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center of Earl passing close to the state , winds were only recorded up to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , resulting in scattered power outages and downed trees . Portions of Alabama State Route 28 were temporarily shut down due to debris covering the road . In all , damages in the state amounted to $ 120 @,@ 000 .
Ahead of Earl , an onshore flow related to the storm produced 6 to 8 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 4 m ) swells along the Georgia coast , causing significant damage to marinas . The Mar Lin Marina sustained the most damage from this event ; all the docks were destroyed , 30 boats were damaged and six were destroyed . Damages to the marina and boats amounted to $ 1 @.@ 3 million . Heavy rains fell throughout central areas of the state , with the highest amounts nearing 10 in ( 250 mm ) . Because Earl rapidly weakened upon landfall , the highest winds in Georgia only reached 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . Numerous trees and power lines were downed , resulting in scattered power outages . Throughout Georgia , an estimated 10 @,@ 400 people lost power due to Earl . Several streets were flooded due to the rains , resulting in traffic accidents . One tornado was spawned by Earl in Georgia ; rated F2 on the Fujita scale , the tornado tracked for 8 mi ( 13 km ) in Screven County . Estimated at 350 yd ( 320 m ) in width , the tornado destroyed five mobile homes and a business , severely damaged 15 additional mobile homes and caused some damage to five others . Seven people were injured by the tornado and damages amounted to $ 435 @,@ 000 . Several major highways were temporarily closed due to high water or debris covering the road . Numerous homes sustained damage from fallen trees in several counties . In all , damages from Earl amounted to $ 2 @.@ 3 million in Georgia .
The extratropical remnants continued through the Southern United States , tracking through the Carolinas late on September 3 . Sustained winds in South Carolina reached 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and gusted up to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Widespread rainfall , generally amounting between 2 and 4 in ( 51 and 102 mm ) , fell in areas previously saturated by Hurricane Bonnie , this triggered minor flooding along roads . Inland , isolated amounts of 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain fell . The first tornado related to Earl touched down in Choppee , located in Georgetown County . The tornado was rated F0 and was only briefly on the ground before it dissipated . The second tornado to touch down in the state was also the strongest in relation to Earl . Rated F2 , the tornado tracked for
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18 mi ( 29 km ) through Beaufort and Colleton Counties , destroying 13 homes and damaging 13 others . One mobile home was flipped in the air and was completely destroyed once it hit the ground , instantly killing the occupant of the home . Numerous trees were uprooted and snapped along its path . In all , the tornado killed one person , injured four others and caused $ 360 @,@ 000 in damages . A brief F1 tornado touched down several hours later , damaging the roof of a barn and uprooting several trees before dissipating . The most damaging tornado spawned by Earl was a 430 yd ( 390 m ) wide , F2 tornado that struck the Fairlawn subdivision near Moncks Corner . Along the tornado 's 7 mi ( 11 km ) track , 21 homes were destroyed and 73 others were damaged . Nine people sustained injuries due to the tornado and damages amounted to $ 2 @.@ 8 million .
Still recovering from Hurricane Bonnie , the remnants of Earl produced widespread rain over North Carolina , triggering flooding . Upwards of 6 in ( 150 mm ) fell in localized areas , causing small streams to overflow their banks . In Union County , up to 15 roads were shut down due to flooding , a few cars were also washed off roads at the height of the floods . In Charlotte , several roads were flooded . The Carteret Community College , which was severely damaged by Bonnie , was again damaged by Earl . High winds from the storm damaged temporary protective measures , allowing rain to flood the interior of the building , causing water damage to the structure and materials inside . In front of the Crystal Coast Civic Center , fabriform , installed to stabilize the beach , was damaged by the storm , resulting in significant beach erosion . Two short lived tornadoes touched down in North Carolina from Earl . The first , an F0 , damaged at least 15 mobile homes , overturned sheds , destroyed a porch and two campers . No injuries resulted from the tornado and damage amounted to $ 50 @,@ 000 . The second and stronger of the two tornadoes , rated F1 , only touched down for a few seconds ; however , it destroyed one home and severely damaged a neighboring home . According to eye @-@ witness reports , the tornado lifted the home 20 to 25 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 to 7 @.@ 6 m ) off the ground before the home broke apart and fell to the ground .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
The initial tropical disturbance passed through the Yucatán Peninsula on August 29 and inflow bands to the south of Earl continued rainfall across southeast Mexico until early September 2 . The highest rainfall total was reported from Belizario Dominguez / Moto , where 12 @.@ 94 in ( 329 mm ) of precipitation fell .
The extratropical remnants of Earl produced strong winds and heavy rains throughout Newfoundland and Nova Scotia on September 6 . Sustained winds were recorded up to 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) and rains totaled between 2 and 4 in ( 51 and 102 mm ) throughout Newfoundland . On Nova Scotia , rainfall peaked at 4 @.@ 62 in ( 117 mm ) on Cape Breton Island . The highest recorded total on Newfoundland reached 3 @.@ 54 in ( 90 mm ) in northwestern areas of the island .
= = Aftermath = =
On September 4 , President Bill Clinton approved disaster declarations for six counties in Florida . Bay , Dixie , Franklin , Gulf , Taylor , and Wakulla counties were approved for Individual Assistance . Residents in the designated counties were eligible to receive federal funding for three months following the storm . By September 8 , State Farm had received 200 auto and 720 homeowners claims from the affected region , most of which were partial damage claims . Allstate had received 80 auto and 587 homeowners claims from Florida and 540 claims from Georgia . Additionally , Nationwide reported that up to 1 @,@ 000 claims had been filed from Florida .
Following the impacts of Hurricane Opal in 1995 , Earl and later Hurricane Georges , the state of Florida undertook a recovery project to restore the eroded beaches along the Panhandle coast . In October United States Department of Transportation provided $ 2 million in funds to repair damaged and destroyed roads in Florida . On December 3 , an additional $ 1 @.@ 7 million was provided to repair funds . The United States Military allocated $ 2 @.@ 2 million to repair damage from Hurricane Earl to training academies and naval ports . The Florida Senate provided $ 25 @,@ 740 in emergency funds to Hurricane Earl victims . By the end of the disaster declaration , the Federal Emergency Management Agency provided $ 1 million in public assistance and $ 600 @,@ 000 in disaster mitigation .
= Oregon Ducks track and field =
The Oregon Ducks Track and Field program is the intercollegiate track and field team for the University of Oregon located in the U.S. state of Oregon . The team competes at the NCAA Division I level and is a member of the Pac @-@ 12 Conference . The team participates in indoor and outdoor track and field as well as cross country . Known as the Ducks , Oregon 's first track and field team was fielded in 1895 . The team holds its home meets at Hayward Field in Eugene , Oregon . Robert Johnson is the current head coach and since the program 's inception in 1895 , there have only been seven permanent head coaches . The Ducks claim 28 NCAA National Championships among the three disciplines .
Due to its rich heritage , the home of the Ducks is popularly dubbed as Tracktown , USA . Four of the head coaches in Oregon 's history have been inducted into the USTFCCCA Hall of Fame . Several people involved with the program have developed innovative coaching strategies and helped restructure amateur athletics . Alumni of the program have continued to the Olympics and professional ranks while some others have founded athletic corporations like Nike and SPARQ .
Oregon 's track and field history has been documented in two major motion films Without Limits and Prefontaine as well as the books Bowerman and the Men of Oregon and Pre : The Story of America 's Greatest Running Legend . Former coaches and alumni have also written a number of books on running instruction for both top end
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as Hugo 's manager on cards for SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters Clash and the game 's Nintendo DS sequel , as well as the related printed trading card game . Poison appears as one of the spectators in the Metro City stage in Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds .
= = = Gameplay = = =
In the original Final Fight , Poison and Roxy both utilized standing and acrobatic flip kicks to attack the player . As one of the fighters in Final Fight Revenge , her moveset was expanded heavily , and she was armed with a whip . The whip is used primarily in her Cat Claw and Thunder Whip attacks ( which are comparable to Shoryuken / Shinryūken styled attacks , respectively ) , and can be used to steal a weapon from the opponent . Additionally , her handcuffs can be thrown as a horizontal projectile move to immobilize the opponent for a short time .
One particular attack , Poison Kiss , has her blow a large heart @-@ shaped kiss at the opponent that travels in a sine wave path . If it connects , a quick peep show of Poison in several erotic poses is displayed , and afterwards the opponent is shown stunned with hearts dancing over their head . Defeating an opponent with this attack results in Poison doing a pole dance for her win pose , with her whip serving as the pole . Though not playable in the beta test of Capcom Fighting All Stars , promotional material released by Capcom for the title show that this move would have been retained for her gameplay . However , in Ultra Street Fighter IV , her Poison Kiss follows up with several slaps and a groin kick when it hits the opponent , similar to her Cross Art move from Street Fighter X Tekken .
As for the Street Fighter series , starting from Street Fighter X Tekken , Poison has a unique moveset of her own that mixes agile Pro Wrestling techniques and her own streetfighting abilities . Poison 's standard throws include a multi @-@ hitting slap and a Frankensteiner , Aeolus Edge and Kissed by a Goddess which are the names of her Fireball and Shoryuken @-@ like moves , and Whip of Love which is a multi @-@ hitting whip attack and is done in a similar fashion to Fei Long 's Rekkas . Her famous flip kick from the original Final Fight games appears as a special called Love Me Tender . After the flipping axe kick , Poison can follow this move up with a reverse Frankensteiner ( Poison @-@ Rana ) . In addition , Poison 's Super Art is called Love Storm , and starts with her charging a large version of Aeolus Edge . Once it hits , she flips into the air and lands with a hard hitting axe kick that stuns the opponent in a prone position . Afterwards , she repeatedly smacks the opponent with her horse whip and delivers a final blow that knocks them into the air . Poison also retained her signature backflip from the original game .
= = = Censorship = = =
When Final Fight was ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , an American playtester working for Capcom reviewed the content during the localization process with one of the Japanese designers and objected to the protagonist hitting females . While Akira Yasuda pointed out that the characters had already been made into trans women , believing this
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bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs , water , and soil , and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil . Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates , where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent .
= = Production = =
Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation . About 75 % of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol , explained below . The biological route accounts for only about 10 % of world production , but it remains important for the production of vinegar because many food purity laws require vinegar used in foods to be of biological origin . As of 2003 – 2005 , total worldwide production of virgin acetic acid was estimated at 5 Mt / a ( million tonnes per year ) , approximately half of which was produced in the United States . European production was approximately 1 Mt / a and declining , while Japanese production was 0 @.@ 7 Mt / a . Another 1 @.@ 5 Mt were recycled each year , bringing the total world market to 6 @.@ 5 Mt / a . Since then the global production has increased to 10 @.@ 7 Mt / a ( in 2010 ) , and further ; however , a slowing in this increase in production is predicted . The two biggest producers of virgin acetic acid are Celanese and BP Chemicals . Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals , Sterling Chemicals , Samsung , Eastman , and Svensk Etanolkemi .
= = = Methanol carbonylation = = =
Most acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation . In this process , methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the equation :
The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate , and occurs in three steps . A catalyst , metal carbonyl , is needed for the carbonylation ( step 2 ) .
CH3OH + HI → CH3I + H2O
CH3I + CO → CH3COI
CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH + HI
Two related processes for the carbonylation of methanol : the rhodium @-@ catalyzed Monsanto process , and the iridium @-@ catalyzed Cativa process . The latter process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the former process , often in the same production plants . Catalytic amounts of water are used in both processes , but the Cativa process
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" which is an underwhelming experience as a feature @-@ length film . Despite summarising it as having more " the extended feel of a special TV episode " , and describing the plot as substandard in comparison to the original episodes , Thunderbird 6 is awarded a rating of three out of five stars . In contrast , Jim Schembri of Australian newspaper The Age asserts that the plotting is strong ( and superior to that of Thunderbirds Are Go ) , and that the film also boasts " a snappier pace , with an action climax leaps ahead of anything in the latest Bond epic . " Writing in the same newspaper , Philippa Hawker notes an increase in humour , stating of Thunderbird 6 that it is " more self @-@ consciously light @-@ hearted but it 's also more suspenseful . " The Film4 website offers a three @-@ star rating to match BBC Online , praising the production team 's decision to introduce more naturally proportioned puppets and comparing Thunderbird 6 favourably to Jonathan Frakes 's 2004 adaptation , which is considered a " live @-@ action bomb " . Described as " great fun " and " entertaining if antiquated " , the film is also referred to as " a slice of kid @-@ friendly cinema made for a far more innocent age . "
= = Home video = =
In Regions 2 and 4 , Thunderbird 6 was initially released on DVD by MGM in 2001 , with special features including an audio commentary from director David Lane and producer Sylvia Anderson , the theatrical trailer , stills and production galleries . A 2004 " International Rescue Edition " , including Region 1 and packaged both separately and as part of a box set with the preceding film , Thunderbirds Are Go , contains a Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 surround sound mix and extends the 2001 special features material with three documentaries detailing the production of the film .
On May 13 , 2014 , Twilight Time ( through their sublicensing deal with MGM ) released Thunderbird 6 with Thunderbirds Are Go in a double feature Blu @-@ ray set , limited to 3 @,@ 000 copies and only available on the Screen Archives Entertainment website .
= Poetry of Maya Angelou =
Maya Angelou , an African @-@ American writer who is best known for her seven autobiographies , was also a prolific and successful poet . She has been called " the black woman 's poet laureate " , and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans . Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age , and used poetry and other great literature to cope with trauma , as she described in her first and most well @-@ known autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . She became a poet after a series of occupations as a young adult , including as a cast member of a European tour of Porgy and Bess , and a performer of calypso music in nightclubs in the 1950s . Many of the songs she wrote during that period later found their way to her later poetry collections . She eventually gave up performing for a writing career .
Despite considering herself a poet and playwright , she wrote Caged Bird in 1969 , which brought her international recognition and acclaim . Many of her readers consider her a poet first and an autobiographer second , but she is better known for her prose works . She has published several volumes of poetry , and has experienced similar success as a poet . Early in her writing career , she began alternating a volume of poetry with an autobiography . Her first volume of poetry , Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) , was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . In 1993 , she recited one of her best @-@ known poems , " On the Pulse of Morning " , at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton .
Angelou explores many of the same themes throughout all her writings , in both her autobiographies and poetry . These themes include love , painful loss , music , discrimination and racism , and struggle . Her poetry cannot easily be placed in categories of themes or techniques . It has been compared with music and musical forms , especially the blues , and like the blues singer , Angelou uses laughter or ridicule instead of tears to cope with minor irritations , sadness , and great suffering . Many of her poems are about love , relationships , or overcoming hardships , as expressed in poems of hers such as " Still I Rise " , I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings , and Million Man March Poem . The metaphors in her poetry serve as " coding " , or litotes , for meanings understood by other Blacks , but her themes and topics apply universally to all races . Angelou uses everyday language , the Black vernacular , Black music and forms , and rhetorical techniques such as shocking language , the occasional use of profanity , and traditionally unacceptable subjects . As she does throughout her autobiographies , Angelou speaks not only for herself , but for her entire gender and race . Her poems continue the themes of mild protest and survival also found in her autobiographies , and inject hope through humor . Tied with Angelou 's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race .
Many critics consider Angelou 's autobiographies more important than her poetry . Although her books have been best @-@ sellers , her poetry has been studied less . Angelou 's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to her popular success and to critics ' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a spoken , performed one .
= = Background = =
Maya Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age , having " fallen in love with poetry in Stamps , Arkansas " , where she grew up and the setting of her first autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) . At the age of eight , she was raped , as recounted in Caged Bird . She dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature , including poetry , which helped bring her out of her self @-@ imposed muteness . According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout , literature also affects Angelou 's sensibilities as the poet and writer she becomes , especially the " liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon " .
As a young adult , Angelou , who preferred to be called Maya because her brother had called her that when she was a child , had a series of jobs and occupations , achieving modest success as a singer , dancer , and performer . She was a cast member of a European tour of Porgy and Bess in 1954 and 1955 and was a cabaret singer in nightclubs in the San Francisco and Los Angeles areas throughout the 1950s . While performing at the Purple Onion in San Francisco , due to the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters , she changed her name from Rita Johnson to Maya Angelou , a " distinctive name " that set her apart and captured the feel of her calypso dance performances . In 1957 , Angelou recorded her first album , Miss Calypso , which captured her focus on calypso music , popular at the time , and her years as a nightclub performer . As she described in her fourth autobiography , The Heart of a Woman ( 1981 ) , Angelou eventually gave up performing for a writing career , although music remained an important aspect of her poetry . In the late 1980s , she returned to music . In 1988 , she co @-@ wrote a song with Roberta Flack , " And So It Goes " , which appeared on Flack 's album Oasis . Angelou collaborated with R & B artists Ashford & Simpson on seven of the eleven tracks of their 1996 album Been Found . The album was responsible for three of Angelou 's only Billboard chart appearances . In 2007 , she and jazz musician Wynton Marsalis wrote " Music , Deep Rivers in My Soul " , which traces the history of African @-@ American music . Angelou was also a fan of country music , and had written several songs .
Angelou recorded two albums of poetry and songs written during her time as a night club performer ; the first in 1957 for Liberty Records and the second , " The Poetry of Maya Angelou " , for GWP Records the year before the publication of Caged Bird . They were later incorporated into her volumes of poetry . Despite considering herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird — which brought her international recognition and acclaim — she has been best known for her seven autobiographies . Through the writing of her autobiography , Angelou became one of the first African American women who was able to publicly discuss her personal life and was recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for blacks and women . It made her " without a doubt , ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer " , and " a major autobiographical voice of the time " .
Beginning with Caged Bird , Angelou used the same " writing ritual " for many years . She woke early in the morning and checked into a hotel room , where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls . She wrote on legal pads while lying on the bed , with only a bottle of sherry , a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget 's Thesaurus , and the Bible , and left by the early afternoon . She averaged ten to twelve pages of written material a day , which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening . She composed all her works this way , both prose
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included ritual dances , presentation of war captives , offerings of tribute , human sacrifice , and religious ritual .
= = = Commoners = = =
Commoners are estimated to have comprised over 90 % of the population , but relatively little is known about them . Their houses were generally constructed from perishable materials , and their remains have left little trace in the archaeological record . Some commoner dwellings were raised on low platforms , and these can be identified , but an unknown quantity of commoner houses were not . Such low @-@ status dwellings can only be detected by extensive remote @-@ sensing surveys of apparently empty terrain . The range of commoners was broad ; it consisted of everyone not of noble birth , and therefore included everyone from the poorest farmers to wealthy craftsmen and commoners appointed to bureaucratic positions . Commoners engaged in essential production activities , including that of products destined for use by the elite , such as cotton and cacao , as well as subsistence crops for their own use , and utilitarian items such as ceramics and stone tools . Commoners took part in warfare , and could advance socially by proving themselves as outstanding warriors . Commoners paid taxes to the elite in the form of staple goods such as maize flour and game . It is likely that hard @-@ working commoners who displayed exceptional skills and initiative could become influential members of Maya society .
= = Warfare = =
Warfare was prevalent in the Maya world . Military campaigns were launched for a variety of reasons , including the control of trade routes and tribute , raids to take captives , scaling up to the complete destruction of an enemy state . Little is known about Maya military organisation , logistics , or training . Warfare is depicted in Maya art from the Classic period , and wars and victories are mentioned in hieroglyphic inscriptions . Unfortunately , the inscriptions do not provide information upon the causes of war , or the form it took . In the 8th – 9th centuries , intensive warfare resulted in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Petexbatún region of western Petén . The rapid abandonment of Aguateca by its inhabitants has provided a rare opportunity to examine the remains of Maya weaponry in situ . Aguateca was stormed by unknown enemies around 810 AD , who overcame its formidable defences and burned the royal palace . The elite inhabitants of the city either fled or were captured , and never returned to collect their abandoned property . The inhabitants of the periphery abandoned the site soon after . This is an example of intensive warfare carried out by an enemy in order to completely eliminate a Maya state , rather than subjugate it . Research at Aguateca indicated that Classic period warriors were primarily members of the elite .
From as early as the Preclassic period , the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader , and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt . In the Classic period , such trophy heads no longer appeared on the king 's belt , but Classic period kings are frequently depicted standing over humiliated war captives . Right up to the end of the Postclassic period , Maya kings led as war captains . Maya inscriptions from the Classic show that a defeated king could be captured , tortured , and sacrificed . The Spanish recorded that Maya leaders kept track of troop movements in painted books .
The outcome of a successful military campaign could vary in its impact on the defeated polity . In some cases , entire cities were sacked , and never resettled , as at Aguateca . In other instances , the victors would seize the defeated rulers , their families , and patron gods . The captured nobles and their families could be imprisoned , or sacrificed . At the least severe end of the scale , the defeated polity would be obliged to pay tribute to the victor .
= = = Warriors = = =
During the Contact period , it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy , and were passed on by patrilineal succession . It is likely that the specialised knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor , including strategy , ritual , and war dances . Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined , and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills ; every able @-@ bodied adult male was available for military service . Maya states did not maintain standing armies ; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back to appointed warleaders . There were also units of full @-@ time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders . Most warriors were not full @-@ time , however , and were primarily farmers ; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare . Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder .
There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war , but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens . By the Postclassic , the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle .
= = = Weapons = = =
The atlatl ( spear @-@ thrower ) was introduced to the Maya region by Teotihuacan in the Early Classic . This was a 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) long stick with a notched end to hold a dart or javelin . The stick was used to launch the missile with more force and accuracy than could be accomplished by simply hurling it with the arm alone . Evidence in the form of stone blade points recovered from Aguateca indicate that darts and spears were the primary weapons of the Classic Maya warrior . Commoners used blowguns in war , which also served as their hunting weapon . The bow and arrow is another weapon that was used by the ancient Maya for both war and hunting . Although present in the Maya region during the Classic period , its use as a weapon of war was not favoured ; it did not become a common weapon until the Postclassic . The Contact period Maya also used two @-@ handed swords crafted from strong wood with the blade fashioned from inset obsidian , similar to the Aztec macuahuitl . Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it ; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish when they conquered the region . Warriors bore wooden or animal hide shields decorated with feathers and animal skins .
= = Trade = =
Trade was a key component of Maya society , and in the development of the Maya civilization . The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods , or portage routes . Cities such as Kaminaljuyu and Q 'umarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands , and Chalchuapa in El Salvador , variously controlled access to the sources of obsidian at different points in Maya history . The most important cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula controlled access to the sources of salt . In the Postclassic , the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica .
The Maya engaged in long distance trade across the Maya region , and across greater Mesoamerica and beyond . Within Mesoamerica beyond the Maya area , trade routes particularly focused on central Mexico and the Gulf coast . In the Early Classic , Chichen Itza was at the hub of an extensive trade network that imported gold discs from Colombia and Panama , and turquoise from Los Cerrillos , New Mexico . Long distance trade of both luxury and utilitarian goods was probably controlled by the royal family . Prestige goods obtained by trade were used both for consumption by the city 's ruler , and as luxury gifts to consolidate the loyalty of vassals and allies . An Early Classic Maya merchant quarter has been identified at the distant metropolis of Teotihuacan , in central Mexico .
Trade routes not only supplied physical goods , they facilitated the movement of people and ideas throughout Mesoamerica . Shifts in trade routes occurred with the rise and fall of important cities in the Maya region , and have been identified in every major reorganisation of the Maya civilization , such as the rise of Preclassic Maya civilization , the transition to the Classic , and the Terminal Classic collapse . Even the Spanish Conquest did not immediately terminate all Maya trading activity ; for example , the Contact period Manche Ch 'ol traded the prestige crops of cacao , annatto and vanilla into colonial Verapaz .
= = = Merchants = = =
Little is known of Maya merchants , although they are depicted on Maya ceramics in elaborate noble dress . From this , it is
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of Hawaiian traditions , hoping to inspire nationalistic sentiment . He revived traditional Hawaiian music and dance , including hula , and observed some practices of Hawaiian religion . Kalākaua became a powerful king , unconstrained by political factors .
In Hawaii , Rosenberg was known for his long white beard and his personality , which was described by those who knew him as charming and witty . He cast optimistic horoscopes for anyone who asked , and soon became popular with Hawaiians . He was nicknamed " Rosey " , owing to his cheery attitude and witty remarks . After Rosenberg became well known , he came to the attention of King Kalākaua , who granted him a royal audience . Rosenberg was present at a birthday celebration for King Kalākaua at ʻIolani Palace in November 1886 . Rosenberg 's fame led to satire : he regularly appeared in a Hawaiian Gazette gossip column , which mockingly called him " Holy Moses " , and was satirized by a troupe of amateur minstrels at the Hawaii Opera House . In February 1887 , he paid for a notice to be placed in The Honolulu Advertiser , in which he claimed to have lost a letter that was sent to him by Queen Victoria . There has been speculation that the advertisement was a hoax designed by Rosenberg to lend himself prestige .
King Kalākaua trusted Rosenberg 's skill as a fortune teller , perhaps because the way Rosenberg chanted in Hebrew reminded him of ancient Hawaiian rites . In January 1887 , the king — who had become increasingly autocratic and was facing several scandals — granted Rosenberg a private audience at the palace . The king and Rosenberg became close , and routinely visited each other for several days at a time and held long conversations . During the audiences , Rosenberg told Bible stories and read from the Talmud . He began to teach the king basic Hebrew , and gave him an ornate Torah and yad that he had brought with him to Hawaii . He also claimed to have found references to Hawaii in ancient Hebrew texts , a statement that encouraged the king to restore aspects of Hawaiian religion . The king had previously sought instruction from several people he regarded as prophets and had established a society dedicated to the revival of native Hawaiian traditions . Finally , the king declared Rosenberg his kahuna @-@ kilokilo , a royal soothsayer .
Rosenberg was granted a room in the palace to use for fortune telling , which the king made sure was stocked with alcohol , as they enjoyed drinking together . In late January , the king appointed Rosenberg as a customs appraiser in Honolulu , although the appointment was controversial ; by mid @-@ February he was fired by the head of customs . One month later , Rosenberg was reappointed by order of the king and the following month the head of customs resigned . Archibald Scott Cleghorn , the king 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , was appointed as the new head of customs . Between March and May 1887 , Rosenberg was paid $ 300 , ostensibly for working as a guard at the Customs Office , although it was alleged that Rosenberg 's position was a sinecure .
On June 1 , the king gave Rosenberg a gold medal , a silver cup , and $ 260 . The cup and the obverse of the medal were inscribed with the words " His Majesty Kalākaua I to Abraham Rosenberg " . The reverse side of the medal featured a profile of the king ; a gold crown on the rim attached the coin to a blue ribbon . The following week , the king made a payment of $ 100 to a local jeweler , but it is not known whether it was for the gifts given to Rosenberg .
Some royal advisers , who were angered by the trust the king placed in Rosenberg , regarded him with suspicion . For example , Walter M. Gibson , the Prime Minister of Hawaii , noted that King Kalākaua withheld most of the specific details of his conversations with Rosenberg from him . Kalākaua 's autocracy and nativism , along with allegations of his corruption , convinced a powerful group of western businessmen and children of Christian missionaries that action should be taken against the king . This led to the June 1887 Constitution , which stripped Kalākaua of much of his power and significantly weakened the Hawaiian monarchy .
= = Return to San Francisco and death = =
Rosenberg left Hawaii on June 7 , 1887 , booking steerage class passage on the steamer Australia . Some reports state
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5 m ( 15 ft ) in height , with a spreading habit . The trunk has thin grey bark and can reach a diameter of 15 cm ( 6 in ) . Lower @-@ growing plants that reach 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) in height have been reported from coastal areas of Fitzgerald River National Park . The new growth is finely hairy and predominantly seen in summer , before losing its hair and becoming glabrous ( smooth ) over two years . The stiff leaves are narrowly wedge @-@ shaped or more oval ( cuneate to obovate ) and measure 3 to 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 6 in ) in length by 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 5 in ) wide . The leaf margins are serrated , with many teeth measuring 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 3 cm each .
Flowering typically occurs between October and January . Unlike those of most other banksias , the cylindrical inflorescences hang down from branchlets and measure 5 – 11 cm ( 2 – 4 @.@ 4 in ) in length and 8 – 10 cm ( 3 – 4 in ) in diameter . They are green @-@ yellow in colour and smell of honey , and drip large amounts of nectar . The buds are a rich chocolate brown in colour until the yellow flowers push through . The inflorescences turn grey as they age , and the old flowers remain as up to 20 large woody follicles develop . Oval in shape , wrinkled in texture and covered with fine hair , they can reach 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) long , 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) high , and 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) wide .
The obovate seed is 4 – 4 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 9 in ) long and fairly flattened , and is composed of the wedge @-@ shaped seed body proper , measuring 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) long and 1 – 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) wide , and a papery wing . One side , termed the outer surface , is dark brown and wrinkled , while the other is black and smooth . Both surfaces sparkle slightly . The seeds are separated by a sturdy dark brown seed separator that is roughly the same shape as the seeds with a depression where the seed body sits adjacent to it in the follicle . Seedlings have cuneate ( wedge @-@ shaped ) cotyledons which measure 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) long and 1 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 7 in ) wide . These are dull green , sometimes with a reddish tinge , and the margin of the wedge may be crenulated ( lined with small teeth ) . The hypocotyl is red and measures 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) high and 0 @.@ 25 – 0 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) wide .
= = Taxonomy = =
The first known botanical collection of B. lemanniana was made by James Drummond in early 1847 , during a voyage of botanical exploration through the Stirling Ranges to Cape Riche , in company with George Maxwell . This expedition would result in much of Drummond 's renowned " Fourth Collection " , including the celebrated Hakea victoria . On returning home , Drummond sent a report of his explorations to The Inquirer , which published it on 14 April . In it , Drummond states " On Mount Barren I found ... a remarkable nodding yellow @-@ flowered Banksia , with leaves and a habit so like B. Caleyii , that it can only be distinguished by the cones and flowers , which are widely different . " This is now recognised as a reference to B. lemanniana .
The name Banksia lemanniana first appeared in print in 1852 , being included in " A List of the Proteaceae Collected in South @-@ Western Australia by Mr James Drummond " , written by Carl Meissner and published in Hooker 's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany . Four years later , Meissner published a formal species description in his chapter on the Proteaceae for A. P. de Candolle 's Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis . Neither of Meissner 's publications gives an etymology for the specific epithet , but it is now accepted as honouring the English botanist Charles Morgan Lemann . It has sometimes been misspelt " lehmanniana " after being mistakenly attributed to the German botanist Johann Lehmann . Common names include yellow lantern banksia and Lemann 's banks
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ia .
Meissner placed B. lemanniana in series Quercinae in his 1856 arrangement of the genus on account of its strongly dentate , cuneate to obovate leaves . As they were defined on leaf characters alone , all of Meissner 's series were highly heterogeneous . George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870 . In Bentham 's arrangement , the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46 . Bentham defined four sections based on leaf , style and pollen @-@ presenter characters . Banksia lemanniana was placed in section Orthostylis . In his 1891 work Revisio Generum Plantarum , German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Banksia L.f. , on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst , referring to the genus now known as Pimelea . Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative , republishing B. lemanniana as Sirmuellera lemanniana . The challenge failed , and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved .
In his 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) , Alex George placed B. lemanniana in B. subg . Banksia because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike ; in B. sect . Banksia because of its straight styles . He made it the type species of B. ser . Tetragonae , the members of which are defined by their pendulous inflorescences and tetragonal limbs . He considered it closely related to B. aculeata and B. caleyi , which are smaller , more compact , shrubs with red- or pink @-@ tinged inflorescences .
In 1996 , Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published the results of a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia . They retained George 's subgenera and many of his series , but discarded his sections . George 's B. ser . Tetragonae was found to be monophyletic , and therefore retained ; and their analysis of the relationships within the series supported the placement of B. lemanniana as sister to the pair of species B. aculeata and B. caleyi .
B. lemanniana 's placement in Thiele and Ladiges ' arrangement may be summarised as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Isostylis ( 3 species )
B. elegans ( incertae sedis )
B. subg . Banksia
B. ser . Tetragonae
B. elderiana
B. lemanniana
B. caleyi
B. aculeata
The arrangement of Thiele and Ladiges was not accepted by George , and was discarded in his 1999 revision . Under George 's 1999 arrangement , B. aculeata 's placement was as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Banksia
B. sect . Banksia
B. ser . Salicinae ( 11 species , 7 subspecies )
B. ser . Grandes ( 2 species )
B. ser . Banksia ( 8 species )
B. ser . Crocinae ( 4 species )
B. ser . Prostratae ( 6 species , 3 varieties )
B. ser . Cyrtostylis ( 13 species )
B. ser . Tetragonae
B. lemanniana
B. caleyi
B. aculeata
Since 1998 , Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae . His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements , but support the placement of the three species in a clade corresponding closely with B. ser . Tetragonae .
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia , and publishing B. subg . Spathulatae for the species having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg . Banksia . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. lemanniana is placed in B. subg . Banksia .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia lemanniana is found near the southern coast of Western Australia , most of its population protected within Fitzgerald River National Park . Outside the park , it reaches the Ravensthorpe Range to the northeast and the rabbit @-@ proof fence to the east , as well as isolated populations westwards as far as Pallinup estuary . The annual rainfall is 500 – 600 mm ( 20 – 24 in ) . It is found on the tops and slopes of hills as well as flatter areas on rocky or lateritic soil , as well as sand , in mallee scrubland or heath . Banksia lemanniana is relatively secure as much of its range lies within a National Park , and it is not a species collected for the cut flower industry . It is hence classified as Not Threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia .
= = Ecology = =
A variety of pollinators have been recorded visiting the flower spikes , including New Holland honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) , red wattlebird ( Anthochaera carunculata ) , native and European honey bees , wasps and ants . The flower spikes drip nectar onto the ground or lower leaves , suggesting pollination by nonflying mammals , which are attracted to the scent . Being upside down may facilitate this process .
Banksia lemanniana is killed by bushfire and regenerates from seed . It is unclear how quickly seedlings take to reach flowering in the wild , but cultivated records suggest around five or six years . If fire occurs too frequently , plants are burned before reaching maturity or before they have produced sufficient seed to ensure regeneration of the population . This may cause a population decline or even local extinction . Too long a time between fires also causes population decline , as more plants die of natural attrition without releasing their seed , resulting in seed wastage .
Banksia lemanniana has been shown to have a low to moderate susceptibility to dieback from the soil @-@ borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi , unlike many Western Australian banksias . A study on cultivated plants in South Australia inoculated with P. cinnamomi and P. citricola found B. lemanniana to have an overall low susceptibility overall to both organisms , although 2 @-@ to @-@ 3 @-@ week @-@ old seedlings appeared more vulnerable than 10 @-@ month @-@ old ones .
= = Cultivation = =
One of the easier Western species to grow , Banksia lemanniana has some horticultural potential in its attractive chocolate buds , green @-@ yellow hanging flower spikes and large grey spikes with prominent follicles . It generally grows quite quickly , but nevertheless takes five to six years to flower from seed . It prefers a more alkaline rocky or sandy soil , with a nominal pH range from 6 to 7 @.@ 5 . It favours a sunny position and good drainage , and has been successfully cultivated in more humid climates on Australia 's east coast . Seeds do not require any treatment , and take 27 to 43 days to germinate .
= Italian battleship Roma ( 1907 ) =
Roma was an Italian pre @-@ dreadnought battleship , laid down in 1903
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, saying that he will make sure they do not mess up . Homer gets a fortune cookie stating that today will be his lucky day , but he does not believe so . However , he starts to believe this occurs when he crashes into a vending machine causing all of the snacks to fall out on him , and finds an Emerson , Lake & Palmer CD in the parking lot ( he sings along to Lucky Man , driving recklessly to the famous synthesizer solo ) . He then goes to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart for a lottery ticket , even though he has to go to the wedding and sing with Marge . After a long wait , Homer gets his lottery ticket , only to find out the wedding has ended . When he takes his eyes off the road for a second , he crashes off the ramp . Homer wakes up in the hospital after the crash , and realizes he won the million dollar lottery . Homer does not want Marge to know he missed the wedding to get a lottery ticket , and has Barney pose as the winner . Not wanting Marge to know he won the money , he drops things his family wants in different places and throws Bart into to get a Frisbee . However , when Homer tries to get money out of the tree he hid it in but gets it stuck , Bart discovers that he won the lottery . Homer decides to tell Marge himself and get it over with . Taking Marge on a hot @-@ air balloon , he reveals he won the lottery , causing Marge to become very glad and not furious about his absence at the wedding ; he tells her he spent it all , leaving them poor as usual . However , Marge does not care , saying at least they have each other . Homer then reveals he spent the last of the money on a giant cherry blossom grove in the shape of Marge 's face with the words " Love of my Life " . They then sing the song they were supposed to sing at the wedding together , off in the sunset .
In the sub @-@ plot , Lisa discovers that the senior citizens at Grampa 's nursing home do not have any entertainment , and decides to buy them a digital TV converter . However , while at the store to buy it , she discovers Mr. Burns feeling very happy playing Funtendo Zii Sports . She decides to buy this for the senior citizens , hoping they will feel younger and happier . When playing the Zii , the senior citizens feel very happy and feel younger . This forces the nurses at the home to work extra hard after their workout , prompting them to wash the Zii in the dishwasher ( an old video game joke about consoles being dishwasher safe ) , causing it to break . Lisa becomes angry at the nurses for doing it on purpose , thus showing their disregard for the senior citizens . However , the nurses blow her off . The senior citizens then return to their boring selves , staring at TV static .
= = Production = =
" Million Dollar Maybe " was written by Bill Odenkirk and directed by Chris Clements . In July 2009 , it was announced that singer Chris Martin of the band Coldplay would guest star as himself in the episode . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , showrunner Al Jean commented : " When Bart goes to the bathroom , Coldplay has to stop . "
The episode featured a new character created by the winner of the " Best . Character . Ever . " contest , in which fans could submit their own ideas for a new , and possibly recurring , Simpsons character . Over 25 @,@ 000 entries were sent in . The winner of the contest was Peggy Black from Orange , Connecticut , who created the character Ricardo Bomba . She described Ricardo as " someone that all the women love and all the men want to be " . Black 's inspiration for the character came from the fact that there were no characters like him on The Simpsons , and she thought Springfield needed " something like a Casanova " . As part of the winning prize , Black was sent to work with the show 's producers in Los Angeles . She worked with the animators to bring the character to life . In an interview with the Associated Press , Black stated she " described the character and they drew him so I could see if that was my vision of him " . She continued , " It 's amazing to see how they captured what I imagined . He 's over the top . " Executive producer Al Jean was one of the judges of the contest , which he described as " a thank you to loyal fans " . Jean also noted that there is a possibility the Ricardo character might appear on the show again although this seems unlikely since the character appears to have been killed in a fiery car crash .
This episode contains several references pertaining to music , media , film , and other pop cultural phenomenon . " Million Dollar Maybe " is the second episode in the series to have its title parodical to that of the film Million Dollar Baby , with the first being the seventeenth season episode " Million Dollar Abie " . The Funtendo Zii is fictional console that parodies the Nintendo Wii .
= = Reception = =
" Million Dollar Maybe " was originally broadcast on January 31 , 2010 in the United States as part of the animation television night on Fox . It was succeeded by episodes of The Cleveland Show , Family Guy , and American Dad ! . The episode was viewed by 5 @.@ 11 million viewers , despite simultaneously airing with the 52nd Grammy Awards on CBS , Desperate Housewives on ABC , and Dateline on NBC . It attained a 2 @.@ 4 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings , translating to 3 @.@ 1 million viewers . Although it was the second highest rated program of the night , it was the lowest rated episode in the series ' history up until the season twenty @-@ two episode " The Great Simpsina " . Total viewership and ratings for " Million Dollar Maybe " significantly declined from the previous episode , " Once Upon a Time in Springfield " , which received 9 @.@ 084 million viewers and garnered a 6 @.@ 9 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings .
" Million Dollar Maybe " was well received by television critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a ' B ' grade , the highest of the night . VanDerWerff was polarized with the plot , opining that it was convoluted and stated , " This was a completely stupid plot , but to the show 's credit , it commented on this when Homer told Marge he won the lottery and she said she 'd much rather have the money than the wedding reception performance he missed . " Similarly , VanDerWerff was split with the subplot of " Million Dollar Maybe " . In regards to the subplot , he wrote , " The Lisa gets the old people a Wii stand @-@ in plot was one of those ones where the Simpsons writers have obviously noticed something in pop culture but have yet to wholly grasp what it is or why it 's important . " Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 , signifying a " great " rating . Canning felt that the episode was impressive , expressing that it was " a fun and funny episode focused on Homer and his always dysfunctional relationship with his family [ ... ] just what we 've come to love and expect after 20 years . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad gave the episode a more mixed review , praising the episode 's humor , but calling it " random " . Hughes wrote , " A lot about this episode bothered me , and I think The Simpsons has been having a pretty strong season for the most part . " He resumed , " This one just didn 't hold together as strongly as most of the prior ones . " He went on to criticize the character development of Ricardo , opining that it was a " slap to the face to the winner . " He then commented : " Peggy Black created Ricardo Bomba as a new ladies man type of figure , so the writers had him drive into a cliff wall and subsequent fiery explosion right away upon his first appearance . He didn 't even get to finish what was , I guess , going to be his catchphrase . "
= Stanford Memorial Church =
Stanford Memorial Church ( also referred to informally as MemChu ) is located on the Main Quad at the center of the Stanford University campus in Stanford , California , United States . It was built during the American Renaissance by Jane Stanford as a memorial to her husband Leland . Designed by architect Charles A. Coolidge , a protégé of Henry Hobson Richardson , the church has been called " the University 's architectural crown jewel " .
Designs for the church were submitted to Jane Stanford and the university trustees in 1898 , and it was dedicated in 1903 . The building is Romanesque in form and Byzantine in its details , inspired by churches in the region of Venice , especially , Ravenna . Its stained glass windows and extensive mosaics are based on religious paintings the Stanfords admired in Europe . The church has five pipe organs , which allow musicians to produce many styles of organ music . Stanford Memorial Church has withstood two major earthquakes , in 1906
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89 when the tight Soviet control over publications was relaxed . Between the 1960s and the 1980s , author Suren Sahakyan collected folk stories and completed a novel , " Story about Andranik " ( Ասք Անդրանիկի մասին ) . It was first published in Yerevan in 2008 .
Andranik 's name has been memorialized in numerous songs . In 1913 , Leon Trotsky described Andranik as " a hero of song and legend " . Andranik is one of the main figures featured in Armenian patriotic songs , performed by Nersik Ispiryan , Harout Pamboukjian and others . There are dozens of songs dedicated to him , including Like an Eagle by gusan Sheram , 1904 and Andranik pasha by gusan Hayrik . Andranik also features in the popular song The Bravehearts of the Caucasus ( Կովկասի քաջեր ) and other pieces of Armenian patriotic folklore .
Several documentaries about Andranik have been produced ; these include Andranik ( 1929 ) by Armena @-@ Film in France , directed by Asho Shakhatuni , who also played the main role ; General Andranik ( 1990 ) directed by Levon Mkrtchyan , narrated by Khoren Abrahamyan ; and Andranik Ozanian , a 53 @-@ minute @-@ long documentary by the Public Television of Armenia .
= = Awards = =
Through his military career , Andranik was awarded with a number of medals and orders by governments of four countries . Andranik 's medals and sword were moved to Armenia and given to the History Museum of Armenia in 2006 .
= = Published works = =
Մարտական հրահանգներ : Առաջարկներ , նկատողութիւններ եւ խորհուրդներ [ Combat commands : suggestions , remarks , recommendations ] . Geneva : ARF Publishing . 1906 . OCLC 320038626 .
Հայկական առանձին հարուածող զօրամասը [ The Armenian Special Striking Division ] . Boston : Azg . 1921 . OCLC 49525413 .
Զորավար Անդրանիկը կը խոսի [ General Andranik Speaks ] . Paris : Abaka weekly . 1921 . OCLC 234085160 .
Առաքելոց վանքին կռիւը ( Հայ յեղափոխութենէն դրուագ մը ) [ The Battle of Arakelots ( An Episode of Armenian Revolution ) ] . Boston : Baikar . 1924 . Memoirs of Andranik written down by Levon K. Lyulejian .
= The Simpsons : Bart 's House of Weirdness =
The Simpsons : Bart 's House of Weirdness is a platform video game published by Konami in 1992 for DOS . Developed by Distinctive Software , it is based on the Simpsons franchise and features many aspects from the series . In the game , the player controls Bart as he escapes from the Simpsons ' house after being grounded by his parents . On his adventures throughout town , Bart is equipped with various weapons that are used to fend off enemies and animals . Bart 's House of Weirdness does not have a wide fan base because it was only released for DOS , but the early reviews of the game were positive , at least in terms of graphics and sound . A 2009 1UP.com review heavily criticized the gameplay of the game .
= = Plot and gameplay = =
Bart 's House of Weirdness is an action @-@ adventure @-@ strategy platform game that uses single @-@ screen movement . The plot sees Bart grounded to his room by his parents Homer and Marge after having pulled one too many pranks . With nothing to do , he quickly gets bored and escapes from the home . He travels around town , and eventually heads to an amusement park where he has to save Krusty the Clown from his archenemy Sideshow Bob .
The game has six levels and a final battle . The player controls Bart as he helps his sister Maggie recover her ball , explores the basement and attic of the Simpsons ' home , sneaks out to the movie theater and the Springfield Mall , and has a dream in which he is inserted into the Itchy & Scratchy universe . During these levels , Bart fights dust bunnies , spiders ( in the attic ) , ghosts ( in the basement ) , space mutants ( at the movie theater ) , and Itchy and Scratchy ( in the dream world ) .
Bart is able to utilize a variety of weapons in the game , including a burp gun , a slingshot , spray paint , and water balloons . The player controls these weapons with either a keyboard or a joystick . The joystick control has two modes : one for shooting and one for jumping . Whenever the
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player misses one of the creatures and they are able to hit Bart , the life bar , called the " Cool @-@ O @-@ Meter " , drops . In order to regain Bart 's coolness , the player must find a cool item that he can use . When the player has completed all levels , Bart goes to the Krustyland amusement park to save Krusty from Bob .
= = Development and release = =
Bart 's House of Weirdness was developed by Distinctive Software and published by Konami . It was announced by Konami at the June 1991 International Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago . The game was released in 1992 solely for the DOS platform , and was available for both Color Graphics Adapter ( CGA ) and Enhanced Graphics Adapter ( EGA ) , but not Video Graphics Array ( VGA ) . Writers for UGO Networks have commented that the fact that Bart 's House of Weirdness was released exclusively for DOS " more than likely tells why its critical acclaim is zilch and fan support non @-@ existent . It 's surprising it got such a limited release , seeing it was published by Konami , who usually have no problem distributing games on a variety of platforms . " Similarly , a 1UP.com editor wrote that the game is " mostly @-@ unknown ( there 's not even a single video of it on YouTube ) " and that it " deserves a little more coverage , if only to acknowledge its existence " .
= = Reception = =
The game was reviewed in 1992 in issue 179 of Dragon magazine by Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk Lesser in the " The Role of Computers " column . The reviewers gave the game five out of five stars , and commented that " Without a doubt , Bart 's House of Weirdness is one of the best arcade games we ’ ve played . It also happens to be one of Konami ’ s best products ! " They added that " With superb Roland sound ( the TV show theme and opening animations are quite good ) and smooth animation , our only wish is that Konami would consider releasing this fine arcade delight with full VGA support sometime in the future . If you like Bart and really enjoy arcade games , you have to get this one . " William Burrill of Toronto Star commented that " the graphics in House of Weirdness are sharp and colorful , and look much like the television show . Music from the real show is also included , along with digitized samples of Bart 's rather whining voice . " Computer Gaming World liked the graphics ' resemblance to the TV show , and concluded that " House of Weirdness stands up as well as any ' Super @-@ Maroid ' arcade game " .
In 2009 , eighteen years after Bart 's House of Weirdness was released , 1UP.com editor Bob Mackey reviewed the game in 1UP 's official Retro Gaming Blog . He praised the game for its
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of Brent council said its social services department was " seriously defective " . The inquiry was told that many cases at Brent social services were closed inappropriately before inspection by the social services inspectorate , that children were being placed unaccompanied in bed @-@ and @-@ breakfast accommodation , and that children in need were turned away . The inquiry heard how Edward Armstrong had previously been ordered not to work with children over his handling of a case in 1993 . Haringey and Brent councils diverted £ 18 @.@ 7 million and over £ 26 million , respectively , in the two years 1997 / 98 and 1998 / 99 , from its social services department into services such as education , for other purposes ; both underspent their budgets for children 's services , totalling £ 28m , by more than £ 10m in 1998 – 99 , causing a deteriorating of child protection services . The inquiry heard how Haringey council failed to assign social workers to 109 children in May 1999 , a short period before they took on Climbié 's case . Again in January 2002 , Haringey council failed to assign social workers to about 50 children . Haringey council wrote a letter to Laming claiming that social workers who gave evidence were being questioned more harshly than other witnesses . Laming condemned the letter , saying " I will not tolerate any covert attempt to influence the way in which the inquiry is conducted . " Mary Richardson , the director of social services at Haringey from 1 April 1998 until 31 March 2000 , had been responsible for a restructuring of the department which , according to the union UNISON , had " virtually paralysed " the child protection service . She received contact from twelve senior practitioners and team managers criticising the proposals as " potentially dangerous and detrimental to the people to whom we offer a service " . Richardson provided no substantive response to the memorandum . She did , however , say in the inquiry that the blame lay on " part of all of the line management responsibility " . Gurbux Singh , the former chief executive of Haringey council ( before becoming the chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality ) , said that there was nothing he could have done to prevent Climbié 's death . Garnham contrasted this with Rossiter 's willingness to accept responsibility , saying , " that willingness to acknowledge error is at least at the root , is it not , of progress ? "
Kouao herself was called to the inquiry , becoming the first convicted murderer to appear in person in a public inquiry . She initially refused to answer questions , and when she did , protested her innocence , first in French , then , raising her voice in anger , in English . Giving evidence by video link from prison , Manning apologised for his actions and said that it was not the fault of the various agencies that Climbié died . Broadcasters applied for access to this video , but Laming refused the application . Climbié 's parents gave evidence and were present at most of the hearings , becoming distressed when hearing of Climbié 's plight and seeing pictures of her injuries . They blamed Haringey council and its chief executive for Climbié 's death .
Arthurworrey , a junior worker with only nineteen months of child protection experience when she took on Climbié 's case , was found to have made mistakes in the case . She accused her employer of " making her a scapegoat " , and criticised her superiors and department for not guiding her properly . The inquiry heard that Arthurworrey was overworked , taking on more cases than guidelines allow . Carole Baptiste , Arthurworrey 's first supervisor , initially refused to attend the hearings , but subsequently gave vague responses to the inquiry , and said that she had been suffering from mental illness at the time . Baptiste 's own child was taken into care a few months before Climbié 's death . Arthurworrey said that , in their meetings , Baptiste spent most of the time discussing " her experiences as a black woman and her relationship with God " , rather than child protection cases , and that she was frequently absent . Baptiste admitted she had not read Climbié 's file properly . She was removed in November 1999 when she was found to be professionally unfit for her job , and replaced by Angella Mairs , who became Arthurworrey 's new supervisor . Mairs was accused by Arthurworrey of not maintaining childcare standards and of removing an important document — which recommended that Climbié 's case be closed — from Climbié 's file on 28 February 2000 , the day the news of the death was known ; but she denied this . Mairs said that she had not read Climbié 's file .
The inquiry heard that the number of child protection police officers in the Metropolitan Police Service was reduced to increase the number of murder investigation officers because of the Stephen Lawrence case in 1993 . A detective inspector supervising six child protection teams in London at the time of Climbié 's death wrote a report criticising their competence . His former boss , however , claimed he had been lying when he said he only held " purely administrative " responsibility for the teams . The detective inspector was taken to hospital when a woman poured ink over his head while testifying . The new chief executive of Haringey council , David Warwick , Baptiste , the Metropolitan Police , and the NSPCC apologised for their failings in the case .
= = = Racial considerations = = =
In his opening speech on 26 September 2001 , Garnham said that race may have played a part in the case , due to the fact that a black child was murdered by her black carers , and the social worker and police officer most closely involved in the case were black . He said that the fear of being accused of racism may have led to the inaction . In the hearings , Arthurworrey , who is African @-@ Caribbean , admitted that her assumptions about African – Caribbean families influenced her judgement , and that she had assumed Climbié 's timidness in the presence of Kouao and Manning stemmed not from fear , but from the African – Caribbean culture of respect towards one 's parents . Ratna Dutt , director of the Race Equality Unit ( now the Race Equality Foundation ) , a charity that provides race @-@ awareness training to social workers , later said , " the implicit message is that it 's acceptable for ethnic minorities to receive poor services under the guise of superficial cultural sensitivity . This is absolutely shameful , as it allows people to argue that good practice is compromised by anti @-@ racism " ; and , contrasting the outcomes of the white and black staff members involved , " for a large number of black frontline staff if the finger of blame is pointed at them they don 't end up in jobs in other local authorities . That 's how institutional racism operates " . Jacqui Smith , Home Secretary from 2007 , said : " I have not seen widespread evidence that social workers are not taking action " , and , " there are no cultures that condone child abuse . We are absolutely clear that social workers and social work departments have a responsibility to consider whether children are subjected to harm , and if they think they are , to take action " . One chapter of the report following the inquiry looked at this issue .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Laming report = = =
When both phases of the inquiry were completed , Laming began writing the final report . The Laming report , published on 28 January 2003 , found that the agencies involved in her care had failed to protect her , and that on at least twelve occasions , workers involved in her case could have prevented her death , particularly condemning the senior managers involved . On the day of the launch of the report , Climbié 's mother sang her daughter 's favourite song as a tribute .
The 400 @-@ page report made 108 recommendations in child protection reform . Regional and local committees for children and families are to be set up , with members from all groups involved in child protection . Previously each local authority managed their own child protection register , a list of children believed to be at risk , and no national register existed ; this , combined with local authorities ' tendency to suppress information about child abuse cases , led to the implementation of the child database . Two organisations to improve the care of children , the General Social Care Council and the Social Care Institute for Excellence , had already been set up by the time the report was published .
= = = Criticism of agencies = = =
Following Victoria Climbié 's death , the agencies in the case , as well as the child services system in general , were widely criticised . Milburn said , " this was not a failing on the part of one service , it was a failing on the part
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uo .
Track list
= = = Front Mission 4 = = =
The soundtrack of Front Mission 4 , the fourth game of the main series and the sixth game overall , was composed by Hidenori Iwasaki , with some tracks contributed by Ryo Yamazaki . The game was Iwasaki 's first as a composer , as he had previously only worked as a synthesizer programmer . The music has been described as very different from the " very abstract and heavy " music of the previous game , and much more similar to the music of the first game with an emphasis on melody as well as light and thematic elements . The soundtrack also incorporates " South American " -style elements , with the use of pan flutes and tribal percussion . The music from the game was bundled with music from the remake of the first , Front Mission 1st , and the album was titled Front Mission 4 plus 1st Original Soundtrack . It was released by Square Enix on May 10 , 2004 . The four @-@ disc album has two discs devoted to each game , and has 97 tracks . It is 3 : 24 : 24 long , and has catalog numbers of SQEX @-@ 10021 ~ 4 .
The album was well received by Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan . Preferring the Front Mission 4 tracks to the 1st tracks , he complimented the album as " impressive " , especially given that it was the " first work of a promising new composer " . While he did not feel that all of the tracks were of consistent quality , he said that none of them were " bad " and that the more " atmospheric " tracks stood out as particularly noteworthy . Reviewers from Square Enix Music Online had similar praises and criticisms , calling it " not the most diverse or consistent of Front Mission scores " but still " highly worthy " ; they also noted the atmospheric tracks as worthy of note .
Track list
= = = Front Mission 5 = = =
The soundtrack of Front Mission 5 : Scars of the War , the sixth game of the main series and the ninth game overall , was composed by Hidenori Iwasaki and Kenichiro Fukui , with one track each provided by Hayato Matsuo , Yasuhiro Yamanaka and Masayoshi Soken . The music has been described as a mixture of " standard orchestral elements , with an emphasis on brass and drumlines , and electronic elements , such as synthesized percussion and techno @-@ styled beats " . The music differed from that of the previous game in its inclusion of tracks that were solely electronic , rather than a mixture of techno and orchestral . The music from the game was released on an album was titled Front Mission 5 ~ Scars of the War ~ Original Soundtrack . It was released by Square Enix on January 25 , 2006 . The three @-@ disc album has 71 tracks , is 2 : 43 : 07 long , and has catalog numbers of SQEX @-@ 10055 ~ 7 .
The album was very well received by reviewers such as Ben Schweitzer , who termed it " everything I could have hoped for " . He felt that the soundtrack represented Iwasaki 's maturation as a composer , especially in regards to the more action @-@ based tracks . He concluded that the soundtrack was " superior " to that of Front Mission 4 , and that it was also quite different from most video game soundtracks in regards to instrumentation and style . Square Enix Music Online also noted the improvement between Front Mission 4 and 5 , and declared that , despite Iwasaki 's skill with atmospheric tracks , that the battle tracks were the best of the album .
Track list
= = Spinoffs = =
= = = Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard = = =
Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard was the first spin @-@ off game in the series , and the second game released overall . Its soundtrack was composed by Nobuo Uematsu and Yasunori Mitsuda , with additional tracks provided by Junya Nakano and Masashi Hamauzu . The soundtrack was the second collaboration between Nobuo Uematsu and Yasunori Mitsuda , after Chrono Trigger . According to Uematsu , Mitsuda worked so much on the soundtrack that he eventually had to be hospitalized . The soundtrack has a " mechanical " theme to its music , and incorporates both electronic and traditional instruments . The music from the game was released on an album titled Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard Original Sound Track . It was released by NTT Publishing on February 25 , 1996 . The two @-@ disc album has 60 tracks , is 2 : 30 : 25 long , and has catalog numbers of PSCN @-@ 5044 ~ 5 .
Kero Hazel of Square Enix Music Online called the soundtrack album " a thumping example of fine industrial music " and complimented its use of other musical styles to influence that core style . Patrick Gann of RPGFan also praised the album as " downright awesome " and highly recommended it .
Track list
= = = Front Mission Alternative = = =
Front Mission Alternative was the second spin @-@ off game in the series , and the fourth game released overall . Its soundtrack was composed by Riow Arai . Arai was a " mainstream dance musician " , who had previously composed the soundtrack for Sega Touring Car Championship . For the game , which unlike previous ones in the series was a real @-@ time strategy game , Arai composed a techno soundtrack . The music has been described as " drastically different from the rest of the series " . The soundtrack was released on the Front Mission Alternative album by DigiCube on November 21 , 1997 , and was reprinted by Square Enix on November 22 , 2006 . The album has 16 tracks , is 1 : 12 : 39 long , and has the catalog number of SSCX @-@ 10010 in its first issuance and SQEX @-@ 10081 for its second . The soundtrack album release was preceded by a promotional vinyl release in July 1997 with the catalog number of SSCX @-@ 20010 , containing six tracks from the game .
The album was poorly received by Chris Greening of Square Enix Music Online , who called it a largely unsuccessful experiment due to its " repetitiveness and inappropriateness " . He felt that several of the tracks went on for far too long without any change , and that the music did not fit the game due to Square not providing feedback to Arai about how the tracks were to be used . Greg Kasavin of GameSpot , in his review of the game , called the soundtrack " a bunch of dizzying techno that doesn 't suit the onscreen grandeur " .
= = = Front Mission : Online = = =
Front Mission : Online was the third spin @-@ off game in the series , and the eighth game released overall . Its soundtrack was primarily composed of arrangements of music from prior games in the series , though a few original tracks were composed by Hidenori Iwasaki . The arranged music covered every prior game with the exception of Gun Hazard , and was arranged by Iwasaki from the compositions of Iwasaki , Hayato Matsuo , Yoko Shimomura , Noriko Matsueda , Ryo Yamazaki , and Riow Arai . The music was published as a 35 @-@ track album by Square Enix on September 20 , 2006 . The 1 : 13 : 19 album has a catalog number of SQEX @-@ 10078 .
Chris Greening of Square Enix Music Online gave the album a poor review , calling it " a mediocre effort " . He found the majority of the arrangements to be lackluster and unimaginative . Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan , however , was less harsh in his review of the album , calling it " a positive look at the entire series " and saying that the majority of it was good , though the original tracks were not particularly strong .
= = = Front Mission Evolved = = =
Front Mission Evolved was the fourth spin @-@ off game in the series , and the eleventh game released overall . It was composed by Garry Schyman , the first non @-@ Japanese composer for the series or any other major Square Enix series . He was brought onto the project by Double Helix Games , who developed the game for Square Enix . Garry Schyman describes the music as " orchestral and mostly tonal " with a heavy militaristic theme ; almost all of the music is combat or action @-@ themed . The music is more traditionally orchestral than previous Front Mission soundtracks , and was recorded with a live orchestra . As Square Enix intended the game and its music to be a departure from previous games in the series , Schyman purposely did not listen to any of the music from prior games .
The soundtrack is not planned to be released as a physical album , though it is also planned to be included in a box release of music from the entire series . A sampler album of music from missions 01 to 05 from the game 's single player campaign was released by Square Enix on the iTunes and Mora music stores on September 30 , 2010 , under the title Front Mission
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Evolved Original Soundtrack / Mission 01 to 05 . This digital album contains 14 tracks and has a length of 23 : 47 . The final track is a bonus tune done by DJ Kaya , " Military Tune / α ： Kalen " .
= = Other games and legacy = =
The other games in the series are the cell phone games Front Mission 2089 and Front Mission 2089 @-@ II , and the Nintendo DS remake of 2089 , Front Mission 2089 : Border of Madness . 2089 , 2089 @-@ II , and 2089 : Border of Madness did not include any new music , instead reusing music from prior games in the series . There have not been any album releases of their music . A compilation release of Front Mission music is tentatively planned to include all of the music from the series in one box set . The format of the release has not been decided , nor has the set itself been officially announced . In addition to the soundtrack albums , two songs composed by Shimomura from Front Mission , " Take the Offensive " and " Manifold Irons " , were orchestrated for her Drammatica : The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura album .
= F.C. United of Manchester =
F.C. United of Manchester is a semi @-@ professional football club based in Moston , Manchester , England . The club competes in the National League North , the sixth tier of the English football league system , and play their home matches at Broadhurst Park .
Founded in 2005 by Manchester United supporters opposed to American businessman Malcolm Glazer 's takeover of that club , F.C. United entered the North West Counties Football League Division Two in their inaugural season . They achieved three consecutive promotions in the first three years of their existence and were promoted for a fourth time to compete in the National League North for the 2015 – 16 season . In cup competitions , F.C. United reached the second round of the FA Cup during the 2010 – 11 season and the fourth round of the FA Trophy during the 2014 – 15 season .
After sharing multiple stadia across Greater Manchester between 2005 and 2015 , F.C. United opened their own ground , Broadhurst Park in north @-@ east Manchester , in May 2015 . The team has been managed by former professional footballer Karl Marginson since its formation . The club 's regular kit colours are red shirts , white shorts and black socks . Their badge is based on the Manchester coat of arms and features a ship at sea and three stripes for the three rivers that flow through Manchester .
F.C. United are the largest fan @-@ owned football club in the United Kingdom and have one of the highest home attendances in English non @-@ league football . The club is democratically run by its members who have equal voting rights and own one share in the club each .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
The club was founded in 2005 by disaffected supporters of Manchester United . Although fans had various reasons for dissatisfaction , the catalyst for F.C. United 's formation was the 12 May 2005 takeover of Manchester United by American businessman Malcolm Glazer . Supporters first considered forming a breakaway club in 1998 during an attempted takeover of Manchester United by BSkyB . The creation of F.C. United in the event of a Glazer buyout was
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developed from a small village centred on its priory to a town with many large hotels and Victorian and Edwardian country villas .
Malvern experienced a further population boost in 1942 when the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) relocated to Malvern bringing 2 @,@ 500 employees to Malvern , increasing to around 3 @,@ 500 by 1945 . In the early 1950s , several large housing estates were built in Malvern to provide accommodation for the staff and their families . A significant proportion of the current population of Malvern are present and former employees of the facility ( now called QinetiQ ) , and its previously attached military contingent from REME and other units of all three British armed forces .
Malvern had already become an overspill for the nearby city of Worcester , and the new motorways constructed in the early 1960s brought the industrial Midlands within commuting distance by car . With this development came the construction of large private housing developments . The town continues to swell as increasingly more farmland , especially in the Malvern Link area between the villages of Guarlford and Newland , is turned over to housing projects creating new communities and suburbs .
Due to frequent merging of parishes and changes in boundaries , accurate figures based on specific areas are not available .
= = Economy = =
= = = Research and development = = =
Since 1942 research and development into physics and electronics has been the major source of employment in Malvern when during World War II the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) moved from Worth Matravers on the south coast for safety from enemy action . Its staff worked on airborne radar and other electronic warfare resources for the RAF . The Radar Research and Development Establishment ( RRDE ) , which worked on anti @-@ aircraft radar and searchlights for the Army , was moved to Malvern at the same time . Initially , TRE was housed at Malvern College . TRE and RRDE merged in 1953 to form the Radar Research Establishment ( RRE ) to be further renamed Royal Radar Establishment ( also RRE ) in 1955 . Further name changes took place according to shifts in operational focus until 2001 when the facility was partly transferred from public to private ownership and became QinetiQ . A small part was retained by the Ministry of Defence to become Dstl , the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory . Malvern 's Dstl contingent has since closed down with the remaining staff moving to other Dstl sites .
With the recognised science and technology developments in the Malvern area , Malvern Hills Science Park was built in 1999 , and is now home to over 30 science and technological businesses , including , UTC Aerospace Systems ( formerly Goodrich Corporation ) , and Textlocal .
= = = Manufacturing = = =
The majority of Malvern 's manufacturing and service industries are grouped in the adjoining commercial areas of the Spring Lane Industrial Estate that was developed in the 1960s and the Enigma Business Park that was begun in the 1990s . Cars have been constructed in Malvern since 1910 by the Morgan Motor Company , one of the world 's longest @-@ existing private constructors of automobiles produced in series . The Morgan Motor Car is a traditional sports roadster and over the years has become a ' cult ' vehicle , exported all over the world from the factory in Malvern Link . Specialist glass tubing and microscope slides are produced by Chance Brothers in their factory in Malvern next door to the Morgan Motor works . Pipe organs have been built in Malvern since Nicholson Organs was founded by John Nicholson in 1841 . Nicholson organs can be found in Gloucester and Portsmouth Cathedrals , and Great Malvern Priory .
= = = Agriculture and horticulture = = =
Malvern is a centre for agricultural industry . The 70 @-@ acre ( 280 @,@ 000 m2 ) Three Counties Showground , operated by the Three Counties Agricultural Society , is a few miles to the south of Malvern on the road to Upton upon Severn . It has been the venue for the Three Counties Show , held each year in June , for over fifty years . Representing the counties of Worcestershire , Herefordshire and Gloucestershire , it is among the country 's most important agricultural shows , and can be traced back to 1797 . It attracts an average of 93 @,@ 000 visitors from all parts of the country over its three @-@ day event , and with around 600 trade stands and exhibitions it almost doubles the town 's local population . The showground also opens the horticultural season each year by hosting the Royal Horticultural Society 's Spring Gardening Show , followed by many other events throughout the year including other regular gardening shows . The Lobelia pioneers William Crump and Dr. Brent Elliott worked in Malvern and were awarded the Victoria Medal of Honour of the Royal Horticultural Society . A tea rose was named for the Malvern rose grower Mrs. Foley Hobbs in 1910 ( see page 119 of cited work ) .
= = Culture = =
= = = Architecture = = =
The town centre and its environs contain many examples of Regency , Victorian and Edwardian villas and hotels . Many of the houses were built
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of 16 July .
The carriers began launching their aircraft shortly after midnight on 17 July . The main striking force comprised 44 Barracudas , with the plan for the raid specifying that No. 8 Torpedo Bomber Reconnaissance Wing 's aircraft would attack before those of No. 9 Torpedo Bomber Reconnaissance Wing . All but two of the dive bombers were armed with powerful 1 @,@ 600 @-@ pound ( 730 kg ) armour @-@ piercing bombs ; the other aircraft each carried three 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bombs . 1841 Naval Air Squadron 's 18 Corsairs were assigned to provide protection against German fighters , and the 20 Hellcats and 12 Fireflies operated by 1840 and 1770 Naval Air Squadrons respectively were given the task of suppressing anti @-@ aircraft guns .
After forming up , the bombers and fighters began their flight to Kaafjord at 01 : 35 . The aircraft flew 50 feet ( 15 m ) above the sea to evade German radar until they reached a point ten minutes flying time from the Norwegian coast , at which time the Barracudas climbed to 9 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) and the fighters to higher altitudes . The weather was fine throughout the flight , but clouds were sighted as the aircraft neared the target area .
The British strike force was detected by German radar stations when it reached a point 43 miles ( 69 km ) from Kaafjord at 02 : 00 . It took four minutes to pass a warning to Tirpitz ; her protective smoke generators were in action by 02 : 13 and quickly covered the vessel in an artificial cloud . The battleship and anti @-@ aircraft batteries located on the shore began firing a barrage towards the British aircraft at 02 : 19 . German forces also began jamming the British aircraft 's radios once they came within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the Norwegian coastline . The smokescreen frustrated the British attack , as the crews of only two of the Barracudas and a pair of fighters managed to spot Tirpitz during the raid .
The Hellcats and Fireflies were first to attack , and strafed anti @-@ aircraft positions as well as the destroyer Z33 and small patrol craft Vp 6307 . The patrol craft was forced aground and later declared a total loss . Due to the thick smoke , the fighter pilots were only able to locate targets by aiming at the sources of tracer gunfire .
The Barracudas were targeted by heavy , but inaccurate , anti @-@ aircraft gunfire as they arrived over Kaafjord . Aside from the two aircraft whose pilots sighted Tirpitz , the 35 other dive bombers attempting to attack the ship were forced to aim at her gun flashes . These bombing attacks took 25 minutes to complete ; seven near misses were achieved but no damage was inflicted on Tirpitz . One of the other Barracudas attacked an anti @-@ aircraft battery , another attempted to bomb a destroyer and a third scored a near miss on the tanker Nordmark . Three of the remaining four Barracudas did not find any targets and jettisoned their bombs into the sea ; the fourth was unable to drop its bombs due to a faulty release mechanism .
Although German gunners fired a heavy anti @-@ aircraft barrage throughout the attack , they achieved little success . Only one British aircraft , a Corsair , was shot down near Kaafjord ; its pilot survived and was taken prisoner . A damaged Barracuda was also forced to ditch near Indefatigable and its crew were rescued by the destroyer HMS Verulam . Several other Barracudas and five Hellcats were damaged during the raid and returned to their carriers . One of the damaged Hellcats was later written off after being judged beyond repair .
A second British raid , which had been scheduled to take off from 08 : 00 on 17 July , was cancelled two minutes before the aircraft were to begin launching when fog began to build up near the carriers , and the British fleet turned south to return to Scapa Flow . Swordfish and Seafire aircraft flew protective patrols over the Home Fleet throughout the morning 's operations .
= = Submarine actions = =
While the attack on Kaafjord was being conducted , the commander of the German submarines in the Norwegian sea ordered Group Trutz to take up new positions to the south @-@ east of Jan Mayen and intercept the British ships as they returned to Scapa Flow . The Admiralty had anticipated this redeployment , and maritime patrol aircraft from No. 18 Group RAF were directed to sweep the Home Fleet 's route back to its base .
The British patrol aircraft prevented Group Trutz from attacking the Home Fleet . At 21 : 48 on 17 July , a Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator assigned to No. 86 Squadron detected and sank U @-@ 361 ; none of the submarine 's crew were rescued . Eight minutes later a No. 210 Squadron Consolidated PBY Catalina piloted by Flying Officer John Cruickshank spotted U @-@ 347 on the surface . The submarine 's anti @-@ aircraft guns damaged the Catalina , killing the navigator and wounding Cruickshank as well as three other crewmen , but the pilot continued his attack and sank U @-@ 347 with depth charges . The Catalina managed to return to base , and Cruickshank was awarded the Victoria Cross for this action . That night the Home Fleet sailed through the gap in the German patrol line that had been opened by the sinking of the two submarines .
Attacks on the German submarines continued for the next six days . On the morning of 18 July a German reconnaissance aircraft spotted the Home Fleet , but the German Naval Command Norway assessed that it was heading north @-@ east to launch another attack . Accordingly , Group Trutz was ordered to sail north , and four more submarines sortied from Narvik to guard the approaches to Alten and Vest fjords . In the evening U @-@ 968 , one of the four boats that had sailed from Narvik , was attacked twice by Liberators ; she shot down the first attacker but was damaged by the second and had to return to port . U @-@ 716 also suffered severe damage from a Liberator attack at 19 : 15 on 18 July but managed to return to Hammerfest . At about 23 : 00 that day U @-@ 716 was seriously damaged by a Short Sunderland but also survived . Three other submarines were attacked on 20 July but only one suffered any damage . Following these actions the commander of submarines in the Norway area decided to dissolve Group Trutz as it was too vulnerable to air attack ; all but four of the surviving submarines returned to port and the remaining boats were ordered to sail north so that they were out of range of the British aircraft . The final attack on the submarines of the former Group Trutz was made on 23 July when a No. 330 Squadron Sunderland damaged U @-@ 992 near Vestfjord .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the attack on 17 July , the British learned from intercepted German radio transmissions and reports provided by Secret Intelligence Service agents that Tirpitz had not suffered any significant damage . Admiral Moore blamed the failure of Operation Mascot on the inexperience of the aircrew involved in the attack , and criticised the strike leader for not selecting alternative targets after it became clear that Tirpitz could not be accurately bombed . Moore also judged that further attacks on Kaafjord using Barracudas would be futile , as the dive bombers ' slow speed gave the Germans enough time to cover Tirpitz with smoke between the time raids were detected and their arrival over the target area . The Admiralty was hopeful that a strategy of repeatedly striking Kaafjord over a 48 @-@ hour period would wear down the defences , and Moore agreed to attempt another attack . Consideration was also
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street names bear the names of Wilkinson and Riley . Perry writes that " In Jarrow , Landscape and memory have fused together , just as the red hot rivets once fastened great sheets of steel in Palmer 's Yard " .
= 1948 Winter Olympics =
The 1948 Winter Olympics , officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les Ves Jeux olympiques d 'hiver ) ( German : Olympische Winterspiele 1948 ) ( Italian : V Giochi olimpici invernali ) ( Romansh : Gieus olimpics d 'enviern 1948 ) , was a winter multi @-@ sport event celebrated in 1948 in St. Moritz , Switzerland . The Games were the first to be celebrated after World War II ; it had been 12 years since the last Winter Games in 1936 . From the selection of a host city in a neutral country to the exclusion of Japan and Germany , the political atmosphere of the post @-@ war world was inescapable during the Games . The organizing committee faced several challenges due to the lack of financial and human resources consumed by the war . These were the first of two winter Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström .
There were 28 nations that marched in the opening ceremonies on January 30 , 1948 . Nearly 670 athletes competed in 22 events in four sports . The Games also featured two demonstration sports : military patrol , which later became the biathlon , and winter pentathlon , which was discontinued after these Games . Notable performances were turned in by figure skaters Dick Button and Barbara Ann Scott and skier Henri Oreiller . Most of the athletic venues were already in existence from the first time St. Moritz hosted the Winter Games in 1928 . All of the venues were outdoors , which meant the Games were heavily dependent on favorable weather conditions .
= = Host city selection = =
The IOC selected St. Moritz to host the 1948 Games at the 39th general session in Lausanne , Switzerland , in September 1946 . The selection process consisted of two bids , and saw St. Moritz be selected ahead of Lake Placid , United States . St. Moritz was selected because it was located in Switzerland , which had remained neutral during the war , and also because it had already hosted a Winter Games in 1928 . This made the organization of the Games simpler and more economical . Despite the existence of many of the venues , it was still a difficult task to organize a Winter Olympic Games in less than 18 months .
= = Organizing = =
The Comite Olympique ( CO ) was composed of local dignitaries and members of the Swiss National Olympic Committee ( COS ) . They decided to separate into several sub @-@ committees responsible for various aspects of the Games . These committees included housing and maintenance , venue construction , finances , and media and advertising . The local committees worked very closely with the Swiss federal government and the IOC to ensure that the organization of the Games proceeded without hindrance . Since no athletes ' village existed from the previous Games , the athletes and officials were housed in hotels around the city . It was very important for the committees to draw upon their experiences from the 1928 Olympics . Their selection of locations for the various events was contingent on the weather conditions as all the events were held outdoors .
Over 800 people were involved in reporting the news of the Games to the world . Nearly 500 press credentials were issued by the Press Commission for the Games . Television would not make its Olympic debut until 1956 . The coverage of the 1948 Games was split between newspapers and radio broadcasts . The organizing committee had to provide technology , such as long distance telephone lines and telegraph services , to assist the press in communicating with their constituents .
Over 2 @,@ 200 people were needed to provide all the services for the press , officials and athletes at the Games . These services included sanitation , security , and
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point where its ministers even were persecuted by the church for preaching sobriety , and the reactions of many congregation members to that contributed to an inspiration to leave the country ( which however was against the law until 1840 ) .
= = 20th century = =
= = = Parliamentary Emigration Commission 1907 – 1913 = = =
Emigration rose again at the turn of the 20th century , reaching a new peak of about 35 @,@ 000 Swedes in 1903 . Figures remained high until World War I , alarming both conservative Swedes , who saw emigration as a challenge to national solidarity , and liberals , who feared the disappearance of the labor force necessary for economic development . One @-@ fourth of all Swedes had made the United States their home , and a broad national consensus mandated that a Parliamentary Emigration Commission study the problem in 1907 . Approaching the task with what Barton calls " characteristic Swedish thoroughness " , the Commission published its findings and proposals in 21 large volumes . The Commission rejected conservative proposals for legal restrictions on emigration and in the end supported the liberal line of " bringing the best sides of America to Sweden " through social and economic reform . Topping the list of urgent reforms were universal male suffrage , better housing , and general economic development . The Commission especially hoped that broader popular education would counteract " class and caste differences "
Class inequality in Swedish society was a strong and recurring theme in the Commission 's findings . It appeared as a major motivator in the 289 personal narratives included in the report . These documents , of great research value and human interest today , were submitted by Swedes in Canada and the U.S. in response to requests in Swedish @-@ American newspapers . The great majority of replies expressed enthusiasm for their new homeland and criticized conditions in Sweden . Bitter experiences of Swedish class snobbery still rankled after sometimes 40 – 50 years in America . Writers recalled the hard work , pitiful wages , and grim poverty of life in the Swedish countryside . One woman wrote from North Dakota of how in her Värmland home parish , she had had to earn her living in peasant households from the age of eight , starting work at four in the morning and living on " rotten herring and potatoes , served out in small amounts so that I would not eat myself sick " . She could see " no hope of saving anything in case of illness " , but rather could see " the poorhouse waiting for me in the distance " . When she was seventeen , her emigrated brothers sent her a prepaid ticket to America , and " the hour of freedom struck "
A year after the Commission published its last volume , World War I began and reduced emigration to a mere trickle . From the 1920s , there was no longer a Swedish mass emigration . The influence of the ambitious Emigration Commission in solving the problem is still a matter of debate . Franklin D. Scott has argued in an influential essay that the American Immigration Act of 1924 was the effective cause . Barton , by contrast , points to the rapid implementation of essentially all the Commission 's recommendations , from industrialization to an array of social reforms . He maintains that its findings " must have had a powerful cumulative effect upon Sweden 's leadership and broader public opinion " .
= = Swedish Americans = =
The Midwest remained the heartland of the Swedish @-@ American community , but its position weakened in the 20th century : in 1910 , 54 % of the Swedish immigrants and their children lived in the Midwest , 15 % in industrial areas in the East , and 10 % on the West Coast . Chicago was effectively the Swedish @-@ American capital , accommodating about 10 % of all Swedish Americans — more than 100 @,@ 000 people — making it the second @-@ largest Swedish city in the world ( only Stockholm had more Swedish inhabitants ) .
Defining themselves as both Swedish and American , the Swedish @-@ American community retained a fascination for the old country and their relationship to it . The nostalgic visits to Sweden which had begun in the 1870s continued well into the 20th century , and narratives from these trips formed a staple of the lively Swedish @-@ American publishing companies . The accounts testify to complex feelings , but each contingent of American travellers were freshly indignant at Swedish class pride and Swedish disrespect for women . It was with renewed pride in American culture that they returned to the Midwest .
In the 2000 U.S. Census , about four million Americans claimed to have Swedish roots . Minnesota remains by a wide margin the state with the most inhabitants of Swedish descent — 9 @.@ 6 % of the population as of 2005 .
= = = Memory = = =
The best @-@ known artistic representation of the Swedish mass migration is the epic four @-@ novel suite The Emigrants ( 1949 – 1959 ) by Vilhelm Moberg ( 1898 – 1973 ) . Portraying the lives of an emigrant family through several generations , the novels have sold nearly two million copies in Sweden and have been translated into more than twenty languages . The tetralogy has been filmed by Jan Troell as The Emigrants ( 1971 ) and The New Land ( 1972 ) , and forms the basis of Kristina from Duvemåla , a 1995 musical by former ABBA members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus .
In Sweden , the Småland city of Växjö is home to the Swedish Emigrant Institute ( Svenska Emigrantinstitutet ) , founded in 1965 " to preserve records , interviews , and memorabilia relating to the period of major Swedish emigration between 1846 and 1930 " . The House of the Emigrants ( Emigranternas Hus ) was founded in Gothenburg , the main port for Swedish emigrants , in 2004 . The centre shows exhibitions on migration and has a research hall for genealogy . In the U.S. , there are hundreds of active Swedish @-@ American organizations as of 2007 , for which the Swedish Council of America functions as an umbrella group . There are Swedish @-@ American museums in Philadelphia , Chicago , Minneapolis , and Seattle . Rural cemeteries such as the Moline Swedish Lutheran Cemetery in central Texas also serve as a valuable record of the first Swedish people to come to America .
= Uttarakhand =
Uttarakhand ( / ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd / ) , ( Hindi : उत ् तराखण ् ड , Uttarākhaṇḍ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devbhumi ( literally : " Land of the Gods " ) due to many Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for its natural beauty of the Himalayas , the Bhabhar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , this 27th state of the Republic of India was created from the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of
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's ships had been extending their pursuit by throwing guns , horses and equipment overboard in an effort to lighten their ships , and were consequently better suited to the high winds . The heavier British ships were unable to match their opponents ' speed and fell behind . When the weather cleared , the French ships were out of sight , and all four eventually returned independently to Brest , ending the final French attempt to invade Ireland .
An abortive effort to support the French invasion fleet was also made by the Navy of the Batavian Republic , which despatched the small frigates Furie and Waakzaamheid to Ireland with military supplies on 24 October . Within hours of leaving port , both these ships were intercepted and captured by the British frigate HMS Sirius under the young Captain Richard King at the Action of 24 October 1798 .
= = Aftermath = =
Savary 's return to port marked the end of the last attempt by a continental nation to land troops in Ireland . French losses in the operation were so severe that a repeat effort was never seriously contemplated . Similarly , the huge Irish losses during the rebellion , combined with British reprisals against the Irish populace , ended any hopes of reigniting the uprising in the near future . Most serious of all for the United Irishmen was the arrest of Wolfe Tone himself , who was discovered among the prisoners taken from Hoche at Buncrana . Tone was charged with treason and sentenced to death , though he committed suicide in Dublin before the sentence could be carried out .
In Britain the engagement was considered a great success , with the thanks of Parliament bestowed on the entire force . Numerous junior officers were promoted and all crew members received financial rewards from the sale of the captured vessels . Of these prizes , Immortalité and Loire were purchased and served in the Royal Navy under their own names for many years , while Hoche and Embuscade were renamed HMS Donegal and HMS Ambuscade respectively . Coquille was intended for purchase but suffered a catastrophic ammunition explosion in December 1798 , which killed 13 people and totally destroyed the vessel . The last two prizes , Résolue and Bellone , were deemed too old and damaged to be worthy of active service . They were , however , purchased by the Royal Navy to provide their captors with prize money , Bellone becoming HMS Proserpine and Résolue becoming HMS Resolue . Both ships served as harbour vessels for some years until they were broken up . Five decades later , the battle was among the actions recognised by the clasp , " 12th October 1798 " , attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
= She Wolf ( Shakira song ) =
" She Wolf " is a song by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira , taken from her eighth studio album of the same name ( 2009 ) . It was released on 10 July 2009 , by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written by Shakira , John Hill , and Sam Endicott .
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Culebra . On September 8 – 9 a hurricane , Nuestra Señora de la Monserrate , struck southern Puerto Rico and passed directly over the Mona Passage . Cofresí and his crew were caught in the storm , which drove their ship towards Hispaniola . According to historian Enrique Ramírez Brau , an expedition weeks later by Fajardo commander Ramón Aboy to search Vieques , Culebra and the Windward Islands for pirates was actually after Cofresí . The operation used the schooner Aurora ( owned by Nicolás Márquez ) and the Flor de Mayo , owned by José María Marujo . After weeks of searching , the team failed to locate anything of interest .
Continuing to drift , Cofresí and his crew were captured after his ship reached Santo Domingo . Sentenced to six years in prison , they were sent to a keep named Torre del Homenaje . Cofresí and his men escaped , were recaptured and again imprisoned . The group escaped again , breaking the locks on their cell doors and climbing down the prison walls on a stormy night on a rope made from their clothing . With Cofresí were two other inmates : a man known as Portalatín and Manuel Reyes Paz , former boatswain of El Scipión . After reaching the province of San Pedro de Macorís , the pirates bought a ship . They sailed from Hispaniola in late September to Naguabo , where Portalatín disembarked . From there they went to the island of Vieques , where they set up another hideout and regrouped .
= = = Challenge to the West Indies Squadron = = =
By October 1824 piracy in the region was dramatically reduced , with Cofresí the remaining target of concern . However , that month Peraza , Pérez , Hernádez , Gallardo , José Rodríguez and Ramos escaped from jail . Three former members of Lamparo 's crew — a man of African descent named Bibián Hernández Morales , Antonio del Castillo and Juan Manuel de Fuentes Rodríguez — also broke out . They were joined by Juan Manuel " Venado " de Fuentes Rodríguez , Ignacio Cabrera , Miguel de la Cruz , Damasio Arroyo , Miguel " El Rasgado " de la Rosa and Juan Reyes . Those traveling east met with Cofresí , who welcomed them on his crew ; the pirate was in Naguabo looking for recruits after his return from the Dominican Republic . Hernández Morales , an experienced knife fighter , was second @-@ in @-@ command of the new crew . At the height of their success , they had a flotilla of three sloops and a schooner . The group avoided capture by hiding in Ceiba , Fajardo , Naguabo , Jobos Bay and Vieques , and when Cofresí sailed the east coast he reportedly flew the flag of Gran Colombia .
On October 24 , Hernández Morales led a group of six pirates in the robbery of Cabot , Bailey & Company in Saint Thomas , making off with US $ 5 @,@ 000 . On October 26 the USS Beagle , commanded by Charles T. Platt , navigated by John Low and carrying shopkeeper George Bedford ( with a list of plundered goods , which were reportedly near Naguabo ) left Saint Thomas . Platt sailed to Vieques , following a tip about a pirate sloop . The Beagle opened fire , interrupting the capture of a sloop from Saint Croix , but the pirates docked at Punta Arenas in Vieques and fled inland ; one , identified as Juan Felis , was captured after a shootout . When Platt disembarked in Fajardo to contact Juan Campos , a local associate of Bedford , the authorities accused him of piracy and detained him . The officer was later freed , but the pirates escaped . Commodore Porter 's reaction to what was later known as the Fajardo Affair led to a diplomatic crisis which threatened war between Spain and the United States ; Campos was later found to be involved in the distribution of loot .
With more ships , Cofresí 's activity near Culebra and Vieques peaked by November 1824 . The international force reacted by sending more warships to patrol the zone ; France provided the Gazelle , a brigantine , and the frigate Constancia . After the Fajardo incident the United States increased its flotilla in the region , with the USS Beagle joined by the schooners USS Grampus and USS Shark in addition to the previously @-@ commissioned Santa Cruz and Scout . Despite unprecedented monitoring , Cofresí grew bolder . John D. Sloat , captain of the Grampus , received intelligence placing the pirates in a schooner out of Cabo Rojo . On the evening of January 25 , 1825 Cofresí sailed a sloop towards the Grampus , which was patrolling the west coast . In position , the pirate commanded his crew ( armed with sabers and muskets ) to open fire and ordered the schooner to stop . When Sloat gave the order to counterattack , Cofresí sailed into the night . Although a skiff and cutters from the Grampus were sent after the pirates , they failed to find them after a two @-@ hour search .
The pirates sailed east and docked at Quebrada de las Palmas , a river in Naguabo . From there , Cofresí , Hernández Morales , Juan Francisco " Ceniza " Pizarro and De los Reyes crossed the mangroves and vegetation to the Quebrada barrio in Fajardo . Joined by a fugitive , Juan Pedro Espinoza , the group robbed the house of Juan Becerril and hid in a house in the nearby Río Abajo barrio . Two days later Cofresí again led his flotilla out to sea and targeted the San Vicente , a Spanish sloop making its way back from Saint Thomas . Cofresí attacked with two sloops , ordering his crew to fire muskets and blunderbusses . Sustaining heavy damage , the San Vicente finally escaped because she was near port .
On February 10 , 1825 , Cofresí plundered the sloop Neptune . The merchant ship , with a cargo of fabric and provisions , was attacked while its dry goods were unloaded at dockside in Jobos Bay . The Neptune was owned by Salvador Pastorisa , who was supervising the unloading . Cofresí began the charge in a sloop , opening musket fire on the crew , and Pastoriza fled in a rowboat . Despite a bullet wound , Pastoriza identified four of the eight to ten pirates ( including Cofresí ) . An Italian living in Puerto Rico , Pedro Salovi , was reportedly second @-@ in @-@ command during the attack . The pirates pursued and shot those who fled . Cofresí sailed the Neptune out of Jobos Port , a harbor in Jobos Bay ( near Fajardo ) , and adopted the sloop as a pirate ship .
Guayama mayor Francisco Brenes doubled his patrol . Salovi was soon arrested , and informed on his shipmates . Hernández Morales led another sloop , intercepting the Beagle off Vieques . After a battle , the pirate sloop was captured and Hernández Morales was transported to St. Thomas for trial . After being sentenced to death , he escaped from prison and disappeared for years . According to a St. Thomas resident , on February 12 , 1825 the pirates retaliated by setting fire to a town on the island . That week , the Neptune captured a Danish schooner belonging to W. Furniss ( a company based in Saint Thomas ) off the Ponce coast with a load of imported merchandise . After the assault , Cofresí and his crew abandoned the ship at sea . Later seen floating with broken masts , it was presumed lost . Some time later Cofresí and his crew boarded another ship owned by the company near Guayama , again plundering and abandoning it . Like its predecessor , it was seen near Caja de Muertos ( Dead Man 's Chest ) before disappearing .
Evading the Beagle , Cofresí returned to Jobos Bay ; on February 15 , 1825 , the pirates arrived in Fajardo . Three days later John Low picked up a six @-@ gun sloop , the Anne ( commonly known by its Spanish name Ana or La Ana ) , which he had ordered from boat @-@ builder Toribio Centeno and registered in St. Thomas . Centeno sailed the sloop to Fajardo , where he received permission to dock at Quebrada de Palmas in Naguabo . As its new owner Low accompanied him , remaining aboard while cargo was loaded . That night Cofresí led a group of eight pirates , stealthily boarded the ship and forced the crew to jump overboard ; during
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not yet popular . During this period , Yahoo ! and AOL began allowing the public to view videos free of charge on their website , allowing them to stream as well . After the launch of the websites , Billboard announced that the video for " Shake It Off " had generated over two million requests on its first day of release , setting a record at the time for the websites . It peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot Videoclip Tracks chart . The video was well received by fans and critics alike , with a writer from The Sacramento Bee writing how he thought it was impressive that Carey at 35 , and with over fifteen years in the business , had arranged such a popular video . He also described it as " sassy , fun and ghetto " , while outing it as one of her best videos .
= = Live performances = =
Following the release of " It 's Like That " , Carey embarked on several stateside , European and Asian promotional tours in support of The Emancipation of Mimi , as well as its accompanying singles . In the United Kingdom , Carey filmed a two @-@ part appearance on the British music program Top of the Pops , performing " It 's Like That " , " We Belong Together " and " Shake It Off " . After returning to the United States for the a string of televised performances , Carey performed " Shake It Off " at Good Morning America . On August 3 , USA Today announced that Carey would be added to the roster of performers at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , held on the 28th of the month . The ceremony was held at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami Beach Florida , with Carey 's performance taking place at the National Hotel in South Beach . Apart from The Killers , she was the only performer to tape their appearance from an undisclosed location in Miami . After being introduced by Eva Longoria , Carey appeared on a long stage in the hotel 's courtyard , with Dupri opening the song with his rap verses in a nearby cabana . After performing " Shake It Off " and the official remix version of " We Belong Together , " Carey made her way into the shallow pool , followed by Dupri and the back @-@ up dancers .
At the 2005 World Music Awards , Carey performed " Shake It Off " alongside Dupri . Wearing black shorts and a pink blouse , the performance started as Carey got out of a Lamborghini Murciélago on stage , a re @-@ enactment of the video . Additionally , a large lighted ' MIMI ' sign was placed behind the stage , also a prop used at the end of the song 's music video . The following week , Carey performed the song , as well as its accompanying number " Get Your Number , " on the British music chart program , Top of the Pops . On November 15 , 2005 , the Chicago Tribune announced that Carey would perform during half @-@ time of the Thanksgiving game between the Detroit Lions and the Atlanta Falcons . Airing on the 24th , Carey performed " Shake It Off " , as well as her newly released single from the album 's re @-@ release , " Don 't Forget About Us " . Two months later , she celebrated the new year on television , placing as the featured performer at the Times Square Ball drop on New Year 's Eve in New York . The special , titled Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , aired on ABC at 10 pm on December 31 , and featured Carey on stage wearing a short sparkling dress , and performing a selection of the album 's singles , including " Shake It Off " . Aside from performing the song live on several high profile televised events , Carey included the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . On the former tour , the performance began as a large Broadway @-@ styled prop reading ' MIMI ' , similar to the one from the video , descended from the rafters . As the song began , Carey walked down a spiraled staircase , ushered by one of her several back up dancers . Sporting a black bikini and matching sheer cape , Carey sang the song while , according to some critics , performing some of her most diverse physical movements from the entire show . On her Angels Advocate Tour , Carey performed the song during the first quarter of the concert . According to Ryan J. Downey of MTV News , Carey gave a " rousing rendition " of the song , and " set the tone for what felt like a celebratory evening . "
= = Formats and track listings = =
Australian CD single
" Shake It Off " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 53
" Shake It Off " ( Instrumental ) – 3 : 54
" Secret Love " – 3 : 30
" Shake It Off " ( Video )
Sweden CD single ( Promo )
" Shake It Off " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 53
" Shake It Off " ( Remix featuring Jay Z and Young Jeezy ) – 5 : 03
United States 12 " single ( Promo )
" Shake It Off " ( Remix Edit featuring Jay Z and Young Jeezy ) – 4 : 12
" Shake It Off " ( Remix featuring Jay Z and Young Jeezy ) – 5 : 03
" Shake It Off " ( Remix Instrumental featuring Jay Z and Young Jeezy ) – 5 : 02
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for The Emancipation of Mimi adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Mariah Carey – songwriting , producer , vocals , background vocals
Jermaine Dupri – songwriting , producer
Johntá Austin – songwriting , producer , background vocals
Bryan @-@ Michael Cox – songwriting , producer
Phil Tan – audio mixing
Herb Power – mastering
Brian Frye – engineer
John Horesco – engineer
= = Charts and certifications = =
= All Hope Is Gone =
All Hope Is Gone is the fourth studio album by the American heavy metal band Slipknot . Released on August 20 , 2008 by Roadrunner Records , the album was published in two versions : the standard album in a Compact Disc case and a special edition packaged in a six @-@ fold digipak containing three bonus tracks , a 40 page booklet , and a bonus DVD with a documentary of the album 's recording . Preparation for the album began in 2007 , while recording started in February 2008 in the band 's home state of Iowa . All Hope Is Gone is Slipknot 's first studio album since 2004 's Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . Before the album 's launch , Slipknot released a series of promotional images and audio samples from the album through various websites . All Hope Is Gone is considered the band 's most eclectic @-@ sounding album , incorporating elements from their previous three . All Hope Is Gone includes their " brutal " edge , such as the track " All Hope Is Gone " , reminiscent of songs such as " ( sic ) " from their debut self @-@ titled album ; slow burning , " trippy " elements such as " Gehenna " , reminiscent of " Skin Ticket " from their second album Iowa ; the thrash metal @-@ influenced " Gematria ( The Killing Name ) " ; and acoustics ( " Snuff " ) .
Lyrically , All Hope Is Gone centers on themes such as anger , disaffection , obsession , and the music industry . The album name also features a more prominent focus on politics than their previous albums . Slipknot promoted All Hope Is Gone on a world tour and at the Mayhem Festival . Generally well received by critics , the album reached the top position on nine record charts worldwide , including the Billboard 200 — the first Slipknot album to do so . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA on August 10 , 2010 for shipments in excess of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 albums in the United States . It is the final studio album released by the band to include two longtime members : bassist and founding member Paul Gray , who was found dead in an Iowa hotel on May
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those guys look exactly the same . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
All Hope Is Gone was Slipknot 's first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart , outselling LAX from The Game by 1 @,@ 134 units . Initially , Billboard published an article stating that The Game had secured the top spot with a margin of 13 units , in what was described as the " closest race for number one since SoundScan began tracking Data in 1991 " . After a recount 12 hours later , the article was rewritten and Slipknot was awarded the number one spot , having sold 239 @,@ 516 units . All Hope Is Gone debuted at number two in the United Kingdom , topped only by The Verve 's album Forth . In Canada , the album sold over 20 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted at # 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart . The album also debuted at number one on eight other charts worldwide . " Psychosocial " , the album 's second single , brought Slipknot their first MTV Video Music Awards nomination for Best Rock Video , as well as their seventh Grammy nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards . In December 2008 , Total Guitar ranked All Hope Is Gone as one of the " 50 Best Guitar Albums of the Year " . In 2009 , it was rated 16th in UK magazine Kerrang ! ' s " The 50 Best Albums of the 21st Century " reader poll .
All Hope Is Gone has been certified Platinum in the United States of America and Canada by the RIAA and the CRIA respectively . As of January 2012 the album has sold over 1 million copies in the U.S. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and Germany hence being a commercial success . As of 2014 , the album has sold 1 @,@ 106 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. alone .
= = = Critical reception = = =
All Hope Is Gone was generally well received by critics . Several music critics anticipated the album immediately after the release of Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . In its review of Vol . 3 , Allmusic stated , " There 's a sense that whatever Slipknot do next might be their ultimate broadcast to the faithful . " Copies of All Hope Is Gone intended for reviewers were pressed under the false name " Rusty Cage " to reduce the risk of the album leaking onto the Internet . Stephen Erlewine wrote in his review for Allmusic that the early " cluster of cacophony " of " Gematria " is " so effective [ ... ] that when things do get a little softer a little later on , the album threatens to collapse like a soufflé " . Criticizing the album , Erlewine wrote , " One more power ballad like Snuff would be enough to derail the album . " He gave the album a rating of four out of five stars . Regarding the album 's creation process , Darren Sadler of Rock Sound wrote , " Slipknot raised their collective middle fingers , and created an album that stands out head and shoulders above everything else that will be released this year . " He compared the album 's sound to those of other bands such as Stone Sour , Morbid Angel , and Meshuggah , and he gave the album a score of 9 out of 10 . Ryan Ogle of Blabbermouth.net gave All Hope Is Gone 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 stars . Ogle stated that the fans ' views of the " diversity " of the album would be Slipknot 's " saving grace , or their misfortune " , concluding , " While it may not be as jaw @-@ dropping or revolutionary as some might have hoped , it 's by no means a bad release . " Reviewing for Blender , writer Darren Ratner observed a different theme in the lyrics when compared to previous Slipknot albums , noting that the band is able to " make ugliness sound just a little bit pretty " . Marc Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B + rating , calling All Hope Is Gone " a metal assault @-@ and @-@ battery on the hypocrisies of the modern world " . Jim Kaz of IGN stated that the band 's attempt to move from nu @-@ metal to " more classic metal elements " was " the best career move they could 've made " . Kaz gave All Hope Is Gone a score of 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 , writing , " [ It ] effectively [ builds ] upon the band 's collective strengths . " Q noted that the band no longer resembled " a threat to Western civilisation " but claimed that the album delivered one shock ; " how listenable they 've become " , including " Snuff " in the top 50 downloads for August 2008 .
Rolling Stone reviewer Chris Steffen praised the percussive edge on All Hope Is Gone noting , " The band ’ s multiple percussionists generate a din that ’ s more suffocating than ever [ on the track ] ' Gematria ' . " He proposed " Snuff " as the " most melodic " song on the album , comparing it to " Circle " from Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . Steffen also wrote that " ' Psychosocial ' is capped off with a time @-@ signature shattering guitar / drum breakdown that will leave the best air @-@ instrumentalists stumped " . The album was praised by Total Guitar 's writer Nick Cracknell , who declared the effort " Slipknot 's heaviest and most aggressive work to date " . He compared " Dead Memories " to the works of Alice in Chains , while praising " Gehenna " for being the band 's " most experimental work in their history " . Cracknell went on to state " Wherein Lies Continue " contains a " huge chugging verse riff " which evolves into an " incredible soaring chorus " . Dan Martin of The Guardian compared " Dead Memories " to Metallica 's song " Enter Sandman " and called " Gematria ( The Killing Name ) " a work of " astonishingly dense thrash " , giving the album four out of five stars .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Slipknot .
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1850s and 1860s , the quality of the ponies was noted to be declining , a result of poor choice of breeding stallions , and the introduction of Arab to improve the breed was recommended . The census of stock of 1875 reported just under three thousand ponies grazing the Forest , and by 1884 the number had dropped to 2 @,@ 250 . Profits from the sale of young ponies affected the number of mares that commoners bred in subsequent years . The drop in numbers on the Forest may have been a consequence of introducing Arab blood to the breed in the 1870s , resulting in fewer animals suitable for use as pit ponies , or to the increase in the profits from running dairy cattle instead of ponies . The Arab blood may have reduced the ponies ' natural landrace hardiness to thrive on the open Forest over winter . Numbers of ponies on the Forest also declined as a result of demand for more refined @-@ looking ponies for riding and driving work prior to the introduction of motor vehicles . Later , the Second World War drove up the demand for , and thus , the market value of , young animals for horse meat .
Founded in 1891 , the Society for the improvement of New Forest Ponies organised a stallion show and offered financial incentives to encourage owners of good stallions to run them on the Forest . In 1905 the Burley and District NF Pony Breeding and Cattle Society was set up to start the stud book and organise the Breed Show ; the two societies merged in 1937 to form the New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society . Overall numbers of livestock grazing the Forest , including ponies , tended to decline in the early twentieth century ; in 1945 there were just 571 ponies depastured . By 1956 the number of ponies of all breeds on the Forest had more than doubled to 1 @,@ 341 . Twenty years later pony numbers were up to 3 @,@ 589 , rising to 4 @,@ 112 in 1994 , before dipping back below four thousand until 2005 . As of 2011 , there were 4 @,@ 604 ponies grazing on the New Forest .
In 2014 , the Rare Breeds Survival Trust ( RBST ) conservation charity watch @-@ listed the New Forest pony in its " minority breed " category , given the presence of less than 3
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=
The Hut Point and Cape Evans huts remain , protected by the Antarctic Heritage Trust and the New Zealand government . Within the Cape Evans hut an inscription by Richards on the wall near his bunk , listing the names of those lost , can still be read , but the generally deteriorating condition of the huts has caused concern .
The Aurora survived for less than a year after her final return from the Ross Sea . Shackleton had sold her for £ 10 @,@ 000 , and her new role was as a coal @-@ carrier between Australia and South America . She disappeared in the Pacific Ocean , on or about 2 January 1918 , having either foundered in a storm or been sunk by an enemy raider . Aboard her was James Paton of the Ross Sea ship 's party , who was still serving as her boatswain . Ernest Wild was also a victim of the First World War . He died of typhoid in Malta , on 10 March 1918 , while serving with the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean .
On 4 July 1923 , Joyce and Richards were awarded Albert Medals by George V for their bravery and life @-@ saving efforts during the second depot @-@ laying journey . Wild and Victor Hayward received the same award , posthumously . Many of the survivors enjoyed long and successful careers . The young wireless operator , Lionel Hooke , joined Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Ltd and was responsible for many technological innovations . He became the company 's managing director in 1945 and its chairman in 1962 , having been knighted for services to industry in 1957 . Of the four dogs who survived the trek , Con was killed by the other dogs in a fight before the rescue . The others , Oscar , Gunner and Towser , returned in the ship to New Zealand and were placed in Wellington Zoo , where Oscar lived , allegedly , to the age of 25 . Near the end of his life Dick Richards , the last survivor of the party , was without regrets and did not regard the struggle as futile . Rather , he believed , it was something that the human spirit had accomplished , and that no undertaking carried through to conclusion was for nothing .
= 2009 – 10 York City F.C. season =
The 2009 – 10 season was the eighty @-@ eighth season of competitive association football and sixth season in the Football Conference played by York City Football Club , a professional football club based in York , North Yorkshire , England . Their seventeenth @-@ place finish in 2008 – 09 meant it was their sixth successive season in the Conference Premier . The season covers the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 .
Martin Foyle made eleven signings before the summer transfer window closed , ahead of his first full season as manager . York set a new saw a new record for consecutive league wins , with eight from 14 November 2009 to 23 January 2010 . They finished fifth in the table , and after beating Luton Town 2 – 0 on aggregate in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , they lost 3 – 1 to Oxford United in the final at Wembley Stadium . York were eliminated from the 2009 – 10 FA Trophy in the fourth round by Barrow , and from the 2009 – 10 FA Cup in the third round by Stoke City .
Twenty @-@ five players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first @-@ team competition , and there were seventeen different goalscorers . Defender James Meredith missed only one of the fifty @-@ seven competitive matches played over the season . Richard Brodie finished as leading goalscorer with thirty @-@ four goals , of which twenty @-@ six came in league competition , four came in the FA Cup , three came in the FA Trophy and one came in the play @-@ offs . The winner of the Clubman of the Year award , voted for by the club 's supporters , was Michael Ingham .
= = Background and pre @-@ season = =
Colin Walker was sacked as manager of York City early into the 2008 – 09 season , and his successor was former Port Vale manager Martin Foyle . The team finished the season in seventeenth @-@ place in the Conference Premier table , and were defeated 2 – 0 by Stevenage Borough in the 2009 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium . Mark Greaves , Steven Hogg , Daniel McBreen , Shaun Pejic , Josh Radcliffe , Mark Robinson , Simon Rusk , Liam Shepherd and Christian Smith and Ben Wilkinson were released by York after the season ended . Adam Boyes , Craig Farrell , Darren Kelly and Onome Sodje left for Scunthorpe United , Rushden & Diamonds , Portadown and Barnsley respectively .
Richard Brodie , Andy McWilliams , Josh Mimms and Ben Purkiss signed new contracts with York . Eleven players joined before the season kicked @-@ off ; defenders James Meredith from Shrewsbury Town , Alan O 'Hare from Mansfield Town and Djoumin Sangaré from Salisbury City , midfielders Neil Barrett from Ebbsfleet United , Andy Ferrell from Kidderminster Harriers , Alex Lawless from Forest Green Rovers , Levi Mackin from Wrexham , winger Craig Nelthorpe from Oxford and strikers Michael Gash from Ebbsfleet , Richard Pacquette from Maidenhead United and Michael Rankine from Rushden . Striker Michael Emmerson was promoted from the youth team after he signed a professional contract with the club . Danny Parslow was named as captain for the season , having taken over the role during 2008 – 09 .
York retained the previous season 's home kit , which comprised red and navy blue halved shirts with red collars , navy blue shorts and navy blue socks with two white strips on the cuffs . A new away kit was introduced , and it included light blue shirts with white horizontal stripes , light blue shorts and light blue socks . There was a change in shirt sponsor , with the name of Pryers Solicitors becoming present on the team kits .
= = Review = =
= = = August = = =
York 's season started with a 2 – 1 away defeat by Oxford , in which Brodie gave York the lead before Oxford scored two late goals . This was followed by a 0 – 0 home draw with Rushden , in which Rankine had a goal ruled out , as the referee had awarded a foul against Rushden . York 's first win of the season came with a 2 – 0 home victory over Forest Green , and the goals were scored by Rankine and Adam Smith . Emmerson joined Northern League Division One club Billingham Town on a one @-@ month loan . A second defeat of the season came after Gareth Taylor scored for Wrexham in a 1 – 0 away defeat . Pacquette scored the equalising goal for York in a 1 – 1 away draw with Hayes & Yeading United after being introduced as a substitute . The team 's first away victory came with a 2 – 1 win against Gateshead , with goals from Brodie and Gash . Goals from Brodie ( 2 ) and Smith ensured a second successive victory of the season , after beating Histon 3 – 1 .
= = = September = = =
Goals in the opening ten minutes from Brodie and Gash gave York a 2 – 0 home win over Crawley Town . A 0 – 0 draw away to Barrow followed , who had been beaten 6 – 1 by Rushden & Diamonds in their previous match . Two goals from Brodie , both of which were assisted by Sangaré , gave York 2 @-@ 0 victory at home to Kettering Town . Simon Russell was loaned out to divisional rivals Tamworth , having failed to play any games for York up to that point in 2009 – 10 . Gash scored a header on eighty @
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Nature in its Red List of Threatened Species .
= = Description = =
The spotted sandgrouse reaches a length of about 33 centimetres ( 13 in ) . The male has a small reddish @-@ brown nape surrounded by a band of pale grey that extends to the bill and round the neck in a collar . The chin , neck and throat are orange and the breast grey . The upper parts are pinkish @-@ grey with dark flight feathers and dark patches on the wings , tail and lower belly . The primaries are pale with dark trailing edges , a fact that distinguishes this species from the crowned sandgrouse ( Pterocles coronatus ) which has completely dark primaries . The female also has an orange throat region but is generally duller in plumage than the male . The body colour is greyish @-@ brown liberally spotted with small dark markings and with dark patches on the wings , tail and lower belly . The central tail feathers in both sexes are elongated but not to the extent that they are in the pin @-@ tailed sandgrouse ( Pterocles alchata ) . When flying overhead , a dark belly stripe is visible .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The spotted sandgrouse is found in North Africa and the Middle East . In Africa its range extends through Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Sudan , Egypt , Eritrea , Somalia , Ethiopia , Djibouti , Mali , Mauritania , Chad and Niger . In the Middle East it is native to Oman , Saudi Arabia , Israel , Jordan , Syria , Iran , Iraq and Afghanistan and its range extends as far as Pakistan and north west India . It has also been recorded as a vagrant in Italy , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . It inhabits deserts and semi @-@ arid countryside and is largely resident although there is some local movement of flocks . The population size has not been firmly established but it seems to be stable and the bird seems to be common over most of its extensive range . It is listed as being of " least concern " by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
= = Behaviour = =
The spotted sandgrouse has a rapid wing beat and flies swiftly . Its call is a musical " queeto @-@ queeto " which distinguishes it from other species of sandgrouse with similar plumage .
The spotted sandgrouse is a ground @-@ dwelling bird and feeds on seeds and other plant material that it finds among the scrubby vegetation of its dry habitat . During the breeding season it is solitary but at other times of year it is gregarious . Flocks move in to a new feeding ground after a storm has stimulated new green growth . In the Sahara the spotted sandgrouse are particularly fond of a species of spurge and concentrate on this until the foliage begins to parch , after which the birds return to their normal diet of seeds . These are abundant on the desert floor , remaining in a dormant state until rain occurs . The birds are very wary and easily frightened . Their chief enemy is the lanner falcon which flies rapidly just above the ground and scoops up any unwary bird . The sandgrouse strategy is to have one bird flying high overhead . When it sees an approaching falcon it gives a warning call and the other sandgrouse freeze . So good is their camouflage that the raptor is unable to detect them and flies on . Sandgrouse need to make a daily journey to a drinking hole , which may be many kilometres from their feeding ground . They land a short distance from the water and maintain a sentinel system here too as , beside the falcons , mammal predators may lurk nearby and nomads may water their herds . When all is safe , another distinctive call from the sentinel bird sends all the others to the pool where their daily water needs are taken up within about fifteen seconds .
The journey to the waterhole is undertaken at around dawn when the air is cool . Later in the day , when the air temperature may reach over 50 ° C , the birds are inactive and have the ability to increase their thermal insulation when the air temperature exceeds their body temperatures . At very high temperatures they also resort to gular fluttering and gaping to cool themselves . At night , several flocks coalesce and fly off into the rocky desert far away from any vegetation . Each bird scrapes itself a shallow sleeping hollow by moving from side to side . There are no jerboas or other small mammals in these barren wastes so foxes and jackals do not roam there at night and the birds are safe .
= = Life cycle = =
In the Sahara , breeding takes place in the hottest part of the summer on a stony desert plain . When choosing a nest site , the female scrapes several trial hollows before selecting one of them . The main criterion for selection seems to be the porous nature of the underlying rock . Spongy rock heats up less in the sun and provides a cool spot to nest . Also desirable are one or two " cover stones " close by , chosen because their dense structure attracts dew at night , moisture which drains into the soil and gets absorbed by the porous rock which helps keep the nest cool by day . The nest is made in a shallow depression in the ground without any bedding material and two , occasionally three , eggs are laid . The eggs are elongated ovals in shape , buff with grey and brown blotches and speckles . Their colour and shape makes them difficult to distinguish from the pebbles lying around them . Both parents incubate the eggs and their cryptic colouration makes them almost invisible when sitting on the nest . The eggs hatch after about 20 days .
The young are precocial and already covered in down when they emerge from the eggs . Soon after they are hatched the female leads the chicks to one of the many wadis that wind across the plains and there she teaches them to peck at and ingest seeds . It is four or five weeks before they are fledged and able to fly . Meanwhile , the problem of supplying them with water is solved by the male which has specially adapted , absorbent down on his belly . While at the waterhole he immerses himself in the water to saturate the plumage which absorbs a quantity that is sufficient for the chicks to last them until the following day . When he leaves the waterhole with his water @-@ laden feathers , the male emits a repeated high @-@ pitched " queet - queet - queet " calls . When the female and chicks pick up the sounds of his approach , they reciprocate , and by this means the male can find his family even when they have moved away from the nest . On his arrival he assumes an upright posture and raises his wings , displaying the wet belly feathers . This is the sign for the chicks to approach and stand underneath him with their beaks upturned and suck the fluid from between the feathers .
If danger threatens , the chicks crouch under a plant or any cover that offers , their dappled brown down merging into the desert scene . The parents are very vigilant in defence of their family . If a jackal approaches , an adult gives a warning cry and all crouch down and freeze . Usually the enemy fails to notice them and passes by . If it gets too close , one of the parents tries to lure it away by flapping along the ground , pretending to be injured and helpless . When the jackal has been led far enough away , the adult " recovers " and flies off . After three or four days , the chicks can be left alone while both parents visit the water hole , and the chicks can guide them back with their " queet - queet " cries .
= Armero tragedy =
The Armero tragedy ( Spanish : Tragedia de Armero [ tɾaˈxeðja ðe arˈmeɾo ] ) was one of the major consequences of the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima , Colombia , on November 13 , 1985 . After 69 years of dormancy , the volcano 's eruption caught nearby towns unaware , even though the government had received warnings from multiple volcanological organizations to evacuate the area when volcanic activity had been detected in September 1985 .
As pyroclastic flows erupted from the volcano 's crater , they melted the mountain 's glaciers , sending four enormous lahars ( volcanically induced mudslides , landslides , and debris flows ) down its slopes at 50 kilometers per hour ( 30 miles per hour ) . The lahars picked up speed in gullies and coursed into the six major rivers at the base of the volcano ; they engulfed the town of Armero , killing more than 20 @,@ 000 of its almost 29 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Casualties in other towns , particularly Chinchiná , brought the overall death toll to 23 @,@ 000 . Footage and photographs of Omayra Sánchez , a young victim of the tragedy , were published around the world . Other photographs of the lahars and the impact of the disaster captured attention worldwide and led to controversy over the degree to which the Colombian government was responsible
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was driven off by a Japanese aircraft . Following this action , Tantalus radioed a contact report to Fife 's headquarters . The four U.S. Navy battleships at Lingayen Gulf sailed on 10 February bound for U.S. bases in the Pacific where they were to receive repairs and undertake preparations ahead of their role supporting the invasion of Okinawa . The ships left the Philippines area on 14 February without having played any part in efforts to intercept the Completion Force .
U.S. Navy submarines unsuccessfully attempted to attack the Japanese ships on 12 February . At about 1 : 45 pm , USS Charr detected the Completion Force at a distance of 9 mi ( 7 @.@ 8 nmi ; 14 km ) using her radar and transmitted a contact report . An hour later , USS Blackfin made radar contact with the Japanese ships at a range of 15 mi ( 13 nmi ; 24 km ) . Over the next 14 hours the submarines Blackfin , Charr , Flounder , Pargo and Tuna attempted to reach a position where they could attack the Japanese ships , but were unable to do so . A group of submarines to the north — comprising USS Guavina , Hake and Pampanito — was unable to reach a position where they could attack the Completion Force .
USAAF patrols made contact with the Completion Force on 12 February ; following this , it was tracked almost continuously by radar @-@ equipped Army Air Forces and U.S. Navy aircraft . On the morning of 13 February , a force of B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bombers and 40 B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers escorted by 48 P @-@ 51 Mustang fighters was dispatched from several bases on the islands of Leyte and Mindoro to attack the Japanese ships . While the aircraft successfully rendezvoused near the Completion Force , heavy cloud cover kept them from spotting any of the ships . As radar @-@ directed blind bombing was prohibited to avoid accidental attacks on the Allied submarines in the area , the strike force returned to its bases without attacking . On the same day , the Australian destroyers HMAS Arunta and Warramunga departed Lingayen Gulf and proceeded to a position about 300 mi ( 260 nmi ; 480 km ) west of Manila where they were held in readiness to rescue the crews of any aircraft downed while attacking the Completion Force .
More submarines attempted to attack the Japanese force on 13 February . A group of three boats — comprising USS Bergall , Blower and Guitarro — was deployed along its route , and Bergall sighted the Japanese ships at 12 : 30 pm . The submarine was submerged at the time and attempted to maneuver into a firing position , but could not get any closer to the ships than 4 @,@ 800 yd ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) . Nevertheless , it fired six torpedoes at the Japanese force , all of which missed . Blower attempted a submerged attack , but the five torpedoes it fired at one of the battleship @-@ carriers and Ōyodo missed . USS Bashaw and Flasher , the northernmost submarines that Rear Admiral Fife had deployed , encountered the Completion Force during the afternoon of 13 February . Bashaw sighted the Japanese ships as they emerged from a rain squall at 3 : 15 pm , but one of the battleship @-@ carriers spotted the submarine and launched an aircraft to attack it . Bashaw was forced to dive when the battleship @-@ carrier began shelling it with her main battery , and neither it nor Flasher was able to intercept the Completion Force . During this period the other submarines in the area continued to chase the Japanese ships but did not regain contact with them .
An air attack was attempted against the Completion Force on 14 February . The number of B @-@ 24s , B @-@ 25s and escorting P @-@ 51s dispatched on this day was smaller than the force which had been used on 13 February , as the Japanese ships were now beyond the range of aircraft based at Leyte . Once again , cloud cover over the Completion Force prevented the Allied aircraft from sighting the Japanese ships , and they were unable to attack due to the prohibition on radar @-@ aimed bombing . This was the USAAF 's last attempt to bomb the Japanese force . As a result , the only successes gained by the USAAF aircraft involved in the operation were to shoot down a Mitsubishi Ki @-@ 57 " Topsy " transport plane near the Completion Force on 13 February as well as several fighters in the area of the ships between the 12th and 14th of the month . The two Australian destroyers were released for other duties on 15 February .
Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood — the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's submarine force — followed the unsuccessful attempts to intercept the Completion Force in the South China Sea , and stationed a further eleven submarines along its projected route between the Luzon Strait and Japan . The Completion Force reached the Matsu Islands at the northern end of the Formosa Strait in the evening of 15 February , and anchored there for five hours . The Japanese ships resumed their journey to Kure via Korea and the Shimonoseki Strait at midnight , and the destroyers Kamikaze and Nokaze were attached to the force for part of the day . At 5 : 07 am on 16 February , USS Rasher intercepted the Completion Force south of the Chinese city of Wenchow and fired six torpedoes at one of the escorts , but all missed . At this time the Japanese ships were sailing at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ) . None of the other American submarines made contact with the Japanese force as it sailed to the east of where they had been positioned by Lockwood .
The Completion Force finished its entire voyage in about 10 days ; after slipping the Allied patrols it anchored off Chusan Island near Shanghai from 9 : 06 pm on 16 February until 7 : 00 am on 18 February , when it sailed for Sanzenpo Harbor near Sacheon on the southern coast of Korea . It arrived there at 4 : 00 pm that day , and anchored overnight . The Completion Force departed Sanzenpo Harbor at 7 : 00 am on 19 February and reached the Japanese island of Mutsurejima at 4 : 00 pm that day . After anchoring overnight , the Completion Force docked at Kure at 10 : 00 am on 20 February . The ships of the Completion Force were among the last Japanese warships to reach the home islands from the Southwest Pacific .
= = Aftermath = =
The Allied naval commanders were disappointed by the failure of the 26 submarines directed against the Completion Force to inflict any damage on the ships . Fife concluded that this was due to the Completion Force 's high speed , the poor weather conditions at the time of the operation and the Japanese ships being fitted with equipment that enabled them to detect submarines ' radar signals . In a letter to Lockwood , he wrote that the failure of the submarines under his command " was a bitter pill to take and I make no alibi " . Lockwood attributed the decision to deploy his submarines too far to the west on faulty intelligence , and told Fife that " our dope certainly went sour at the last moment . Perhaps I depended too much on it " .
The use of freighters and warships to carry oil was successful in increasing Japanese oil imports , and the total level quality of oil which reached the country during the first quarter of 1945 was greater than the amounts achieved in late 1944 . Nevertheless , Allied submarines sank the majority of the merchant tankers that attempted to sail from Southeast Asia to Japan during February , and in March the Japanese ceased attempting to import oil from this source . Following the departure of the Completion Force , the only major seaworthy Japanese warships remaining in the Southwest Pacific were the heavy cruisers Ashigara and Haguro as well as the light cruiser Isuzu . These three cruisers did not attempt to return to Japan , and all were sunk by Allied submarines and destroyers between April and June .
After reaching Japan , Ise and Hyūga were assigned to bolster the anti @-@ aircraft defenses of the city of Kure and its naval base . Due to shortages of fuel and aircraft , the ships did not put to sea again , and both were sunk during the U.S. Navy 's attacks on Kure between 24 and 28 July 1945 . Ōyodo became part of the Kure Training Force and remained in port until she was sunk on 28 July . The three destroyers also failed to survive the war ; Asashimo and Kasumi fell victim to American carrier aircraft while escorting the battleship Yamato during Operation Ten @-@ Go on 6 April , and Hatsushimo sank after striking a mine near Maizuru
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of imagination " and " sound [ ed ] considerably less energetic and exciting " than on the first two albums .
Songs from the Grass String Ranch , the band 's next album , was completed almost 18 months before its release . The band had consulted with 38 different independent labels before signing to Audium Entertainment , a branch of Koch Records ( now E1 Music ) , which released the album in 2000 . Three months before its release , Richard suffered a heart attack , from which he soon recovered . Because the " Singing the Blues " cover had been unsuccessful , the group decided to record entirely original songs for Songs from the Grass String Ranch . All five members co @-@ wrote all of the songs , with assistance from Verlon Dale Grissom on four of them . In addition , this album featured the Youngs on lead vocals for the first time : Fred on " Dry @-@ Land Fish " and Richard on " Louisianna CoCo . " The title track was inspired by a nickname given to the Youngs ' family farm . " Too Much to Lose " was the album 's first single , peaking at number 66 on Billboard country chart . Richard considered this song an unusual single release because it was the band 's first ballad . Neither of the next two singles , " Louisianna CoCo " and " Love That Woman , " appeared on the music charts . Giving it three stars out of five , Al Campbell of Allmusic said that it was " crowd @-@ pleasing " but " nothing out of the ordinary . " An uncredited review in The Ledger , which gave the album two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four , said that the up @-@ tempo songs were " nothing very original [ … ] but lots of fun " but added that its ballads were " mushy and earnest . "
= = = 2003 – 2006 : Subsequent albums = = =
Soul followed in 2003 , also on Audium . This album also featured Johnnie Johnson , as well as guest appearances by organist Reese Wynans ( of Double Trouble ) , saxophone player Jim Horn , and a local musician named Robbie Bartlett , who sang guest vocals on " Everyday People . " It included the non @-@ charting single " Lonely Nights " and a tribute song to Carl Perkins entitled " Last Night I Met Carl Perkins " , as well as two covers : " I Still Wanna Be Your Man , " originally recorded by Eddie Hinton , and " Have You Ever Loved a Woman ? , " a blues standard made famous by Eric Clapton . This album received generally favorable reviews . Mark Deming gave a three @-@ star rating for Allmusic , saying that the album 's more rhythm and blues and soul @-@ influenced sound worked well due to the blues influences present in Southern rock , although he added that the album retained the " big guitar bombast " of the band 's previous works . Matt Bjorke of About.com considered its sound a departure from the earlier albums , but added " it 's not hard to see that the band fully enjoys what they are doing " and highlighted the presence of a horn section and Hammond B @-@ 3 organ on some tracks . Ray Waddell of Billboard magazine considered Wynans ' and Johnson 's contributions " perfect fits " , and noted that the album was " laid back " until the second half . His review also mentions the extended drum solo and " stone blues coda " of the closing track " What You See Is What You Get . "
In 2005 , following the closure of Audium , the band signed to the CBuJ Entertainment label . Its first release for the label was Big Boss Man , an album composed entirely of cover songs . This album was led off by its title track , a cover of the Jimmy Reed blues standard . Also released from it were renditions of Roger Miller 's " Chug @-@ a @-@ Lug " and Hank Williams ' " Take These Chains from My Heart " . The project was financed by Sony / ATV Music Publishing as a means of making extra money from older songs in the publishing company 's catalog . Richard helped select the songs for this album , which included three other Hank Williams covers , as well as Bob Dylan 's " Like a Rolling Stone , " The Beatles ' " I 'm Down , " and Patsy Cline 's " Walkin ' After Midnight , " among others . Despite saying that the album was " obviously aimed at longtime fans , " Greg Prato of Allmusic gave it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , with his review making note of the " beefed @-@ up " Patsy Cline and Hank Williams covers . Ray Waddell of Billboard called the album " loose and rowdy , " saying that the band " injected soul " into the Dylan cover and recorded an " intoxicating " version of " Chug @-@ a @-@ Lug , " although he said that the " Hey Good Lookin ' " cover was " heavy @-@ handed . " Robert Woolridge gave a mostly @-@ favorable review for Country Standard Time , citing " Chug @-@
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a @-@ Lug " and " So Sad to See Good Love Go Bad " ( originally by The Everly Brothers ) as the most country @-@ sounding . He also described three of the Hank Williams covers positively , but said that Phelps did not have a suitable vocal range for " I 'm Down " and that his voice was monotonous on " Walkin ' After Midnight . "
= = = 2007 – present : Flying Under the Radar and Dixie Lullabies = = =
One year later , CBuJ Entertainment released the compilation Flying Under the Radar , which comprised selections from Songs from the Grass String Ranch , Soul and Big Boss Man , as well as two new songs and a remix of " Chug @-@ a @-@ Lug . " Kenney left the band around 2008 to take a job as the technical director of a theatre in Glasgow , Kentucky , and Doug has since taken over on bass guitar .
To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of Pickin ' on Nashville , the band released a live album entitled Authorized Bootleg : Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland , Ohio . It was followed in October 2011 by Dixie Lullabies on the Red Dirt label , which the band recorded at the Practice House after touring with Jamey Johnson . William Ruhlmann gave this album a positive review , comparing the sound to The Rolling Stones and ZZ Top .
In April 2015 , the band released another collaborative album with Johnson entitled Meet Me in Bluesland , via Alligator Records .
= = Work with other artists = =
The band 's members have also participated in several projects involving other artists . Richard Young co @-@ produced some tracks on Flynnville Train 's self @-@ titled debut album , which was released on September 11 , 2007 by Show Dog Nashville , a label owned by Toby Keith ( now part of Show Dog @-@ Universal Music ) . This album includes the song " Truck Stop in the Sky , " which Richard and Fred co @-@ wrote with two of Flynnville Train 's members , brothers Brent Flynn and David Flynn . Also in 2007 , Greg Martin released a gospel rock album called The Mighty Jeremiahs as a side project . The album features Jimmy Hall and Jeff Beck , plus appearances by members of The Kentucky Headhunters , Phil Keaggy , Darrell Mansfield ( for whom Martin has previously played ) , and others . Martin also played for Hall on his 2007 album Build Your Own Fire , a tribute album to Eddie Hinton . In 2009 , Martin began a side project called Rufus Huff with Chris Hardesty , Dean Smith , and Jarrod England . This side project released an album via Zoho Music in April 2009 .
Richard , along with Stan Webb and former MCA Nashville Records artist Marty Brown , wrote Tracy Byrd 's 1998 single " I 'm from the Country . " Brown and the band also recorded the song 's demo version . Richard 's son , John Fred Young , plays drums in the rock band Black Stone Cherry . The band practices at the same farm house where The Kentucky Headhunters once rehearsed .
= = Musical styles = =
The band 's sound is influenced by country music , blues , Southern rock , and heavy metal , and has been described as " guitar @-@ heavy , rambunctious music . " Lead singer Doug Phelps ' voice has been described as " alternately suggest [ ing ] Count Basie 's storied blues shouter Jimmy Rushing and the laid @-@ back cool of Eagle Glenn Frey . " The band 's combination of styles is most notable in its cover song choices on early albums . All three Mercury albums contain a Bill Monroe cover , and other covers on these albums include Waylon Jennings , Carl Perkins , Norman Greenbaum and The Lovin ' Spoonful . Soul showcased the band 's blues and R & B influences through its use of Hammond organ and a horn section . The band 's original compositions , such as " Dumas Walker " and the title track to Songs from the Grass String Ranch , often develop a regional theme .
At its peak in the early 1990s , The Kentucky Headhunters were considered a dark horse in country music , due to the significant mainstream attention that the band received despite their rougher sound and the members ' rural Southern image . In 1991 , Entertainment Weekly critic Alanna Nash wrote that although the band did not sell as many albums as contemporaries George Strait or Garth Brooks , " they may just end up redefining country for the ' 90s " given the diverse range of influences and styles . Billboard critic Ray Waddell called the band " arguably the most consistent and durable Southern rock outfit on the planet . "
= = Band members = =
Greg Martin – lead guitar , background vocals ( 1968 @-@ 1973 , 1976 – 1982 , 1986 – present )
Doug Phelps – bass guitar , background vocals ( 1986 – 1992 ) ; lead vocals ( 1995 – present ) ; bass guitar ( 2008 – present )
Fred Young – drums , percussion , lead and background vocals ( 1968 – 1982 , 1986 – present )
Richard Young – rhythm guitar , lead and background vocals ( 1968 – 1982 , 1986 – present )
Former members
James Harrison - lead guitar ( 1973 @-@ 1976 )
Anthony Kenney – bass guitar , harmonica , background vocals ( 1968 – 1982 , 1992 – 2008 )
Mark S. Orr – lead vocals ( 1992 – 1
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. Introduced rats ( Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus ) have become serious pests on farms , destroying stored grains .
Invasive plant pathogens and insect vectors for plant diseases can also suppress agricultural yields and nursery stock . Citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the invasive Asian citrus psyllid ( ACP ) . Because of the impacts of this disease on citrus crops , citrus is under quarantine and highly regulated in areas where ACP has been found .
= = = = Aquaculture = = = =
Aquaculture is a very common vector of species introductions – mainly of species with economic potential ( e.g. , Oreochromis niloticus )
= = = = Forestry = = = =
The unintentional introduction of forest pest species and plant pathogens can change forest ecology and damage the timber industry . Overall , forest ecosystems in the U.S. are widely invaded by exotic pests , plants , and pathogens .
The Asian long @-@ horned beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) was first introduced into the U.S. in 1996 , and was expected to infect and damage millions of acres of hardwood trees . As of 2005 thirty million dollars had been spent in attempts to eradicate this pest and protect millions of trees in the affected regions . The woolly adelgid has inflicted damage on old @-@ growth spruce , fir and hemlock forests and damages the Christmas tree industry . And the chestnut blight fungus ( Cryphonectria parasitica ) and Dutch elm disease ( Ophiostoma novo @-@ ulmi ) are two plant pathogens with serious impacts on these two species , and forest health . Garlic mustard , Alliaria petiolata , is one of the most problematic invasive plant species in eastern North American forests . The characteristics of garlic mustard are slightly different from those of the surrounding native plants , which results in a highly successful species that is altering the composition and function of the native communities it invades . When garlic mustard invades the understory of a forest , it affects the growth rate of tree seedlings , which is likely to alter forest regeneration of impact forest composition in the future .
= = = = Tourism and recreation = = = =
Invasive species can impact outdoor recreation , such as fishing , hunting , hiking , wildlife viewing , and water @-@ based activities . They can damage a wide array of environmental services that are important to recreation , including , but not limited to , water quality and quantity , plant and animal diversity , and species abundance . Eiswerth states , " very little research has been performed to estimate the corresponding economic losses at spatial scales such as regions , states , and watersheds . " Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ) in parts of the US , fill lakes with plants complicating fishing and boating . The very loud call of the introduced common coqui depresses real estate values in affected neighborhoods of Hawaii .
= = = Health = = =
Encroachment of humans into previously remote ecosystems has exposed exotic diseases such as HIV to the wider population . Introduced birds ( e.g. pigeons ) , rodents and insects ( e.g. mosquito , flea , louse and tsetse fly pests ) can serve as vectors and reservoirs of human afflictions . The introduced Chinese mitten crabs are carriers of Asian lung fluke . Throughout recorded history , epidemics of human diseases , such as malaria , yellow fever , typhus , and bubonic plague , spread via these vectors . A recent example of an introduced disease is the spread of the West Nile virus , which killed humans , birds , mammals , and reptiles . Waterborne disease agents , such as cholera bacteria ( Vibrio cholerae ) , and causative agents of harmful algal blooms are often transported via ballast water . Invasive species and accompanying control efforts can have long term public health implications . For instance , pesticides applied to treat a particular pest species could pollute soil and surface water .
= = = Biodiversity = = =
Biotic invasion is considered one of the five top drivers for global biodiversity loss and is increasing because of tourism and globalization . This may be particularly true in inadequately regulated fresh water systems , though quarantines and ballast water rules have improved the situation .
Invasive species may drive local native species to extinction via competitive exclusion , niche displacement , or hybridisation with related native species . Therefore , besides their economic ramifications , alien invasions may result in extensive changes in the structure , composition and global distribution of the biota of sites of introduction , leading ultimately to the homogenisation of the world ’ s fauna and flora and the loss of biodiversity . Nevertheless , it is difficult to unequivocally attribute extinctions to a species invasion , and the few scientific studies that have done so have been with animal taxa . Concern over the impacts of
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organizations that lobbied for business and social issues .
The flour milling industry also spurred the growth of banking in the Minneapolis area . Mills required capital for investments in their plants and machinery and for their ongoing operations . By the early 20th century , Minneapolis was known as " the financial center of the Northwest " .
= = Cultural institutions = =
= = = Education = = =
The University of Minnesota was founded in 1851 , seven years before Minnesota became a state , as a preparatory school . The school was forced to close during the American Civil War because of financial difficulties , but with support from John S. Pillsbury , it reopened in 1867 . William Watts Folwell became the first president of the University in 1869 . The university granted its first two Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1873 , and awarded its first Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1888 . From its beginnings in the St. Anthony area , the university eventually grew into a large campus on the east bank of the Mississippi , along with its campus in St. Paul and the addition of a West Bank campus in the 1960s .
DeLaSalle High School was founded by Archbishop John Ireland in 1900 as a Catholic secondary school . Its early mission was as a commercial school , but in 1920 , parents were asking for a college preparatory school . The school has been in operation for over 100 years in several buildings on Nicollet Island .
= = = Parks = = =
The first park in Minneapolis was land donated to the city in 1857 , but it took about 25 years for the community to take a major interest in its parks . The Minneapolis Board of Trade and other civic leaders pressed the Minnesota Legislature for assistance . On February 27 , 1883 , the Legislature authorized the city to form a park district and to levy taxes . The initial vision was to create a number of boulevards , based on the design concepts of Frederick Law Olmsted , that would connect parks . Civic leaders also hoped to stimulate economic development and increase land values . Landscape architect Horace Cleveland was hired to create a system of parks named the " Grand Rounds " .
Lake Harriet was donated to the city by William S. King in 1885 and the first bandshell on the lake was built in 1888 . The current bandshell , built in 1985 , is the fifth one in its location .
Minnehaha Falls was purchased as a park in 1889 . The park was named after a character in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's epic poem , The Song of Hiawatha .
In 1906 , Theodore Wirth came to Minneapolis as the parks superintendent . During his tenure , the park system increased from 1810 acres ( 7 @.@ 3 km ² ) in 57 properties to 5421 acres ( 21 @.@ 9 km ² ) in 144 properties . The park system , organized around the Minneapolis chain of lakes ( including Cedar Lake , Lake
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in the warehouse , an embarrassed Darryl passes the gloves off to warehouse worker Nate ( Mark Proksch ) , who 's moved by the gift . Darryl is further disappointed when a man named Brandon calls asking for the address of the warehouse to send flowers to his girlfriend Val . He 's intrigued , however , when she says the flowers were from her mother , despite him pointing out the caller had had a deep voice and gone by the name Brandon . Darryl decides Val 's gift was " a love beanie " .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by story editor Amelie Gillette , her second writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff in the seventh season . It was directed by series producer and editor David Rogers , his fifth directing credit for the series . The episode also marks the eighth appearance of Lindsey Broad , who plays Cathy , Pam 's replacement during her maternity leave . She appeared in a recurring role for the season , after she initially appeared in " Pam 's Replacement " . She makes an appearance in the episode , despite the fact that Pam arrives back in work , which is referenced in the episode by Meredith Palmer . The episode introduced a six @-@ episode arc which featured several of the office workers working on a special project for Sabre in Tallahassee , Florida . The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include more clips of Dwight forming his group , Cathy mentioning a former boyfriend to the camera , and more clips of the office workers attempting to join the special projects group .
= = Cultural references = =
Stanley says that he 's the only one in the office who watches the television series , Burn Notice . Dwight says after finishing work on the special project in Florida , they will be able to go visit Cape Canaveral and go sea kayaking with Gloria Estefan . While attempting to convince his group not to go to Florida , pictures of Casey Anthony , Katherine Harris , Brooke Hogan and Tony Montana are used .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The episode first aired on NBC in the United States on February 9 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by an estimated 5 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a three @-@ tenths drop in the ratings from the previous episode , " Jury Duty " . The episode finished third in its time slot , being beaten by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 10 % share and the CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 3 @.@ 3 rating / 8 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode beat the Fox drama series The Finder and The CW drama series The Secret Circle . Despite this , " Special Project " was the highest @-@ rated NBC television episode of the night . After DVR usage was taken into account , the episode increased its viewership by 64 % , being viewed by a total of 7 @.@ 842 million viewers .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Special Project " received mainly positive reviews from critics , with many looking forward to the " special projects " plotline . The A.V
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. Club reviewer Myles McNutt praised the episode and the introduction of the special projects plotline , comparing it to the third season arc featuring Jim in Stamford , Connecticut , and the " Michael Scott Paper Company " arc from the fifth season . He praised the episode for feeling " like a big answer to many of the issues that have plagued the show so far this season " , specifically pointing to Dwight 's meta @-@ commentary on Cathy 's " lack of personality " . He moreover wrote that he was looking forward to the rest of the season and the change in dynamic . Despite this , he criticized Dwight 's role in the episode , comparing his orientation to Michael 's conference room lectures and wrote he had a " distaste " for the broader moments for the character . He ultimately gave the episode an A- , his highest grade for an eighth @-@ season episode .
New York writer Michael Tedder gave the episode a positive review for avoiding the " cutesy " moments that were featured in the first half of the season . He praised several of the cast members ' performances in the episode , including Ellie Kemper and Mark Proksch . He also complimented the sub @-@ plot featuring Darryl and Val , but wrote that the producers should just get the two together , because " Not every ongoing plotline needs to last all season " . IGN writer Cindy White wrote a positive review for the episode for allowing the " less prominent characters of the ensemble " to get some lines in the episode , specifically mentioning Stanley and Ryan . She also complimented the Darryl @-@ Val subplot , writing that they 're one of the few romantic pairings on the show that she 's " rooting " for . She ultimately gave the episode an 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , calling it " impressive " .
However , not all reviews were positive . Lizzie Fhur of Buzz Sugar wrote that while the " special projects " storyline has potential , " this week just kind of landed flat for me " . Brian Marder of Hollywood called the episode a " giant step back " , especially following the previous episode which he called " promising " . He wrote that the jokes and story of the episode went " nowhere " and he criticized the episode for its loud , " laugh @-@ track @-@ worthy " jokes compared to the early seasons of the series that featured more subtle humor . Despite the mostly negative review , he wrote that he hoped the episode would lead to a better storyline in the following episodes . The ending scene featuring Cathy 's phone conversation about Jim and Pam 's marriage has also received significant attention . Cindy White criticized the suggestion that Cathy will break Jim and Pam , calling it a " cheap plow " and that if Cathy and Jim would have an affair , it would cause " serious damage to [ Jim 's ] character " , while Myles McNutt felt it would allow Cathy to become an actual character in the series .
= Distributed element filter =
A distributed element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance , inductance and resistance ( the elements of the circuit ) are not localised in discrete capacitors , inductors and resistors as they are in conventional filters . Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass , but to block others . Conventional filters are constructed from inductors and capacitors , and the circuits so built are described by the lumped element model , which considers each element to be " lumped together " at one place . That model is conceptually simple , but it becomes increasingly unreliable as the frequency of the signal increases , or equivalently as the wavelength decreases . The distributed element model applies at all frequencies , and is used in transmission line theory ; many distributed element components are made of short lengths of transmission line . In the distributed view of circuits , the elements are distributed along the length of conductors and are inextricably mixed together . The filter design is usually concerned only with inductance and capacitance , but because of this mixing of elements they cannot be treated as separate " lumped " capacitors and inductors . There is no precise frequency above which distributed element filters must be used but they are especially associated with the microwave band ( wavelength less than one metre ) .
Distributed element filters are used in many of the same applications as lumped element filters , such as selectivity of radio channel , bandlimiting of noise and multiplexing of many signals into one channel . Distributed element
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Penn to win the 2008 World Series , while the Mets ' last title came in the 1986 World Series .
In 2015 , the Mets won the National League Championship Series for their fifth pennant while the Phillies entered a rebuild phase . The Mets beat the Phillies 14 times and lost 5 for a lopsided season series . The season still provided contentious moments such as , Mets pitcher Matt Harvey drilling Phillies 2nd baseman Chase Utley in retaliation for mets players getting hit by Phillies pitchers , a benches clearing argument between Phillies coach Larry Bowa in regards to a quick pitch by Hansel Robles and a bat flip by Daniel Murphy . Phillies star Chase Utley while , traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers mid @-@ season , injured Mets shortstop Rubén Tejada on a questionable late slide during Game 2 of the National League Division Series . The Mets would go on to win the series and eliminate the Dodgers en @-@ route to the pennant .
= = Early history = =
= = = Bunning 's perfect game = = =
Bunning 's perfect game occurred in the 1964 season , during which the Phillies finished at the top and the Mets finished bottom . Pitcher Jim Bunning , in his first season with the Phillies , entered play on June 21 with a 6 – 2 record on the season . He was opposed on the mound by Tracy Stallard for the Mets in the first game of a doubleheader . Through the first four innings , Bunning totaled four strikeouts through twelve batters . In the fifth inning , Phillies second baseman Tony Taylor preserved the perfect game with his strong defensive play . A diving catch and a throw from the knees kept Mets catcher Jesse Gonder off of the bases . Bunning also made plays at the plate , hitting a double and driving in two runs in the sixth inning . By the end of the game , even the Mets fans were cheering Bunning 's effort ; he had only reached a three @-@ ball count on two batters , and retired shortstop Charley Smith on a pop @-@ out , and pinch @-@ hitters George Altman and John Stephenson on strikeouts , to complete the perfect game . Bunning , who at the time had seven children , said that his game , pitched on Father 's Day , could not have come at a more appropriate time . He remarked that his slider was his best pitch , " ' just like the no @-@ hitter I pitched for Detroit six years ago ' " . Bunning became the first pitcher to throw a winning no @-@ hitter in both leagues , and posted the first regular @-@ season perfect game since Charlie Robertson in 1922 ( Don Larsen 's prior perfect game was in the 1956 World Series ) . The Phillies also won the second game of the doubleheader , 8 – 2 , behind Rick Wise .
The Phillies performed strongly for most of the season , but surrendered a 6 1 ⁄ 2 game lead during the last weeks of the season that year , losing 10 games in a row with 12 games remaining and losing the pennant by one game to the St. Louis Cardinals . " The Phold " of 1964 is among the most notable collapses in sports history . The Mets , meanwhile , finished the year in last place , with a 53 – 109 record — the worst in Major League Baseball .
= = = Tug McGraw = = =
Tug McGraw pitched for the Mets from 1965 to 1967 , and again from 1969 to 1974 after spending all of the 1968 season in the minor leagues . In those nine seasons , he amassed 86 saves and appeared in 361 games . He appeared in the postseason for the 1969 Miracle Mets , pitching three innings against the Atlanta Braves . He was selected to the 1972 All @-@ Star team , and appeared in the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award voting in 1972 and 1973 . During the 1973 pennant @-@ winning season , he coined the Mets ' rally cry , " Ya gotta believe ! " In the 1974 season , McGraw experienced issues with his arm and shoulder . Thus , the Mets traded McGraw , along with outfielders Don Hahn and Dave Schneck , to the Phillies in December 1974 for pitcher Mac Scarce , catcher John Stearns , and outfielder Del Unser .
McGraw became a staple of the back end of the Phillies ' bullpen , saving 94 games between 1975 and 1982 , and earning a place on the 1975 All @-@ Star team . Under manager Danny Ozark , the Phillies
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won three consecutive division championships from 1976 to 1978 with McGraw as the closer , while the Mets finished third in 1976 and last in 1977 and 1978 . In 1980 , McGraw was on the mound against the Kansas City Royals when the Phillies won their first World Series championship , earning his fourth save of that postseason . He struck out Willie Wilson with the bases loaded to preserve the win for Steve Carlton and the Phillies , leaping from the mound to embrace catcher Bob Boone on the field at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia . Sportswriter Allen Barra recounted that McGraw , in the victory parade after the World Series , told New York fans they could " take this championship and shove it . "
= = 1980s – 1990s = =
= = = 1986 = = =
The Mets won the National League East by 21 1 ⁄ 2 games in 1986 , but the Phillies were the only team to post a winning record against them , including winning 7 of 9 at Veterans Stadium . On September 12 , up by 22 games , the Mets came to Philadelphia for a three game weekend series needing one win to clinch the division . The Mets brought champagne to Philadelphia . Before the series , Mets manager Davey Johnson told the Associated Press , " It will be nice to clinch in Philadelphia . It gives us a chance to beat the only team in our way ... I have a nice warm feeling about this . " He told The Philadelphia Inquirer : " For the fans ... it would be nicer to clinch at home . But for the safety ... and the livelihood of the players ... it 's better to do it on the road . " In the series opener , Mike Schmidt hit a three @-@ run homer , Phillies rookie Bruce Ruffin out pitched the Mets ' Dwight Gooden , and the Phillies won , 6 – 3 . The Phillies won the second game of the series , 6 – 5 ; visiting Mets fans became unruly and damaged seats in the upper deck . One Mets fan was arrested after hitting two Philadelphia police officers . The Phillies completed the sweep by beating the Mets , 6 – 0 , behind a shutout from Kevin Gross , drove in two runs with a fourth @-@ inning triple . The Mets would clinch the division at Shea Stadium on September 17 . After the season , the Phils ' Schmidt won the National League MVP Award , ahead of the Mets ' Gary Carter and Keith Hernandez who finished third and fourth .
= = = 1987 – 1988 = = =
The Phillies played spoiler in 1987 . The Mets went 13 – 5 against the Phillies in 1987 and outscored Philadelphia 94 – 56 . However , the Phillies won two of three in September to hurt the Mets ' chances of winning the division significantly .
The Mets ' Ron Darling took a no @-@ hitter and 4 – 0 lead into the eighth inning against the Phillies on June 28 at the Vet before 52 @,@ 206 fans . Philadelphia 's Greg Gross pinch @-@ hit and tripled to lead off the eighth inning , breaking up the no @-@ hitter . Juan Samuel then singled to break up the shutout , and the Phillies came back with nine hits against Jesse Orosco and Roger McDowell , scoring five runs to win 5 – 4 . It would have been the first no @-@ hitter in Mets history . Compounding the loss for the Mets , the Phillies were in last place at the time , and the loss dropped the Mets 6 1 ⁄ 2 games behind the first @-@ place Cardinals who they would play the next day . Of the win and the Mets , Mike Schmidt said , " The Mets don 't like to give credit when they lose , but they have to do it today . "
On September 28 , the Mets came into Philadelphia for a three @-@ game series against the Phillies . The Mets were 2 1 ⁄ 2 games out of first with six games left : three against the Phillies and the last three against the first @-@ place Cardinals . They had an opportunity to win the division and were playing the Phillies , against whom they had a season record of 12 – 3 . The Mets won the opener , 1 – 0 , to move within two games back with five remaining to play . However , the Phillies effectively ended their season on September 29 . As the Cardinals swept a doubleheader from the Montréal Expos , the Phillies ' Don Carman pitched a complete @-@ game one @-@ hitter , facing only 28 batters to shut out the Mets . After the game , Mets manager Davey Johnson said , " How does it feel now ? Empty ? Not yet . But we need to get help . When you play 162 games and you 're eliminated , then you feel empty . And sick . " He promised reporters , " We 're going to win tomorrow night . " . The following night , Mets pitcher Dwight Gooden struck out 10 , and left after pitching nine innings with the score tied at three runs each , but the Phillies ' Luis Aguayo won the game with a 10th @-@ inning pinch @-@ hit home run off of Orosco , clinching at least a tie for first place in the division for the Cardinals .
The 1988 Mets returned to the playoffs , but the Phillies , who finished in sixth place in the division with a 65 – 96 record , beat the Mets 8 times in 18 games , the third @-@ best record against them of any team in the league . The Mets won their second division title in three years in a game against the Phillies , and like two years before , did it at home . In the postseason , the Mets lost to the eventual champion Dodgers in the 1988 National League Championship Series .
= = = 1989 – 1990 = = =
On June 18 , 1989 , after a Mets – Phillies game , the Phillies traded Samuel to the Mets for McDowell and Lenny Dykstra . Dykstra was a career .278 hitter with the Mets and had not equaled his 1986 season when he hit .295 . Dykstra flourished in Philadelphia and went on to be named to three All @-@ Star teams in six full seasons with the Phillies , finish in the top ten in National League Most Valuable Player voting twice , and help lead the Phillies to the 1993 National League pennant . McDowell saved 45 games for the Phillies in parts of three seasons and became a fan favorite . The trade was a bust for the Mets as Samuel hit only .228 for the Mets in 1989 and was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers after the 1989 season . It signaled an ascent of the Phillies which culminated in their 1993 National League pennant and the demise of the Mets in the early 1990s . Sports Illustrated writer and Mets fan David Vecsey counts the Dykstra trade as one of the five worst in Mets history , writing , " Never mind that Dykstra was better than Samuel , this trade was devastating to Mets fans on a purely personal level . With one phone call , GM Joe McIlvaine gutted the team of its heart . " The trade also ushered in a period of bad blood between the two teams .
On September 27 , 1989 , the Phillies faced the Mets in their home finale at Shea Stadium in New York after a disappointing Mets season . The Mets had won the East in 1988 but were in third place on September 26 behind the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals . McDowell was closing out a 5 – 3 win for the Phillies when , with two outs in the ninth , he induced former teammate Gregg Jeffries to ground out to second to end the game . As Jeffries was running out the play , McDowell said something to him prompting Jeffries to charge the mound and wrestle McDowell to the ground . The benches cleared and punches were exchanged before the umpires could separate the teams . Jeffries later claimed that McDowell had thrown at him during a 2 – 1 Phillies victory on September 25 .
The brawling continued in 1990 . During an August 9 game at Shea , Gooden hit Phillies hitters Dickie Thon and Tommy Herr . When Gooden came to bat in the fifth inning , Phillies pitcher Pat Combs hit Gooden in the knee with a fastball . Phillies outfielder Von Hayes defended Combs after the game , " Gooden better expect retaliation if he keeps hitting guys with 95 mph ( 153 km / h ) fastballs . We 've
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= = = High treason = = =
The nadir of Marlborough 's fortunes had not yet been reached . The spring of 1692 brought renewed threats of a French invasion and new accusations of Jacobite treachery . Acting on the testimony of one Robert Young , the Queen had arrested all the signatories to a letter purporting the restoration of James II and the seizure of William III . Marlborough , as one of these signatories , was sent to the Tower of London on 4 May ( O.S. ) where he languished for five weeks ; his anguish compounded by the news of the death of his younger son Charles on 22 May ( O.S. ) . Young 's letters were eventually discredited as forgeries and Marlborough was released on 15 June ( O.S. ) , but he continued his correspondence with James , leading to the celebrated incident of the " Camaret Bay letter " of 1694 .
For several months the Allies had been planning an attack upon Brest , the French port in the Bay of Biscay . The French had received intelligence alerting them to the imminent assault , enabling Marshal Vauban to strengthen its defences and reinforce the garrison . Inevitably the attack on 18 June led by Thomas Tollemache ended in disaster ; most of his men were killed or captured , and Tollemache himself died of his wounds shortly afterwards . Despite lacking evidence , Marlborough 's detractors claimed that it was he who had alerted the enemy . Macaulay states that in a letter on 3 May 1694 Marlborough betrayed the Allied plans to James , thus ensuring that the landing failed and that Tollemache , a talented rival , was killed or discredited as a direct result . Historians such as John Paget and C. T. Atkinson conclude that he probably did write the letter , but did so only when he knew that it would be received too late for its information to be of any practical use ( the plan of the attack on Brest was widely known , and the French had already begun to strengthen their defences in April ) . To Richard Holmes the evidence linking Marlborough with the Camaret Bay letter ( which no longer exists ) , is slender , concluding , " It is very hard to imagine a man as careful as Marlborough , only recently freed from suspicion of treason , writing a letter which would kill him if it fell into the wrong hands . " However , David Chandler surmises that , " the whole episode is so obscure and inconclusive that it is still not possible to make a definite ruling . In sum , perhaps we should award Marlborough the benefit of the doubt . "
= = = Reconciliation = = =
Mary 's death on 28 December 1694 ( O.S. ) eventually led to a formal but cool reconciliation between William III and Anne , now heir to the throne . Marlborough hoped that the rapprochement would lead to his own return to office , but although he and Lady Marlborough were allowed to return to court , the Earl received no offer of employment .
In 1696 Marlborough , together with Godolphin , Russell and Shrewsbury , was yet again implicated in a treasonous plot with James II , this time instigated by the Jacobite militant John Fenwick . The accusations were eventually dismissed as a fabrication and Fenwick executed – the King himself had remained incredulous – but it was not until 1698 , a year after the Treaty of Ryswick brought an end to the Nine Years ' War , that the corner was finally turned in William 's and Marlborough 's relationship . On the recommendation of Lord Sunderland ( whose wife was a close friend of Lady Marlborough ) , William eventually offered Marlborough the post of governor to the Duke of Gloucester , Anne 's eldest son ; he was also restored to the Privy Council , together with his
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and a valued support rider , and wanted to do something to thank him for all his hard work done on the Spaniard 's behalf . The day was also a good one for Kreuziger , as his eighth place on the day moved him up to seventh overall . Kreuziger was just 16th in the stage 21 time trial in Milan , a poor showing for him . But since José Rujano , the man who had been directly ahead of him in the overall standings , is a vastly inferior time trialist ( 46th on the day ) , Kreuziger moved past him to finish the Giro in sixth place overall . While he did fall short of his goal to finish on the podium , Kreuziger nonetheless added another Grand Tour top ten and the best young rider jersey to his palmarès . The squad also finished as winners of the Trofeo Fast Team , the traditional team classification where the times for the team 's top three riders are added each day . They finished an even ten minutes the better of Movistar Team .
= = = Tour de France = = =
Vinokourov led the Astana squad at the Tour de France . Entering 2011 , he had thought it to be his final season as an active competitor , and his main goal for the year was to wear the yellow jersey at some time during the Tour . His pursuit of yellow was strengthened by the addition of Kreuziger to the squad , riding solely in support of the veteran Kazakh . Paris – Nice stage winner Di Gregorio and Tiralongo were also named to the squad .
The squad turned in a decent ride in the stage 2 team time trial , finishing ninth of 22 teams . The result installed Vinokourov into 27th place , 32 seconds off the race lead . Vinokourov took third in stage 4 on the Mûr @-@ de @-@ Bretagne , one of only ten riders to finish together at the front of the race . He moved up six places to 18th with this result . In stage 8 on Super Besse , Vinokourov and Team Sky 's Juan Antonio Flecha put in an attack that constituted a clear bid to take the yellow jersey . Starting the day 32 seconds back of race leader Thor Hushovd , Vinokourov surged past Flecha and all remaining members of the morning breakaway other than eventual stage winner Rui Costa . He occupied second position on the road , holding a sufficient time gap that he could take the race leadership , until he was reabsorbed by the depleted front peloton and finished at the back of that group . The result did , however , move Vinokourov up to 11th .
The team 's fortunes took a dramatic turn the next day . On the same day that breakaway riders Flecha and Johnny Hoogerland were sideswiped by a car at the front of the race , Vinokourov crashed along with Jurgen Van den Broeck , Andreas Klöden , and David Zabriskie , all of whom eventually left the race due to their injuries . Vinokourov 's injuries were quite clearly serious immediately – he could not walk back to the road from which he fell , needing to be held up by Di Gregorio and Grivko . He was revealed to have sustained a broken right femur . Fofonov also crashed , witnessing what took place from his position directly behind Vinokourov . He described that the race had been extremely fast , and the road wet , with Hushovd and a rider from Omega Pharma – Lotto taking a line around a left @-@ hand curve that resulted in those behind taking it much too widely and falling off the road . Vinokourov was quoted as saying " I never expected such a dramatic end on the Tour de France " and said that he expected the team to fight on for a stage win . He had surgery in Aurillac the next day , with the scheduled recovery time for the injury ruling him out for the remainder of the season , also meaning that it would likely end his professional career . A week later , Vinokourov indeed announced his retirement from the sport , for a second time . After his first four weeks of rehabilitation went better than anticipated , Vinokourov announced that he would ride the Giro di Lombardia before retiring . Later this plan changed , to have him ride the Chrono des Nations instead , due to the lesser risk of crashing in an individual time trial than in a hilly classic . In September , Vinokourov came out of retirement altogether and announced that he would return as an active rider in 2012 .
Despite Vinokourov 's hopes upon crashing out of the race that the squad would continue to be combative , they did not attain any noteworthy results over the remainder of the Tour . Grivko and Fofonov took top @-@ ten stage placings from breakaways in stages 16 and 17 , but did not come close to winning either day , finishing tenth and sixth respectively and over a minute off the winner 's time both days . Vaitkus finished eighth on the Champs @-@ Élysées stage to close out the Tour . The squad 's best @-@ placed rider in the final overall standings was Di Gregorio in 39th place , an hour and 22 minutes off Tour winner Cadel Evans ' time .
= = = Vuelta a España = = =
Kashechkin , who previously rode for Astana before being suspended following a positive doping test at the 2007 Tour de France , transferred to the team from Lampre – ISD effective at the beginning of August . His first race back with the team was the Vuelta a España , where he was to ride as squad leader . He hoped to finish in the top five .
Astana turned in their strongest team time trial performance in the Vuelta , finishing fourth of the 22 teams . Kiserlovski commented after the ride that the team was well pleased with fourth place and the small time gap to the stage winners Leopard Trek . Gasparotto had high placings in stages 2 and 3 , but did not come especially close to winning either , taking seventh in a field sprint and then ninth over a minute down on the back @-@ to @-@ back days . In the Vuelta 's first summit finish the next day in the Sierra Nevada , Kessiakoff finished in the 29 @-@ rider leading peloton 11 seconds back of the stage winner , which moved him up to seventh overall . Kashechkin , on the other hand , finished in the second @-@ to @-@ last large group , losing 18 minutes and any chance at serious overall contention . Kessiakoff moved up to sixth the next day by finishing tenth on the Valdepeñas de Jaén climb . After two more tenth places on difficult stages , Kessiakoff 's position improved to fourth overall , gaining that position on stage 9 . He occupied fifth after stage 11 , having slipped a bit in the stage 10 individual time trial , still leaving him to be described as the " big surprise of the Vuelta a España . " After 11 stages , Kashechkin lay 107th , nearly an hour and a half
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enna of The Washington Post reported , " On ' White Horse , ' the chorus of believers also joined in , and threw their young fists in the air to yell Swift 's esteem @-@ free but cathartic climax , ' I 'm gonna find someone someday who might actually treat me well ! ' " Swift said in a 2012 interview with Cosmopolitan that White Horse is in fact her favorite song to sing live , " a song that I 've always been proud of because it 's about that really horrible feeling of a one @-@ sided relationship that isn 't balanced ; it 's one @-@ sided . You clearly love him more than he loves you , and you know it . And it 's a sinking feeling , but it 's also a really intoxicating feeling . And a lot of times girls will end up in these relationships where he 's not giving you anything so you 'll take the crumbs . In my mind what hurts the most is what they didn 't say . It 's when they knew I needed to hear something and they wouldn 't just say it . They knew I needed commitment or loyalty or reassurance , and they wouldn 't give it . "
= = Track listings = =
CD Single
" White Horse " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 55
" White Horse " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 22
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads .
= Repentless =
Repentless is the twelfth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . It was released on September 11 , 2015 , and is the first Slayer album to feature guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and the first to feature drummer Paul Bostaph since 2001 's God Hates Us All . Repentless is also Slayer 's first album following the death of founding member Jeff Hanneman in 2013 , and the band 's first album to be released on Nuclear Blast .
Five singles were released from the album , " Implode " , " When the Stillness Comes " , " Repentless " , " Cast The First Stone " and " You Against You " . The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 , the highest charting debut from the band in their native country . It also topped the chart in Germany and featured in the top ten of almost twenty charts around the world . It received mixed to positive reviews from critics .
= = Background = =
When asked in May 2011 if Slayer was going to make a follow @-@ up to World Painted Blood , then @-@ Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo replied that although nothing had been written yet , there were " definitely plans " . In early 2011 , guitarist Jeff Hanneman contracted necrotizing fasciitis . Reports linked this illness with a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend 's hot tub . When asked about a new record , bassist Tom Araya stated that any work would have to wait until Hanneman had recovered .
On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that Lombardo would not take part in Slayer 's Australia tour due to contractual disputes , and his place would be taken by former drummer Jon Dette . Being interviewed in late February by Soundwave TV , guitarist Kerry King elaborated more on the personnel status for the album . He expressed doubt as to who might produce the album , saying that Metallica had producer Greg Fidelman " monopolized " . Additionally , the continued absence of Hanneman further contributed to the uncertainty . Lombardo 's permanent replacement was later announced to be Paul Bostaph , who was previously the band 's drummer from 1992 – 2001 , appearing on several albums .
On May 2 , 2013 , Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure in a Los Angeles hospital . A week later , the official cause of death was announced as alcohol @-@ related cirrhosis . Hanneman and his family had apparently been unaware of the extent of condition until shortly before his death . King has announced his desire for the band to continue , but Araya was more uncertain , stating , " After 30 years , it would literally be like starting over , " and expressing doubts that Slayer 's fanbase would approve of such a change . In March 2015 , Araya revealed that the band had recorded one song prior to Hanneman 's passing , and that the song will appear on the album .
= = Writing and production = =
The album 's writing process started in November 2011 , announced by Lombardo through Twitter . King later said that he and Lombardo had been working on music prior to the holidays and that they had completed three songs , in addition to three outtakes from the previous record . It was initially hoped that the album would be ready for release by summer of 2012 , but this did not come to fruition . Frontman Tom Araya later said that the album would be pushed back to a 2013 release , but this idea fell through .
In addition , King had noted that two of the new songs had been fully recorded and that there was a possibility that they might be released as an EP , but the idea was later dismissed . King announced the songs ' titles as " Chasing Death " and " Implode . " Araya announced that the band would start writing the new album upon completion of the 2012 Mayhem Festival , which ended in August of that year . Since their recorded songs still needed to be mixed , King announced in a late August 2012 interview that there had been a twelve @-@ day window where the band had been able to " hijack Greg Fidelman from Metallica " for further production on the album . By then , the band had two songs that were missing lead guitar parts and vocals and had recorded six demos . In addition , King said that the band had yet to record three more demos .
In February 2013 during an interview with Eddie Trunk , King declared that , while Hanneman still had not been involved with the album , the band was waiting for label issues to be resolved before recording . King stated that he and Lombardo had eight songs that they were working on , as well . When asked about whether or not Exodus guitarist Gary Holt , who had been filling in for Hanneman during live shows , would play on the record , King denied it , saying that he would handle all guitars except for Hanneman 's lead parts . King also said that Hanneman had yet to offer up any material for the album . Araya later contradicted King 's statement about Hanneman and stated that Hanneman had been working on material for the album . Shortly after Hanneman 's death , Araya revealed that Hanneman had gone so far as to send Araya music that he had been working on , and Araya later said that some of this material — including an outtake from World Painted Blood — may make it onto the album .
Even prior to Hanneman 's death , King had expressed doubt as to who would even play on the album . He stated that if work on the album could be done in June 2013 , then it was hoped that the album could be out by the following September or October . After Hanneman 's passing , Holt was asked if he will be featured on the album , to which he replied that he would probably be playing some solos on the album , but that the rest of the guitar work would all be King . King later confirmed this sentiment , but explained that Holt would not be participating in any of the writing , noting : " fans aren 't ready for it
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to black children caused by segregated schools .
Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision .
= = Legal criticism and praise = =
William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled " A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases " when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : " I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . " Rehnquist continued , " To the argument . . . that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . " Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks .
However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , " I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . " Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : " The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . " In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent .
Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had " assumed the role of a third legislative chamber " and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles .
Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts .
Brown I did not say that " racially isolated " schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social @-@ science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government cannot discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race . …
Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks " feel " superior to whites sent to lesser schools — would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant …
Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students cannot learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( … ) Because of their " distinctive histories and traditions , " black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement .
Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book " Government by Judiciary , " make the case that Brown cannot be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article " Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , " argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification .
The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary . For example , Drew S. Days has written : " we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) . . . . "
In his book " The Tempting of America " ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows :
By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases … The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state @-@ imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law .
In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self @-@ aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known
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for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling . In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the " Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site " , calling Brown " a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . " Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling .
= = Brown II = =
In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as " Brown II " the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur " with all deliberate speed , " a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven .
Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language " all deliberate speed " was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted " Brown II " as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years — and in some cases for a decade or more — using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated " private " schools , and " token " integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white @-@ only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools .
For example , based on " Brown II , " the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 .
White students in the county were given assistance to attend white @-@ only " private academies " that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county .
= = Brown III = =
In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr . ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith — who now had her own children in Topeka schools — to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of " open enrollment " had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to " preferred " schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 @-@ year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools " unitary " . In 1989 , a three @-@ judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 – 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate .
After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights .
= = Related cases = =
Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) — separate but equal for public facilities
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 175 U.S. 528 ( 1899 ) — sanctioned de jure segregation of races
Lum v. Rice , 275 U.S. 78 ( 1927 ) — separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren
Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) — access to counsel
Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada , 305 U.S. 337 ( 1938 ) -states that provide a school to white students must provide in @-@ state education to blacks
Smith v. Allwright , 321 U.S. 649 ( 1944 ) — non @-@ white voters in primary schools
Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education ( 1944 ) -prohibited racial segregation in New Jersey schools .
Mendez v. Westminster , 64 F. Supp . 544 ( 1946 ) — prohibits segregating Mexican American children in California
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . , 332 U.S. 631 ( 1948 ) — access to taxpayer state funded law schools
Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 U.S. 1 ( 1948 ) — restrictive covenants
Sweatt v. Painter , 339 U.S. 6
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2013 )
= = = In English = = =
Poems & Poèmes : Autres Alliances ( Paris : Emile Paul , New York : Doran , 1920 ) – bilingual collection of poetry
The One Who Is Legion ( London : Eric Partridge , Ltd . , 1930 ; Orono , Maine : National Poetry Foundation , 1987 )
= = = English translations = = =
A Perilous Advantage : The Best of Natalie Clifford Barney ( New Victoria Publishers , 1992 ) ; edited and translated by Anna Livia
Adventures of the Mind ( New York University Press , 1992 ) ; trans . John Spalding Gatton
= = = Books about Natalie Barney = = =
= = = Other references = = =
" Alice Pike Barney : Biography " . Smithsonian American Art Museum . Retrieved September 3 , 2006 .
Barnes , Djuna ; with an introduction by Susan Sniader Lanser ( 1992 ) . Ladies Almanack . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 1180 @-@ 4 .
Barney , Natalie Clifford ; trans . John Spalding Gatton ( 1992 ) . Adventures of the Mind . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 1178 @-@ 2 .
Barney , Natalie Clifford ; ed. and trans . Anna Livia ( 1992 ) . A Perilous Advantage : The Best of Natalie Clifford Barney . Norwich , VT : New Victoria Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 @-@ 934678 @-@ 38 @-@ 3 .
Benstock , Shari ( 1986 ) . Women of the Left Bank : Paris , 1900 – 1940 . Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 292 @-@ 79040 @-@ 6 .
Bonnevier , Katarina ( 2007 ) . Behind Straight Curtains : towards a queer feminist theory of architecture . Stockholm : Axl Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 91 @-@ 975901 @-@ 6 @-@ 7 .
Castle , Terry ( 2003 ) . The Literature of Lesbianism . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 231 @-@ 12510 @-@ 0 .
Colette ; trans . Herma Briffault ( 2000 ) . The Pure and the Impure . New York : New York Review of Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 940322 @-@ 48 @-@ X.
Conley , John J. ( 2002 ) . The Suspicion of Virtue : Women Philosophers in Neoclassical France . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8014 @-@ 4020 @-@ 3 .
Conover , Anne ( 2001 ) . Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound : " What Thou Lovest Well ... " . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 300 @-@ 08703 @-@ 9 .
Delarue @-@ Mardrus , Lucie ; trans . Anna Livia ( 1995 ) . The Angel and the Perverts . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 5098 @-@ 2 .
Denkinger , Marc ( December 1937 ) . " Remy de Gourmont Critique " . PMLA ( Modern Language Association ) 52 ( 4 ) : 1147 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 458509 . JSTOR 458509 .
Faderman , Lillian ( 1981 ) . Surpassing the Love of Men . New York : William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 688 @-@ 00396 @-@ 6 .
Flanner , Janet ( 1979 ) . Paris was Yesterday : 1925 – 1939 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 005068 @-@ X.
Hall , Radclyffe ( 1981 ) . The Well of Loneliness . New York : Avon . ISBN 0 @-@ 380 @-@ 54247 @-@ 1 .
Haskell , Susan ; Zora Martin Felton . " Record Unit 7473 , Alice Pike Barney Papers , circa 1889 – 1995 " . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved September 3 , 2006 .
Inness , Sherrie A. ( October 20 , 2005 ) . " Novel : Lesbian " . glbtq : An Encyclopedia of Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual , Transgender , and Queer Culture . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 .
Kling , Jean L. ( 1994 ) . Alice Pike Barney : Her Life and Art . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press. p . 24 . ISBN 1 @-@ 56098 @-@ 344 @-@ 2 .
Livia , Anna ( 1995 ) . " Introduction : Lucie Delarue @-@ Mardrus and the Phrenetic Harlequinade . " In Delarue @-@ Mardrus , 1 – 60 .
Livia , Anna ( 1992 ) . " The Trouble with Heroines : Natalie Clifford Barney and Anti @-@ Semitism . " In Barney , A Perilous Advantage , 181 – 193 .
Lockard , Ray Anne ( 2002 ) . " Brooks , Romaine " . glbtq : An Encyclopedia of Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual , Transgender , and Queer Culture . Retrieved September 21 , 2006 .
Love , Heather ( Summer 2000 ) . " Hard Times and Heartaches : Radclyffe Hall 's The Well of Loneliness " . Journal of Lesbian Studies 4 ( 2 ) : 115 – 128 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1300 / J155v04n02 _ 08 .
Rapazzini , Francesco ( Fall 2005 ) . " Elisabeth de Gramont , Natalie Barney 's ' eternal mate ' " . South Central Review ( Johns Hopkins University Press ) 22 ( 3 ) . doi : 10 @.@ 1353 / scr.2005.0053.
Schenkar , Joan ( 2000 ) . Truly
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where it was threatened . These responses were carefully documented by the dissident human rights periodical Chronicle of Current Events , which also recorded the many statements made by Bukovsky 's friends and fellow rights activists in his defence . As the person at the centre of this unprecedented international row , Bukovsky waited in almost total isolation , without access to a lawyer , to be tried and sent to the camps or a special psychiatric hospital .
Responding to public pressure , the World Psychiatric Association finally condemned Soviet practices at its Sixth World Congress in 1977 and set up a review committee to monitor misuse . In 1983 the Soviet representatives withdrew from the World Psychiatric Association rather than face expulsion . Bukovsky later characterized this reaction as " the most important victory for the dissident form of glasnost " .
= = = Final arrest ( 1971 ) and imprisonment = = =
Following the release of the documents , Bukovsky was denounced in Pravda as a " malicious hooligan , engaged in anti @-@ Soviet activities " and arrested on 29 March 1971 . At first held in Lefortovo Prison , in August Bukovsky spent approximately three months in the Serbsky Institute , which this time pronounced him mentally sound and able to stand trial .
During the trial in January 1972 Bukovsky was accused of slandering Soviet psychiatry , contacts with foreign journalists , and the possession and distribution of samizdat . On this occasion he again used his final words to the court to reach a much wider audience when the text circulated in samizdat . He was sentenced to two years in prison , five in a labour camp , and five more in internal exile .
While in prison Bukovsky and fellow inmate psychiatrist Semyon Gluzman jointly wrote A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian , English , French , Italian , German , Danish . It instructed potential victims of political psychiatry how to behave during interrogation in order to avoid being diagnosed as mentally ill .
= = Deportation from the USSR ( 1976 ) = =
The fate of Bukovsky and other political prisoners in the Soviet Union had been repeatedly brought to world attention by Western diplomats and human rights groups such as the relatively new Amnesty International .
Had he served the full sentence handed down in 1972 Vladimir Bukovsky would have been released from the camps ( or prison ) in March 1978 and been able to live in Moscow again in 1983 . In December 1976 , however , he was forcibly deported from the USSR and exchanged at Zürich airport by the Soviet government for the imprisoned general secretary of the Communist Party of Chile , Luis Corvalán . In his 1978 autobiography Bukovsky describes how he was brought to Switzerland in handcuffs . The widely publicised exchange increased public awareness in the West about Soviet dissidents .
In March 1977 , U.S. President Jimmy Carter met with Bukovsky at the White House . In the USSR the meeting was seen by dissidents and rights activists as a sign of the newly elected president 's willingness to stress human rights in his foreign policy ; the event provoked harsh criticism by Soviet leaders .
Bukovsky moved to Great Britain where he settled in Cambridge and resumed his studies in biology , disrupted fifteen years earlier ( see above ) by his expulsion from Moscow University .
= = Life in the West = =
Bukovsky gained a Masters Degree in Biology at Cambridge University . He also wrote and published To Build a Castle : My Life as a Dissenter ( 1978 ) . ( The title in Russian , And the Wind Returns ... , is a Biblical allusion . ) The book was translated into English , French and German . It was published
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and complained of loneliness . As the crisis seemed to have passed , dignitaries started to leave on September 9 , confident of the President 's recovery . Roosevelt left for a vacation in the Adirondack Mountains after expressing outrage that Czolgosz might serve only a few years under New York State law for attempted murder , the maximum penalty for attempted murder in New York at that time being ten years . Attorney General Philander Knox went to Washington , searching for a means to bring Czolgosz under federal law . Secretary of State John Hay had been closely associated with the two presidents to be assassinated : he had been Lincoln 's secretary , and a close friend of James Garfield . He arrived on September 10 ; met at the station by Babcock with an account of the President 's recovery , Hay responded that the President would die .
McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan wrote of the week following the shooting :
His hearty constitution , everyone said , would see him through . The doctors seemed hopeful , even confident ... It is difficult to understand the cheer with which they viewed their patient . He was nearly sixty years old , overweight , and the wound itself had not been thoroughly cleaned or traced . Precautions against infections , admittedly difficult in 1901 , were negligently handled .
According to McKinley biographer Margaret Leech , McKinley 's apparent recovery " was merely the resistance of his strong body to the gangrene that was creeping along the bullet 's track through the stomach , the pancreas , and one kidney " . Another X @-@ ray machine was sent from New Jersey by its inventor , Thomas Edison . It was not used on the President ; sources vary on why this was — Leech stated that the machine , which she says was procured by Cortelyou and accompanied by a trained operator , was not used on orders of the doctors in charge of McKinley 's case . Miller recounts that doctors attempted to test it on a man of about McKinley 's size , but it proved to be missing a crucial part , much to Edison 's embarrassment .
McKinley had been given nutritive enemas ; on September 11 , he took some broth by mouth . When it seemed to do him good , the following morning they allowed him toast , coffee , and chicken broth . His subsequent pain was diagnosed as indigestion ; he was given purgatives and most doctors left after their evening consultation . In the early morning of September 13 , McKinley suffered a collapse . Urgent word to return to Buffalo was sent to Vice President Roosevelt , 12 miles ( 19 km ) from the nearest telegraph or telephone in the Adirondack wilderness ; a park ranger was sent to find him . Specialists were summoned ; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart , by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless . As yet unknown to the doctors , gangrene was growing on the walls of his stomach and toxins were passing into his blood . McKinley drifted in and out of consciousness all day ; when awake he was the model patient . By evening , McKinley too knew he was dying , " It is useless , gentlemen . I think we ought to have prayer . " His friends and family were admitted , and the First Lady sobbed over him , " I want to go , too . I want to go , too . " Her husband replied , " We are all going , we are all going . God 's will be done , not ours " and with final strength put an arm around her . He may also have sung part of his favorite hymn , " Nearer , My God , to Thee " , although other accounts have her singing it softly to him . Ida McKinley was led away , her place briefly taken by Senator Hanna . Morgan recounts their final encounter , " Sometime that terrible evening , Mark Hanna had approached the bedside , tears standing in his eyes , his hands and head shaking in disbelief that thirty years of friendship could end thus . " When a tentative , formal greeting gained no coherent response , Hanna " cried out over the years of friendship , ' William , William , don 't you know me ? ' "
At 2 : 15 a.m. on Saturday , September 14
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copies sold , and the 650th in 2011 , with 9 @,@ 460 copies sold .
Demand for the North American release of the Nintendo DS version was higher than expected , leading to the game being hard to find in stores shortly after its release ; the third printing sold out in around a week . As of February 2007 , 100 @,@ 000 copies had been shipped in North America , which Capcom 's vice @-@ president of marketing found to be surprising . Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney Trilogy was the 139th best selling game of the year in Japan in 2014 , with 46 @,@ 819 copies sold .
= = Legacy = =
After the release of the game , sequels , spin @-@ offs , and a crossover have been made . The second and third games in the series , Justice for All and Trials and Tribulations , were released in 2002 and 2004 . The fourth game , Apollo Justice : Ace Attorney , which features the new protagonist Apollo Justice , was released in 2007 . The fifth game , Dual Destinies , was released in 2013 , and a sixth game , Spirit of Justice , was released in 2016 . Two spin @-@ off games starring Miles Edgeworth , Ace Attorney Investigations and Ace Attorney Investigations 2 , were released in 2009 and 2011 , and one featuring Phoenix 's ancestor Ryūnosuke Naruhodō , Dai Gyakuten Saiban , was released in 2015 . A crossover with the Professor Layton series , titled Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney , was released in 2012 .
A manga based on the game , written by Kenji Kuroda and drawn by Kazuo Maekawa , premiered in 2006 in Bessatsu Young Magazine . It was released in North America by Kodansha in five volumes from June 2011 to July 2012 . The third and fourth volumes both ranked 2nd on The New York Times Manga Best Seller List for one week each in 2011 and 2012 , respectively . A live action film adaptation of the game , titled Ace Attorney , premiered in Japanese theaters on February 11 , 2012 . It was produced at Toei Company , and was directed by Takashi Miike . An anime series adaptation premiered in April 2016 .
= Ilyushin Il @-@ 6 =
The Ilyushin Il @-@ 6 was a Soviet long @-@ range bomber developed from the Ilyushin Il @-@ 4 during 1942 . Originally intended as a high @-@ speed replacement for the Il @-@ 4 , it was recast as a very long @-@ range bomber with fuel @-@ conserving diesel engines before production of the single prototype began in December 1942 . Flight testing showed controllability issues when landing at high weights and the engines proved to be hard to start at low temperatures and were slow to respond to throttle movements . Further development was canceled in 1944 .
= = Development = =
Outwardly similar to the Il @-@ 4 , the Il @-@ 6 was faster and had a longer and slimmer fuselage fitted with a completely new , highly tapered wing with an aspect ratio of 8 . The engine nacelles were streamlined to reduce drag and increase speed as the engine radiators were mounted in the wing center section , fed by slits in the leading edge of the wing . Defensive armament was greatly improved with five 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) cannon fitted on flexible mountings in the nose , dorsal turret , two waist positions and a ventral blister forward of the tailplane .
The Il @-@ 6 was originally intended as a high @-@ speed replacement for the Il @-@ 4 . But after the initial design was completed in August 1942 , the VVS requested that the bomber have extended range instead of high speed . So the original M @-@ 71 radial engines were replaced by Charomskiy ACh @-@ 30 diesel engines with low fuel consumption which promised to give the Il @-@ 6 the required range , especially when operated at moderate weights . The revised design was completed in December 1942 and production of the prototype was initiated . First flight of the Il @-@ 6 was made in Irkutsk on 7 August 1943 with lower @-@ powered ACh @-@ 30B engines substituted for the unavailable ACh @-@ 30BF engines .
Flight tests revealed difficult handling , and a lack of power due to the non @-@ availability of the intended ACh @-@ 30BF engines . Flight tests continued without the waist guns and their gunner until the ACh @-@ 30BF 's were fitted between May and July 1944 . Despite modifications , the aircraft still suffered from poor controllability at low speeds and high weights as well as very poor gliding performance . Throughout the flight tests the engines performed satisfactorily in the air , but were found to be very difficult to start in low ambient temperatures and had slow response to throttle movements . Further development was canceled .
= = Variants = =
Il @-@ 6 – intended production version with Charomskiy ACh @-@ 30BF engines ( also known as M @-@ 30 ) .
Il @-@ 6 – bomber with M @-@ 90 engines - projected variant with M @-@ 90 engines , production drawings were issued but nothing further was heard of it , presumably as all effort was focused on the diesel @-@ powered version .
= = Specifications ( Il @-@ 6 ) = =
Data from Gordon , OKB Ilyushin : A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft .
General characteristics
Crew : 6
Length : 17 @.@ 38 m ( 57 ft 0 in )
Wingspan : 26 @.@ 07 m ( 85 ft 6 in )
Wing area : 84 @.@ 8 m2 ( 912 @.@ 9 ft2 )
Empty weight : 11 @,@ 930 kg ( 26 @,@ 301 lb )
Gross weight : 19 @,@ 600 kg ( 43 @,@ 220 lb )
Powerplant : 2 × Charomskiy ACh @-@ 30BF ( M @-@ 30 ) , 1 @,@ 417 kW ( 1 @,@ 900 hp ) each each
Performance
Maximum speed : 464 km / h ( 288 mph )
Range : 5 @,@ 450 km ( 3 @,@ 387 miles )
Service ceiling : 7 @,@ 000 m ( 22 @,@ 970 ft )
Rate of climb : 2 @.@ 9 m / s ( 571 ft / min )
Armament
5 × 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) ShVAK Sh @-@ 20 cannon in a dorsal turret , and flexible mountings at the nose , beam and ventral positions .
2 @,@ 500 kg ( 5 @,@ 500 lb ) of bombs , maximum , internally
2 × 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) bombs on external racks
or 2 × 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) torpedoes on external racks
= American Palestine Line =
The American Palestine Line was a steamship company , formed in 1924 in the U.S. , for the purpose of providing direct passenger service from New York to Palestine and was reportedly the first steamship company owned and operated by Jews . The company negotiated to purchase three ocean liners from the United States Shipping Board , but it was only able to purchase one , SS President Arthur , a former North German Lloyd steamer that operated as Princess Alice before being seized by the United States during World War I. After refurbishing the liner , the company inaugurated service between New York and Palestine in March 1925 , when President Arthur sailed on her maiden voyage . A crowd of 15 @,@ 000 witnessed ceremonies that included songs , prayers , and speeches in English and Yiddish . The company claimed that President Arthur was the first ocean liner to fly the Zionist flag at sea and the first ocean liner ever to have female officers .
The line had labor difficulties and financial difficulties throughout its existence . On President Arthur ' s first trip in 1925 , rumors of a mutiny were reported in The New York Times , and several crew members got into an altercation with members of the Blackshirts , the Italian
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on Animax . It was released in VHS and DVD formats by King Records in five compilation volumes each . A special DVD collection containing the five flashback episodes — episodes 1 , 5 , 9 , 12 , and 16 — was released on May 26 , 2004 , and a five @-@ disc DVD box set was released on July 22 , 2004 . A two @-@ part novelization of the anime and an official guide book to the adaptation were published in April 2004 . The English @-@ language dubbing of the Twin Spica anime premiered on Animax Asia on January 24 , 2005 .
= = = Drama = = =
NHK announced a seven @-@ episode live @-@ action television drama adaptation on March 30 , 2009 , produced in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , the country 's national aerospace agency . Sixteen @-@ year @-@ old actress Nanami Sakuraba was cast for the role of Asumi Kamogawa , and filming for the series began on April 2 . The drama was scheduled to air on June 11 but was eventually postponed by one week until June 18 . Its airing coincided with the celebration of the International Year of Astronomy . Screenplay for the series was written by Shūko Arai and Daigo Matsui . While writing the script , Arai found himself encouraged by the characters who must overcome various struggles in order to achieve their dreams . He also specified hopes and dreams as central themes in the story . Among the changes made in this adaptation is the removal of Lion @-@ san as a central character . Yaginuma did not make any restrictions for Arai and Matsui as he believed they knew the television audience best . " Nevertheless , " he said , " I think the little Asumi I know and the Asumi portrayed by Ms. Nanami are both looking at the same sky . " A three @-@ disc DVD compilation box set of the adaptation was released by Geneon Universal Entertainment on December 23 , 2009 .
= = = Music = = =
The song " Venus Say " by female pop musical group Buzy was used as the anime 's opening theme , and it was released as a maxi single with two other songs on March 3 , 2004 . The single remained on the Oricon music charts for seven weeks with a peak position at 29th place . Male pop group Begin adapted Kyu Sakamoto 's 1963 single " Miagete Goran Yoru no Hoshi o " ( 見上げてごらん夜の星を , lit . " Look Up at the Stars at Night " ) as the ending theme song . A full soundtrack containing the two theme songs and 33 additional instrumental tracks by composer Kazunori Miyake was released on May 26 , 2004 . Alternative rock band Orange Range 's song " Hitomi no Saki ni " ( 瞳の先に , lit . " Ahead of Eyes " ) was used as the ending theme for the live @-@ action series . It was released as a maxi single with two other songs on July 8 , 2009 , and remained on the Oricon music charts for six weeks with a peak position at 5th place . A full soundtrack for the series containing 21 instrumental tracks was released by Harbor Records on August 5 , 2009 .
= = Reception = =
In an interview with the Yomiuri Shimbun , Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata named Twin Spica , because of its nostalgic story , as one of five manga series which highlight the dream of reaching space . While assessing the series for licensing in English , Vertical marketing director Ed Chavez , a fan of science fiction , found its story " technically sound " and noted it as " possibly one of the most heartfelt series I 've read in ages " . He hoped that the series would rank in top 10 of The New York Times Graphic Books Best Seller List for manga and believed that it would make Vertical a " known name , not only amongst better comic shops and independent book stores , but also with anime fans and casual graphic novel readers " . While the series was originally published in a seinen magazine , Chavez expected that it would also appeal to fans of shōjo manga . He believed that the word seinen " means adult and does not make reference to gender " . He hoped Twin Spica will prove to be a financial success and enable Vertical to fund future licenses of classic works by Osamu Tezuka and the Forty @-@ Niners . The first volume in English was listed by Publishers Weekly as one of the most anticipated graphic novels of 2010 .
Jennifer Berman of THEM Anime Reviews rated the anime adaptation of Twin Spica five out of five stars but told readers , " Subtract a star if you don 't like anime that have a somewhat slow pace . " Berman praised its artistic design and noted that the character designs reminded her of works by Studio Ghibli . She found the characters " likeable " and saw Marika Ukita as the most intriguing character . Despite her praises , Berman noted one weakness in the anime adaptation . She observed the ending as " a rather open @-@ ended one , and while it wasn 't a bad ending , they probably should have thought of something better " . Similar to the manga , the anime series was seen as gender neutral . Sony Pictures Entertainment vice president Todd Miller stated that Twin Spica was one of the titles aired on Animax which appealed to both genders . The first episode of the drama series aired with a 3 @.@ 4 percent domestic viewership rating . Reviewers from the Yomiuri Shimbun rated the live @-@ action adaptation an average two out of three stars and ranked it third overall among 11 series airing in summer 2009 .
= Atari video game burial =
The Atari video game burial was a mass burial of unsold video game cartridges , consoles , and computers in a New Mexico landfill site , undertaken by American video game and home computer company Atari , Inc. in 1983 . The goods buried were rumored to be unsold copies of E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial , one of the biggest commercial failures in video gaming and often cited as one of the worst video games ever released , and the Atari 2600 port of Pac @-@ Man , which was commercially successful but critically maligned .
Since the burial was first reported in the press , there had been doubts as to its veracity and scope , leading to it being frequently dismissed as an urban legend . In either case the event had become a cultural icon and a reminder of the North American video game crash of 1983 ; it was the end result of a disastrous fiscal year which saw Atari , Inc. sold off by its parent company Warner Communications . Though it was believed that millions of copies of E.T. were disposed of in the landfill , Atari officials later verified the numbers to be around 700 @,@ 000 cartridges of various titles , including E.T.
In 2014 , Fuel Industries , Microsoft , and others worked with the New Mexico government to excavate the site to validate the contents of the landfill as part of a documentary called Atari : Game Over . On April 26 , 2014 , the excavation revealed discarded games and hardware . Only a small fraction , about 1300 games , were recovered during the excavation period , with a portion given for curation and the rest auctioned to raise money for a museum to commemorate the burial .
= = Circumstances = =
= = = Financial difficulty = = =
Atari , Inc. had been purchased by Warner Communications in 1976 for $ 28 million , and had seen its net worth grow to $ 2 billion by 1982 . By this time , the company accounted for 80 % of the video gaming market ; and was responsible for over half of its parent company 's revenues , earning some 65 – 70 % of their operating profits . By the last quarter of 1982 , its growth in the following year was expected to be in the region of 50 % . However , on December 7 , 1982 , the company reported that its earnings had only increased by 10 – 15 % , rather than the predicted figure . The next day saw Warner Communications ' share prices fall by a third , and the quarter ended with Warner 's profits falling by 56 % . In addition , Atari 's CEO , Ray Kassar , was later investigated for possible insider trading charges as a result of selling some five thousand shares in Warner less than half an hour before reporting Atari 's lower @-@ than @-@ expected earnings . Kassar was later cleared of any wrongdoing , although he was forced to resign his position the following July . Atari , Inc. would go on to lose $ 536 million in 1983 , and was sold off by Warner Communications the following year .
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@ HA . He had a key role in the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories from mid @-@ 1942 , allowing the SS to direct much of the economic activity in the east . In this role he proposed a plan to kidnap and enslave 50 @,@ 000 Eastern European children between the ages of 10 and 14 , under the codename Heuaktion , a plan that was subsequently carried out . In response to the Slovak National Uprising in August 1944 , Berger was appointed as Military Commander in Slovakia , and was responsible for suppressing the revolt . The following month he was appointed as one of the two chiefs of staff of the Volkssturm militia , and as chief of the prisoner of war camps . In the final months of the war he commanded German forces in the Bavarian Alps , which included remnants of several of the Waffen @-@ SS units he had helped recruit . He surrendered to U.S. troops near Berchtesgaden , and was promptly arrested . He was tried and convicted in the Ministries Trial of the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals for war crimes , and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment . His sentence was soon reduced to 10 years , and he was released after serving six and a half years . After release he advocated for the rehabilitation of the Waffen @-@ SS and worked in several manufacturing businesses . He died in his hometown in 1975 .
= = Early life and involvement with Nazi Party = =
Berger was born on 16 July 1896 at Gerstetten in the Kingdom of Württemberg , the son of saw @-@ mill owners Johannes and Christine ( née Moser ) , and was one of eight children . He attended Volksschule ( elementary school ) and Realschule ( junior high school ) and then teacher training in Nürtingen . He volunteered for military service at the beginning of World War I , and rose to the rank of Leutnant in the infantry by the time of his discharge in 1919 . Wounded four times , he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class , and was considered 70 per cent disabled at the time of his discharge . During the war , all three of his brothers died , two killed in action and the other executed as a spy in the United States . Berger 's combative temperament and very conservative politics fitted him for a leadership role with the North Württemberg Einwohnerwehr militia in 1918 – 19 . He married Maria ( née Dambach ) in 1921 . After joining the Nazi Party in 1922 , he was arrested and briefly held in custody after Adolf Hitler 's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923 . He trained and worked as a physical education teacher , despite his injuries , and lost interest in politics for some years , before rejoining the Nazi Party in 1929 , and the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in January 1931 .
Berger 's SA career was limited by his soldierly ideas of politics and leadership , but after the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933 , he was found to be very suitable to lead Schutzhaft operations , which involved the rounding up of Jews and " political undesirables " . In April 1933 , his clashes with younger leaders meant his SA career had met a dead @-@ end . His SA peers criticised Berger 's ambitious nature , outspokenness and lack of self @-@ reflection . Beginning in July 1934 , Berger worked with the SA training chief SA @-@ Obergruppenführer Friedrich @-@ Wilhelm Krüger . Between 1933 and 1935 , he was a school inspector in Esslingen am Neckar near Stuttgart , and in 1935 was a senior official in the Gau Württemberg – Hohenzollern Ministry of Culture . He was recruited into the Allgemeine SS by Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler in 1936 , on Krüger 's recommendation . Initially appointed to oversee sports and physical training for SS @-@ Oberabschnitt Südwest ( SS Regional Headquarters Southwest ) , he then moved to Himmler 's personal staff as head of the sports office .
Berger interceded on behalf of his World War I comrade Oskar Dirlewanger , who had been imprisoned for two years in 1935 for offences against a minor . On his release from prison , Berger used his influence to ensure Dirlewanger could join the Condor Legion and fight in the Spanish Civil War .
On 1 July 1938 , Himmler appointed Berger as chief of the recruiting department of the SS @-@ Hauptamt ( SS Main Office , or SS @-@ HA ) , which he quickly developed into a powerful tool for Himmler 's ambitions . According to Berger
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4 @,@ 000 people had attended to view the tortured slaves " to convince themselves of their sufferings . "
The Pittsfield Sun , citing the New Orleans Advertiser and writing several weeks after the evacuation of LaLaurie 's slave quarters , claimed that two of the slaves found in the LaLaurie mansion had died since their rescue , and added , " We understand ... that in digging the yard , bodies have been disinterred , and the condemned well [ in the grounds of the mansion ] having been uncovered , others , particularly that of a child , were found . " These claims were repeated by Martineau in her 1838 book Retrospect of Western Travel , where she placed the number of unearthed bodies at two , including the child .
= = Escape from justice and self @-@ imposed , exile in France = =
Delphine LaLaurie 's life after the 1834 fire is not well documented . Martineau wrote in 1838 , that LaLaurie fled New Orleans during the mob violence that followed the fire , taking a coach to the waterfront and travelling , by schooner , from there to Mobile , Alabama and then on to Paris . Certainly by the time Martineau personally visited the Royal Street mansion in 1836 it was still unoccupied and badly damaged , with " gaping windows and empty walls " .
= = Later life and death = =
The circumstances of her death are also unclear . George Washington Cable recounted in 1888 , a then @-@ popular but unsubstantiated story , that LaLaurie had died in France , in a boar @-@ hunting accident . Whatever the truth , in the late 1930s , Eugene Backes , who served as sexton to St. Louis Cemetery # 1 until 1924 , discovered an old cracked , copper plate in Alley 4 of the cemetery . The inscription on the plate read " Madame LaLaurie , née Marie Delphine Maccarthy , décédée à Paris , le 7 Décembre , 1842 , à l 'âge de 6-- . "
According to the French archives of Paris , however , Marie Delphine Maccarthy died on December 7 , 1849 .
= = LaLaurie mansion = =
The New Orleans house occupied by Delphine LaLaurie at the time of the 1834 fires stands today at 1140 Royal Street , on the corner of Royal Street and Governor Nicholls Street ( formerly known as Hospital Street ) . At three stories high , it was described in 1928 as " the highest building for squares around " , with the result that " from the cupola on the roof one may look out over the Vieux Carré and see the Mississippi in its crescent before Jackson Square " . The entrance to the building bears iron grillwork , and the door is carved with an image of " Phoebus in his chariot , and with wreaths of flowers and depending garlands in bas @-@ relief " . Inside , the vestibule is floored in black and white marble , and a curved mahogany @-@ railed staircase runs the full three stories of the building . The second floor holds three large drawing rooms connected by ornamented sliding doors , whose walls are decorated with plaster rosettes , carved woodwork , black marble mantle pieces and fluted pilasters .
Subsequent to LaLaurie 's departure from America , the house remained ruined at least until 1836 , but at some point prior to 1888 it was " unrecognizably restored " , and over the following decades was used as a public high school , a conservatory of music , a tenement , a refuge for young delinquents , a bar , a furniture store , and a luxury apartment building .
In April 2007 , Nicolas Cage bought the LaLaurie House through Hancock Park Real Estate Company , LLC , for a sum of $ 3 @.@ 45 million . The mortgage documents were arranged in such a way that Cage 's name did not appear on them . On November 13 , 2009 , the property , then valued at $ 3 @.@ 5 million , was listed for auction as a result of bank foreclosure and purchased by Regions Financial Corporation for $ 2 @.@ 3 million .
= = LaLaurie in folklore = =
Folk histories of Lalaurie 's poor treatment of her slaves circulated in Louisiana during the nineteenth century , and were reprinted in collections of stories by Henry Castellanos and George Washington Cable . Cable 's account ( not to be confused with his unrelated 1881 novel Madame Delphine ) was based on contemporary stories in newspapers such as the New Orleans Bee and the Advertiser , and upon Martineau 's 1838 account , Retrospect of Western Travel , but mixed in some synthesis , dialogue and supposition entirely of his own creation .
After 1945 , stories of the Lalaurie slaves became considerably more explicit . Jeanne deLavigne , writing in Ghost Stories of Old New Orleans (
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and the bishop supported by less accommodating Iberian mendicants ( Dominicans and Franciscans ) .
= = The Qianlong Emperor 's reinforcement = =
Although the Jesuits ' defense of Christianity in China was still grounded in the accommodation policy first practiced by Matteo Ricci , it ended in failure in the eighteenth century : The persecution of Chinese Christians that began with his father 's , the Yongzheng Emperor 's 1724 proscription of the Heavenly Lord sect ( Tianzhujiao , the name given Catholicism in China in that period ) steadily increased during the reign of Qianlong Emperor . While the Qianlong Emperor appreciated and admired the Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione 's artwork and western technologies , the emperor reinforced anti @-@ Christian policies in 1737 .
= = Dissolution of Jesuits = =
Pope Clement XIV dissolved the Society of Jesuits in 1773 , on the issue over Jesuit accommodation policy ; in particular , the 1773 decree did not accept that Chinese Rites can be placed on equal footing with Europe and Christianity .
= = Pope Pius XII 's decision = =
The Rites controversy continued to hamper Church efforts to gain converts in China . In 1939 , a few weeks after his election to the papacy , Pope Pius XII ordered the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples to relax certain aspects of Clement XI 's and Benedict XIV 's decrees . After the Apostolic Vicars had received guarantees from the Manchukuo Government that confirmed the mere " civil " characteristics of the so @-@ called " Chinese rites " , the Holy See released , on December 8 , 1939 , a new decree , known as Plane Compertum , stating that :
Catholics are permitted to be present at ceremonies in honor of Confucius in Confucian temples or in schools ;
Erection of an image of Confucius or tablet with his name on is permitted in Catholic schools .
Catholic magistrates and students are permitted to passively attend public ceremonies which have the appearance of superstition .
It is licit and unobjectionable for head inclinations and other manifestations of civil observance before the deceased or their images .
The oath on the Chinese rites , which was prescribed by Benedict XIV , is not fully in accord with recent regulations and is superfluous .
This meant that Chinese customs were no longer considered superstitious , but were an honourable way of esteeming one 's relatives and therefore permitted by Catholic Christians . Confucianism was also thus recognized as a philosophy and an integral part of Chinese culture rather than as a heathen religion in conflict with Catholicism . Shortly afterwards , in 1943 , the Government of China established diplomatic relations with the Vatican . The Papal decree changed the ecclesiastical situation in China in an almost revolutionary way . As the Church began to flourish , Pius XII established a local ecclesiastical hierarchy , and , in 1946 , named Thomas Tien Ken @-@ sin ( Chinese : 田耕莘 ) SVD , then Apostolic Vicar of Qingdao , as the first Chinese national in the Sacred College of Cardinals and later that year appointed him to the Archdiocese of Beiping .
= USS New York ( BB @-@ 34 ) =
USS New York ( BB @-@ 34 ) was a United States Navy battleship , the lead ship of her class . Named for New York State , she was designed as the first ship to carry the 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) / 45 @-@ caliber gun .
Entering service in 1914 , she was part of the U.S. Navy force which was sent to reinforce the British Grand Fleet in the North Sea near the end of World War I. During that time , she was involved in at least two incidents with German U @-@ boats , and is believed to have been the only US ship to have sunk one in the war , during an accidental collision in October 1918 . Following the war , she was sent on a litany of training exercises and cruises in both the Atlantic and the Pacific , and saw several overhauls to increase her armament , aircraft handling and armor .
She entered the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II , and served as a convoy escort for ships to Iceland and Great Britain in the early phase of the war . She saw her first combat against coastal artillery during Operation Torch around Casablanca in North Africa , and later became a training ship . Late in the war , she moved to the Pacific , and provided naval gunfire support for the invasion of Iwo Jima and later the invasion of Okinawa . Returning to Pearl Harbor for repairs until the end of the war , she was determined to be obsolete and was chosen to take
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jaws and teeth were too weak to kill other dinosaurs and too heavy to catch fish , with too many adaptations for piscivory . According to R. E. H. Reid , a scavenged carcass would have been broken up by its predator and large animals capable of doing so — such as grizzly bears — are also capable of catching fish ( at least in shallow water ) .
In 1997 , Charig and Milner demonstrated direct dietary evidence in the stomach region of the B. walkeri holotype . It contained the first evidence of piscivory in a theropod dinosaur , acid @-@ etched scales and teeth of the common fish Scheenstia mantelli ( then classified in the genus Lepidotes ) , and abraded bones of a young Iguanodon . An apparent gastrolith ( gizzard stone ) was also found . They also presented circumstantial evidence for piscivory , such as crocodile @-@ like adaptations for catching and swallowing prey : long , narrow jaws with their " terminal rosette " , similar to those of a gharial , and the downturned tip and notch of the snout . In their view , these adaptations suggested that Baryonyx would have caught small to medium @-@ sized fish in the manner of a crocodilian : gripping them with the notch of the snout ( giving the teeth a " stabbing function " ) , tilting the head backwards , and swallowing them headfirst . Larger fish would be broken up with the claws . That the teeth in the lower jaw were smaller , more crowded and numerous than those in the upper jaw may have helped the animal grip food . Charig and Milner maintained that Baryonyx would primarily have eaten fish ( although it would also have been an active predator and opportunistic scavenger ) , but it was not equipped to be a macro @-@ predator like Allosaurus . They suggested that Baryonyx mainly used its forelimbs and large claws to catch , kill and tear apart larger prey . In 2004 , a pterosaur neck vertebra from Brazil with a spinosaurid tooth embedded in it confirmed that the latter were not exclusively piscivorous .
A 2007 finite element analysis of CT scanned snouts indicated that the biomechanics of Baryonyx were most similar to those of the gharial and unlike those of the American alligator and more @-@ conventional theropods , supporting a piscivorous diet for spinosaurids . Their secondary palate helped them resist bending and torsion of their tubular snouts . A 2013 beam @-@ theory study compared the biomechanics of CT @-@ scanned spinosaurid snouts with those of extant crocodilians , and found the snouts of Baryonyx and Spinosaurus similar in their resistance to bending and torsion . Baryonyx was found to have relatively high resistance in the snout to dorsoventral bending compared with Spinosaurus and the gharial . The authors concluded ( in contrast to the 2007 study ) that Baryonyx performed differently than the gharial ; spinosaurids were not exclusive piscivores , and their diet was determined by their individual size .
A 2010 study proposed that spinosaurids were semi @-@ aquatic , based on the oxygen isotope composition of spinosaurid teeth from around the world compared with that of other theropods and extant animals . Spinosaurids probably spent much of the day in water , like crocodiles and hippopotamuses , and had a diet similar to the former ; both were opportunistic predators . Since most spinosaurids do not appear to have anatomical adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle , the authors proposed that submersion in water was a means of thermoregulation similar to that of crocodiles and hippopotamuses . Spinosaurids may also have turned to aquatic habitats and piscivory to avoid competition with large , more @-@ terrestrial theropods .
In their original description Charig and Milner speculated that the elongated skull , long neck , and strong humerus of Baryonyx indicated that the animal was a facultative quadruped , unique among theropods . In their 1997 article they found no skeletal support for this , but maintained thar the forelimbs would have been strong enough for a quadrupedal posture and it would probably have caught aquatic prey while crouching — or on all fours — near ( or in ) water . A 2014 re @-@ description
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Green Satin Doppler radar to determine the groundspeed and drift angle , radio and radar altimeters , and ILS . TACAN replaced GEE in the B.1A and B.2 in 1964 . Decca Doppler 72 replaced Green Satin in the B.2 around 1969 A continuous display of the aircraft 's position was maintained by a ground position indicator ( GPI ) .
Vulcan B.2s were eventually fitted with the twin @-@ gyro free @-@ running gyroscopic heading reference system ( HRS ) Mk.2 , based upon the inertial platform of the Blue Steel missile , which had been integrated into the system when the missile had been carried . With the HRS a navigator 's heading unit ( NHU ) was provided which enabled the navigator plotter to adjust the aircraft heading , through the autopilot , by as little as 0 @.@ 1 degrees . The B.2 ( MRR ) was additionally fitted with the LORAN C navigation system .
The original ECM fit as fitted to the B.1A and B.2 was : one Green Palm voice communications ' jammer ; two Blue Diver metric jammers ; three red shrimp S @-@ band jammers ; ; a Blue Saga passive warning receiver with four aerials ( PWR ) ; a Red Steer tail warning radar ; and window ( chaff ) dispensers . The bulk of the equipment was carried in a large extended tail cone , and a flat ECM aerial counterpoise plate mounted between the starboard tailpipes . Later equipment on the B.2 included : an L band jammer ( replacing a Red Shrimp ) ; the ARI 18146 X @-@ band jammer ; replacing the Green Palm ; the improved Red Steer Mk.2 ; infra @-@ red decoys ( flares ) ; and the ARI 18228 PWR with its aerials that gave a squared top to the fin .
= = = Controls = = =
The aircraft was controlled by a fighter @-@ type control stick and rudder bar which operated the powered flying controls ( PFCs ) . Each PFC had a single electro @-@ hydraulic powered flying control unit ( PFCU ) except the rudder which had two , one running as a back @-@ up . Artificial feel and autostabilisation in the form of pitch and yaw dampers were provided , as well as an auto mach trimmer .
The flight instruments in the B.1 were traditional and included G4B compasses ; Mk.4 artificial horizons ; and zero reader flight display instruments . The B.1 had a Smiths Mk10 autopilot . In the B.2 , these features were incorporated into the Smiths Military Flight System ( MFS ) , the pilots ' components being : two beam compasses ; two director @-@ horizons ; and a Mk.10A or Mk.10B autopilot . From 1966 , B.2s were fitted with the ARI 5959 Terrain @-@ following radar ( TFR ) , built by General Dynamics , its commands being fed into the director @-@ horizons .
The B.1 had four elevators ( inboard ) and four ailerons ( outboard ) . In the B.2 , these were replaced by eight elevons . The Vulcan was also fitted with six electrically @-@ operated three @-@ position ( in , medium drag , high drag ) airbrakes , four in the upper centre section and two in the lower . There were originally four lower airbrakes but the outboard two were deleted before the aircraft entered service . A brake parachute was installed inside the tail cone .
= = = Electrical and hydraulic systems = = =
The main electrical system on the B.1 / B.1A was 112V DC supplied by four 22.5kW engine @-@ driven generators . Backup power was provided by four 24V 40Ah batteries connected in series providing 96V . Secondary electrical systems were 28V DC , single @-@ phase 115V AC at 1600Hz , and three @-@ phase 115V AC at 400 Hz , driven by transformers and inverters from the main system . The 28V DC system was backed up by a single 24V battery .
For greater efficiency and higher reliability , the main system on the B.2 was changed to three @-@ phase 200V AC at 400 Hz supplied by four 40kVA engine @-@ driven constant speed alternators . Standby supplies in the event of a main AC failure were provided by a Ram air turbine ( RAT ) driving a 17kVA alternator that could operate at high altitude down to 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) , and an airborne auxiliary power plant ( AAPP ) , a Rover gas turbine driving a 40kVA alternator , which could be started once the aircraft was below an altitude of 30 @,@ 000 ft ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) . Secondary electrical supplies were similar to the B.1.
The change to an AC system was a significant improvement . The Vulcan 's powered flying controls were hydraulically actuated but each powered flying control unit ( PFCU ) had a hydraulic pump which was driven by an electric motor . Because there was no manual reversion , a total electrical failure would result in a loss of control . The standby batteries on the B.1 were designed to give enough power for 20 minutes of flying time but this proved to be optimistic and two aircraft , XA891 and XA908 , crashed as a result .
The main hydraulic system provided pressure for : undercarriage raising and lowering and bogie trim ; nosewheel centring and steering ; wheelbrakes ( fitted with Maxarets ) ; bomb doors opening and closing ; and ( B.2 only ) AAPP air scoop lowering . Hydraulic pressure was provided by three hydraulic pumps fitted to Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 engines . An electrically operated hydraulic power pack ( EHPP ) could be used to operate the bomb doors and recharge the brake accumulators . A compressed air ( later nitrogen ) system was provided for emergency undercarriage lowering .
= = = Engine = = =
The Rolls @-@ Royce Olympus , originally known as the " Bristol BE.10 Olympus " , is a two @-@ spool axial @-@ flow turbojet that powered the Vulcan . Each Vulcan had four engines buried in the wings , positioned in pairs close
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facility in Boxmoor . Because of their having been in occupied France , the British considered it too risky to invite them to work at Bletchley Park .
Finally , with the end of the two mathematicians ' cryptologic work at the close of World War II , the Cipher Bureau ceased to exist . From nearly its inception in 1931 until war 's end in 1945 , the Bureau , sometimes incorporated into aggregates under cryptonyms ( PC Bruno and Cadix ) , had been essentially the same agency , with most of the same core personnel , carrying out much the same tasks ; now it was extinguished . Neither Rejewski nor Zygalski would work again as cryptologists . In late 1946 Rejewski returned to his family in a devastated and politically altered Poland , to live there another 33 years until his death in February 1980 . Zygalski would remain in England until his death in August 1978 .
= = Secret preserved = =
Despite their travails , Rejewski and Zygalski had fared better than some of their colleagues . Cadix 's Polish military chiefs , Langer and Ciężki , had also been captured — by the Germans , as they tried to escape from France into Spain on the night of March 10 – 11 , 1943 — along with three other Poles : Antoni Palluth , Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca . The first two became prisoners of war ; the other three were sent as slave labourers to Germany , where Palluth and Fokczyński perished . Despite the varyingly dire circumstances in which they were held , none of them — Stefan Mayer emphasizes — betrayed the secret of Enigma 's decryption , thus making it possible for the Allies to continue exploiting this vital intelligence resource .
Before the war , Palluth , a lecturer in the 1929 secret Poznań University cryptology course , had been co @-@ owner of AVA , which produced equipment for the Cipher Bureau , and knew many details of the decryption technology . In Warsaw , under German occupation , other Cipher Bureau workers were interrogated by German intelligence commissions , and some AVA workers were approached by German agents , but all kept silent about compromises to Enigma .
= = In popular culture = =
In 1967 the Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk , in his book Bitwa o tajemnice ( The Battle for Secrets ) , first revealed that the German Enigma had been broken by Polish cryptologists before World War II . Kozaczuk 's disclosure came seven years before F.W. Winterbotham 's The Ultra Secret ( 1974 ) changed conventional views of the history of the war .
The 1979 Polish film Sekret Enigmy ( The Enigma Secret ) is a generally fair , if superficial , account of the Cipher Bureau 's story . Twenty @-@ two years later , the 2001 Hollywood film Enigma was criticized for its many historical inaccuracies , including omission of Poland 's fundamental work in Enigma decryption .
= I Should Coco =
I Should Coco is the debut studio album by English alternative rock band Supergrass , released through Parlophone in May 1995 . Supergrass were formed in 1993 by Gaz Coombes , Mick Quinn and Danny Goffey and they released their debut single from the album , " Caught by the Fuzz " , in May 1995 on the small independent local label Backbeat Records and was re @-@ released with Parlophone . The title of the album is cockney rhyming slang for " I should think so " .
I Should Coco was recorded in Cornwall and produced by Sam Williams , who had been impressed by the band while scouting in Oxford . At the height of the Britpop era , the album became the band 's most successful release when it reached number one on the UK Albums Chart , and subsequently gained platinum status , selling over a million copies worldwide and 500 @,@ 000 in the UK . The most successful single released from I Should Coco is " Alright " , it peaked at number @-@ two in the UK Singles Chart , and gained silver status .
= = Recording and production = =
Supergrass formed in 1993 after the break @-@ up of The Jennifers and consists of Gaz Coombes ( lead vocals ) , Danny Goffey ( drums ) , Mick Quinn ( bass ) , and Rob Coombes ( keyboards ) . Gaz Coombes , Goffey , and Quinn had been playing gigs around Oxford when they were spotted by producer Sam Williams , who said he wanted to work with them . Between the months of May and August , the band recorded a six track demo at Sawmills Studio and , having signed a deal with Backbeat Records , a limited number of copies of " Caught by the Fuzz " and " Mansize Rooster " were released . The demo had also quickly reached EMI , however , and that led to the group being signed by the Parlophone label , which would re @-@ release the two songs . Quinn said " it took about three and a half months total recording time and cost less to make than the video for Alright . "
A recording made at Carfax Tower in Oxford provided the bell chimes heard at the end of " Strange Ones " . These chimes were only heard on the I Should Coco version , not on Supergrass is 10 , because on the I Should Coco album the chimes are used as a transition to the next track , " Sitting Up Straight " , which was not included in Supergrass is 10 . " Strange Ones " was written about Cowley Road , Oxford , a place where the band once lived . It was originally intended to be the " throwaway song " on the B @-@ side to " Caught by the Fuzz " . Another song on the album with the same theme , " I 'd Like To Know " , was inspired by listening to " Strange Ones " played backwards on tape cassette
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ayi ) P. L. Sclater , 1894 ( including K. e. uwendensis , K. e. frommiand K. e. münzneri ) Can be found in Zambia , from the upper Zambezi River eastward to the Muchinga escarpment ( which is a southern extension of the Great Rift Valley ) . Also in adjoining parts of Katanga Province in Congo ( Kinshasa ) .
East African Defassa Waterbuck
K. e. adolfi @-@ friderici Matschie , 1906 ( including K. e. fulvifrons , K. e. nzoiae and K. e. raineyi ) ( northeastern Tanzania west of the Rift Wall , and north into Kenya )
K. e. defassa Rüppell , 1835 ( including K. e. matschiei and K. e. hawashensis ) ( central and southern Ethiopia )
K. e. harnieri Murie , 1867 ( including K. e. avellanifrons , K. e. ugandae , K. e. dianae , K. e. ladoensis , K. e. cottoni , K. e. breviceps , K. e. albertensis and K. e. griseotinctus ) ( northeastern Congo [ Kinshasa ] , Sudan , western Ethiopia , Uganda , western Kenya , Rwanda , Burundi and northwestern Tanzania )
K. e. tjäderi Lönnberg , 1907 ( including K. e. angusticeps and K. e. powelli ) ( Laikipia Plateau in Kenya )
Sing @-@ sing Waterbuck
K. e. annectens Schwarz , 1913 ( including K. e. schubotzi ) ( C.A.R. )
K. e. tschadensis Schwarz , 1913 ( Chad )
K. e. unctuosus Laurillard , 1842 ( including K. e. togoensis ) ( Cameroon west to Senegal )
= = Description = =
The waterbuck is the largest amongst the six species of Kobus . It is a sexually dimorphic antelope , with the males nearly 7 percent taller than females and around 8 percent longer . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 177 – 235 cm ( 70 – 93 in ) and the average height is between 120 and 136 cm ( 47 and 54 in ) . Males reach approximately 127 cm ( 50 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 119 cm ( 47 in ) . The waterbuck is one of the heaviest antelopes. a newborn typically weighs 13 @.@ 6 kg ( 30 lb ) , and growth in weight is faster in males than in females . Males typically weigh 198 – 262 kg ( 437 – 578 lb ) and females 161 – 214 kg ( 355 – 472 lb ) . The tail is 22 – 45 cm ( 8 @.@ 7 – 17 @.@ 7 in ) long .
The waterbuck is of a robust build . The shaggy coat is reddish brown to grey , and becomes progressively darker with age . Males are darker than females . Though apparently thick , the hair is sparse on the coat . The hair on the neck is , however , long and shaggy . When sexually excited , the skin of the waterbuck secretes a greasy substance with the odour of musk , giving it the name " greasy kob " . This secretion also assists in water @-@ proofing the body when the animal dives into water . The facial features include a white muzzle and light eyebrows and lighter insides of the ears . There is a cream @-@ coloured patch ( called " bib " ) on the throat . Waterbuck are characterised by a long neck and short , strong and black legs . Females have two nipples . Preorbital glands , foot glands and inguinal glands are absent .
The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck are remarkably different in their physical appearances . Measurements indicate greater tail length in the latter , whereas the common waterbuck stand taller than the defassa waterbuck . However , the principal differentiation between the two types is the white ring of hair surrounding the tail on the rump , which is a hollow circle in the common waterbuck but covered with white hair in the defassa waterbuck .
The long , spiral horns curve backward , then forward . Found only on males , the horns range from 55 to 99 cm ( 22 to 39 in ) in length . To some extent , the length of the horns is related to the bull 's age . A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females .
= = Ecology and behaviour = =
Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature , though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon . A gregarious animal , the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals . The various groups are the nursery herds , bachelor herds and territorial males . Herd size increases in summer , whereas groups fragment in the winter months , probably under the influence of food availability . As soon as young males start developing horns ( at around seven to nine months of age ) , they are chased out of the herd by territorial bulls . These males then form bachelor herds and may roam in female home ranges . Females have home ranges stretching over 200 – 600 hectares ( 0 @.@ 77 – 2 @.@ 32 sq mi ; 490 – 1 @,@ 480 acres ) . A few females may form spinster herds . Though females are seldom aggressive , minor tension may arise in herds .
Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of five years , but are most dominant from the age of six to nine . Territorial males hold territories 4 – 146 hectares ( 0 @.@ 015 – 0 @.@ 564 sq mi ; 9 @.@ 9 – 360 @.@ 8 acres ) in size . Males are inclined to remain settled in their territories , though over time they may leave inferior territories for more spacious ones . Marking of territories includes no elaborate rituals - dung and urine are occasionally dropped . After the age of ten years , males lose their territorial nature and replaced by a younger bull , following which they recede to a small and unprotected area . There is another social group , that of the satellite males , which are mature bulls as yet without their own territories , who exploit resources , particularly mating opportunities , even in the presence of the dominant bull . The territorial male may allow a few satellite males into his territory , and they may contribute to its defence . However , gradually they may deprive the actual owner of his territory and
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seize the area for themselves . In a study in the Lake Nakuru National Park , only 7 percent of the adult males held territories , and only half of the territorial males tolerated one or more satellite males .
Territorial males may use several kinds of display . In one type of display , the white patch on the throat and between the eyes is clearly revealed , and other displays can demonstrate the thickness of the neck . These activities frighten trespassers . Lowering of the head and the body depict submission before the territorial male , who stands erect . Fights , which may last up to thirty minutes , involve threat displays typical of bovids accompanied by snorting . Fights may even become so violent that one of the opponents meets its death due to severe abdominal or thoracic wounds . A silent animal , the waterbuck makes use of flehmen response for visual communication and alarm snorts for vocal communication . Waterbuck often enter water to escape from predators which include lions , leopards , cheetahs , African wild dogs and Nile crocodiles ( leopards and spotted hyenas prey on juveniles ) . However , it has been observed that the waterbuck does not particularly like being in water . Waterbuck may run into cover when alarmed , and males often attack predators .
= = = Diseases and parasites = = =
Waterbuck are susceptible to ulcers , lungworm infection and kidney stones . Other diseases from which these animals suffer are foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease , sindbis fever , yellow fever , bluetongue , bovine virus diarrhoea , brucellosis and anthrax . The waterbuck is more resistant to rinderpest than are other antelopes . They are unaffected by tsetse flies but ticks may introduce parasitic protozoa such as Theileria parva , Anaplasma marginale and Baberia bigemina . 27 species of ixodid tick have been found on waterbuck - a healthy waterbuck may carry a total of over 4000 ticks in their larval or nymphal stages , the most common among them being Amblyomma cohaerens and Rhipicephalus tricuspis . Internal parasites found in waterbuck include tapeworms , liverflukes , stomachflukes and several helminths .
= = Diet = =
The waterbuck exhibits great dependence on water . It can not tolerate dehydration in hot weather , and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water . However , it has been observed that unlike the other members of its genus ( such as the kob and puku ) , the waterbuck ranges farther into the woodlands while maintaining its proximity to water . With grasses constituting a substantial 70 to 95 percent of the diet , the waterbuck is predominantly a grazer frequenting grasslands . Reeds and rushes like Typha and Phragmites may also be preferred . A study found regular consumption of three grass species round the year : Panicum anabaptistum , Echinochloa stagnina and Andropogon gayanus . Hyparrhenia involucrata , Acroceras amplectens and Oryza barthii along with annual species were the main preference in the early rainy season , while long life grasses and forage from trees constituted three @-@ fourths of the diet in the dry season .
Though the defassa waterbuck were found to have a much greater requirement for protein than the African buffalo and the Beisa oryx , the waterbuck was found to spend much lesser time on browsing ( eating leaves , small shoots and fruits ) in comparison to the other grazers . In the dry season about 32 percent of the 24 @-@ hour day was spent in browsing , whereas no time was spent on it during the wet season . The choice of grasses varies with location rather than availability ; for instance , in western Uganda , while Sporobolus pyramidalis was favoured in some places , Themeda triandra was the main choice elsewhere . The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck in the same area may differ in their choices ; it has been observed that while the former preferred Heteropogon contortus and Cynodon dactylon , the latter showed less preference for these grasses .
= = Reproduction = =
Waterbuck are slower than other antelopes in terms of the rate of maturity . While males become sexually mature at the age of six years , females reach maturity within two to three years . Females may conceive by the age of two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , and remain reproductive for another ten years . In equatorial regions , breeding takes place throughout the year , and births are at their peak in the rainy season . However , breeding is seasonal in the Sudan ( south of Sahara ) , with the mating season lasting four months . The season extends for even longer periods in some areas of southern Africa . Oestrus lasts for a day or less .
Mating begins after the male confirms that the female is in oestrus , which he does by sniffing her vulva and urine . A resistive female would try to bite or even fight off an advancing male . The male exhibits flehmen , and often licks the neck of the female and rubs his face and the base of his horns against her back . There are several attempts at mounting before the actual copulation . The female shifts her tail to one side ,
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while the male clasps her sides with his forelegs and rests on her back during copulation , which may occur as many as ten times .
The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months , followed by the birth of a single calf . Twins are rare . Pregnant females isolate themselves and into thickets as parturition approaches . Newborn calves can stand on their feet within half @-@ an @-@ hour of birth . The mother eats the afterbirth . She communicates with the calf by bleating or snorting . Calves are kept hidden for two to three weeks or even two months . At about three to four weeks , the calf begins following its mother , who signals it to do so by raising her tail . Though bereft of horns , mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators . Calves are weaned at eight months , following which time they join groups of calves of their own age . Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds , or may also join bachelor herds . The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa ( including countries such as Angola , Botswana , The Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Namibia , South Africa , Tanzania and Uganda ) besides a few countries of western and northern Africa such as Chad , Côte d 'Ivoire , Ghana , Mali , Niger , Nigeria and Senegal . Though formerly widespread in sub @-@ Saharan Africa , its numbers have now decreased in most areas .
The common waterbuck is found east of the Eastern African Rift . Its southern range extends to the Hluhluwe @-@ Umfolozi Game Reserve ( KwaZulu Natal ) and to central Namibia . By contrast , the defassa waterbuck inhabits western and central Africa . The defassa waterbuck occurs west of the Albertine Rift and ranges from Eritrea to Guinea Bissau in the southern Sahel , its most northerly point of distribution being in southern Mali . Its range also stretches east of the Congo basin through Zambia into Angola , while another branch extends to the Zaire River west of the Congo basin . While the common waterbuck is now extinct in Ethiopia , the defassa waterbuck has become extinct in Gambia .
Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas alongside rivers , lakes and valleys . Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water , the waterbuck have a sparse distribution across ecotones ( areas of interface between two different ecosystems ) . A study in the Ruwenzori Range showed that the mean density of waterbuck was 5 @.@ 5 per square mile , and estimates in the Maasai Mara were as low as 1 @.@ 3 per square mile . It has been observed that territorial size depends on the quality of the habitat , the age and health of the animal and the population density . The greater the age of the animal or the denser the populations , the smaller are the territories . In Queen Elizabeth National Park , females had home ranges 21 – 61 hectares ( 0 @.@ 081 – 0 @.@ 236 sq mi ; 52 – 151 acres ) in area whereas home ranges for bachelor males averaged between 24 – 38 hectares ( 0 @.@ 093 – 0 @.@ 147 sq mi ; 59 – 94 acres ) . The oldest female ( around 18 years old ) had the smallest home range .
= = Threats and conservation = =
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) lists the waterbuck as of Least Concern . More specifically , the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while the defassa waterbuck is Near Threatened . The population trend for both the common and defassa waterbuck is decreasing , especially that of the latter , with large populations being eliminated from their habitats due to Poaching and human settlement . Their own sedentary nature too is responsible for this to some extent . Numbers have fallen in Queen Elizabeth National Park , Murchison Falls National Park , Akagera National Park , Lake Nakuru National Park , and Comoé National Park . Population decrease in the Lake Nakuru National Park has been attributed to heavy metal poisoning in the animals . While cadmium and lead levels were dangerously high in the kidney and the liver , copper , calcium and phosphorus deficiency was noted .
Over 60 percent of the defassa waterbuck populations thrive in protected areas , most notably in Niokolo @-@ Koba , Comoe , Mole , Bui , Pendjari , Manovo @-@ Gounda St. Floris , Moukalaba @-@ Doudou , Garamba , Virunga , Omo , Mago , Murchison Falls , Serengeti , and Katavi , Kafue and Queen Elizabeth National Parks , the national parks and hunting zones of North Province ( Cameroon ) , Ugalla River Forest Reserve , Nazinga Game Ranch , Rukwa Valley , Awash Valley , Murule and Arly @-@ Singou . The common waterbuck occurs in Tsavo , Tarangire , Mikumi , Kruger and Lake Nakuru National Parks , Laikipia , Kajiado , Luangwa Valley , Selous and Hluhluwe @-@ Umfolozi game reserves and private lands in South Africa .
= = Research = =
Scientists with the ICIPE have developed tsetse @-@ fly @-@ repellant collars for cattle based on the smell of the waterbuck .
= Matt Striker =
Matthew Kaye ( born June 26 , 1974 ) is an American professional wrestler , producer , actor , director and English language professional wrestling commentator working under the ring name Matt Striker . He is currently an English language commentator primarily for Lucha Underground but also frequently provides English commentary for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) PPV events in Mexico and New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) PPV events in Japan . He also wrestles on the United States independent circuit and works as a producer and director for Paragon Pro Wrestling ( PPW ) in Las Vegas . He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) as both a
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@ assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life , as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self @-@ assembling organic molecules .
= = = Structure = = =
Viruses display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes , called morphologies . In general , viruses are much smaller than bacteria . Most viruses that have been studied have a diameter between 20 and 300 nanometres . Some filoviruses have a total length of up to 1400 nm ; their diameters are only about 80 nm . Most viruses cannot be seen with an optical microscope so scanning and transmission electron microscopes are used to visualise virions . To increase the contrast between viruses and the background , electron @-@ dense " stains " are used . These are solutions of salts of heavy metals , such as tungsten , that scatter the electrons from regions covered with the stain . When virions are coated with stain ( positive staining ) , fine detail is obscured . Negative staining overcomes this problem by staining the background only .
A complete virus particle , known as a virion , consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid . These are formed from identical protein subunits called capsomeres . Viruses can have a lipid " envelope " derived from the host cell membrane . The capsid is made from proteins encoded by the viral genome and its shape serves as the basis for morphological distinction . Virally coded protein subunits will self @-@ assemble to form a capsid , in general requiring the presence of the virus genome . Complex viruses code for proteins that assist in the construction of their capsid . Proteins associated with nucleic acid are known as nucleoproteins , and the association of viral capsid proteins with viral nucleic acid is called a nucleocapsid . The capsid and entire virus structure can be mechanically ( physically ) probed through atomic force microscopy . In general , there are four main morphological virus types :
Helical
These viruses are composed of a single type of capsomere stacked around a central axis to form a helical structure , which may have a central cavity , or tube . This arrangement results in rod @-@ shaped or filamentous virions : These can be short and highly rigid , or long and very flexible . The genetic material , in general , single @-@ stranded RNA , but ssDNA in some cases , is bound into the protein helix by interactions between the negatively charged nucleic acid and positive charges on the protein . Overall , the length of a helical capsid is related to the length of the nucleic acid contained within it and the diameter is dependent on the size and arrangement of capsomeres . The well @-@ studied tobacco mosaic virus is an example of a helical virus .
Icosahedral
Most animal viruses are icosahedral or near @-@ spherical with chiral icosahedral symmetry . A regular icosahedron is the optimum way of forming a closed shell from identical sub @-@ units . The minimum number of identical capsomeres required is twelve , each composed of five identical sub @-@ units . Many viruses , such as rotavirus , have more than twelve capsomers and appear spherical but they retain this symmetry . Capsomeres at the apices are surrounded by five other capsomeres and are called pentons . Capsomeres on the triangular faces are surrounded by six others and are called hexons . Hexons are in essence flat and pentons , which form the 12 vertices , are curved . The same protein may act as the subunit of both the pentamers and hexamers or they may be composed of different proteins .
Prolate
This is an icosahedron elongated along the fivefold axis and is a common arrangement of the heads of bacteriophages . This structure is composed of a cylinder with a cap at either end .
Envelope
Some species of virus envelop themselves in a modified form of one of the cell membranes , either the outer membrane surrounding an infected host cell or internal membranes such as nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum , thus gaining an outer lipid bilayer known as a viral envelope . This membrane is studded with proteins coded for by the viral genome and host genome ; the lipid membrane itself and any carbohydrates present originate entirely from the host . The influenza virus and HIV use this strategy . Most enveloped viruses are dependent on the envelope for their infectivity .
Complex
These viruses possess a capsid that is neither purely helical nor purely icosahedral , and that may possess extra structures such as protein tails or a complex outer wall . Some bacteriophages , such as Enterobacteria phage T4 , have a complex structure consisting of an icosahedral head bound to a helical tail , which may have a hexagonal base plate with protruding protein tail fibres . This tail structure acts like a molecular syringe , attaching to the bacterial host and then injecting the viral genome into the cell .
The poxviruses are large , complex viruses that have an unusual morphology . The viral genome is associated with proteins within a central disc structure known as a nucleoid . The nucleoid is surrounded by a membrane and two lateral bodies of unknown function . The virus has an outer envelope with a thick layer of protein studded over its surface . The whole virion is slightly pleiomorphic , ranging from ovoid to brick shape . Mimivirus is one of the largest characterised viruses , with a capsid diameter of 400 nm . Protein filaments measuring 100 nm project from the surface . The capsid appears hexagonal under an electron microscope , therefore the capsid is probably icosahedral . In 2011 , researchers discovered the largest then known virus in samples of water collected from the ocean floor off the coast of Las Cruces , Chile . Provisionally named Megavirus chilensis , it can be seen with a basic optical microscope . In 2013 , the Pandoravirus genus was discovered in Chile and Australia , and has genomes about twice as large as Megavirus and Mimivirus .
Some viruses that infect Archaea have complex structures that are unrelated to any other form of virus , with a wide variety of unusual shapes , ranging from spindle @-@ shaped structures , to viruses that resemble hooked rods , teardrops or even bottles . Other archaeal viruses resemble the tailed bacteriophages , and can have multiple tail structures .
= = = Genome = = =
An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species ; as a group , they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants , animals , archaea , or bacteria . There are millions of different types of viruses , although only about 5 @,@ 000 types have been described in detail . As of September 2015 , the NCBI Virus genome database has more than 75 @,@ 000 complete genome sequences. but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered .
A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus , respectively . The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes . Plant viruses tend to have single @-@ stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double @-@ stranded DNA genomes .
Viral genomes are circular , as in the polyomaviruses , or linear , as in the adenoviruses . The type of nucleic acid is irrelevant to the shape of the genome . Among RNA viruses and certain DNA viruses , the genome is often divided up into separate parts , in which case it is called segmented . For RNA viruses , each segment often codes for only one protein and they are usually found together in one capsid . However , all segments are not required to be in the same virion for the virus to be infectious , as demonstrated by brome mosaic virus and several other plant viruses .
A viral genome , irrespective of nucleic acid type , is almost always either single @-@ stranded or double @-@ stranded . Single @-@ stranded genomes consist of an unpaired nucleic acid , analogous to one @-@ half of a ladder split down the middle . Double @-@ stranded genomes consist of two complementary paired nucleic acids , analogous to a ladder . The virus particles of some virus families , such as those belonging to the Hepadnaviridae , contain a genome that is partially double @-@ stranded and partially single @-@ stranded .
For most viruses with RNA genomes and some with single @-@ stranded DNA genomes , the single strands are said to be either positive @-@ sense ( called the plus @-
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Australia Party ( UAP ) to conclude that he was not capable of leading the Australian war effort . Menzies resigned on 26 August after losing the confidence of his party and was replaced by Arthur Fadden from the Country Party , which was the UAP 's coalition partner . Fadden 's government collapsed on 3 October and was replaced by an Australian Labor Party government under the leadership of John Curtin .
The 7th Division and the 17th Brigade from the 6th Division formed a key part of the Allied ground forces during the Syria – Lebanon Campaign which was fought against Vichy French forces in June and July 1941 . RAAF aircraft also joined the RAF in providing close air support . The Australian force entered Lebanon on 8 June and advanced along the coast road and Litani River valley . Although little resistance had been expected , the Vichy forces mounted a strong defence which made good use of the mountainous terrain . After the Allied attack became bogged down reinforcements were brought in and the Australian I Corps headquarters took command of the operation on 18 June . These changes enabled the Allies to overwhelm the French forces and the 7th Division entered Beirut on 12 July . The loss of Beirut and a British breakthrough in Syria led the Vichy commander to seek an armistice and the campaign ended on 13 July .
= = = El Alamein = = =
In the second half of 1941 , the Australian I Corps was concentrated in Syria and Lebanon to rebuild its strength and prepare for further operations in the Middle East . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific most elements of the Corps , including the 6th and 7th Divisions , returned to Australia in early 1942 to counter the perceived Japanese threat to Australia . The Australian Government agreed to British and United States requests to temporarily retain the 9th Division in the Middle East in exchange for the deployment of additional US troops to Australia and Britain 's support for a proposal to expand the RAAF to 73 squadrons . The Government did not intend that the 9th Division would play a major role in active fighting , and it was not sent any further reinforcements . All of the RAN 's ships in the Mediterranean were also withdrawn to the Pacific but most RAAF units in the Middle East remained in the theatre .
In June 1942 , four Australian N @-@ class destroyers were transferred to the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean to participate in Operation Vigorous , which was an attempt to supply the besieged island of Malta from Egypt . This operation ended in failure , and Nestor had to be scuttled on 16 June after being bombed the previous day . After this operation , the three surviving destroyers returned to the Indian Ocean .
In mid @-@ 1942 , the Axis forces defeated the Commonwealth force in Libya and advanced into north @-@ west Egypt . In June , the British Eighth Army made a stand just over 100 km west of Alexandria , at the railway siding of El Alamein and the 9th Division was brought forward to reinforce this position . The lead elements of the Division arrived at El Alamein on 6 July and the Division was assigned the most northerly section of the Commonwealth defensive line . The 9th Division played a significant role in the First Battle of El Alamein which halted the Axis advance , though at the cost of heavy casualties , including the entire 2 / 28th Infantry Battalion which was forced to surrender on 27 July . Following this battle the division remained at the northern end of the El Alamein line and launched diversionary attacks during the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September .
In October 1942 , the 9th Division and the RAAF squadrons in the area took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein . After a lengthy period of preparation , the Eighth Army launched its major offensive on 23 October . The 9th Division was involved in some of the heaviest fighting of the battle , and its advance in the coast area succeeded in drawing away enough German forces for the heavily reinforced 2nd New Zealand Division to decisively break though the Axis lines on the night of 1 / 2 November . The 9th Division suffered a high number of casualties during this battle and did not take part in the pursuit of the retreating Axis forces . During the battle the Australian Government requested that the division be returned to Australia as it was not possible to provide enough reinforcements to sustain it , and this was agreed to by the British and US governments in late November . The 9th Division left Egypt for Australia in January 1943 , ending the AIF 's involvement in the war in North Africa .
= = = Tunisia , Sicily and Italy = = =
Although the Second Battle of El Alamein marked the end of a major Australian role in the Mediterranean , several RAAF units and hundreds of Australians attached to Commonwealth forces remained in the area until the end of the war . After the 9th Division was withdrawn Australia continued to be represented in North Africa by several RAAF squadrons which supported the 8th Army 's advance through Libya and the subsequent Tunisia Campaign . Two Australian destroyers ( Quiberon and Quickmatch ) also participated in the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942 .
Australia played a small role in the Italian Campaign . The RAN returned to the Mediterranean between May and November 1943 when eight Bathurst class corvettes were transferred from the British Eastern Fleet to the Mediterranean Fleet to protect the invasion force during the Allied invasion of Sicily . The corvettes also escorted convoys in the western Mediterranean before returning to the Eastern Fleet . No. 239 Wing and four Australian Article XV squadrons also took part in the Sicilian Campaign , flying from bases in Tunisia , Malta , North Africa and Sicily . No. 239 Wing subsequently provided air support for the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 and moved to the mainland in the middle of that month . The two Australian fighter bomber squadrons provided close air support to the Allied armies and attacked German supply lines until the end of the war . No. 454 Squadron was also deployed to Italy from August 1944 and hundreds of Australians served in RAF units during the campaign .
The RAAF also took part in other Allied operations in the Mediterranean . Two RAAF squadrons , No. 451 Squadron ( Spitfires ) and No. 458 Squadron ( Wellingtons ) , supported the Allied invasion of southern France in August 1944 . No. 451 Squadron was based in southern France in late August and September and when the operation ended both squadrons were moved to Italy , though No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Britain in December . No. 459 Squadron was based in the eastern Mediterranean until the last months of the war in Europe and attacked German targets in Greece and the Aegean Sea . In addition , 150 Australians served with the Balkan Air Force , principally in No. 148 Squadron RAF . This special duties squadron dropped men and supplies to guerrillas in Yugoslavia and attempted to supply the Polish Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 .
= = Britain and Western Europe = =
While the majority of the Australian military fought on the Western Front in France during World War I , relatively few Australians fought in Europe during World War II . The RAAF , including thousands of Australians posted to British units , made a significant contribution to the strategic bombing of Germany and efforts to safeguard Allied shipping in the Atlantic . The other services made smaller contributions , with two Army brigades being briefly based in Britain in late 1940 and several of the RAN 's warships serving in the Atlantic .
= = = Defence of Britain = = =
Australians participated in the defence of Britain throughout the war . More than 100 Australian airmen fought with the RAF during the Battle of Britain in 1940 , including over 30 fighter pilots . Two AIF brigades ( the 18th and 25th ) were also stationed in Britain from June 1940 to January 1941 and formed part of the British mobile reserve which would have responded to any German landings . An Australian Army forestry group served in Britain between 1940 and 1943 . Several Australian fighter squadrons were also formed in Britain during 1941 and 1942 and contributed to defending the country from German air raids and , from mid @-@ 1944 , V @-@ 1 flying bombs .
The RAAF and RAN took part in the Battle of the Atlantic . No. 10 Squadron , based in Britain at the outbreak of war to take delivery of its Short Sunderland flying boats , remained there throughout the conflict as part of RAF Coastal Command . It was joined by No. 461 Squadron in April 1942 , also equipped with Sunderlands . These squadrons escorted Allied convoys and sank 12 U @-@ boats . No. 455 Squadron also formed part of Coastal Command from April 1942 as an anti @-@ shipping squadron equipped with light bombers . In this role the squadron made an unusual deployment to Vaenga air base in the Soviet Union in September 1942
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to protect Convoy PQ 18 . Hundreds of Australian airmen also served in RAF Coastal Command squadrons . In addition to the RAAF 's contribution , several of the RAN 's cruisers and destroyers escorted shipping in the Atlantic and Caribbean and hundreds of RAN personnel served aboard Royal Navy ships in the Atlantic throughout the war .
= = = Air war over Europe = = =
The RAAF 's role in the strategic air offensive in Europe formed Australia 's main contribution to the defeat of Germany . Approximately 13 @,@ 000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in RAF Bomber Command between 1940 and the end of the war . There was not a distinctive Australian contribution to this campaign , however , as most Australians served in British squadrons and the Australian bomber squadrons were part of RAF units .
The great majority of Australian aircrew in Bomber Command were graduates of the Empire Air Training Scheme . These men were not concentrated in Australian units , and were instead often posted to the Commonwealth squadron with the greatest need for personnel where they became part of a multi @-@ national bomber crew . Five Australian heavy bomber squadrons ( No. 460 , No. 462 , No. 463 , No. 466 and No. 467 squadrons ) were formed within Bomber Command between 1941 and 1945 , however , and the proportion of Australians in these units increased over time . No. 464 Squadron , which was equipped with light bombers , was also formed as part of Bomber Command but was transferred to the Second Tactical Air Force in June 1943 where it continued to attack targets in Europe . Unlike Canada , which concentrated its heavy bomber squadrons into No. 6 Group RCAF in 1943 , the RAAF squadrons in Bomber Command were always part of British units , and the Australian Government had little control over how they were used .
Australians took part in all of Bomber Command 's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France . The Australian contribution to major raids was often substantial , and the Australian squadrons typically provided about 10 percent of the main bomber force during the winter of 1943 – 44 , including during the Battle of Berlin . Overall , the Australian squadrons in Bomber Command dropped 6 percent of the total weight of bombs dropped by the command during the war . Australian aircrew in Bomber Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during World War II . Although only two percent of Australians enlisted in the military served with Bomber Command , they incurred almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat ; 3 @,@ 486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner .
Hundreds of Australians participated in the liberation of Western Europe during 1944 and 1945 . Ten RAAF squadrons , hundreds of Australians in RAF units and about 500 Australian sailors serving with the Royal Navy formed part of the force assembled for the landing in Normandy on 6 June 1944 ; overall , it has been estimated that about 3000 Australian personnel took part in this operation . From 11 June until September 1944 the Spitfire @-@ equipped No. 453 Squadron RAAF was often based at forward airfields in France and it and Australian light bomber and heavy bomber squadrons supported the liberation of France . RAAF light bomber and fighter squadrons continued to support the Allied armies until the end of the war in Europe by attacking strategic targets and escorting bomber formations . No. 451 and 453 Squadrons formed part of the British Army of Occupation in Germany from September 1945 , and it was planned that there would be a long @-@ term Australian presence in this force . Few RAAF personnel volunteered to remain in Europe , however , and both squadrons were disbanded in January 1946 .
= = War in the Pacific = =
Due to the emphasis placed on cooperation with Britain , relatively few Australian military units were stationed in Australia and the Asia @-@ Pacific Region after 1940 . Measures were taken to improve Australia 's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941 , but these proved inadequate . In December 1941 the Australian Army in the Pacific comprised the 8th Division , most of which was stationed in Malaya , and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia , including the 1st Armoured Division . The RAAF was equipped with 373 aircraft , most of which were obsolete trainers , and the RAN had three cruisers and two destroyers in Australian waters .
In 1942 the Australian military was reinforced by units recalled from the Middle East and an expansion of the CMF and RAAF . United States Military units also arrived in Australia in great numbers before being deployed to New Guinea . The Allies moved onto the offensive in late 1942 , with the pace of advance accelerating in 1943 . From 1944 the Australian military was mainly relegated to subsidiary roles , but continued to conduct large @-@ scale operations until the end of the war .
= = = Malaya and Singapore = = =
From the 1920s Australia 's defence planning was dominated by the so @-@ called ' Singapore strategy ' . This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Japanese aggression in the region . To this end , a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased . At the outbreak of war the Australian forces in Malaya comprised the 8th Division ( less the 23rd Brigade ) under the command of Major General Gordon Bennett , four RAAF squadrons and eight warships . The RAAF became the first service to see action in the Pacific when Australian aircraft shadowing the Japanese invasion convoy bound for Malaya were fired at on 6 December 1941 . Australian units participated in the unsuccessful Commonwealth attempts to defeat the Japanese landings , with RAAF aircraft attacking the beachheads and Vampire accompanying the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse during their failed attempt to attack the Japanese invasion fleet .
The 8th Division and its attached Indian Army units was assigned responsibility for the defence of Johor in the south of Malaya and did not see action until mid @-@ January 1942 when Japanese spearheads first reached the state . The division 's first engagement was the Battle of Muar , in which the Japanese Twenty @-@ Fifth Army was able to outflank the Commonwealth positions due to Bennett misdeploying the forces under his command so that the weak Indian 45th Brigade was assigned the crucial coastal sector and the stronger Australian brigades were deployed in less threatened areas . While the Commonwealth forces in Johore achieved a number of local victories , they were unable to do more than slow the Japanese advance and suffered heavy casualties . After being outmanoeuvred by the Japanese , the remaining Commonwealth units withdrew to Singapore on the night of 30 – 31 January .
Following the withdrawal to Singapore the 8th Division was deployed to defend the island 's north @-@ west coast . Due to the casualties suffered in Johore most of the division 's units were at half @-@ strength . The commander of the Singapore fortress , Lieutenant General Arthur Ernest Percival , believed that the Japanese would land on the north @-@ east coast of the island and deployed the near full @-@ strength British 18th Division to defend this sector . The Japanese landing on 8 February took part in the Australian sector , however , and the 8th Division was forced from its positions after just two days of heavy fighting . The division was also unable to turn back the Japanese landing at Kranji and withdrew to the centre of the island . After further fighting in which the Commonwealth forces were pushed into a narrow perimeter around the urban area of Singapore , Percival surrendered his forces on 15 February . Following the surrender 14 @,@ 972 Australians were taken prisoner , though some escaped on ships . These escapees included Major General Bennett , who was found by two post @-@ war inquiries to have been unjustified in leaving his command . The loss of almost a quarter of Australia 's overseas soldiers , and the failure of the Singapore Strategy that had permitted it to accept the sending of the AIF to aid Britain , stunned the country .
= = = Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul = = =
While Australia 's contribution to the pre @-@ war plans to defend South East Asia from Japanese aggression was focused on the defence of Malaya and Singapore , small Australian forces were also deployed to defend several islands to the north of Australia . The role of these forces was to defend strategic airfields which could be used to launch attacks on the Australian mainland . Det
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MPa ) than did the sclerite from the Kairei morphotype ( 6 @.@ 54 MPa ) .
In life , the external surfaces of sclerites host a diverse array of epibionts : Epsilonproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria . These bacteria probably provide their mineralization . Goffredi et al . ( 2004 ) hypothetized that the snail secretes some organic compounds that facilitate the attachment of the bacteria .
= = = Shell = = =
The shell of these species has three whorls . The shape of the shell is globose and the spire is compressed . The shell sculpture consists of ribs and fine growth lines . The shape of the aperture is elliptical . The apex of the shell is fragile and it is corroded in adults .
This is a very large peltospirid compared to the majority of other species , which are usually below 15 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 5 in ) in shell length . The width of the shell is 9 @.@ 80 – 40 @.@ 02 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 1 @.@ 58 in ) The maximum with of the shell reaches 45 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 79 in ) . The average with of the shell of adult snails is 32 mm . The average shell width in the Solitaire population was slightly less than that in the Kairei population . The height of the shell is 7 @.@ 65 – 30 @.@ 87 mm ( 0 @.@ 30 – 1 @.@ 22 in ) . The width of the aperture is 7 @.@ 26 – 32 @.@ 52 mm ( 0 @.@ 29 – 1 @.@ 28 in ) . The height of the aperture is 6 @.@ 38 – 27 @.@ 29 mm ( 0 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 07 in ) .
The snail 's shell is also unusual . The shell structure consists of three layers . The outer layer is about 30 μm thick , black , and is made of iron sulfides , containing greigite Fe3S4 . This feature makes this gastropod the only extant animal known so far that employs this material in its skeleton . The middle layer ( about 150 μm ) is equivalent to the organic periostracum which is also found in other gastropods . The periostracum is thick and brown . The innermost layer is made of aragonite ( about 250 μm thick ) , a form of calcium carbonate that is commonly found both in the shells of molluscs and in various corals . The color of the aragonite layer is milky white .
Each shell layer appears to contribute to the effectiveness of the snail 's defence in different ways . The middle organic layer appears to absorb mechanical strain and energy generated by a squeezing attack ( for example by the claws of a crab ) , making the shell much tougher . The organic layer also acts to dissipate heat . Features of this composite material are in focus of researchers for possible use in civilian and military protective applications .
= = = Operculum = = =
In this species , the shape of the operculum changes during growth , from a rounded shape in juveniles to a curved shape in adults . The relative size of the operculum decreases as individuals grow . About a half of all adult snails of this species possess an operculum among the sclerites at the rear of the animal . It seems likely that the sclerites gradually grow and fully cover the whole foot for protection , and the operculum loses its protective function as the animal grows .
= = = External anatomy = = =
The Scaly @-@ foot gastropod has a thick snout , which tapers distally to a blunt end . The mouth is a circular ring of muscles when contracted and closed . The two smooth cephalic tentacles are thick at the base and gradually taper to a fine point at their distal tips . This snail has no eyes . There is no specialised copulatory appendage . The foot is red and large , and the snail cannot withdraw the whole foot entirely into the shell . There is no pedal gland in the front part of the foot . There are also no epipodial tentacles .
= = = Internal anatomy = = =
In Chrysomallon squamiferum , the soft parts of the animal occupy approximately two whorls of the interior of the shell . The shell muscle is horseshoe @-@ shaped and large , divided in two parts on the left and right , and connected by a narrower attachment . The mantle edge is thick but simple without any distinctive features . The mantle cavity is deep and reaches the posterior edge of the shell . The medial to left side of the cavity is dominated by a very large bipectinate ctenidium . Ventral to the visceral mass , the body cavity is occupied by a huge esophageal gland , which extends to fill the ventral floor of the mantle cavity .
The digestive system is simple , and is reduced to less than 10 % of the typical volume in gastropods . The radula is " weak " , of the rhipidoglossan type , with a single pair of radular cartilages . The formula of the radula is ∼ 50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼ 50 . The radula ribbon is 4 mm long , 0 @.@ 5 mm wide ; the width to length ratio is approximately 1 : 10 . There is no jaw , and no salivary glands . A part of the anterior oesophagus rapidly expands into a huge , hypertrophied , blind @-@ ended esophageal gland , which occupies much of the ventral face of the mantle cavity ( estimated 9 @.@ 3 % body volume ) . The oesophageal gland has a uniform texture , and is highly vascularised with fine blood vessels . The stomach has at least three ducts at its anterior right , connecting to the digestive gland . There are consolidated pellets in both the stomach and in the hind
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left a meeting at the Holmes Student Center , arrived at the west entrance of that building to find a shooting victim who had been shot in the back and the head , along with another victim who had blood on the face , seeking help for his injured friend . Rodman attended to the most severely wounded victim .
By 3 : 11 p.m. , a DeKalb Fire Department ambulance was the first to arrive on the scene and was staged in a nearby parking lot . The parking lots near the Field House were used as a staging area for ambulances and fire trucks that arrived from throughout the region . At 3 : 13 p.m. , Sergeant Ellington advised that there were at least two deaths . Officers encountered several problems , including a piercing fire alarm that had been pulled , as well as very high radio traffic and static that made it hard to hear radio calls come in . In addition , due to conflicting reports ( including the presence of a shooter at Founders Memorial Library ) and the multitude of injured victims at various buildings around campus , officers needed to check multiple sites to rule out the possibility of multiple shooters and multiple shooting sites . Injured victims began appearing at Neptune Hall ( just north of Cole Hall ) and at DuSable Hall ( west of Cole ) . At 3 : 21 p.m. , as personnel arrived from the DeKalb Fire Department , DeKalb County Sheriff 's Office , DeKalb Police Department , and Sycamore Police Department , officers advised that the scene and perimeter of Cole Hall were secure , and that it was safe for emergency personnel to proceed to the shooting site and to the sites of the injured victims .
At 3 : 34 p.m. , after a sweep of Founders Library was conducted and officers determined that Neptune and DuSable were not shooting sites , they declared the area safe . Police officers established a reception area for law enforcement personnel at Wirtz Hall , and an investigative command center at Holmes Student Center . By 4 : 00 pm CST , school officials announced that there was no further danger . They said that counselors would be made available in all residence halls .
= = Victims = =
= = = Fatalities = = =
A total of six people , all residents of Illinois , were killed in the incident :
Catalina Garcia , Juliana Gehant , Ryanne Mace , and shooter Steven Kazmierczak were declared dead on the scene at Cole Hall , while Daniel Parmenter was pronounced dead shortly after arrival to Kishwaukee Hospital at 4 : 00 p.m. Gayle Dubowski was flown to the nearest trauma center , St. Anthony Hospital in Rockford , where she was pronounced dead shortly after arrival at 4 : 14 p.m.
= = = Injured = = =
A total of 21 people survived the incident with injuries . 17 sustained gunshot or buckshot wounds , while three injured their knee or back escaping the scene ; one injury was undetermined . Of the injured , three remained in Cole Hall , five had fled to Neptune Hall or its parking lots , one to DuSable Hall , two to the Holmes Student Center Bookstore , two to the Holmes Student Center 's Sandburg Auditorium , three to the Health Services Building , and five returned home to seek treatment .
16 of the injured victims were transported to DeKalb 's Kishwaukee Community Hospital . Of the 16 , one of the wounded was transferred by helicopter to Rockford 's Saint Anthony Medical Center , three to Downers Grove 's Good Samaritan Hospital , and one to Rockford Memorial Hospital .
On February 15 , 2008 , an additional victim sought treatment at Kishwaukee Hospital , bringing the total of hospitalized injured victims to 17 . On February 15 , 2008 , seven of the victims were in critical condition , one in good condition , one in stable , and eight discharged , according to Kishwaukee Community Hospital .
Like those killed , all who were injured were from Illinois . Some of the injured include :
= = Perpetrator = =
Steven Phillip Kazmierczak ( August 26 , 1980 – February 14 , 2008 ) was born in Elk Grove Village , Illinois . He was a student at the University of Illinois at the time of the shooting and was a former student at Northern Illinois University .
= = = Personal life = = =
He graduated from Elk Grove High School in 1998 , during which he was treated temporarily for mental illness at the Elk Grove Village Thresholds @-@ Mary Hill House psychiatric center , for being " unruly " at home , according to his parents Gail and Robert Kazmierczak . He later went on to study sociology at Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) . Though his family moved to Florida in 2004 , Kazmierczak continued his education in Illinois . He enlisted in the United States Army in September 2001 , and was discharged before completing basic training in February 2002 for lying on his application about his mental illness . His mother died in Lakeland , Florida in September 2006 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( also known as Lou Gehrig ’ s disease ) . At the time of Steven 's death , his father was living in a retirement community in Lakeland .
= = = Education = = =
Kazmierczak graduated from NIU in 2006 where he received the Dean 's award in 2006 and was considered a stand @-@ out , well @-@ regarded student . Campus police describe him as a " fairly normal " and " unstressed person . " Faculty , students , and staff " revered " him and there was no indication of any trouble . NIU President John G. Peters said that he had " a very good academic record , no record of trouble . " Kazmierczak was Vice @-@ President of the NIU chapter of the American Correctional Association ; he had also written about the U.S. correctional system , specifically prisons .
In 2006 , Kazmierczak , along with two other graduate students and under the lead authorship of a sociology professor , co @-@ authored an academic paper entitled , " Self @-@ injury in Correctional Settings : ' Pathology ' of Prisons or of Prisoners ? " ; it was published in the academic journal Criminology & Public Policy .
He was enrolled at NIU in the spring of 2007 , where he took two courses in Arabic and a course called Politics of the Middle East . His research paper was on the subject of Hamas and its social service projects . He left to begin graduate work in the School of Social Work at the University of Illinois , where he intended to study mental health issues . He was enrolled part @-@ time at the University of Illinois during the fall of 2007 and worked from September 24 through October 10 at the Rockville Correctional Facility for Women near the Illinois – Indiana border . His reasons for leaving were unclear ; he
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and Eastern Han .
To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu ( r . 209 – 174 BC ) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe . By the end of his reign , he controlled Manchuria , Mongolia , and the Tarim Basin , subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand . Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han @-@ manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders , and he established a trade embargo against the group . Although the embargo was in place , the Xiongnu found traders willing to supply their needs . Chinese forces also mounted surprise attacks against Xiongnu who traded at the border markets . In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC . After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu .
Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( r . 174 – 160 BC ) and Emperor Wen ( r . 180 – 157 BC ) to reopen border markets , many of the Chanyu 's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods . In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu ( r . 141 – 87 BC ) in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement . Emperor Wu accepted this , despite continuing Xiongnu raids . However , a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han . When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory . Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold . The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing ( d . 117 BC ) and Wei Qing ( d . 106 BC ) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert .
After Wu 's reign , Han forces continued to prevail against the Xiongnu . The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu ( 呼韓邪 ) ( r . 58 – 31 BC ) finally submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC . His rival claimant to the throne , Zhizhi Chanyu ( r . 56 – 36 BC ) , was killed by Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou ( 甘延壽 / 甘延寿 ) at the Battle of Zhizhi , in modern Taraz , Kazakhstan .
In 121 BC , Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur . They repelled a joint Xiongnu @-@ Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC . In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei . The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers . On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government @-@ owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor . The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier .
Even before Han 's expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qian 's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations . Zhang encountered Dayuan ( Fergana ) , Kangju ( Sogdiana ) , and Daxia ( Bactria , formerly the Greco @-@ Bactrian Kingdom ) ; he also gathered information on Shendu ( Indus River valley of North India ) and Anxi ( the Parthian Empire ) . All of these countries eventually received Han embassies . These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China .
From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city @-@ states in the Tarim Basin . Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the region 's defense and foreign affairs . The Han also expanded southward . The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong , Guangxi , and northern Vietnam . Yunnan was
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Milton and Houston Mann opened a toll road to Yosemite Valley in 1856 , up the South Fork of the Merced River . They charged the then considerable sum of two dollars per person until the road was bought by Mariposa County , after which it became free .
In 1856 , settler Galen Clark discovered the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoia at Wawona , an indigenous encampment in what is now the southwestern part of the park . Clark completed a bridge over the South Fork of the Merced River in 1857 at Wawona for traffic headed toward Yosemite Valley and provided a way station for travelers on the road the Mann brothers built to the valley .
Simple lodgings , later called the Lower Hotel , were completed soon afterward ; the Upper Hotel , later renamed Hutchings House and eventually known as Cedar Cottage , was opened in 1859 . In 1876 , the more substantial Wawona Hotel was built to serve tourists visiting the nearby grove of big trees and those on their way to Yosemite Valley . Aaron Harris opened the first campground business in Yosemite in 1876 .
= = State grant = =
= = = Forming the state grant = = =
Visitation and interest in Yosemite continued to grow through the American Civil War . Unitarian minister Thomas Starr King visited the valley in 1860 and saw some of the negative effects that settlement and commercial activity were having on the area . Six travel letters by Starr King were published in the Boston Evening Transcript in 1860 and 1861 ; Starr King became the first person with a nationally recognized voice to call for a public park at Yosemite . Oliver Wendell Holmes and John Greenleaf Whittier read and commented on Starr King 's letters and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted was prompted by the warnings to visit the Yosemite area in 1863 .
Pressure from Starr King and Olmsted , photographs by Carleton Watkins , and geological data from the 1863 Geological Survey of California prompted legislators to take action . Senator John Conness of California introduced a park bill in 1864 to the United States Senate to cede Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees to California .
The bill easily passed both houses of the United States Congress , and was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on June 30 , 1864 . The Yosemite Grant , as it was called , was given to California as a state park for " public use , resort and recreation " . A board of commissioners , with Frederick Law Olmsted as chairman , was formed in September 1864 to govern the grant , but it did not meet until 1866 .
= = = Managing the state grant = = =
The commission appointed Galen Clark as the grant 's first guardian , but neither Clark nor the commissioners had the authority to evict homesteaders . Josiah Whitney , the first director of the California Geological Survey , lamented that Yosemite Valley would meet the same fate as Niagara Falls , which at that time was a tourist trap with tolls on every bridge , path , trail , and viewpoint .
Hutchings and a small group of settlers sought legal homesteading rights on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of the valley floor . The issue was not settled until 1874 when the land holdings of Hutchings and three others were invalidated and the state legislature appropriated $ 60 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) to compensate the settlers , of which Hutchings received $ 20 @,@ 000 .
Conditions in Yosemite Valley and access to the park steadily improved . In 1878 , Clark used dynamite to breach a recessional moraine in the valley to drain a swamp behind it . Tourism significantly increased after a Sacramento to Stockton extension of the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 and the Central Pacific Railroad reached Merced in 1872 .
The long horseback ride from Merced remained a deterrent to tourists . Three stagecoach roads were built in the mid @-@ 1870s to provide better access ; Coulterville Road ( June 1874 ) , Big Oak Flat Road ( July 1874 ) , and the Wawona Road ( July 1875 ) . A road to Glacier Point was completed in 1882 by John Conway , and the Great Sierra Wagon Road was opened in 1883 , which roughly followed the Mono Trail to Tuolumne Meadows .
Clark and the sitting commissioners were removed from office by the California Legislature in 1880 , and Hutchings became the new guardian . Hutchings in turn was replaced as guardian , in 1884 , by W. E. Dennison . Clark was reappointed as guardian in 1889 and retired in 1896 .
In 1900 , Oliver Lippincott became the first to drive an automobile into Yosemite Valley . Yosemite Valley Railroad , nicknamed " the short line to paradise , " arrived at nearby El Portal , California in 1907 . Numerous hiking and horse trails were cleared , including a walking path through Mariposa Grove .
= = = Concessionaires = = =
Yosemite 's first concession was established in 1884 when Mr. and Mrs. John Degnan established a bakery and store . The Desmond Park Service Company was granted a twenty @-@ year concession in 1916 ; the company bought out or built hotels , stores , camps , a dairy , a garage , and other park services . Desmond changed its name to the Yosemite National Park Company in December 1917 and was reorganized in 1920 .
The Curry Company was started by David and Jenny Curry in 1899 ; the couple also founded Camp Curry , now known as Curry Village . The Currys lobbied reluctant park supervisors to allow expansion of concessionaire operations and development in the area .
Administrators in the National Park Service felt that limiting the number of concessionaires in each national park would be more financially sound . The Curry Company and its rival , the Yosemite National Park Company , were forced to merge in 1925 to form the Yosemite Park & Curry Company ( YP & CC ) .
= = National park = =
= = = John Muir 's influence = = =
Immediately following his arrival in California in March 1868 , naturalist John Muir set out for the Yosemite area , where he found work tending to the sheep owned by a local rancher , Pat Delaney . Muir 's employment provided him with the opportunity to study the area 's plants , rocks , and animals ; the articles and scientific papers he wrote describing his observations helped to popularize the area and to increase scientific interest in it . Muir was one of the first to suggest that Yosemite Valley 's major landforms were created by large alpine glaciers , contradicting the view of established scientists such as Josiah Whitney , who regarded Muir as an amateur .
Alarmed by over grazing of meadows , logging of giant sequoia , and other damage , Muir changed from being a promoter and scientist to an advocate for further protection . He persuaded many influential people to camp with him in the area , such as Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1871 . Muir tried to convince his guests that the entire area should be under federal protection . None of his guests through the 1880s could do much for Muir 's cause , except for Robert Underwood Johnson , editor of Century Magazine . Through Johnson , Muir had a national audience for his writing and a highly motivated and crafty congressional lobbyist .
Muir 's wish was partially granted on October 1 , 1890 , when the area outside the valley and sequoia grove became a national park under the unopposed Yosemite Act . The Act provided " for the preservation from injury of all timber , mineral deposits , natural curiosities , or wonders within said reservation , and their retention in their natural condition " and prohibited " wanton destruction of the fish and game and their capture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit . "
Yosemite National Park included the entire upper drainages of two river watersheds . Preservation of watersheds was very important to Muir , who said " you cannot save Yosemite Valley without saving its Sierran fountains . " The State of California retained control of Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees . Muir and 181 others founded the Sierra Club in 1892 , in part to lobby for the transfer of the valley and the grove into the national park .
= = = Army administration = = =
Like Yellowstone National Park before it , Yosemite National Park was at first administered by various units of the United States Army . Captain Abram Wood led the 4th Cavalry Regiment into the new park on May 19 , 1891 , and set up Camp A.E. Wood ( now the Wawona Campground ) in Wawona . Each summer , 150 cavalrymen traveled from the Presidio of San Francisco to patrol the park . Approximately 100 @,@ 000 sheep were illegally led into Yosemite 's high meadows each year . The
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Witnesses in the vicinity of Seven @-@ Mile Beach estimated that the aircraft reached a height of a little above 400 ft ( 122 m ) before turning left slightly and descending steeply . The aircraft cleared the land and crashed into Frederick Henry Bay about 300 yards ( 275 m ) beyond the water 's edge and a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the western end of Seven @-@ Mile Beach . After takeoff it flew for less than 2 minutes and covered a distance of only 2 @.@ 9 nautical miles ( 5 @.@ 4 km ) .
= = Recovery = =
= = = Wreckage = = =
On learning of the crash at nearby Seven @-@ Mile Beach employees of Australian National Airways raced from Cambridge aerodrome to lend assistance . About 11 : 15 pm the rear fuselage came to the surface a short distance off @-@ shore . Donald Butler , one of the employees , feared the air hostess might still be trapped in her seat in the rear of the fuselage . He took a length of rope , swam out to the floating piece of structure , attached the rope to the tailwheel and then swam back to the beach . A motor lorry was used to drag the rear fuselage ashore but there was no @-@ one inside . The right tailplane , elevator and trim tab were almost undamaged . The elevator trim tab was still set appropriately for a shallow climb after take @-@ off .
The wreckage was in about 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) of water . A diving pontoon was towed to the site by Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Huon . Diver Glen Thorne found pieces of wreckage scattered over a wide area of the sea bed . The aircraft had disintegrated and there were few recognisable pieces of structure . Key parts of the wreckage were eventually recovered from the sea bed by Thorne working from the pontoon .
= = = Bodies = = =
About 4 hours after the crash the mutilated body of a woman was washed onto Seven @-@ Mile Beach . Fifteen minutes later the body of a man was washed ashore . It was later identified as the body of the captain . At intervals until 6 : 30 am another 5 bodies were washed ashore . The next day , another 3 bodies were recovered . The bodies were badly mutilated and either naked or clad only in vestiges of underclothing , indicating the severity of the impact with the water . One body was missing a leg . A head , severed from its body , was recovered in the vicinity .
The bodies of 21 of the 25 people on board were eventually recovered from the beaches around Frederick Henry Bay . The remaining 4 bodies were never found . One body was found on the beach at Sandford , about 5 miles from the site of the crash . The body of the supernumerary pilot was not identified until 19 days after the accident .
Two years after the accident , a human thigh @-@ bone was found on Seven @-@ Mile Beach . Police believed the bone came from one of the bodies never recovered .
= = Investigation = =
The director @-@ general of Civil Aviation promptly established a panel to investigate the accident . The panel was chaired by John Watkins , Superintendent of Airworthiness & Aeronautical Engineering . After examining the wreckage recovered from the sea bed the panel was satisfied both engines were operating at high power at the time of impact and there was no pre @-@ existing structural or mechanical defect that would explain the crash .
The panel arranged for the witnesses at Seven Mile Beach to observe a series of flights by a de Havilland Dragonfly taking off from Cambridge aerodrome , and to identify which flight best represented what they saw on the night of the crash . This exercise established that VH @-@ AET reached a maximum height of about 425 feet ( 130 m ) . The panel members were satisfied that , after take @-@ off , VH @-@ AET achieved a normal climb of about 325 feet per minute ( 1 @.@ 6 m / s ) and a gradient of about 1 ¾ % before suddenly commencing a descent of about 17 ½ % . Calculations showed that the aircraft 's descent reached about 4 @,@ 000 feet per minute ( 20 m / s ) and its speed about 160 mph ( 257 km / hour ) before it struck the water .
The panel contemplated 25 possible causes of the accident . In its interim report to the Director @-@ General on 20 March 1946 the panel reduced these possible causes to 3 :
= = = Automatic pilot = = =
The control box for the automatic pilot was recovered from the wreckage . The control knob for its gyroscope was in the caged position and the CAGED warning flag was in view even though the control box carried a placard stating the gyro must be uncaged before takeoff . The automatic pilot 's speed valve unit was also recovered ; it showed that the three valves were open in positions indicating the unit was operating at the time of the crash . The investigation panel proposed that the automatic pilot might have been engaged at a height of about 400 ft ( 120 m ) causing the aircraft to descend swiftly into the sea . Engagement could have occurred inadvertently when one of the pilots intended to select fuel cross @-@ feed ON . The operating levers for fuel cross @-@ feed and automatic pilot were the same shape , the same height above the cockpit floor , and about 12 inches ( 305 mm ) apart on the cockpit control console .
No @-@ one on the ground at Cambridge aerodrome saw the pilot who occupied the co @-@ pilot seat prior to takeoff . The panel proposed that the captain may have asked the supernumerary pilot to occupy the co @-@ pilot seat during the flight to Essendon Airport . The supernumerary pilot was on his third flight with the company and had no prior experience flying the C @-@ 47 or DC @-@ 3 . The panel considered that if the supernumerary pilot had occupied the co @-@ pilot seat , and if the captain had called for fuel cross @-@ feed to be turned ON to deal with a fuel pressure problem in one engine , it was possible the supernumerary pilot 's lack of familiarity with the DC @-@ 3 cockpit caused him to inadvertently engage the automatic pilot .
The panel used a DC @-@ 3 aircraft with a cockpit identical to that of VH @-@ AET to carry out four flight tests with the gyroscope caged . When the automatic pilot was engaged the control wheel moved forward so strongly it was torn from the pilot 's hands and he could only regain control by use of both hands and significant force . Initial tests showed that when the pilot was unprepared , up to 600 ft ( 183 m ) could be lost before he identified the problem and disengaged the automatic pilot . On the fourth test the pilot restricted the height loss to 300 ft ( 91 m ) . The panel considered the most likely explanation of the accident was inadvertent engagement of the automatic pilot with the gyroscope caged .
= = = Others = = =
Bird strike – A fortnight after the accident the mutilated body of a large bird was found on Seven @-@ Mile Beach . It was considered the bird , which had a wingspan of about 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , may have struck the aircraft cockpit , distracting or incapacitating the pilots . Alternatively , the bird could have struck the aircraft 's pitot tube , damaging it and causing inaccuracy in the airspeed indicator .
Pilot illness – The investigation panel considered the pilot may have collapsed suddenly . The panel used a DC @-@ 3 aircraft to carry out tests in which one of the pilots simulated falling forward onto the aircraft controls . They found it difficult to fall forward sufficiently to exert a significant force on the elevator control , and the other pilot had no difficulty keeping the aircraft in a climbing attitude .
= = = Report = = =
The investigation panel 's report to the Director @-@ General made recommendations including :
operation of the automatic pilot on @-@ off control on Australian @-@ registered DC @-@ 3 aircraft should be made distinctive from operation of any other control in the cockpit .
instructions should be issued impressing on pilots that gyroscopes should be un @-@ caged prior to takeoff .
the practice of using passenger @-@ carrying flights to give experience to pilots under instruction should be reviewed urgently .
= = Inquiry = =
On 24 April 1946 the Minister for Civil Aviation , Arthur Drakeford , appointed Mr Justice Simpson of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory to conduct an inquiry into the accident . Counsel assisting the inquiry was to be Henry Winneke .
Justice Simpson examined the evidence in detail , including the evidence put forward in support of the 3 most likely causes identified by the investigation panel . He eventually found there was insufficient evidence to consider any of the theories proved . Justice
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what Portland open spaces stood out the most to him .
In 1999 , the park was awarded a centennial medallion from the American Society of Landscape Architects in a ceremony with Vera Katz on July 29 .
According to Steven Koch of the Halprin Landscapes Conservancy , the parks in Lawrence 's Portland Open Space Sequence represent local geography : Source Fountain is above the timberline , Lovejoy Fountain and Pettygrove Park are in the middle , and Keller Fountain represents " the foothills with the roaring falls " . A writer in the Oregonian said the fountain " is an abstraction of a mountain waterfall " . Local architect Marcy McInelly said " they were the first full realization of a theory about reflecting forces of nature but not mimicking natural forms . People came from all over the world to see them " . Bob Gerding , who turned the First Regiment Armory Annex into the LEED Platinum @-@ rated performing arts center , said that in 25 years , " I hope [ the Armory is ] loved by the city . I hope people love to see plays there or have a meeting there or whatever , that it becomes just a cool thing in the city , like the Keller Fountain " .
In 2006 , Laurie Olin said the Halprin 's Portland sequence was " a huge influence on even becoming a landscape architect . I had gone off to Europe and saw them published there . They had to do with representation and meaning but also had an exuberance . They are landmark pieces . When Ada Louis Huxtable wrote in The New York Times that Forecourt Fountain ( in front of Keller Auditorium ) was the greatest civic fountain since the Renaissance , I knew she was right . They were also transformative for the field of landscape architecture , not all for the best , because there were a lot of bad copies and wannabes " .
= Baltimore – Washington Parkway =
The Baltimore – Washington Parkway ( also referred to as the B – W Parkway ) is a highway in the U.S. state of Maryland , running southwest from Baltimore to Washington , D.C. The road begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) and Maryland Route 201 ( MD 201 ) near Cheverly in Prince George 's County at the D.C. border , and continues northeast as a parkway maintained by the National Park Service ( NPS ) to MD 175 near Fort Meade , serving many federal institutions . This portion of the parkway is dedicated to Gladys Noon Spellman , a representative of Maryland 's 5th congressional district , and has the unsigned Maryland Route 295 ( MD 295 ) designation . Commercial vehicles , including trucks , are prohibited within this stretch . This section is administered by the NPS ' Greenbelt Park unit . After leaving park service boundaries the highway is maintained by the state and signed with the MD 295 designation . This section of the parkway passes near Baltimore – Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport . Upon entering Baltimore , the Baltimore Department of Transportation takes over maintenance of the road and it continues north to an interchange with Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) . Here , the Baltimore – Washington Parkway ends and MD 295 continues north unsigned on Russell Street , which carries the route north into downtown Baltimore . In downtown Baltimore , MD 295 follows Paca Street northbound and Greene Street southbound before ending at US 40 .
Plans for a parkway linking Baltimore and Washington date back to Pierre Charles L 'Enfant 's original layout for Washington D.C. in the 18th century but did not fully develop until the 1920s . Major reasons surrounding the need for a parkway included high accident rates on adjacent US 1 and defense purposes before World War II . In the mid @-@ 1940s , plans for the design of the parkway were finalized and construction began in 1947 for the state @-@ maintained portion and in 1950 for the NPS @-@ maintained segment . The entire parkway opened to traffic in stages between 1950 and 1954 . Following the completion of the B – W Parkway , suburban growth took place in both Washington and Baltimore . In the 1960s and the 1970s , there were plans to give the segment of the parkway owned by the NPS to the state and make it a part of I @-@ 295 and possibly I @-@ 95 ; however , they never came through and the entire road is today designated as MD 295 , despite only being signed on the state portion . Between the 1980s and the 2000s , the NPS portion of the road was modernized . MD 295 is in the process of being widened from four to six lanes , with more widening and a new interchange along this segment planned for the future .
= = Route description = =
= = = NPS segment = = =
The parkway begins at a large hybrid cloverleaf just outside the Washington , D.C. boundary at Tuxedo , Maryland that is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration . Two routes converge at the southern and western ends of the interchange : US 50 , which heads west into Washington , D.C. to become New York Avenue ; and MD 201 , which begins at the D.C. line along the northernmost tip of the Kenilworth Avenue Freeway ( which continues into the District of Columbia as D.C. Route 295 ) . US 50 continues east from this interchange as the John Hanson Highway , a freeway , and MD 201 continues north on Kenilworth Avenue , a surface road that closely parallels the B – W Parkway to the east past the interchange .
The portion of the B – W Parkway between the southern terminus and MD 175 is maintained by the National Park Service ( NPS ) . It continues north as a six @-@ lane limited @-@ access parkway with the unsigned MD 295 designation , containing brown signs featuring the Clarendon typeface . Along this section of the parkway , commercial vehicles such as trucks are prohibited ; however , buses and limousines are allowed . [
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of gender , but of class and race as well . Cisneros " creates stories , not explanations or analyses or arguments " , which describe her feminist views with " more provisional , personal , emotional , and intuitive forms of narrative " .
An example of her feminine focus is found in the title story " Woman Hollering Creek " , which concentrates on a woman who is physically abused by her husband and feels drawn towards the nearby creek . She becomes depressed and sits beside the water with her new baby , contemplating how a woman could be driven crazy . Cisneros develops this tale , which has also been found slightly modified in Aztec , Greek , and Spanish cultures , from the legend of La Llorona ( Spanish for " weeping woman " ) , a ghost story found in Mexico and Texas . In the myth , " a beautiful young woman named Maria falls in love and marries a handsome , rich boy , and their union is blessed with two sons and a daughter " . Soon after , the man loses his affection for his wife . Maria , knowing that her husband no longer loves her , drowns their three children in the river and then herself . Upon reaching heaven , Maria is told that she cannot enter until she has found her children . She is sent back to Earth , where she wails sorrowfully for her children . According to legend , any child that happens upon her ghost is pulled into the river and drowned . The real Woman Hollering Creek , a body of water just off Interstate 10 in Texas , is the river which Cisneros mentions in her story . The protagonist in " Woman Hollering Creek " is rescued from her abusive husband by two strangers before she goes mad .
= = Plot summaries = =
Cisneros 's collection of stories is divided into three sections . The first section , which focuses on the innocence of the characters during childhood , is called " My Lucy Friend Who Smells Like Corn " . The following section , called " One Holy Night " , includes two short stories highlighting the troublesome adolescent years of its characters . The final section , called " There Was a Man , There Was a Woman " , concentrates on characters during their tumultuous adulthood . Most of the stories in the collection are between one and fifteen pages in length ; " Eyes of Zapata " , the longest story , is 29 pages long , while " Salvador Late or Early " and " There Was a Man , There Was a Woman " each occupies a single page .
The first and second plot of the story in this book shares the title , " My Lucy Friend Who Smells Like Corn " , with its corresponding section and is a short narrative about an unnamed narrator and her best friend Lucy Anguiano , the " Texas girl who smells like corn " . This vignette offers a snapshot into life just north of the United States @-@ Mexico border for two girls who are presumably of Mexican descent . Lucy 's home is portrayed as a low @-@ income , Mexican @-@ American family . Her mother is overworked and busy with many children while her father is rarely around . However , the story focuses on the freedom that the girls have when no one of authority is watching ; for example , waving at strangers , jumping on mattresses , scratching mosquito bites , picking scabs , and somersaulting in dresses .
The book 's second segment , " One Holy Night " , contains two short narratives focusing on adolescent females and the way their self @-@ worth is affected by the tension of remaining loyal to Mexico while integrating into the American lifestyle . The title story " One Holy Night " introduces the reader to a young teenage girl , Ixchel , who , in her quest for true love , meets a 37 @-@ year @-@ old man named Chato . He lies to her about belonging to ancient Mayan royalty , seduces her , and then abandons her , only to return in an attempt to kill her . In her youth and naivety , Ixchel desires to be romanced by someone with alleged Mexican roots , only to be disappointed by the reality of having fallen in love with a Mexican @-@ American serial killer .
The final section , entitled " There Was A Man , There Was A Woman " , includes the title story " Women Hollering Creek " , " Eyes of Zapata " , and " Never Marry A Mexican " , these being three out of the thirteen stories contained in this portion of the book . The title story , " Woman Hollering Creek " , is about a Mexican woman , named Cleófilas , who marries Juan Pedro Martínez Sánchez . After moving across the border to Seguín , Texas , her hopes of having a happy marriage , like the characters she watches in the telenovelas , are dashed . Throughout their marriage , Juan Pedro is unfaithful , abusive and often leaves her in isolation . As her depression increases , so does her interest in the legendary figure , la llorona , and the creek named after her that runs behind her house . However , unlike this " weeping woman " , who chooses death as a means to escape her unloving husband , Cleófilas , in a sense , chooses life .
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Field Artillery Regiment ( 3 @-@ 319th ) of the 82nd Airborne Division , was attached to the brigade and organized as a maneuver task force ( Task Force Gun Devil ) . It conducted combat operations in Kandahar Province . Task Force Gun Devil included Headquarters and Service Battery , 3 @-@ 319th ( including two provisional maneuver platoons ) ; Company D , 2 – 504th ; Company B , 1 – 508th ; Company A , 1 @-@ 325th ; a military police platoon ( 4th PLT 13th MP Co . ) ; a rotating Romanian mechanized infantry battalion ; and an Afghan National Army company advised by French special forces . The 173rd Support Battalion and the 173rd Combat Support Company provided logistical support from Kandahar , while sending individual soldiers to assist at other forward operating bases .
One of the most notable units to operate out of a FOB was the brigade 's 74th Long @-@ Range Surveillance ( LRS ) detachment . 74th LRS operated out of FOB Price near the town of Gereshk in the Helmand Province . LRS provided the 173rd Brigade command group with key recon and intel of the province , and held control of Helmand with a 5th Special Forces Group ODA element . Assisting the LRS and 5th Group ODA were elements of the 82nd Airborne , Iowa National Guard , and ANA . The LRS detachment and 5th Group ODA conducted many combined and individual operations to ensure the stability of the region . The LRS detachment was also tasked at times for recon and intel gathering for other brigade assets , and target acquisition and designation for U.S. Air Force , U.S. Army , and RAF aircraft . The brigade returned to Italy in March 2006 . Seventeen soldiers from the brigade died during this deployment .
= = = Transformation = = =
On 11 October 2006 , as part of the Army 's " Unit of Action " modularized unit force restructuring that General Shinseki had originally envisioned the 173rd Airborne Brigade became the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team ( ABCT ) . This was a significant change as it signified the ability for the brigade to deploy its forces and sustain itself with its newly integrated support teams . By integrating these support elements , the unit became able to maintain its fighting forces with all that is required to keep the ground soldiers supplied and moving . The infantry battalions and the brigade headquarters remained in Vicenza , Italy through the transition . Four additional battalions were activated or designated at Bamberg and Schweinfurt , Germany . These battalions were : the 4th Battalion ( Airborne ) , 319th Field Artillery Regiment , the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion ( Airborne ) , and the Special Troops Battalion stationed at Warner Barracks in Bamberg , Germany , as well as the 1st Squadron ( Airborne ) , 91st Cavalry Regiment , stationed in Schweinfurt , Germany . After the new units were integrated into the brigade , the preponderance of the forces within the brigade were stationed in Germany , apart from the brigade headquarters in Italy . This dynamic was intended to last only until additional facilities were constructed at the Dal Molin , now Del Din , airbase near Caserma Ederle at Vicenza . The 1st Battalion ( Airborne ) , 508th Infantry was reflagged as 1st Battalion ( Airborne ) , 503rd Infantry Regiment to resume the Vietnam @-@ era lineage of the 503rd Infantry battalions under the 173rd Airborne Brigade . The 1st Battalion , 508th Infantry colors were moved to Ft . Bragg , North Carolina to serve under the 82nd Airborne Division . Immediately after its transformation , the brigade began intensive training in both Germany and Italy to prepare itself for future deployments .
= = = Afghanistan , 2007 – 08 = = =
In 2006 , the brigade was notified for a second tour of duty in Iraq from 2007 to 2008 , but its deployment plan was changed to Afghanistan in February 2007 when the Pentagon announced that it would relieve the 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 10th Mountain Division along with the 4th Brigade Combat Team , 82nd Airborne Division . In the spring of 2007 , the 173rd again deployed to Afghanistan , as Task Force Bayonet , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF 07 – 09 ) , their first deployment as a fully transformed brigade combat team . The brigade was dispersed throughout the east of the country , with units operating in Kunar , Paktika , and Laghman Provinces . The 173rd ABCT officially relieved the 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 10th Mountain Division on 6 June 2007 .
The 173rd participated in various operations with the objective of ensuring security and subduing Taliban insurgents in the mountainous regions along Afghanistan 's border with Pakistan , near the Hindu Kush . Throughout their 15 @-@ month deployment , the brigade participated in more than 9 @,@ 000 patrols throughout the region . Journalist Sebastian Junger and photographer Tim Hetherington were embedded with Battle Company of 2nd Battalion which saw extensive
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4 . Rangers fans remember him as " Slim Jim " , and in 18 " Old Firm " games against local rivals Celtic – 10 Scottish League , five Scottish League Cup and three Scottish Cup matches – he was only twice on the losing side . His first Rangers game was in August 1960 at inside left against Partick Thistle in the Scottish League Cup . He scored his first goal for the club in November 1960 , against Clyde , and in the same month scored an early goal in Rangers ' 8 – 0 win over the German team Borussia Mönchengladbach . In 1961 Baxter played in the Rangers team that contested the first ever European Cup Winners ' Cup Final , a two @-@ legged tie that they lost 4 – 1 on aggregate to Fiorentina .
In December 1964 , Baxter played brilliantly , in Tam Dalyell 's opinion , to set up a 2 – 0 win for Rangers in an away game against Rapid Vienna in the European Cup , but late in the game his leg was broken and he was unable to play for four months . He started drinking heavily during this lay @-@ off , and this reduced his fitness .
Scot Symon , the Rangers manager who had signed up Baxter in 1960 , may have felt Baxter 's best days were past , and sold him in May 1965 .
= = = Later career = = =
Baxter joined Sunderland for a transfer fee of £ 72 @,@ 500 , the highest ever paid to a Scottish club at the time . Baxter played 98 games for Sunderland in England 's First Division ( then the top tier ) , scoring 12 goals .
In December 1967 , Sunderland sold Baxter to English First Division club Nottingham Forest for £ 100 @,@ 000 . While there he became friends with cricketer Gary Sobers . After playing 50 games for Forest , in 1969 , Baxter was given a free transfer .
Baxter moved back to Rangers . His return to Rangers was brief , as he retired from football in 1970 , aged only 31 . By the end of his career with Rangers he had made 254 appearances for the club , including victories that led to three Scottish League Championships , three Scottish Cups and four Scottish League Cups .
= = International career = =
In the 1960s Baxter gained 34 caps as a member of strong Scottish teams , which included Billy McNeill , Pat Crerand , John White , Dave Mackay , Denis Law and John Greig . In his international appearances he scored three goals , and Scotland won 21 , drew 3 and lost 10 of these matches . He made his international debut in November 1961 , when Scotland beat Northern Ireland . Earlier in 1961 Scotland lost 9 – 3 to England at Wembley , and April 1962 Baxter and Crerand played brilliantly , helping Scotland to gain some revenge with a 2 – 0 win .
According to many commentators , his greatest performances were against England in 1963 and 1967 . Baxter regarded his performance in 1963 as the better of the two . In the 1963 game Scotland were reduced to 10 men when their left back Eric Caldow 's leg was broken in a tackle – substitutions were not allowed in those days . Baxter , supported by Mackay , White and Law , led Scotland to a 2 – 1 win , scoring both of the goals , the first being Baxter 's first @-@ ever penalty kick , for an English foul on Willie Henderson . Bobby Moore thought this was the best team Scotland ever fielded .
The following year Scotland , again inspired by Baxter and Law , beat England 1 – 0 , and only poor finishing prevented them from scoring a bigger win . In 1966 , sixteen months after his leg had been broken , Baxter was no longer able to inspire his team @-@ mates , and Scotland lost 4 – 3 to England .
In the 1967 British Home Championship , Baxter produced a dominating but controversial performance for Scotland , tantalising England , who had won the World Cup in 1966 , by playing " keepie uppie " ( ball juggling ) while waiting for team @-@ mates to get into good positions . Some commentators accepted that humiliating the opposition was a valid objective , while others regarded it as childish and thought Scotland should have won a more convincing victory than the actual 3 – 2 scoreline . Team @-@ mate Denis Law expressed opinions on both sides of this debate , saying that Baxter was " the best player on the park " and the main reason for the Scots ' victory , but complaining that Baxter 's lack of urgency had prevented Scotland from thoroughly avenging the 9 – 3 defeat in April 1961 . Alex Ferguson said Baxter 's performance " could have been set to music " . In this game Baxter also conspired with Billy Bremner against Alan Ball , sending Bremner a " 50 @-@ 50 " pass , which allowed Bremner to " hit Ball like a train " when Ball contested possession . ( Was it not Nobby Stiles ? ) As Scotland were the first team to beat England after the 1966 FIFA World Cup , the Tartan Army proclaimed themselves " unofficial world champions " .
In October 1963 , which may have been Baxter 's best year overall , he played in the " rest of the world " in a match against England to celebrate the centenary of The Football Association . He came on to the field in the second half , and his performance won the admiration of Ferenc Puskás . However England won the match 2 – 1 .
Scotland did not qualify for the final stage of the FIFA World Cup during Baxter 's playing career . Scottish public opinion at the time blamed lack of commitment by the " Anglos " , Scottish @-@ born players who spent little or none of their playing careers in Scotland . However at the
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control , and she too was abandoned , at 10 : 40 pm on 11 July . Port Fairy was also straddled by two near misses , but did not suffer significant damage . Both troopships were subsequently torpedoed and sunk by their escorts , the Duchess of York by Douglas , for fear their blazing hulks would attract German submarines to the area .
While there are differing accounts of the casualties on board the two troopships , the official figures state that 89 people were killed on board Duchess of York and 26 on board California . The survivors were rescued by the two destroyers and Moyola , including 660 by Iroquois alone . They were subsequently taken to Casablanca in North Africa by the warships , from where the seamen returned to Britain and military personnel continued to West Africa on board the troopship SS Nea Hellas .
The frigate HMS Swale , despatched from Gibraltar to make a scheduled rendezvous , sighted the convoy under attack at 10 : 10 pm , and was herself attacked by Condors , the bombs falling 20 yards astern . After conducting an A / S sweep around the convoy , Swale was ordered to detach and escort Port Fairy to Casablanca . At 6 : 45 pm the following day , Swale rescued eight survivors from a PBY Catalina , but within an hour the two ships were again attacked by Condors returning from a reconnaissance mission . Despite the intervention of two United States Navy Catalinas sent to their aid , a bomb hit Port Fairy on her starboard quarter , starting a fire next to the magazine and disabling her steering . The Catalinas eventually drove off the Condors with machine gun fire ; one of the German aircrew was seriously wounded in this engagement . At 10 : 05 pm Swale came alongside Port Fairy to aid the extinction of the fire with her hoses . With Port Fairy in danger of exploding , 64 survivors from the two troopships and 8 passengers were transferred to Swale . The blaze was eventually extinguished at 00 : 41 am , and both ships continued the remaining 500 nm to Casablanca without further incident , Port Fairy steering by her engines . Port Fairy did not suffer any casualties in the attack and was repaired on arrival at Casablanca .
= = Aftermath = =
The losses suffered by Convoy Faith shocked the British military , as it had been believed that the Condor force no longer posed a significant threat . The decision to use a route which was similar to that used by previous convoys despite Convoy Faith 's small escort made it an attractive target . In his assessment of the action Admiral Charles Forbes , the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Plymouth strongly criticised the troopships for not taking evasive action during the attack . He also criticised the captain of Iroquois for not assuming command of the convoy . However , the Canadian official history argues that " it is doubtful whether Holms would have acted differently under the circumstances " . In order to prevent a repetition of the attack , the convoy routes between Britain and West Africa were moved further to the west so that they were almost at the limit of the Condors ' range .
The loss of California and Duchess of York represented a heavy blow to the Allies ' already heavily committed fleet of large troopships . Duchess of York 's intended role was filled by Nea Hellas after she disembarked Convoy Faith 's survivors at Freetown . Nea Hellas embarked the Gold Coast elements of the 5th ( West Africa ) Brigade at Takoradi from 2 August while Britannic , Tamaroa and Largs Bay loaded the remainder of the unit at other West African ports . Convoy WS 32 sailed from Freetown on 5 August , and Nea Hellas joined it at sea two days later . The liner was left behind at Durban owing to a mechanical fault , but eventually disembarked its soldiers at Bombay in late September after sailing there as part of Convoy CM 45 . The West African personnel which were to be transported to the Middle East on board California were embarked on Convoy WS 33 in September and arrived at their destination in early November .
The Germans attempted to build on their success against Convoy Faith by carrying out further medium @-@ altitude attacks on convoys . III . / KG 40 sank another four ships between July and September 1943 , but suffered heavy losses from Allied aircraft and anti @-@ aircraft guns . From October , Heinkel He 177s largely took over the Condors ' anti @-@ shipping role , and the last Condor sorties were made over the Atlantic in early 1944 .
= Abdallah al @-@ Battal =
Abdallah al @-@ Battal ( Arabic : عبدالله البطال ; " Abdallah the Hero " , died in 740 ) was a Muslim warrior of the Arab – Byzantine Wars of the early 8th century , participating in several of the campaigns launched by the Umayyad Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire . Historical facts about his life are scarce , but an extensive pseudo @-@ historical and legendary tradition grew around him after his death , and he became a famous figure in both Arab and later Turkish epic literature as Sayyid Battal Ghazi .
= = Biography = =
Nothing is known of Abdallah al @-@ Battal 's origin or early life . Much later accounts claim that he hailed from Antioch or Damascus , and that he was a mawla of the Umayyad family . He is also given various kunya , Abu Muhammad , Abu Yahya , or Abu ' l @-@ Husayn , by which he is usually known . His nisba of al @-@ Antaqi ( " of Antioch " ) rather than a tribal affiliation suggests that he was not of Arab origin ; in this context , his name " Abdallah " further suggests that he was a convert to Islam , as this name ( meaning " servant of Allah " ) was often given to new converts in early Islamic times . Khalid Yahya Blankinship suggested that he might be the same person as a certain " ' Amr " recorded by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor in the Nicaea campaign of 727 , and hence that " ' Amr " could be his actual personal name or a patronymic ( i.e. his name could be ' Amr ibn Abdallah or Abdallah ibn ' Amr ) , while alternatively " Abdallah " could simply be an honorific .
According to historical sources ( the chroniclers al @-@ Ya 'qubi and al @-@ Tabari ) , al @-@ Battal first appears in 727 , in one of the annual raids against Byzantine Asia Minor . This campaign was commanded by Mu 'awiya ibn Hisham , the son of the reigning Caliph Hisham ( reigned 723 – 743 ) . Al @-@ Battal led the vanguard , with which he penetrated as far as the city of Gangra in Paphlagonia , which he captured and razed , before the army went on to unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea . Blankinship considers that al @-@ Battal 's capture of Gangra ranks as one of the greatest successes of Umayyad arms against the Byzantines in this period , along with the capture of Caesarea by Maslama ibn Abd al @-@ Malik in 726 . Later accounts from the 10th century , place al @-@ Battal alongside Maslama during the latter 's failed siege of Constantinople in 717 – 718 , but as the Arab accounts of the siege are semi @-@ legendary , it is impossible to know if this report contains any truth .
Al @-@ Battal himself commanded another raid in 731 – 732 , of which little is known . It most probably was a failure , and is remembered only for the death in battle of another Arab hero , Abd al @-@ Wahhab ibn Bukht . In the next year , AH 115 ( 732 – 733 ) , al @-@ Battal campaigned again alongside Mu 'awiya ibn Hisham , raiding as far as Akroinon in Phrygia .
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by Brandon Tate of North Carolina . At Virginia , Smith took advantage of the Cavaliers ' man @-@ to @-@ man coverage and had seven receptions for 157 yards , including a 12 @-@ yard touchdown . On a 62 @-@ yard catch , he said he was tackled on the seven @-@ yard line only because he was exhausted . Quarterback Danny O 'Brien expressed his readiness to throw deep passes to Smith in single coverage , " If it 's even , I put it up . " Maryland entered the game against 25th @-@ ranked Florida State in contention for the ACC Atlantic Division championship . Smith recorded a phone message and video appealing to fans in a bid to improve home attendance , which had been lackluster throughout the season . The game was attended by 48 @,@ 115 spectators , which surpassed the athletic department 's projections . Maryland lost , 30 – 16 , and Smith had seven receptions for 69 yards .
Smith delivered a record @-@ setting performance against 23rd @-@ ranked North Carolina State , in which he collected a career @-@ high 14 receptions for 224 yards and four touchdowns . Smith scored on catches of 10 , 11 , 12 , and 71 yards , and his performance helped Maryland win , 38 – 31 , despite amassing negative rushing yards . During the game , Smith set the school record for career all @-@ purpose yardage , which surpassed Lamont Jordan 's previous mark of 4 @,@ 960 yards . His four touchdown receptions in a single game also set a school record , which surpassed the previous mark of three shared by Vernon Davis , Guilian Gary , Jermaine Lewis , and James Milling . Smith 's season tally of twelve touchdowns also set a school record , which surpassed the mark of nine shared by Jermaine Lewis and Marcus Badgett . He also joined Marcus Badgett as just the second Maryland receiver to accumulate over 1 @,@ 000 yards in a single season . For his performance , the Atlantic Coast Conference named him the Offensive Back of the Week .
Upon the conclusion of the regular season , the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association named Smith to the All @-@ ACC first team as a wide receiver . In the 2010 Military Bowl against East Carolina , Smith had two catches for ten yards . Shortly after the game , he declared himself available for the 2011 NFL Draft in order to financially support his family . ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper said , while he believed Smith could have potentially reached first @-@ round status with another year , he would likely be selected in the second or third round of the 2011 NFL Draft .
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Professional career = =
= = = 2011 NFL Combine = = =
= = = Baltimore Ravens = = =
= = = = 2011 = = = =
The Baltimore Ravens selected Smith with the 58th overall pick in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft . Smith , who ran the 40 @-@ yard dash in 4 @.@ 41 seconds at the combine , was described as a deep threat that the team had missed the previous season .
After facing criticism for a lack of production in the first two weeks , Smith turned in a record @-@ setting performance against the St. Louis Rams in Week 3 . In the first quarter , he scored on each of his first three career receptions with 74- , 41- , and 18 @-@ yard touchdowns . The 74 @-@ yard score was the longest completion of quarterback Joe Flacco 's career . He became the first NFL rookie , and only the twelfth player , to amass
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three touchdown receptions in a single quarter . Smith finished the game with five receptions for 152 yards in the 37 – 7 victory . Smith caught the game winning touchdown against the Steelers on November 6 , 2011 . On November 20 , 2011 , Smith once again showed his knack for making plays in the Ravens ' 31 @-@ 24 win over division rivals , the Cincinnati Bengals . In his second 150 @-@ yard receiving performance of the season , Torrey made 6 receptions for 165 yards , including a 49 @-@ yard touchdown from Joe Flacco . He finished the season with 50 receptions , 841 receiving yards and a team leading ( and Ravens rookie record ) 7 receiving touchdowns .
= = = = 2012 = = = =
Despite losing his brother , Tevin Jones , in a tragic motorcycle accident the morning before the Week 3 game against the New England Patriots , Smith had a great second season as a Raven . During the Monday Night Football game vs. New England , Smith played the game of his life for his late brother , leading his team in receptions ( 6 ) , receiving yards ( 127 ) and receiving touchdowns ( 2 ) , helping Baltimore win 31 @-@ 30 . On January 12 , 2013 , in the Division Playoff Round against the Denver Broncos , Smith caught both a 59 @-@ yard pass and a 32 @-@ yard pass for touchdowns in a 38 @-@ 35 double overtime win . The Ravens would go on to win Super Bowl XLVII against the San Francisco 49ers 34 @-@ 31 , earning Smith his first Super Bowl ring . Smith finished the season with 8 touchdown receptions .
= = = = 2013 = = = =
Smith started the 2013 season as the Ravens # 1 receiver . 6 weeks into the season he was one of the NFL 's leaders in receptions and receiving yards . Smith reached the 1 @,@ 000 yard receiving season mark for the first time in his career after Week 15 into the season . Smith was also the first Raven @-@ drafted receiver to eclipse 1 @,@ 000 yards for the team .
= = = = 2014 = = = =
During the 2014 offseason , the
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270 indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages , in a region of about 2 @.@ 7 million people . Javanese is the most widely spoken local language , as it is the language of the largest ethnic group .
= = = Urban centres = = =
= = = Religion = = =
While religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution , the government officially recognises only six religions : Islam , Protestantism , Roman Catholicism , Hinduism , Buddhism , and Confucianism . Indonesia is the world 's most populous Muslim majority country , at 87 @.@ 2 % in 2010 , with the majority being Sunni Muslims ( 99 % ) . The Shias and Ahmadis respectively constitute 0 @.@ 5 % and 0 @.@ 2 % of the Muslim population .
In 2010 , Christians made up almost 10 % of the population ( 7 % of the total population was Protestant , 2 @.@ 9 % Roman Catholic ) , 1 @.@ 7 % were Hindu , and 0 @.@ 9 % were Buddhist or other . Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese , and most Buddhists in modern @-@ day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese .
Though now minority religions , Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture . Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century , through the influence of traders , and became the country 's dominant religion by the 16th century .
Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries , and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country 's colonial period . A large proportion of Indonesians — such as the Javanese abangan , Balinese Hindus , and Dayak Christians — practice a less orthodox , syncretic form of their religion , which draws on local customs and beliefs .
Most of indigenous native Indonesian beliefs could be categorised as animism , shamanism as well ancestral worship . Examples of Indonesian native belief systems are Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan , Dayak 's Kaharingan and Batak 's Parmalim faith , and to some extent Javanese Kejawen belief . There are also a number of indigenous deities and ancestral worship in Kalimantan , Sulawesi , and Papua .
= = = Education = = =
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years . Parents can choose between state @-@ run , non sectarian public schools supervised by Depdiknas ( Department of National Education ) or private or semi @-@ private religious ( usually Islamic ) schools supervised and financed by the Department of Religious Affairs . The enrolment rate is 94 % for primary education ( 2011 ) , 75 % for secondary education , and 27 % for tertiary education . The literacy rate is 93 % ( 2011 ) .
By 2014 , there were 118 state universities in Indonesia . Entry to higher education depends on the nationwide entrance examination ( SNMPTN and SBMPTN ) . According to the 2015 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , the top university in Indonesia is University of Indonesia ( rank 310 , dropped from 201 in 2009 ) , followed by Bandung Institute of Technology ( in the 431 @-@ 460 rank range ) and Gadjah Mada University ( in the 551 – 600 rank range ) . Five other Indonesian universities , including Airlangga University , Bogor Institute of Agriculture , Diponegoro University , Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology and Brawijaya University all huddled in the 701 + range . All of educational institutions located in Java . Andalas University is pioneering the establishment of a leading university outside of Java .
= = Tourism = =
Both nature and culture are major components
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of Indonesian tourism . The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a tropical climate , vast archipelago and long stretch of beaches . These natural attractions are complemented by a rich cultural heritage that reflects Indonesia 's dynamic history and ethnic diversity . The ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples , Toraja and Bali , with its Hindu festivities , are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism .
Indonesia has a well @-@ preserved natural ecosystem with rainforests that stretch over about 57 % of Indonesia 's land ( 225 million acres ) . Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular tourist destinations , such as Orang Utan wildlife reserve . Moreover , Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world , measuring 54 @,@ 716 kilometres ( 33 @,@ 999 mi ) .
With 20 % of the world 's coral reefs , over 3 @,@ 000 different species of fish and 600 coral species , deep water trenches , volcanic sea mounts , World War II wrecks , and an endless variety of macro life , scuba diving in Indonesia is both excellent and inexpensive . Bunaken National Marine Park , at the northern tip of Sulawesi has more than 70 % of all the known fish species of the Indo @-@ Western Pacific Ocean . According to Conservation International , marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat Islands is the highest recorded on Earth . Moreover , there are over 3 @,@ 500 species living in Indonesian waters , including sharks , dolphins , manta rays , turtles , morays , cuttlefish , octopus and scorpaenidae , compared to 1 @,@ 500 on the Great Barrier Reef .
Indonesia has 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , such as the Komodo National Park , Cultural Landscape of Bali , Ujung Kulon National Park , Lorentz National Park , Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra , comprises three national parks on the island of Sumatra : Gunung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Seblat National Park and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park ; and 18 World Heritage Sites in tentative list , such as the historic urban centres of Jakarta Old Town , Sawahlunto Old Coal Mining Town , Semarang Old Town , as well as Muara Takus Compound Site .
The heritage tourism is focussed on specific interest on Indonesian history , such as colonial architectural heritage of Dutch East Indies era . The activities among others are visiting museums , churches , forts and historical colonial buildings , as well as spend some nights in colonial heritage hotels . The popular heritage tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and the royal Javanese courts of Yogyakarta , Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran .
Bali island received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010 . The island of Bali won because of its
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in the video game media due to the impact it had in the action game genre , its high difficulty and the high overall scores which many professional reviewers concluded to be one of the best and most innovative video games of all time . The game has sold more than two million copies , and spawned multiple Capcom @-@ developed sequels and prequels .
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay consists of levels called " missions " , where players must fight numerous enemies , perform platforming tasks , and occasionally solve puzzles to progress through the story . The player 's performance in each mission is given a letter grade of A , B , C , or D , with an additional top grade of S. Grades are based on the time taken to complete the mission , the amount of " red orbs " gathered ( the in @-@ game currency obtained from defeated enemies ) , how " stylish " their combat was , item usage , and damage taken .
" Stylish " combat is defined as performing an unbroken series of attacks while avoiding damage , with player performance tracked by an on @-@ screen gauge . The more hits the player makes , the higher the gauge rises . The gauge starts at " Dull " ; progresses through " Cool " , " Bravo " , and " Absolute " ; and peaks at " Stylish " . The gauge terms are similar to the grades given at the end of the missions . When Dante receives damage , the style rating resets back to " Dull " . Players can also maintain their style grade by taunting enemies at close range .
The player can temporarily transform Dante into a more powerful demonic creature by using the " Devil Trigger " ability . Doing so adds powers based on the current weapon and changes Dante 's appearance . The transformations typically increase strength and defense , slowly restore health , and grant special attacks . It is governed by the Devil Trigger gauge , which depletes as the ability is used , and is refilled by attacking enemies or taunting in normal form .
Devil May Cry contains puzzles and other challenges besides regular combat gameplay . The main storyline often requires the player to find key items to advance , in a manner similar to puzzles in the Resident Evil games , as well as optional platforming and exploration tasks to find hidden caches of " orbs " . Side quests , called " Secret Missions " in the game , are located in hidden or out @-@ of @-@ the @-@ way areas and are not required for completion , but provide permanent power @-@ ups . They typically challenge the player to defeat a group of enemies in a specific manner or within a time limit .
= = Plot = =
Devil May Cry begins with Dante being attacked in his office by a mysterious woman named Trish . He impresses her by easily brushing off her assault , and tells her that he hunts demons in pursuit of those who killed his mother and brother . She says the attack was a test , and that the demon emperor Mundus , whom Dante holds responsible for the deaths of his family , is planning a return . The scene jumps to their arrival at an immense castle , whereupon Trish abruptly leaps and vanishes over a high wall .
Dante explores the castle and encounters the game 's stock enemies , demonic marionettes . He also finds a new sword called Alastor , and battles the first boss , a giant spider / scorpion demon named Phantom . Dante wins the battle , but in what becomes a recurring theme , the defeated boss monster reappears a short time later in a corridor , forcing Dante to choose a narrow escape or to fight in the tight confines . After further exploration and combat , Dante battles a demon named Nelo Angelo who impresses Dante with his confidence . Dante manages to defeat Nelo Angelo and is about to deliver the final blow - but unfortunately , Nelo Angelo evades him , and counterattacks Dante furiously with a series of punches and kicks . The demon prepares to kill Dante , but suddenly flees upon seeing the half @-@ amulet Dante wears , which contains a picture of his mother . The demon attacks twice more in later missions , and is eventually revealed to be Dante 's identical twin brother , Vergil . After Angelo / Vergil 's death , his amulet joins with his brother 's half , and " Force Edge " , the game 's default sword , which had belonged to the twins ' father , changes into its true form and becomes the Sparda sword .
When Dante next meets Trish , she betrays him and reveals that she too is working for Mundus , but when her life is endangered , Dante chooses to save her . Claiming he did so only because of her resemblance to his mother , he warns her to stay away . Yet when he finally confronts Mundus , who is about to kill Trish , Dante again chooses to save her and is injured . Mundus tries to finish him off , but Trish takes the attack instead . This unleashes Dante 's full power , thus allowing him to take on the form of Sparda . Dante and Mundus then battle on another plane of existence .
Dante is victorious , and leaves the amulet and sword with Trish 's immobile body before departing . Mundus returns and corners Dante , who is now back to his regular strength , before he can flee the island ; Trish also returns and lends Dante her power . Dante defeats Mundus , who vows to return and rule the human world . When Trish tries to apologize she begins to cry , and Dante tells her it means she has become human and not just a devil , because " devils never cry " . Dante and Trish escape on a plane as the island collapses . After the credits , it is revealed that Dante and Trish are working together as partners , and have renamed the shop " Devil Never Cry " .
= = Development = =
First hinted at in early December 1999 , Devil May Cry started out as the earliest incarnation of Resident Evil 4 . Initially developed for the PlayStation 2 , the game was directed by Hideki Kamiya after producer Shinji Mikami requested him to create a new entry in the Resident Evil series . Around the turn of the millennium , regular series writer Noboru Sugimura created a scenario for the title , based on Kamiya 's idea to make a very cool and stylized action game . The story was based on unraveling the mystery surrounding the body of protagonist Tony , an invincible man with skills and an intellect exceeding that of normal people , his superhuman abilities explained with biotechnology . As Kamiya felt the playable character did not look brave and heroic enough in battles from a fixed angle , he decided to drop the prerendered backgrounds from previous Resident Evil installments and instead opted for a dynamic camera system . This new direction required the team to make a trip to Europe where they spent eleven days in the United Kingdom and Spain photographing things like Gothic statues , bricks , and stone pavements for use in textures . Though the developers tried to make the " coolness " theme fit into the world of Resident Evil , Mikami felt it strayed too far from the series ' survival horror roots and gradually convinced all of the staff members to make the game independent from it . Kamiya eventually rewrote the story to be set in a world full of demons and changed the hero 's name to " Dante " . The cast of characters remained largely identical to that in Sugimura 's scenario , although appearances of the hero 's mother and father were written out of the story . The game 's new title was revealed as Devil May Cry in November 2000 .
The game was developed by Team Little Devils , a group of staff members within Capcom Production Studio 4 . Some of the major gameplay elements were partially inspired by a bug found in Onimusha : Warlords . During a test @-@ play , Kamiya discovered that enemies could be kept in the air by slashing them repeatedly , which led to the inclusion of juggles by gunfire and sword strikes in Devil May Cry . According to the director , Devil May Cry was designed from the ground up around Dante 's acrobatics and combat abilities . The decision was made late in the development process to change the game to a more mission @-@ based advancement , instead of the more open @-@ ended structure of the Resident Evil games . Devil May Cry 's difficulty was intentional , according to Kamiya , who called it his " challenge to those who played light , casual games . "
= = Reception = =
The game was critically acclaimed , with reviews from video game news websites typically praising its gameplay innovations , action , visuals , camera control , and gothic ambience . The game also received positive reviews from video game print publications for similar reasons . Game Informer summarized their review by saying the game " makes Resident Evil look like a slow zombie " . Devil May Cry also frequents several Top Video Games of All Time lists . Gamefury , for instance , listed Devil May Cry at # 31 in their Top 40 Console Games of All Time feature . In 2010 , IGN listed it at # 42 in their " Top 100 PlayStation 2 Games " . Dante also received noteworthy praise to the point of becoming one of the most famous characters in gaming .
The game was also subject to criticism , however . Next Generation objected to the difficulty level , wondering if the challenge was added to prolong the gameplay . The Electric Playground pointed to the unusual control scheme and
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year @-@ old Leslie Mongo . Shortly afterward , Wheatley 's mother , Patricia , was laid off and became an alcoholic . With the effective loss of his two parents , Wheatley and his sister were forced to move in with an aunt , where he lived through the rest of his childhood . Due to family difficulties , Wheatley acts as the guardian of two cousins and his half brother . Mongo was ten years younger than Wheatley , and graduated from high school in New Jersey in 2004 — thirteen years after Wheatley had graduated from high school .
Wheatley was involved in competitive athletics from an early age : In his youth , he ran competitively with the Penn Park track team , where , as an eight @-@ year @-@ old , he stood out for his discipline and promptness . Because of his family trouble , he assumed a family leadership role at a relatively young age . Wheatley made it clear to his brothers and sisters that when chaos came to their lives , they should to turn to him because he would be there and he would never fall . When he was in high school , he would take his younger siblings to basketball games , mapping out emergency plans for shooting outbreaks or brawls . Wheatley 's guardianship continued throughout his career at the University of Michigan and while he was a professional athlete . While playing in the NFL , he realized that leaving Mongo — the youngest of his siblings — in Inkster and merely providing financial support was not a solution because Mongo was still exposed to gang shootings . As Mongo 's guardian , Wheatley moved Mongo to New Jersey for school . Mongo later earned outstanding freshman athlete honors during the Bergen County , New Jersey outdoor track championships while living with Wheatley , who was playing for the Giants at the time . In 2004 , with his graduation from high school imminent , Mongo signed a letter of intent with Utah State as a defensive back .
= = Athletics = =
= = = High school = = =
Wheatley attended Hamilton J. Robichaud High School in Dearborn Heights , Michigan , a neighboring municipality of Inkster . During his time at Robichaud High School , he became a nine @-@ time MHSAA state champion ( seven @-@ time individual in track and field , one @-@ time team each in track and field and football ) . He is among the highest @-@ scoring football players in Michigan high school history , and he led his high school to the state football championships while playing eight different positions and being named the Michigan Football Player of the year . In the 1990 MHSAA Championship game against upper peninsula powerhouse Kingsford High School at the Pont
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iac Silverdome , Wheatley ran for 165 yards and a touchdown in a 21 – 7 victory . That season he led the Bulldogs to a 12 – 1 record . He has been described as the greatest football player in Michigan High School history .
In track and field , he won the Michigan High School Track and Cross Country Athlete of the Year award in 1991 . However , at one point Wheatley had quit the track team because the coach refused to let him run four individual events as a sprinter , jumper and hurdler . The coach relented , and Wheatley became a seven @-@ time MHSAA Class B individual state champion by winning the long jump , 100 meters , 110 @-@ meter hurdles both his junior and senior seasons and winning the 200 meters as junior . In his junior year , he led his school to the state Class B track championships , and he became the first individual four @-@ time track and field state champion in the same year in MHSAA history . Through the 2007 MHSAA season he was the MHSAA All class long jump record holder with a 1991 leap of 24 ft 7 in ( 7 @.@ 49 m ) , his high school 100 meters time ( 10 @.@ 59 seconds , 1990 ) continues to rank third in MHSAA history , and his 110 meter hurdles time ( 13 @.@ 87 sec . , 1991 ) ranked seventh in MHSAA history . In addition , through the 2007 track season his hurdle time continued to be a MHSAA lower peninsula Class B state record . His long jump record has been retired . Wheatley became a high school All @-@ American in track , and he was also a member of successful relay teams in high school . His athleticism and jumping abilities were further exhibited in basketball ; Wheatley played for his high school basketball team and was able to slam dunk . He claims that against his high school rival , Inkster High School , he performed a dunk from the foul line , which is a difficult dunk made famous in slam dunk competitions by Julius Erving ( Dr. J. ) and later revived by Michael Jordan . Yet , despite his versatility and promise , Wheatley considered turning down athletic scholarships in hopes of obtaining an academic scholarship .
= = = College = = =
Wheatley chose to remain in metropolitan Detroit and attend the University of Michigan on an athletic scholarship . He played running back for the football team for four years and ran on the track team for three years . As both a football player and track athlete he was highly decorated ; he earned first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten honors on teams that won Big Ten Championships in both sports and All @-@ American Honors in track . In football , he set and retains numerous school records and in track he achieved some of the fastest times in school history . Offensive coordinator Fred Jackson recalled that Wheatley was always prompt , never overweight , played while injured , and even babysat for Jackson 's children . Wheatley was described in the press as a football player who put his team ahead of himself .
Wheatley wore # 6 for the Michigan Wolverines football program from 1991 to 1994 . At the end of the 2007 season , he ranked third in Michigan football history in career points and second in career touchdowns ( behind Anthony Thomas ) with forty @-@ seven rushing touchdowns , six receiving touchdowns and one kickoff return for a touchdown . His 47 rushing touchdowns , which ranked third in Big Ten history at the end of his career , ranked fifth behind Ron Dayne ( 71 ) , Anthony Thompson ( 68 ) , Pete Johnson ( 56 ) and Thomas through the 2006 season . His 17 touchdowns in 1992 ranks as the fifth most productive offensive season in Michigan history . In 1992 , he was the Big Ten rushing and scoring champion in an offense where Michigan quarterback Elvis Grbac was also a statistical Big Ten champion . He earned Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year honors that season and capped the season off by earning the MVP of the 1993 Rose Bowl on a 235 @-@ yard , 15 @-@ carry performance against Washington Huskies , which included touchdown runs of 88 , 56 and 24 yards .
Through the 2012 season , he ranks fifth on the Michigan career rushing yards list ( behind Mike Hart , Denard Robinson , Anthony Thomas , and Jamie Morris ) with 4 @,@ 178 yards . His 1992 sophomore season 7 @.@ 3 yards per carry is a Michigan single @-@ season record ( minimum 75 attempts ) , and his freshman yards per carry average ranks fourth at Michigan since 1949 ( and it is a Michigan Freshman record ) . He has both the best and second @-@ best single @-@ game ( minimum 15 carries ) yards per carry performances in Michigan history . He was a three @-@ time All Big Ten selection .
As a freshman for the 1991 Wolverines , Wheatley set the Michigan freshman yards per attempt record with 555 yards on 86 carries for a 6 @.@ 4 yards per attempt . In his sophomore year , he broke through with his first of three consecutive first team All @-@ Big Ten selections . He rushed for 1 @,@ 357 yards and 13 rushing touchdowns in addition to 3 receiving touchdowns and recording a kickoff return touchdown while subbing for the injured Ricky Powers . Wheatley had amassed the most touchdowns by a running back in Michigan history by the end of his junior year and was a professional prospect . In 1993 at the end of his junior season 1993 Wolverines , he earned the MVP award of the 1994 Hall of Fame Bowl . Wheatley had finished 8th in the 1993 Heisman Trophy race . Before LeShon Johnson 's 306 yard effort in November of that season against Iowa team that Wheatley had rushed for 113 yards against , Wheatley had been mentioned as the best running back in the nation , but Johnson 's effort and Bam Morris ' final three games of 223 , 222 and 223 yards led to Bam Morris winning the Doak Walker Award . Most who finished ahead of him in the Heisman voting either were seniors ( Ward , Glenn Foley , Johnson ) or gave up their amateur eligibility and declared early for the draft ( Heath Shuler , David Palmer , Marshall Faulk ) , which made Wheatley one of the favorites for the award if he stayed in college for one more year . He stayed at Michigan for another year with the stated intent of obtaining his degree , but stayed without receiving the degree . However , the preseason 1994 Heisman Trophy favorite ( along with 7th @-@ place finisher J. J. Stokes ) , missed the beginning of the season with an injury to the same shoulder that had caused him to miss two games in 1993 . His return to the lineup on September 24 , 1994 was overshadowed by The Miracle at Michigan . His senior season return to the 1994 Wolverines had been a surprise , but injuries allowed Tshimanga Biakabutuka and Ed Davis to get some playing time . He only finished 12th in the Heisman balloting as a senior . Nonetheless , he thought that his senior @-@ year experience broadened his horizons .
In college , Wheatley also competed in track and earned varsity letters in 1993 – 1995 . In 1994 , he was the Big Ten outdoor 110 metre hurdles champion , was selected first team All @-@ Big Ten , and was a member of the men 's indoor track and field team that won the indoor Big Ten team championship . He placed eighth at the 1995 NCAA outdoor championships in the 110 meter hurdles , which earned him All @-@ American honors . At the end of his Michigan track career , he owned the third fastest indoor 60m time in Michigan history at 6 @.@ 80 seconds as well as the second fastest outdoor 110 metre hurdles time at 13 @.@ 77 seconds and third fastest outdoor 100 meters at 10 @.@ 46 seconds . Gradually , succeeding athletes have surpassed his times , and after the 2007 season the 110 meter hurdle time ranked fourth best and the 100 meter dash time was fifth .
= = = New York Giants = = =
= = = = Dan Reeves era ( 1995 – 1996 ) = = = =
Wheatley was drafted by the New York Giants in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft with the seventeenth overall selection . He held out for 17 days before signing a five @-@ year contract with the team . The terms included a $ 2 @.@ 3 million signing bonus and escalating base salaries totaling over $ 2 @.@ 9 million . The negotiations were prolonged in part because of extensive family involvement . Wheatley set no goals for himself and lived by his grandmother '
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initial symptoms of dependency . A follow @-@ up study , using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001 – 2002 , examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004 – 2005 . The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics . A long @-@ term ( 60 year ) follow @-@ up of two groups of alcoholic men concluded that " return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence . "
= = = Medications = = =
In the United States there are four currently approved medications for alcoholism : disulfiram , two forms of naltrexone , and acamprosate . Several other drugs are also used and many are under investigation .
Acamprosate ( Campral ) may stabilise the brain chemistry that is altered due to alcohol dependence via antagonising the actions of glutamate , a neurotransmitter which is hyperactive in the post @-@ withdrawal phase . By reducing excessive NMDA activity which occurs at the onset of alcohol withdrawal , acamprosate can reduce or prevent alcohol withdrawal related neurotoxicity . Acamprosate reduces the risk of relapse amongst alcohol dependent persons .
Benzodiazepines , while useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal , if used long @-@ term can cause a worse outcome in alcoholism . Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines . This class of drugs is commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management . Initiating prescriptions of benzodiazepines or sedative @-@ hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapsed after being prescribed sedative @-@ hypnotics . Those who are long @-@ term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly , as severe anxiety and panic may develop , which are known risk factors for relapse into alcohol abuse . Taper regimes of 6 – 12 months have been found to be the most successful , with reduced intensity of withdrawal .
Calcium carbimide ( Temposil ) works in the same way as disulfiram ; it has an advantage in that the occasional adverse effects of disulfiram , hepatotoxicity and drowsiness , do not occur with calcium carbimide .
Disulfiram ( Antabuse ) prevents the elimination of acetaldehyde , a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol . Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many hangover symptoms from alcohol use . The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested : an extremely fast @-@ acting and long @-@ lasting uncomfortable hangover . This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts while they take the medicine .
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist for opioid receptors , effectively blocking the effects of endorphins and opiates . Naltrexone is used to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence . Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins , which in turn release dopamine and activate the reward pathways ; hence when naltrexone is in the body there is a reduction in the pleasurable effects from consuming alcohol . Evidence supports a reduced risk of relapse among alcohol dependent persons and a decrease in excessive drinking . Nalmefene also appears effective and works by a similar manner .
Evidence does not support the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , antipsychotics , or gabapentin .
= = = Dual addictions and dependences = = =
Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions and drug dependences . The most common dual dependence syndrome with alcohol dependence is benzodiazepine dependence , with studies showing 10 – 20 percent of alcohol @-@ dependent individuals had problems of dependence and / or misuse problems of benzodiazepines . Benzodiazepines increase cravings for alcohol and the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers . Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and other health consequences .
Dependence on other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone as well as opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics .
Alcohol itself is a sedative @-@ hypnotic and is cross @-@ tolerant with other sedative @-@ hypnotics such as barbiturates , benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines . Dependence upon and withdrawal from sedative hypnotics can be medically severe and , as with alcohol withdrawal , there is a risk of psychosis or seizures if not managed properly .
= = Epidemiology = =
The World Health Organization estimates that as of 2010 there are 208 million people with alcoholism worldwide ( 4 @.@ 1 % of the population over 15 years of age ) .
Substance use disorders are a major public health problem facing many countries . " The most common substance of abuse / dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol . " In the United Kingdom , the number of ' dependent drinkers ' was calculated as over 2 @.@ 8 million in 2001 . About 12 % of American adults have had an alcohol dependence problem at some time in their life . In the United States and Western Europe , 10 to 20 percent of men and 5 to 10 percent of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria
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for alcoholism .
Within the medical and scientific communities , there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state . For example , the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that " drug addiction is a chronic , relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences . It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability , environmental exposure , and developmental factors ( e.g. , stage of brain maturity ) . "
Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men , though in recent decades , the proportion of female alcoholics has increased . Current evidence indicates that in both men and women , alcoholism is 50 – 60 percent genetically determined , leaving 40 – 50 percent for environmental influences . Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood . 31 percent of college students show signs of alcohol abuse , while six percent are dependent on alcohol . Under the DSM 's new definition of alcoholics , that means about 37 percent of college students may meet the criteria .
= = Prognosis = =
Alcoholism often reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years . The most common cause of death in alcoholics is from cardiovascular complications .
There is a high rate of suicide in chronic alcoholics , which increases the longer a person drinks . Approximately 3 – 15 percent of alcoholics commit suicide , and research has found that over 50 percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or drug dependence . This is believed to be due to alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry , as well as social isolation . Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers , with 25 percent of suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse .
Among those with alcohol dependence after one year , some met the criteria for low @-@ risk drinking , even though only 25 @.@ 5 percent of the group received any treatment , with the breakdown as follows : 25 percent were found to be still dependent , 27 @.@ 3 percent were in partial remission ( some symptoms persist ) , 11 @.@ 8 percent asymptomatic drinkers ( consumption increases chances of relapse ) and 35 @.@ 9 percent were fully recovered — made up of 17 @.@ 7 percent low @-@ risk drinkers plus 18 @.@ 2 percent abstainers .
In contrast , however , the results of a long @-@ term ( 60 @-@ year ) follow @-@ up of two groups of alcoholic men indicated that " return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence . " There was also " return @-@ to @-@ controlled drinking , as reported in short @-@ term studies , is often a mirage . "
= = History = =
Historically the name " dipsomania " was coined by German physician Dr. C. W. Hufeland in 1819 before it was superseded by " alcoholism " . That term now has a more specific meaning . The term " alcoholism " was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol .
Alcohol has a long history of use and misuse throughout recorded history . Biblical , Egyptian and Babylonian sources record the history of abuse and dependence on alcohol . In some ancient cultures alcohol was worshiped and in others its abuse was condemned . Excessive alcohol misuse and drunkenness were recognised as causing social problems even thousands of years ago . However , the defining of habitual drunkenness as it was then known as and its adverse consequences were not well established medically until the 18th century . In 1647 a Greek monk named Agapios was the first to document that chronic alcohol misuse was associated with toxicity to the nervous system and body which resulted in a range of medical disorders such as seizures , paralysis and internal bleeding . In 1920 the effects of alcohol abuse and chronic drunkenness led to the failed prohibition of alcohol being considered and eventually enforced briefly in America . In 2005 the cost of alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year , more than cancer and obesity .
= = Society and culture = =
The various health problems associated with long @-@ term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society , for example , money due to lost labor @-@ hours , medical costs , and secondary treatment costs . Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for head injuries , motor vehicle accidents , violence , and assaults . Beyond money , there are also significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends . For instance , alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome , an incurable and damaging condition .
Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse , collected by the World Health Organization , vary from one to six percent of a country 's GDP . One Australian estimate pegged alcohol 's social costs at 24 % of all drug abuse costs ; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol 's share was 41 % . One study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £ 18 @.@ 5 – 20 billion . All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $ 223 @.@ 5 billion .
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture . The " town drunk " is a stock character in Western popular culture . Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia , as in the depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers . Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America .
Alcohol consumption is relatively similar between many European cultures , the United States , and Australia . In Asian countries that have a high gross domestic product , there is heightened drinking compared to other Asian countries , but it is nowhere near as high as it is in other countries like the United States . It is also inversely seen , with countries that have very low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption .
In a study done on Korean immigrants in Canada , they reported alcohol was even an integral part of their meal , and is the only time solo drinking should occur . They also believe alcohol is necessary at any social event as it helps conversations start .
Caucasians have a much lower abstinence rate ( 11 @.@ 8 % ) and much higher tolerance to symptoms ( 3 @.@ 4 ± 2 @.@ 45 drinks ) of alcohol than Chinese ( 33 @.@ 4 % and 2 @.@ 2 ± 1 @.@ 78 drinks respectively ) . Also , the more acculturation there is between cultures , the more influenced the culture is to adopt Caucasians drinking practices .
Peyote , a psychoactive agent , has even shown promise in treating alcoholism . Alcohol had actually replaced peyote as Native Americans ’ psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed .
= = Research = =
Topiramate , a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D @-@ fructose , has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink . Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors , inhibits dopamine release , and enhances inhibitory gamma @-@ aminobutyric acid function . A 2008 review of the effectiveness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising , however as of 2008 , data was insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first @-@ line agent for alcohol dependence . A 2010 review found that topiramate may be superior to existing alcohol pharmacotherapeutic options . Topiramate effectively reduces craving and alcohol withdrawal severity as well as improving quality @-@ of @-@ life @-@ ratings .
Baclofen , a GABAB receptor agonist , is under study for the treatment of alcoholism . A 2015 systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence for the use of baclofen for withdrawal symptoms in alcoholism . There is tentative data supporting baclofen in alcohol dependence however further trials are needed as of 2013 .
Ondansetron , a 5HT3 antagonist , appears promising .
= Attack on Cloudbase =
" Attack on Cloudbase " is the 31st episode of the 1960s Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons . The penultimate episode of the series , it first aired in the United Kingdom on ATV Midlands on 7 May 1968 . In this episode , Symphony Angel ejects from her damaged interceptor into the Sahara Desert ; before she is located , Mysteron spacecraft enter Earth 's atmosphere and launch a devastating assault on Cloudbase . Executive producer Gerry Anderson selected Ken Turner to direct Tony Barwick 's script on account of the episode 's " bizarre " quality .
Filmed in October 1967 , " Attack on Cloudbase " underwent several scripting changes prior to shooting . Challenges facing the Century 21 production team 's special effects department included a complex shot of an Angel aircraft scale model overflying the Symphony Angel puppet , and the extended sequence presenting the attack on Cloudbase itself . The department built only a limited number of saucer @-@ shaped spacecraft models , opting to increase the apparent size of the Mysteron attack force at low cost by attaching flashing light bulbs to the backdrop of the model set .
Composer Barry Gray
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in power .
In early April 1993 , the Armenian forces captured Kelbajar , a city outside the originally contested areas , causing international attention to the conflict . Turkey closed its border with Armenia , while the United Nations passed a resolution condemning the act . In the summer of 1993 , Armenian forces gained more territories and , by August controlled Fizuli , Jebrail , and Zangelan . By early 1994 , both countries were devastated by the war . On 5 May , the Bishkek Protocol was signed by the heads of the parliaments of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , Armenia and Azerbaijan . The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic , backed by Armenia , established de facto control of these lands . Nagorno @-@ Karabakh ( also known as Artsakh to Armenians ) remains internationally unrecognized and a de jure part of Azerbaijan . However , it is in de facto unified with Armenia .
= = Minister of Defence and president change = =
Sargsyan was appointed Minister of Defence by Ter @-@ Petrosyan on 26 July 1995 , during the restructuring of government ministries . He remained in that position for almost four years . The Armenian army was highly regarded by experts with Armenia being described as the only former Soviet state that " managed to build a combat @-@ capable army from scratch " and was " comparable in efficiency to the Soviet Army . " According to Thomas de Waal , the army was " the most powerful institution " in Armenia under him . Sargsyan is credited with substantially professionalizing the Armenian army .
Sargsyan showed strong confidence in the army and stated in 1997 that its strength has doubled in the past two years . In the same year , in response to Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev 's statements that Azerbaijan was " ready to solve the Karabakh problem by force , " Sargsyan replied , " Let him do it . We are ready . " Sargsyan 's term as Minister of Defence was marked by cooperation with Russia and Greece . Sargsyan had " close connections " with the Russian military elite , especially Defense Minister Pavel Grachev . According to the Jamestown Foundation , he pursued a military diplomacy with Greece , Cyprus , Syria , Iran and Bulgaria for a pro @-@ Russian alliance .
= = = A ' power minister ' : 1995 – 96 elections = = =
Sargsyan became a key figure in post @-@ war Armenia due to the fact that he was indisputably supported by the army , the only well @-@ established institution in Armenia . He was described as an éminence grise of the Armenian politics , deciding many personnel appointments and dismissals . In the aftermath of the war , which was accompanied by a harsh economic crisis in Armenia , President Ter @-@ Petrosyan became unpopular . His authoritarian rule , the banning of the major opposition party Armenian Revolutionary Federation in 1994 and the arrest of its leaders , made him highly dependent on the " power structures , " which included the Ministries of Defence ( headed by Sargsyan ) , Interior ( Vano Siradeghyan ) and National Security ( Serzh Sargsyan ) . In July 1995 , Vazgen Sargsyan helped Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's Pan @-@ Armenian National Movement ( PANM ) win the parliamentary election and pass the constitutional referendum that gave the president more powers in appointing and dismissing key judicial and legislative officials . They were marred with major electoral violations .
Sargsyan 's impact on Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's presidency became more evident during the 1996 presidential election and the subsequent developments . A few days before the election , Sargsyan stated his support for Ter @-@ Petrosyan , stating that Armenia " will enter the 21st century victoriously and stable with Ter @-@ Petrosyan [ as president ] . " According to the Caucasian Regional Studies , Sargsyan " turned off the voters " from Ter @-@ Petrosyan and caused " irritation and antipathy " in 28 @.@ 6 % of the people according to a poll . The election , held on 22 September , was largely criticized by observation and monitoring organizations , that found " serious violations of the election law . " Official results , which recorded Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's victory in the first round with just above 50 % of the total vote in his favor , were denounced by opposition candidate Vazgen Manukyan who had officially received 41 % of the vote . Manukyan began demonstrations claiming electoral fraud by Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's supporters . The protests culminated n 25 September , when Manukyan led thousands of his supporters to the parliament building on Baghramyan Avenue , where the Electoral Commission was located at the time . Later during the day , the protesters broke the fence surrounding the parliament and entered the building . They beat up the parliament speaker Babken Ararktsyan and vice @-@ speaker Ara Sahakyan . In response , Vazgen Sargsyan stated that " even if they [ the opposition ] win 100 percent of the votes , neither the Army nor the National Security and Interior Ministry would recognize such political leaders . " He was later criticized by human rights organizations for this statement . State security forces , tanks and troops were deployed in Yerevan to restore order and to enforce the ban on rallies and demonstrations on 26 September . Sargsyan and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan announced that their respective agencies had prevented an attempted coup d 'état .
= = = Leadership split : Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's resignation = = =
In 1997 , the OSCE Minsk Group , co @-@ chaired by Russia , the United States and France , pressured Armenia and Azerbaijan to agree on the final status of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . In September , Ter @-@ Petrosyan stated his support of the " step @-@ by @-@ step " proposal , which included the return of the territories outside the NKAO borders . Ter @-@ Petrosyan argued the normalization of relations with Azerbaijan and , therefore , the opening of the border with Turkey was the only way to significantly improve Armenia 's economy . After the plan was publicized , he came up against strong opposition . The issue was " important to the Armenians because of historical and psychological factors . After having been losing territories for centuries , the Armenians are reluctant to ' lose ' Karabakh now that they have won a war against Azerbaijan . " According to political scientist Vicken Cheterian , " By calling for major concessions on Karabakh , Ter @-@ Petrosyan was antagonizing the last forces that supported his rule , the army and the Karabakh elite , at a time when his popularity within the Armenian society was at its lowest . "
The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic leadership , the Armenian intelligentsia and the diaspora , the opposition also expressed their opposition to the president ’ ' s support for the proposed settlement plan . Vazgen Sargsyan , who quickly denounced the proposal , became the de facto leader of the opposing group within the government . He was joined by the two Karabakh Armenians in the government : Prime Minister Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan . These three politicians were referred to as " hardliners " in the Western media for their perceived nationalistic stance . They argued that " Armenia should try to improve its economic performance , " while Ter @-@ Petrosyan insisted that Armenia " could only achieve marginal improvements insufficient to address the fear of relative decline and economic exclusion . " The Kocharyan cabinet , where Vazgen Sargsyan was a leading figure , called for a " package " deal , " involving a single framework accord on all contentious issues . " On 21 October 1997 , ten members of the Republic bloc in the parliament left the faction and shifted their support to Vazgen Sargsyan . Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's bloc in the parliament was left with a majority of two seats . Despite the great public and political opposition , the Pan @-@ Armenian National Movement voted in favor of Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's foreign policy .
During the National Security Council meeting on 7 – 8 January 1998 it became clear that Ter @-@ Petrosyan did not have enough support to continue his reign as president . On 23 January 1998 , during the peak of the crisis , Vazgen Sargsyan declared his unconditional support to Robert Kocharyan , and blamed the Pan @-@ Armenian National Movement for trying to destabilize Armenia . Sargsyan also guaranteed that the Armenian army " will not intervene in the political struggle . "
Ter @-@ Petrosyan announced his resignation on 3 February 1998 . According to Michael P. Croissant , it was Vazgen Sargsyan who " played ultimately the principal role in inducting the president 's resignation . " In his resignation statement , Ter @-@ Petrosyan referred to Vazgen Sargsyan , Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan as " the well known body of power . " He cited the threat of destabilization of the country as the reason of his resignation . Ter @-@ Petrosyan 's resignation was followed by the resignation of National Assembly speaker Babken Ararktsyan , his two deputies , Mayor of Yerevan Vano Siradeghyan , Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Arzoumanian and others . A significant change occurred in the National Assembly . Dozens
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2 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 4 µm , ellipsoid to ovoid in shape , and amyloid ( absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) . Most have a single large oil drop . The spore @-@ bearing cells ( the basidia ) are club @-@ shaped , 12 – 16 µm long by 5 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 7 µm thick , and have four thin , slightly curved sterigmata that are 3 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 3 µm long . The hymenium lacks any cystidia . The hyphal system is monomitic , meaning that the context is made of thin @-@ walled generative hyphae . These hyphae have lengths in the range of 3 @.@ 5 – 30 µm ( most commonly 6 – 17 µm ) , with thin walls ( up to 1 µm thick ) , and are hyaline ( translucent ) . Although they are inamyloid , some hyphae have internal masses that are colored pale bluish @-@ gray to black , which makes them appear collectively grayish @-@ black under the microscope . Gloeoporous hyphae ( wide and thin @-@ walled with refractive contents ) are also scattered throughout the context , as well as some hyphae with expanded tips that are thick @-@ walled and amyloid .
= = = Similar species = = =
In general , A. subrubescens can be distinguished from other Albatrellus species by its white cap that becomes orange when bruised , its simple @-@ septate hyphae , small amyloid spores , and habitat under pines . In the field , Albatrellus ovinus is difficult to differentiate from A. subrubescens due to its similar appearance . A. ovinus usually lacks the violet color often seen in the cap and stem of A. subrubescens . Microscopic characteristics can be used to reliably distinguish the two species : the spores of A. subrubescens are amyloid , in contrast to those of A. ovinus , and A. ovinus spores are smaller , typically 3 @.@ 8 – 4 @.@ 6 by 3 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 5 µm . Other similar species include A. tianschanicus , described from the Altai Mountains in East @-@ Central Asia , and the Japanese species A. cantharellus . Unlike A. subrubescens , these species have hairy scales on the surface of their caps , and the scales are darker than the spaces between the scales . Also , the scales of A. subrubescens are not much darker than the area between the scales . Both of these Asian species have larger spores than A. subrubescens : those of A. cantharellus are 4 @.@ 5 – 7 by 4 – 5 @.@ 5 µm , while those of A. tianschanicus are 5 – 7 by 4 – 5 µm .
Albatrellopsis confluens has caps that are pinkish @-@ buff to pale orange , and white flesh that dries to a pinkish @-@ buff ; it has a taste that is bitter , or like cabbage . The spores of A. confluens are weakly amyloid . Additional differences distinguishing Albatrellopsis confluens from A. subrubescens include the presence of clamp connections in the context hyphae , and mycelium on the base of the stem . The European fungus A. citrinus , originally considered a morphotype of A. subrubescens , was described as a new species in 2003 . It is distinguished from A. subrubescens morphologically by its smaller caps ( up to 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter ) , the yellowish bruising of the caps with age or after handling , and the absence of violet spots on the cap . A. citrinus associates with spruce rather than pine , and requires calcareous ( lime @-@ rich ) soil .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Fruit bodies of A. subrubescens are usually solitary , but sometimes several ( typically between two and eight ) are stuck together by the stem bases or on the sides of their caps . A strictly terrestrial species , it is not found fruiting on wood . It prefers to grow in pine woods , but has occasionally been associated with silver fir in Europe ; fruit bodies associated with the latter tree species tend to be less robust than those found growing with pine . It is suspected that A. subrubescens may be mycorrhizal with two- and three @-@ needle pines ( i.e. , those species that have their needles attached in bundles of two or three ) , although its ecological preferences are not known with certainty . Ginns , relating a personal communication with David Arora , wrote that Arora encountered several clumps of fruit bodies in an area in California containing mostly knobcone pine ( a three @-@ needle pine ) , manzanita , huckleberry and a few mandrones .
The species has been reported from a variety of locations in temperate regions of Asia , Europe , and North America . In North America , its distribution includes Alberta , Quebec , and the Northwest Territories in Canada . In the United States , it is found in Alabama , Arizona , California , Florida , New York , Texas , Washington , and Wisconsin . The North American distribution extends south to Mexico , in Chiapas . In Asia , the fungus has been recorded from Yunnan in southwest China , and Tibet . In Europe , collections have been reported from Austria , Czechoslovakia , Finland , Germany , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland , Yugoslavia , and the Ukraine .
= = Bioactive compounds = =
Albatrellus subrubescens contains the bioactive compound scutigeral , which has antibiotic activity . This chemical — also found in the related species A. ovinus — may contribute to the mushroom 's toxicity by disturbing the body 's intestinal flora . Scutigeral interacts selectively to the dopamine receptor D1 subfamily ( the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system , regulating neuronal growth and development , and mediating some behavioral responses ) . A 1999 publication suggested that scutigeral has agonistic activity at vanilloid receptors ( a receptor found on sensory nerves in mammals ) ; specifically , that it affects the uptake of calcium in the neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia . Later reports failed to corroborate this pharmacological activity . One 2003 study reported that scutigeral acts as a weak antagonist on the human vanilloid receptor VR1 , while another study published that year did not find any activity .
= Lockheed XF @-@ 104 =
The Lockheed XF @-@ 104 was a single @-@ engine , high @-@ performance , supersonic interceptor prototype for a United States Air Force ( USAF ) series of lightweight and simple fighters . Only two aircraft were built , one aircraft was used primarily for aerodynamic research and the other served as an armament testbed . Both prototypes were destroyed in accidents during testing . The XF @-@ 104 was the forerunner of over 2 @,@ 500 Lockheed F @-@ 104 Starfighters .
During the Korean War , USAF fighter pilots were outclassed by MiG @-@ equipped Soviet pilots . Lockheed engineers , led by Kelly Johnson , designed and submitted a novel design to the Air Force . The design was notable for its sleekness , particularly its thin wings and missile @-@ shaped fuselage , as well as a novel pilot ejection system .
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inherent misogyny of the male @-@ dominated comic book industry " in light of the " relatively unequal violence [ female characters ] are subjected to . " While male characters may be critically injured or killed , they are more than likely to be returned to their original conception , while female characters are more likely to receive permanent damage . Reid states that although speculation behind the editorial decision to allow the paralysis of the character to become permanent included the idea she had become outdated , " if audiences had grown tired of Batgirl , it was not because she was a bad character but because she had been written badly . "
Despite views that present the character 's Batgirl persona as a symbol of female empowerment , a long @-@ held criticism is that she was originally conceived as an uninspired variation of Batman " rather than standing alone as leader , such as Wonder Woman " who had no pre @-@ existing male counterpart . In analyzing stereotypes in gender , Jackie Marsh noted that male superheroes ( such as Batman ) are depicted as hyper @-@ masculine and anti @-@ social , " while female superheroes are reduced to a childlike status by their names " such as the Batgirl character . Professor James B. South , chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Marquette University , stated that Barbara Gordon 's character development as Oracle gave her a sense of independence she could not achieve as Batgirl . During her tenure as Batman 's protege , " she seems to develop her own style of fighting as Batgirl , [ but ] she 's still basically following in Batman 's footsteps . " Following The Killing Joke , her recreation as Oracle , and the launch of Birds of Prey , " we see Barbara Gordon as a team leader and her transformation from a girl into a woman . "
= = = Representation for library and information science = = =
In The Image and Role of the Librarian ( 2002 ) , Wendi Arant and Candace R. Benefiel argue that her portrayal as a librarian is considered to be significant to the profession , in that it is represented as a valuable and honorable career . Even in light of the fact that the character abandons it in order to run for United States Congress , Barbara Gordon is seen as being given a " career switch that even most librarians would consider a step up . " In the essay " Librarians , Professionalism and Image : Stereotype and Reality " ( 2007 ) , Abigail Luthmann views the character less favorably , stating that " [ t ] he unassuming role of librarian is used as a low @-@ visibility disguise for her crime @-@ fighting alter @-@ ego , and while her information @-@ locating skills may have been useful to her extra @-@ curricular activities no direct examples are given . " Unlike her earlier incarnation as Batgirl , " [ a ] s Oracle , Barbara Gordon is arguably the first true librarian @-@ as @-@ super @-@ hero yet seen in a mainstream comic book ( as opposed to a super @-@ hero who happens to be a librarian in his / her private life ) . " Wendi Arant and Candace R. Benefiel note that Oracle exerts her influence over the DC Universe primarily from home , putting " to full use the information science skills [ she ] learned on her way to her PhD " In her new persona , " the physically challenged but superbly resourceful Oracle occupies a unique place in the annals of superhero @-@ dom — the ' information goddess ' as crime stopper . " Using Barbara Gordon in her role as Oracle , author Sean Wise asserts her character as a model for business networking . In How to Be a Business Superhero : Prepare for Everything , Train with the Best , Make Your Own Destiny at Work ( 2008 ) he states that " [ o ] ver the last decade , Oracle has shown the power of a strong network of contacts , and in doing so she shows Business Superheroes the importance of cultivating contacts and developing assets that can further their collective goals . "
Over the years , the American Library Association and DC Comics have collaborated on multiple projects to promote literacy . These efforts frequently involve Barbara Gordon . In 2004 , artist Gene Ha created a poster and bookmark that depicted Barbara Gordon walking in a library . Her Batgirl costume appears in a window 's reflection . The tagline " Librarians are heroes every day ! " appears at the bottom of the poster and bookmark . In 2009 , a poster featured Barbara Gordon as the Oracle alongside Batman , Nightwing , Robin , the Cassandra Cain version of Batgirl , and Huntress . In 2015 , the ALA and DC Comics collaborated on a new set of posters and bookmarks in the ALA 's " READ " campaign . By herself , Barbara Gordon appears in the " Batgirl of Burnside " guise as envisioned by Babs Tarr . In another design , she appears as the Oracle alongside other members of the extended Bat Family .
= = = Representation for the disabled = = =
Following the character 's reinvention as the information broker Oracle , she has been regarded as a symbol of empowerment for those living with disabilities . In Unleashing the Superhero in Us All ( 2008 ) , author T. James Musler notes that " [ f ] or quite sometime , any handicap was considered insurmountable " citing Franklin D. Roosevelt as an example , who was never photographed in a wheelchair to avoid a perception of weakness . In reference to Barbara Gordon , he states " [ r ] ather than quitting crime fighting , Barbara combines her intellect and computer skills to help the superhero community by gathering and passing along information . " Her character thus signifies that " [ n ] o longer is a handicap overwhelming , a person can live a strong good life , handicap or not . " In The Superhero Book : The Ultimate Encyclopedia Of Comic @-@ Book Icons And Hollywood Heroes ( 2004 ) , author Gina Renée Misiroglu observes that while disabled characters in comic book are typically utilized as gimmicks , or — as with Charles Xavier and Daredevil — are introduced with a pre @-@ existing condition as part of their origin myth , " [ a ] s Oracle ... Gordon stands tall as the most empowering disabled superhero . Readers witnessed her tragedy , and watched her rise above it . " James B. South '
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According to Quancast , twenty @-@ seven million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3 , 2009 . Sixty @-@ three percent of Twitter users are under thirty @-@ five years old ; sixty percent of Twitter users are Caucasian , but a higher than average ( compared to other Internet properties ) are African American / black ( sixteen percent ) and Hispanic ( eleven percent ) ; fifty @-@ eight percent of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US $ 60 @,@ 000 . The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies .
On September 7 , 2011 , Twitter announced that it has 100 million active users logging in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day .
In an article published on January 6 , 2012 , Twitter was confirmed to be the biggest social media network in Japan , with Facebook following closely in second. comScore confirmed this , stating that Japan is the only country in the world where Twitter leads Facebook .
On March 31 , 2014 , Twitter announced there were 255 million monthly active users ( MAUs ) and 198 million mobile MAUs . In 2013 , there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million Tweets every day , with about 29 % of users checking Twitter multiple times a day .
In 2012 , the country with the most active users on Twitter was the United States .
= = Finances = =
= = = Funding = = =
Twitter raised over US $ 57 million from venture capitalist growth funding , although exact numbers are not publicly disclosed . Twitter 's first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between US $ 1 million and US $ 5 million . Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for US $ 22 million and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for US $ 35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures , Spark Capital , and Insight Venture Partners . Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures , Digital Garage , Spark Capital , and Bezos Expeditions .
In May 2008 , The Industry Standard remarked that Twitter 's long @-@ term viability is limited by a lack of revenue . Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could profit from e @-@ commerce , noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since it already provides product recommendations and promotions .
By March 2009 communications consultant Bill Douglass predicted in an interview that Twitter would be worth $ 1 billion within six months , which came to pass when the company closed a financing round valuing it at $ 1 billion in September of that year .
The company raised US $ 200 million in new venture capital in December 2010 , at a valuation of approximately US $ 3 @.@ 7 billion . In March 2011 , 35 @,@ 000 Twitter shares sold for US $ 34 @.@ 50 each on Sharespost , an implied valuation of US $ 7 @.@ 8 billion . In August 2010 Twitter announced a " significant " investment led by Digital Sky Technologies that , at US $ 800 million , was reported to be the largest venture round in history .
In December 2011 , the Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal invested $ 300 million in Twitter . The company was valued at $ 8 @.@ 4 billion at the time .
= = = Revenue sources = = =
In July 2009 , some of Twitter 's revenue and user growth documents were published on TechCrunch after being illegally obtained by Hacker Croll . The documents projected 2009 revenues of US $ 400 @,@ 000 in the third quarter and US $ 4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year . The projections for the end of 2013 were US $ 1 @.@ 54 billion in revenue , US $ 111 million in net earnings , and 1 billion users . No information about how Twitter planned to achieve those numbers was published . In response , Twitter co @-@ founder Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the hacker .
On April 13 , 2010 , Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase " promoted tweets " to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website , similar to Google Adwords ' advertising model . As of April 13 , Twitter announced it had already signed up a number of companies wishing to advertise , including Sony Pictures , Red Bull , Best Buy , and Starbucks .
The company generated US $ 45 million in annual revenue in 2010 , after beginning sales midway through that year ; the company operated at a loss through most of 2010 .
Users ' photos can generate royalty @-@ free revenue for Twitter , and an agreement with World Entertainment News Network ( WENN ) was announced in May 2011 . In June 2011 , Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self @-@ service advertising system . Twitter generated US $ 139 @.@ 5 million in advertising sales during 2011 .
The self @-@ service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to American Express card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite @-@ only basis . Twitter later reported that numerous small businesses and people who used the self @-@ service tool provided feedback that indicated they were impressed by the feature . To continue their advertising campaign , Twitter announced on March 20 , 2012 that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices . In April 2013 , Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self @-@ service platform , consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts , was available to all U.S. users without an invite .
Twitter 's financial revenue statistics for the first quarter of 2014 was reported as US $ 250 million .
= = Technology = =
= = = Implementation = = =
Twitter places great reliance on open @-@ source software . The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework , deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby .
In the early days of Twitter , tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded ( large databases were split based on time of posting ) . After the huge volume of tweets coming in caused problems reading from and writing to these databases , the company decided that the system needed re @-@ engineering .
As of April 6 , 2011 , Twitter engineers confirmed they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack , to a Java server they call Blender .
From Spring 2007 to 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling , but since 2009 implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala . The switch from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200 – 300 requests per second per host to around 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 requests per second per host . This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter 's engineers envisioned when starting the switch . The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through remote procedure calls .
Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs using software called snowflake , and geolocation data is added using ' Rockdove ' . The URL shortner t.co then checks for a spam link and shortens the URL . Next , the tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard , and the user receives acknowledgement that the tweets were sent . Tweets are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API . The process itself is managed by FlockDB and takes an average of 350 ms .
On August 16 , 2013 , Twitter 's Vice President of Platform Engineering Raffi Krikorian shared in a blog post that the company 's infrastructure handled almost 143 @,@ 000 tweets per second during that week , setting a new record . Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies .
The service 's application programming interface ( API ) allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter .
= = = Interface = = =
On April 30 , 2009 , Twitter adjusted its web interface , adding a search bar and a sidebar of " trending topics " — the most common phrases appearing in messages . Biz Stone explains that all messages are instantly indexed and that " with this newly launched
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feature , Twitter has become something unexpectedly important – a discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now . "
In March 2012 , Twitter became available in Arabic , Farsi , Hebrew and Urdu , the first right @-@ to @-@ left language versions of the site . About 13 @,@ 000 volunteers helped with translating the menu options . In August 2012 , beta support for Basque , Czech and Greek was added , making the site available in 33 different languages .
= = = Outages = = =
When Twitter experiences an outage , users once saw the " fail whale " error message image created by Yiying Lu , illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned " Too many tweets ! Please wait a moment and try again . " In a November 2013 WIRED interview Chris Fry , VP of Engineering at that time , noted that the company had taken the " fail whale " out of production as the platform was now more stable .
Twitter had approximately ninety @-@ eight percent uptime in 2007 ( or about six full days of downtime ) . The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address .
May 2008 : Twitter 's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth . Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal .
August 2008 : Twitter withdrew free SMS services from users in the United Kingdom and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a XMPP bot was listed as being " temporarily unavailable " .
October 10 , 2008 : Twitter 's status blog announced that instant messaging ( IM ) service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped . It was announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service pending necessary major work .
June 12 , 2009 : In what was called a potential " Twitpocalypse " , the unique numerical identifier associated with each tweet exceeded the limit of 32 @-@ bit signed integers ( 2 @,@ 147 @,@ 483 @,@ 647 total messages ) . While Twitter itself was not affected , some third @-@ party clients could no longer access recent tweets . Patches were quickly released , though some iPhone applications had to wait for approval from the App Store .
June 25 , 2009 : Twitter ran slowly for some time after over 50 @,@ 000 tweets on Michael Jackson 's death were recorded in an hour .
August 6 , 2009 : Twitter and Facebook suffered from a denial @-@ of @-@ service attack , causing the Twitter website to go offline for several hours . It was later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one pro @-@ Georgian user around the anniversary of the 2008 South Ossetia War , rather than the sites themselves .
September 22 , 2009 : The identifier exceeded the limit for 32 @-@ bit unsigned integers ( 4 @,@ 294 @,@ 967 @,@ 296 total messages ) again breaking some third @-@ party clients .
December 17 , 2009 : A hacking attack replaced the website 's welcoming screen with an image of a green flag and the caption " This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army " for nearly an hour . No connection between the hackers and Iran has been established .
June – July 2010 : Twitter had a very high service rejection rate ( 10 – 20 % ) during the 2010 FIFA World Cup period , also , the response latency increased substantially .
November 2010 : A number of accounts encountered a fault that resulted in them seeing the " fail whale " when they tried to log in to their accounts . The accounts themselves were not locked out as account holders could still see their " mentions " page , and post from there , but the timeline and a number of other features were unavailable during this outage .
June 21 , 2012 : The site was down for around one hour and forty minutes , with the cause being described by Twitter as a " cascading bug " .
July 26 , 2012 : Twitter users in the UK could not post messages for part of the day in advance of the 2012 Summer Olympics .
March 2 , 2014 - During the 86th Academy Awards , Ellen DeGeneres posted a selfie of herself and other celebrities as seen on the telecast , which shut down Twitter for more than 20 minutes .
= = = Privacy and security = = =
Twitter messages are public , but users can also send private messages . Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public , though accounts can be changed to " protected " which limits this information ( and all tweets ) to approved followers . Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its privacy policy . The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands . While Twitter displays no advertising , advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads directed specifically to the user .
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7 , 2007 , by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith . Since Twitter used the phone number of the sender of an SMS message as authentication , malicious users could update someone else 's status page by using SMS spoofing . The vulnerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim 's account . Within a few weeks of this discovery , Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number ( PIN ) that its users could use to authenticate their SMS @-@ originating messages .
On January 5 , 2009 , 33 high @-@ profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator 's password was guessed by a dictionary attack . Falsified tweets — including sexually explicit and drug @-@ related messages — were sent from these accounts .
Twitter launched the beta version of their " Verified Accounts " service on June 11 , 2009 , allowing famous or notable people to announce their Twitter account name . The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status .
In May 2010 , a bug was discovered by İnci Sözlük that could allow a Twitter user to force others to follow them without the other users ' consent or knowledge . For example , comedian Conan O 'Brien 's account , which had been set to follow only one person , was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions .
In response to Twitter 's security breaches , the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) brought charges against the service ; the charges were settled on June 24 , 2010 . This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses . The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users ' private information , including maintenance of a " comprehensive information security program " to be independently audited biannually .
On December 14 , 2010 , the United States Department of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with WikiLeaks . Twitter decided to notify its users and said in a statement , " ... it 's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information , unless we are prevented by law from doing so . "
A " MouseOver " exploit occurred on September 21 , 2010 , when an XSS Worm became active on Twitter . When a user held the mouse cursor over blacked @-@ out parts of a tweet , the worm within the script would automatically open links and re @-@ post itself on the reader 's account . The exploit was then re @-@ used to post pop @-@ up ads and links to pornographic sites . The origin of the worm is unclear , but Pearce H. Delphin ( known on Twitter as @ zzap ) and a Scandinavian developer , Magnus Holm , both claim to have modified a related exploit found by another user ( possibly Masato Kinugawa ) who was using it to create coloured Tweets . Kinugawa , a Japanese developer , reported the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14 . Later , when he found it was exploitable again , he created the account ' RainbowTwtr ' and
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the development of vodka , the national beverage of Russia . As early as 1386 Genoese ambassadors brought the first aqua vitae ( " the living water " ) to Moscow and presented it to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy . The Genoese likely developed this beverage with the help of the alchemists of Provence , who used an Arab @-@ invented distillation apparatus to convert grape must into alcohol . A Moscovite monk called Isidore used this technology to produce the first original Russian vodka c . 1430 .
= = = Further countries = = =
Renaissance in Croatia
Renaissance in Scotland
= = Historiography = =
= = = Conception = = =
The Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari ( 1511 – 1574 ) first used the term rinascita retrospectively in his book The Lives of the Artists ( published 1550 ) . In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art : the arts ( he held ) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists , beginning with Cimabue ( 1240 – 1301 ) and Giotto ( 1267 – 1337 ) began to reverse this decline in the arts . Vasari saw antique art as central to the rebirth of Italian art .
However , only in the 19th century did the French word Renaissance achieve popularity in describing the self @-@ conscious cultural movement based on revival of Roman models that began in the late @-@ 13th century . French historian Jules Michelet ( 1798 – 1874 ) defined " The Renaissance " in his 1855 work Histoire de France as an entire historical period , whereas previously it had been used in a more limited sense . For Michelet , the Renaissance was more a development in science than in art and culture . He asserted that it spanned the period from Columbus to Copernicus to Galileo ; that is , from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century . Moreover , Michelet distinguished between what he called , " the bizarre and monstrous " quality of the Middle Ages and the democratic values that he , as a vocal Republican , chose to see in its character . A French nationalist , Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement .
The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt ( 1818 – 1897 ) in his The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy ( 1860 ) , by contrast , defined the Renaissance as the period between Giotto and Michelangelo in Italy , that is , the 14th to mid @-@ 16th centuries . He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of individuality , which the Middle Ages had stifled . His book was widely read and became influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the Italian Renaissance . However , Buckhardt has been accused of setting forth a linear Whiggish view of history in seeing the Renaissance as the origin of the modern world .
More recently , some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age , or even as a coherent cultural movement . The historian Randolph Starn , of the University of California Berkeley , stated in 1998 :
" Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between , the Renaissance can be ( and occasionally has been ) seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places . It would be in this sense a network of diverse , sometimes converging , sometimes conflicting cultures , not a single , time @-@ bound culture " .
= = = Debates about progress = = =
There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages . Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance towards the modern age . Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man 's eyes , allowing him to see clearly .
In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness – that which was turned within as that which was turned without – lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil . The veil was woven of faith , illusion , and childish prepossession , through which the world and history were seen clad in strange hues .
On the other hand , many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period – poverty , warfare , religious and political persecution , for example – seem to have worsened in this era , which saw the rise of Machiavellian politics , the Wars of Religion , the corrupt Borgia Popes , and the intensified witch @-@ hunts of the 16th century . Many people who lived during the Renaissance did not view it as the " golden age " imagined by certain 19th @-@ century authors , but were concerned by these social maladies . Significantly , though , the artists , writers , and patrons involved in the cultural movements in question believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages . Some Marxist historians prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms , holding the view that the changes in art , literature , and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from feudalism towards capitalism , resulting in a bourgeois class with leisure time to devote to the arts .
Johan Huizinga ( 1872 – 1945 ) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change . In his book The Waning of the Middle Ages , he argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the High Middle Ages , destroying much that was important . The Latin language , for instance , had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still a living language used in the church and elsewhere . The Renaissance obsession with classical purity halted its further evolution and saw Latin revert to its classical form . Robert S. Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep economic recession . Meanwhile , George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both argued that scientific progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed . Finally , Joan Kelly argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy , lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages .
Some historians have begun to consider the word Renaissance to be unnecessarily loaded , implying an unambiguously positive rebirth from the supposedly more primitive " Dark Ages " , the Middle Ages . Most historians now prefer to use the term " early modern " for this period , a more neutral designation that highlights the period as a transitional one between the Middle Ages and the modern era . Others such as Roger Osborne have come to consider the Italian Renaissance as a repository of the myths and ideals of western history in general , and instead of rebirth of ancient ideas as a period of great innovation .
= = Other Renaissances = =
The term Renaissance has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries . Charles H. Haskins ( 1870 – 1937 ) , for example , made a case for a Renaissance of the 12th century . Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries , and still later for an Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century . Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed " renaissances " , such as the Bengal Renaissance , Tamil Renaissance , Nepal Bhasa renaissance , al @-@ Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance .
= U.S. Route 20 in Indiana =
U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Indiana is a main east – west highway that is parallel to the Indiana Toll Road . The western terminus of US 20 is at the Illinois state line and the eastern terminus is at the Ohio state line . US 20 through Whiting , East Chicago , and Gary is concurrent with US 12 twice . The route varies between one @-@ way , two @-@ lane , and four @-@ lane streets , in northwestern Indiana . From the east side of Gary to west of South Bend , US 20 is a four @-@ lane undivided highway . The route then heads around the west and south sides of South Bend and Elkhart as a four @-@ lane limited access divided highway . East of Elkh
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Future ; who they were known for their frequent collaborations , releasing mixtapes together in the past , such as Radical and the original Odd Future Tape . In January 2012 , the group confirmed that they were to release their first commercially released album , titled the The OF Tape Vol . 2 . In 2012 , the album was to feature production and appearances by only Odd Future members , and would be promoted with a North American tour .
The album was quickly recorded in Los Angeles over the course of two weeks . In an interview with The Guardian , when asked about the expectations of the album , Tyler replied " I don 't know . I have my doubts . Everybody 's going on it and I just think , fuck , everybody might hate this shit . Everybody might go : ' What the fuck is this ? We wanted this , we wanted that . ' There we go . We made an album we wanted to make . If everybody hates it , OK . We have an album we like . " The track " Forest Green " was released over a year before the release of the album but was featured on the project with remastered production .
= = Content = =
The album opener “ Hi ” , is a song where group member L @-@ Boy insults each “ dusty ass motherfucker ” on the album , serving as a comical hip hop skit . " Bitches " is performed by Hodgy and Domo , with production by Left Brain . The track is a " boastful " scorcher , built from New Age synthesizers and hammering snare drums . The two rappers trade off @-@ kilter verses at each other , with Hodgy delivering his verses with a melodic flow . Hodgy " turns up the aggression " on " NY ( Ned Flander ) " , a track similar to the aesthetic of Tyler 's album Goblin . Critics noted the song 's " stark " , " unnerving " and repetitive piano line that serves as the platform for Tyler and Hodgy 's verses . Nathan Rabin wrote that all the songs up to " NY ( Ned Flander ) " are rap songs , but the one that follows , " Ya Know " , is not , as it is more reminiscent of the band N.E.R.D. with its sonic shifts and " hazy " atmosphere . The track is performed by Matt Martians and Syd the Kyd of psych @-@ soul act The Internet , with jazz influences .
Mike G is the only performer on " Forest Green " , which reviewers described as a lurching banger with a creepy , hypnotic beat . " Lean " is a parody song in the style of Waka Flocka Flame , an absurdist take on rap music with lines like “ If I was a dinosaur , I ’ d be a flexasaurus ” . Syd the Kyd makes another singing appearance on " Analog 2 " . The song features Ocean singing a chorus over a production of what writers thought of as atmospheric , with a sultry swirl of synths , and a segue with 12 seconds of silence . Tyler raps with relative innocence about hanging out with his girlfriend , and Syd the Kid muses about moonlight kisses and rooftop sexual encounters . Hodgy is the main contributor to " 50 " , a bass @-@ driven , comical song that takes cues from the comedy troupe The Lonely Island . " 50 " demonstrates both an aggressive and comical side to the album , with verses like " I 'll fuck your grandmother up . "
Hodgy reappears on " Snow White " , featuring more singing from Ocean . Hodgy Beats raps at a very fast rate , centered on an intense beat . The 10th track is " Rella " , where Tyler boasts about taking “ three pills of Extenzo ” to cure his erectile dysfunction , in a flow similar to rapper Eminem . The production was handled by Left Brain , with elements of electronic music , sounding like " something out of a Donkey Kong Country level . " MellowHype and Taco contemplate the issues of having not having an ideal woman on " Real Bitch " . The track was written to be purposely offensive , with the two rappers trading verses on what reviewers described as an atmospheric , " slow @-@ jam " beat . " P " features a bass @-@ driven beat influence by post @-@ grunge , with Tyler rapping in the vein of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan . The song features casual references to Jerry Sandusky and Casey Anthony , and Tyler 's description of his flow being as " retarded as the sound of deaf people arguing . "
" White " features Ocean alone , and is similar to a song from his album Channel Orange with the same name . The song is a vast departure from the rest of the album , featuring Ocean gently singing in the style of Stevie Wonder . Ocean speaks a contemplative poem about the transitory mystery of love , with the song serving as an intermission from the more aggressive style of the album . The song is followed by " Hcapd " , with heavy synths played over Left Brain 's verses about horror @-@ related topics . Taco and Jasper Dolphin appear on the comical track " We Got Bitches " , another absurdist parody composition . The song has a chaotic beat , taking influence from punk rock and rave music . Braggadocio rapping is prominent on the track , with the crew screaming the chorus " We got bitches , we got diamonds , we got cars , we got jacuzzis , " adding " and yo ’ bitch be on my dick ! " The album closer is " Oldie " , where Earl Sweatshirt makes his first rapping appearance in over a year . The song is a 10 @-@ minute track featuring , in order of appearance on the song , Taco , Tyler , Hodgy Beats , Left Brain , Mike G , Domo Genesis , Frank Ocean , Jasper Dolphin and Earl Sweatshirt , with Tyler closing the song with another verse . The song features the collective 's blending of eccentricity and rebellion , and each rapper taking a verse to express their own topics of interest lyrically .
= = Promotion = =
On February 20 , 2012 , the music video for single " Rella " premiered online . The video was directed by Tyler , and according to Pitchfork Media 's Jordan Sargent . The video can be summarized as " Hodgy Beats shoots lasers from his crotch turning girls into cats , while Domo Genesis smacks a black girl in the face , turning her into an Asian , and Tyler as a coke @-@ snorting centaur . "
The music video for " NY ( Ned Flander ) " , also directed by Tyler , was premiered on March 5 . The video contained scenes of Hodgy as a bald , deadbeat dad preoccupied with softcore porn , and Tyler 's head on a baby 's body .
The music video for " Oldie " , directed by Lance Bangs , was released on March 20 . The video was shot during at a Terry Richardson 's photo shoot featuring the entire group , the collective decided to shoot an impromptu video , lip @-@ syncing their verses . The rappers interrupt each other , while laughing and smile for the majority of the video .
" Sam ( Is Dead ) " was promoted as a short film , directed by Tyler . The short film is a war @-@ themed comedic narrative , featuring Sweatshirt , Tyler , L @-@ Boy , and even Lee Spielman of Odd Future Records 's Trash Talk . Odd Future have performed several of the songs from the album on their tours . During Ocean 's 2012 setlist at the Coachella Music Festival , Tyler joined Ocean on stage for a performance of " Analog 2 " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial response = = =
In the United States , the album debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 40 @,@ 000 copies . As of May 2012 , the album has sold 71 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album topped the US Billboard Top Rap Albums chart , the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart , and the Top Independent Albums chart . It also charted within the top 40 in Australia , Canada , Denmark and the UK . The song " Oldie " appeared at position 23 on the Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart .
= = = Critical response = = =
The OF Tape Vol . 2 received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Pitchfork Media 's
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able to 1 ⁄ 4 .
The " H " stands for Otto Hölder , who first proved in 1882 what mathematicians now think of as the connection between Abel summation and ( H , n ) summation ; 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... was his first example . The fact that 1 ⁄ 4 is the ( H , 2 ) sum of 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... guarantees that it is the Abel sum as well ; this will also be proved directly below .
The other commonly formulated generalization of Cesàro summation is the sequence of ( C , n ) methods . It has been proven that ( C , n ) summation and ( H , n ) summation always give the same results , but they have different historical backgrounds . In 1887 , Cesàro came close to stating the definition of ( C , n ) summation , but he gave only a few examples . In particular , he summed 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... , to 1 ⁄ 4 by a method that may be rephrased as ( C , n ) but was not justified as such at the time . He formally defined the ( C , n ) methods in 1890 in order to state his theorem that the Cauchy product of a ( C , n ) -summable series and a ( C , m ) -summable series is ( C , m + n + 1 ) -summable .
= = = Abel summation = = =
In a 1749 report , Leonhard Euler admits that the series diverges but prepares to sum it anyway :
... when it is said that the sum of this series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 etc. is 1 ⁄ 4 , that must appear paradoxical . For by adding 100 terms of this series , we get − 50 , however , the sum of 101 terms gives + 51 , which is quite different from 1 ⁄ 4 and becomes still greater when one increases the number of terms . But I have already noticed at a previous time , that it is necessary to give to the word sum a more extended meaning ....
Euler proposed a generalization of the word " sum " several times . In the case of 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... , his ideas are similar to what is now known as Abel summation :
... it is no more doubtful that the sum of this series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 + etc. is 1 ⁄ 4 ; since it arises from the expansion of the formula 1 ⁄ ( 1 + 1 ) 2 , whose value is incontestably 1 ⁄ 4 . The idea becomes clearer by considering the general series 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 + 5x4 − 6x5 + & c. that arises while expanding the expression 1 ⁄ ( 1 + x ) 2 , which this series is indeed equal to after we set x
= 1 .
There are many ways to see that , at least for absolute values | x | < 1 , Euler is right in that
<formula>
One can take the Taylor expansion of the right @-@ hand side , or apply the formal long division process for polynomials . Starting from the left @-@ hand side , one can follow the general heuristics above and
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processes extended the marriage until 18 July 1870 , when the divorce was finally sanctioned by a Berlin court . After the divorce von Bülow distanced himself from both Wagner and Cosima ; he never again spoke to Wagner , and 11 years passed before his next meeting with Cosima .
Wagner and Cosima were married at Lucerne , on 25 August 1870 , in a Protestant church . Cosima 's journal for that day records : " May I be worthy of bearing R 's name ! " Liszt was not informed in advance of the wedding , and learned of it first through the newspapers . The year ended on a high note for the Wagners : on 25 December , the day on which Cosima always celebrated her birthday although she had been born on the 24th , she awoke to the sounds of music . She commemorated the event in her journal : " ... music was sounding , and what music ! After it had died away , R ... put into my hands the score of his " Symphonic Birthday Greeting . ... R had set up his orchestra on the stairs , and thus consecrated our Tribschen forever ! " This was the first performance of the music that became known as the Siegfried Idyll .
= = = Bayreuth = = =
= = = = Building the Festspielhaus = = = =
Wagner 's deception over his relationship with Cosima had seriously damaged his standing with Ludwig . Matters were worsened by Ludwig 's insistence , over Wagner 's objections , that the premieres of the two completed Ring operas , Das Rheingold and Die Walküre , be given at once , in Munich , rather than as part of a complete Ring cycle on some future date at a venue of Wagner 's choosing . To Wagner 's mortification these premieres took place , under Franz Wüllner , on 22 September 1869 and 26 June 1870 respectively . The need for a theatre of his own , and full artistic control , was now clear to Wagner . On 5 March 1870 Cosima , according to her journal , advised him to " look up the article on Baireuth [ sic ] in the encyclopaedia " . Wagner knew the town from a short visit he had made there in 1835 ; he was attracted to it by its central location and by its quiet non @-@ fashionability . When he and Cosima visited in April 1871 they decided immediately that they would build their theatre there , and that the town would be their future home .
Wagner announced the first Bayreuth Festival for 1873 , at which his full Ring cycle would be performed . Aware of the honour that such an event would bring to the town , the local council donated a large plot of land — the " Green Hill " — overlooking the town , as a site for the theatre . Since Ludwig had declined to finance the project , the start of building was delayed and the proposed date for the initial festival was deferred . By the spring of 1873 only a third of the required funds had been raised ; further pleas to Ludwig were initially ignored , but early in 1874 , with the entire project on the verge of collapse , the king relented and provided a loan . The full building programme included a handsome villa , " Wahnfried " , into which Wagner , with Cosima and the children , moved from their temporary accommodation on 18 April 1874 . The theatre was completed in 1875 , and the festival scheduled for the following year . Commenting on the struggle to finish the building Wagner remarked to Cosima : " Each stone is red with my blood and yours " .
During this period Cosima admitted to Liszt , who had taken minor orders in the Catholic Church , that she intended converting to Protestantism . Her motive may have been more the desire to maintain solidarity with Wagner than from religious conviction ; Hilmes maintains that at heart , " Cosima remained a pietistic Catholic until her dying day " . On 31 October 1872 Cosima received her first Protestant sacrament alongside Wagner : " a deeply moving occasion ... what a lovely thing religion is ! What other power could produce such feelings ! "
= = = = First festival = = = =
In March 1876 , Cosima and Wagner were in Berlin when they learned that Marie d 'Agoult had died in Paris . Unable to attend the funeral , Cosima expressed her feelings in a letter to her daughter Daniela : " There is nothing left for me to do , except to grieve for the woman that brought me into the world " .
From June onwards , Cosima 's journal entries consist almost entirely of comments on the forthcoming festival 's rehearsals , sometimes warmly approving , often critical and anxious ; for example , she found the costumes " reminiscent throughout of Red Indian chiefs ... all the marks of provincial tastelessness " . From the beginning of August 1876 distinguished guests began to converge on the town ; Ludwig , incognito , attended the final dress rehearsals between 6 and 9 August , but then left the town , reappearing in time to attend the final performances of the festival . Among other royal visitors were the German emperor Wilhelm I , Dom Pedro II of Brazil and an assortment of princes and grand dukes from the European royal families . Many of Europe 's leading composers came : Bruckner , Tchaikovsky , Saint @-@ Saëns , and Cosima 's father , Liszt , who held court at Wahnfried among the notables who gathered there . Also in Bayreuth was Wagner 's current mistress , Judith Gautier . It is unlikely that Cosima knew of the affair at this time , though she may have harboured a degree of suspicion . Cosima 's demeanour as the festival 's hostess was described by a young American visitor in fulsome terms : " Mme Wagner is exceedingly gracious and affable ... a magnificent @-@ looking woman , a perfect queen ... "
The festival began on 13 August and lasted until 30th . It consisted of three full Ring cycles , all under the baton of Hans Richter . At the end , critical reactions ranged between that of the Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg , who thought the entire work " divinely composed " , and that of the French newspaper Le Figaro who called the music " the dream of a lunatic " . Wagner himself was far from satisfied ; in a letter to Ludwig he denounced the singers Albert Niemann and Franz Betz as " theatrical parasites " and complained that Richter had not got a single tempo correct . Months later , Cosima records , his attitude towards the productions was " Never again , never again ! " .
= = = = Parsifal = = = =
After the conclusion of the festival and the departure of the guests , Wagner and Cosima left with the children for Venice , where they remained until December . The festival had accumulated a large financial deficit ; this , and Wagner 's deep artistic dissatisfaction , precluded the possibility of any repeat in the near future . Wagner 's mood was such that he seriously contemplated giving up the entire Bayreuth project ; he was distracted from such thoughts by an invitation to conduct a series of concerts in London . Leaving the children behind , he and Cosima enjoyed a two @-@ month break in England where , among others , Cosima met the novelist George Eliot , the poet Robert Browning , and the painter Edward Burne @-@ Jones ( who made a number of sketches of Cosima from which no finished painting emerged ) . On 17 May both Wagners were received by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle .
The English tour raised little money but restored Wagner 's spirits . On his return he began work on what would prove to be his final stage work , Parsifal , a project that would occupy him for most of the next five years . Cosima 's influence was such that Wagner asserted that he would not have written another note , had she not been there . On a practical level , when the festival 's creditors began to press for payment , Cosima 's personal plea to Ludwig in 1878 persuaded the king to provide a loan to pay off the outstanding debt and open the door to the prospect of a second Bayreuth Festival . For Cosima 's birthday on 25 December 1878 , Wagner hired an orchestra to play the newly composed prelude to Parsifal . The concert also included the Siegfried Idyll ; Cosima wrote afterwards : " There stands he who has called forth these wonders , and he loves me . He loves me ! " .
Progress on Parsifal was hampered by Wagner 's recurrent ill @-@ health , but by late 1880 he announced the next festival for 1882 , to be devoted entirely to the new work . Wagner secured Ludwig 's agreement that Parsifal should be staged exclusively at Bayreuth , but in return , Ludwig required that his current Munich Kapellmeister , Hermann Levi , should conduct the festival . Wagner objected on the grounds of Levi 's Jewish faith ; Parsifal , he maintained , was a " Christian " opera . Both he
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's casting director Sheila Jaffe suggested Statham for the role of getaway driver Handsome Rob , and Gray agreed with her choice . Norton took the role of Steve Frazelli , due to a contractual obligation he had to fulfill . Wahlberg , Theron , and Statham attended special driver 's training sessions at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park for nearly a month during pre @-@ production .
= = = Filming = = =
Gray and cinematographer Wally Pfister worked together to develop a visual style for the film before production began . They viewed car commercials and magazine photographs , as well as chase sequences from The French Connection ( 1971 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , and The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) as visual references . Pfister wanted " dark textures and undertones and strong contrast " ; he collaborated with production designer Charlie Wood on the color palette , and the two would confer with Gray on their ideas . Paramount preferred that The Italian Job not be shot in the anamorphic format , despite Pfister 's wishes to do so . Gray wanted a widescreen aspect ratio , so they chose to shoot the film in Super 35 for a 2 @.@ 4 : 1 aspect ratio . Once principal photography began , Gray frequently utilized dollies , as well as Steadicams and a Technocrane , to keep the cameras almost constantly moving .
Most of The Italian Job was shot on location , at sites Pfister scouted over 12 weeks during pre @-@ production , but some scenes were filmed on sets . The Venice building where the film 's opening heist sequence takes place , the van from which the thieves survey Steve Frazelli 's mansion , a hotel room , and the LACMTA Red Line subway tunnel were sets constructed at Downey Studios in California . For the scene in which an armored truck falls through Hollywood Boulevard and into the subway tunnel below , Pfister set up seven cameras to capture the vehicle 's ~ 30 foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) descent . Three hundred cars were used to simulate the traffic jam at the intersection of Hollywood and Highland , which was controlled by the production crew for a week . Three of the 32 custom @-@ built Mini Coopers used during principal photography were fitted with electric motors since combustion engines were not allowed in the subway tunnels , where some scenes were shot . Other Mini Coopers were modified to allow for camera placement on and inside the vehicles . The director remarked that " [ the Mini Coopers are ] part of the cast . "
Gray wanted the film to be as realistic as possible ; accordingly , the actors did most of their own stunts , and computer @-@ generated imagery was used very sparingly . The second unit , under director Alexander Witt and cinematographer Josh Bleibtreu , filmed establishing shots , the Venice canal chase sequence , and the Los Angeles chase sequence over a period of 40 days . Filming on location posed some challenges . The opening heist sequence in Venice , Italy , was strictly monitored by the local authorities , due to the high speeds the boats were driven at . The frigid temperatures at Passo Fedaia in the Italian Alps created problems during production : " The guns would jam , and if you could imagine not being able to walk 40 feet with a bottle of water without it freezing , those are the conditions we had to work in , " Gray remarked . Pedestrians had to be allowed to use the sidewalks of Hollywood Boulevard between takes . Also , scenes which took place on freeways and city streets were only filmed on weekends .
= = Release = =
= = = Box @-@ office performance = = =
The Italian Job premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on May 11 , 2003 , and was theatrically released in the United States on May 30 , 2003 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $ 19 @,@ 457 @,@ 944 , ranking at # 3 . Paramount re @-@ released the film on August 29 , and by the time its theatrical release closed in November 2003 , the film had grossed $ 106 @,@ 128 @,@ 601 in the United States and Canada and $ 69 @,@ 941 @,@ 570 overseas — $ 176 @,@ 070 @,@ 171 worldwide . It was the highest @-@ grossing film produced by Paramount in 2003 .
= = = Critical response = = =
Based on 177 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , The Italian Job has an overall approval rating of 73 % , with a weighted average score of 6 @.@ 4 / 10 . By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 68 out of 100 from the 37 reviews it collected , indicating " generally favorable reviews . "
Stephanie Zacharek , writing for Salon.com , liked the reinvention of the plot and the style and execution of the action sequences , specifically those involving the trio of Mini Coopers , which she wrote were the stars of the film . BBC reviewer Stella Papamichael gave The Italian Job 4 stars out of 5 , and wrote that the " revenge plot adds wallop lacking in the original " . Los Angeles Times reviewer Kevin Thomas praised the opening Venice heist sequence and the characterization of each of the thieves , but
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downs over the centuries . The first account , in 1718 , is from Houbraken , who waxed lyrical over the technical mastery which allowed Ruisdael to realistically depict water in waterfalls and the sea . In 1781 , Sir Joshua Reynolds , founder of the Royal Academy , admired the freshness and force of Ruisdael 's landscapes . A couple of decades later other English critics were less impressed . In 1801 , Henry Fuseli , professor at the Royal Academy , expressed his contempt for the entire Dutch School of Landscape , dismissing it as no more than a " transcript of the spot " , a mere " enumeration of hill and dale , clumps of trees " . Of note is that one of Fuseli 's students was Constable , whose admiration for Ruisdael remained unchanged . Around the same time in Germany , the writer , statesman and scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe lauded Ruisdael as a thinking artist , even a poet , saying " he demonstrates remarkable skill in locating the exact point at which the creative faculty comes into contact with a lucid mind " . John Ruskin however , in 1860 , raged against Ruisdael and other Dutch Golden Age landscapists , calling their landscapes places where " we lose not only all faith in religion but all remembrance of it " . In 1915 , the Dutch art historian Abraham Bredius called his compatriot not so much a painter as a poet .
More recent art historians have rated Ruisdael highly . Kenneth Clark described him as " the greatest master of the natural vision before Constable " . Waldemar Januszczak finds him a marvellous storyteller . Januszczak does not consider Ruisdael the greatest landscape artist of all time , but is especially impressed by his works as a teenager : " a prodigy whom we should rank at number 8 or 9 on the Mozart scale " . Slive states Ruisdael is acknowledged " by general consent , as the pre @-@ eminent landscapist of the Golden Age of Dutch art " .
Ruisdael is now seen as the leading artist of the " classical " phase in Dutch landscape art , which built upon the realism of the previous " tonal " phase . The tonal phase suggested atmosphere through the use of tonality , while the classical phase strived for a more grandiose effect , with paintings built up through a serious of vigorous contrasts of solid form against the sky , and of light against shade , with a tree , animal , or windmill often singled out .
Although many of Ruisdael 's works were on show in the Art Treasures Exhibition , Manchester 1857 , and various other grand exhibitions across the world since , it was not until 1981 that an exhibition was solely dedicated to Ruisdael . Over fifty paintings and thirty @-@ five drawings and etchings were exhibited , first at the Mauritshuis in The Hague , then , in 1982 , at the Fogg Museum in Cambridge , Massachusetts . In 2006 , the Royal Academy in London hosted a Ruisdael Master of Landscape exhibition , displaying works from over fifty collections .
= = = Interpretation = = =
There are no 17
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th century documents to indicate , either at first or second hand , what Ruisdael intended to convey through his art . While The Jewish Cemetery is universally accepted as an allegory for the fragility of life , how other works should be interpreted is much disputed . At one end of the spectrum is Henry Fuseli , who contends they have no meaning at all , and are simply a depiction of nature . At the other end is Franz Theodor Kugler who sees meaning in almost everything : " They all display the silent power of Nature , who opposes with her mighty hand the petty activity of man , and with a solemn warning as it were , repels his encroachments " .
In the middle of the spectrum are scholars such as E. John Walford , who sees the works as " not so much bearers of narrative or emblematic meanings but rather as images reflecting the fact that the visible world was essentially perceived as manifesting inherent spiritual significance " . Walford advocates abandoning the notion of " disguised symbolism " . All of Ruisdael 's work can be interpreted according to the religious world view of his time : nature serves as the " first book " of God , both because of its inherent divine qualities and because of God 's obvious concern for man and the world . The intention is spiritual , not moral .
Andrew Graham @-@ Dixon asserts all Dutch Golden Age landscapists could not help but search everywhere for meaning . He says of the windmill in The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede that it symbolises " the sheer hard work needed to keep Holland above water and to safeguard the future of the nation 's children " . The symmetries in the landscapes are " reminders to fellow citizens always to remain on the straight and narrow " . Slive is more reluctant to read too much into the work , but does put The Windmill in its contemporary religious context of man 's dependence on the " spirit of the Lord for life " . With regards to interpreting Ruisdael 's Scandinavian paintings , he says " My own view is that it strains credulity to the breaking point to propose that he himself conceived of all his depictions of waterfalls , torrents and rushing streams and dead trees as visual sermons on the themes of transcience and vanitas " .
= = = Collections = = =
Ruisdaels are scattered across collections globally , both private and institutional . The most notable collections are at the National Gallery in London , which holds twenty paintings ; the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam , which holds sixteen paintings ; and the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg , which holds nine . In the US , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has five Ruisdaels in its collection , and the J. Paul Getty Museum in California has three .
On occasion a Ruisdael changes hands . In 2014 , Dunes by the Sea was auctioned at Christie 's in New York , and realised a price of $ 1 @,@ 805 @,@ 000 . Of his surviving drawings , 140 in total , the Rijksmuseum , the Teylers Museum in Haarlem , Dresden 's Kupferstich @-@ Kabinett , and the Hermitage each hold significant collections . Ruisdael 's rare etchings are spread across institutions . No collection holds a print of each of the thirteen etchings . Of the five unique prints , the British Museum holds two , two are in the Albertina in Vienna , and one is in Amsterdam .
= = Context = =
Ruisdael and his art should not be considered apart from the context of the incredible wealth and significant changes to the land that occurred during the Dutch Golden Age . In his study on 17th @-@ century Dutch art and culture , Simon Schama remarks that " it can never be overemphasized that the period between 1550 and 1650 , when the political identity of an independent Netherlands nation was being established , was also a time of dramatic physical alteration of its landscape " . Ruisdael 's depiction of nature and emergent Dutch technology are wrapped up in this . Christopher Joby places Ruisdael in the religious context of the Calvinism of the Dutch Republic . He states that landscape painting does conform to Calvin 's requirement that only what is visible may be depicted in art , and that landscape paintings such as those of Ruisdael have an epistemological value which provides further support for their use within Reformed Churches .
The art historian Yuri Kuznetsov places Ruisdael 's art in the context of the war of independence against Spain . Dutch landscape painters " were called upon to make a portrait of their homeland , twice rewon by the Dutch people – first from the sea and later from foreign invaders " . Jonathan Israel , in his study of the Dutch Republic , calls the period between 1647 and 1672 the third phase of Dutch Golden Age art , in which wealthy merchants wanted large , opulent and refined paintings , and civic leaders filled their town halls with grand displays containing republican messages .
As well , ordinary middle class Dutch people began buying art for the first time , creating a high demand for paintings of all kinds . This demand was met by enormous painter guilds . Master painters set up studios to produce large numbers of paintings quickly . Under the master 's direction , studio members would specialise in parts of a painting , such as figures in landscapes , or costumes in portraits and history paintings . Masters would sometimes add a few touches to authenticate a work mostly done by pupils , to maximise both speed and price . Numerous art dealers organised commissions on behalf of patrons , as well as buying uncommissioned stock to sell on . Landscape artists did not depend on commissions in the way most painters had to do , and could therefore paint for stock . In Ruisdael 's case , it is not known whether he kept stock to sell directly to customers , or sold his work through dealers , or both . Art historians only know of one commission , a work for the wealthy Amsterdam burgomaster Cornelis de Graeff , jointly painted with Thomas de Keyser .
= AdS / CFT correspondence =
In theoretical physics , the anti @-@ de Sitter / conformal field theory correspondence , sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge / gravity duality , is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories . On one side are anti @-@ de Sitter spaces ( AdS ) which are used in theories of quantum gravity , formulated in terms of string theory or M @-@ theory . On the other side of the correspondence are conformal field theories ( CFT ) which are quantum field theories , including theories similar to the Yang – Mills theories that describe elementary particles .
The duality represents a major advance in our understanding of string theory and quantum gravity . This is because it provides a non @-@ perturbative formulation of string theory with certain boundary conditions and because it is the most successful realization of the holographic principle , an idea in quantum gravity originally proposed by Gerard ' t Hooft and promoted by Leonard Susskind .
It also provides a powerful toolkit for studying strongly coupled quantum field theories . Much of the usefulness of the duality results from the fact that it is a strong @-@ weak duality : when the fields of the quantum field theory are strongly interacting , the ones in the gravitational theory are weakly interacting and thus more mathematically tractable . This fact has been used to study many aspects of nuclear and condensed matter physics by
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translating problems in those subjects into more mathematically tractable problems in string theory .
The AdS / CFT correspondence was first proposed by Juan Maldacena in late 1997 . Important aspects of the correspondence were elaborated in articles by Steven Gubser , Igor Klebanov , and Alexander Markovich Polyakov , and by Edward Witten . By 2015 , Maldacena 's article had over 10 @,@ 000 citations , becoming the most highly cited article in the field of high energy physics .
= = Background = =
= = = Quantum gravity and strings = = =
Our current understanding of gravity is based on Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity . Formulated in 1915 , general relativity explains gravity in terms of the geometry of space and time , or spacetime . It is formulated in the language of classical physics developed by physicists such as Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell . The other nongravitational forces are explained in the framework of quantum mechanics . Developed in the first half of the twentieth century by a number of different physicists , quantum mechanics provides a radically different way of describing physical phenomena based on probability .
Quantum gravity is the branch of physics that seeks to describe gravity using the principles of quantum mechanics . Currently , the most popular approach to quantum gravity is string theory , which models elementary particles not as zero @-@ dimensional points but as one @-@ dimensional objects called strings . In the AdS / CFT correspondence , one typically considers theories of quantum gravity derived from string theory or its modern extension , M @-@ theory .
In everyday life , there are three familiar dimensions of space ( up / down , left / right , and forward / backward ) , and there is one dimension of time . Thus , in the language of modern physics , one says that spacetime is four @-@ dimensional . One peculiar feature of string theory and M @-@ theory is that these theories require extra dimensions of spacetime for their mathematical consistency : in string theory spacetime is ten @-@ dimensional , while in M @-@ theory it is eleven @-@ dimensional . The quantum gravity theories appearing in the AdS / CFT correspondence are typically obtained from string and M @-@ theory by a process known as compactification . This produces a theory in which spacetime has effectively a lower number of dimensions and the extra dimensions are " curled up " into circles .
A standard analogy for compactification is to consider a multidimensional object such as a garden hose . If the hose is viewed from a sufficient distance , it appears to have only one dimension , its length , but as one approaches the hose , one discovers that it contains a second dimension , its circumference . Thus , an ant crawling inside it would move in two dimensions .
= = = Quantum field theory = = =
The application of quantum mechanics to physical objects such as the electromagnetic field , which are extended in space and time , is known as quantum field theory . In particle physics , quantum field theories form the basis for our understanding of elementary particles , which are modeled as excitations in the fundamental fields . Quantum field theories are also used throughout condensed matter physics to model particle @-@ like objects called quasiparticles .
In the AdS / CFT correspondence , one considers , in addition to a theory of quantum gravity , a certain kind of quantum field theory called a conformal field theory . This is a particularly symmetric and mathematically well behaved type of quantum field theory . Such theories are often studied in the context of string theory , where they are associated with the surface swept out by a string propagating through spacetime , and in statistical mechanics , where they model systems at a thermodynamic critical point .
= = Overview of the correspondence = =
= = = The geometry of anti @-@ de Sitter space = = =
In the AdS / CFT correspondence , one considers string theory or M @-@ theory on an anti @-@ de Sitter background . This means that the geometry of spacetime is described in terms of a certain vacuum solution of Einstein 's equation called anti @-@ de Sitter space .
In very elementary terms , anti @-@ de Sitter space is a mathematical model of spacetime in which the notion of distance between points ( the metric ) is different from the notion of distance in ordinary Euclidean geometry . It is closely related to hyperbolic space , which can be viewed as a disk as illustrated on the right . This image shows a tessellation of a disk by triangles and squares . One can define the distance between points of this disk in such a way that all the triangles and squares are the same size and the circular outer boundary is infinitely far from any point in the interior .
Now imagine a stack of hyperbolic disks where each disk represents the state of the universe at a given time . The resulting geometric object is three @-@ dimensional anti @-@ de Sitter space . It looks like a solid cylinder in which any cross section is a copy of the hyperbolic disk . Time runs along the vertical direction in this picture . The surface of this cylinder plays an important role in the AdS / CFT correspondence . As with the hyperbolic plane , anti @-@ de Sitter space is curved in such a way that any point in the interior is actually infinitely far from this boundary surface .
This construction describes a hypothetical universe with only two space and one time dimension , but it can be generalized to any number of dimensions . Indeed , hyperbolic space can have more than two dimensions and one can " stack up " copies of hyperbolic space to get higher @-@ dimensional models of anti @-@ de Sitter space .
= = = The idea of AdS / CFT = = =
An important feature of anti @-@ de Sitter space is its boundary ( which looks like a cylinder in the case of three @-@ dimensional anti @-@ de Sitter space ) . One property of this boundary is that , locally around any point , it looks just like Minkowski space , the model of spacetime used in nongravitational physics .
One can therefore consider an auxiliary theory in which " spacetime " is given by the boundary of anti @-@ de Sitter space . This observation is the starting point for AdS / CFT correspondence , which states that the boundary of anti @-@ de Sitter space can be regarded as the " spacetime " for a conformal field theory . The claim is that this conformal field theory is equivalent to the gravitational theory on the bulk anti @-@ de Sitter space in the sense that there is a " dictionary " for translating calculations in one theory into calculations in the other . Every entity in one
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their low prices and fixed @-@ cost pricing model , they not only cannot afford a delivery person , but will be completely bankrupt in another month . Pam reveals to her coworkers that she has committed a great deal of money to her upcoming wedding and has had no response to the weekend part @-@ time job applications she 's submitted . Ryan responds by confessing that he never actually went to Thailand .
At Dunder Mifflin , Charles Miner ( Idris Elba ) announces that the Scranton branch , previously the company 's most profitable office , has lost ten major clients to Michael 's company . Chief Financial Officer David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) visits Scranton to see what can be done to stem the losses . In a blatant about face from his no @-@ nonsense persona , Charles blatantly sucks up to David , which Jim notices . David calls a meeting with Charles and Jim ( John Krasinski ) , but Charles insists Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) also be present because he had been Charles 's right @-@ hand man . However , during the meeting Dwight embarrasses Charles with outlandish suggestions , such as unleashing a hive of bees .
David decides the cheapest option is for Dunder Mifflin to buy out the Michael Scott Paper Company . Jim has learned the company 's financial situation from Pam , but feigns uncertainty when asked if Michael is likely to be interested in a buyout . At David and Charles 's orders , Jim brings the idea of a buyout to Michael . While there he also reassures Michael that Dunder Mifflin is unaware of his company 's financial situation . Dwight learns from a past client that Michael has been begging customers for more money and informs Charles , but Charles refuses to listen , having been embarrassed by Dwight 's earlier ideas .
Michael , Pam and Ryan come in to discuss the terms of the buyout . After Michael rejects an initial offer of $ 12 @,@ 000 to buy the company , David suggests that he is bluffing , saying he knows that his company 's prices are too low to be sustainable . Michael keeps his cool and rebuts that Dunder Mifflin 's best branch is " bleeding " and David could be replaced during an upcoming major stockholder meeting as a result . David gives a second offer of $ 60 @,@ 000 , which is strongly considered , but Michael rejects this offer at the last second and demands the company give him his old job back and hire Ryan and Pam as salespeople . David is reluctant to hire three people with full benefits , especially given Ryan 's disastrous history with the company , and likens it to " a multimillion dollar buyout " . Michael refuses to back down , and David reluctantly agrees to his demands .
As Charles leaves Scranton , returning to corporate , Michael does not allow him to have any final words , mirroring Charles 's earlier treatment of Michael when he quit .
= = Production = =
" Broke " was written by Charlie Grandy and directed by Steve Carell , who made his directorial debut with the episode . It was the last of a six @-@ episode story arc involving Idris Elba 's character Charles Miner , although Elba has indicated the character would return in future episodes : " Mr. Charles doesn 't leave the picture . [ ... ] My storyline has come to an end , but there is a good indication that the writers see my character coming back . " Elba made an appearance in " Company Picnic " , the fifth season finale . Elba said he did not watch " Broke " after it aired because " I 'm hypercritical about my work , so I try not to torture myself . "
The official website for The Office included three cut scenes from " Broke " . In the first 90 @-@ second clip , Michael is running late because he overslept , and he instinctively runs into the Dunder Mifflin office by accident instead of his Michael Scott Paper Company office . In the second one @-@ minute clip , Andy is angry that he cannot find his personalized coffee mug with his face on it , and he and the others around the office complain about losing their clients to Michael 's new company . In the final 80 @-@ second clip , stress drives Ryan to the breaking point and he begins trashing the Michael Scott Paper Company Office , for which he quickly recovers and apologizes .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on April 23 , 2009 , " Broke " was watched by 7 @.@ 21 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode received a 3 @.@ 7 rating / 10 share among viewers aged 18 – 49 , the lowest rating in that age group for the season during its regular timeslot . It received a 4 @.@ 0 rating / 12 share among viewers 18 @-@ 34 .
The episode received highly positive reviews . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger called " Broke " a " great , great " episode , although he said he wished the Michael Scott Paper Company arc could have lasted longer . Sepinwall praised touches such as the Korean women who were constantly getting into the sales van , and Michael 's moment of nervousness on the elevator , and said the ending when Michael came through was particularly satisfying . Will Leitch of New York magazine described " Broke " as " a rousing , exuberant episode that continues one of The Office 's best runs in history " . Leitch said the negotiations during the latter half of the episode had genuine tension , and that all the storylines of the Michael Scott Paper Company arc were wrapped up perfectly . Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode was strong enough that it could have served as the season finale . He said the episode had lots of good throw @-@ away moments , like Charles brown @-@ nosing to David and realizing Dwight is eccentric , as well as several clever twists , like Jim 's actions in tricking Dwight and helping the Michael Scott Paper Company get bought out . Eric Rezsnyak of the City Newspaper said the episode was a strong finale to the Michael Scott Paper Company arc , which was " probably the best thing to happen to the show in the last two seasons " . Rezsnyak praised Michael 's impressive actions in the episode and said he was curious to see how Michael 's relationship with several of the supporting characters would be recast as a result of this episode .
Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly said , " ' Broke ' was an incredibly brisk episode that covered a lot of ground , so it worked as a good capstone on the whole Michael @-@ leaving @-@ the @-@ company plot . " She also said although the plot arc was a good one , she looked forward to future episodes focusing more on the Dunder Mifflin supporting cast . Rick Porter of Zap2it praised the episode , but expressed concern that the show would grow more stale now that Michael , Pam and Ryan were back to their old jobs at Dunder Mifflin ; Porter particularly complimented the new aspects of the Charles Miner character presented in " Broke " , including his interaction with David and his exasperation with Dwight . Dan Hopper of Best Week Ever praised the episode and Michael 's shrewdness , but also expressed worry that the quality of future episodes would dip now that Dunder Mifflin was back to normal . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club said of the episode , " Elba 's stint on The Office went out on a high note . I 'll miss his joyless scold of a middle manager but it 's nice to have the gang reunited . " Rabin also said the moment when Charles fails to listen when Dwight learns Michael 's company is broke " rang a little false " , but praised the episode as a whole . Meghan Carlson of BuddyTV said she enjoyed seeing Michael so victorious at the end , and said , " as far as ends getting tied off cleanly , ' Broke ' was an inspired episode , full of tension , suspense , and yes , humor . "
" Broke " was voted the highest @-@ rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 9 @.@ 17 out of 10 . For his work on this episode , Charlie Grandy was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay – Episodic Comedy . Steve Carell submitted this episode when he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series , which he lost to Alec Baldwin .
= Cyclone Megh =
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Megh is regarded as the worst tropical cyclone to ever strike the Yemeni island of Socotra , causing additional destruction there after Cyclone Chapala hit the same island . Megh formed on November 5 , 2015 , in the eastern Arabian Sea , and followed a path similar to Chapala . After moving northward , the cycl
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ions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands . They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands , to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands , to temperate coniferous forests in the cold , winter portions of the northern islands . Japan has over 90 @,@ 000 species of wildlife , including the brown bear , the Japanese macaque , the Japanese raccoon dog , the Large Japanese Field Mouse , and the Japanese giant salamander . A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty @-@ seven Ramsar wetland sites . Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value .
= = = Environment = = =
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II , environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations ; as a result , environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s . Responding to rising concern about the problem , the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970 . The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan 's lack of natural resources . Current environmental issues include urban air pollution ( NOx , suspended particulate matter , and toxics ) , waste management , water eutrophication , nature conservation , climate change , chemical management and international co @-@ operation for conservation .
As of June 2015 , more than 40 coal @-@ fired power plants are planned or under construction in Japan . The NGO Climate Action Network announced Japan as the winner of its " Fossil of the Day " award for " doing the most to block progress on climate action . "
Japan ranks 39th in the 2016 Environmental Performance Index , which measures a nation 's commitment to environmental sustainability . As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol , and host of the 1997 conference that created it , Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change .
= = Economy = =
= = = Economic history = = =
Modern Japan 's economic growth began in the Edo period . Some of the surviving elements of the Edo period are roads and water transportation routes , as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts , banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers . During the Meiji period from 1868 , Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy . Many of today 's enterprises were founded at the time , and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia . The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post @-@ war economic miracle : it averaged 7 @.@ 5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s , and 3 @.@ 2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s .
Growth slowed in the 1990s during the " Lost Decade " due to after @-@ effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and government policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets . Efforts to revive economic growth were unsuccessful and further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000 . The economy recovered after 2005 ; GDP growth for that year was 2 @.@ 8 percent , surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period .
As of 2012 , Japan is the third largest national economy in the world , after the United States and China , in terms of nominal GDP , and the fourth largest national economy in the world , after the United States , China and India , in terms of purchasing power parity . As of 2014 , Japan 's public debt was estimated at more than 200 percent of its annual gross domestic product , the largest of any nation in the world . In August 2011 , Moody 's rating has cut Japan 's long @-@ term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country 's deficit and borrowing level . The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 caused the rating downgrade . The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product .
= = = Exports = = =
Japan has a large industrial capacity , and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles , electronics , machine tools , steel and nonferrous metals , ships , chemical substances , textiles , and processed foods . Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan 's land , and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch , second only to China . As of 2010 , Japan 's labor force consisted of some 65 @.@ 9 million workers . Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent . Some 20 million people , around 17 per cent of the population , were below the poverty line in 2007 . Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas .
Japan 's exports amounted to US $ 4 @,@ 210 per capita in 2005 . As of 2012 , Japan 's main export markets were China ( 18 @.@ 1 percent ) , the United States ( 17 @.@ 8 percent ) , South Korea ( 7 @.@ 7 percent ) , Thailand ( 5 @.@ 5 percent ) and Hong Kong ( 5 @.@ 1 percent ) . Its main exports are transportation equipment , motor vehicles , iron and steel products , semiconductors and auto parts . Japan 's main import markets as of 2012 were China ( 21 @.@ 3 percent ) , the US ( 8 @.@ 8 percent ) , Australia ( 6 @.@ 4 percent ) , Saudi Arabia ( 6 @.@ 2 percent ) , United Arab Emirates ( 5 @.@ 0 percent ) , South Korea ( 4 @.@ 6 percent ) and Qatar ( 4 @.@ 0 percent ) .
= = = Imports = = =
Japan 's main imports are machinery and equipment , fossil fuels , foodstuffs ( in particular beef ) , chemicals , textiles and raw materials for its industries . By market share
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measures , domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country . Junichirō Koizumi 's administration began some pro @-@ competition reforms , and foreign investment in Japan has soared .
Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 Ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world . The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features : keiretsu enterprises are influential , and lifetime employment and seniority @-@ based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment . Japanese companies are known for management methods like " The Toyota Way " , and shareholder activism is rare .
Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota , Nintendo , NTT DoCoMo , Canon , Honda , Takeda Pharmaceutical , Sony , Panasonic , Toshiba , Sharp , Nippon Steel , Nippon Oil , and Seven & I Holdings Co .. It has some of the world 's largest banks , and the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( known for its Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices ) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization . As of 2006 , Japan was home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16 @.@ 3 percent . In 2013 , it was announced that Japan would be importing shale natural gas .
= = = Science and technology = = =
Japan is a leading nation in scientific research , particularly technology , machinery and biomedical research . Nearly 700 @,@ 000 researchers share a US $ 130 billion research and development budget , the third largest in the world . Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research , having produced twenty @-@ one Nobel laureates in either physics , chemistry or medicine , and three Fields medalists . Some of Japan 's more prominent technological contributions are in the fields of electronics , automobiles , machinery , earthquake engineering , industrial robotics , optics , chemicals , semiconductors and metals . Japan leads the world in robotics production and use , possessing more than 20 % ( 300 @,@ 000 of 1 @.@ 3 million ) of the world 's industrial robots as of 2013 — though its share was historically even higher , representing one @-@ half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000 .
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) is Japan 's space agency ; it conducts space , planetary , and aviation research , and leads development of rockets and satellites . It is a participant in the International Space Station : the Japanese Experiment Module ( Kibo ) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008 . Japan 's plans in space exploration include : launching a space probe to Venus , Akatsuki ; developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2016 ; and building a moon base by 2030 .
On September 14 , 2007 , it launched lunar explorer " SELENE " ( Selenological and Engineering Explorer ) on an H @-@ IIA ( Model H2A2022 ) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center . SELENE is also known as Kaguya , after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter . Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program . Its purpose is to gather data on the moon 's origin and evolution . It entered a lunar orbit on October 4 , flying at an altitude of about 100 km ( 62 mi ) . The probe 's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11 , 2009 .
= = = Energy = = =
As of 2011 , 46 @.@ 1 % of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum , 21 @.@ 3 % from coal , 21 @.@ 4 % from natural gas , 4 @.@ 0 % from nuclear power , and 3 @.@ 3 % from hydropower . Nuclear power produced 9 @.@ 2 percent of Japan 's electricity , as of 2011 , down from 24 @.@ 9 percent the previous year . However , by May 2012 all of the country 's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011 , though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan 's 50 nuclear reactors to service . As of November 2014 , two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015 . Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy . Japan has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency .
= = = Transport = = =
Japan 's road spending has been extensive . Its 1 @.@ 2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation . A single network of high @-@ speed , divided , limited @-@ access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll @-@ collecting enterprises . New and used cars are inexpensive ; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency . However , at just 50 percent of all distance traveled , car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries .
Since privatisation in 1987 , dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets ; major companies include seven JR enterprises , Kintetsu Corporation , Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation . Some 250 high @-@ speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality . Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage .
There are 175 airports in Japan ; the largest domestic airport , Haneda Airport , is Asia 's second @-@ busiest airport . The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport , Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport . Nagoya Port is the country 's largest and busiest port , accounting for 10 percent of Japan 's trade value .
= = Demographics = =
Japan 's population is estimated at around 127 million , with 80 % of the population living on Honshū . Japanese society is one of the most ethnically , linguistically and culturally homogeneous societies in the world , composed of 98 @.@ 5 % ethnic Japanese , with small populations of foreign workers . Zainichi Koreans , Chinese , Filipinos , Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent , Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent and Americans are among the small minority groups in Japan . In 2003 , there were about 134 @
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with the highway routed around hills and through valleys along the shores of Lake Ontario . At Trenton , the highway crosses the Trent Canal and returns to an agricultural setting . It then crosses the Moira River as it goes through Belleville before heading eastward to Kingston . The Kingston portion of the highway , originally named the Kingston @-@ Bypass , was one of the first sections of the highway to be completed ; it is now mostly three lanes each way .
East of Kingston , the highway continues through a predominantly agricultural area alongside the Saint Lawrence River to Gananoque , where it splits with the Thousand Islands Parkway , one of the original sections of the highway designated in 1952 . The current Highway 401 runs parallel to the parkway several kilometres inland from the river . The Canadian Shield , an ancient geological formation , appears through this heavily forested section of the highway . Highway 401 rejoins the Thousand Islands Parkway immediately southwest of Brockville , now heading northeast .
The remainder of the highway runs parallel to the former Highway 2 along the shore of the Saint Lawrence River within the Saint Lawrence Valley . Northeast of Brockville is the interchange with Highway 416 , which heads north to Ottawa . At the Ontario – Quebec border , Highway 401 becomes Autoroute 20 and continues to Montreal .
= = = Traffic = = =
The MTO publishes yearly traffic volume data for provincial highways , expressed as an average daily vehicle count over the span of a year ( AADT ) . The table below compares the AADT at several locations along Highway 401 using data from 1969 , 1988 and 2008 .
= = History = =
= = = Predecessors = = =
Highway 401 's history predates its designation by over two decades . As automobile use in southern Ontario grew in the early 20th century , road design and construction advanced significantly . Following frequent erosion of Lake Shore Road , then macadamized , a concrete road known as the Toronto – Hamilton Highway was proposed in January 1914 . Construction began on November 8 of that year , following the onset of World War I. The highway was designed to run along the lake shore , instead of Dundas Street to the north , because the numerous hills encountered along Dundas would have increased costs without improving accessibility . Middle Road , a dirt lane named because of its position between the two , was not considered since Lake Shore and Dundas were both overcrowded and in need of serious repairs . The road was formally opened on November 24 , 1917 , 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) wide and nearly 64 km ( 40 mi ) long . It was the first concrete road in Ontario , as well as one of the longest stretches of concrete road between two cities in the world .
Over the next decade , vehicle usage increased substantially , and by 1920 Lakeshore Road was again congested , particularly during weekends . In response , the Department of Highways examined improving another road between Toronto and Hamilton . The road was to be more than twice the width of Lakeshore Road at 12 m ( 39 ft ) and would carry two lanes of traffic in either direction . Construction on what was then known as the Queen Street Extension west of Toronto began in early 1931 .
Before the highway could be completed , Thomas McQuesten was appointed the new minister of the Department of Highways , with Robert Melville Smith as deputy minister , following the 1934 provincial elections . Smith , inspired by the German autobahns — new " dual @-@ lane divided highways " — modified the design for Ontario roads , and McQuesten ordered that the Middle Road be converted into this new form of highway . A 40 m ( 130 ft ) right @-@ of @-@ way was purchased along the Middle Road and construction began to convert the existing sections to a divided highway . Work also began on Canada 's first interchange at Highway 10 .
Beginning in 1935 , McQuesten applied the concept of a dual @-@ highway to several projects along Highway 2 , including along Kingston Road in Scarborough Township . When widening in Scarborough reached the Highland Creek ravine in 1936 , the Department of Highways began construction on a new bridge over the large valley , bypassing the former alignment around West Hill . From here the highway was constructed on a new alignment to Oshawa , avoiding construction on the congested Highway 2 . As grading and bridge construction neared completion on the new highway between West Hill and Oshawa in September 1939 , World War II broke out and gradually tax revenues were re @-@ allocated from highway construction to the war effort .
At the same time , between September 6 and 8 , 1939 , the Ontario Good Roads Association Conference was held at Bigwin Inn , near Huntsville , drawing highway engineers from across North America to discuss the new concept of " Dual Highways " . On the first day of the convention , McQuesten announced his vision of the freeway : an uninterrupted drive through the scenic regions of Ontario , discouraging local business and local traffic from accessing the highway except at infrequent controlled @-@ access points . It was announced in the days thereafter that this concept would be applied to a new " trans @-@ provincial expressway " , running from Windsor to the Ontario – Quebec border .
Highway engineers evaluated factors such as grading , curve radius and the narrow median used along the Middle Road ( which was inaugurated on August 23 , 1940 , as the Queen Elizabeth Way ) , and began to plan the course of a new dual highway mostly parallel to Highway 2 , with precedence given to areas most hampered by congestion . Unlike the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) , this highway would not be built along an existing road , but rather on a new right @-@ of @-@ way , avoiding the need to provide access to properties .
Along with immense improvements to machinery and construction techniques over its six @-@ year course , the war provided planners an opportunity to conduct a survey of 375 @,@ 000 drivers , asking them about their preferred route to travel to their destination . Using this information , a course was plotted from Windsor to Quebec , bypassing all towns along the way .
Highway 2S ( S for Scenic ) , was the first completed section of new roadway . Built to connect with the Thousand Islands Bridge at Ivy Lea and opened as a gravel road in late 1941 or early 1942 , the road followed the shore of the Saint Lawrence River and connected with the western end of the twinned Highway 2 near Brockville . In addition , the highway between Highland Creek and Oshawa was opened as a gravel @-@ surfaced road in May 1942 .
Following the war , construction resumed on roadways throughout Ontario . The expressway between Highland Creek and Oshawa was completed in December 1947 , while other sections languished . The Toronto – Barrie Highway was the primary focus of the Department of Highways at the time , and the onset of the Korean War in 1950 stalled construction again . Despite the delays , highway minister George Doucett officially announced the plans for construction of the new trans @-@ provincial expressway that year , with the Toronto to Oshawa expressway serving as a model for the design . Work on the most important link , the Toronto Bypass , began in 1951 , but it would not open with that name .
= = = Assumption = = =
In July 1952 ( possibly July 1 , the same day Highway 4
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/ suicide in which 909 members of the Peoples Temple , an American religious group led by Jim Jones , ended their lives by drinking grape Flavor Aid laced with cyanide . Thousands of Japanese civilians took their own lives in the last days of the Battle of Saipan in 1944 , some jumping from " Suicide Cliff " and " Banzai Cliff " .
The 1981 hunger strikes , led by Bobby Sands , resulted in 10 deaths . The cause of death was recorded by the coroner as " starvation , self @-@ imposed " rather than suicide ; this was modified to simply " starvation " on the death certificates after protest from the dead strikers ' families . During World War II , Erwin Rommel was found to have foreknowledge of the July 20 Plot on Hitler 's life ; he was threatened with public trial , execution and reprisals on his family unless he took his own life .
= = Other species = =
As suicide requires a willful attempt to die , some feel it therefore cannot be said to occur in non @-@ human animals . Suicidal behavior has been observed in salmonella seeking to overcome competing bacteria by triggering an immune system response against them . Suicidal defenses by workers are also noted in the Brazilian ant Forelius pusillus , where a small group of ants leaves the security of the nest after sealing the entrance from the outside each evening .
Pea aphids , when threatened by a ladybug , can explode themselves , scattering and protecting their brethren and sometimes even killing the ladybug . Some species of termites have soldiers that explode , covering their enemies with sticky goo .
There have been anecdotal reports of dogs , horses and dolphins killing themselves , though with little conclusive evidence . There has been little scientific study of animal suicide .
= Doge ( meme ) =
Doge ( often pronounced / ˈdoʊʒ / DOHZH or / ˈdoʊɡ / DOHG ) is an Internet meme that became popular in 2013 . The meme typically consists of a picture of a Shiba Inu accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans font in the foreground . The text , representing a kind of internal monologue , is deliberately written in a form of broken English .
The meme is based on a 2010 photograph , and became popular in late 2013 , being named as Know Your Meme 's " top meme " of that year . A cryptocurrency based on Doge , the Dogecoin , was launched in December 2013 , and the Shiba Inu is featured on Josh Wise 's NASCAR car due to a sponsorship deal . Doge has also been referenced by members of the United States Congress , a safety video for Delta Air Lines , a Google Easter egg , and the video for the song " Word Crimes " by " Weird Al " Yankovic .
= = Structure = =
Doge uses two @-@ word phrases in which the first word is almost always one of five modifiers ( " so " , " such " , " many " , " much " , and " very " ) , and the departure from correct English is to use the modifier with a word that it cannot properly modify . For example , " Much respect . So noble . " uses the doge modifiers but is not " proper " doge because the modifiers are used in a formally correct fashion ; the doge version would be " Much noble , so respect . " In addition to these phrases , a doge utterance often ends with a single word , most often " wow " but with " amaze " and " excite " also being used .
= = Origin and pronunciation = =
Kabosu ( Japanese : かぼす ) , the female Shiba Inu featured in the original meme , was a pedigree puppy who was sent to an animal shelter when her puppy mill shut down . She was adopted in 2008 by Japanese kindergarten teacher Atsuko Satō , and named after the citrus fruit Kabosu because Sato thought she had a round face like the fruit . Another Shiba Inu featured in the meme is Suki , a female belonging to photographer Jonathan Fleming from San Francisco . His wife had accidentally put a scarf in the wash , making it shrink . He took a photograph of Suki wearing the scarf outside on a cold night in February 2010 .
Kabosu was first pictured in a 2010 blog post by Sato ; afterwards , variations of the pictures using overlaid Comic Sans text were posted from a Tumblr blog , Shiba Confessions . However , the use of the intentionally misspelled " doge " dates back to June 2005 , when it was mentioned in an episode of Homestar Runner 's puppet series .
The most common pronunciations of " doge " are / ˈdoʊʒ / DOHZH and / ˈdoʊɡ / DOHG . In non @-@ English speaking countries , " doge " is occasionally pronounced / ˈdɒdʒ / DODGE . Those unfamiliar or unacquainted with the meme also use the pronunciations / ˈdɒɡi / DOG @-@ ee , / ˈdɒɡeɪ / DOG @-@ ay , / ˈdoʊɡeɪ / DOH @-@ gay , or simply / ˈdɒɡ / DOG .
= = Spread = =
In August 2013 , images of the meme were spammed on Reddit 's r / MURICA subreddit by 4chan 's random imageboard , / b / . Online searches for the meme began to increase in July 2013 . Google later created a Doge Easter egg : when doge meme was entered into the YouTube search bar , all the site 's text would be displayed in colorful Comic Sans , similar to the kind used by the meme .
The meme was ranked at No. 12 on MTV 's list of " 50 Things Pop Culture Had Us Giving Thanks For " in 2013 . Io9 compared the internal dialog of the Shiba Inu dogs to lolspeak . On December 13 , Doge was named the " top meme " of 2013 by Know Your Meme .
In late December 2013 , members of the U.S. Congress produced material in the meme 's style . The Huffington Post commented that Doge was " killed " because of the Congress members ' usage of the meme .
In December 2013 , the Dogecoin was introduced as a new cryptocurrency , making it the first cryptocurrency to be based
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" at number ten in her list of " Top 20 Reba McEntire songs . " She also included both McEntire and Clarkson at number six for their duet of " Because of You " in her list of " Cross Country : Top 10 Country @-@ Pop Duets . " Gary Trust of Billboard listed the pair as one of the 10 all @-@ female hit collaborations that have scaled Billboard charts in recent years . On March 5 , 2013 , Billboard ranked the song # 71 in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time .
At the 42nd Annual Academy of Country Music Awards , McEntire and Clarkson received a nomination in the category of Musical Event of the Year for " Because of You , " but lost to Tracy Lawrence with Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw for their collaboration in " Find Out Who Your Friends Are " ( 2006 ) . At the 50th Grammy Awards , McEntire and Clarkson received a nomination in the category of Best Vocal Country Collaboration for the song , but lost to Willie Nelson and Ray Price . The pair also received a nomination for the Vocal Event of the Year at the 2008 Academy of Country Music , but lost to Tracy Lawrence with Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw for their collaboration in " Find Out Who Your Friends Are " . At the 2008 ASCAP Country Music Awards , the song was honoured with the Most Performed Songs award .
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , " Because of You " debuted at number 42 on the Hot Country Songs on the week ending June 2 , 2007 . On the week ending September 8 , 2007 , the song jumped to its new peak at number two and was held off the top spot by Rodney Atkins ' " These Are My People " ( 2007 ) . It became McEntire 's seventh song to peak at number two , and her first in over ten years . Had the song jumped to number one , it would have been McEntire 's 23rd number one song on the chart as well as the first remake of a pop song to top Hot Country Songs since Mark Chesnutt 's cover of Aerosmith 's " I Don 't Want to Miss a Thing " spent two weeks at number one in 1999 . " Because of You " also made an appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 52 , and peaked at number 50 . In Canada , the song peaked at number 36 on the week ending July 21 , 2007 .
= = = Music video
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the Lightning follow a similar track sequencing : both open with an up @-@ tempo song with an acoustic intro , followed by a lengthy title track , and a fourth track with ballad qualities . Although both albums are similarly structured , the musicianship on Master of Puppets is more powerful and epic in scope , with tight rhythms and delicate guitar solos . According to music writer Joel McIver , Master of Puppets introduced a new level of heaviness and complexity in thrash metal , displaying atmospheric and precisely executed songs . Hetfield 's vocals had matured from the hoarse shouting of the first two albums to a deeper , in @-@ control yet aggressive style . The songs explore themes such as control and the abuse of power . The lyrics describe the consequences of alienation , oppression , and feelings of powerlessness . Author Ryan Moore thought the lyrics depicted " ominous yet unnamed forces of power wielding total control over helpless human subjects " . The lyrics were considered perceptive and harrowing , and were praised for being honest and socially conscious by writer Brock Helander . Referring to the epic proportions of the songs , BBC Music 's Eamonn Stack stated that " at this stage in their careers Metallica weren 't even doing songs , they were telling stories " . The compositions and arrangements benefited from Burton 's classical training and understanding of harmony .
" Battery " is about anger and refers to the term in the sense of " assault and battery " . Some critics contended that the title actually refers to an artillery battery , and interpreted it as " Hetfield [ singing ] of a war tactic as the aggressor " personifying destruction . The song begins with bass @-@ heavy acoustic guitars that build layer by multitracked @-@ layer until they are joined by a wall of distorted electric guitars . It then breaks into fast , aggressive riffing featuring off @-@ beat rhythms and heavily distorted minor dyads where root @-@ fifth power chords might be expected . Hetfield improvised the riff while relaxing in London . " Master of Puppets " consists of several riffs with odd meters and a cleanly picked middle section with melodic solo . The song shares a similar structure with " The Four Horsemen " from the band 's first album : two verse @-@ chorus sets lead to a lengthy interlude to another verse @-@ chorus set . The opening and pre @-@ verse sections feature fast downstroked chromatic riffing at 220 beats per minute . The persistent and precise eight @-@ note riffing of the verse is made more intense by switching to an off @-@ kilter 58 time signature on each fourth bar . A lengthy interlude follows the second chorus , beginning with a clean , arpeggiated section over which Hetfield contributes a melodic solo ; the riffing becomes distorted and progressively more heavy and Hammett provides a more virtuosic solo before the song returns to the main verse . The song closes with a fade @-@ out of sinister laughter . The theme is cocaine addiction , a topic considered taboo at the time .
" The Thing That Should Not Be " was inspired by H. P. Lovecraft 's short story " The Shadow over Innsmouth " , whose protagonist battles unearthly forces . It is considered the heaviest track on the album , whose main riff emulates a beast dragging itself into the sea . The Black Sabbath @-@ influenced guitars are downtuned , creating slow and moody ambiance . " Welcome Home ( Sanitarium ) " was based on Ken Kesey 's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest and conveys the thoughts of a patient unjustly caged in a mental institution . The song opens with a section of undistorted single strings and harmonics . The clean , arpeggiated main riff is played in alternating 44 and 64 time signatures . The song is structured with alternating somber clean guitars in the verses , and distorted heavy riffing in the choruses , unfolding into an aggressive finale . This structure follows a pattern of power ballads Metallica set with " Fade to Black " on Ride the Lightning and was to revisit with " One " on ... And Justice for All .
" Disposable Heroes " is an anti @-@ war song about a young soldier whose fate is controlled by his superiors . With sections performed at 220 beats per minute , it is one of the most intense tracks on the record . The guitar passage at the end of each verse was Hammett 's imitation of the sort of music he found in war films . The syncopated riffing of " Leper Messiah " challenges the hypocrisy of the televangelism that had emerged in the 1980s . The song describes how people are willingly turned into blind religious followers who mindlessly do whatever they are told . The 1
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Ridge Golf Course , is near Agate Lake . The Butte Creek Mill and the Antelope and Lost Creek covered bridges are also popular attractions . Several historic structures can be found in Eagle Point , including the Eagle Point Museum , built in 1925 as the Long Mountain School , and the Walter Wood House , constructed in 1879 . The Denman Wildlife Area is at the mouth of Little Butte Creek , as is nearby TouVelle State Park .
= 1950s American automobile culture =
1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the " hot rod " culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war @-@ related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 40 years earlier — that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile — was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive @-@ through or drive @-@ in restaurants and more drive @-@ in theaters ( cinemas ) .
The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer @-@ based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .
As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi @-@ lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide @-@ open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .
The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .
= = Interstate Highway System = =
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ( commonly called the Interstate system or simply the Interstate ) is a network of freeways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States . While serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II , Eisenhower had gained an appreciation of the German Autobahn network as an essential component of a national defense system , providing transport routes for military supplies and troop deployments . Construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , and the original portion was completed 35 years later . The system has contributed in shaping the United States into a world economic superpower and a highly industrialized nation .
The Interstate grew quickly , along with the automobile industry , allowing a new @-@ found mobility that permeated ways of American life and culture . The automobile and the Interstate became the American symbol of individuality and freedom , and , for the first time , automobile buyers accepted that the automobile they drove indicated their social standing and level of affluence . It became a statement of their personality and an extension of their self @-@ concepts .
= = Suburbanization = =
The United States ' investment in infrastructure such as highways and bridges coincided with the increasing availability of cars more suited to the higher speeds that better roads made possible , allowing people to live beyond the confines of major cities , and instead commute to and from work .
After World War II , land developers began to buy land just outside the city limits of larger cities to build mass quantities of inexpensive tract houses . One of the first examples of planned suburbanization is Levittown , Pennsylvania , which was developed by William Levitt beginning in 1951 as a suburb of Philadelphia . The promise of their own single @-@ family home on their own land , together with a free college education and low @-@ interest loans given to returning soldiers to purchase homes under the G.I. Bill , drove demand for new homes to an unprecedented level . Additionally , 4 million babies were born every year during the 1950s . By the end of the baby boom era in 1964 , almost 77 million " baby boomers " had been born , fueling the need for more suburban housing , and automobiles to commute them to and from the city centers for work and shopping .
By the end of the 1950s , one @-@ third of Americans lived in the suburbs . Eleven of the United States 's twelve largest cities recorded a declining population during the decade , with a consequent loss in tax revenues and city culture . Only Los Angeles , a center for the car culture , gained population . Economist Richard Porter commented that " The automobile made suburbia possible , and the suburbs made the automobile essential . "
= = = Decline of the inner city = = =
More people joined the middle class in the 1950s , with more money to spend , and the availability of consumer goods expanded along with the economy , including the automobile . Americans were spending more time in their automobiles and viewing them as an extension of their identity , which helped to fuel a boom in automobile sales . Most businesses directly or indirectly related to the auto industry saw tremendous growth during the decade . New designs and innovations appealed to a generation tuned into fashion and glamour , and the new @-@ found freedom and way of life in the suburbs had several unforeseen consequences for the inner cities . The 1950s saw the beginning of white flight and urban sprawl , driven by increasing automobile ownership . Many local and national transportation laws encouraged suburbanization , which in time ended up damaging the cities economically .
As more middle @-@ class and affluent people fled the city to the relative quiet and open spaces of the suburbs , the urban centers deteriorated and lost population . At the same time that cities were experiencing a lower tax base due to the flight of higher income earners , pressures from The New Deal forced them to offer pensions and other benefits , increasing the average cost of benefits per employee by 1 @,@ 629 percent . This was in addition to hiring an average of 20 percent more employees to serve the ever shrinking cities . More Americans were driving cars and fewer were using public transportation ,
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and it was not practical to extend to the suburbs . At the same time , the number of surface roads exploded to serve the ever increasing numbers of individually owned cars , further burdening city and country resources . During this time , the perception of using public transportation turned more negative . In what is arguably the most extreme example , Detroit , the fifth largest city in the United States in 1950 with 1 @,@ 849 @,@ 568 residents , had shrunk to 706 @,@ 585 by 2010 , a reduction of 62 percent .
In some instances , the automotive industry and others were directly responsible for the decline of public transportation . The Great American streetcar scandal saw GM , Firestone Tire , Standard Oil of California , Phillips Petroleum , Mack Trucks and other companies purchase a number of streetcars and electric trains in the 1930s and 1940s , such that 90 percent of city trolleys had been dismantled by 1950 . It was argued that this was a deliberate destruction of streetcars as part of a larger strategy to push the United States into automobile dependency . In United States v. National City Lines , Inc . , many were found guilty of antitrust violations . The story has been explored several times in print , film and other media , for example in Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Taken for a Ride and The End of Suburbia .
= = Women 's rights = =
The automobile unions played a leading role in advancing the cause of women 's rights . In 1955 , the United Auto Workers Union ( UAW ) organized the UAW Women 's Department to strengthen women 's role in the union and encourage participation in the union 's elected bodies . In a move that was met with some hostility by Teamsters leaders , the U.S. Division of Transport Personnel had in 1943 instructed Teamsters Union officials that women should be allowed full employment as truck drivers . That proved to be only a temporary wartime measure , but a change of heart among Teamsters leadership by the mid @-@ 1950s led to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 . Women in the auto industry were considered leaders in the movement for women 's rights .
= = Motorsports = =
= = = Hot rodding = = =
The increasing popularity of hot rodding cars ( modifying them to increase performance ) is reflected in part by the creation of special @-@ interest magazines catering to this culture . Hot Rod is the oldest such magazine , with first editor Wally Parks , and founded by Robert E. Petersen in 1948 , with original publication by his Petersen Publishing Company . Hot Rod has licensed affiliation with Universal Technical Institute .
The relative abundance and inexpensive nature of the Ford Model T and other cars from the 1920s to 1940s helped fuel the hot rod culture that developed , which was focused on getting the most linear speed out of these older automobiles . The origin of the term " hot rod " is unclear , but the culture blossomed in the post @-@ war culture of the 1950s .
Hot Rod magazine 's November 1950 cover announced the first hot rod to exceed 200 mph . The hand @-@ crafted car used an Edelbrock @-@ built Mercury flathead V8 and set the record at the Bonneville Salt Flats . This 30 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 47 sq mi ) region has been called the " Holy Grail of American Hot Rodding " , and is often used for land speed racing , a tradition that grew rapidly in the 1950s and continues today .
Hot rodding was about more than raw power . Kustom Kulture started in the 1950s , when artists such as Von Dutch transformed automobile pin striping from a seldom @-@ used accent that followed the lines of the car into a freestyle art form . Von Dutch was as famous for his " flying eyeball " as he was for his intricate spider @-@ web designs . As the decade began , hand @-@ drawn pin striping was almost unheard of , but by 1958 it had become a popular method of customizing the looks of the hot rod . As the decade progressed , hot rodding became a popular hobby for a growing number of teenagers as the sport literally came to Main Street .
= = = Drag racing = = =
Drag racing has existed since the first cars , but it was not until the 1950s that it started to become mainstream , beginning with Santa Ana Drags , the first drag strip in the United States . The strip was founded by C. J. " Pappy " Hart , Creighton Hunter and Frank Stillwell at the Orange County Airport auxiliary runway in southern California , and was operational from 1950 until June 21 , 1959 .
Hot Rod editor Wally Parks created the National Hot Rod Association in 1951 , and it is still the largest governing body in the popular sport . As of October 2012 , there are at least 139 professional drag strips operational in the United States . One of the most powerful racing fuels ever developed is nitromethane , which dramatically debuted as a racing fuel in 1950 , and continues as the primary component used in Top Fuel drag racing today .
= = = NASCAR = = =
The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) is the second most popular spectator sports in the United States behind the National Football League ( NFL ) . It was incorporated on February 21 , 1948 by Bill France , Sr. and built its roots in the 1950s . Two years later in 1950 the first asphalt " superspeedway " , Darlington Speedway , was opened in South Carolina , and the sport saw dramatic growth during the 1950s . Because of the tremendous success of Darlington , construction began of a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile , high @-@ banked superspeedway near Daytona Beach , which is still in use .
The Cup Series was started in 1949 , with Jim Roper winning the first series . By 2008 , the most prestigious race in the series , the Daytona 500 had attracted more than 17 million television viewers . Dynasties were born in the 1950s with racers like Lee Petty ( father of Richard Petty , grandfather of Kyle Petty ) and Buck Baker ( father of Buddy Baker ) .
NASCAR , and stock car racing in general , has its roots in bootlegging during Prohibition . Junior Johnson was one of many bootleggers who took
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3 million per year coming from the general fund to pay the debt off . Prior attempts at raising private funds for the project had failed . The project was named as the top public project and was an honorable mention in the renovation category for 1998 by Northwest Construction magazine .
= = Details = =
The four @-@ story building is in the Italian Renaissance style of architecture with a sandstone exterior . The interior of City Hall covers 87 @,@ 500 square feet ( 8 @,@ 130 m2 ) , with 48 @,@ 128 square feet ( 4 @,@ 471 @.@ 2 m2 ) of usable space . Measured along Fifth Avenue , it is 180 feet ( 55 m ) wide . Viewed from above the building is similar in shape to the letter E , with the rotunda as the middle protruding portion of the building . There are two wings that extend toward Fourth Avenue , one on the far north and the other on the far south , each only a single story in height where it is closest to Fourth . The rotunda is three stories high , with the portico comprising the first floor . Granite columns imported from Scotland are used to support the portico . Portland City Council chambers occupy the two other floors inside of the rotunda , on the east side of the building .
On the roof of City Hall are 4 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) ornamental urns , originally made of limestone . During the last remodel they were replaced using lightweight material for pedestrian safety . The building features dentil molding where the roof meets the walls , and the fourth floor has a balcony with paired Tuscan columns on the west side . Additionally , the exterior features keystones over the windows on the first and second floors , plus a balustrade along the roof line . Inside the High Renaissance building , the columns of the lobby are covered with a fake marble coating called Scagliola . The lobby has marble flooring and oak woodwork . In the atrium the walls are covered in a white tile that was re @-@ discovered during the 1996 remodel .
The Pettygrove Room on the second floor is named for Francis W. Pettygrove , the Portland founder who won the coin toss to name the city . The main stairway at City Hall has 77 steps , with iron handrails and tile steps . The building sits 70 feet ( 21 m ) above sea level . Artwork in the building includes works by Norie Sato , a mural by Michael Brophy in the Council Chamber , a constantly changing work called the " Visual Chronicle of Portland " located on the main floor , and changing exhibits .
The Governmental Relations office and the office of the city 's attorney are on the fourth floor . On the third floor are the mayor 's office , the ceremonial Rose Room , a balcony for the Council chambers , Audit Services , and the city 's affirmative action office . The second floor contains the city council chambers , two conference rooms , and four commissioners ' offices . On the main floor is the lobby , the Office of Neighborhood Involvement , an information desk , and offices for the city auditor , council clerk , and city treasurer . The grounds of the building include a rose garden , trees , a vegetable garden , and other landscaping .
= Adventure Time ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American animated television series Adventure Time , created by Pendleton Ward , originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States . The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nicktoons Network animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . The season debuted on October 11 , 2010 , and the season finale was aired on May 2 , 2011 . The season follows the adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen .
The first episode of the season , " It Came from the Nightosphere " was watched by 2 @.@ 001 million viewers ; this marked a decrease in viewers watching Cartoon Network when compared to the previous season 's debut , although it marked an increase when compared to the previous season 's finale . The season ended with the episode " Heat Signature " on May 9 , 2011 . It was viewed by 1 @.@ 975 million viewers , which marked an increase from the first season finale . The season was originally supposed to end with the cliffhanger two @-@ parter " Mortal
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Folly " / " Mortal Recoil " , but due to a scheduling error , " Heat Signature " was the last episode to air for the season . In 2011 , Adventure Time was nominated for an Annie Award , and the episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short @-@ format Animated Program . The series nor the episode won , however .
After the success of the first , a second season of Adventure Time was quickly ordered . However , the beginning of the series debuted under production constraints and " It Came from the Nightosphere " aired after just barely being finished . The season was storyboarded and written by Adam Muto , Rebecca Sugar , Kent Osborne , Somvilay Xayaphone , Cole Sanchez , Benton Connor , Jesse Moynihan , Ako Castuera , and Tom Herpich , while being produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released after the season finished airing . The full season set was released on June 4 , 2013 on DVD and Blu @-@ ray .
= = Development = =
= = = Concept = = =
The season follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . Common storylines revolve around : Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , battling the Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Various other episodes deal with Finn attempting to understand his attraction towards Bubblegum .
= = = Production = = =
After Adventure Time debuted on April 5 , 2010 , with " Slumber Party Panic " and " Trouble in Lumpy Space " , the series was quickly renewed for a second season of 26 eleven @-@ minute segments . Around August 2010 , the writing for the second season was finished , and the production staff had started to receive bits of animation from the show 's overseas animation staff . The first episode to enter into production was " Loyalty to the King " , based on its production code . However , it was later temporarily shelved , and aired as the season 's third episode . The third episode produced , " It Came from the Nightosphere " , was instead chosen to open the season . When the network announced the start of season two , the episode was not finished . On the official Frederator site , contributor Eric Homan noted that he would " prefer [ that the series ] stock up on a few episodes before jumping into season two , but it ain 't my network " . The episode was the first episode storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar . During the network pitch of the episode , Ward beatboxed and Sugar played ukulele and the two performed " The Fry Song " . Sugar later called the experience " super terrifying " , although the network did green @-@ light the episode .
This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to the first season 's episodes . First , all of the episodes began as simple two @-@ to @-@ three @-@ page outline that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who would then expand the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , either by Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation . Although almost all of the animation used in the series is rendered through hand drawing each frame , this is not always the case . For instance , the sixteenth episode , " Guardians of Sunshine " , featured roughly 5 minutes of 3 @-@ D animation that emulated the style of 8 @-@ bit video games . For these segments , the series asked animator Ke Jiang for assistance ; she single @-@ handedly " modeled , rigged and animated " the sequence . The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack creator Thurop Van Orman was brought in to work on the season as supervising producer and outline writer when his show entered a hiatus , but left shortly after Flapjack wrapped up production in order to concentrate on other projects .
The season was storyboarded and written by Adam Muto , Sugar , Kent Osborne , Somvilay Xayaphone , Cole Sanchez , Benton Connor , Jesse Moynihan , Ako Castuera , and Tom Herpich . Conner had just finished a job working on the series The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack and had subsequently taken on a job as a storyboard artist for Regular Show . However , due to scheduling delays , he was free to work on two episodes of Adventure Time — " Blood Under the Skin " and " Slow Love " — as a freelance storyboard artist . The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . The season was the last to feature creative director Patrick McHale in a full @-@ time capacity . He was still credited with being part of the story writing team with the premiere of season three , but his level of contribution was more limited than it had been for the first two seasons .
= = Cast = =
The voice actors include voice acting veterans John DiMaggio ( who portrays Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( who plays The Ice King ) , and Hynden Walch ( who voices Princess Bubblegum ) . In addition , Jeremy Shada portrays the voice of Finn the Human , and Olivia Olson portrays Marceline the Vampire Queen . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , as well as Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Season two would also introduce The Lich , the series principal antagonist in the episode " Mortal Folly " . The Lich is portrayed by Ron Perlman . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together in group recordings as opposed to different recording sessions with each voice actor . This is to record more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group recordings as akin to " doing a play reading — a really , really out there play . "
The series also regularly employs guest voices for various characters . For instance , in the episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " , Martin Olson — Olivia Olson 's real @-@ life father — appears as Marceline 's father , Hunson Abadeer . Peter Stormare appears as Sir Slicer in the episode " Blood Under the Skin " . In the entry " Storytelling " , Sam Marin voiced the Teenaged Bear . Rapper Biz Markie guest starred as Snorlock in the installment " Slow Love " . Paul Reubens appeared as the Gnome Ruler in " Power Animal " . Stephen Root lent his voice to the Royal Tart Toter in the episode " The Other Tarts " . Thurop Van Orman voiced the Tree Witch in " To Cut a Woman 's Hair " . Comedian Melinda Hill lends her voice to Doctor Princess in " The Chamber of Frozen Blades " . Henry Rollins and Laura Silverman appeared as Lady Rainicorn 's parents in the episode " Her Parents " . " The Silent King " featured the voice of Michael J. Anderson , who portrayed Gummy , the Royal Goblin Chief of Staff . Finally , Miguel Ferrer appeared as Death in the episode " Death in Bloom " ; Ferrer would reprise his role in the fourth season episode " Sons of Mars " . Jackie Buscarino voiced the titular character in the episode " Susan Strong " . In " Belly of the Beast " , Andy Samberg voiced the character Party Pat . Brian Baumgartner , Toby Huss , and Kate Micucci appeared as the three ghost friends of Marceline in " Heat Signature " . " Mortal Recoil " featured Isabella Acres as a young Princess Bubblegum . Acres would reprise her role in the third season episode " Too Young " .
Various other characters are voiced by Tom Kenny , Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Steve Little , and Kent Osborne .
= = Reception and release = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The season debuted on October 11 , 2010 , with the episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 0
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