tremors were felt approximately eight and a half minutes after the quake .
India : Tremors were felt approximately nine minutes after the earthquake in parts of India .
Pakistan : In parts of Northern Pakistan tremors were felt ten minutes after the quake .
Russia : Tremors were felt in Tuva , no casualties reported .
= = = Aftershocks = = =
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 @.@ 0 to 6 @.@ 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . According to Chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42 @,@ 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 @.@ 0 MS to 4 @.@ 9 MS , 34 from 5 @.@ 0 MS to 5 @.@ 9 MS , and 8 from 6 @.@ 0 Ms to 6 @.@ 4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 @.@ 4 MS. " The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .
( The Ms 6 @.@ 1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details . )
= = = Intensities and damage area = = =
The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500 @,@ 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale ( CSIS ) , described as " very destructive " on the European Macroseismic Scale ( EMS ) from which CSIS drew reference . ( USGS , using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( CC ) , also placed maximum intensity at XI , " very disastrous " . ) Two south @-@ west @-@ north @-@ east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu , Wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and Beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6 @.@ 1 on Aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in Sichuan Province , occupying a total of 2 @,@ 419 km2 . The Yingxiu liedu @-@ XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan – Dujiangyan – Pengzhou ; the Beichuan liedu @-@ XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County – Beichuan – Pingwu . The area with liedu X ( comparable to X on EMS , " destructive " and X on MM , " disastrous " ) spans 3 @,@ 144 km2 . The area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu VI totals 440 @,@ 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region .
= = = Tectonics = = =
The extent of the earthquake and after shock @-@ affected areas lies north @-@ east , along the Longmen Shan fault .
The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults . This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System , i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian – Anxian Fault . In the epicentral area , the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal @-@ parallel to the fault , and 4 @.@ 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal @-@ perpendicular to the fault . In the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike @-@ slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) , while the average slip in Guanxian – Anxian Fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 @.@ 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal .
According to CEA :
" The energy source of the Wenchuan earthquake and Longmenshan 's southeast push came from the strike of the Indian Plate onto the Eurasian Plate and its northward push . The inter @-@ plate relative motion caused large scale structural deformation inside the Asian continent , resulting in a thinning crust of the Qinghai @-@ Tibet Plateau , the uplift of its landscape and an eastward extrude . Near the Sichuan Basin , Qinghai @-@ Tibet Plateau 's east @-@ northward movement meets with strong resistance from the South China Block , causing a high degree of stress accumulation in the Longmenshan thrust formation . This finally caused a sudden dislocation in the Yingxiu @-@ Beichuan fracture , leading to the violent earthquake of Ms 8 @.@ 0 . "
According to the United States Geological Survey
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homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . The Chinese version of MSN , cn.msn.com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . Other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . After the moments of silence , in Tiananmen Square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " Long Live China " . Casinos in Macau closed down .
All Mainland Chinese television stations ( along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities ) cancelled all regularly @-@ scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV @-@ 1 for multiple days after the quake . Even pay television channels ( such as Channel V ) had their programmes suspended .
On the evening of May 18 , CCTV @-@ 1 hosted a special four @-@ hour program called The Giving of Love ( simplified Chinese : 爱的奉献 ; traditional Chinese : 愛的奉獻 ) , hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year 's Gala and round @-@ the @-@ clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong . It was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland China , Hong Kong , Singapore and Taiwan . Donations of the evening totalled 1 @.@ 5 billion Chinese Yuan ( ~ US $ 208 million ) . Of the donations , CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥ 50 million . Almost at the same time in Taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying @-@ jeou . In June , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan , who donated $ 1 @.@ 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " Promise " ; the song was composed by Andy Lau . The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign , an 8 @-@ hour fundraising marathon , was held on June 1 in Hong Kong ; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities . In Singapore , MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme 让爱川流不息 to raise funds for the victims .
= = Collapse of schoolhouses = =
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake ( especially in comparison to Myanmar 's ruling military junta 's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis ) , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal .
The central government estimates that over 7 @,@ 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu @-@ dregs schoolhouses " ( Chinese : 豆腐渣校舍 ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed
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.
In 1851 , a three @-@ masted Clipper built in Saint John , New Brunswick also took his name ; the Marco Polo was the first ship to sail around the world in under six months .
The airport in Venice is named Venice Marco Polo Airport .
The frequent flyer program of Hong Kong flag carrier Cathay Pacific is known as the " Marco Polo Club " .
= = = = Arts , entertainment , and media = = = =
= = = = = Games = = = = =
The game " Marco Polo " is a form of tag played in a swimming pool or on land , with slightly modified rules .
Polo appears as a Great Explorer in the strategy video game Civilization Revolution ( 2008 ) .
= = = = = Literature = = = = =
The travels of Marco Polo are fictionalised in a number works , such as :
Brian Oswald Donn @-@ Byrne 's Messer Marco Polo ( 1921 )
Italo Calvino 's novel Invisible Cities ( 1972 ) , in which Polo appears as a pivotal character .
Gary Jennings ' novel The Journeyer ( 1984 )
James Rollins ' SIGMA Force Book 4 : The Judas Strain ( 2007 ) , in which facts about Polo 's travels and conjecture about secrets he kept are interleaved with modern @-@ day action .
= = = = = Television = = = = =
The television miniseries , Marco Polo ( 1982 ) , featuring Ken Marshall and Ruocheng Ying , and directed by Giuliano Montaldo , depicts Polo 's travels , won two Emmy Awards , and was nominated for six more .
The television film , Marco Polo ( 2007 ) , starring Brian Dennehy as Kublai Khan , and Ian Somerhalder as Marco , portrays Marco Polo being left alone in China while his uncle and father return to Venice , to be reunited with him many years later .
In the Footsteps of Marco Polo ( 2009 ) is a PBS documentary about two friends ( Denis Belliveau and Francis O 'Donnell ) who conceived of the ultimate road trip to retrace Marco Polo 's journey from Venice to China via land and sea .
Marco Polo is a television drama series about Marco Polo 's early years in the court of Kublai Khan which premiered on Netflix in December 2014 .
= Washington State Route 506 =
State Route 506 ( SR 506 ) is an 11 @.@ 53 @-@ mile ( 18 @.@ 56 km ) long state highway in Cowlitz and Lewis counties , part of the U.S. state of Washington , serving the communities of Ryderwood and Vader . SR 506 begins at the intersection of 2nd and Morse Street in Ryderwood , a community in Cowlitz County , traveling north into Lewis County and turning east past Vader to parallel the Cowlitz River and interchange Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) twice west of Toledo . Originating as Secondary State Highway 1P ( SSH 1P ) in 1937 , the highway was designated in its current form in 1964 and it shared its eastern terminus with SR 505 . SR 411 terminated at Vader and both SR 411 and SR 505 were moved away from SR 506 in 1991 .
= = Route description = =
SR 506 begins as the continuation of Morse Street at the Second Street intersection in Ryderwood , a community located in the Campbell Creek valley in northern Cowlitz County . Traveling north to exit Ryderwood , the highway crosses Campbell Creek and enters Lewis County . The roadway parallels Stillwater Creek in its valley northeast and turns east to cross the creek into Vader . The street is named 7th Street after crossing Olequa Creek ; SR 506 crosses a railroad track owned by BNSF Railway and used by two Amtrak services , the Cascades and Coast Starlight , between the Kelso and Centralia stations . Traveling east through Vader , 7th Street intersects the West Side Highway , formerly SR 411 until 1991 , and leaves the city heading northeast , paralleling the Cowlitz River , to cross Lacamas Creek , the busiest segment of the highway at a daily average of 1 @,@ 800 vehicles in 2008 . The roadway crosses Bear Creek near its confluence with the Cowlitz River and interchanges Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) southbound exit 59 ; the route turns north to interchange I @-@ 5 again at exit 60 in a full diamond interchange . Exit 60 is also the western terminus of the Toledo @-@ Vader Road , formerly SR 505 until 1991 .
= = History = =
SR 506 was established in 1964 , but was preceded by Secondary State Highway 1P ( SSH 1P ) , established in 1937 . Originally , SSH 1P traveled from Ryderwood , paralleling the Longview , Portland and Northern Railway line to Vader and paralleling the Cowlitz River to U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) in Toledo . The rail line , established in 1922 by Longview 's founder , Robert A. Long , was completed in 1929 . In 1953 , the rail line was removed , and in 1963 , SSH 1P was shortened and moved west to the newer US 99 freeway , later Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . During the 1964 highway renumbering , SR 506 was created , SR 411 ended in Vader and SR 505 ended at the I @-@ 5 / SR 506 interchange . In 1991 , SR 411 was moved south to end in Castle Rock and SR 505 was moved onto former SR 603 to Winlock .
= = Major intersections = =
= 1904 FA Cup Final =
The 1904 FA Cup Final was a football match between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City on 23 April 1904 at Crystal Palace in London . The showpiece match of English football 's primary cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( better known as the FA Cup ) , it was the 32nd Cup final , and the tenth at Crystal Palace .
Each team progressed through four rounds to reach the final . Manchester City were a First Division team chasing a league and cup double ; Bolton Wanderers were a mid @-@ table Second Division team . Consequently , most observers anticipated a Manchester City win . In a close match featuring strong defensive play , Manchester City won 1 – 0 . The goal , scored by Billy Meredith , was disputed by those with Bolton sympathies , who believed Meredith to be offside . The victory gave Manchester City their first major honour .
= = Build @-@ up = =
The final was held at Crystal Palace , the tenth final
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= =
Gryposaurus was a saurolophine ( hadrosaurine of older references ) hadrosaurid , a member of the duckbill subfamily without hollow head crests . The general term " gryposaur " is sometimes used for duckbills with arched nasals . Tethyshadros was once thought to fall into this group as well , before it was described ( then known under the nickname " Antonio " ) . A subfamily , Gryposaurinae , was coined by Jack Horner as part of a larger revision that promoted Hadrosaurinae to family status , but is not now in use . A rough equivalent is Kritosaurini , as used by Alberto Prieto @-@ Márquez . The issue of its relationships to other hadrosaurs is complicated by lack of resolution on how it compares to Kritosaurus . At this time , the main differences between the two are location ( Alberta , Montana , and Utah for Gryposaurus , New Mexico for Kritosaurus ) and age ( Kritosaurus comes from slightly younger rocks than Gryposaurus ) . Otherwise , the skull of Kritosaurus is incompletely known , lacking most of the bones in front of the eyes , but very similar to that of Gryposaurus .
The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Prieto @-@ Márquez and Wagner in 2012 , showing the relationships of Gryposaurus among the other kritosaurins :
= = Discovery and history = =
Gryposaurus is based on specimen NMC 2278 , a skull and partial skeleton collected in 1913 by George F. Sternberg from what is now known as the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta , along the Red Deer River . This specimen was described and named by Lawrence Lambe shortly thereafter , Lambe drawing attention to its unusual nasal crest . A few years earlier , Barnum Brown had collected and described a partial skull from New Mexico , which he named Kritosaurus . This skull was missing the snout , which had eroded into fragments ; Brown restored it after the duckbill now known as Anatotitan , which was flat @-@ headed , and believed that some unusual pieces were evidence of compression . Lambe 's description of Gryposaurus provided evidence of a different type of skull configuration , and by 1916 the Kritosaurus skull had been redone with a nasal arch and both Brown and Charles Gilmore had proposed that Gryposaurus and Kritosaurus were one and the same . This idea was reflected in William Parks 's naming of a nearly complete skeleton from the Dinosaur Park Formation as Kritosaurus incurvimanus , not Gryposaurus incurvimanus ( although he left Gryposaurus notabilis in its own genus ) . Direct comparison between Kritosaurus incurvimanus and Gryposaurus notabilis is hindered by the fact that the incurvimanus type specimen is missing the front part of the skull , so the full shape of the nasal arch cannot be seen . The 1942 publication of the influential Lull and Wright monograph on hadrosaurs sealed the Kritosaurus / Gryposaurus question for nearly fifty years in favor of Kritosaurus . Reviews beginning in the 1990s , however , called into question the identity of Kritosaurus navajovius , which has limited material for comparison with other duckbills . Thus , Gryposaurus has once again been separated , at least temporarily , from Kritosaurus .
This situation is made more confusing by old suggestions by some authors , including Jack Horner , that Hadrosaurus is also the same as either Gryposaurus , Kritosaurus , or both . This hypothesis was most common in the late 1970s – early 1980s , and appears in some popular books ; one well @-@ known work , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs , uses Kritosaurus for the Canadian material ( Gryposaurus ) , but identifies the mounted skeleton of K. incurvimanus as Hadrosaurus in a photo caption . Although Horner in 1979 used the new combination Hadrosaurus [ Kritosaurus ] notabilis for a partial skull and skeleton and a second less @-@ complete skeleton from the Bearpaw Shale of Montana ( which have since fallen out of the literature ) , by 1990 he had changed his position , and was among the first to again use Gryposaurus in print . Current thought is that Hadrosaurus , although known from fragmentary material , can be distinguished from Gryposaurus by differences in the upper arm and ilium .
Further research has revealed the presence of a second species , G. latidens , from slightly older rocks in Montana than the classic gryposaur localities of Alberta . Based on two parts of a skeleton collected in 1916 for the American Museum of Natural History , G. latidens is also known from bonebed material . Horner , who described the specimens , considered it to be a less derived species .
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, with " narrower lines " aft , not as wide a runway for which to aim . Costs were similar . A brand @-@ new aircraft carrier was estimated at $ 27 @.@ 1 million . Conversion of a Lexington class was $ 22 @.@ 4 million , not counting the $ 6 @.@ 7 million already sunk into them . Added together , the figure rose to $ 28 @.@ 1 million .
The bottom line , with the signing of the treaty , was that any capital ships under construction by the five signatories ( the United States , Great Britain , France , Italy and Japan ) had to be canceled and scrapped . For battlecruisers , this encompassed the United States ' Lexington class , Japan 's Amagi class , and Great Britain 's G3 battlecruisers . For the U.S. Navy , the choice seemed clear . If it scrapped all six Lexingtons in accordance with the treaty , it would throw away $ 13 @.@ 4 million that could otherwise go toward aircraft carriers . The Navy opted for the latter course .
The next challenge the Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair faced was the tonnage cap set by the treaty . Carriers were to be no more than 27 @,@ 000 tons . An exception , spearheaded by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and added to the treaty , allowed capital ships under conversion to go up to 33 @,@ 000 tons , an increase of 6000 tons . This would almost not be enough for a conversion without removing half the power plant , something the Navy General Board did not consider an option . Creative interpreting of a clause in the treaty allowed a potential way out of this situation . The clause ( Chapter II , Part III , Section I , ( d ) ) read :
No retained capital ships or aircraft carriers shall be reconstructed except for the purpose of providing means of defense against air and submarine attack , and subject to the following rules : The Contracting Powers may , for that purpose , equip existing tonnage with bulge or blister or anti @-@ air attack deck protection , providing the increase of displacement thus effected does not exceed 3 @,@ 000 tons ( 3 @,@ 048 metric tons ) displacement for each ship .
Without this clause , conversion might not have been feasible . Estimates made in 1928 estimates for the two ships put Lexington at an actual tonnage of 35 @,@ 689 tons and Saratoga at 35 @,@ 544 . On official lists , the number given was 33 @,@ 000 tons , with the footnote , " [ this number ] does not include weight allowance under Ch . 11 , pt . 3 , Sec . 1 , art . ( d ) of Washington Treaty for providing means against air and submarine attack " . This tonnage was used by these ships for their entire careers .
= = Design and description = =
= = = General description = = =
The ships had an overall length of 888 feet ( 270 @.@ 7 m ) , a beam of 106 feet ( 32 @.@ 3 m ) , and a draft of 30 feet 5 inches ( 9 @.@ 3 m ) at deep load . Saratoga had a standard displacement of 36 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 578 t ) , and 43 @,@ 055 long tons ( 43 @,@ 746 t ) at deep load .
One of their innovative features was a relatively new kind of bow called the bulbous bow or Taylor bow , named after its inventor , Rear Admiral David W. Taylor , who served as Chief Constructor for the U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair in World War I. The result of a series of towing tests begun in 1910 , this bow reduced water resistance by an average of six percent at high speeds , supported the forecastle and reduced bending stress on the hull . A disadvantage was the formation of a heavy layer of water which would creep up along the forward side of the hull at higher speeds , although this could be reduced to some degree by careful design of this area .
= = = Flight deck arrangements = = =
These ships were given a 866 @.@ 17 @-@ by @-@ 105 @.@ 9 @-@ foot ( 264 @.@ 0 by 32 @.@ 3 m ) teak flight deck . Their hangar had a clear height of 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) and encompassed 33 @,@ 528 square feet ( 3 @,@ 114 @.@ 9 m2 ) . It was the largest enclosed space afloat , civilian or military , when built . The hangar was 424 feet ( 129 @.@ 2 m ) long and its width varied from 68 to 74 feet ( 20 @.@ 7 to 22 @.@ 6 m ) , constrained by the bulky funnel uptakes and boat compartments . The height of the hangar was not exceeded on an American aircraft carrier until the Forrestal @-@ class ships appeared in the mid @-@ 1950s . Aircraft repair shops , 108 @-@ foot ( 32 @.@ 9 m ) long , were aft of the hangar and below them was a storage space for disassembled aircraft , 128 feet ( 39 @.@ 0 m ) long . The hangar was divided by a single fire curtain just forward of the aft aircraft elevator .
The carriers were fitted with two hydraulically powered elevators on their centerline . The forward elevator was 30 @-@ by @-@ 60 @
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her sister ship Andrei Pervozvanny led the second group of ships on 5 April and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the ' Ice Voyage ' . The ship was laid up in October 1918 for lack of manpower and she was scrapped beginning on 22 November 1923 . Curiously , Respublika was not formally stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . Two of the 8 @-@ inch turrets were installed at the coastal battery № 9 ( later № 333 ) near Leningrad ( Saint Petersburg ) at thirties . Both turrets are scrapped today , but some parts remained inside the concrete shafts .
= Rosaline =
Rosaline ( / ˈrɒzəlɪn / or / ˈrɒzəliːn / ) is an unseen character and niece of Capulet in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet ( 1597 ) . Although silent , her role is important . Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back . Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family .
Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short @-@ lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet . The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet . Scholars believe Romeo 's early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet . Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship , as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character .
= = Role in the play = =
Before Romeo meets her cousin Juliet , he loves Rosaline , Capulet 's niece . He describes her as wonderfully beautiful : " The all @-@ seeing sun / ne 'er saw her match since first the world begun . " Rosaline , however , chooses to remain chaste ; Romeo says : " She hath forsworn to love , and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now . " This is the source of his depression , and he makes his friends unhappy ; Mercutio comments : " That same pale , hard @-@ hearted wench , that Rosaline , torments him so that he will sure run mad . " Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where , he claims , Rosaline will look like " a crow " alongside the other beautiful women . Romeo agrees , but doubts Benvolio 's assessment . After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change : " Did my heart love till now ? Forswear it , sight / For I ne 'er saw true beauty till this night . " Because their relationship is sudden and secret , Romeo 's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play .
= = Analysis = =
= = = Name = = =
Rosaline is a variant of Rosalind , a name of Old French origin : ( hros
= " horse " , lind =
" soft , tender " ) . When it was imported into English it was thought to be from the Latin rosa linda ( " lovely rose " ) . Romeo sees Rosaline as the embodiment of the rose because of her name and her apparent perfections . The name Rosaline commonly appears in Petrarchan sonnets , a form of poetry Romeo uses to woo Juliet and to describe
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rear suspensions , feedback between the drive train and the suspension is an issue designers attempt to handle with various linkage configurations and dampers .
= = Motions = =
Motions of a bike can be roughly grouped into those out of the central plane of symmetry : lateral ; and those in the central plane of symmetry : longitudinal or vertical . Lateral motions include balancing , leaning , steering , and turning . Motions in the central plane of symmetry include rolling forward , of course , but also stoppies , wheelies , brake diving , and most suspension activation . Motions in these two groups are linearly decoupled , that is they do not interact with each other to the first order . An uncontrolled bike is laterally unstable when stationary and can be laterally self @-@ stable when moving under the right conditions or when controlled by a rider . Conversely , a bike is longitudinally stable when stationary and can be longitudinally unstable when undergoing sufficient acceleration or deceleration .
= = Lateral dynamics = =
Of the two , lateral dynamics has proven to be the more complicated , requiring three @-@ dimensional , multibody dynamic analysis with at least two generalized coordinates to analyze . At a minimum , two coupled , second @-@ order differential equations are required to capture the principal motions . Exact solutions are not possible , and numerical methods must be used instead . Competing theories of how bikes balance can still be found in print and online . On the other hand , as shown in later sections , much longitudinal dynamic analysis can be accomplished simply with planar kinetics and just one coordinate .
= = = Balance = = =
When discussing bike balance , it is necessary to distinguish carefully between " stability " , " self @-@ stability " , and " controllability " . Recent research suggests that " rider @-@ controlled stability of bicycles is indeed related to their self @-@ stability . "
A bike remains upright when it is steered so that the ground reaction forces exactly balance all the other internal and external forces it experiences , such as gravitational if leaning , inertial or centrifugal if in a turn , gyroscopic if being steered , and aerodynamic if in a crosswind . Steering may be supplied by a rider or , under certain circumstances , by the bike itself . This self @-@ stability is generated by a combination of several effects that depend on the geometry , mass distribution , and forward speed of the bike . Tires , suspension , steering damping , and frame flex can also influence it , especially in motorcycles .
Even when staying relatively motionless , a rider can balance a bike by the same principle . While performing a track stand , the rider can keep the line between the two contact patches under the combined center of mass by steering the front wheel to one side or the other and then moving forward and backward slightly to move the front contact patch from side to side as necessary . Forward motion can be generated simply by pedaling . Backwards motion can be generated the same way on a fixed @-@ gear bicycle . Otherwise , the rider can take advantage of an opportune slope of the pavement or lurch the upper body backwards while the brakes are momentarily engaged .
If the steering of a bike is locked , it becomes virtually impossible to balance while riding . On the other hand , if the gyroscopic effect of rotating bike wheels is cancelled by adding counter @-@ rotating wheels , it is still easy to balance while riding . One other way that a bike can be balanced , with or without locked steering , is by applying appropriate torques between the bike and rider similar to the way a gymnast can swing up from hanging straight down on uneven parallel bars , a person can start swinging on a swing from rest by pumping their legs , or a double inverted pendulum can be controlled with an actuator only at the elbow .
= = = = Forward speed = = = =
The rider applies torque to the handlebars in order to turn the front wheel and so to control lean and maintain balance . At high speeds , small steering angles quickly move the ground contact points laterally ; at low speeds , larger steering angles are required to achieve the same results in the same amount of time . Because of this , it is usually easier to maintain balance at high speeds . Also , self @-@ stability usually only occurs at speeds above some minimum , and so going faster increases the chances that a bike is contributing to its own stability .
= = = = Center of mass location = = = =
The farther forward ( closer to front wheel ) the center of mass of the combined bike and rider , the less the front wheel has to move laterally in order to maintain balance . Conversely , the further back ( closer to the rear wheel ) the center of mass is located , the more front wheel lateral movement or bike forward motion will be required to regain balance . This can be noticeable on long @-@ wheelbase recumbents , choppers , and wheelie bikes . It can also be an issue for touring bikes with a heavy load of gear over or even behind the rear wheel . Mass over the rear wheel can be more easily controlled if it is lower than mass over the front wheel .
A bike is also an example of an inverted pendulum . Just as a broomstick is easier to balance than a pencil , a tall bike ( with a high center of mass ) can be easier to balance when ridden than a low one because its lean rate will be slower . However , a rider can have the opposite impression of a bike when it is stationary . A top @-@ heavy bike can require more effort to keep upright , when stopped in traffic for example , than a bike which is just as tall but with a lower center of mass . This is an example of a vertical second @-@ class lever . A small force at the end of the lever , the seat or handlebars at the top of the bike , more easily moves a large mass if the mass is closer to the fulcrum , where the tires touch the ground . This is why touring cyclists are advised to carry loads low on a bike , and panniers hang down on either side of front and rear racks .
= = = = Trail = = = =
A factor that influences how easy or difficult a bike will be to ride is trail , the distance that the front wheel ground contact point trails behind the steering axis ground contact point . The steering axis is the axis about which the entire steering mechanism ( fork , handlebars , front wheel , etc . ) pivots . In traditional bike designs , with a steering axis tilted back from the vertical , positive trail tends to steer the front wheel into the direction of a lean , independent of forward speed . This can be simulated by pushing a stationary bike to one side . The front wheel will usually also steer to that side . In a lean , gravity provides this force . The dynamics of a moving bike are more complicated , however , and other factors can contribute to or detract from this effect .
Trail is a function of head angle , fork offset or rake , and wheel size . Their relationship can be described by this formula :
<formula>
where <formula> is wheel radius , <formula> is the head angle measured clock @-@ wise from the horizontal and <formula> is the fork offset or rake . Trail can be increased by increasing the wheel size , decreasing the head angle , or decreasing the fork rake .
The more trail a traditional bike has , the more stable it feels , although too much trail can make a bike feel difficult to steer . Bikes with negative trail ( where the contact patch is in front of where the steering axis intersects the ground ) , while still rideable , are reported to feel very unstable . Normally , road racing bicycles have more trail than touring bikes but less than mountain bikes . Mountain bikes are designed with reduced head angles than road bikes to improve stability for descents , and therefore have greater trail . Touring bikes are built with small trail to allow the rider to control a bike weighed down with baggage . As a consequence , an unloaded touring bike can feel unstable . In bicycles , fork rake , often a curve in the fork blades forward of the steering axis , is used to diminish trail . Bikes with negative trail exist , such as the Python Lowracer , and are rideable , and
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Barnes , who was standing at short leg . Barnes had to be carried from the ground by four policemen and taken to hospital for an examination . Toshack then bowled Pollard and Young was caught from Johnston 's bowling as England were bowled out for 363 . Compton was unbeaten on 145 in 324 minutes of batting , having struck 16 fours . Lindwall took 4 / 99 and Johnston 3 / 67 . Miller did not bowl and the remaining four frontline bowlers sent down at least 38 overs each .
Having dropped Brown , Barnes 's injury left Australia with only Morris as a specialist opener . Johnson was deployed as Australia 's makeshift second opener . He was unable to make an impact , as Bedser removed him for one , and Pollard then trapped Bradman for seven to leave Australia at 13 / 2 . Morris and Hassett rebuilt the innings , adding 69 for the third wicket in 101 minutes before Hassett was beaten in flight by Young and was caught by Washbrook . Miller joined Morris and they took the score to 126 / 3 at stumps .
Australia had added only nine runs on the third morning when Pollard trapped Miller for 31 with the new ball . Four runs later , Morris had reached 51 when Bedser removed him , leaving Australia 139 / 5 . Barnes came out to bat at 135 / 4 , despite having collapsed while practising in the nets due to the aftereffects of the blow to his chest . He made a painful single in 25 minutes of batting before it became too much and he had to be taken from the ground and sent to the hospital to be put under observation . Tallon and Loxton added a further 43 before Tallon was caught behind from Edrich . Lindwall came into bat at 172 / 6 with Australia facing the prospect of the follow on . He then received five consecutive bouncers from Edrich , one of which hit him in the hand , evoking cheers from the home crowd . Loxton and Lindwall added a further 36 before the former was bowled by Pollard , leaving Australia 208 / 7 , five runs behind the follow @-@ on mark . Johnston helped Lindwall advance Australia beyond the follow on before Bedser removed both and Australia were bowled out for 221 , giving England a lead of 142 runs . Bedser and Pollard were the most successful bowlers , taking 4 / 81 and 3 / 53 respectively .
Lindwall removed Emmett for a duck at the start of the second innings , bringing his tormentor Edrich to the crease . Bradman advised Lindwall not to bowl any bouncers at Edrich , fearing that it would be interpreted as retaliation and lead to a negative media and crowd reaction . However , Miller did retaliate with a series of bouncers , earning the ire of the crowd . He struck Edrich on the body before Bradman intervened and order him to stop . Edrich and Washbrook settled and put together a 124 @-@ run partnership in only 138 minutes . This was aided by the Australian fielders , who twice dropped Washbrook at long leg and once in the slips cordon . Edrich struck eight boundaries and brought up his fifty with a six , but was immediately run out by Morris , who threw down the stumps from cover . Toshack removed Compton for a duck , leaving England at 125 / 3 . Crapp joined Washbrook and helped see off the new ball , as England reached 174 at the close without further loss , with Washbrook unbeaten on 85 .
The rest day was followed by the fourth day , which was abandoned due to persistent rain . Yardley declared at the start of the fifth day , leaving Australia a victory target of 317 , but the rain kept falling and the entire first session was lost . Young removed Johnson for six to leave Australia 10 / 1 , but the tourists thereafter batted safely in a defensive manner to ensure a draw . They ended at 92 / 1 in 61 overs , a run rate of 1 @.@ 50 , which was the slowest innings run rate to date in the series . Morris finished unbeaten on 54 , his fourth consecutive half @-@ century of the Test series . The attendance of 133 @,@ 740 exceeded the previous Test .
= = = Fourth Test , 22 – 27 July = = =
Australia made two changes for the Test . Harvey replaced the injured Barnes , while Saggers replaced Tallon behind the stumps . Tallon 's little left finger had swelled up after the Third Test and he exacerbated the injury during a tour match against Middlesex . England made three changes . Emmett was dropped after making 10 and a duck on debut and Hutton was recalled to take his opening position . Laker , the off spinner , replaced his left arm finger spinning colleague Young . Dollery , who had made only 38 in three innings , was replaced by all @-@ rounder Cranston .
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being described by one commentator as a " soft porn goddess " . Nevertheless , other commentators have observed that Belldandy might be sexual , but writers such as Gilles Poitras note that the series — far from being soft porn — is in fact a very tender and romantic comedy : the characters do no more than simply kiss ( and that infrequently ) over the course of the series . Newitz suggests that part of the appeal of Oh My Goddess ! is the romantic nature of the story : " In anime , romantic love is possible because overt sexuality is not " . According to Newitz the relationships in romantic anime , such as Oh My Goddess ! , are not about consummation but about " sexual innuendo and deferral " .
= Dugway sheep incident =
The Dugway sheep incident , also known as the Skull Valley sheep kill , was a 1968 sheep kill that has been connected to United States Army chemical and biological warfare programs at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah . Six thousand sheep were killed on ranches near the base , and the popular explanation blamed Army testing of chemical weapons for the incident , though alternative explanations have been offered . A report , commissioned by Air Force Press Officer Jesse Stay and first made public in 1998 , was called the " first documented admission " from the Army that a nerve agent killed the sheep at Skull Valley .
= = Background = =
Since its founding in 1941 , much of the activity at Dugway Proving Ground has been a closely guarded secret . Activities at Dugway included aerial nerve agent testing . According to reports from New Scientist , Dugway was still producing small quantities of anthrax as late as 1998 , 30 years after the United States renounced biological weapons . There were at least 1 @,@ 100 other chemical tests at Dugway during the time period of the Dugway sheep incident . In total , almost 500 @,@ 000 lb ( 230 @,@ 000 kg ) of nerve agent were dispersed during open @-@ air tests . There were also tests at Dugway with other weapons of mass destruction , including 332 open @-@ air tests of biological weapons , 74 dirty bomb tests , and eight furnace heatings of nuclear material under open air conditions to simulate the dispersal of fallout in the case of meltdown of aeronautic nuclear reactors .
= = Incident = =
In the days preceding the Dugway sheep incident the United States Army at Dugway Proving Ground conducted at least three separate operations involving nerve agents . All three operations occurred on March 13 , 1968 . One involved the test firing of a chemical artillery shell , another the burning of 160 U.S. gallons ( 600 L ) of nerve agent in an open air pit and in the third a jet aircraft sprayed nerve agent in a target area about 27 mi ( 43 km ) west of Skull Valley . It is the third event that is usually connected to the Skull Valley sheep kill .
The incident log at Dugway Proving Ground indicated that the sheep incident began with a phone call on March 17 , 1968 , at 12 : 30 a.m. The director of the University of Utah 's ecological and epidemiological contract with Dugway , a Dr. Bode , phoned Keith Smart , the chief of the ecology and epidemiology branch at Dugway to report that 3 @,@ 000 sheep were dead in the Skull Valley area . The initial report of the incident came to Bode from the manager of a Skull Valley livestock company . The sheep were grazing in an area about 27 mi ( 43 km ) from the proving ground ; total sheep deaths of 6 @,@ 000 – 6 @,@ 400 were reported over the next several days as a result of the incident . The Dugway Safety Office 's attempt to count the dead sheep compiled a total of 3 @,@ 843 .
= = Possible causes = =
Previously obtained documents said one such demonstration also occurred the day before the sheep deaths . On 13 March 1968 , an F @-@ 4 Phantom strike aircraft flew a test mission over the Dugway Proving Ground with chemical dispensers containing VX . One of the dispensers was not completely emptied during the test , and as the F @-@ 4 gained altitude after its bombing run , VX trickled out in a trail behind the aircraft , drifted into Skull Valley , north of the proving ground , and settled over a huge flock of sheep .
One explanation in the aftermath of the incident was that a chemical or biological agent had escaped from the Dugway Proving Ground . Circumstantial evidence seemed to support this assertion ; the United States Army admitted to conducting open @-@ air tests with the nerve agent VX in the days preceding the sheep kill . The Army intimated that a spray nozzle had malfunctioned during the test causing an aircraft to continue spraying VX as it climbed to higher altitudes . It was reported that a small amount of VX was found in the tissue of the dead sheep .
Other information contradicted the initial assumptions . One contradiction to nerve agent exposure as a cause came in the symptoms of some of the sheep following the incident . Several sheep , still alive , sat unmoving on the ground . The sheep refused to eat , but exhibited normal breathing patterns and showed signs of internal hemorrhaging . Regular breathing and internal hemorrhaging are inconsistent with nerve agent exposure , and " no other animals of any type , including cows , horses , dogs , rabbits , or birds , appeared to have suffered any ill effects , a circumstance that was hard to explain if VX had in fact caused the sheep deaths . "
= = Aftermath = =
The incident affected the Army , and U.S. military policy within a year . The international infamy of the incident contributed to President Richard Nixon 's decision to ban all open @-@ air chemical weapon testing in 1969 . The sheep incident was one of the events which helped contribute to a rise in public sentiment against the U.S. Army Chemical Corps during and after the Vietnam War . Ultimately , the Chemical Corps was almost disbanded as a result .
Following the incident , the Army and other state and federal agencies compiled reports , some of which were later characterized as " studies " . A report which remained classified until 1978 and unreleased to the public until nearly 30 years after the incident was called the " first documented admission " by the Army that VX killed the sheep . In 1998 , Jim Woolf , reporting for The Salt Lake Tribune , made the content of the report public for the first time . The report described the evidence that nerve agent was the cause of the sheep kill as " incontrovertible " . The 1970 report , compiled by researchers at the U.S. Army 's Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland , stated that VX was found in both snow and grass samples recovered from the area three weeks after the sheep incident .
The report concluded that the " quantity
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however his reign , beginning in 1214 and ending at the time of his death sometime between 1261 @-@ 1262 in Qazvin , encompassed both Artsakh and the surrounding Armenian regions . When his father Vakhtank died in 1214 , Hasan @-@ Jalal inherited his lands and took up residence in a castle at Akana in Jraberd . He was addressed with the titles tagavor ( king ; Armenian : թագավոր ) or inknakal ( autocrat or absolute ruler ; ինքնակալ ) but took the official title of " King of Artsakh and Balk " when he married the daughter of the final king of Dizak @-@ Balk . The medieval Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi extolled Hasan @-@ Jalal in his work History of Armenia , lacing him with praise for his piety and devotion to Christianity :
He was ... a pious and God @-@ loving man , mild and meek , merciful , and a lover of the poor , striving in prayers and entreaties like one who lived in the desert . He performed matins and vespers unhindered , no matter where he might be , like a monk ; and in memory of the Resurrection of our Savior , he spent Sunday without sleeping , in a standing vigil . He was very fond of the priests , a lover of knowledge , and a reader of the divine Gospels .
A further testament to this devotion included Hasan @-@ Jalal 's commissioning of the Gandzasar Monastery . Construction of the monastery began in 1216 and lasted until 1238 . On July 22 , 1240 , amid great celebration during Vardavar celebrations and in the presence of nearly 700 priests including Nerses , the Catholicos of Albania , the church was consecrated . The monastery went on to become the residence and sepulcher of the family as well as the house of the catholicos ; beginning in the 15th century , the family also monopolized control over the seat of Catholicos itself , which would from thereon in pass down from uncle to nephew . Hasan @-@ Jalal 's son John VII is considered to be the first to have established this practice when he became the Catholicos whereas his nephew , also named John , became the second .
Despite his faithfulness to Christianity , Muslim influence in the region had pervaded and influenced the culture and customs of the Christians living in Georgia and Armenia , especially after the Seljuk Turks invaded the Caucasus . Byzantine art scholar Anthony Eastmond , for example , notes that " many of the outward manifestations of [ Hasan @-@ Jalal 's ] rule were presented through Islamic customs and titles , most notably in his depiction on his principal foundation of Gandzasar . " The image of Hasan @-@ Jalal on the drum of Gandzasar 's dome has him sitting cross @-@ legged , which Eastmond remarks was a " predominant device for depicting power at the Seljuq court . " Muslim influence was also seen in Hasan @-@ Jalal 's name : as a fashion of the time , many Armenians adopted Arabic patronymics ( kunya ) that lost any " connexion with original Armenian names . " Hasan @-@ Jalal 's Armenian name was Haykaz but the Arabic words in his name , in fact , described his person ; thus , Hasan meant handsome ; Jalal , grand ; Dawla , wealth and governance .
= = = Hasan @-@ Jalal 's Armenian Synaxarion = = =
Gandzasar became home to Armenia 's first completed Haysmavurk ( Synaxarion ) , a calendar collection of short lives of saints and accounts of important religious events . The idea to have a new , better organized Haysmavurk came from Hasan @-@ Jalal himself , who then placed his request with Father Israel ( Ter @-@ Israel ) , a disciple of an important Armenian medieval philosopher and Artsakh native known as Vanakan Vardapet . The Haysmavurk was further developed by Kirakos Gandzaketsi . Ever since , the Haysmavurk ordered by Hasan @-@ Jalal became known as " Synaxarion of Ter @-@ Israel ; " it was mass printed in Constantinople in 1834 .
= = = Mongol invasion = = =
In 1236 , the Ilkhanate Mongol armies invaded the Caucasus . Prior to them entering Khachen , Hasan Jalal and his people were able to take refuge at Ishkhanberd ( located directly south of Gandzasar ; also known by its Persian name of Khokhanaberd ) . Given its formidable location atop a mountain , the Mongols chose not to besiege the fortress and sued for negotiations with Hasan @-@ Jalal : they exchanged his loyalty and military service to the Mongol Empire in return for some of the immediate lands adjacent to Khachen that they had conquered . Later , in 1240 @-@ 1242 Hasan Jalal even had struck coins of common Mongol types in Khachen on the mints of " Qarabāgh " ( in Khokhanaberd ) and " Lajīn " ( in Havkakhaghats berd ) .
Feeling the need to preserve his power , Hasan @-@ Jalal traveled twice to Karakorum , the capital of the Mongol empire , where he was able to obtain special autonomy rights and privileges for himself and the people under his domain from the ruling khan . Despite this arrangement , the Mongols viewed many of the people of the region with contempt and taxed them excessively . Arghun Khan , the regional Mongol ostikan at the time , placed so many restrictions against Armenians that it prompted Hasan @-@ Jalal in 1256 to journey to the capital once more to protest against the encroachments upon Catholicos Nerses . In response , Batu Khan drafted a document " guaranteeing freedom for Lord Nerses , Katolikos of Albania , for all his properties and goods , that he be free and untaxed and allowed to travel freely everywhere in the dioceses under his authority , and that no one disobey what he said . "
Hasan @-@ Jalal also attempted to strengthen his alliances with the Mongols by having his daughter Rhuzukan marry Bora Noyan , the son of a Mongol leader . Relations between Armenians and Mongols continued to deteriorate however , and the document issued by the khan failed to uphold its promises .
Finally , in 1260 , Hasan @-@ Jalal decided to ally himself with the forces of the Georgian king David Narin , who was leading an insurrection against Mongol rule . He was captured several times by the Mongols yet his family was able to free him by paying a ransom . The insurrection eventually failed and under the orders of Arghun Khan , Hasan @-@ Jalal was arrested once more and taken to Qazvin , ( now in Iran ) . According to Kirakos Ganzaketsi , Rhuzukan appealed to the Hulagu Khan 's wife Doquz Khatun , to pressure Arghun to free her father . However , as Arghun Khan learned of this , he had Hasan @-@ Jalal tortured and finally executed . Hasan Jalal 's son Atabek ordered several of his men to Iran to retrieve his father 's dismembered body , which had been tossed into a well ; upon bringing it back , the body was given a proper funeral and buried at Gandzasar monastery .
= = Later family rule = =
Following his death , the family truncated Hasan @-@ Jalal 's official title to the shorter " Princes of Artaskh . " Atabek was ordered by Hulegu to take over his father 's position and held the post until 1306 . His cousin Vakhtank , whose descendants would become the Melik @-@ Avanyan family , was given control over the region of Dizak . As a method of showing their relation to Hasan @-@ Jalal , his descendants adopted Hasan @-@ Jalal as their surname and appended -yan to the end to form a suffix . The family funded numerous architectural and cultural projects which continue to stand today , including Gandzasar monastery and the adjacent Church of St. John the Baptist . In the late 16th century , the family branched out and established melikdoms in settlements in Jraberd , Khachen and Gulistan .
= = = Liberation movement = = =
During the Turko @-@ Persian wars of the 17th century and 18th century , the meliks fiercely resisted and fought back against incursions made by both sides . In the last quarter of the 18th century , they aided the invading Russian armies to help clear the region of both the Turks and Persians . The Hasan @-@ Jalalyans were one of the most prominent of the melik families that took up the cause to liberate the region from foreign control ; the foremost among them being Catholicos Yesayi Hasan @-@ Jalalyan ( ? - 1728 ) . In 1677 , Armenian Catholicos Hakob of Julfa had held a secret meeting with the meliks of Karabakh , proposing that
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19 sonar domes , which caused the sound @-@ transmitting oil inside to leak and impaired navigation . An unknown enemy weapon was initially feared , before this shark was identified as the culprit , and the problem was solved by installing fiberglass covers around the domes . In the 1980s , some thirty U.S. Navy submarines were damaged by cookiecutter shark bites , mostly to the rubber @-@ sheathed electric cable leading to the sounding probe used to ensure safety when surfacing in shipping zones . Again , the solution was to apply a fiberglass coating . Oceanographic equipment and telecommunications cables have also been damaged by this species .
The harm inflicted by cookiecutter sharks on fishing nets and economically important species may have a minor negative effect on commercial fisheries . The shark itself is too small to be of value , and is only infrequently taken , as bycatch , on pelagic longlines and in midwater trawls and plankton nets . The lack of significant population threats , coupled with a worldwide distribution , has led the IUCN to assess the cookiecutter shark as of Least Concern .
= So ( album ) =
So is the fifth studio album by English rock musician Peter Gabriel , released on 19 May 1986 by Charisma Records . After working on the soundtrack to the film Birdy ( 1984 ) , producer Daniel Lanois was invited to remain at Gabriel 's home during 1985 to work on his next singing project . Initial sessions for So consisted of Gabriel , Lanois and guitarist David Rhodes , although these grew to include a number of percussionists .
Although Gabriel continued to use the pioneering Fairlight CMI synthesizer , songs from these sessions were notably less experimental than his previous material , and fused pop and art rock with elements of traditional world music , particularly African and Brazilian styles . It is Gabriel 's first non @-@ eponymous album , So representing an " anti @-@ title " that resulted from label pressure to properly market his music . Widely regarded as his best album , as well as his most accessible , it transformed Gabriel from a cult artist into a mainstream star . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its melodicism and fusion of genres , and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . Gabriel toured So on the This Way Up tour ( 1986 – 1987 ) , with some songs performed at human rights and charity concerts during this period .
So is Gabriel 's best @-@ selling solo release , and has been certified fivefold platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry . It spawned five singles , " Sledgehammer " , " Don 't Give Up " , " Big Time " , " In Your Eyes " and " Red Rain " . " Sledgehammer " achieved particular success , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and winning a record of ten MTV Video Music Awards . So was remastered in 2002 , partially re @-@ recorded for Gabriel 's 2012 orchestral project New Blood and issued as a box set the same year . It has been deemed one of the best albums of the 1980s and is listed at number 187 in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time .
= = Background = =
Prior to recording So , Gabriel released four studio albums all titled Peter Gabriel . They received nicknames based on their sleeve art , which were designed by English duo Hipgnosis . His debut , Car ( 1977 ) , received positive reviews , mainly because of the hugely popular " Solsbury Hill " , which concerned the site of the same name near Ashcombe House , Gabriel 's estate to the north @-@ east of Bath in Somerset . His second album — Scratch ( 1978 ) — fared less well and it was not until Melt ( 1980 ) that Gabriel was considered a progressive solo artist . Melt included the emotive anti @-@ apartheid song " Biko " and the popular " Games Without Frontiers " , with Gabriel helping to " blueprint the sound of 80s rock through its trailblazing use of what became known as the " gated reverb " drum effect . " In the early 1980s , Gabriel embarked on various projects , including founding the World Music , Arts and Dance Festival ( WOMAD ) , with a WOMAD album featuring himself , Robert Fripp , Pete Townshend and other artists of the world music genre . His fourth album , Security ( 1982 ) — also released in German as the Deutsches Album ( 1982 ) — saw success with Gabriel 's music video for the eye @-@ opening " Shock the Monkey " . Gabriel won the Grand Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival for scoring the soundtrack to the film Birdy ( 1984 ) .
= = Recording = =
Since 1978 , Gabriel had composed all of his music at Ashcombe House , including his fourth studio album Peter Gabriel or " Security " ( 1982 ) and the Birdy ( 1984 ) soundtrack . An inexpensive studio existed in the house 's adjacent barn , consisting of two rooms , one where Gabriel would produce his vocals and work on lyrics , and another where the music would be assembled . When preparing for So , Gabriel considered Chic 's Nile Rodgers and Bill Laswell as potential producers . He eventually asked his Birdy collaborator , Daniel Lanois , to stay at Ashcombe and work with him further . Rehearsals began in May 1985 and consisted of Gabriel , Lanois and guitarist David Rhodes . Gabriel had begun work on some songs and provided Lanois and Rhodes with chord structures , around which they built their own improvised compositions . Lanois recalled they had " a nice starting point [ as ] in that kind of scenario , it 's not a good idea to have a lot of people around because you get nervous that you 're wasting other people 's time " . Consequently , there was a relaxed atmosphere surrounding these sessions and the trio would jokingly refer to themselves as The Three Stooges , an American vaudeville act of the mid @-@ twentieth century . This also involved the wearing of construction site hard hats as they had a " turning up for work humour " . As sessions grew , engineer Kevin Killen , bassist Tony Levin , and drummer Jerry Marotta became significant contributors , and were aided by percussionists Manu Katché and Stewart Copeland and violinist L. Shankar .
The studio 's basic equipment consisted of " two analog 24 @-@ track machines , a Studer A80 , and a Studer A80 shell that had been modified by a local electronics wizard , with its own audio cards and transport controls " . To record vocals a Neumann U47 tube microphone and a Decca compressor were used without equalization . All of So 's songs were made in a similar format . Gabriel would record a piano demo on a modified "
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larger aircraft . The new runway will also be CAT III certified , allowing for landings in fog and other low visibility conditions . The design of Terminal 2 will be finalised in August 2016 , which is being prepared by US architectural firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill . Construction of the terminal is expected to begin in January 2017 , with the first stage allowing for a capacity of 20 million annual passengers and the second stage raising it to 35 million .
= Trafalgar Square =
Trafalgar Square ( / ˌtrəˈfælɡər / trə @-@ FAL @-@ gər ) is a public square in the City of Westminster , Central London , built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross . Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar , a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar , Spain .
The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century and originally contained the King 's Mews . After George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace , the area was redeveloped by John Nash but progress was slow after his death and the square did not open until 1844 . Nelson 's Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues . A number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square but the Fourth Plinth , left empty since 1840 , has been host to contemporary art since 1999 .
The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations including Bloody Sunday , the first Aldermaston March , anti @-@ war protests and campaigns against climate change . A Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day . The square is a centre of annual celebrations on New Year 's Eve . It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removal in the early @-@ 21st century .
= = Geography = =
Trafalgar Square is owned by the Queen in Right of the Crown and managed by the Greater London Authority , while Westminster City Council owns the roads around the square , including the pedestrianised area of the North Terrace . The square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north , in front of the National Gallery . The roads around the square form part of the A4 , a major road running west of the City of London . The square was formerly surrounded by a one @-@ way traffic system , but works completed in 2003 reduced the width of the roads and closed the northern side to traffic .
Nelson 's Column is in the centre of the square flanked by fountains designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens between 1937 and 1939 as replacements for two fountains of Peterhead granite ( now in Canada ) and guarded by four monumental bronze lions sculpted by Sir Edwin Landseer . At the top of the column is a statue of Horatio Nelson who commanded the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar .
Surrounding the square are the National Gallery on the north side and St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields Church to the east . To the south west is The Mall leading towards Buckingham Palace via Admiralty Arch , while Whitehall is to the south and the Strand to the east . Charing Cross Road passes between the National Gallery and the church .
London Underground 's Charing Cross tube station on the Northern and Bakerloo lines has an exit in the square . The lines had separate stations , of which the Bakerloo line one was called Trafalgar Square until they were linked and renamed in 1979 as part of the construction of the Jubilee line , which was rerouted to Westminster tube station in 1999 . Other nearby tube stations are Embankment connecting the District , Circle , Northern and Bakerloo lines , and Leicester Square on the Northern and Piccadilly lines .
London bus routes 3 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 53 , 87 , 88 , 91 , 139 , 159 , 176 , 453 pass through Trafalgar Square .
= = History = =
Building work on the south side of the square in 1960 revealed deposits from the last interglacial . Among the findings , dating from approximately 40 @,@ 000 years ago , were the remains of cave lion , rhinoceros , straight @-@ tusked elephant and hippopotamus .
The site of Trafalgar Square has been a significant location since the 13th century . During Edward I 's reign , the area was the site of the King 's Mews , running north from the original Charing Cross , where the Strand from the City met Whitehall coming north from Westminster . From the reign of Richard II to that of Henry VII , the mews was at the western end of the
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Strand . The name " Royal Mews " comes from the practice of keeping hawks here for moulting ; " mew " is an old word for this . After a fire in 1534 , the mews were rebuilt as stables , and remained here until George IV moved them to Buckingham Palace .
= = Clearance and development = =
After 1732 , the King 's Mews were divided into the Great Mews and the smaller Green Mews to the north by the Crown Stables , a large block , built to the designs of William Kent . Its site is occupied by the National Gallery . In 1826 the Commissioners of H.M. Woods , Forests and Land Revenues instructed John Nash to draw up plans for clearing a large area south of Kent 's stable block , and as far east as St Martin 's Lane . His plans left open the whole area of what became Trafalgar Square , except for a block in the centre , which he reserved for a new building for the Royal Academy . The plans included the demolition and redevelopment of buildings between St Martin 's Lane and the Strand and the construction of a road ( now called Duncannon Street ) across the churchyard of St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields . The Charing Cross Act was passed in 1826 and clearance started soon after . Nash died soon after construction started impeding its progress . The square was to be named for William IV commemorating his ascent to the throne in 1830 . Around 1835 , it was decided that the square would be named after the Battle of Trafalgar as suggested by architect George Ledwell Taylor , commemorating Nelson 's victory over the French and Spanish in 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars .
After the clearance , development progressed slowly . The National Gallery was built on the north side between 1832 and 1838 to a design by William Wilkins , and in 1837 the Treasury approved Wilkins ' plan for the laying out of the square , but it was not put into effect . In April 1840 , following Wilkins ' death , new plans by Charles Barry were accepted , and construction started within weeks . For Barry , as for Wilkins , a major consideration was increasing the visual impact of the National Gallery , which had been widely criticised for its lack of grandeur . He dealt with the complex sloping site by excavating the main area to the level of the footway between Cockspur Street and the Strand , and constructing a 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) high balustraded terrace with a roadway on the north side , and steps at each end leading to the main level . Wilkins had proposed a similar solution with a central flight of steps . Plinths were provided for sculpture and pedestals for lighting . All the stonework was of Aberdeen granite . In 1841 it was decided that two fountains should be included in the layout . The estimated budget , excluding paving and sculptures , was £ 11 @,@ 000 . The earth removed was used to level Green Park . The square was originally surfaced with tarmacadam , which was replaced with stone in the 1920s .
Trafalgar Square was opened to the public on 1 May 1844 .
= = = Nelson 's Column = = =
Nelson 's Column was planned independently of Barry 's work . In 1838 a Nelson Memorial Committee had approached the government proposing that a monument to the victor of Trafalgar , funded by public subscription , should be erected in the square . A competition was held and won by the architect William Railton , who proposed a 218 feet 3 inches ( 66 @.@ 52 m ) Corinthinan column topped by a statue of Nelson and guarded by four sculpted lions . The design was approved , but received widespread objections from the public . Construction went ahead beginning in 1840 but with the height reduced to 145 feet 3 inches ( 44 @.@ 27 m ) . The column was completed and the statue raised in November 1843 .
The last of the bronze reliefs on the column 's pedestals was not completed until May 1854 , and the four lions , although part of the original design , were only added in 1867 . Landseer , the sculptor , had asked for a lion that had died at the London Zoo to be brought to his studio . He took so long to complete sketches that its corpse began to decompose and some parts had to be improvised . The statues have paws that resemble cats more than lions .
Barry was unhappy about Nelson 's Column being placed in the square . In July 1840 , when its foundations had been laid , he told a parliamentary select committee that " it would in my opinion be desirable that the area should be wholly free from all insulated objects of art " . A hoarding remained around the base of Nelson 's Column for some years and some of its upper scaffolding remained in place .
In 1940 the Nazi SS developed secret plans to transfer Nelson 's Column to Berlin after an expected German invasion , as related by Norman Longmate in If Britain Had Fallen ( 1972 ) .
= = = Redevelopment = = =
A major 18 @-@ month redevelopment of the square led by W.S. Atkins with Foster and Partners as sub @-@ consultants was completed in 2003 . The work involved closing the eastbound road along the north side and diverting traffic around the other three sides of the square , demolishing the central section of the northern retaining wall and inserting a wide set of steps to the pedestrianised terrace in front of the National Gallery . The construction includes two lifts for disabled access , public toilets and a café . Access between the square and the gallery had been by two crossings at the northeast and northwest corners .
= = Statues and monuments = =
= = = Plinths = = =
Barry 's scheme provided two plinths for sculptures on the north side of the square . A bronze equestrian statue of George IV by Sir Francis Chantrey , originally intended to be placed on top of the Marble Arch , was installed on the eastern plinth in 1844 , while the other remained empty until the late @-@ 20th century . There are two other statues on plinths , both installed during the 19th century : General Sir Charles James Napier by George Cannon Adams in the south @-@ west corner in 1855 , and Major @-@ General Sir Henry Havelock by William Behnes in the south @-@ east in 1861 . In 2000 , the Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone , suggested replacing the statues with figures more familiar to the general public .
= = = = Fourth plinth = = = =
In the 21st century , the empty plinth in the north @-@ west corner of the square , the " Fourth Plinth " , has been used to show specially commissioned artworks . The scheme was initiated by the Royal Society of Arts and continued by the Fourth Plinth Commission , appointed by the Mayor of London .
A new sculpture , The Gift Horse designed by Hans Haacke was installed on the fourth plinth on 5 March 2015 . It is a model of a horse 's skeleton with a live display of the London Stock Exchange .
= = = Other statues = = =
There are three busts of admirals against the north wall of the square . Those of Lord Jellicoe by Sir Charles Wheeler and Lord Beatty , by William MacMillan were installed in 1948 in conjunction with the square 's fountains , which also commemorate them . The third , of the Second World War First Sea Lord Admiral Cunningham by Franta Belsky was unveiled alongside them on 2 April 1967 .
On the south side on the site of the original Charing Cross , is a bronze equestrian statue of Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur . It was cast in 1633 , and placed in its present position in 1678 .
The two statues on the lawn in front of the National Gallery are the statue of James II by Grin
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of three seconds on Thibaut Pinot . The latter remained in the leaders ' jersey .
= = = Stage 9 = = =
21 June 2015 — Bern to Bern 38 @.@ 4 km ( 23 @.@ 9 mi )
The lengthy individual time trial featured a climb in the middle of it , but no KOM points were on offer . The course was technical and featured several turnarounds . It was the same course that was raced four times in stage eight , except that the finish line was not situated at the same place . Midway through the stage , the riders took on the difficulty of the day , the 800 m ( 2 @,@ 624 @.@ 7 ft ) -long Liebewill . There were other small climbs to pepper the course .
The final general classification of the race would definitely be decided on this stage , and a majority of the observers believed that Pinot would lose his lead since he is not a great time trialist , meaning he is not at his best when fighting against the wind on rolling terrain . Geraint Thomas of Team Sky was only 34 seconds down coming into the stage and was among the favorites to take the overall victory . Tom Dumoulin ( Giant @-@ Alpecin ) won the short prologue and was a contender for overall victory too since he is a time trial specialist , but he had 1 ' 24 " to make up for . Another contender for overall win was Simon Špilak of Team Katusha ( 47 seconds down ) . Fourth @-@ placed Domenico Pozzovivo ( Ag2r @-@ La Mondiale ) was an enigma , as he had mixed performances in time trials throughout his career . As far as the stage win in itself was concerned , solo effort specialists Fabian Cancellara ( Trek Factory Racing ) and Adriano Malori ( Movistar Team ) were to be considered , but they had no chance of a victory in the general classification since they were too far down in the rankings .
It is to be noted that the riders started in reverse order of the general classification , so Pinot was the last one to start . The riders went off the starting ramp in two minutes increments . Cancellara got on course early , as he was the seventh man to start . He clocked a time of 48 ' 55 " , which would stay a reference for most of the day . He was followed out of the starting area by Matthias Brändle ( IAM Cycling ) who came in 2 ' 28 " after Cancellara , somewhat surprisingly as he is a time trial specialist too . Malori set the best time at the 21 km ( 13 @.@ 0 mi ) intermediate point but faded a little bit in the end , coming to the finish line only 15 seconds off Cancellara 's time . The Swiss would stay as a reference for a while now that some time trial specialists had finished their effort and failed to beat him . Damien Gaudin ( Ag2r @-@ La Mondiale ) clocked in a time of 50 ' 46 " which put him in sixth position .
Cameron Meyer ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) put in a time of 49 ' 43 " , 48 seconds off Cancellara 's mark . Around that time , general classification hopeful Dumoulin hopped off the starting ramp . Swiss Silvan Dillier ( BMC Racing Team ) provisionally slotted into sixth position with a time of 50 ' 19 " and minutes later , race leader Pinot got off the starting ramp . Jerome Coppel ( IAM Cycling ) crossed the finish line with a rapid time , only 25 seconds off Cancellara 's performance . Meanwhile , in early time splits , Pinot had already lost twelve seconds to Thomas . Last day 's stage winner Alexey Lutsenko of Astana confirmed his good form with a time of 50 ' 32 " .
At the 21 km ( 13 @.@ 0 mi ) marker , Dumoulin beat Malori 's best time by eleven seconds . Špilak was also doing a fast time trial , being equal to the best time at the 15 @.@ 5 km ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) mark and passing the 21 km ( 13 @.@ 0 mi ) arch faster than Dumoulin by four tenths of a second . By that time , Pinot had virtually lost his lead . Dumoulin took a very focused corner and he almost slammed into spectators upon exiting it , but no accident occurred . Špilak needed fourteen seconds over Thomas to get in front of him in the general classification . Dumoulin came in with a time nineteen seconds better than Cancellara 's and won the stage with an average speed of 47 @.@ 407 km / h ( 29 @.@ 5 mph ) . Špilak came in with a time of 48 ' 54 " and Thomas registered 49 ' 12 " , a difference of 18 seconds . Therefore , Špilak was declared the official winner of the 2015 Tour de Suisse by five seconds .
" I ’ m really happy and want to thank my teammates who helped me too much during the race . This is the biggest win of my career so far , " Spilak said . " The time trial was really hard but I liked it . It was up and down all the way and that helped me . I gave it everything . " It was the Slovenian 's tenth victory in the professional ranks .
= = Classification leadership = =
In the 2015 Tour de Suisse , three different jerseys were awarded . For the general classification , calculated by adding each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage , and the leader received a yellow jersey . This classification was considered the most important of the Tour de Suisse , and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race . There was also a mountains classification , the leadership of which was marked by a light blue jersey . In the mountains classification , points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists , with more points available for the higher @-@ categorised climbs . Hors Category gave 20 points to the first rider crossing ( 20 , 15 , 10 , 6 , 4 ) , a Category 1 was worth 12 points ( 12 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 ) , a Category 2 was worth 8 points ( 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 1 ) and a Category 3 was worth 5 points ( 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 ) .
The third jersey represented the points classification , marked by a white @-@ and @-@ red jersey . In the points classification , cyclists got points for finishing highly in a stage . A stage victory awarded 10 points , with 8 points for second , 6 for third , 4 for fourth and 2 for fifth . Points could also be earned at intermediate sprints location for finishing in the top three during each stage on a 6 – 3 – 1 scale . There was also a classification for teams , in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together ; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time .
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ironclad had been rushed to Hampton Roads in hopes of protecting the Union fleet and preventing Virginia from threatening Union cities . Captain Worden was informed that his primary task was to protect Minnesota , so Monitor took up a position near the grounded Minnesota and waited . " All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial , " wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt , the vessel 's commander , in his official report the day after the engagement .
The next morning , at dawn on March 9 , 1862 , Virginia left her anchorage at Sewell 's Point and moved to attack Minnesota , still aground . She was followed by the three ships of the James River Squadron . They found their course blocked , however , by the newly arrived Monitor . At first , Jones believed the strange craft — which one Confederate sailor mocked as " a cheese on a raft " — to be a boiler being towed from the Minnesota , not realizing the nature of his opponent . Soon , however , it was apparent that he had no choice but to fight her . The first shot of the engagement was fired at Monitor by Virginia . The shot flew past Monitor and struck Minnesota , which answered with a broadside ; this began what would be a lengthy engagement . " Again , all hands were called to quarters , and when she approached within a mile of us I opened upon her with my stern guns and made a signal to the Monitor to attack the enemy , " Van Brunt added .
After fighting for hours , mostly at close range , neither could overcome the other . The armor of both ships proved adequate . In part , this was because each was handicapped in her offensive capabilities . Buchanan , in Virginia , had not expected to fight another armored vessel , so his guns were supplied only with shell rather than armor @-@ piercing shot . Monitor 's guns were used with the standard service charge of only 15 lb ( 6 @.@ 8 kg ) of powder , which did not give the projectile sufficient momentum to penetrate her opponent 's armor . Tests conducted after the battle showed that the Dahlgren guns could be operated safely and efficiently with charges of as much as 30 lb ( 14 kg ) .
The battle finally ceased when a shell from Virginia struck the pilot house of Monitor and exploded , driving fragments of paint and iron through the viewing slits into Worden 's eyes and temporarily blinding him . As no one else could see to command the ship , Monitor was forced to draw off . The executive officer , Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene , took over , and Monitor returned to the fight . In the period of command confusion , however , the crew of Virginia believed that their opponent had withdrawn . Although Minnesota was still aground , the falling tide meant that she was out of reach . Furthermore , Virginia had suffered enough damage to require extensive repair . Convinced that his ship had won the day , Jones ordered her back to Norfolk . At about this time , Monitor returned , only to discover her opponent apparently giving up the fight . Convinced that Virginia was quitting , with orders only to protect Minnesota and not to risk his ship unnecessarily , Greene did not pursue . Thus , each side misinterpreted the moves of the other , and as a result each claimed victory .
Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory wrote to Confederate President Davis of the action :
The conduct of the Officers and men of the squadron … reflects unfading honor upon themselves and upon the Navy . The report will be read with deep interest , and its details will not fail to rouse the ardor and nerve the arms of our gallant seamen . It will be remembered that the Virginia was a novelty in naval architecture , wholly unlike any ship that ever floated ; that her heaviest guns were equal novelties in ordnance ; that her motive power and obedience to her helm were untried , and her officers and crew strangers , comparatively , to the ship and to each other ; and yet , under all these disadvantages , the dashing courage and consummate professional ability of Flag Officer Buchanan and his associates achieved the most remarkable victory which naval annals record .
In Washington , belief that Monitor had vanquished Virginia was so strong that Worden and his men were awarded the Thanks of Congress :
Resolved . . . That the thanks of Congress and the American people are due and are hereby tendered to Lieutenant J. L. Worden , of the United States Navy , and to the officers and men of the ironclad gunboat Monitor , under his command , for the skill and gallantry exhibited by them in the remarkable battle between the Monitor and the rebel ironclad steamer Merrimack .
During the two @-@ day engagement , the U.S.S. Minnesota shot off 78 rounds of 10 @-@ inch solid shot ; 67 rounds of 10 @-@ inch solid shot with 15 @-@ second fuse ; 169 rounds of 9 @-@ inch solid shot ; 180 9 @-@ inch shells with 15 @-@ second fuse ; 35 8 @-@ inch shells with 15 @-@ second fuse and 5 @,@ 567 @.@ 5 pounds of service powder . Three crew members , Alexander Winslow , Henry Smith and Dennis Harrington were killed during the battle and 16 were wounded . One of Monitor 's crew , Quartermaster Peter Williams , was
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awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle .
= = = Spring 1862 — a standoff at Hampton Roads = = =
Virginia remained in drydock for almost a month , getting repairs for battle damage as well as minor modifications to improve her performance . On April 4 , she was able to leave drydock . Buchanan , still recovering from his wound , had hoped that Catesby Jones would be picked to succeed him , and most observers believed that Jones 's performance during the battle was outstanding . The seniority system for promotion in the Navy scuttled his chances , however , and the post went to the 67 @-@ year @-@ old Commodore Josiah Tattnall . Monitor , not severely damaged , remained on duty . Like his antagonist Jones , Greene was deemed too young to remain as captain ; the day after the battle , he was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge . Two days later , Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers .
By late March , the Union blockade fleet had been augmented by hastily refitted civilian ships , including the powerful SS Vanderbilt , SS Arago , SS Illinois , and SS Ericsson . These had been outfitted with rams and some iron plating . By late April , the new ironclads USRC E. A. Stevens and USS Galena and had also joined the blockade .
Each side considered how best to eliminate the threat posed by its opponent , and after Virginia returned each side tried to goad the other into attacking under unfavorable circumstances . Both captains declined the opportunity to fight in water not of their own choosing ; Jeffers in particular was under positive orders not to risk his ship . Consequently , each vessel spent the next month in what amounted to posturing . Not only did the two ships not fight each other , neither ship ever fought again after March 9 .
= = = Destruction of the combatants = = =
The end came first for Virginia . Because the blockade was unbroken , Norfolk was of little strategic use to the Confederacy , and preliminary plans were laid to move the ship up the James River to the vicinity of Richmond . Before adequate preparations could be made , the Confederate Army under Major General Benjamin Huger abandoned the city on May 9 , without consulting anyone from the Navy . Virginia 's draft was too great to permit her to pass up the river , which had a depth of only 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) , and then only under favorable circumstances . She was trapped and could only be captured or sunk by the Union Navy . Rather than allow either , Tatnall decided to destroy his own ship . He had her towed down to Craney Island in Portsmouth , where the gang were taken ashore , and then she was set afire . She burned through the rest of the day and most of the following night ; shortly before dawn , the flames reached her magazine , and she blew up .
Monitor likewise did not survive the year . She was ordered to Beaufort , North Carolina , on Christmas Day , to take part in the blockade there . While she was being towed down the coast ( under command of her fourth captain , Commander John P. Bankhead ) , the wind increased and with it the waves ; with no high sides , the Monitor took on water . Soon the water in the hold gained on the pumps , and then put out the fires in her engines . The order was given to abandon ship ; most men were rescued by USS Rhode Island , but 16
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