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to its power . For these battles , " deathblows " may only be executed after first building up the " Attack Level " — an abstract concept represented by a number in the bottom @-@ left of the gear combat interface — through the execution of simple strong , moderate , or weak attacks . One deathblow is allowed per point on the Attack Level gauge . There are three levels for normal gear deathblows and , beyond the third level , an " infinite " level with its own set of deathblows . To reach Infinity Mode , a character has to stay at attack level 3 while performing any other action . With each turn , there is a chance that Infinity Mode will be reached . Having a duration of three turns , " Infinity Mode " allows fuel to be recharged in much larger quantities and , while in this mode , gears have access to " Infinity " attacks . This mode is actually referred to as " Hyper Mode " in @-@ game through a little @-@ known text read @-@ out found in one of the bonus dungeons at the end of the game .
Gears can regain fuel with a " Charge " command . The gears can also activate " Boosters " which enable them to act faster at a cost of extra fuel per turn . The " Special Option " command allows for gear HP restoration abilities and special , fuel @-@ consuming attacks . When a gear has no fuel left , it can no longer execute attacks , use special options , or use boosters . They can , however , Charge to regain fuel and use Ether abilities . Gear fuel , parts , and upgrades may be purchased in shops or from certain individual vendors .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
Xenogears initially takes place on Ignas , the largest continent of the Xenogears world , and the site of a centuries @-@ long war between the nations of Aveh and Kislev . A church @-@ like organization known as the Ethos has excavated gears , ostensibly for the preservation of the world 's culture . Although Kislev originally had the upper hand in the war , a mysterious army known as Gebler appeared and began to provide assistance to Aveh . With Gebler 's help , the Aveh military not only recovered its losses , but began making its way into Kislev 's territory . As the story unfolds , the setting broadens to encompass the entire world and the two floating countries , Shevat and Solaris . Solaris , ruled by Emperor Cain and the Gazel Ministry , commands the Gebler army and the Ethos and secretly uses both to dominate the land @-@ dwellers . Shevat has been the only country to evade the control of Solaris .
Much of Xenogears plot and backstory is detailed in the Japanese @-@ only book Xenogears Perfect Works . This book , produced by the now defunct DigiCube , details the history of the Xenogears universe from the discovery of the Zohar to the start of the game . According to the Perfect Works schematic ( as well as the game 's end credits ) , Xenogears is the fifth episode in a series of six , with events spanning multiple millennia .
= = = Characters = = =
Xenogears ' nine playable characters hail from different areas of the game 's world . The game begins on Ignas , a continent with two countries , Aveh and Kislev . Fei and Citan at first appear to be from this land , although it is later learned that they originate from the capital cities Aphel Aura and Etrenank of the floating countries of Shevat and Solaris , respectively . Fei is the story 's protagonist , and has initially lost his memories of his past . Citan is a man whose knowledge of the world and technology often aids in the party 's quest . Bart , a desert pirate , is also from Ignas and is the rightful heir to the throne of Aveh . Rico , a demi @-@ human with incredible strength , lives in a Kislev prison , spending his days as a gear @-@ battling champion . Solaris , a hidden city of advanced technology , is home to several characters in the game . Billy , a pious worker for the Ethos religious group , was originally from Solaris . Elly , a beautiful Gebler officer of Solaris , is destined to be near Fei and falls in love with him by the end of the game . Maria and Chu @-@ Chu are both from Shevat , the floating city and the only place resisting Solaris ' domination . Emeralda is a humanoid being constructed by an ancient civilization from a colony of nanomachines , and was retrieved from the ruins of the ancient civilization Zeboim . Significant non @-@ playable characters include Krelian and Miang , both leaders of Solaris who seek to revive Deus , a mechanical weapon that fell to earth thousands of years ago . They serve as the game 's main antagonists . Grahf , a mysterious man with immense power , serves as a major antagonist ; he follows Fei and his group and often fights them , though his goals remain a mystery until very late in the game . As being the Contact , the Anti @-@ type and the Complement , Fei , Elly , and Miang have been reincarnated several times throughout the game 's history .
= = = Story = = =
Xenogears centers around the protagonist Fei Fong Wong , an adopted young male in the village , Lahan , brought by a mysterious " masked man " three years ago . The events surrounding Fei 's arrival at the village cause him to have retrograde amnesia . During an attack on Lahan from Gebler , Fei pilots an empty gear and fights the enemy , accidentally destroying the village . As a result , Fei and Citan , the village 's doctor , decide to leave with the abandoned gear to get it away from the village . Fei meets Elly , a Gebler officer , and Grahf , who claims to know about Fei 's past . Eventually , Fei and Citan are picked up by Bart , a desert pirate and heir to the throne of Aveh . Fei again loses control of himself inside his gear while Bart and Citan are attacked by an unknown red gear . Fei wakes up in a Kislev prison and meets Wiseman , a mysterious masked man , who originally brought Fei to Lahan . Fei is able to escape with the help of his friends , but he and Elly are separated from the rest of the party and accidentally shot down by Bart.
They are rescued by the Thames , a mobile floating city . After learning Elly 's whereabouts , Gebler attacks Thames to kidnap Elly and Miang , a Gebler officer , unsuccessfully brainwashes her . Ramsus , who holds a vendetta against Fei , attacks Thames , searching for him . Afterward , Billy , an Ethos worker onboard Thames , allows Fei to use the Ethos ' advanced
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medical technology . Bishop Stone , Ethos ' leader , reveals to the party Ethos 's true purpose of controlling the land dwellers , or " Lambs " , for Solaris . The group follows Stone to Zeboim , an excavation site . They discover a young girl composed of nanomachines , which is what Krelian , a Solarian leader , seeks . Stone takes the girl while the group fights Id , the mysterious red gear 's pilot , who wants the girl , but is stopped by Wiseman . The group returns and finds Fei awake and standing at his gear with a case of anterograde amnesia . Fei and his friends decide to ally themselves with the floating city of Shevat , the only remaining city capable of resisting Solaris . When entering Solaris , they encounter Emeralda , the nanomachine colony . She attacks at first , but recognizes Fei , referring to him as " Kim " , much to Fei 's confusion . In Solaris , Fei learns that Citan has been working for Emperor Cain and that Solaris has been producing food and medicine out of recycled humans in the Soylent System facility . The party also learns that the Gazel Ministry seeks to revive Deus and achieve eternal life , while Krelian seeks to possess Elly . Back at Shevat , Citan informs his friends that Id is actually Fei 's split personality .
The Gazel Ministry uses the Gaetia Key , an artifact that manipulates the DNA of massive amounts of humans around the world , turning them into mutants called Wels in order to collect flesh to reconstruct a god called Deus that crash @-@ landed on the planet ten thousand years ago . During this time , Elly and Fei become romantically involved with each other . They learn that they are the reincarnations of Sophia and Lacan . Lacan was a painter while Sophia was the Holy Mother of Nisan around the time of the war between Shevat and Solaris five @-@ hundred years earlier . Lacan blamed himself for Sophia 's death during the war and , with the help of Miang , became Grahf and sought to destroy the world . Although defeated , he and Miang have transmigrated their minds into other humans since . Krelian and Miang dispose of the Emperor and the Gazel Ministry because they are no longer necessary and kidnap Elly , the Mother , who must be sacrificed in order to revive Deus . Miang is killed by an enraged Ramsus as he realizes he has been used , and Elly turns into Miang , becoming absorbed by Deus . Fei , as Id , attempts to make contact with the Zohar . Wiseman , who reveals himself to be Fei 's father , stops him , giving peace to Fei 's other personalities . Fei 's gear transforms into the Xenogears and Grahf appears , revealing that he had been inside Fei 's father 's body . At this time , Fei makes contact with the Wave Existence — an extra @-@ dimensional being who is trapped inside Deus and is the source of power for all gears — and learns that he must destroy Deus to free humanity . Grahf , who tries to merge with Fei , is defeated .
Fei discovers that he is a descendant of Abel , a young boy who was a passenger on board the Eldridge , a spaceship that was being used to transport Deus , the core of an interplanetary invasion system created by a federation of spacefaring humans , one that was deemed far too dangerous for use and was therefore dismantled . Deus , however , had become self @-@ aware and took over the Eldridge . Amidst the confusion , Abel was separated from his mother and accidentally made contact with the Wave Existence through the Zohar , Deus ' power source . It gave him the power to one day destroy Deus and the Zohar in order to free itself . The Wave Existence also sensed Abel 's longing for his mother and used the biological computer Kadomony to create a woman for a companion . When Deus gained full control over the Eldridge , the captain decided to initiate the self @-@ destruct sequence in an attempt to destroy it . Both Deus and the Zohar survived the explosion and landed on a nearby planet along with Abel , under the protection of the Wave Existence . He was the sole survivor , but was soon united with the woman that the Wave Existence had created for him as a companion , Elly . Abel and Elly , at first , led a happy life , but Deus had also created Miang , Cain , and the Gazel Ministry to begin a human civilization on the planet , one which would be under their control to one day be turned into Wels and be absorbed into Deus to recover its strength . When the now @-@ adult Abel and Elly discovered this , they openly challenged Cain and the Gazel Ministry , but lost . However , through the power of the Wave Existence , they are able to be reincarnated in later eras to combat Deus . One of these incarnations lived during an ancient technologically advanced era in Zeboim , where Abel 's incarnation went by the name Kim and created Emeralda .
Fei sets out to destroy Deus and free the Wave Existence and Elly . In Merkaba , the party defeats Deus , but they realize that the energy released from the Wave Existence 's shift will destroy the planet . Elly , inside Deus , tries to move it away from the planet and Fei , in his Xenogears , follows to save her , but both disappear in the rift . Krelian confronts them , telling Fei he only sought to end the pain and suffering that comes with human existence by reverting everything back to when it all began , when all was one , to ascend to the realm of God . Fei rejects Krelian 's ideology with his love for Elly , but Krelian challenges Fei , telling him to prove this love that could make him independent of God , and calls forth Urobolus , a gigantic serpent @-@ like incarnation of Miang . Xenogears appears and Fei uses it to defeat Urobolus . Krelian releases Elly and reveals to Fei that he had planned to become one with God along with Elly . During her time with Krelian , Elly had seen inside his heart and realized it was full of sadness and despair for all the atrocities he had committed . Despite everything , Elly says that Krelian truly loved people more than anyone else . Because no one will forgive his sins , he declines Fei 's offer to return and ascends to a higher plain of existence along with the Wave Existence , telling Fei and Elly that he envies them . Fei and Elly then return to their planet along with Xenogears and reunite with the rest of
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the Erie honored the late Charles Minot on May 2 , 1912 at the new station with a large ceremony attend by Mrs. Harriman , Erie president Frederick Underwood , several relatives to Minot , and other distinguished guests . At the ceremony , Minot 's assistance to the railroad community was honored and a bronze tablet on a stone backing was unveiled as a monument to him .
At this point , the Erie Railroad continued on with a new station at Harriman , which remained prosperous for years to come . In June 1931 , James Gorney , a resident of Pine Island , allegedly attempted to rob the station and station agent . Harriman police shot Gorney in the leg , which was crippling enough that it required amputation of the leg . His lawyer , who got him off third @-@ degree burglary charges and several acquittals , also negotiated a payment of $ 20 @,@ 000 to Gorney from Harriman for the pain and suffering of the amputated leg , despite the attempted crime he was shot for . The jury deliberated for five hours before reaching a verdict of awarding Gorney the money .
= = = End of service and demolition = = =
Over the ensuing decades , the Erie Railroad fell into debt along with its competitor , the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad . On September 16 , 1960 , the Interstate Commerce Commission approved the railroads to go forward with a merger , creating the new Erie @-@ Lackawanna Railroad on October 15 , 1960 . The new railroad lasted only 16 years . In 1976 , the Erie Lackawanna and several other large railroad companies were merged into the newly formed federal Consolidated Rail Corporation ( Conrail ) . At this point , stations had to fight for survival . The station depot at Harriman has been closed and boarded up since at least 1970 . Passenger train service , however , remained intact through the early 1980s .
In 1983 , the station was finally closed when Conrail and the newly formed Metro @-@ North Railroad announced that the new stations along the Erie 's former high speed freight line , the Graham Line , would take over freight and passenger service . Trains to Harriman would stop at a new park @-@ and @-@ ride built to the south . The former 1911 station depot , however , remained standing until 2006 , when the Harriman village building inspector forced the new owners of the right @-@ of @-@ way for the old main line , Norfolk Southern , to either revamp or demolish the former station depot . The railway chose the latter , and in May 2006 , a excavator tore down the 1911 depot , with the remains taken to a dump in nearby Hillburn .
= = Cited books = =
Hungerford , Edward ( 1946 ) . Men of Erie . Kingsport , Tennessee : Random House . OCLC 500324 .
Oslin , George P. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Telecommunications . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 86554 @-@ 659 @-@ 2 .
Yanosey , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . Erie Railroad Facilities ( In Color )
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1990 , but increased nearly exponentially from 1990 – 2005 , and have been approaching the levels observed in the 1960s . In 1998 , Casey and Myers published a controversial study claiming that barndoor skate was nearly extinct . However , they only presented data through 1993 , so that the recovery that started in the early 1990s was not clearly evident . In 1999 , two conservation groups , GreenWorld , based in Cambridge , Massachusetts , and The Center for Marine Conservation , based in Washington , D.C. , petitioned the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) to have the barndoor skate listed under the Endangered Species Act . After a 12 @-@ month study , the NMFS announced in 2002 that listing the species as endangered or threatened was not warranted . It cited increases in abundance and biomass of barndoor skate observed during surveys since 1993 , which had become quite rapid by that time . NOAA . " endangered species ruling " ( PDF ) . NOAA . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . In 1994 , the World Conservation Union had listed the barndoor skate as " vulnerable " under the 1994 Categories and Criteria , but in 2003 , it reassessed the species as " endangered " on the IUCN Red List .
Each year the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) estimates current population levels for a variety of aquatic species of special interest , and releases an annual report showing the progress being made to reduce harvesting of overfished species . When a species has been determined to be either overfished or subject to overfishing , the regional fishery management councils are required to develop a plan to correct the problem . In 2006 , NOAA published a press release stating that as a result of conservation efforts , between 2004 and 2005 , monitored stocks of the barndoor skate had grown to a level that the NOAA no longer considers " overfished " .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
The fish was originally described as Raja laevis by Samuel Latham Mitchill in 1818 . The scientific name was later changed to the currently valid name Dipturus laevis . It has also been misidentified as Raia granulata by Theodore Gill , an American ichthyologist , in 1879 . The genus name , Dipturus , is derived from the Greek words di , meaning two , and pteryx , meaning wing . Raja , the original genus which was coined by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 , is still recognized as a valid subgenus .
= Janet Jackson as a gay icon =
Janet Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American pop singer @-@ songwriter and actress , who is considered to be a gay icon . Jackson garnered a substantial gay following during the 1990s as she gained prominence in popular music . Recognized as a long @-@ term ally of the LGBT community , Jackson received the GLAAD Media Award
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Kleeck , a private in Company F of the U.S. 51st Pioneer Infantry , one of the units aboard Kroonland on this trip , recorded his day @-@ to @-@ day activities in a journal . He stated that the soldiers wore overalls rather than uniforms , and were required to wear life jackets at all times . During the early mornings , the most dangerous time for submarines according to Van Kleeck , the soldiers had to stand by their life rafts until the sun was completely up . Bathing facilities were too small , so several times during the trip the soldiers gathered on deck for salt water baths , which consisted of a hose turned on them by the ship 's crew . On 2 August , Finland developed engine trouble and fell back from the convoy , but by the next day , she and a destroyer that stayed with her had rejoined the convoy . The convoy arrived in Brest on 7 August , and Kroonland arrived back in the United States on 19 August .
After embarking 3 @,@ 334 soldiers , Kroonland began her next crossing on 30 August when she sailed from New York with Susquehanna , Harrisburg and Plattsburg to join the Newport News contingent of Duca d 'Aosta , Caserta , and America . Kroonland 's convoy was escorted by Frederick and Colhoun . As with other Navy ships throughout 1918 , Kroonland was not immune to the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic . On this particular crossing , two of her crewmen were felled by the disease as her convoy reached France on 12 September . Kroonland returned to New York on 27 September .
At 20 : 00 on 7 October , Kroonland departed New York on her fifth Navy voyage with 2 @,@ 567 men . She joined Caserta and the British steamer Euripides in rendezvousing with Tenadores , Susquehanna , America , and Czar from Newport News . The cruisers Seattle and Rochester and the destroyers Murray and Fairfax served as convoy escorts for the group , which arrived in France on 20 October . Kroonland arrived in New York on 3 November , and was in port when the Armistice was signed on 11 November . In total , Kroonland carried 14 @,@ 125 troops to France during the five trips of her Navy career .
= = = Returning troops home = = =
At war 's end , the task of bringing home American soldiers began almost immediately . Kroonland did her part by carrying home 26 @,@ 152 passengers in eight trips . The ship departed from Brest in late November with her first load of nearly 2 @,@ 000 wounded and convalescing soldiers , many of whom were from the U.S. 76th Infantry Division . The former liner arrived at the Quarantine Station on 10 December 1918 , and docked in New York the next day . One of the men aboard was Captain Walter Camp who had been wounded and gassed in the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive ; Camp was the son of the Yale University football coach of the same name . Another passenger on board was Sarah Wilmer , an American YWCA front @-@ line worker who had become lost in the Argonne forest and gassed when a German shell exploded nearby . Before departing on her next voyage , Kroonland hosted a party for 150 newsboys from New Jersey at her Hoboken , New Jersey , pier on Christmas Day . With a Christmas tree in the troops ' mess , the newsboys were treated to a dinner and entertainment by the ship 's band , and all received presents .
Kroonland arrived at Newport News on 18 February with 2 @,@ 805 passengers , including units from the U.S. 36th Infantry Division , after a rough trip from Saint @-@ Nazaire . On her next voyage , she carried another 2 @,@ 943 officers and men from Saint @-@ Nazaire to Newport News , arriving there on 24 March . The 132nd Regiment of the 61st Field Artillery Brigade returned on the ship , and brigade historian Rex F. Harlow called Kroonland " probably the best vessel on which any units of the brigade returned to America " .
On 18 April , Kroonland began her next homeward journey , embarking several companies of the 111th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 28th Infantry Division among the 3 @,@ 100 troops carried . Though the fighting was over , the men still wore life jackets for the first three days at sea amidst fears of striking floating mines . George W. Cooper , historian of the 2nd Battalion of the 111th Infantry , reported that some of the men had to serve as stokers during the trip because of a " shortage of help
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. Navy for two years during World War II . After the war , he finished his college career at Miami University in Ohio , and went on to play halfback for the Cleveland Browns of the All @-@ America Football Conference in 1948 and 1949 . Cleveland won the league championship both of those years .
His playing career cut short by a hip injury , Parseghian left the Browns and took a job as an assistant coach at Miami . When head coach Woody Hayes left in 1951 to coach at Ohio State University , Parseghian took over his job . He stayed in that position until 1956 , when he was hired as head coach at Northwestern University in Illinois . In eight seasons there , he amassed a win @-@ loss @-@ tie record of 36 – 35 – 1 and helped turn a perennial loser into a consistent contender in the national polls . Parseghian 's success attracted the interest of the University of Notre Dame , which had not posted a winning record in five straight seasons . He joined as coach in 1964 and quickly turned the program around , coming close to capturing a national championship in his first year . He proceeded to win two national titles in 11 seasons as coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish , a period often referred to as " the Era of Ara " . He never had a losing season at Notre Dame and posted an overall record of 95 – 17 – 4 , giving him the third @-@ most wins of any coach in school history after Rockne and Lou Holtz .
Parseghian quit coaching in 1974 and began a broadcasting career calling college football games for ABC and CBS . He also dedicated himself to medical causes later in life after his daughter was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and three of his grandchildren died of a rare genetic disease . Parseghian was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1980 . His career coaching record is 170 – 58 – 6 .
= = Early life and high school = =
Parseghian was the youngest of three children born to an Armenian father and a French mother in Akron , Ohio . His father , Michael , had come to the United States from Turkey in 1915 , fleeing the Armenian Genocide during World War I and settling in part of the country where there was a large Armenian population . Despite his mother 's protectiveness , Parseghian became involved in sports from an early age , and developed a reputation as the toughest kid in his class . He was hired by Akron 's Board of Education in the eighth grade to patrol his school 's grounds at night to deter vandals .
Parseghian played basketball at the local YMCA , but did not play organized football until his junior year at South High School in Akron because his mother would not allow him to participate in contact sports . He joined his high school team , coached by Frank " Doc " Wargo , initially without his parents ' permission .
= = College and professional career = =
After graduating in 1942 , Parseghian enrolled at the University of Akron . American involvement in World War II had intensified after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , however , and he quit school to join the U.S. Navy . The Navy transferred him for training to Naval Station Great Lakes near Chicago , where Paul Brown was coaching a service football team . Brown was a well @-@ known high school coach in Ohio , having led his Massillon Washington High School teams to a series of state championships . Parseghian was named the team 's starting fullback before the 1944 season , but he was sidelined with an ankle injury and did not play in any games as Great Lakes amassed a 9 – 2 – 1 win @-@ loss @-@ tie record and was ranked 17th in the nation in the AP Poll . Parseghian later said that despite not playing , watching Brown 's methodical and strict coaching methods – and the ease with which he commanded players much larger than he was – was a " priceless " experience .
After his military service , Parseghian enrolled at Miami University in Ohio and played halfback on the school 's football team in 1946 and 1947 under coach Sid Gillman . As with Brown , Parseghian paid close attention to Gillman , a post @-@ war football pioneer who helped popularize deep downfield passes as the T formation came into vogue . He was named an All @-@ Ohio halfback and a Little All @-@ American by sportswriters in 1947 .
Parseghian was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League in the 13th round of the 1947 draft . He was also selected by the Cleveland Browns of the rival All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , a team coached by Paul Brown , his old Great Lakes coach . Parseghian left Miami with six semester credit hours remaining and signed with the Browns .
Parseghian played halfback and defensive back for the Browns starting in 1948 . While he only started one game that season , he was part of a potent offensive backfield
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that featured quarterback Otto Graham and fullback Marion Motley . The Browns won all of their games and a third straight AAFC championship in 1948 . Parseghian suffered a serious injury to his hip in the second game of the 1949 season against the Baltimore Colts , however , ending his playing career . He stayed with the Browns for the rest of the season , and the team went on to win another AAFC championship . With the Browns he had 44 carries for 166 yards , three receptions for 33 yards , scored two touchdowns , and intercepted one pass .
= = Coaching career = =
= = = Miami of Ohio = = =
While his injury and the end of his professional career were a source of frustration , Parseghian soon got the chance to try coaching instead . Woody Hayes , the head coach back at Miami , contacted him about a job as coach of the freshman team . He was recommended for the position by athletic director John Brickels , who had been an assistant coach with the Browns in 1948 . Parseghian led the freshmen to a 4 – 0 record in the 1950 season , and was chosen the following year as Hayes 's successor when Hayes departed to become head coach at Ohio State University .
Parseghian 's teams at Miami consistently did well in the Mid @-@ American Conference , posting a 7 – 3 record in 1951 and improving to 8 – 1 the following year . Miami 's Redskins ( now known as RedHawks ) were conference champions in 1954 and in 1955 , when they went undefeated . Parseghian 's success , which included two wins over larger Big Ten Conference schools , raised his profile nationally as a head coaching prospect . In late 1955 , he was hired to coach at Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois , one of the Big Ten schools Miami had beaten . Parseghian compiled a 39 – 6 – 1 record in five seasons at Miami .
= = = Northwestern = = =
When Parseghian arrived at Northwestern , its football program was in transition . Bob Voigts had quit as head coach in February 1955 , leaving his assistant Lou Saban to guide the team . Under Saban , a former Browns teammate of Parseghian 's , Northwestern finished at 0 – 8 – 1 , the worst @-@ ever record in its history at the time . Ted Payseur , the school 's athletic director , resigned after the season under pressure from alumni and was replaced by Stu Holcomb . One of Holcomb 's first moves was to fire Saban and replace him with Parseghian .
Parseghian was the 20th head coach of the Northwestern Wildcats football team , and was the youngest coach in the Big Ten when he took the job at 32 years old . His Northwestern career began in 1956 with just one win in his first six games . The Wildcats put together three wins at the end of the season , however , and finished with a 4 – 4 – 1 record . Northwestern proceeded to lose all nine of its games in the 1957 season . Bo Schembechler -- a member of the 1957 Northwestern staff and teammate of Parshegian 's at Miami -- called Parshegian 's performance during the 1957 season the best job of coaching Schembechler ever witnessed . Despite the losses ( many of them by close margins ) , Parshegian kept his team united and focused . That crucible set the stage for a much more successful campaign in 1958 , when Northwestern finished with a 5 – 4 record that included victories over conference rivals Michigan and Ohio State .
Northwestern began the 1959 season in the top ten in the AP Poll , and began with a 45 – 13 win over Oklahoma , then the top @-@ ranked team in the country . It was the first of a string of victories that propelled Northwestern to the number @-@ two spot in the AP Poll . Led by quarterback John Talley and star halfback Ron Burton , the team beat Michigan again and won a match @-@ up in October against Notre Dame , a school Northwestern had not played since 1948 . Three straight losses at the end of the season ended the team 's run at the conference championship , however .
The following four seasons brought a mix of success and challenges . Parseghian 's best year at Northwestern was in 1962 , when the team finished at 7 – 2 . Parseghian was a shrewd recruiter , using Northwestern 's small budget to find versatile players overlooked by the bigger rival programs . In 1962 , he put his faith in sophomore quarterback Tom Myers to guide the team . Myers , aided by a big offensive line and by star receiver Paul Flatley , led a passing attack that helped Northwestern to the top of the AP Poll in the middle of the season following wins against Ohio State and Notre Dame . Parseghian called the close win against Hayes and Ohio State " one of Northwestern 's greatest victories " . The
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an overall sense that the majority of West Berliners opposed the wall . Despite getting little support for suggesting Reagan demand the wall 's removal , Robinson kept the phrase in the speech text . On May 18 , 1987 , President Reagan met with his speechwriters and responded to the speech by saying , " I thought it was a good , solid draft . " White House Chief of Staff Howard Baker objected , saying it sounded " extreme " and " unpresidential , " and Deputy US National Security Advisor Colin Powell agreed . Nevertheless , Reagan liked the passage , saying , " I think we 'll leave it in . "
Chief speechwriter Anthony Dolan gives another account of the line 's origins , however , attributing it directly to Reagan . In an article published in The Wall Street Journal in November 2009 , Dolan gives a detailed account of how in an Oval Office meeting that was prior to Robinson 's draft Reagan came up with the line on his own . He records vivid impressions of his own reaction and Robinson 's at the time . This led to a friendly exchange of letters between Robinson and Dolan over their differing accounts , which The Wall Street Journal published .
= = The speech = =
Arriving in Berlin on June 12 , 1987 , President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag , where they viewed the wall from a balcony . Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2 : 00 pm , in front of two panes of bulletproof glass . Among the spectators were West German president Richard von Weizsäcker , Chancellor Helmut Kohl , and West Berlin mayor Eberhard Diepgen .
That afternoon , Reagan said ,
We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this wall !
Later on in his speech , President Reagan said , " As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag , that embodiment of German unity , I noticed words crudely spray @-@ painted upon the wall , perhaps by a young Berliner , ' This wall will fall . Beliefs become reality . ' Yes , across Europe , this wall will fall . For it cannot withstand faith ; it cannot withstand truth . The wall cannot withstand freedom . "
Another highlight of the speech was Reagan 's call to end the arms race with his reference to the Soviets ' SS @-@ 20 nuclear weapons , and the possibility " not merely
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number one , " Tu Sonrisa " was displaced by Gloria Estefan 's " Oye ! " . A week later it again topped the chart for one week before being displaced by " Perdido Sin Ti " , Martin 's fourth single from Vuelve . After the success of " Suavemente " ' s bilingual version , Sony Music distributed a club mix of " Tu Sonrisa " to radio stations in February 1999 . Billboard Latin music contributor Leila Cobo called the song " catchy " and ( with " Suavemente " ) " irresistible " . " Tu Sonrisa " is the fifteenth @-@ most @-@ successful Sony Discos single on the Hot Latin Tracks chart since the chart was established in 1999 .
" Luna Llena " , Suavemente 's third single , debuted and peaked at number 29 on the Hot Latin Tracks chart for the week ending December 12 , 1998 . It dropped off the chart after a week before charting on Hot Latin Tracks and Tropical Songs at 33 and 13 , respectively , for the week ending January 16 , 1999 . The song peaked at 26 and 11 on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs charts , respectively . The fourth and final single from the album , " Nuestra Cancion " , was less successful ; it peaked at number 17 on the Tropical Songs chart in 1999 .
= = Impact = =
Suavemente is considered to have revolutionized merengue music , making it a popular subgenre of Latin music , and the album brought Crespo international recognition in the merengue market . The singer is the first merengue artist with an album atop the US Top Latin Albums chart , and two number @-@ one songs on the US Hot Latin Songs chart . Billboard cited Crespo and American singer @-@ actor Carlos Ponce as jump @-@ starting the US market with their albums . According to Billboard 's Karl Ross , Crespo transcended the US Latino market and his success may have been felt in Europe and the Pacific Rim . Sony Discos president Oscar Llord called Suavemente the " most successful debut album of a Tropical artist in history . " Suavemente was listed as the third best @-@ charting and -selling Sony Discos album during the Top Latin Albums twenty @-@ fifth year in 1999 . Crespo was ranked fifth on the Hot Latin Songwriters in 1998 , eleventh on the Top Latin Albums Artists , seventh on the Hot Latin Tracks Artists , fourth on the Top Tropical Album Artists , and second on the Tropical Tracks Artists lists . Suavemente has been named one of the most essential Latin albums of the past 50 years by Billboard , and its title song became a staple in Latin @-@ music nightclubs . The lead single also became a popular tune in Mexico , where it was used in festivals around the country .
At the 1999 Billboard Latin Music Awards Crespo received four nominations ( including Album of the Year and Hot Latin Track of the Year ) , tying him with Selena for the most nominations in a single year ; the record was later broken by Tito El Bambino , with 18 nominations in 2010 . He won New Artist Album of the Year and Latin Dance Maxi @-@ Single of the Year . Crespo was the Latin 50 Artist of the Year at the 2000 Billboard Latin Music Awards ( the top @-@ selling Latin artist from January 1999 to January 2000 ) . He was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Performance in 1999 , losing to Marc Anthony 's Contra la Corriente . At the 11th Premio Lo Nuestros , Crespo received six nominations and won five awards : Tropical Album of the Year , Tropical Song of the Year , Tropical Male Artist of the Year , Tropical @-@ Salsa Duo or Group of the Year ( shared with Milly Quezada ) , and Tropical New Artist of the Year .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Erotica ( Madonna album ) =
Erotica is the fifth studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna . It was released on October 20 , 1992 , by the Maverick and Warner Bros. Records . The album was released simultaneously with Madonna 's first book publication , Sex , a coffee table book containing explicit photographs featuring the singer . It marked Madonna 's first release under her own multi @-@ media entertainment company , Maverick . Erotica is a concept album about sex and romance ; she incorporated an alter ego named Mistress Dita , inspired by actress Dita Parlo . Some songs also take on a more confessional tone , influenced by the loss of Madonna 's two close friends to AIDS .
Madonna recorded the album in New York City with Shep Pettibone and André Betts while she was working on other projects . Pettibone sent her a tape with three songs when she was in Chicago , and shortly after they started the album 's production in his apartment . During the sessions , they had problems during sequencing , and , as a result , Pettibone kept trying to move development as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music . According to him , Madonna 's compositions were serious and intense , directing the creative direction of the songs into a deeply personal territory . The album 's production was chronicled by Pettibone in an article called " Erotica Diaries " , in Madonna 's Icon magazine .
Erotica received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who regarded it as one of Madonna 's most adventurous albums and praised her comments on taboos and AIDS . Commercially , the album was less successful than Madonna 's previous records . It peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 , becoming her first studio album not to top the chart since her debut . Internationally , it topped the charts in Australia and France , while peaking inside the top five in many other countries , such as Canada , Germany , Japan , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Erotica was certified double @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold more than six million copies worldwide .
Six singles were released from the album , with the title track and " Deeper and Deeper " becoming top @-@ ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album was supported by Madonna 's fourth concert tour , The Girlie Show World Tour , which visited cities in Europe , North America , Latin America , Asia and Australia in 1993 . Overlooked due to the controversy surrounding her coffee table book Sex , Erotica has been considered as one of the most underrated albums of Madonna 's career . The album was later listed as one of " The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s " by Slant Magazine .
= = Background
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Highway 16 is a provincial paved highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It is the Saskatchewan section of the Yellowhead Highway , and also the Trans @-@ Canada Highway Yellowhead section . The main purpose of this highway is to connect Saskatchewan with Canadian cities such as Edmonton and Winnipeg . The highway runs from the Alberta boundary in Lloydminster ( 50th Avenue or Alberta Hwy.17 ) to the Manitoba boundary near Marchwell . Major cities it passes through are Saskatoon , North Battleford in the central part of the province , Yorkton in the far east and Lloydminster to the far west .
The highway is four lanes through Saskatchewan from the Alberta boundary to just west of Floral ; the rest of the road is two lanes , but plans exist to twin the route and gain expressway status . Similarly , Highway 16 , the continuation of the highway into Manitoba , is also to be twinned and become an expressway . The road also serves as part of the Circle Drive in Saskatoon .
The Yellowhead began as the Yellowhead Red River cart trail . When the province was surveyed , the road evolved from a dirt to gravel to all weather road known as Provincial Highway 5 from the Alberta – Saskatchewan boundary to Saskatoon , and as Provincial Highway 14 from Saskatoon to the Manitoba – Saskatchewan boundary . In the late 1950s and 1960s , the highway was straightened and widened . On August 15 , 1970 the Yellowhead was opened for the northern Trans @-@ Canada route . The highway was completely designated for the entire route as Saskatchewan Highway 16 in 1976 .
= = Route description = =
= = = West = = =
Survey markers were erected in Lloydminster to demark the Saskatchewan – Alberta boundary . Lloydminster is one of two Canadian cities on a provincial boundary and the gateway to Alberta . It currently ranks in size as the 89th largest city in Canada . The two sides of the city rank 10th in Alberta and 11th in Saskatchewan in municipal population . If the city were entirely in one province or the other , Lloydminster 's population would rank ninth in Alberta and fifth in Saskatchewan . It is renowned for its booming petroleum industry and the OTS Heavy Oil Science Centre . The highway is surveyed north of the Battle River and south of the North Saskatchewan River . Marshall is the first town southeast of Lloydminster with 533 residents is also the hometown of NHL Goaltender , Braden Holtby . Lashburn , a town of 967 in 2011 maintains the Lashburn Municipal Campground . Waseca is a village of 154 in 2011 . Maidstone , a town of 1 @,@ 156 in 2011 is home to the rural municipality office for Eldon No. 471 and the Maidstone Campground . In 1975 , a canola ( rapeseed ) plant statue was built alongside the Yellowhead in the centre of the town of Maidstone . Bresaylor Heritage Museum still preserves heritage of Paynton and Bresaylor on Main Street , Bresaylor .
The Battlefords are the next large centre along the Yellowhead comprising , Battleford is a town of 4 @,@ 065 residents ( 2011 ) and , North Battleford , a city of 13 @,@ 888 residents Travelers can rest at the Eiling Kramer Campground or The Battlefords Provincial Park . North Battleford has an equestrian statue of a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer located at the junction of Highway 40 and the Yellowhead . It is here that the North Saskatchewan River is crossed via a Borden Bridge , the Yellowhead travels north of the North Saskatchewan River henceforth , and south of the Thickwood Hills . Denholm is a village of 76 persons , Maymont , a village of 146 in 2011 , and Fielding is a small unincorporated area of Mayfield No. 406 which intersperse travel between the Battlefords and Saskatoon . The Yellowhead still travels parallel with the North Saskatchewan River on the south side of the highway affording the traveler with spectacular river valley panoramic views . Radisson is a town of 505 in 2011 which also provides services and campground . Borden incorporated as a village in 1909 and still maintains village status with a population of 245 in 2011 . The Borden Bridge campground is located 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) from Saskatoon . Near here is a scenic viewpoint stop @-@ off area . The new
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1951 , the Treaty of San Francisco officially ended the war with Japan .
Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west @-@ side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways , of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen @-@ led opposition . The onset of containerization made San Francisco 's small piers obsolete , and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland . The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy . The suburbs experienced rapid growth , and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change , as large segments of the white population left the city , supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America . From 1950 to 1980 , the city lost over 10 percent of its population .
Over this period , San Francisco became a magnet for America 's counterculture . Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s . Hippies flocked to Haight @-@ Ashbury in the 1960s , reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love . In 1974 , the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead . In the 1970s , the city became a center of the gay rights movement , with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village , the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors , and his assassination , along with that of Mayor George Moscone , in 1978 .
Bank of America completed 555 California Street in 1969 and the Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972 , igniting a wave of " Manhattanization " that lasted until the late 1980s , a period of extensive high @-@ rise development downtown . The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city , an issue that remains today , despite many attempts to address it . The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area . In San Francisco , the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway , allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood .
The last 20 years have seen two booms driven by the internet industry . First was the dot @-@ com boom of the late 1990s , startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy . Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city , followed by marketing , design , and sales professionals , changing the social landscape as once @-@ poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified . Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high @-@ rise development , this time in the South of Market district . By 2000 , the city 's population reached new highs , surpassing the previous record set in 1950 . When the bubble burst in 2001 , many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off . Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy . By the mid 2000s ( decade ) , the social media boom had begun , with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a popular place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google .
= = Geography = =
San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries . Several picturesque islands — Alcatraz , Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island , and small portions of Alameda Island , Red Rock Island , and Angel Island — are part of the city . Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands , 27 miles ( 43 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean . The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a " seven @-@ by @-@ seven @-@ mile square " , a common local colloquialism referring to the city 's shape , though its total area , including water , is nearly 232 square miles ( 600 km2 ) .
There are more than 50 hills within city limits . Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated , including Nob Hill , Potrero Hill , and Russian Hill . Near the geographic center of the city , southwest of the downtown area , are a series of less densely populated hills . Twin Peaks , a pair of hills forming one of the city 's highest points , forms a popular overlook spot . San Francisco 's tallest hill , Mount Davidson , is 928 feet ( 283 m ) high and is capped with a 103 @-@ foot ( 31 m ) tall cross built in 1934 . Dominating this area is Sutro Tower , a large red and white radio and television transmission tower .
The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity , although neither physically passes through the city itself . The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 . Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis . The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city 's infrastructure development . The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes , requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction . However , there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage . USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California .
San Francisco 's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits . Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina , Mission Bay , and Hunters Point , as well as large sections of the Embarcadero , sit on areas of landfill . Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from tunneling through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge . Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes . The resulting liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it , as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Most of the city 's natural watercourses , such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek , have been culverted and built over , although the Public Utilities Commission is studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks .
= = = Cityscape = = =
= = = = Neighborhoods = = = =
The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront . It is here that the Financial District is centered , with Union Square , the principal shopping and hotel district , and the Tenderloin nearby . Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill , once the home of the city 's business tycoons , and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman 's Wharf , and Pier 39 , where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still @-@ active fishing industry . Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill , a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street ; North Beach , the city 's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation ; and Telegraph Hill , which features Coit Tower . Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco 's Chinatown , the oldest Chinatown in North America . The South of Market , which was once San Francisco 's industrial core , has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of AT & T Park and an infusion of startup companies . New skyscrapers , live @-@ work lofts , and condominiums dot the area . Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area , a former railroad yard , which now has a second campus of the University of California , San Francisco
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of his articles in The Fatherland were hyperbolic , for instance comparing Kaiser Wilhelm II to Jesus Christ ; in July 1915 he orchestrated a publicity stunt – reported on by The New York Times – in which he declared independence for Ireland in front of the Statue of Liberty ; the real intention was to make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes of the American public . It has been argued that he encouraged the German Navy to destroy the Lusitania , informing them that it would ensure the US stayed out of the war , while in reality hoping that it would bring the US into the war on Britain 's side .
Crowley entered into a relationship with Jeanne Robert Foster , with whom he toured the West Coast . In Vancouver , headquarters of the North American O.T.O. , he met with Charles Stansfeld Jones and Wilfred Talbot Smith to discuss the propagation of Thelema on the continent . In Detroit he experimented with anhalonium at Parke @-@ Davis , then visited Seattle , San Francisco , Santa Cruz , Los Angeles , San Diego , Tijuana , and the Grand Canyon , before returning to New York . There he befriended Ananda Coomaraswamy and his wife Alice Richardson ; Crowley and Richardson performed sex magic in April 1916 , following which she became pregnant and then miscarried . Later that year he took a " magical retirement " to a cabin by Lake Pasquaney owned by Evangeline Adams . There , he made heavy use of drugs and undertook a ritual after which he proclaimed himself " Master Therion " . He also wrote several short stories based on J.G. Frazer 's The Golden Bough and a work of literary criticism , The Gospel According to Bernard Shaw .
In December he moved to New Orleans , his favourite US city , before spending February 1917 with evangelical Christian relatives in Titusville , Florida . Returning to New York , he moved in with artist and A ∴ A ∴ member Leon Engers Kennedy , in May learning of his mother 's death . After the collapse of The Fatherland , Crowley continued his association with Viereck , who appointed him contributing editor of arts journal The International . Crowley used it to promote Thelema , but it soon ceased publication . He then moved to the studio apartment of Roddie Minor , who became his partner and Scarlet Woman . Through their rituals , Crowley believed that they were contacted by a preternatural entity named Alamantrah . The relationship soon ended .
In 1918 , Crowley went on a magical retreat in the wilderness of Esopus Island on the Hudson River . Here , he began a translation of the Tao Te Ching , painted Thelemic slogans on the riverside cliffs , and – he later claimed – experienced past life memories of being Ge Xuan , Pope Alexander VI , Alessandro Cagliostro , and Eliphas Levi . Back in New York , he moved
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known as the " Father of the Fatherland " ( Dutch : Vader des Vaderlands ) of the Netherlands . The statue is a replica of a similar monument created in 1848 by Dutch sculptor Lodewyk Royer ( 1793 – 1868 ) that was installed in Het Plein , a city square in the Hague 's Oude Centrum ( trans . " Old Center " ) . The plaster mold for Royer ’ s original statue was kept in Brussels during World War I and after the war , the Dutch government permitted one copy of the statue to be made by sculptor Toon Dupuis ( 1877 – 1937 ) at the Fonderie Nationale des Bronzes , a foundry in Brussels , before destroying the mold .
A graduate of Chicago 's Northwestern University Medical School , Turck was an internist , medical researcher in cell biology , inventor of cytost serum , and author of The Action of the Living Cell ( 1933 ) as well as many tracts on gastrointestinal diseases . Turck was a direct descendant of Dr. Paschasius Turck , a sixteenth @-@ century Dutch physician who treated William the Silent after he received severe wounds in a 1581 assassination attempt . During his return voyage to the United States , Turck " began to feel guilty about the great cost of the statue " and decided to keep the purchase hidden from his wife by storing the statue in the basement of his New York City laboratory at 428 Lafayette Street in Lower Manhattan . It remained in Turck 's possession , stored in the laboratory basement , for eight years ( 1920 – 1928 ) .
Turck had become a member of the Holland Society of New York in 1917 and was active in their events and affairs . As early as 1887 , the Holland Society had sought to install a prominent monument in New York City to celebrate the city ’ s Dutch heritage . The society agreed on William the Silent as the monument 's subject in 1892 and was urged to install the monument in the city 's Central Park . In the following years , the society considered commissioning the work from prominent American sculptors Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens ( 1848 – 1907 ) and Daniel Chester French ( 1850 – 1931 ) . In 1913 , Tunis Bergen , a physician chairing the Holland Society 's committee investigating options for a monument , visited the Netherlands and enquired whether a copy of the Royer 's statue in the Hague could be made and took measurements and photographs of the work . Subsequently , World War I delayed the society 's plans . Throughout the 1920s , the Holland Society had proposed to install Turck 's statue in several locations in New York City , in Albany , New York , and other locations along the Hudson Valley .
In 1924 , the Holland Society of New York renewed its efforts to install a monument in a prominent location in New York City 's Central Park . The proposal was initially accepted by city Parks Commissioner Francis Dawson Gallatin ( 1870 @-@ 1933 ) , but opposed by the city 's Art Commission . The Art Commission 's assistant secretary H. R. Marshall recommended that the statue be donated to Rutgers College as they recently installed a new college president , John Martin Thomas , adding that it would be a " nice new and very visible gift , tying the university to its Dutch legacy at the height of the fashion for colonial revivals " . While Turck was having dinner with his close friend , railroad executive Leonor Fresnel Loree ( 1858 – 1940 ) discussed the Dutch roots of Rutgers University , his alma mater , and convinced Turck to donate the statue to the university . At the time , Loree was serving on the college 's board of trustees . Rutgers , chartered in 1766 as Queen 's College was the eighth of nine colleges established before the American Revolution and had been founded by Dutch Reformed clergymen from New York and New Jersey . After its founding , the college was affiliated with the church through the early nineteenth century , and graduated many students of Dutch ancestry . Turck desired to donate the statue anonymously , and with Loree 's assistance , arranged for the Holland Society to transfer the statue to Rutgers . Bergen , now a Rutgers trustee in addition to continuing his efforts as chairman of the Holland Society 's statue committee , said that it was " particularly fitting that the statue should stand on the grounds of the educational institution founded by descendants of the Netherlands . " The statue was delivered and installed at Rutgers at the western end of the Voorhees Mall . It was dedicated during a ceremony held on June 9 , 1928 .
= = = Involvement in campus life = = =
Rutgers students affectionately call the statue " Willie the Silent " and " Still Bill . " According to student tradition , the statue is expected to whistle should a virgin happen to walk by . However , Rutgers American studies professor and folklorist Angus Kress Gillespie remarked " But over the last 200 years , he hasn 't yet whistled . " Nevertheless , the statue has continued to be included in student life as the Voorhees Mall was used as the site of student and community events , graduation ceremonies ( until 2007 ) , pep rallies for the football team and other athletic teams , Dutch @-@ American festivals , as well as protests including anti @-@ war protests and strike rallies in the 1970s . On the afternoon of October 11 , 1976 , United States Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts held a campaign rally at Rutgers during the presidential election of 1976 . Kennedy addressed a crowd of approximately 1 @,@ 000 students the Voorhees Mall in front of the statue of William the Silent . Before Kennedy began his speech he " had to quell boos and heckling by some students holding anti @-@ Kennedy signs . "
Occasionally , the statue is a target of vandalism in ongoing historical rivalry between students of Rutgers and Princeton University . This rivalry which dates to the two schools playing the first intercollegiate football game in New Brunswick in 1869 and an escalating series of pranks and thefts " under the cover of night " including the theft of a cannon on the Princeton campus in 1875 that became known as the Rutgers – Princeton Cannon War . Over the years , Princeton students have frequently doused the William the Silent statue with orange paint , usually in advance of athletic events . On October 11 , 1947 , before the annual football game between the two schools , " in the early hours of the morning a group of Tigers ( i.e. Princeton students ) infiltrated the Rutgers campus and painted the statue of William the Silent " . In 2006 , Rutgers police officers chased several vandals from the site , allegedly Princeton students , who had painted a large penis and the word " Princeton " several times on the statue .
The statue was restored in 2006 with funds donated by the university 's alumni from the Class of 1956 . Approximately $ 150 @,@ 000 in reunion campaign funds were used to restore the four historic gates on the university 's historic Queens Campus and the William the Silent statue . It was cleaned to remove the effects of graffiti and transparent tape residue , and conservation efforts were needed to restore the statue 's bronze casting and granite base .
= = Description = =
In 1928 , the statue of William the Silent was installed at the western end of Voorhees Mall , a section of academic buildings on the College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick . It is located along Seminary Place , a city street that flanks the western side of the Mall ,
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, 113 ) . For their accomplishments , Howard won the Josh Gibson Award for the National League , and Utley won his third consecutive Silver Slugger Award . Pitching leaders included left @-@ handed starting pitcher Hamels ( innings pitched , 2271 ⁄ 3 ) , left @-@ hander starter Jamie Moyer ( wins , 16 ) , and right @-@ handed relief pitcher Lidge ( saves , 41 ) . Lidge won the DHL Delivery Man of the Year and the Major League Baseball Comeback Player of the Year awards for his performance during the season . Victorino and shortstop Jimmy Rollins also won Gold Glove awards for their play in the field .
= = Offseason = =
= = = Players and coaches = = =
On October 29 , 2007 , Charlie Manuel signed an extension to manage the Phillies for two more years . All of the coaches from the 2007 division championship season were also retained . However , Davey Lopes underwent treatment for cancer and had to be replaced on an interim basis in the early part of the season . The Phillies re @-@ signed left @-@ handed relief pitcher J. C. Romero to a new two @-@ year contract after a dominating 2007 , in which he struck out 42 batters in 56 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched while posting a 1 @.@ 92 earned run average . Outfielder Michael Bourn and right @-@ handed pitcher Geoff Geary were traded to Houston for closer Brad Lidge and infielder Eric Bruntlett on November 7 , 2007 . Outfielder Chris Roberson was traded to Baltimore for cash in January 2008 , while third baseman Pedro Feliz , outfielder Geoff Jenkins , and outfielder So Taguchi arrived as free agents ; Feliz was signed on January 31 , while Jenkins and Taguchi signed the month before . In the broadcast booth , Tom McCarthy also returned to the team after two years as a radio announcer for the New York Mets .
= = = Uniforms = = =
On November 29 , 2007 , the team announced that in honor of the franchise 's 125th anniversary of playing in Philadelphia , the Phillies would wear an alternate home uniform based on their 1948 uniforms for all day home games during the season . The cap formerly used for interleague play , a red @-@ crowned cap with a blue bill and a star within the " P " logo , was retired .
= = = Controversy with the Mets = = =
On February 16 , 2008 , Mets center fielder Carlos Beltrán made a statement regarding the upcoming season . He stated that " [ without ] Santana , we felt , as a team , that we had a chance to win in our division . With him now , I have no doubt that we 're going to win in our division . I have no doubt in that . We 've got what it takes . To Jimmy Rollins : We are the team to beat . " Beltran 's statement echoed Rollins ' 2007 assertion that the Phillies were " the team to beat in the NL East — finally " . Inasmuch as Beltran had imitated Rollins ' 2007 preseason prediction , Rollins arrived in camp for Spring training and responded :
" There isn 't a team in the National League that 's better than us . The pressure 's back on them if you ask me . They were on paper the best team in the division last year and they were supposed to win , and they didn 't . One , there are four other teams in our division who are going to make sure that doesn 't happen , and two , has anyone ever heard of plagiarism ? That was pretty good , especially coming from him . He 's a quiet guy , so it was probably shocking when he said it . Not shocking in a bad way , like ' Wow , I can 't believe he said that . ' More like , ' Wow , he finally said something because he 's a leader on that team and you definitely need to be a vocal leader . "
= = Regular season = =
= = = Monthly summaries = = =
= = = = March / April = = = =
The Phillies opened the season against the Washington Nationals at home on March 31 . They failed to win any of their first three series , losing two of three against the Nationals and New York Mets , with a four @-@ game split against the Cincinnati Reds between those series . The Phillies won their next two series against the Chicago Cubs and the Houston Astros . After dropping a second series to the Mets , the Phillies finished the month with 15 wins and 12 losses . They did not achieve a three @-@ game sweep against any team in the opening month , nor were they swept . By winning at least one game in each series , the Phillies were able to achieve their first winning April in several seasons , and only their fourth since their last World Series appearance in 1993 .
With a batting average of .360 and his Major League Baseball @-@ leading 11 home runs , Chase Utley paced the team 's offense , followed closely by a resurgent Pat Burrell and his 25 runs batted in . Though team speed was hampered by the loss of Shane Victorino and Jimmy Rollins to the disabled list , the latter for the first time in his career , the Phillies still pushed forward to a 15 – 13 record , including their Opening Day loss to Washington . The pitching rotation was led by ace Cole Hamels , who led the team in wins ( 3 ) , earned run average ( ERA ) ( 2 @.@ 70 ) , and innings pitched ( 43 1 ⁄ 3 ) . Reliever J. C. Romero and new closer Brad Lidge both went the entire month without sacrificing a single run , over 12 1 ⁄ 3 and 11 innings respectively .
= = = = May = = = =
The Phillies did not achieve their first three @-@ game series sweep until almost the end of May , taking two from the San Francisco Giants , the Arizona Diamondbacks ( splitting the series 2 – 2 ) , the Atlanta Braves , and the Nationals , and dropping two to the Giants , the Toronto Blue Jays , and the Astros . However , the Phillies ' first sweep was achieved in dramatic fashion , as the offense broke out for 60 runs in five games , including a 20 – 5 win over the Colorado Rockies .
Though several fill @-@ in players , including Brad Harman and T. J. Bohn , substituted during Victorino 's and Rollins ' absence , none was more valuable to the team during May than Jayson Werth . Expected to be primarily a platoon player coming into the season , Werth showed positive form . While Utley slowed down , Werth had a game with three home runs and stole four bases in the month . However , as Rollins and Victorino returned , Werth was lost to the disabled list . Ryan Howard broke out of his early @-@ season slump , batting .245 in May , nearly an 80 @-@ point increase from his average in April , and hitting ten home runs . Hometown pitcher Jamie Moyer also became the sixth pitcher in Major League Baseball history to defeat all 30 teams in the league on May 26 in a 20 – 5 Phillies win over Colorado .
= = = = June = = = =
June was a tale of two halves for the Phillies , as they started June with a strong combination of offense and pitching . From May
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Support for continued use of the name has come from the team 's owners and a majority of fans , which include some Native Americans . Supporters say that the name honors the achievements and virtues of Native Americans , and that it is not intended in a negative manner . Some , such as team president Bruce Allen , also point to the use of Redskins by three high school teams , two on reservations , that have a majority of Native American students . Supporters have asserted that a majority of Native Americans are not offended by the name based upon a national poll done by Annenberg Public Policy Center in 2004 , In a commentary published soon after that poll , fifteen Native American scholars collaborated on a critique that stated that there were so many flaws in the Annenberg study that rather than being a measure of Native American opinion , it was an expression of white privilege and colonialism . In May , 2016 the Washington Post published a poll which duplicated the central question posed in 2004 , yielding an identical result . Critics immediately questioned the methodology , which addressed some but not all of the flaws they found in the Annenberg poll ; but also questioned reducing a complex civil rights issue to a matter of personal opinion . National public opinion polls consistently find that a majority of the general public support the team 's continued use of the name , ranging from 60 to 83 percent in recent years . However , three separate DC metropolitan area polls have found that a small majority of fans think the term " redskin " is offensive to Native Americans in some contexts .
= = History = =
In 1933 the football team that shared both the name and playing field with the Boston Braves baseball team moved to Fenway Park , already home to the Boston Red Sox . Co @-@ owner George Preston Marshall changed the name to the Redskins , more likely to avoid confusion while retaining the " Indian " imagery of the team than to honor coach William Henry " Lone Star " Dietz . The logo for the NFL Braves was similar to the current logo , a Native American head in profile with braids and trailing feathers . The current logo , proposed by Walter Wetzel , a former Blackfeet tribal chairman and president of the National Congress of American Indians , was introduced in 1972 and is modeled after the likeness on the Buffalo nickel . Members of the Blackfeet tribe today express a range of opinions , from support to indifference to strong opposition to the Redskins name based upon their personal experiences .
= = = Origin and meaning = = =
Much of the public debate is over the meaning of the word " redskin " , with team supporters frequently citing a paper by Ives Goddard , a Smithsonian Institution senior linguist and curator emeritus , who asserts that the term was originally benign in meaning . However , in an interview Goddard admits that it is impossible to verify if the native words were accurately translated . But then " nigger " also began as a benign reference to skin color , only to become a racial slur through disparaging usage . Dr. Darren R. Reid , a history lecturer at Coventry University also states that Native American usage was generally attributed to them by European writers . Reid states that the team logo works together with the name to reinforce an unrealistic stereotype : " It is not up to non @-@ Indians to define an idealized image of what it is to a Native American . " The " positive " stereotypes allow fans and supporters to honestly state that they are honoring Native Americans , but this is " ... forcing your idea of what it is to honour those people onto them and that , fundamentally , is disrespectful . "
Advocates of changing the name emphasize current meanings in dictionaries of American English , which include " usually offensive " , " disparaging " , " insulting " , and " taboo " . Such meanings are consistent with the usage found in books in the period between 1875 and 1930 , which is after that studied by Goddard . In the Washington Redskins trademark litigation , the linguistic expert for the petitioners , Dr. Geoffrey Nunberg , successfully argued that whatever its origins , " redskins " was a slur at the time of the trademarks , based upon the passages from books and newspapers and the movie clips in which the word is inevitably associated with contempt , derision , condescension , or sentimental paeans to the noble savage . John McWhorter , an associate professor of linguistics at Columbia University compares the name 's becoming a slur to the other racial terms , such as " Oriental " which acquired implied meanings associated with contempt .
Some defenders of the name point to Native American use of the term , including three predominantly Native American high schools with the Redskins
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mascot . Native American writer and attorney Gyasi Ross compares Native American use of variations of the r @-@ word with African @-@ American use of variations of the n @-@ word . The use of these terms by some members of minority communities does not mean that these words may be used by outsiders . Ross also notes that while activism on the issue may be from a minority of Native Americans , this is due to most being concerned with more immediate issues , but also says " The presentation of the name ' Redskins ' is problematic for many Native Americans because it identifies Natives in a way that the vast majority of Natives simply don 't identity ourselves . "
A controversial etymological claim is that the term emerged from the practice of paying a bounty for Indians , and that " redskin " refers to the bloody scalp of Native Americans . Although official documents do not use the word in this way , an historical association between the use of " redskin " and the paying of bounties can be made . In 1863 , a Winona , MN newspaper , the Daily Republican , printed an announcement : " The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $ 200 for every red @-@ skin sent to Purgatory . This sum is more than the dead bodies of all the Indians east of the Red River are worth . " A news story published by the Atchison Daily Champion in Atchison , Kansas on October 9 , 1885 , tells of the settlers " hunt for redskins , with a view of obtaining their scalps " valued at $ 250 . This association can evoke strongly negative sentiments . In a 2014 interview after the Trademark decision , Amanda Blackhorse the lead petitioner expressed her opinion : " The name itself actually dates back [ to ] the time when the Native American population was being exterminated , and bounty hunters were hired to kill Native American people ... So , in order to show that they made their kill , they had to bring back a scalp or their skin . "
= = Controversy = =
The issue is often discussed in the media in terms of offensiveness , which reduced it to feelings and opinions , and prevents full understanding of the history and context of the use of Native American names and images and why their use by sports teams should be eliminated . Social science research says that sports mascots and images , rather than being mere entertainment , are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects . Stereotyping may directly affect academic performance and self @-@ esteem of Native American youth , whose people face high rates of suicide , unemployment , and poverty . Euro @-@ Americans exposed to mascots may be more likely to believe not only that such stereotypes are true , but that Native Americans have no identity beyond these stereotypes . Research demonstrates the harm of stereotyping , with studies showing that exposure to any stereotypes increased the likelihood of stereotypical thinking among citizens with regard to other groups .
Advocates of changing the team 's name say that use of stereotypes of Native Americans must be understood in the context of a history that includes conquest , forced relocation , and organized efforts by federal and state governments to eradicate native cultures , such as the boarding schools of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . " Since the first Europeans made landfall in North America , native peoples have suffered under a weltering array of stereotypes , misconceptions and caricatures . Whether portrayed as noble savages , ignoble savages , teary @-@ eyed environmentalists or , most recently , simply as casino @-@ rich , native peoples find their efforts to be treated with a measure of respect and integrity undermined by images that flatten complex tribal , historical and personal experience into one @-@ dimensional representations that tells us more about the depicters than about the depicted . "
In addition to the names and images , Native Americans opposed to mascots point to the oversimplification of their culture by fans " playing Indian " with no understanding of the deeper meaning of feathers , face paint , chants , and dancing . Dr. Richard Lapchick , director emeritus of Northeastern University 's Center for the Study of Sport in Society , in an article : " Could you imagine people mocking African Americans in black face at a game ? Yet go to a game where there is a team with an Indian name and you will see fans with war paint on their faces . Is this not the equivalent to black face ? " The unofficial mascot of the Redskins team was Zema Williams ( aka Chief Zee ) , an African American man who attended games beginning in 1978 dressed in a red , faux " Indian " costume , complete with feathered war bonnet and tomahawk . Other fans often dress in similar costume for the games .
The Redskins controversy began receiving more attention in 2013 , starting with a symposium in February on the topic at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of the American Indian in Washington , D.C. Subsequently the Oneida Indian Nation of New York sponsored a series of radio ads in each city to coincide with games of the 2013 season , each featuring a targeted message . A broader range of persons spoke out in favor of change
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@ 60 radiation source was recovered by scrap metal collectors who , together with a scrapyard worker , subsequently dismantled the container , unknowingly exposing themselves and others nearby to ionizing radiation . Over the following weeks , those exposed developed symptoms of radiation sickness and eventually sought medical attention . The Office of Atomic Energy for Peace ( OAEP ) , Thailand 's nuclear regulatory agency , was notified when doctors came to suspect radiation injury , some seventeen days after the initial exposure . The OAEP sent an emergency response team to locate and contain the radiation source , which was estimated to have an activity of 15 @.@ 7 terabecquerels ( 420 Ci ) , and was eventually traced to its owner . Investigations found failure to ensure secure storage of the radiation source to be the root cause of the accident , which resulted in ten people being hospitalized for radiation injury , three of whom died , as well as the potentially significant exposure of 1 @,@ 872 people .
= = Background = =
Cobalt @-@ 60 ( 60Co ) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt , with a half @-@ life of 5 @.@ 27 years , and emits highly penetrating gamma rays . It is commonly used as a radiation source for radiotherapy and equipment sterilization in the hospital setting , and has several other industrial uses as well . The device involved in the Samut Prakan accident was a rotational Gammatron @-@ 3 teletherapy unit , manufactured by Siemens and imported to Thailand in 1969 . It was licensed for and installed at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok ; the radiation source involved was a replacement installed in 1981 , with an initial radioactive activity of 196 TBq ( 5 @,@ 300 Ci ) . At the time of the accident in 2000 , its activity was estimated to have decayed to 15 @.@ 7 TBq ( 420 Ci ) .
The licensing of radioisotopes and nuclear material for import , export , possession and use in Thailand is regulated by the Thai Atomic Energy Commission for Peace and its working body , the Office of Atoms for Peace ( OAP ) , formerly known as the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace ( OAEP ) . In principle , the licensing process would involve annual safety inspections , but due to lack of personnel and resources , such inspections were not always properly done , nor were regulatory and control protocols strictly enforced .
The hospital retired the radiotherapy unit in 1994 and acquired a new one from Nordion via its Thai agent Kamol Sukosol Electric Company ( KSE ) . The old unit and its 60Co source could not be returned either to its original German manufacturer Siemens , which had stopped producing or servicing them , or to the Canadian supplier Nordion , which was not the original manufacturer . Consequently , the hospital sold the old unit to KSE , which already had another licensed unit in storage . However , neither the hospital nor KSE informed the OAEP of the transfer . In 1996 an OAEP inspection found that KSE had three unlicensed units in its warehouse , which had been licensed for the storage of a single unit in 1988 .
KSE 's lease of the warehouse was terminated in 1999 . KSE subsequently returned the licensed unit , while moving the three unregistered units to an unused car park in Bangkok 's Prawet District , which was owned by its parent company . The car park was fenced , but the fence had been breached and nearby residents regularly entered to play football in its empty areas . KSE notified the OAEP of its transfer of the licensed unit , but did not mention the other three , which remained orphan sources .
= = Accident = =
On 24 January 2000 , the part of the radiation therapy unit containing the radiation source was acquired by two scrap collectors , who claimed to have bought it from some strangers as scrap metal for resale . They took it home , planning to dismantle it later . On 1 February , the two , together with another two associates , attempted to dismantle the metal part ( a 97 @-@ kilogram , 42 @-@ by @-@ 20 @-@ centimetre lead cylinder held in a stainless steel casing ) , which was the unit 's source drawer . Using a hammer and chisel , they only managed to crack the welded seam . Two of the men then took the metal piece , along with other scrap metal , to a scrapyard on Soi Wat Mahawong in Phra Pradaeng District , Samut Prakan Province . There they asked a worker at the scrapyard to cut open the cylinder using an oxyacetylene torch . As the cylinder was cut open , two smaller cylindrical metal pieces , which had held the source capsule , fell out . The worker retrieved the two pieces and kept them in the scrapyard , but was unaware of the source capsule itself . The lead cylinder was returned to the scrap collectors for them to complete the disassembly .
That same day , the four men present when the cylinder was opened ( two of the scrap collectors and two scrapyard employees ) began to feel ill , experiencing headaches , nausea and vomiting . The scrap collectors succeeded in taking the lead cylinder apart , and took the parts to sell at the scrapyard the next day . The scrapyard employees continued to feel sick during the following week , and on 12 February the scrapyard owner , believing the metal to be causing the illness , asked the scrap collector to take it elsewhere , and had the two smaller metal pieces thrown away .
By mid @-@ February the symptoms of those involved were deteriorating ; their symptoms included burn wounds , swollen hands , diarrhoea , fever , and hair loss . One of the scrap collectors went to Samut Prakan Hospital on 15 February and was admitted the next day , while the two scrapyard employees were also admitted , on 16 and 17 February . The scrapyard owner 's husband was admitted to Bangkok General Hospital on 17 February due to epistaxis ( nosebleed ) , while the scrapyard owner , her mother , and her maid ( all of whom lived across the street from the scrapyard and sometimes entered ) also began to feel ill . A stray dog that was often seen in the scrapyard also died .
Two of the patients at Samut Prakan Hospital were admitted to the surgical ward , while the other was admitted to the medical ward . All were nauseated and vomiting , and two of them were showing leukopenia ( low white blood cell count ) . Reviewing the cases on 18 February , the doctors realized their symptoms were likely caused by radiation exposure , and notified
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anyaka Upanishad is to highlight the importance of the knowledge of Atman and Brahman , and to understand their oneness . According to Shankara , the dialogue suggests renunciation is prescribed in the Sruti ( vedic texts of Hinduism ) , as a means to knowledge of the Brahman and Atman . He adds , that the pursuit of self @-@ knowledge is considered important in the Sruti because the Maitreyi dialogue is repeated in chapter 4 @.@ 5 as a " logical finale " to the discussion of Brahman in the Upanishad .
= = = Nature of love = = =
The Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue includes a discussion of love and the essence of whom one loves , suggesting that love is a connection of the soul and the universal self ( related to an individual ) :
According to theological author and editor Robert Van De Weyer , this asserts that all love is a reflection of one 's own soul : parents ' love of their children , a love of religion or of the entire world . German Indologist and Oxford University professor Max Müller says that the love described in the Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad extends to all aspects of one 's life and beyond ; in verse 2 @.@ 4 @.@ 5 , " The Devas ( gods ) are not dear to one out of love for gods , but because one may love the Self ( Atman ) that the gods are dear " . In the dialogue " the Brahman @-@ class , the Kshatra @-@ class , these worlds , these gods , these beings , everything that is what this Soul is " , and when " we see , hear , perceive and know the Self , then all is known " .
Concluding his dialogue on the " inner self " , or soul , Yajnavalkaya tells Maitreyi :
After Yajnavalkya leaves and becomes a sannyasi , Maitreyi becomes a sannyassini – she too wanders and leads a renunciate 's life .
= = Legacy = =
Maitreyi , who is also mentioned in a number of Puranas , " is regarded as one of the most learned and virtuous women of ancient India " and symbolizes intellectual women in India . A college in New Delhi is named after her , as is the Matreyi Vedic Village , a retreat location in Tamil Nadu .
= Pilot ( 30 Rock ) =
The pilot episode of the American situation comedy series 30 Rock premiered on October 10 , 2006 on the CTV Television Network in Canada , and October 11 , 2006 on NBC in the United States . The episode was directed by Adam Bernstein and written by Tina Fey , the series ' creator , executive producer , and lead actor .
In 2002 , Tina Fey , then head writer of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , pitched the idea for a series about a cable news network to NBC , who rejected it . Two years later , Fey approached NBC with a similar idea : a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes look at The Girlie Show , a television show similar to SNL . NBC approved the series in May 2006 and production began shortly after . Although the episode received generally positive reviews , it finished third in its timeslot among all viewers and among adults aged 18 to 49 . Critics praised the performances of Jack McBrayer and Jane Krakowski , who played Kenneth Parcell and Jenna Maroney , respectively .
Several characters are introduced in the pilot : Liz Lemon ( Fey ) , the head writer of a sketch comedy series called The Girlie Show ; Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , the network executive ; Kenneth Parcell ( McBrayer ) , the NBC page ; and the writing staff and cast of Lemon 's show . This episode focuses on Jack 's attempt to convince Liz to hire film star Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) as part of the cast of The Girlie Show and the crew 's reactions to Tracy 's addition .
= = Plot = =
The show begins with Liz Lemon , the head writer of the television series The Girlie Show , attempting to buy a hot dog before work . After a fellow commuter tries to jump the queue , Liz buys $ 150 worth of hot dogs and distributes them to random passersby , hobos , and colleagues . When she arrives at work , she is embarrassed when she is forced by Kenneth , the naїve NBC Page who conducts tours around 30 Rock , to introduce herself to a group of Girlie Show fans .
Liz and her producer Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) meet with The Girlie Show 's new network executive Jack Donaghy . Jack tells Liz and Pete that he has been sent to 30 Rock to re @-@ tool The Girlie Show . After he inadvertently insults her , Liz takes an initial dislike to Jack . Jack asks Liz to hire Tracy Jordan , star of the film Honky Grandma Be Trippin ' , as part of the cast . Liz is skeptical as Tracy has a history of problematic behaviour , including running down Interstate 405 in his underwear while shouting " I am a Jedi ! " and falling asleep on his neighbor 's roof . In comparison to Liz , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) , the narcissistic star of The Girlie Show , takes to Jack upon their first meeting . She begins to worry when she hears that Tracy may become the new star of the show .
Against her own judgment , Liz meets Tracy at a restaurant , but when Tracy discovers that he does not like the food they go to another restaurant . While Liz tried to convince Tracy not to join The Girlie Show , he discusses conspiracy theories . After the meeting , Tracy offers to take Liz back to the studio , but he makes a detour to a strip club in the Bronx . While trying to get home , Liz learns that Jack fired Pete earlier that day . Tracy and Liz arrive at the studio halfway through the live broadcast of the show . Liz sends Tracy out on stage to talk off the last bit of the show , much to The Girlie Show studio audience 's delight and Jenna 's shock . Backstage , Liz forces Jack to rehire Pete and to promise to guarantee Jenna 's job security .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception = = =
Tina Fey , the head writer and a performer on NBC 's Saturday Night Live , pitched a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC in 2002 . NBC Entertainment president Kevin Reilly , felt that " Fey was using the news setting as a fig leaf for her own experience and [ he ] encouraged her to write what she knew . " The pilot , and subsequent series , was reworked to revolve around an SNL style series . Fey signed a contract with NBC in May 2003 , which allowed her to remain in her SNL head writer position until at least the 2004 – 2005 television season . As part of the contract , Fey was required to develop a primetime project to be produced by Broadway Video , Lorne Michaels ' production company , and NBC Universal . During the 2004 – 2005 pilot season , Fey began developing a pilot project under the working title Untitled Tina Fey Project . The pilot , which became 30 Rock , centered on the head writer of a variety show and how she managed her relationships with the show 's volatile star and executive producer . During development , some characters were altered ; a second star of the variety show was added and the executive producer role changed to network executive .
= = = Casting = = =
Fey worked with Jennifer McNamara and Adam Bernstein for the casting of the series . Their first decision was for Fey to portray the lead character , Liz Lemon . Fey acknowledged similarities between Liz and her own life when she became head writer on SNL , primarily a heavy focus on her job . Fey asked one of her castmates on SNL , Tracy Morgan , to play Tracy Jordan . Morgan believed the role was " right up [ his ] alley and it was tailor made for [ him ] " , and Fey noted that Tracy Jordan " acts wild " like Tracy Morgan did at SNL .
Fey wrote the character of naїve NBC page Kenneth Parcell with her friend Jack McBrayer , who has been described as " the show 's brightest discovery " , in mind . She has said that she " really wanted him for that part and was very happy when no one objected " . Shortly after McBrayer 's casting , Alec Baldwin was cast as Jack Donaghy , the " totally uncensored " Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming . Fey had written the part with Baldwin in mind , but was " very pleasantly surprised when he agreed to do it " . As the series progressed " the push @-@ pull [ relationship ] between Fey 's character , Liz Lemon , the harried head writer of The Girlie Show , and Alec Baldwin 's domineering network executive , Jack Donaghy " helped the show find " its
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rhythm " .
Judah Friedlander was cast as the staff writer of The Girlie Show , Frank Rossitano . Before auditioning for the role , Friedlander and Fey had never met . His character was based on at least two writers that Fey used to work with at SNL , but he " certainly brought some of [ his ] own things to it as well " , including his trucker hat wearing persona . Fey based the role of Pete Hornberger , a long time friend of Liz 's and producer of The Girlie Show , on Scott Adsit , who agreed to portray the character .
In an unaired pilot for 30 Rock , Rachel Dratch , a former SNL cast member , originally played the role of Jenna DeCarlo . In August 2006 , executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that Dratch would be replaced as Jenna but would portray different roles in other episodes . In the re @-@ tooled pilot , Dratch appears as The Girlie Show 's cat wrangler . Later in the month , NBC announced that Jane Krakowski had replaced Dratch in the role of Jenna , and that the character was renamed Jenna Maroney . Michaels said that " everyone is thrilled that she is joining the cast " , and thought she was going to be a " perfect fit " .
= = Reception = =
This episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 13 million viewers and received a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 9 / 8 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic . This episode was the highest rated of the series until October 2008 when the third season premiere episode , " Do @-@ Over " , was viewed by 8 @.@ 7 million viewers . That episode received a 4 @.@ 1 / 10 in the 18 – 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , the episode attracted 700 @,@ 000 viewers , 6 % of that time slot 's viewing audience . The director of this episode , Adam Bernstein , was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for " Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series " , in 2007 . Bernstein lost to Richard Shepard for his work on the Ugly Betty pilot .
" Pilot " was generally well received by critics . Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore – a weighted average based on the impressions of a select thirty @-@ one critical reviews – of 67 out of 100 . Tom Gliatto of People Weekly and Anna Johns of AOL 's TV Squad declared 30 Rock the best new comedy of the season . Johns described Tracy Jordan 's line " I 'm from the government and I 'm here to inspect your chicken nuggets " as " confoundingly funny " , and praised Jane Krakowski 's replacement of Rachel Dratch in the Jenna role . Keith Watson of Metro said that " It may just be a Mary Tyler Moore Show for the [ 21st century ] but 30 Rock , er , rocks " . Watson rated the episode 4 out of 5 stars . Dorothy Rabinowitz of The Wall Street Journal praised the " hilarious scenes and fine ensemble cast " , particularly commenting on Jack McBrayer 's performance as Kenneth Parcell and Rachel Dratch 's portrayal of the cat @-@ wrangler , Greta Johansen .
Not all critics liked the episode . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV felt that this episode did not live up to the show 's potential . San Francisco Chronicle 's Tim Goodman lamented that " the original [ episode ] was funnier " than the one that aired . Tom Shales of Washington Post said that " the show needs a better premise and funnier dialogue " . Despite this , Shales said that 30 Rock " is not a self @-@ important bore like Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip " , and praised Tracy Morgan 's performance as Tracy Jordan . The New York Times ' Alessandra Stanley praised Alec Baldwin 's " slyly absurd comic presence that is bigger and brighter than any joke or character actor on the show " , but mentioned that " Nothing very funny happens on 30 Rock until Alec Baldwin enters the room , and suddenly this new NBC sitcom comes alive " . Fey herself felt the episode did not introduce the show well , calling it " awkward , sweaty ... I never want to watch that mess again " in her memoir Bossypants .
= Christian Cook =
Christian Cook ( born June 3 , 1975 in Denver , Colorado ) is a retired professional lacrosse defenseman who last played professional field lacrosse with the Washington Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1995 through 1998 , where he earned National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse defenseman of the year award , two United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions ( one first team ) , four Ivy League championships , and three national championships .
As a professional he has been recognized as the Major League Lacrosse Defensive Player of the Year and been a member of Team USA at the World Lacrosse Championships . He was twice named to the Major League Lacrosse All @-@ Star Game and has been a member of an MLL Steinfeld Cup championship team .
= = Background = =
Cook was a high school All @-@ American lacrosse player at Denver East High School .
= = College career = =
He anchored the defense of the teams that were led on offense by the record @-@ setting trio of revered attackmen Jesse Hubbard , Jon Hess and Chris Massey . He was awarded the 1998 Schmeisser Award as the best NCAA lacrosse defenseman . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1998 and third team selection in 1997 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1997 and 1998 . The 1995 team , which earned the school 's sixth consecutive NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitation , was Ivy League co @-@ champion , while the 1996 – 1998 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright conference champions . These undefeated league champions won the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to threepeat since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 . He was a co @-@ captain during his 1998 senior season . Cook was named to Princeton 's All @-@ Decade team .
In one game as a senior , he held the Ivy League 's leading scorer , Mike Ferrucci of Harvard , scoreless . In the 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament semifinals he held the nation 's leading scorer Casey Powell of Syracuse without a goal in the 11 – 10 victory , but he was injured and had to sit out the finals on crutches . He was named to the All @-@ tournament team nonetheless .
= = Professional career = =
Cook played with the New Jersey Pride during the 2001 through 2003 MLL seasons . The Pride traded him to the Baltimore Bayhawks for a second round draft choice in the 2005 Collegiate Draft . He then played with the Baltimore Bayhawks from 2004 through 2006 and stayed with the franchise when it became the Washington Bayhawks for the 2007 and 2008 seasons . Cook was part of the Bayhawks ' 2005 Steinfeld Cup MLL Championship team . He is a two @-@ time Major League Lacrosse All @-@ Star .
Cook missed four games of the 2006 season due to participation in the World Games . At the
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against Ramón Rey Ardid in Zaragoza ( + 1 − 0 = 3 ; April 1944 ) and won in Gijon ( July 1944 ) . The following year , he won at Madrid ( March 1945 ) , tied for second place with Antonio Medina at Gijón ( July 1945 ; the event was won by Antonio Rico ) , won at Sabadell ( August 1945 ) , he tied for first with F. López Núñez in Almeria ( August 1945 ) , won in Melilla ( September 1945 ) and took second in Caceres , behind Francisco Lupi ( Autumn 1945 ) . Alekhine 's last match was with Lupi at Estoril near Lisbon , Portugal , in January 1946 . Alekhine won two games , lost one , and drew one .
Alekhine took an interest in the development of the chess prodigy Arturo Pomar and devoted a section of his last book ( ¡ Legado ! 1946 ) to him . They played at Gijon 1944 , when Pomar , aged 12 , achieved a creditable draw with the champion .
= = = Final year and death = = =
After World War II , Alekhine was not invited to chess tournaments outside the Iberian Peninsula , because of his alleged Nazi affiliation . His original invitation to the London 1946 tournament was withdrawn when the other competitors protested .
While planning for a World Championship match against Botvinnik , Alekhine died aged 53 in his hotel room in Estoril , Portugal on March 24 , 1946 . The circumstances of his death are still a matter of debate . It is usually attributed to a heart attack , but a letter in Chess Life magazine from a witness to the autopsy stated that choking on meat was the actual cause of death . At autopsy , a three @-@ inch @-@ long piece of unchewed meat was discovered blocking his windpipe . Some have speculated that he was murdered by a French " death squad " . A few years later , Alekhine 's son , Alexander Alekhine , Jr . , said that " the hand of Moscow reached his father " . Canadian Grandmaster Kevin Spraggett , who has lived in Portugal since the late 1980s , and who has thoroughly investigated Alekhine 's death , favors this possibility . Spraggett makes a case for the manipulation of the crime scene and the autopsy by the Portuguese secret police PIDE . He believes that Alekhine was murdered outside his hotel room , probably by the Soviets .
Alekhine 's burial was sponsored by FIDE , and the remains were transferred to the Cimetière du Montparnasse , Paris , France in 1956 .
= = Assessment = =
= = = Playing strength and style = = =
Statistical ranking systems differ sharply in their views of Alekhine . " Warriors of the Mind " rates him only the 18th strongest player of all time and comments that victories over players such as Bogoljubov and Euwe are not a strong basis for an " all time " ranking . But the website " Chessmetrics " ranks him between the fourth and eighth best of all time , depending on the lengths of the peak periods being compared , and concludes that at his absolute peak he was a little stronger than Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca , although a little weaker than Botvinnik . Jeff Sonas , the author of the website " Chessmetrics " , rates Alekhine as the sixth highest peak strength , relative to other players of the same era , of all @-@ time on the basis of comparable ratings . He also assesses Alekhine 's victory at the tournament of San Remo in 1930 as the sixth best performance ever in tournaments . In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers , Past and Present , Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based on their performance over the best five @-@ year span of their career . He concluded that Alekhine was the joint fifth strongest player of those surveyed ( tied with Paul Morphy and Vasily Smyslov ) , behind Capablanca , Botvinnik , Emanuel Lasker and Mikhail Tal .
Alekhine 's peak period was in the early 1930s , when he won almost every tournament he played , sometimes by huge margins . Afterward , his play declined , and he never won a top @-@ class tournament after 1934 . After Alekhine regained his world title in 1937 , there were several new contenders , all of whom would have been serious challengers .
Alekhine was one of the greatest attacking players and could apparently produce combinations at will . What set him apart from most other attacking players was his ability to see the potential for an attack and prepare for it in positions where others saw nothing . Rudolf Spielmann , a master tactician who produced many brilliancies , said , " I can see the combinations as well as Alekhine , but I cannot get to the same positions . " Dr. Max Euwe said , " Alekhine is a poet who creates a work of art out of something that would hardly inspire another man to send home a picture post @-@ card . " An explanation offered by Réti was , " he beats his opponents by analysing simple and apparently harmless sequences of moves in order to see whether at some time or another at the end of it an original possibility , and therefore one difficult to see , might be hidden . " John Nunn commented that " Alekhine had a special ability to provoke complications without taking excessive risks " , and Edward Winter called him " the supreme genius of the complicated position . " Some of Alekhine 's combinations are so complex that even modern champions and contenders disagree in their analyses of them .
Nevertheless , Garry Kasparov said that Alekhine 's attacking play was based on solid positional foundations , and Harry Golombek went further , saying that " Alekhine was the most versatile of all chess geniuses , being equally at home in every style of play and in all phases of the game . " Reuben Fine , a serious contender for the world championship in the late 1930s , wrote in the 1950s that Alekhine 's collection of best games was one of the three most beautiful that he knew , and Golombek was equally impressed .
Alekhine 's games have a higher percentage of wins than those of any other World Champion , and his drawn games are on average among the longest of all champions ' . His desire to win extended beyond formal chess competition . When Fine beat him in some casual games in
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1933 , Alekhine demanded a match for a small stake . And in table tennis , which Alekhine played enthusiastically but badly , he would often crush the ball when he lost .
Bobby Fischer , in a 1964 article , ranked Alekhine as one of the ten greatest players in history . Fischer , who was famous for the clarity of his play , wrote of Alekhine :
Alekhine has never been a hero of mine , and I 've never cared for his style of play . There 's nothing light or breezy about it ; it worked for him , but it could scarcely work for anyone else . He played gigantic conceptions , full of outrageous and unprecedented ideas . ... [ H ] e had great imagination ; he could see more deeply into a situation than any other player in chess history . ... It was in the most complicated positions that Alekhine found his grandest concepts .
Alekhine 's style had a profound influence on Kasparov , who said : " Alexander Alekhine is the first luminary among the others who are still having the greatest influence on me . I like his universality , his approach to the game , his chess ideas . I am sure that the future belongs to Alekhine chess . " In 2012 , Levon Aronian said that he considers Alekhine the greatest chess player of all time .
= = = Influence on the game = = =
Several openings and opening variations are named after Alekhine . In addition to the well @-@ known Alekhine 's Defence ( 1.e4 Nf6 ) and the Albin @-@ Chatard @-@ Alekhine Attack in the " orthodox " Paulsen variation of the French Defense , there are Alekhine Variations in : the Budapest Gambit , the Vienna Game , the Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez , the Winawer Variation of the French Defense ; the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defense , the Queen 's Gambit Accepted , the Slav Defense , the Queen 's Pawn Game , the Catalan Opening and the Dutch Defense ( where three different lines bear his name ) . Irving Chernev commented , " The openings consist of Alekhine 's games , with a few variations . "
Alekhine also composed a few endgame studies , one of which is shown on the right , a miniature ( a study with a maximum of seven pieces ) .
Alekhine wrote over twenty books on chess , mostly annotated editions of the games in a major match or tournament , plus collections of his best games between 1908 and 1937 . Unlike Wilhelm Steinitz , Emanuel Lasker , Capablanca and Euwe , he wrote no books that explained his ideas about the game or showed beginners how to improve their play . His books appeal to expert players rather than beginners : they contain many long analyses of variations in critical positions , and " singularities and exceptions were his forte , not rules and simplifications " .
Although Alekhine was declared an enemy of the Soviet Union after his anti @-@ Bolshevik statement in 1928 , he was gradually rehabilitated by the Soviet chess elite following his death in 1946 . Alexander Kotov 's research on Alekhine 's games and career , culminating in a biography , led to a Soviet series of Alekhine Memorial tournaments . The first of these , at Moscow 1956 , was won jointly by Botv
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innik and Vasily Smyslov . In their book The Soviet School of Chess Kotov and Yudovich devoted a chapter to Alekhine , called him " Russia 's greatest player " and praised his capacity for seizing the initiative by concrete tactical play in the opening . Botvinnik wrote that the Soviet School of chess learned from Alekhine 's fighting qualities , capacity for self @-@ criticism and combinative vision . Alekhine had written that success in chess required " Firstly , self @-@ knowledge ; secondly , a firm comprehension of my opponent 's strength and weakness ; thirdly , a higher aim – ... artistic and scientific accomplishments which accord our chess equal rank with other arts . "
= = = Accusations of " improving " games = = =
Samuel Reshevsky wrote that Alekhine " allegedly made up games against fictitious opponents in which he came out the victor and had these games published in various chess magazines . " In a recent book Andy Soltis lists " Alekhine 's 15 Improvements " . The most famous example is his game with five queens in Moscow in 1915 . In the actual game , Alekhine , playing as Black , beat Grigoriev in the Moscow 1915 tournament ; but in one of his books he presented the " Five Queens " variation ( starting with a move he rejected as Black in the original game ) as an actual game won by the White player in Moscow in 1915 ( he did not say in the book who was who in this version , nor that it was in the tournament ) .
In the position of the diagram at right , which never arose in real play , Alekhine claimed that White wins by 24.Rh6 , as after some complicated play Black is mated or goes into an endgame a queen down . Some recent analyses suggest that this is not the case : if White plays 24.Rh6 , black can play 24 ... Bg4 + ! and White has no mating attack . A later computer @-@ assisted analysis concludes that White can force a win , but only by diverging from Alekhine 's move sequence at move 20 , while there are only three queens .
Chess historian Edward Winter investigated a game Alekhine allegedly won in fifteen moves via a queen sacrifice at Sabadell in 1945 . Some photos of the game in progress were discovered that showed the players during the game and their chessboard . Based on the position that the chess pieces had taken on the chessboard in this photo , the game could never have taken the course that was stated in the published version . This raised suspicions that the published version was made up . Even if the published version is a fake , however , there is no doubt that Alekhine did defeat his opponent in the actual game , and there is no evidence that Alekhine was the source of the famous fifteen @-@ move win whose authenticity is doubted .
= = = Accusations of antisemitism = = =
During World War II , Alekhine played in several tournaments held in Germany or German @-@ occupied territory , as did many strong players in occupied and neutral countries . In March 1941 , a series of articles appeared under Alekhine 's name in the Pariser Zeitung , a German @-@ language newspaper published in Paris by the occupying German forces . Among other things , these articles said that Jews had a great talent for exploiting chess but showed no signs of chess artistry ; described the hypermodern theories of Nimzowitsch and Réti as " this cheap bluff , this shameless self @-@ publicity " , hyped by " the majority of Anglo @-@ Jewish pseudo @-@ intellectuals " ; and described his 1937 match with Euwe as " a triumph against the Jewish conspiracy " . Alekhine was reported as making further antisemitic statements in interviews for two Spanish newspapers in September 1941 ; in one of these it was said that " Aryan chess was aggressive chess ... on the other hand , the Semitic concept admitted the idea of pure defence . "
Almost immediately after the liberation of Paris , Alekhine publicly stated that " he had to write two chess articles for the Pariser Zeitung before the Germans granted him his exit visa ... Articles which Alekhine claims were purely scientific were rewritten by the Germans , published and made to treat chess from a racial viewpoint . " He wrote at least two further disavowals , in an open letter to the organizer of the 1946 London tournament ( W. Hatton @-@ Ward ) and in his posthumous book ¡ Legado ! . These three denials are phrased differently .
Extensive investigations by Ken Whyld have not yielded conclusive evidence of the authenticity of the articles . Chess writer Jacques Le Monnier claimed in a 1986 issue of Europe Échecs that in 1958 he saw some of Alekhine 's notebooks and found , in Alekhine 's own handwriting , the exact text of the first antisemitic article , which appeared in Pariser Zeitung on March 18 , 1941 . In his 1973 book 75 parties d 'Alekhine ( " 75 of Alekhine 's games " ) , however , Le Monnier had written " It will never be known whether Alekhine was behind these articles or whether they were manipulated by the editor of the Pariser Zeitung . "
British chess historian Edward G. Winter notes that the articles in the Pariser Zeitung misspelled the names of several famous chess masters , which could be interpreted as evidence of forgery or as attempts by Alekhine to signal that he was being forced to write things that he did not believe ; but these could simply have been typesetting errors , as Alekhine 's handwriting was not easy to read . The articles contained ( probably ) incorrect claims that Lionel Kieseritzky ( Kieseritsky in English , Kizierycki in Polish ) was a Polish Jew , although ( probably ) Kieseritzky was neither Polish nor Jewish . Winter concludes : " Although , as things stand , it is difficult to construct much of a defence for Alekhine , only the discovery of the articles in his own handwriting will settle the matter beyond all doubt . " Under current French copyright law , Alekhine 's notebooks will not enter the public domain until January 1 , 2017 .
There is evidence that Alekh
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, had given birth to a daughter before they had met . The knowledge and events of the episode lead to positive changes in his personality .
= = Character background = =
= = = Childhood and family = = =
Monk is of Welsh ancestry and was born October 17 , 1959 . This is shown in the episode " Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk " , which takes place on a Wednesday of the week of October 16 , 2009 ( It is stated that his 50th birthday is the next day , which would be Thursday , October 17 , 2009 ) . Interestingly , this makes Monk almost exactly six years younger than his actor , as Tony Shalhoub 's birthday was October 9 , 1953 .
It is known he was born in the fictitious Marin County town of Tewksbury , to parents Agnes and Jack Monk , Sr. His parents were very strict and over @-@ protective . Adrian 's father , Jack Monk ( Dan Hedaya ) , abandoned the family when Adrian was eight years old when he went out for Chinese food and did not return . Adrian has an agoraphobic brother named Ambrose ( John Turturro ) , from whom he was estranged for seven years following Trudy 's death . Monk states that his mother died in 1994 . The episode " Mr. Monk and the Marathon Man " reveals that Monk ran track in high school , but quit when he entered college . The episode " Mr. Monk and the Other Detective " reveals that his alma mater is the University of California , Berkeley . In " Mr. Monk and the Class Reunion , " it is revealed that Monk had the nickname " Captain Cool " in college , and Natalie is amused to find that he got it from the fact he spent every weekend defrosting the student lounge refrigerator in his dormitory .
In the episode " Mr. Monk and the Three Pies , " it is revealed that Monk was angry at his brother for never contacting him after Trudy 's death . When the two are reunited , Ambrose admits he did not call Adrian because he believed that he was responsible for the incident . Trudy was getting Ambrose cough medicine and was in the store 's garage when she was killed .
Their father , Jack , remained unseen in the series until the season 5 episode " Mr. Monk Meets His Dad . " Jack explains that he did not return to his family because the message in his fortune cookie read " Stand by your man , " which he interpreted to mean that he should follow his own path . Adrian does not forgive his father at first , but warms up to him while assisting him on his duties as a truck driver . Jack mentions reading Sherlock Holmes stories to Adrian , who eventually learned to solve the mysteries before hearing the stories ' endings . At the end of the episode , Jack teaches Adrian how to ride a bike — something he was not there to do when Adrian was a child . Jack also mentioned that he has a son from another wife , named Jack Jr . ( Steve Zahn ) . Monk later meets Jack Jr. in the episode " Mr. Monk 's Other Brother " , and helps to clear him of murder .
= = = Trudy 's death = = =
Throughout the series , Adrian mourns his wife Trudy ( Melora Hardin / Stellina Rusich ) , who was killed by a car bomb he believes was meant for him on December 14 , 1997 . The death of his wife exacerbated Monk 's already existing obsessive @-@ compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . One year later , the San Francisco Police Department granted him a psychological discharge . Monk calls it " a temporary suspension " and hopes to be reinstated . His grief over Trudy 's death is intense and with him every day of his life ; he has stated more than once that he is never truly happy and never expects to be truly happy ever again . Since Trudy 's death , Monk has been consulting with San Francisco police detectives on various cases .
As the series progresses , Monk makes several discoveries in his ongoing search for the man who killed his wife . He discovered that the car bomb was indeed meant for Trudy and was built by a man named Warrick Tennyson ( Frank Collison ) , who was hired by a six @-@ fingered man named Frank Nunn ( Courtney Gains ) . In the sixth @-@ season finale , he finally catches up with Nunn , who claims to be yet another pawn with no idea why Trudy was killed . This turns out to be part of a larger plot to have Nunn set up another bombing and then frame Monk for killing him ; he is shot before Monk can have him arrested or convince him to surrender the name of his employer in Trudy 's murder . Once Monk is cleared in Nunn 's death , the police find correspondence from Nunn dating back to the era of Trudy 's death . There are no names discovered , but there is a reference to the person responsible , referred to as " The Judge " . In the two @-@ part series finale , " Mr. Monk and the End " , it is revealed that " The Judge " is Ethan Rickover , an actual courtroom judge portrayed by Craig T. Nelson .
Trudy gave birth to a daughter , Molly Evans , on January 2 , 1983 . Had she not been adopted out and Trudy not murdered
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Wales for the second time during his reign in 1282 .
Edward invaded with a huge army , pushing north from Carmarthen and westwards from Montgomery and Chester . Edward captured Aberconwy in March 1283 and decided that the location would form the centre of a new county : he would relocate the abbey eight miles up the Conwy valley to a new site at Maenan , establishing Maenan Abbey , and build a new English castle and walled town on the monastery 's former site . The ruined castle of Deganwy was abandoned and never rebuilt . Edward 's plan was a colonial enterprise and placing the new town and walls on top of such a high @-@ status native Welsh site was in part a symbolic act to demonstrate English power .
Work began on cutting the ditch around Conwy Castle within days of Edward 's decision . The work was controlled by Sir John Bonvillars and overseen by master mason James of St. George , and the first phase of work between 1283 and 1284 focused on creating the exterior curtain walls and towers . In the second phase , from 1284 and 1286 , the interior buildings were erected , while work began on the walls for the neighbouring town . By 1287 , the castle was complete . The builders recruited huge numbers of labourers from across England for the task . At each summer building season the labourers massed at Chester and then walked into Wales . Edward 's accountants did not separate the costs of the town walls from that of the castle , but the total cost of the two projects came to around £ 15 @,@ 000 , a huge sum for the period .
The castle 's constable was , by a royal charter of 1284 , also the mayor of the new town of Conwy , and oversaw a castle garrison of 30 soldiers , including 15 crossbowmen , supported by a carpenter , chaplain , blacksmith , engineer and a stonemason . In 1294 Madog ap Llywelyn rebelled against English rule . Edward was besieged at Conwy by the Welsh between December and January 1295 , supplied only by sea , before forces arrived to relieve him in February . Chronicler Walter of Guisborough suggested that given the austere conditions Edward refused to drink his own private supply of wine , and instead had it shared out amongst the garrison . For some years afterwards , the castle formed the main residence for visiting senior figures , and hosted Edward 's son , the future Edward II in 1301 when he visited the region to receive homage from the Welsh leaders .
= = = 14th – 15th centuries = = =
Conwy Castle was not well maintained during the early 14th century and by 1321 a survey reported it was poorly equipped , with limited stores and suffering from leaking roofs and rotten timbers . These problems persisted until Edward , the Black Prince took over control of the castle in 1343 . Sir John Weston , his chamberlain , conducted repairs , building new stone support arches for the great hall and other parts of the castle . After the death of the Black Prince , however , Conwy fell into neglect again .
At the end of the 14th century , the castle was used as a refuge by Richard II from the forces of his rival , Henry Bolingbroke . On 12 August 1399 , after returning from Ireland , Richard made his way to the castle where he met Bolingbroke 's emissary , Henry Percy , for negotiations . Percy swore in the chapel he would not harm the king . On 19 August , Richard surrendered to Percy at Flint Castle , promising to abdicate if his life were spared . The king was then taken to London , he died later in captivity at Pontefract Castle .
Henry Bolingbroke took the English throne to rule as Henry IV in 1400 , but rebellion broke out in North Wales shortly afterwards under the leadership of Owain Glyndŵr . In March 1401 , Rhys ap Tudur and his brother Gwilym , cousins of Owain Glyndŵr , undertook a surprise attack on Conwy Castle . Pretending to be carpenters repairing the castle , the two gained entry , killed the two watchmen on duty and took control of the fortress . Welsh rebels then attacked and captured the rest of the walled town . The brothers held out for around three months , before negotiating a surrender ; as part of this agreement the pair were given a royal pardon by Henry .
During the War of the Roses between 1455 and 1485 , fought by the rival factions of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists , Conwy was reinforced , but played little part in the fighting . Henry VIII conducted restoration work in the 1520s and 1530s , during which time the castle was being used as a prison , a depot and as a potential residence for visitors .
= = = 17th – 21st centuries = = =
Conwy Castle fell into disrepair again by the early 17th century . Charles I sold it to Edward Conway in 1627 for £ 100 , and Edward 's son , also called Edward , inherited the ruin in 1631 . In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the Charles ' royalist supporters and Parliament . John Williams , the Archbishop of York , took charge of the castle on behalf of the king , and set about repairing and garrisoning it at his own expense . In 1645 , Sir John Owen was appointed governor of the castle instead , however , leading to a bitter dispute between the two men . The Archbishop defected to Parliament , the town of Conwy fell in August 1646 and in November General Thomas Mytton finally took the castle itself after a substantial siege .
In the aftermath of the siege , Colonel John Carter was appointed governor of the castle and fresh repairs were carried out . In 1655 the Council of State appointed by Parliament ordered the castle to be slighted , or put beyond military use : the Bakehouse tower was probably deliberately partially pulled down at this time as part of the slighting . With the restoration of Charles II in 1660 , Conway was returned to Edward Conway , the Earl
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North Jefferson Street ( Jefferson and Franklin streets ) , the Cox Building is simply identified as " Commercial Building " in the District 's National Register of Historic Places Registration Form . An industrial building originally used for printing newspapers such as Hartford City 's Telegram , its architecture style has some Craftsman influences . The original building was designed by local architect P. J. Loney in 1895 , and owned by newsman and prominent Democrat Edward E. Cox . The Cox Building was expanded to its present size around 1915 .
Dowell Building Located at 107 – 109 West Washington Street , the Dowell building was constructed in 1893 using the Italianate style of architecture . Frank P. Dowell maintained an office in this building , conducting transactions related to real estate such as loans , mortgages , insurance , and titles . A notary public , he was also involved in buying , selling , and renting property . Frank Dowell 's father is Jessie H. Dowell , founder and president of Hartford City Natural Gas and Oil Company . In 1887 , this company drilled the city 's first successful natural gas well . The Dowell building is located on the south side of the square , east of the adjacent Briscoe Block .
W.H. Gable Block This two @-@ story Commercial Italianate building was constructed in 1891 , and occupies the addresses of 118 through 122 West Main Street . Five brick pilasters divide it into three storefronts and a stairway to the upstairs offices . " W.H. Gable 1891 " appears in the center of the cornice . William H. Gable participated in the California Gold Rush in 1850 through 1852 , and returned with enough money to begin various business interests , including furniture , undertaking , and real estate . The W. H. Gable business block was eventually built on land that was Gable 's first real estate investment .
Griffin Buildings Two Griffin buildings are located side by side with addresses of 106 and 108 East Washington Street . The name " Griffin " can be found on the cornice of both buildings . Both were constructed around 1900 . The 106 East Washington Street building was built in the Romanesque Revival style , and a second source believes this building was constructed in the 1890s . The Russell Lewis saloon was located at the 108 East Washington address during the early 1900s .
E. Smilack Building The E. Smilack Building is located at 203 East Washington Street . The building was constructed around 1910 using the Craftsman style of architecture . A stone tablet above the second floor says “ E. Smilack ” . Elbert Smilack was a well @-@ educated Russian , originally named Smilackoff , who immigrated to the United States in 1899 . After brief stays in Philadelphia , Chicago , and Michigan , he found steady employment in Marion , Indiana . Smilack saved enough money to move to Hartford City with a horse and buggy – and 35 cents in his pocket . A friend loaned him five dollars to start a junk business . After about a decade in the business , Smilack was involved in scrap iron , metals , hides , fur , and wool . He also became a provider of coal and firewood . Smilack prospered enough that he was able to invest in land and oil wells . By 1914 , he was considered one of the wealthier men in Blackford County . Smilack , along with other family members , was killed on July 22 , 1922 , when his automobile was struck by a passenger train .
Sowers & Gough Drugstore This corner building , located at 200 West Main Street , was originally built around 1910 , and remodeled using the Art Deco style of architecture around 1940 . The Sowers & Gough Drugstore was originally across the street , but Gough bought the building at the 200 West Main street address and moved the drugstore after Sowers ' health failed . Cecil Gough 's drugstore became a favored gathering place during the 1930s and 1940s , as the store had a soda fountain and seating . The drugstore was bought by Merrit Tams in 1947 , and was later run by Pat Mehling as Mehling 's Drugstore . A 2010 photo of building , painted white and no longer a drugstore , is shown herein ( notable properties section ) .
Weiler Building Completed in 1896 according to the engraving at the top of the building , the three @-@ story structure was built in the Romanesque Revival style . The Weiler name , written on a limestone tablet , can be found on the third story . The uppermost portion of the building above the windows features terracotta rosettes and faces of men . The building is located at 104 West Main Street . This building housed the Weiler Brothers department store , and later a Montgomery Ward store . At one time , the Weiler Brothers store housed in this building was thought to be one of the largest department stores in Indiana . During construction , over 250 feet of glass cases were ordered , and the interior furniture was said to be " equal to that in any store in the large cities . " The store employed 80 people during the " busy season " in the early 1900s . The Weiler brothers originally involved with the store at this location were German immigrants Abraham , Adolph R. , and Meyer M. Weiler . Abraham Weiler was also on the board of directors of the Hartford City Gas and Oil Company that had the first gas well in town . Abraham Weiler became involved with dry goods when he moved to Union City , Indiana , and worked with Raphael Kirshbaum . ( See Kirshbaum Building , section above . ) They later established Kirshbaum & Weiler in Hartford City , Indiana , and Weiler eventually purchased Kirshbaum 's share of the business . The Weiler Brothers store was established in 1878 , and moved to the Weiler 's Building in 1896 . Products sold included hardware , furniture , clothing , carpets , crockery , glassware , boots and shoes . Because of Ku
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Klux Klan @-@ led boycotts of Jewish and Catholic merchants , Hartford City 's Weiler store closed during the 1920s . On April 14 , 2014 , this building partially collapsed . Most of the damage was to the roof and the rear of the building . On June 12 , 2014 the building was demolished .
World War I Memorial Hartford City 's Blackford County courthouse lawn is the home of numerous war memorials . The World War I memorial was the first of the four larger memorials to be located at the corners of the courthouse lawn . It was dedicated on September 28 , 1921 . James Taylor , president of Taylor University , was the dedication ceremony speaker . The sculptor was Ernest Moore Viquesney . The sculpture is known as the " Spirit of the American Doughboy " , and this particular version was the third one erected .
= = Significance = =
The Hartford City Courthouse Historic District is eligible for the National Register under two criteria . First , a number of events influenced the development of the area ( Criterion A ) , most notable the establishment of Hartford City as the county seat , and the Indiana Gas Boom . The district is the historic center of Blackford County 's commercial , social , and governmental activity . As county seat , the courthouse and nearby offices became the focus of Blackford County government . In the late 1880s , the Indiana Gas Boom brought major growth and prosperity to the region , resulting in the construction of numerous commercial , retail , and social facilities in the area surrounding the courthouse . Later , during the 1920s , the courthouse square was the site for events involving the Ku Klux Klan .
The second reason the district is significant is its collection of buildings and their architectural styles ( Criterion C ) . Most of these buildings were constructed during the Indiana Gas Boom in the late 19th century or early 20th century , and have many of their original features . Three styles of architecture , Italianate , Renaissance Revival , and Romanesque Revival are all well represented , and additional styles can also be found .
= Ni no Kuni =
Ni no Kuni ( Japanese : 二ノ国 ) is a series of role @-@ playing games developed by Level @-@ 5 . The first games in the series chiefly follow the young Oliver , and his journey to another world to save his mother and stop the beckoning evil . An upcoming game will follow Evan Pettiwhisker Tildrum , a boy king who is usurped from his castle , and sets out to reclaim his kingdom . The games utilize several magic elements , allowing players to use magical abilities during gameplay , as well as creatures known as imajinn / familiars , which can be tamed for suitability during battle .
Conceived as a project for Level @-@ 5 's tenth anniversary , Ni no Kuni : Dominion of the Dark Djinn was released in December 2010 for the Nintendo DS . An enhanced version of the game for the PlayStation 3 , Ni no Kuni : Wrath of the White Witch , was released in Japan in November 2011 . The games were developed separately , retaining similar stories , but featuring significant artwork , graphics and specification changes . A localized version of the game was published in Western regions by Namco Bandai Games in January 2013 . A sequel , Ni no Kuni II : Revenant Kingdom , was announced in December 2015 for the PlayStation 4 . Two mobile games have also been released : Hotroit Stories in December 2010 through the Roid service , and Daibouken Monsters in May 2012 through the GREE service . The former follows the story of Oliver and Mark as they try to find parts for a car , and the latter is a social card game in which players collect cards featuring imajinn .
The animated sequences for Dominion of the Dark Djinn and
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, are also elected by proportional representation with closed lists . The premiers of each province will be chosen by the winning majority in each provincial legislature .
The National Council of Provinces ( NCOP ) consists of 90 members , ten elected by each provincial legislature . The NCOP members will be elected by the provincial legislatures in proportion to the party makeup of the legislatures .
= = = Changes to electoral legislation = = =
On 26 November 2013 the Electoral Amendment Act , 2013 , came into force . It allows South African citizens resident outside South Africa to register and vote in the election of the National Assembly .
A new regulation added in 2013 that was enforced for the first time on 7 May 2014 is the prohibition of photographing marked ballot papers , which aims to inhibit voter intimidation .
= = Political parties = =
The governing African National Congress ( ANC ) , supported by its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , have held a majority of the seats in the National Assembly since 1994 . They were re @-@ elected with increasing majorities in 1999 and 2004 , and with a slight fall in its majority from 69 % to 65 @.@ 9 % in 2009 . The ANC is led by Jacob Zuma . In 2012 , Zuma was re @-@ elected to a second five @-@ year term as President of the African National Congress , beating his only rival and deputy , Kgalema Motlanthe , by a wide margin . Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as Deputy President of the ANC , succeeding Motlanthe who had declined a second term after losing to Zuma .
The official opposition Democratic Alliance ( DA ) received 16 @.@ 7 % of the vote in 2009 , up from 12 @.@ 4 % in 2004 . The DA is led by Helen Zille , who was re @-@ elected unopposed as Leader of the Democratic Alliance at the party 's Federal Congress in Gauteng in 2012 , while Lindiwe Mazibuko continued as Leader of the Opposition in Parliament . At provincial level , the DA has been in power in the Western Cape province since 2009 , and came to power in several Western Cape municipalities in the 2011 municipal election . Traditionally , the DA was seen as a party rallying against apartheid laws , especially in the 1980 's . However , one of its larger following bases are the whites in the south , especially after it absorbed the New National Party in 2001 ( although NNP was disbanded in 2004 ) .
Congress of the People ( COPE ) , is led by Mosiuoa Lekota , although the leadership is disputed by Mbhazima Shilowa who continues to battle for recognition in the High Court . The party has been riven by infighting , causing it to lose much of its support and resulting in the formation of a splinter group , the United Congress . COPE won three seats in the National Assembly in the 2014 elections .
Mangosuthu Buthelezi remains leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) despite a challenge by former IFP chairperson Zanele kaMagwaza @-@ Msibi , who formed the National Freedom Party ( NFP ) after her feud with Buthelezi . The NFP and IFP split the vote in the Zulu @-@ dominated KwaZulu @-@ Natal province in the previous local government elections , each getting an even share of the vote , while the ANC continued to dominate the former IFP stronghold .
The Electoral Commission of South Africa ( IEC ) announced on 17 March that a record number of 33 parties had registered candidates for the national parliamentary election . In the provincial legislature elections the number of parties registering candidates , including four parties which had not yet paid the required deposits subject to a 24 March deadline , were :
Western Cape – 26
Gauteng – 22
Limpopo – 20
Eastern Cape – 18
KwaZulu @-@ Natal – 18
Free State – 17
Mpumalanga – 16
Northern Cape – 16
North West – 16
The electoral code of conduct was signed in Midrand , Gauteng on 19 March 2014 . At the signing event , a draw was held in which the Freedom Front Plus won the right to appear at the top of the ballot paper .
= = = New parties = = =
Several parties contested the election for the first time and gained seats nationally and provincially :
Expelled former ANC Youth League leader Julius Malema launched the Economic Freedom Fighters ( EFF ) , taking a strong anti @-@ ANC position within its ultra @-@ left economic platform , such as calling for the expropriation of land without compensation and the nationalisation of South Africa 's mines and the South African Reserve Bank . EFF won 25 seats in the assembly in the 2014 elections , taking the lead over older parties including COPE , FF + , and UDM .
The National Freedom Party ( NFP ) was formed by former IFP chairperson Zanele kaMagwaza @-@ Msibi .
The African Independent Congress contested the election nationally for the first time .
Agang South Africa was formed by anti @-@ apartheid movement leader Mamphela Ramphele in 2013 .
Other new parties were formed but did not obtain seats nationally :
The Ubuntu Party is a South African political party founded by Michael Tellinger based on his principles of Ubuntu Contributionism . The party aims to introduce 100 % employment by closing down the South African Reserve Bank and replacing it with a People 's Bank that will grant interest @-@ free homeloans , fund massive public works campaign , and provide free electricity as Eskom is owned by the people of South Africa .
The Workers and Socialist Party ( WASP ) was launched on Human Rights Day 2013 by leaders of the independent mineworkers ' strike committees that led the strikes in the mining industry in 2012 , before and after the Marikana massacre , and the Democratic Socialist Movement ( DSM ) .
As a result of the infighting in COPE , the United Congress splinter group was formed , led by Mluleki George .
The new right @-@ wing Front National ( FN ) party formed in December 2013 promotes separatism and Afrikaner self @-@ determination . Hannes Engelbrecht is their leader and Dan Roodt is their deputy leader and spokesperson .
The Patriotic Alliance was formed in 2013 by South African businessman , Kenny Kunene , and Kunene 's former jail @-@ mate , Gayton Mckenzie .
= = = Alliances and defections = = =
The Independent Democrats party , which won four seats and 0 @.@ 9 % of the national vote in 2009 , merged with the Democratic Alliance before the 2014 general election .
On 17 December 2013 , the South African Press Association reported that five opposition parties , namely COPE , the IFP , the African Christian Democratic Party , the United Christian Democratic Party and the Freedom Front Plus , had formed a coalition with 20 specific priorities . The parties in the coalition , named the Collective for Democracy ( CD ) and chaired by COPE leader Mosiuoa Lekota , will retain their own identity and contest the election individually . The IFP denied being part of the coalition , saying they were wary of forming such alliances given the confusion it had caused for their supporters in previous elections . Three days later , the 20th , COSATU 's largest affiliate National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa ( NUMSA ) announced that they would not endorse the ANC or any other political party in 2014 . NUMSA planned to establish a new working class collective along the lines of the defunct United Democratic Front , with the ultimate goal of forming a socialist party that will contest the 2019 general election . An opposing COSATU faction has obtained a legal opinion on removing NUMSA from COSATU , with significant implications for the country 's labour and political landscape .
On 28 January 2014 , the DA announced that Mamphela Ramphele had accepted an invitation to stand as its presidential candidate in the 2014 general election , and the DA and Agang South Africa were set to merge . On the 31st , Ramphele stated that she would not take up DA party membership and would remain the leader of Agang South Africa , resulting in confusion . On 2 February , Helen Zille stated that Ramphele had reneged on her agreement to stand as the DA 's presidential candidate . Ramp
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, crossing the North Branch of the river between Miller 's tavern and the Wolf Point Tavern . In 1831 John Miller built a log house near his brother 's tavern that he used as a tannery ; Chicago 's first recorded factory . Samuel Miller sold the tavern and moved away following the death of his wife in 1832 .
Mark Beaubien opened the Eagle Exchange Tavern in a log cabin on the south bank in 1829 . In 1831 Beaubien added a frame addition and opened the Sauganash Hotel , Chicago 's first hotel . Immediately adjacent to the hotel 's public bar was Chicago 's first drug store . Beaubien left the Sauganash Hotel in 1834 , but the hotel continued in operation until it was destroyed by a fire in 1851 . The site of the Sauganash Hotel was redeveloped as the Wigwam in 1860 ; the site today is at 191 North Wacker and is designated as a Chicago Landmark .
James Kinzie built the Green Tree Tavern at the northeastern corner of Canal and Lake Streets in 1833 . The tavern went through a succession of owners and name changes before being moved in 1880 to 33 , 35 , and 37 Milwaukee Avenue . In 1902 plans were made to preserve the building and move it to Garfield Park , however the hotel collapsed before work could start on this project .
Rev. Jesse Walker started the first church on June 14 , 1831 , with ten members in a log cabin . In 1838 , the congregation floated their log cabin across the Chicago River and rolled it on logs to the corner of Washington and Clark Streets , where it is now the First United Methodist Church Chicago Temple .
Archibald Clybourn 's ferry across the North Branch of the river was replaced by a bridge in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and a bridge across the South Branch of the river located between Lake and Randolph Streets was added in the winter of 1832 and 1833 . Early settlers J. D. Caton , John Bates , Charles Cleaver , and John Noble wrote in a letter in the fall of 1883 that both of these bridges were constructed of logs ; they were about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) wide , and cleared the river by
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"
at once objecting " To the last four words we demur , as being altogether unproved . Why æsthetic considerations ? " Wallace then spends a whole page attacking Poulton on " the possession of an ' æsthetic sense ' by those creatures in which sexual ornament occurs " . Wallace objects that Poulton asserts the reality of sexual selection with no proof other than mentioning that insects can perceive colour , and that " a few birds collect bright objects , as in the case of the bower @-@ birds " .
Wallace gives a detailed counter @-@ example to refute Poulton 's argument , arguing that " really beautiful combinations of colour and marking " are found on the sea shells of molluscs " where sexual selection has certainly not come into play " . To make the point , Wallace lists
" the cones , cowries , olives , harps , volutes , pectens , and innumerable other molluscan shells ; while many of the sea @-@ anemones , and considerable numbers of the caterpillars with warning colours , are equally beautiful . "
And that was not all . Wallace continued :
" Still more doubtful and more opposed to reasonable probability is the statement that ' our standards of beauty are largely derived from the contemplation of the numerous examples around us , which ... have been created by the æsthetic preferences of the insect world ' --alluding ... to the colours and structures of flowers as being due to the need of attracting insects to fertilize them . "
There was , Wallace insisted , " not a particle of evidence " of aesthetic preferences in " an insect 's very limited mentality " . The mention of the term aesthetic was " not scientific " .
After so many " preceding remarks " against " the theory of sexual selection " , Wallace concludes that " The book is well illustrated by numerous excellent woodcuts and a coloured plate " , congratulates Poulton on " having produced so readable and suggestive a volume " , and on having " contributed so largely " by " his own researches " into animal coloration .
= = = = New York Times = = = =
An anonymous reviewer in the New York Times wrote that " Mr Poulton wishes first of all to put himself right with regard to his attitude to Darwinism " , mentioning that in 1888 he had been cited in the Edinburgh Review as attacking Darwinism . The reviewer hastens to agree that Poulton is in fact " ready to combat Wallace , his master , on points wherein that great fellow @-@ laborer with Charles Darwin dissents from the latter 's views . "
As an example of this , the reviewer mentions Poulton 's argument that Wallace must be wrong that " the coloring whereby the sexes often differ one from the other in a startling way is occasioned by a surplus vitality " because " sexual colors are only developed in species which court by day or twilight " and then only on parts of the body which the female " would oftenest and best see them " .
The New York Times reviewer argued that the title should have been less general " for readers are sure to demand too much from so comprehensive a term " , given that Poulton refers mainly to insects rather than " wild beasts " , but in the end he agreed " that Mr. Poulton has written a very suggestive treatise , well fitted for the general reader " .
= = = = E.D. Cope in American Naturalist = = = =
The Neo @-@ Lamarckian Edward Drinker Cope , reviewing the book for the American Naturalist , writes that " Mr. Poulton supports his own theory of the direct physiological value of the uses of colour to animals by a large amount of experimental evidence brought together from many sources " . Cope is attracted by " a detail of great interest " in a caterpillar 's camouflage " by the semblance of a small hole to indicate piercing by insect larvae " ( ichneumon flies , since they avoid caterpillars that are already parasitised ) , and is impressed by Poulton 's observations of " perhaps the most perfect concealment attained by any butterfly " in the dead leaf butterfly Kallima , first described by Alfred Russel Wallace .
While admiring of Poulton 's detailed observations , Cope is critical of his support for Darwin , arguing that Poulton fails to explain how the variability that natural selection needs to work on actually arises . ( The mechanisms of mutation and genetics were not to become adequately understood until the twentieth century rediscovery of Mendel 's work . )
Cope also objects to Poulton 's critique of Lamarckism , where in a footnote he cites S.B.J. Skertchly as writing that " other butterflies noticed this immunity [ and ] copied it , to which Cope replies as that " even the American Neo @-@ Lamarckians [ like Cope ] do not follow their founder so far as to believe that the volition of an animal could account for all the details of mimetic resemblance . "
= = = = Science journal = = = =
Science reviewed the book in November 1890 . The reviewer remarks that " It is impossible in this brief notice to do full justice to the wealth of interesting examples with which the author presents us " , and
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notes that unlike the " hackneyed " examples of mimicry and camouflage in other textbooks , " Many of the observations are original . " The reviewer remarks , also , on the " decided antithesis between warning and protective colors " , animals being either " as conspicuous as possible " , or as cryptic as possible , while the conspicuous ones " are usually accompanied by a nauseating taste , strongly smelling or irritant fluids , etc . "
The reviewer notes more critically that additional examples of mimicry might have been given , such as of Hymenoptera ( bees and wasps ) mimicked by Diptera ( flies ) , and would have liked fuller treatment of Bates 's " South American heliconids and pierids " . The reviewer finds the closing chapters on " colors used in courtship " the most interesting of the book , since zoologists disagreed widely on the subject , and notes that Poulton sided with Darwin and against Wallace " who denies that the so @-@ called secondary sexual characters " can " owe their origin to sexual selection " . The reviewer , siding with Poulton , writes that " It would be difficult , we believe , to explain many of the facts cited by Poulton , notably Peckham 's observations on the courtship of spiders , from Wallace 's standpoint . " The review ends with a brief discussion of Poulton 's table classifying animal coloration , predicting ( correctly ) that the " Greek derivatives " such as pseudaposematic and pseudepisematic will not be generally adopted .
= = = = British Medical Journal = = = =
The British Medical Journal reviewed the book in July 1890 . The review begins by noting that the pre @-@ Darwinian view of colour " to @-@ day appears almost ridiculous " , adding that " we now know " that colour is of benefit to the animal , and is subject to natural selection . The reviewer writes that it is among Lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) that " protective resemblance or ' cryptic coloration ' is most beautifully illustrated , and the book teems with instances " of these , noting that Poulton had " made this part of the subject his own " . The review quotes examples including the twig larvae of the Brimstone moth and the " terrifying attitude " of the Puss moth caterpillar .
The reviewer , noting Wallace 's different opinion , has no difficulty with Poulton 's view of sexual selection , that it is " due to an aesthetic sense in the [ female ] animals " , and likes Poulton 's expression that " Natural Selection is a qualifying examination which must be passed by all candidates for honours ; Sexual Selection is an honours examination in which many who have passed the previous examination will be rejected . " The review objects to the " thick type headings to the subdivision of chapters " which it finds too much like " the ' new journalism ' " . It concludes by urging readers to compare the book with Darwin 's Descent of Man and with Wallace 's Darwinism .
= = = Modern view = = =
Poulton was a staunch supporter of Darwin , through a period when there was no adequate theory of heredity and both natural selection and sexual selection had become unpopular among scientists , and was attacked for his support both in The Colours of Animals and outside it . And he is recognised as the first scientist to identify frequency @-@ dependent selection , as described in this book . By 1919 , the book was being described in Nature as a classic work .
Poulton is paid homage by J.A. Allen and B.C. Clarke for his pioneering work on frequency dependent selection " by predators acting on non @-@ mimetic polymorphic prey ( i.e. for apostatic selection ) , anticipating many of the points made by later workers . We draw attention to his remarkable insight . "
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography comments that Poulton 's book " concisely and simply explained the many forms of coloration in terms of natural selection ; these forms he ingeniously summarized in a comparative table introducing terms which became the standard nomenclature . "
In her book The Ant and the Peacock : Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today , the Darwinian philosopher and rationalist Helena Cronin writes that in The Colours of Animals , Poulton defended Darwin 's theory of sexual selection , stressing the role of female choice . She suggests that while people have therefore taken Poulton for a staunch Darwinist and supporter of sexual selection , he " lost his initial enthusiasm for the theory " and " came to relegate it to a very minor position " in evolution . She writes that Poulton 's position was highly influential , stating that later " Darwinian experts on coloration " followed his views , citing Frank Evers Beddard 's 1892 Animal Coloration as evidence .
In his Introduction to Hugh Bamford Cott 's 1940 book Adaptive Coloration in Animals , Julian Huxley praised Cott 's work as " a worthy successor to Sir Edward Poulton 's The Colours of Animals ... The one was a pioneer study , the other is in many respects the last word on the subject " .
= = = Primary = = =
This list identifies where in Poulton 's book the quotations used come from .
= = = Secondary = = =
= The Snowman ( fairy tale ) =
" The Snowman " is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a snowman who falls in love with a stove . It was published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen as Sneemanden on 2 March 1861 . Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager describes the tale as a lyrical and poignant complement to Andersen 's " The Fir @-@ Tree " of December 1844 .
Wullschlager believes " The Snowman " was the product in part of Andersen ’ s " pining and discontent over " Harald Scharff , a handsome young dancer at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen . According to Wullschlager , the two men entered a relationship in the early 1860s that brought the poet " some kind of sexual fulfillment and a temporary end to loneliness . " It was the only homosexual affair during Andersen 's life that brought him happiness .
= = Plot = =
" The Snowman " begins with its eponymous hero standing in the garden of a manor house watching the sun set and the moon rise .. He is only a day old , and quite naive and inexperienced . His sole companion is a watchdog who warns him that the sun will make him run into the ditch . The dog senses a change in the weather , enters his kennel and goes to sleep .
At dawn , the land is covered in frosty whiteness when a young couple enter the garden to admire the scene and the Snowman . When they leave , the dog tells the Snowman the couple are sweethearts who will someday move into " the same kennel and share their bones " . He then recounts happier days when he slept under the stove in the housekeeper ‘ s room as a pampered pet . The Snowman can see the stove through a window in the house and believes it is female . He falls in love . The Snowman longs to be in the room with the stove , but the dog warns him he would melt .
All day the Snowman gazes upon the stove , and , at twilight , the stove glows . When the door of the room is opened , the flames leap out of the stove and glow upon the snowman 's face and chest . He is delighted . In the morning , the window is covered with frost and the Snowman cannot see the stove . He is stove @-@ sick and cannot enjoy the frosty weather . The dog warns the snowman of an imminent change in the weather . A thaw descends , and , one morning , the snowman collapses . The dog finds a stove poker used to build the snowman within his remains , and then understands why the snowman longed for the stove , " That 's what moved inside him ... Now he is over that , too ! " The girls in the house sing a springtime carol and the snowman is forgotten .
= = Background = =
Scholars have noted Andersen was attracted to both men and women during his middle years . Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager observes , " Andersen 's diaries leave no doubt that he was attracted to both sexes ; that at times he longed for a physical relationship with a woman and that other times he was involved in physical liaisons with men . " Andersen biographer Alison Prince comments , " It is obvious that Andersen struggled throughout his life with a painful sense of greatness and of being different from others . This was partly due to the suppressed homosexuality which set
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food is also a threat . Ceramic glaze often contains lead , and dishes that have been improperly fired can leach the metal into food , potentially causing severe poisoning . In some places , the solder in cans used for food contains lead . When manufacturing medical instruments and hardware , solder containing lead may be present . People who eat animals hunted with lead bullets may be at risk for lead exposure . Bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead , but bullets lodged in the joints are the exception , as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time .
In May 2015 , Indian food safety regulators in the state of Uttar Pradesh found that samples of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles contained lead up to 17 times beyond permissible limits . On 3 June 2015 , New Delhi Government banned the sale of Maggi noodles in New Delhi stores for 15 days because it was found to contain lead beyond the permissible limit . The Gujarat FDA on June 4 , 2015 banned the noodles for 30 days after 27 out of 39 samples were detected with objectionable levels of metallic lead , among other things . Some India 's biggest retailers like Future Group , Big Bazaar , Easyday and Nilgiris have imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi noodles . Many other states too have banned Maggi noodles .
= = = Bullets = = =
Contact with ammunition is a source of lead exposure . As of 2013 , lead @-@ based ammunition production is the second largest annual use of lead in the US , accounting for over 60 @,@ 000 metric tons consumed in 2012 , second only to the manufacture of storage batteries . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) does not regulate lead , as a matter of law . Lead birdshot is banned in some areas , but this is primarily for the benefit of the birds and their predators , rather than humans . Non @-@ lead alternatives include steel , tungsten @-@ nickel @-@ iron , bismuth @-@ tin , and tungsten @-@ polymer .
Because game animals can be shot using lead bullets , the potential for lead ingestion from game meat consumption has been studied clinically and epidemiologically . In a recent study conducted by the CDC , a cohort from North Dakota was enrolled and asked to self @-@ report historical consumption of game meat , and participation in other activities that could cause lead exposure . The study found that participants ' age , sex , housing age , current hobbies with potential for lead exposure , and game consumption were all associated with blood lead level ( PbB ) .
This study has been cited by popular media as simple evidence that hunting increases exposure to lead poisoning , prompting the University of Illinois Extension to release a statement that there is no such risk . Concerning the CDC report , the authors ' conclusion in a related Epi @-@ AID Trip Report notes the small increase associated with game consumption in the study , and urges interpretation with respect to environmental context :
While this study suggests that consumption of wild game meat can adversely affect PbB , no participant had PbB higher than the CDC recommended threshold of 10μg / dl — the level at which CDC recommends case management ; and the geometric mean PbB among this study population ( 1.17μg / dl ) was lower than the overall population geometric mean PbB in the United States ( 1 @.@ 60 μg / dl ) . The clinical significance of low PbB in this sample population and the small quantitative increase of 0.30μg / dl in PbB associated with wild game consumption should be interpreted in the context of naturally occurring PbB .
Copper @-@ jacketed , lead @-@ based bullets are more economical to produce and use than lead or any other material . Alternative materials are available such as steel , copper , and tungsten , but alternatives are universally less effective and / or more expensive . However , the biggest impediment to using the vast majority of alternatives relates to current laws in the United States pertaining to armor @-@ piercing rounds . Laws and regulations relating to armor @-@ piercing ammunition expressly prohibit the use of brass , bronze , steel , tungsten , and nearly every metallic alternative in any bullet that can be shot by a handgun , which at this time is nearly every caliber smaller than 50BMG ( including the popular .223 Remington , .308 Winchester and .30 @-@ 06 to name just a few ) . Some lead @-@ based bullets are resistant to fragmentation , offering hunters the ability to clean game animals with negligible risk of including lead fragments in prepared meat . Other bullets are prone to fragmentation and exacerbate the risk of lead ingestion from prepared meat . In practice , use of a non @-@ fragmenting bullet and proper cleaning of the game animal 's wound can eliminate the risk of lead ingestion from eating game ; however , isolating such practice to experimentally determine its association with blood lead levels in study is difficult . Bismuth is an element used as a lead @-@ replacement for shotgun pellets used in waterfowl hunting although shotshells made from bismuth are nearly ten times the cost of lead .
= = Pathophysiology = =
Exposure occurs through inhalation , ingestion or occasionally skin contact . Lead may be taken in through direct contact with mouth , nose , and eyes ( mucous membranes ) , and through breaks in the skin . Tetraethyllead , which was a gasoline additive and is still used in fuels such as aviation fuel , passes through the skin ; however inorganic lead found in paint , food , and most lead @-@ containing consumer
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@ thinning in raptors . The ornithologists who collected the eggs could never have known that their work would one day help establish causes for declines and help in making conservation strategies to save bird such as peregrine falcons from possible extinction .
As threats to bird populations grow and extinctions continue , historical specimens are valuable in documenting the impacts of human activities and causes of decline for threatened species . Other possible uses for bird specimens not known today may arise in the future .
= = Collection debates = =
The issue of whether birds should continue to be actively collected for research has been the subject of some debate among ornithologists ( examples of this can be found in the lively exchanges between Remsen and Bekoff & Elzanowski , between Vuilleumier and Donegan , and between Dubois & Nemesio and Donegan ) . Those opposed to collecting believe that much of current collecting is unnecessary , arguably motivated by the personal field scores of individuals or by competition between museums , rather than the result of a strict scientific rationale ; that collecting , in extreme cases of species on the verge of extinction , can pose a threat to bird populations ; and that in many cases in which the necessity of specimens is claimed , new technology such as digital photography and blood sample analysis of mist @-@ netted individuals could instead be used . Finally , at a time of rampant deforestation and species extinctions , scientists and conservationists should take the lead in providing an example to local people not to kill or hunt birds . Where other techniques not involving killing of a bird are feasible , to take a specimen is viewed by some as simply unethical . Proponents of collecting counter @-@ argue that compared to the many millions of birds killed each year by habitat destruction , domestic cats , window strikes , and tower kills , scientists collect only a few thousand birds per year worldwide and populations will quickly recover from an episode of collecting as long as their habitat remains . Supporters of continued collecting also point to the greater scientific utility and legacy of museum specimens compared to blood samples or photographs , and argue that collecting for research offers the only source of avian mortality with a positive outcome for birds in terms of the biological knowledge gained . Although taking small blood samples from wild birds is often viewed as a harmless alternative to collecting , it reduces survival by as much as 33 % and does not provide the benefits of a voucher specimen . Scientists have pointed out that bird populations represent renewable resources , and that scientific collecting represents only a tiny and non @-@ additive proportion of annual bird mortality . However , examples exist of species whose extinction was directly contributed to by museum collecting ( e.g. Guadalupe caracara , ivory @-@ billed woodpecker ) .
= Gervase de Cornhill =
Gervase de Cornhill ( sometimes Gervase of Cornhill ; c . 1110 @-@ c . 1183 ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman royal official and sheriff . Beginning his royal service as a justice in London in 1147 , he continued to serve both King Stephen of England and Henry II until his death around 1183 . He played a minor role in the Becket controversy in 1170 .
= = Early life = =
According to the medievalist Katharine Keats @-@ Rohan , Gervase was the son of Roger , who was the nephew of Hubert the queen 's chamberlain . Other scholars are less sure that Gervase was Roger 's son , and argue that Gervase was Hubert 's nephew . Gervase was likely born around 1110 . He married Agnes , the daughter of Edward of Cornhill . After his marriage , he became known as de Cornhill because of his wife 's property .
= = Royal administrator = =
Gervase was royal justice in London in 1147 , and continued to claim that title through the 1170s on his personal seal . He was one of the members of the royal administration under King Stephen of England . Gervase was also a merchant and financier . Around 1143 he loaned money to Stephen 's wife Matilda of Boulogne , and received in pledge land at Gamlingay in Cambridgeshire . The queen was unable to repay the debt , and the lands pledged eventually became Gervase 's . Gervase also loaned money to Hugh Tirel , son of Walter Tirel , in 1146 to enable Hugh to go on the Second Crusade . In return , Hugh pledged the manor of Langham in Essex to Gervase .
Gervase held the office of Sheriff of London in 1155 through 1157 , 1160 and 1161 , and may have held that office between 1159 and 1160 as well . He also held the office of Sheriff of Surrey from 1163 until his death as well as the office of Sheriff of Kent from 1167 to 1174 . Gervase was named a judge on one of the eyre circuits in 1170 .
= = Later life = =
In 1170 , Gervase was involved with attempts to keep Thomas Becket , who had been in exile , from returning to England . Working with Gervase were Roger de Pont L 'Évêque the Archbishop of York , Gilbert Foliot the Bishop of London , Josceline de Bohon the Bishop of Salisbury , Reginald de Warenne the Sheriff of Sussex , and Ranulf de Broc . Gervase was part of the party that met Becket at Sandwich on 1 December 1070 when the archbishop returned to England . The lay members of the group , led by Gervase , complained that the archbishop was sowing dissension in the land by his excommunication of the three ecclesiastics who were with the group , but Becket managed to calm the officials by stating he would consider the matter and reply to them the next day . The next day the group was accompanied by some clergy sent by the ecclesiastics who had been excommunicated by Becket . Nothing further was accomplished by this meeting except further offers from Becket to consider other options . Afterwards , Gervase and Ranulf de Broc tried to discover which of the citizens of London had welcomed Becket back into the kingdom , but were frustrated by refusal of the London clergy to appear and by the laymen refusing to answer to anything but royal writs .
Gervase may be identical with the Gervase who in 1174 presented a loyalty speech to King Henry II from the citizens of London . In 1177 Gervase , along with Richard de Luci , the justiciar and Roger fitzReinfrid , assessed land taxes and heard judicial cases in Middlesex and Hampshire .
Gervase held lands in London inherited from his father @-@ in @-@ law , lands in Kent from his father , and lands in Gamlingay which he got through a mortgage . He also acquired other lands in Essex and Surrey . He also gave lands at Greenwich and East Lewisham to St. Peter 's Abbey in Ghent and other lands to Holy Trinity Priory at Aldgate .
= = Death and legacy = =
Gervase died between Michaelmas in 1183 and Michaelmas 1184 . Gervase 's offspring were Henry , Reginald ( or Rainald ) , and Ralph . Ralph was also Sheriff of Kent ( 1191 – 1192 ) and Surrey ( 1191 – 1194 ) . The medieval writer William of Canterbury stated of Gervase that he was " thinking of his usurious two @-@ thirds and hundredths rather than of what was good and right " .
= Exoplanet =
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet that orbits a star other than the Sun . Starting in 1988 , and as of 15 July 2016 , there have been 3 @,@ 472 exoplanets in 2 @,@ 597 planetary systems and 589 multiple planetary systems confirmed . HARPS ( since 2004 ) has discovered about a hundred exoplanets while the Kepler space telescope ( since 2009 ) has found more than two thousand . Kepler has also detected a few thousand candidate planets , of which about 11 % may be false positives . On average , there is at least one planet per star , with a percentage having multiple planets . About 1 in 5 Sun @-@ like stars have an " Earth @-@ sized " planet in the habitable zone , with the nearest expected to be within 12 light @-@ years distance from Earth . Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way , that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earth @-@ sized planets in the Milky Way , rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous red dwarfs are included .
The least massive planet known is Draugr ( formally PSR B1257 + 12 A ) , which is about twice the mass of the Moon . The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS @-@ P J082303.1 @-@ 491201 b , about 29 times the mass of Jupiter , although according
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States has not won the event at Olympic level .
After the Olympics , Evans moved to the United States to study business and compete for the University of Arizona . He was less successful in the short @-@ course format used at college level , which placed more reliance on efficient turns . Evans returned to Australia for the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane , winning silver in the 100 m breaststroke and gold in the medley relay . He competed in his second Olympics in Los Angeles in 1984 , winning bronze in both the 100 m breaststroke and the medley relay . Evans retired after missing selection for the 1986 Commonwealth Games and attempted to follow his father into politics . He unsuccessfully stood as the candidate for the Liberal Party of Australia in the electoral district of Perth at the 1986 state election , before pursuing a career in business .
= = Early years = =
The second of four children , Evans was born into an affluent family in Perth , Western Australia . His father Max was a chartered accountant who went on to become a politician for the Liberal Party in the state 's Upper House . Max was the president of the Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a senior partner in the accounting firm founded by Sir Charles Court , then premier of Western Australia , who was credited with modernising the state and transforming its lucrative mining industry . Max was an honorary member of the Australian Chamber of Commerce . The Evans family had a sporting pedigree . Max had been a state champion athletics sprinter at youth level and won a gold , a silver and three bronze medals as part of Western Australian relay teams at the Australian Championships . Evans ' mother Barbara , a physiotherapist , was a capable swimmer and won a half @-@ blue in netball at the University of Western Australia .
Evans attended the exclusive Scotch College in Perth for his entire primary and high school years . He was initially a self @-@ taught swimmer , having observed his father in the water . He recalled that " As I didn 't like to get up early , I didn 't get swim instruction until my sixth grade at Scotch College " . Evans later trained and competed for the school swimming team in summer as well as the field hockey team . Evans enjoyed success in all four strokes at school level , but was most proficient at breaststroke and chose to specialise in it , commenting that " I 'd rather be good at one stroke than mediocre in four " . Thereafter , he was undefeated in breaststroke at school level . Evans learned the " whip kick " from Ian Dickson , brother of Olympic freestyle swimming medallist David Dickson . Evans later honed his endurance ability under Kevin Duff and his sprinting ability under Bernie Mulroy .
= = National debut = =
In November 1978 , Evans broke the Western Australian record for the 100 m breaststroke during his final year at school . He and his father decided that he should step up his swimming career , and Evans entered the 1979 Australian Championships in Perth . Despite only four weeks of solid training leading up to the meet , Evans came second to Lindsay Spencer . However , Evans was omitted from the Australian squad that toured Britain because he was an unknown swimmer . After the meet , Evans vowed to become an elite swimmer and Olympian . A week later , Evans travelled to England to train at Crystal Palace in London under David Haller , coach of future Olympic breaststroke gold medallist Duncan Goodhew . Evans did so feeling that there was insufficient coaching support for breaststrokers in Australia . In three months of training in London , Evans had risen up the breaststroke rankings from outside the top 200 into the top 25 . He returned to Australia and won selection in the national team for the FINA ( Fédération Internationale de Natation ) World Cup in Japan , before returning to London for more training .
Evans returned to Australia in 1980 to compete at the Australian Championships , which doubled as the Olympic trials . His sojourn in the United Kingdom meant that he was a virtual unknown in his home country . He set a national record in winning the 100 m breaststroke in a time of 1 m 4 @.@ 80 s and also qualified for his less preferred 200 m event . During the Olympic training camp in Brisbane , the Australian coaches tried to get Evans to cover more mileage at training . Evans ' teammates recalled him stopping during a pool session and emphatically proclaiming that " Work is a poor substitute for talent " . In 2000 , more than a decade after his retirement , he was still using this slogan . Evans was confident in his own training methods and refused to bend to the coaches . His teammate Mark Tonelli said that Evans " knew what he was capable of and as far as he was concerned , he was capable of anything " .
= = 1980 Moscow Olympics = =
Having qualified to swim for Australia , another obstacle arose with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , which resulted in a boycott of the Games by a large part of the Western world , led by the United States . The Australian prime minister , Malcolm Fraser , was also the patron of the Australian Olympic Committee , and significant political pressure came to bear on the athletes to boycott the Games . Evans ' relay team @-@ mate Tonelli believed that only the sportspeople would suffer from a boycott and that trade relations would continue unabated . He took a leadership role among the athletes to fight for their right to compete and publicise their cause among the Australian public . Evans was fully supportive of Tonelli 's campaign , reflecting that " We were political tools , and the only ones to suffer would be us . " He rhetorically asked : " Do you really think that if we didn 't go someone would come up to us after the Games and pat us on the back for not going ? "
Having arrived in Moscow , Evans ' first event was the 100 m breaststroke , which the Soviets were favoured to win . Evans ' former flat @-@ mate and training partner Goodhew was another of the favourites . Evans placed equal first in his heat and advanced to the final as the fourth @-@ fastest qualifier , along with Goodhew , two Soviets and fellow Australian Spencer . In a hard @-@ fought final , Goodhew won the gold medal , while Evans narrowly missed out on silver , finishing 0 @.@ 14 s behind the Soviet Union 's Arsens Miskarovs to claim bronze in a time of 1 m 3 @.@ 96 s . Evans was just 0 @.@ 04 s ahead of Aleksandr Fyodorovsky , another swimmer from the host nation . Reflecting on the race , Evans felt that his lack of experience compared with Goodhew was a factor in his loss . Evans felt that Goodhew had " psyched [ him ] out " . Evans was less successful in the 200 m — not his preferred distance . He came fourth in his heat in a time of 2 m 26 @.@ 62 s , which saw him eliminated with the 12th @-@ fastest time , some three seconds slower than what was needed to make the final .
= = = Relay victory = = =
The 4 × 100 m medley relay was the focal point of Evans ' Moscow campaign . The event had always been won by the United States since its inception at Olympic level in 1960 , and their boycott had opened up the field in the event . In the five times the event had been contested , Australia 's best result was a silver in the inaugural race . A bronze in 1964 was the only other medal success , and the 1976 edition of the medley relay had seen Australia eliminated in the heats . This time , Australia was regarded as a medal chance , but were not seen as the main threats — Sweden , Great Britain and the Soviet Union were the most favoured teams to win . The hosts ' team included the silver medallists in the 100 m backstroke and breaststroke , and their butterflyer had come fifth . Later , their freestyler would place fourth . The British had Goodhew , the breaststroke gold medallist , while Sweden 's butterflyer and backstroker had won their respective events and their freestyle swimmer would come second in the 100 m . On paper , Australia 's team paled in comparison . Neil Brooks , the freestyler , would come 14th
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was " carrying its cases too fast and too far " , and that Trotter suffered from a " mental malady " . The Guardian had limited circulation , but was highly influential as one of only 200 African @-@ American publications in the country . It suffered financially due to Trotter 's poor accounting and inattention due to his heavy schedule . Forbes , who principally worked as a librarian in the city library , left the business in 1904 because of Booker T. Washington 's legal assaults on the newspaper and pressure by Washington supporters on his employers . Trotter 's wife , and later his sister , assisted in the paper 's publication .
Trotter , in a deliberate move , transferred the Guardian 's offices in 1907 to the same building that had once housed William Lloyd Garrison 's Liberator . Trotter idolized Garrison , a leading abolitionist agitator before the Civil War , and had studied his methods . He was a regular correspondent with Garrison 's sons William , Jr. and Francis Garrison .
The Guardian was always unprofitable , a condition that was exacerbated by Trotter 's refusal to take advertising for alcohol and tobacco . He sold off all of his Boston @-@ area properties by 1910 to raise funds for the newspaper , and he was lax in collecting payments from his subscribers . In his later years , the quality of the publication noticeably declined , and its operations were propped up by a local community group 's fund @-@ raising activities .
= = Attacking the African @-@ American establishment = =
In the early 1900s Trotter noticed that racial segregation was spreading in Boston : the number of hotels , restaurants , and other public establishments refusing service to African Americans was increasing . He came to realize that , in order to effect real change , the radical message needed to be taken out of Boston , and began organizing protest meetings across New England in 1903 . At the suggestion of Trotter , William H. Ferris went to Washington D.C. in January 1903 . Ferris gave a presentation critical to Booker T. Washington in front of the Bethel Literary and Historical Society on January 6 , 1903 . Richard W. Thompson gave spoke in support of Washington as replies at the Second Baptist Lyceum on January 25 and Jesse Lawson did the same on February 3 . In 1999 , Jacqueline M. Moore argued that Thompson 's paper failed to hold his ground against Ferris , who was present at the talk .
His long @-@ term objective was to effect policy changes in the National Afro @-@ American Council , then the only national @-@ level organization of African Americans . At the group 's annual meeting in Louisville , Kentucky , Trotter and others introduced resolutions calling for more activism , but Booker T. Washington supporters ( also known as " Bookerites " ) , who controlled the council , saw to their defeat . One commentator wrote that the " Boston idiots " had been treated " in delightful fashion " . The Guardian described the convention as " dominated to death by one man " . The activities of the radicals at the convention did bring them some national press . Trotter continued to criticize Washington in the Guardian ; his attacks were particularly harsh and personal , and brought a bitter tinge to the disagreement .
In this period , while the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South to the North was beginning , blacks in the two regions dealt with different conditions . The vast majority of the millions of African Americans still lived in the South , many in rural areas where they were the majority population . But they were effectively disfranchised by new electoral rules and state constitutions , utterly closed out of the political process . This situation would continue , despite some temporarily effective court challenges , through the 1960s . Washington believed he had to help this population within the constraints of their environment . At the same time , he secretly funded legal challenges against the voter registration and electoral restrictions . Trotter and other radicals tended to come from the North , where African Americans exercised more rights in daily life , including the suffrage , were more urbanized , and had achieved more in work and education , but were still subject to discrimination .
Following their failure to advance the radical agenda in Louisville , Trotter and the other radicals sought a more sympathetic forum in which to attack Booker T. Washington . An opportunity arrived when Washington was set to speak in Boston in July 1903 . When the Tuskegee Institute leader was introduced to a visibly hostile crowd , a small riot broke out . Trotter , who had arrived prepared with several provocative questions to ask Washington , attempted to read them over the din of the melee . He was among the arrested , and the " Boston riot " received national press coverage . Trotter later claimed that there was no plan to break up the meeting . Bookerites pressed charges against Trotter for disrupting the meeting ; defended by Archibald Grimké , Trotter was convicted and spent thirty days in the Charles Street Jail . Although the Bookerites had hoped to discredit the radicals with the trial , they gained them wider publicity . After the trial , Trotter founded the Boston Suffrage League ( 1903 ) , and when a New England Suffrage League was founded in 1904 , Trotter was elected president .
Washington countered Trotter 's attacks with a variety of tactics . He took various legal actions against Trotter , including at least one libel suit and criminal charges . In addition , he used his network to apply pressure to Trotter 's supporters in their workplaces ( in some cases government and academic positions ) . In addition , he had other sympathizers secretly infiltrate and report on activist meetings organized by Trotter and others . Washington also provided financial support and expertise to start other publications in Boston to counter Trotter 's radical voice . As a result of such activities , Trotter 's printer dropped the activist and his newspaper as a client . But Trotter found another printer and continued publishing the Guardian despite the setback .
= = Niagara Movement and the NAACP = =
In the early months of 1905 , Booker T. Washington sought to create an umbrella organization to represent all the major African @-@ American leaders of the day . Du Bois and Grimké were the two most radical leaders invited to its early organizational meetings , but both eventually refused to ally with Washington , whom they saw as dominating the group . Du Bois , Trotter , and two others organized a meeting of radicals from across the nation in western New York . Meeting in July just across the Canadian border in Fort Erie , Ontario they founded the Niagara Movement . Organized so that no one man could dominate it , the group espoused a radical declaration of principles ( authored by Trotter and Du Bois ) , calling for agitation for equal economic opportunity and exercise of full civil rights for African Americans . The organization was soon divided internally by political and personal disagreements , and Washington worked from outside against its growth .
During the early months of 1906 , friction began to develop between Du Bois and Trotter over the admission of women to the organization . Du Bois supported the idea , and Trotter opposed it , but eventually relented . The matter was smoothed over during the 1906 meeting . Their division became more significant when Trotter split with Clement Morgan , a longtime supporter and Movement member , over Massachusetts politics and control of the local Movement chapter . Du Bois sided with Morgan and , when the Movement met in Boston in 1907 , he reappointed Morgan to a leading position in the organization . Attempts to heal the rift failed , and Trotter resigned from the Movement . Because of these difficulties , the organization had effectively collapsed by 1908 . The break between Trotter and Du Bois was permanent , and they never worked directly together again . Du Bois wrote in 1909 that it was " utterly impossible to work with Mr. Trotter . "
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Care " was hand ‑ aligning every single drum shot as it was time @-@ consuming . He said , " It 's super ‑ monotonous , but it 's the best way I can do it . If you Beat Detective the drums to the grid , it 's never perfect . " As the layering of the drums had to be right on the millisecond , Swivel did one kick and snare at a time . This helped him ensure that the kicks line up with the programmed drums , hence preventing any phase inversion . Accordingly , each drum punched through as strongly as the last . The inspiration for the main drum sound on " I Care " came to Swivel at around four o 'clock in the morning during a mixing session . He took a large plate sound from Avid ’ s D ‑ Verb plug ‑ in , rolled the high frequencies off at 8 @.@ 6 kHz , and sent it through an SSL channel strip with a gate on it , setting the release time to 0 @.@ 6 seconds . He said , " It 's a really basic plug ‑ in , and I used a very [ 19 ] 80s ‑ sounding gated reverb . "
Once he had the sound , he rolled off the bottom to " take the muddiness out " . It was actually double reverbed ; the gated reverb was only on the snares and the toms , and the rest of the kit as a whole had another plate reverb , which came off the Lexicon 960 , for smoothing it out . Swivel said that it actually took him five minutes . According to him , the sound obtained was " a little unorthodox " and therefore , he tried to refine it . Beyoncé thought that it was better the way Swivel did it originally . Swivel commented , " ... and in all honesty , whatever works first is usually going to work best . You end up finding something you like about it , and that 's where the emotional attachment to a sound comes into play . " Swivel often replaces or augments sounds with samples , trying to realise the producer 's vision . Similarly in " I Care " , he added a couple of kicks underneath the original kick and pitched them down an octave , so that " [ the listener ] could not hear them but could feel them on big speakers . " Swivel further said that it started with " a dark , almost warehouse ‑ sounding " kick , and he then added a little thump to it .
Swivel dedicated much time in getting the vocal sound right , which according to him is crucial while working with Beyoncé 's music . He further explained , " I only put a quick EQ on the vocal at the end of a recording session if I have been cutting her , but mixing is far more particular , so I spent a lot of time dialling in the perfect frequency . " For the delay throws in the verses on " I Care " , he sent it through a large hall reverb at 50 percent — half reverb , half clean — then through an Amp Farm plug ‑ in for the grittiness , and that then went through a quarter ‑ note delay . In the bridge , é matches the guitar solo vocally — that was doubled — and one of the vocal tracks has an Amp Farm on it to add to that grittiness . To do justice to the multitude of vocal tracks within the song , Swivel created a stereo field using some clever panning techniques and a Waves S1 Imager plug ‑ in . He said that it was worth noting that whenever he mixes a record , " I hate hard ‑ panned L / R. To get the right width , I pan them all differently in pairs : 40 / 40 , 60 / 60 , 70 / 70 , 80 / 80 , 90 / 90 , and OK , maybe one is 100 / 100 , but this process is ultimately what creates the stereo field . " Swivel used Waves ' SSL E ‑ Channel plug ‑ in to shape Beyoncé 's lead vocal . He took a Waves S1 Imager and spread with that without isolating he width . He added that something is hard ‑ panned , it feels too isolated and also confuses the listener 's ears . Swivel explained further , " I like smooth sound , and with B [ eyoncé ] that works fine as she ’ s so good at matching everything . I like a wall of background vocals . It 's the best way of putting your vocal in every area of the stereo field : a wide sound , but you ’ ve still got something there in the middle . "
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" I Care " is an R & B power ballad . According to Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun , the song contains elements of futuristic soul music and rock music . It is built on a hand @-@ clapped rhythm , various melodies , pulsating as well as palpitating beats and a lone synth
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note underneath . " I Care " is instrumentally complete with screeching guitars , synthesizers , a thrashing drum machine , dense percussion instrument , and a piano . Holly Gleason of Paste magazine commented that " I Care " aurally resembles Peter Gabriel 's " Solsbury Hill " ( 1977 ) . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle and Matthew Horton of BBC felt that the emotion and the chords present in " I Care " are reminiscent of Prince 's " Purple Rain " ( 1984 ) . Horton added that it " near @-@ equals ' 1 + 1 ' and ' I Miss You ' tug heartstrings too " . Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote that Beyoncé 's vocals over the guitar solo on " I Care " could have spun off a song by Journey . The New York Times ' Jon Caramanica compared the song with Janet Jackson 's earlier materials . Melinda Newman of the website HitFix compared the echo @-@ chamber beats with Phil Collins ' work and also noted that it was similar with Leona Lewis ' material .
Throughout the song , Beyoncé airs out her feelings to an indifferent partner , and delivers " indignation and beauty in equal measure " , as stated by Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune . This view was echoed by Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine , who wrote that Beyoncé endorses " beauty in honesty and , ironically , power in admitting her vulnerability " , and Lewis Corner of Digital Spy , who noted that the " raspy and husky growls " that she adopts occasionally , show " offering moments of raw , heartfelt emotion " . Gleason wrote that the song writhes through the ache and the obsession that come from being the one left in love . Newman noted that in " I Care " , Beyoncé was " spurred and left for dead " by her lover but despite her best efforts , she still cares about him . She sings over cooing background vocals , and her voice moves " from silken to powerful , torn to potent " .
Over ominous keys , a keyboard opening and a repeating drum loop in the first verse , Beyoncé sings about how her relationship turned sour and puts all her cards on the table , " I told you how you hurt me , baby / But you don 't care / Now I 'm crying and deserted , baby / But you don 't care / Ain 't nobody tell me this is love / You 're immune to all my pain / I need you to tell me this love / You don 't care , well , that 's OK " . While singing the first and second verses , she pulls out the power in her lower register . Each time , her voice slowly builds until the commanding chorus is reached , where towards the end , she sings , " la la la " , in a muted saxophone line . Her voice expresses anger as she sings the chorus lines . In the second verse , Beyoncé continues the " wild @-@ eyed pleas " , as stated by Guerra and sings the lines , " Even since you knew your power / you made me cry / And now every time our love goes sour / you won 't sympathize " . Her raw vocals then punch through most powerfully at the second chorus leading up to the bridge . After the bridge , Beyoncé , this time , scats the chorus alongside a multi @-@ octave guitar solo .
= = Critical reception = =
" I Care " received acclaim from critics . Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that " I Care " proves why Beyoncé " is still the best in the business " , further adding that her vocals are flawless as she belts out notes " we didn 't even realise were possible . " Similarly , David Amidon of PopMatters who stated that " 1 + 1 provides Beyoncé a song that " can compete with the favorites of this generation 's parents " , later wrote that " 1 + 1 " and " I Care " are " equally competent , if safer , attempts at the same formula " . He added that the songs explain why she is " head and shoulders above her Clear Channel competition in R & B " . However , he concluded that the two songs are misplaced on the tracklising of the album as " I Care " is " a jilted lover track " directly after " a pure love song " as " 1 + 1 " . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times ' Thomas Conner commented that " I Care " is a " sad but superb " song . Holly Gleason of Paste magazine noted that " I Care " creates " a backdrop for Knowles ' shaft of vocal power " , hinting that she played Etta James in the musical biopic Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) .
Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club commented that " 4 sees [ Beyoncé ] stretching out vocally , particularly on the heart @-@ rending ' I Care ' . " Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice commented that " I Care " is one of several four songs in which " deceptive calm gives way to intensity @-@ cum @-@ chorus " , and commended how Beyoncé 's essence " trembles with feeling , she seizes with emotion [ and ] her voice flutters with the intensity of a hummingbird " . Brandon Lewis of Blogcritics commended how she makes maximum use of the power in her lower register , which according to him , is very effective with the song 's " relatively short , punchy phrasing " . Ian Walker of AbsolutePunk commented that Beyoncé and " the backing production " ebb and flow as the song proceeds , and added that toward the end , she channels her inner Mariah Carey and ultimately " puts the older star to shame " . Similarly , Craig Jenkins of Prefix Magazine praised how effortlessly Beyoncé scats along with the multi @-@ octave guitar solo .
Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote that though the song may not be an obvious single , it remains one of the finest tracks on the record . Ben Cardew of Music Week called " I Care " an " early highlight " on 4 , further praising its instrumentation and the fact that the song " feels touched with sadness , largely thanks to a fantastic chorus " . He also noted that " I Care " bears resemblance to some of The Neptunes ' " classy early tracks " . Andy Gill of The Independent wrote that " I Care " makes good use of Surfer Blood 's 2010 song " Twin Peaks " ' two @-@ chord motif . Chad Grischow of IGN commented " I Care " is one of the songs on which the Beyoncé 's vocals are superior to the lyrics , " as the lame hook pleads , ' But I care / I know you don 't care too much / But I still care ' " . NME 's Hamish MacBain showed depreciation the guitar solo , the lyrics and the " off @-@ kilter drums and moody synths " on " I Care " . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph viewed " I Care " as an old @-@ fashioned power ballad .
= = Live performances = =
Beyoncé performed " I Care " live for first time on August 14 , 2011 during her residency show 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City . She performed the song in front of 3 @,@ 500 people wearing a gold dress and backed by her all @-@ female band and her backing singers , called the Mamas . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News commented that on " I Care " , Beyoncé 's vocal abilities " outshined it all . " Mike Wass of Idolator commented :
Sitting on top of a piano with her band and orchestra watching on , Beyonce wrung every ounce of emotion from the lyrics of ' 1 + 1 ' and hit each note perfectly . It was an impressive display , but her rendition of ' I Care ' was even better . [ Beyoncé ] whipped her hair to the brooding brass and ominous beat , while bringing the song to life with an immaculate vocal . Out of nowhere , this often @-@ overlooked track now seems single @-@ worthy .
The video taken from the DVD Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 was uploaded onto YouTube by Beyoncé 's Vevo account on December 21 , 2011 . It begins with the singer singing the song seated while wearing a sparkly mini dress . Later , the guitarist in her all @-@ female band comes next to her and performs a guitar solo while Beyoncé sings the bridge . Kenneth Partridge of The Boombox praised the performance writing that " the R & B megastar is all growls and snarling glances " . He further stated that she looked like " a triumphant rock ' n ' roll goddess " while performing " I Care " . A writer of The Huffington Post praised the performance writing that " ' I Care ' ... showcases an impressive amount of Beyonce @-@ ness . As she belts the lyrics ' You see these tears falling down to my ears / I swear you like when I 'm in pain / I try to tell you all my fears / You still don 't care ? / That 's okay , ' Beyonce bedazzles in a sparkly getup and an impressive amount of hair @-@ whipping . " During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed " I Care " to a selected crowd of fans .
In May 2012 , Beyoncé
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, the issue in this case narrows down to whether the KD II is a vessel which was used for , equipped to be used for , or of a type which is normally used for aiding or assisting one or more vessels at sea in the performance of any activity relating to fishing . " On this question Moskowitz agreed with NOAA . By going from ship to ship to buy , store and transport the fins , the KD II and its crew " directly aided and assisted the foreign vessels in an expressly enumerated fishing activity under the statute . "
Moskowitz qualified his interpretation by disagreeing with the government 's assertion that the mere purchase of the fins constituted an activity in support of fishing , pointing out that that would make into a fishing vessel any ship where someone aboard purchased a single fin for personal use . But in this case the KD II and its crew had acted as a middleman , " effectively br [ inging ] the shark fin market to the foreign fishing vessels at sea . This act , in and of itself , aided and assisted the foreign fishing vessels which no longer had to store , transport , and land their shark fins in order to sell them in the market . " By doing so , they had saved time and money for the other fishing vessels they had taken fins from . He cited a document in the records , a communication between Tran and the Korean broker explicitly saying that a rendezvous " will save our time and cost " as proof .
" Commonsense suggests that buying fish from fishermen at sea for resale is an activity related to fishing under the SFPA , " wrote Moskowitz . " Selling the fish at sea saves the storage , transportation and landing expenses necessary to bring the fish to market , thereby increasing the profitability of the voyage . By going from ship to ship purchasing a total of 64 @,@ 695 pounds of shark fins for resale in the wholesale market , the KD II aided and assisted an activity related to fishing within the plain meaning of the statute and became a ' fishing vessel . ' "
Moskowitz found reinforcement in the NMFS regulations implementing the SFPA . " The prohibition of landing shark fins without corresponding carcasses extends to any vessel ( including a cargo or shipping vessel ) that obtained those fins from another vessel at sea , " their preamble read . " Any such at @-@ sea transfer of shark fins effectively would make the receiving vessel a ' fishing vessel , ' as the receiving vessel is acting ' in support of fishing . ' " Tai Loong had claimed that language applied only to vessels landing shark fins , and not just those possessing them as the KD II had at the time of its interdiction , but Moskowitz responded that the use of " any " indicated a broader reach .
The bill 's legislative history showed that Congress had intended that broad reach . Senator Ernest Hollings had , in opposing the bill , worried that it might bar American ships from the shark fin trade entirely . The Congressional Budget Office had found that the bill enacted a mandate to that effect in its report to the House of Representatives . " Thus , the legislative history confirms that the SFPA applies to the KD II and its possession of 64 @,@ 695 pounds of shark fins , " wrote Moskowitz .
Lastly , Tai Loong had argued , even if the KD II was a fishing vessel under the statute , the interplay between two sections of the SFPA and its implementing regulations rendered them unconstitutionally vague , making it impossible for it to easily determine whether the statute applied to the KD II . It argued that this failure of the government to thus provide adequate notice that the law would be enforced against such vessels was a violation of their right to due process .
Moskowitz found the Supreme Court 's decision in Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside relevant to his analysis . There , the Court had reversed the Seventh Circuit and upheld a local ordinance imposing restrictions on the sale of drug paraphernalia . Like the SFPA , Moskowitz observed , that ordinance , too , had been enforced only with civil penalties , and was primarily an economic regulation aimed at business activity , which businesses can reasonably be expected to study and prepare for . " Accordingly , the SFPA provisions do not merit strict scrutiny for vagueness . "
Under a lesser standard , Moskowitz strongly rejected the vagueness argument . " [ T ] he fishing vessel definition here is patently broad on its face , " he wrote . " So broad , in fact , that an ordinary person of reasonable intelligence would think that the KD II 's activities would probably be included in the blanket fishing vessel definition rather than exempt from it ... Commonsense indicates that picking up fish or its parts at sea aids fishing and thereby renders the vessel within the express definition of a ' fishing vessel ' under [ Magnuson – Stevens ] . " He found further that the publication of the SFPA regulations by the NMFS in the Federal Register constituted constructive notice to Tai Loong . " A reasonable person in the shark fin business would be aware of the SFPA 's application to the KD II 's activities . "
= = = Appeals court = = =
Tai Loong appealed , working out stipulations with NOAA to expedite that process . Foremost among them was an agreement on the market value of the fins , $ 618 @,@ 956 , to be forfeited if the appeals court ruled in Tai Loong 's favor . The district court granted the forfeiture in the middle of 2005 , and the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals .
Judges Stephen Reinhardt , Raymond C. Fisher and Richard R. Clifton ( nominated to the court by presidents Jimmy Carter , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush respectively ) were empaneled to hear the case . After oral arguments in May 2007 , they announced their decision ten months later , in March 2008 . Unanimously , they reversed Moskowitz and ruled that the KD II was not a fishing vessel , therefore the fins had not been lawfully seized .
" In this case , " wrote Reinhardt , " we find nothing in the plain meaning of [ the statute ] that would provide notice to the owners of the KD II that its activities would render it a fishing vessel . " He read the text of the statute closely to show where Moskowitz had erred . Indeed , the ship had " refrigerate [ d ] , store [ d ] and transport [ ed ] " the fins , but the governing words were " aid and assist " . Reinhardt cited dictionary definitions of both words as " generally connot [ ing ] doing an act for the benefit of another . " He explained at length why the purchase of an item does not constitute aid or assistance to the seller :
In this case , the charterers of the KD II did not purchase , store or transport shark fins for the benefit of the foreign fishing vessels . Instead , they purchased the fins for their own commercial purposes . The foreign fishing vessels had no interest in the shark fins after selling them to the KD II . As a result , the KD II 's subsequent post @-@ purchase storage and transport of the shark fins did not benefit the foreign vessels any more than the purchaser of any other product aids and assists the seller by storing the goods it has acquired in a warehouse or transporting them to the location at which it intends to resell them . Nor does the mere act of purchasing constitute an act of aiding and assisting a seller . Otherwise it would not be necessary in criminal statutes that are intended to punish buyers as well as sellers of illegal substances to specify the former group expressly . It would be enough that selling is proscribed and that a purchaser bought the illicit product . Under the district court 's theory , the simple act of purchasing would make a buyer an aider or abettor . This is simply incorrect .
He noted that " purchase " was not specifically included as a support activity in the statute .
For the same reasons , Reinhardt rejected Moskowitz 's finding that , specifically , the purchase of the fins at predetermined locations on the high seas aided the fishing vessels the KD II purchased the fins from , since it was at all times acting on its own interests . " [ It ] may have been beneficial or even necessary to those vessels ' business operations , but the choice did not change the nature of the purchasers ' actions in any respect , " he observed . " They still purchased the fins , stored them and transported them for their own commercial purposes . From the standpoint of the purchaser , any benefit to the seller was incidental . "
Even the letter to the broker specifically stating that the at @-@ sea purchases would save " time and expense " was not convincing .
[ I ] t does not establish that the failure or inability to make such arrangements with respect to all the foreign vessels constituted aiding or assisting those to which the KD II actually went . Surely , purchasing all the shark fins at the dock would have been preferable for [ Tai Loong ] ( if the cost were to remain the same ) , and surely the sellers benefited from selling at a particular location , just as they
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outflow . After a 13 km ( 8 mi ) wide eye developed , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded Fengshen to a typhoon on July 15 to the southwest of Wake Island ; the JTWC also upgraded the storm the same day .
On July 16 , Fengshen turned sharply westward due to a subtropical ridge to its northwest , and it maintained that movement for the next four days . By late on July 18 , the JMA estimated that Fengshen attained maximum sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 10 ‑ minute ) , around the same time the JTWC upgraded the storm to a super typhoon . After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours , Fengshen weakened slightly and began a turn to the northwest . The weakening was possibly due to an eyewall replacement cycle , and although previously it was a small storm , the typhoon gradually increased in size . Around that time of its weakening , Fengshen began undergoing the Fujiwhara effect with Typhoon Fung @-@ wong ; the latter looped to the south of Fengshen and dissipated on July 29 . On July 21 , Fengshen began re @-@ intensifying , and the JMA reported that the typhoon again reached winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 10 ‑ minute ) . At around the same time , the JTWC estimated winds of 270 km / h ( 165 mph 1 ‑ minute ) . Fengshen retained much of its intensity until July 22 , being a super typhoon for five days . This set the record for greatest duration at the intensity , surpassing the previous record of 114 hours set by Typhoon Joan in 1997 ; Fengshen 's record was later tied by Typhoon Ioke in 2006 .
After several days as a powerful typhoon , Fengshen began a weakening trend due to decreased outflow and dry air . It weakened below super typhoon status after being at that intensity for five days . On July 24 , Fengshen turned more to the west while passing to the south of mainland Japan , and the next day it weakened below typhoon intensity . At 1145 UTC on July 25 , Fengshen made landfall on Yakushima in Japan 's Ōsumi Islands , while a severe tropical storm . The next day , the storm passed a short distance southwest of Jeju Island offshore South Korea . After entering the Yellow Sea , Fengshen weakened into a tropical depression , and on July 27 the JTWC discontinued advisories , after much of the convection had dissipated . The JMA continued tracking the system , and Fengshen made landfall on China 's Shandong Peninsula late on July 27 . The next day , the depression dissipated over the Bohai Sea .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Before Fengshen affected Japan , airline officials canceled more than 30 flights , and train and bus service was also interrupted . Along the coast of Kyushu , Fengshen washed a freighter onshore and split it in two , which was traveling from New Orleans , Louisiana to Kagoshima Prefecture . Four people were drowned while escaping the broken vessel , while the remaining crew of 19 were rescued . The typhoon produced strong winds and heavy rain in the country . A station in Miyazaki Prefecture reported the highest rainfall in Japan with a total of 717 mm ( 28 @.@ 2 in ) . Most of the precipitation fell in a 24 ‑ hour period , and the heaviest 1 hour total was 52 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) in Taira , Toyama . The highest winds in Japan was 101 km / h ( 63 mph ) recorded in Kōchi Prefecture . The storm left about 8 @,@ 200 homes in Kagoshima Prefecture without power . High rainfall caused at least six mudslides , one of which damaged a county road . A total of 20 homes were damaged in the country , and 200 families were evacuated . High rains damaged 5 @,@ 699 hectares ( 14 @,@ 083 acres ) of crop fields , totaling $ 4 million ( ¥ 475 million 2002 JPY ) . Fengshen killed one person and severely injured another person in the country .
The remnants of Fengshen produced heavy rainfall in northeastern China . The storm affected the capital city of Beijing , becoming the first storm to produce significant impact there since Typhoon Rita in 1972 . In a two @-@ day period , a station in the city reported 41 @.@ 4 mm ( 1 @.@ 63 in ) of rainfall . The heaviest rainfall was in Jilin province , where 104 @.@ 9 mm ( 4 @.@ 13 in ) was recorded in Yushu .
= Maiden Castle , Cheshire =
Maiden Castle is an Iron Age hill fort , one of many fortified hill @-@ top settlements constructed across Britain during the Iron Age , but one of only seven in the county of Cheshire in northern England . The hill fort was probably occupied from its construction in 600 BC until the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century AD . At this time the Cornovii tribe are recorded to have occupied parts of the surrounding area but , because they left no distinctive pottery or metalworking , their occupation has not been verified . Since then it has been quarried and used for military exercises . It is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and is owned by the National Trust . The hill fort is open to visitors , but unrestricted access to the site has resulted in it being classified as " at high risk " from erosion .
= = Background = =
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron
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ott 's own drawings , diagrams , and photographs . This essentially descriptive natural history treatment is supplemented with accounts of experiments by Cott and others . The book had few precedents , but to some extent follows ( and criticises ) Abbott Handerson Thayer 's 1909 Concealing @-@ Coloration in the Animal Kingdom .
The book is divided into three parts : concealment , advertisement , and disguise . Part 1 , concealment , covers the methods of camouflage , which are colour resemblance , countershading , disruptive coloration , and shadow elimination . The effectiveness of these , arguments for and against them , and experimental evidence , are described . Part 2 , advertisement , covers the methods of becoming conspicuous , especially for warning displays in aposematic animals . Examples are chosen from mammals , insects , reptiles and marine animals , and empirical evidence from feeding experiments with toads is presented . Part 3 , disguise , covers methods of mimicry that provide camouflage , as when animals resemble leaves or twigs , and markings and displays that help to deflect attack or to deceive predators with deimatic displays . Both Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry are treated as adaptive resemblance , much like camouflage , while a chapter is devoted to the mimicry and behaviour of the cuckoo . The concluding chapter admits that the book 's force is cumulative , consisting of many small steps of reasoning , and being a wartime book , compares animal to military camouflage .
Cott 's textbook was at once well received , being admired both by zoologists and naturalists and among allied soldiers . Many officers carried a copy of the book with them in the field . Since the war it has formed the basis for experimental investigation of camouflage , while its breadth of coverage and accuracy have ensured that it remains frequently cited in scientific papers .
= = The book = =
= = = Approach = = =
Adaptive Coloration in Animals is a 500 @-@ page book , 10 by 7 inches ( 250 by 180 mm ) in its first edition . It was published by Methuen ( in London ) and Oxford University Press ( in New York ) in 1940 . It is full of detailed observations of types of camouflage and other uses of colour in animals , and illustrated by the author with clear drawings and photographs . There is a coloured frontispiece showing eight of Cott 's paintings of tropical amphibians . The book has 48 monotone plates and several illustrations .
Cott 's method is to provide a large number of examples , illustrated with his own drawings or photographs , showing animals from different groups including fish , reptiles ,
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birds and insects , especially butterflies . The examples are chosen to illustrate specific adaptations . For example , the fish Chaetodon capistratus is described as follows :
this species had the habit of swimming very slowly tail first : but when disturbed it darts rapidly off to safety in the opposite direction ... C. capistratus adopts the same tactics ... [ This fish ] is of particular interest in that the real eye is obliterated and a false eye substituted in one and the same animal .
Cott was well aware that he was publishing in wartime . There are , as Julian Huxley remarks in his ' Introduction ' , references throughout the book to the human analogues of animal camouflage and concealment . For example , in the section on ' Adaptive Silence ' , the kestrel is said to " practise dive @-@ bombing attacks " , or " after the fashion of a fighter ' plane " to fly down other birds , while " Owls have solved the problem of the silent air @-@ raid " ; Cott spends the rest of that paragraph on the " method which has recently been rediscovered and put into practice " of shutting off a bomber 's engines and " gliding noiselessly down towards their victims " at Barcelona in the Spanish Civil War . In the concluding chapter , Cott explicitly states " The innumerable visible devices used .. in peace @-@ time and in war @-@ time .. are merely rediscovered .. applications of colour that have already reached a high .. degree of specialization and perfection .. in the animal world " , mentioning predator @-@ prey relationships , sexual selection and signalling to rivals . He then compares the " hunting disguises put on .. as a means of approaching , ambushing or alluring game , and the sniping suits , concealed machine @-@ gun posts , and booby traps " with the camouflage of animal predators ; and similarly he compares " protective disguises " with the " photographer 's hide and the gunner 's observation post . " In the same section , Cott compares intentionally visible signs with animal warning colours : " The policeman 's white gloves have their parallel in the white stripes or spots of nocturnal skunks and carabids . The Automobile Association has adopted a system of coloration [ black and yellow ] whose copyright belongs by priority to wasps and salamanders . "
= = = Structure = = =
The book addresses its subject under three main headings : concealment , advertisement , and disguise .
= = = = Part I : Concealment = = = =
The methods by which concealment is attained in nature
Cott sets out his view that we have to be re @-@ taught how to see , mentioning Ruskin 's " innocence of the eye " . He argues that camouflage should , and in animals actually does , use four mechanisms : colour resemblance , obliterative shading ( i.e. countershading , the graded shading which conceals self @-@ shadowing of the lower body ) , disruptive coloration , and shadow elimination .
Chapter 1 . General colour resemblance .
Cott gives many examples such as a table of 16 species of green tropical tree @-@ snakes .
Chapter 2 . Variable colour resemblance . Caterpillars and pupae ( as in Poulton 's famous experiment ) are coloured to match their environment . Mountain hares change colour in winter ; many fish , cephalopods , frogs , and crustacea can change colour rapidly .
Chapter 3 . Obliterative shading .
Following the artist and amateur naturalist Abbott Handerson Thayer , Cott explains countershading with diagrams , photographs of models and examples of real animals . He shows how helpful it would be for military camouflage with drawings of gun barrels .
Chapter 4 . Disruptive coloration .
Cott argues with diagrams , drawings , photographs and examples that animals are often extremely effectively disruptively patterned . He analyses the component effects of disruption , including " differential
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Drake frequently makes sarcastic quips and taunts . Self @-@ educated in history and various languages , Drake is also highly intelligent . Matt Casamassina of IGN commented on the character 's interactions during gameplay that reveal Drake 's nature : " it 's lighthearted and amusing , but it also demonstrates that Nate is aware of how absurd his predicaments sometimes are . It 's a small , unimportant communication , but it makes sense that the two would behave exactly as they do . "
Drake says what he is thinking aloud , a feature designed to correlate with the likely thoughts and reactions of the player . Amy Hennig called Drake a " Die Hard guy that gets in there and just takes care of the situation ; ' the fly in the ointment ' . " Drake 's voice actor North was instructed to imbue his own personality into the character .
= = = Outward appearance = = =
Drake 's outward appearance is fairly generic , consisting of a simple white shirt and blue jeans and a gun holster on his back in the first game , and a brown henley in the second . He was deliberately costumed in a simple shirt and jeans to provide a " blank slate " on which the everyman persona could be imposed . The programmers designed a layered @-@ animation system to make Drake 's motions realistic by blending multiple poses and reactions together . This allowed a complex facial and wrinkle mapping system , which provided Drake more human emotional reactions . Drake 's physique is fairly fit , but not overly muscular . Drake 's appearance underwent minor changes in Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . Hennig stated that Drake was skinnier than intended in the first game , and thus the designers bulked him up for the second .
Drake 's shirt is always tucked into his pants on only one side , an attribute which commentators have labeled the " half @-@ tuck " . The term , first coined by video game designer Tim Schafer , led to Naughty Dog altering Drake 's appearance to have his shirt almost tucked in from the front , and half tucked in at the back , an inside joke Naughty Dog co @-@ president Evan Wells labeled a " three @-@ quarters @-@ tuck . " The half @-@ tuck was part of a larger effort to ensure Drake 's design was asymmetrical . Tim Schafer commented " It was all super next @-@ gen , but the most next @-@ gen thing about it to me was Drake 's shirt . Check it out : Somehow it 's tucked in , and yet not tucked in , at the very same time . Of all the technical marvels contained in Uncharted , this was the one that really mystified me . "
= = Appearances = =
= = = Main series = = =
= = = = Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune = = = =
In the 2007 video game Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , Drake tracks a treasure located on a remote tropical island . As the game opens , Drake , accompanied by reporter Elena Fisher , recovers the coffin of his ( then assumed ) ancestor Sir Francis Drake , which he located from coordinates inscribed on a family heirloom : a ring Drake wears around his neck . The coffin contains Sir Francis Drake 's diary , which gives the location of El Dorado . Pirates attack and destroy Drake 's boat , but Drake 's friend Victor Sullivan rescues the two . When Sully and Drake follow the diary to the indicated spot , they learn that El Dorado is a large golden idol that the Spanish had tried to remove from the island centuries ago . After finding a U @-@ boat , mercenaries led by Gabriel Roman intercept Drake , Fisher and Sully . Sully is shot but Drake manages to escape to an island where Sir Francis Drake 's diary claims the idol is located . On the way to the island , anti @-@ aircraft fire forces Elena and Drake to bail out of the airplane and they are separated . Drake heads toward an old Spanish fort to find Elena . Though briefly captured , Drake and Elena reunite and flee to the old customs house on the island . There they find that Sully has survived his gunshot wound . Drake discovers that the idol is located near the custom house , and finds and rescues Sully . Drake realizes that the idol is cursed , and that it turned the Spanish and Kriegsmarine searching for it into zombified monsters . Drake attempts to stop Roman from removing the idol from the island , and arrives in time to see Atoq Navarro , a man hired by Roman , find the statue . Navarro tricks Roman into becoming cursed . Drake then jumps onto the statue and rides it as it is airlifted onto a boat in the bay . There he defeats Navarro and manages to sink the idol to the bottom of the ocean . Sully arrives and Elena and Drake leave the island with several chests of treasure , after displaying affection towards each other .
= = = = Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves = = = =
Drake returns as the protagonist of Uncharted
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' magician ' due to the fact that his ancestors five thousand years ago , using plants as tools , were considered magicians in India . He used to be a friend of Godai before he was recruited by the New Bloodline .
= = Production = =
Before the series ' regular serialization in Weekly Shōnen Jump , Yūsei Matsui published two one @-@ shots . The first one was published in the summer issue of Akamaru Jump ; it won the Jump Jūni Ketsu Shinjin Manga Award in the horror mystery category . After the first was " extremely well received " according to Shueisha , the second one @-@ shot was released on September 6 , 2004 , in issue 41 of Weekly Shōnen Jump .
Yūsei Matsui stated he was not good at drawing humans or real life things , and he was about to lose his self @-@ confidence when he " threw things in at random " to create the series . Matsui said he mixed his creation with real things to make his style original . To create the atmosphere of the series , Matsui used as reference paintings by Rei Kamoi , a Japanese artist he saw on television , and Gōjin Ishihara , the illustrator of Edogawa Ranpo 's Shōnen Tantei Dan . Matsui 's creative process of art is to begin drawing erotic and grotesque images , and at the same time humorous and cute scenes . Matsui did not wish to create " terrifying characters " but " funny @-@ terrifying " and " terrifying @-@ cute " . He also tried to avoid men 's idealized image of heroines and women 's idealized images of heroes . He decided to create characters that could exist in the real world and to make their acts and reactions realistic .
Matsui did not want to create a detective 's reasoning manga because he does not like to read or draw it . He said that reasoning scenes are superfluous , so he placed some jokes in these scenes . Prior to the start of the series , he was not sure whether it would be a detective manga or a romantic one . He finally decided to write a detective story because he needed Neuro to be able to eat mysteries . During the creation of Neuro , Matsui followed a work schedule ; he worked on the sketches on Mondays and Tuesdays , and he began the outline on Tuesdays . On Wednesdays , with the help of his assistants he finalized the art , drawing the more complex backgrounds and leaving the rest in his assistants ' charge ; he talked with the editor about the next chapter on Thursdays and wrote the plot between Fridays and Sundays .
= = Publication = =
Written and illustrated by Yūsei Matsui , the manga was originally serialized by Shueisha in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from February 21 , 2005 , to April 20 , 2009 . Shueisha compiled the 202 chapters into 23 tankōbon ( collected volumes ) released from July 4 , 2005 , to August 4 , 2009 . It has also been published as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine @-@ style books . Five volumes were released between January 7 , 2011 , and March 7 , 2011 . Between October 12 , 2012 , and October 16 , 2012 , the 23 volumes of Neuro : Supernatural Detective were re @-@ published in Amazon Kindle format under the Jump Comics Digital line . The series started to be released on bunk
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Harland and Wolff on 22 July 1944 . The Admiralty ordered Vickers not to order any more material on 27 April 1944 and given that final drawings were never issued to the builders , it is unlikely that any of them actually did more than preliminary work . None of the ships were ever laid down and all of them were cancelled before the end of 1945 .
= = = Ships = = =
= French destroyer Lynx =
The French destroyer Lynx was a Chacal @-@ class destroyer ( contre @-@ torpilleur ) built for the French Navy during the 1920s . The Chacals were regarded as obsolete by 1935 and Lynx became a training ship for the torpedo school at Toulon that year . She was assigned convoy escort duties in the Atlantic after the start of World War II in September 1939 . In July 1940 , the ship was present when the British attacked the French ships at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir , but managed to escape without damage . After she reached Toulon , Lynx was placed in reserve where she remained for the next two years . On 27 November 1942 , she was scuttled at Toulon when the Germans attempted to capture the French ships there . Her wreck was salvaged in 1944 , but she was not broken up until 1948 .
= = Design and description = =
The Chacal @-@ class ships were designed to counter the large Italian Leone @-@ class destroyers . They had an overall length of 126 @.@ 8 meters ( 416 ft 0 in ) , a beam of 11 @.@ 1 meters ( 36 ft 5 in ) , and a draft of 4 @.@ 1 meters ( 13 ft 5 in ) . The ships displaced 2 @,@ 126 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 092 long tons ) at standard and 2 @,@ 980 – 3 @,@ 075 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 933 – 3 @,@ 026 long tons ) at deep load . They were powered by two geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by five du Temple boilers . The turbines were designed to produce 50 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 37 @,@ 000 kW ; 49 @,@ 000 shp ) , which would propel the ship at 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . During her sea trials on 20 April 1927 , Lynx 's turbines provided 57 @,@ 810 metric horsepower ( 42 @,@ 520 kW ; 57 @,@ 020 shp ) and she reached 35 @.@ 54 knots ( 65 @.@ 82 km / h ; 40 @.@ 90 mph ) for a single hour . The ships carried 530 metric tons ( 522 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 187 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 209 enlisted men in wartime .
The main armament of the Chacal @-@ class ships consisted of five Canon de 130 mm modèle 1919 guns in single mounts , one superfiring pair fore and aft of the superstructure and the fifth gun abaft the aft funnel . The guns were numbered ' 1' to ' 5' from front to rear . Their anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of two Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924 guns in single mounts positioned amidships . The ships carried two above @-@ water triple sets of 550 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern ; these housed a total of twenty 200 @-@ kilogram ( 440 lb ) depth charges . They were also fitted with four depth @-@ charge throwers for which they carried a dozen 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) depth charges .
= = Construction and career = =
Lynx , named after the eponymous feline , was ordered on 26 February 1923 from Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire . She was laid down at their Saint @-@ Nazaire shipyard on 14 January 1924 , launched on 25 February 1925 , completed on 18 October 1927 and entered service on 15 November . Completion was delayed by problems with her propulsion machinery and late deliveries by sub @-@ contractors . The ship was assigned to the 4th Light Division ( DL ) ( 4e division légère ) of the 2nd Squadron ( 2e Escadre ) based at Brest upon completion , together with her sister ships Léopard and Jaguar . On 3 July 1928 , Lynx participated in
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a naval review by Gaston Doumergue , President of France , off Le Havre . The four depth charge throwers were removed in 1932 . The next year , the ship was present when the fleet was reviewed by the new President of France , Albert Lebrun , in Cherbourg on 20 July 1933 . About two years later , the 75 @-@ millimeter guns were replaced by four twin mounts for 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft machineguns . The ship was assigned to the 11th DL of the Torpedo Training School ( Ecole d 'application du lancement à la mer ) at Toulon in 1935 as the Chacals were regarded as obsolete .
When the war started in September 1939 , Lynx belonged to the 4th Large Destroyer Division ( 4e division de contre @-@ torpilleurs ) with her sisters Panthère and Tigre . She was assigned to the Western Command ( Forces maritimes de l 'Ouest ) for convoy escort duties from October to May 1940 where she guarded convoys traveling between Gibraltar and Brest as well as Casablanca , French Morocco , and Le Verdon @-@ sur @-@ Mer . In January 1940 , the ship had a British Type 123 ASDIC installed ; several months later Lynx had two depth @-@ charge throwers reinstalled , No. 3 gun removed , and her depth charge stowage reduced to a dozen 200 kg and eight 100 kg depth charges to improve her stability . She was transferred to Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir , French Algeria , on 27 May and she was still there on 25 June after France surrendered . The ship managed to escape the harbor during the British attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir on 3 July and together with her sister Tigre briefly engaged the destroyer HMS Wrestler . The sisters then depth charged the submarine HMS Proteus as the French ships headed for Toulon , where they arrived the following day . As the oldest contre @-@ torpilleurs in French service , Lynx and her sisters were reduced to reserve and stripped of their light anti @-@ aircraft armament . On 27 November 1942 , Lynx was scuttled at Toulon with the rest of the French fleet to prevent her capture by the Germans . She was refloated on 23 January 1944 and beached at the adjacent port of Brégaillon . The wreck was raised in 1948 and broken up .
= Shark =
Sharks are a group of fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton , five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head , and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head . Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha ( or Selachii ) and are the sister group to the rays . However , the term " shark " has also been used for extinct members of the subclass Elasmobranchii outside the Selachimorpha , such as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus , as well as other Chondrichthyes such as the holocephalid eugenedontidans . Under this broader definition , the earliest known sharks date back to more than 420 million years ago . Acanthodians are often referred to as " spiny sharks " ; though they are not part of Chondrichthyes proper , they are a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish as a whole .
Since then , sharks have diversified into over 500 species . They range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark ( Etmopterus perryi ) , a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) in length , to the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ) , the largest fish in the world , which reaches approximately 12 metres ( 40 ft ) in length . Sharks are found in all seas and are common to depths of 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) . They generally do not live in freshwater although there are a few known exceptions , such as the bull shark and the river shark , which can survive and be found in both seawater and freshwater . Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics . They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth .
Well @-@ known species such as the great white shark , tiger shark , blue shark , mako shark , and the hammerhead shark are apex predators — organisms at the top of their underwater food chain . Many shark populations are threatened by human activities .
= = Etymology = =
Until the 16th century , sharks were known to mariners as " sea dogs " . The etymology of the word " shark " is uncertain . One ( now largely disproved ) theory is that it derives from the Yucatec Maya word xok , pronounced ' shok ' . Evidence for this etymology came from the Oxford English Dictionary , which notes shark first came into use after Sir John Hawkins ' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and posted " sharke " to refer to the large sharks of the Caribbean Sea . However , the Middle English Dictionary records an isolated occurrence of the word shark ( referring to a sea fish ) in a letter written by Thomas Beckington in 1442 , which rules out a New World etymology .
Another etymology states that the original sense of the word was that of " predator , one who preys on others " from the Dutch schurk , meaning " villain , scoundrel " ( cf. card shark , loan shark , etc . ) , which was later applied to the fish due to its predatory behaviour .
= = Evolution = =
Evidence for the existence of sharks dates from the Ordovician period , 450 – 420 million years ago , before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonized the continents . Only scales have been recovered from the first sharks and not all paleontologists agree that these are from true sharks , suspecting that these scales are actually those of thelodont agnathans . The oldest generally accepted shark scales are from about 420 million years ago , in the Silurian period . The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks . The majority of modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago . Most fossils are of teeth , often in large numbers . Partial skeletons and even complete fossilized remains have been discovered . Estimates suggest that sharks grow tens of thousands of teeth over a lifetime , which explains the abundant fossils . The teeth consist of easily fossilized calcium phosphate , an apatite . When a shark dies , the decomposing skeleton breaks up , scattering the apatite prisms . Preservation requires rapid burial in bottom sediments .
Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is Cladoselache , from about 370 million years ago , which has been found within Paleozoic strata in Ohio , Kentucky , and Tennessee . At that point in Earth 's history these rocks made up the soft bottom sediments of a large , shallow ocean , which stretched across much of North America . Cladoselache was only about 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws . Its teeth had several pointed cusps , which wore down from use . From the small number of teeth found together , it is most likely that Cladoselache did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks . Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the great white sharks and the pelagic shortfin and longfin makos . The presence of whole fish arranged tail @-@ first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility .
Most fossil sharks from about 300 to 150 million years ago can be assigned to one of two groups . The Xenacanthida was almost exclusive to freshwater environments . By the time this group became extinct about 220 million years ago , they had spread worldwide . The other group , the hybodonts , appeared about 320 million years ago and lived mostly in the oceans , but also in freshwater . The results of a 2014 study of the gill structure of an unusually well @-@ preserved 325 million year old fossil suggested that sharks are not " living fossils " , but rather have evolved more extensively than previously thought over the hundreds of millions of years they have been around .
Modern sharks began
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Route 1A =
Delaware Route 1A ( DE 1A ) is a state highway in Sussex County , Delaware . The route runs 2 @.@ 92 mi ( 4 @.@ 70 km ) from DE 1 in Dewey Beach to another intersection with DE 1 west of Rehoboth Beach . The route provides access to Rehoboth Beach from DE 1 , heading north before turning to the west . DE 1A follows King Charles Avenue , Bayard Avenue , 2nd Street ( southbound ) , Christian Street ( northbound ) , and Rehoboth Avenue .
What is now DE 1A was originally a part of DE 14 between 1936 and 1942 . The road was designated DE 14A by 1966 . In the 1970s , DE 1A was designated along DE 14A for a few years before DE 14A was decommissioned in favor of DE 1A . Between 2002 and 2006 , a streetscape project revitalized the Rehoboth Avenue portion of the route and a roundabout was added at the entrance to Rehoboth Beach .
= = Route description = =
DE 1A begins at an intersection with DE 1 in Dewey Beach , heading north on two @-@ lane undivided King Charles Avenue . The road passes through residential areas before it curves northwest and runs to the south of Silver Lake . The route bends north and crosses the lake , where it enters Rehoboth Beach . Here , the name changes to Bayard Avenue and it becomes a divided highway . DE 1A becomes undivided again and comes to an intersection with Christian Street . At this point , northbound DE 1A turns northwest onto Christian Street to reach Rehoboth Avenue while southbound DE 1A follows 2nd Street north to Rehoboth Avenue .
The highway heads west along four @-@ lane divided Rehoboth Avenue and passes businesses . The road intersects DE 1B before it comes to a roundabout at Grove Street / Columbia Avenue . Following this , the route narrows into a two @-@ lane undivided road and crosses the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal on a drawbridge , leaving Rehoboth Beach . DE 1A continues west past homes and businesses and ends at another intersection with DE 1 .
DE 1A has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 21 @,@ 215 vehicles just west of Rehoboth Beach to a low of 3 @,@ 076 vehicles on the service road at the northern terminus at DE 1 . None of DE 1A is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
What is now DE 1A was originally designated as part of DE 14 by 1936 . By 1942 , DE 14 was realigned to bypass Rehoboth Beach to the southwest . DE 14A was designated onto the former alignment of DE 14 through Rehoboth Beach by 1966 . By 1974 , DE 14A became concurrent with DE 1A . The DE 14A designation was dropped in 1977 and the road was solely designated DE 1A .
In October 2002 , work began on a streetscape project to revitalize Rehoboth Avenue . The project provided new sidewalks and plants and placed utility lines underground . A roundabout opened at Grove Street and Columbia Avenue in May 2004 . The roundabout features a replica of the Cape Henlopen Light and serves as a gateway to Rehoboth Beach . When the roundabout first opened , there were issues of drivers not yielding properly . As a result , improved yield signage was installed . The streetscape project was completed in June 2006 , with a ribbon cutting held . The project cost $ 36 million ; DelDOT paid $ 16 @.@ 3 million , the city of Rehoboth Beach provided $ 10 million , and the Federal Highway Administration provided $ 7 @.@ 75 million . U.S. Senators Tom Carper and Joe Biden helped secure federal funds for the project .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Sussex County .
= Har Mar Mall =
Har Mar Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Roseville , Minnesota , a suburb of the Twin Cities . Har Mar Mall comprises over 430 @,@ 000 square feet ( 40 @,@ 000 m2 ) of retail space and is anchored by Burlington Coat Factory , Cub Foods , HomeGoods , and Marshalls . The mall contains 45 tenants , including several national chains , such as Barnes & Noble , David 's Bridal , and Staples Inc .
Opened in 1963 and expanded several times since , it is one of two enclosed malls in Roseville ; the other mall being Rosedale Center . Despite being a relatively small shopping center , Har Mar Mall continues to remain open . It was constructed by Robert W. Fendler of Fendler Patterson and is currently owned and managed by the Vanbarton Group and Varbarton Services , respectively .
= = History = =
= = = 1961 – 1980 : Construction , grand opening , and later expansion = = =
Construction for the Har Mar Mall began in 1961 , when Harold J. Slawik had a vision to build a " super mall " , similar to shopping centers he had seen while traveling in Florida . Deriving its name from its owners – Harold J. Slawik and his wife Marie – Har Mar is a combination of the two names . It was built upon 50 acres of land near a busy intersection in Roseville , Minnesota . Minnesota @-@ native Willard Thorson , who designed Apache Plaza in nearby St. Anthony , designed the mall , while Robert W. Fendler served as the mall 's architect . According to Thorson , the mall consists of " a long corridor , which zigzags at a series of angles ... that make Har Mar truly unique " ; it features " massively wide " hallways and " arched ceilings with large windows " to allow natural light to enter the corridors .
The mall cost nearly $ 6 million to construct over a span of two years . During the summer of 1962 , Harold Slawik died , leaving his wife in charge of the mall 's construction ; Mrs. Slawik reportedly worked 80 hour weeks in order to keep up with the mall . In May of the same year , Target Corporation constructed their first location in a parking lot directly north of Har Mar. While nearby Rosedale Center was constructed in 1969 , Har Mar went through a significant expansion in the early 1970s . In 1970 , the construction of a twin theater , Har Mar 1 & 2 , was completed and became the Twin Cities ' second double @-@ screened cinema ; its luxurious design included a " spacious lobby , with three Ven
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etian glass chandeliers and bubbling fountains " and was constructed by architect Benjamin Gingold Jr ..
= = = 1981 – present : Tornado and current affairs = = =
On June 14 , 1981 , Har Mar Mall was damaged by a large tornado during the afternoon hours . While the mall wasn 't heavily damaged and only affected the mall 's cosmetic appearance , several nearby local businesses and residences were left in ruins following the impact . Shortly after the tornado , a large renovation occurred to update the mall 's appearance and fix any damage left by it . In 1988 , another expansion took place , allowing Har Mar to acquire several larger retailers in the newly constructed space ; the opening of Highland Superstore and TJ Maxx appeared later this year , along with the addition of a new food court with seating for over 400 people . Three years later , the Highland Superstore was converted to BizMart , a regional office supply store . BizMart was later acquired by OfficeMax in 1992 before ultimately closing in 1995 ; HomePlace opened in the space vacated by OfficeMax , and is currently leased by HomeGoods , the successor of HomePlace . In the 2000s , Har Mar underwent a cosmetic makeover that cost previous owner Emmes Realty Services nearly $ 12 million ; Emmes sparked interest in opening a Von Maur at the center , but the proposal eventually dissolved .
In 2014 , Burlington Coat Factory , a discount apparel retailer , announced that they planned to lease a 52 @,@ 300 square feet ( 4 @,@ 900 m2 ) space previously occupied by Northwestern Books ; the opening of this location allowed all of Har Mar 's anchor tenants to be completely leased . Currently , the mall still prospers mixing " large , special interest stores , as well as a variety of smaller , more unique stores " under one roof . Several new tenants and businesses have began leasing space in the center , such as Staples Inc . , D 'Amico & Sons , plus several other fine dining establishments . In November 2015 , a plan was proposed by the City of Roseville for the expansion of transportation routes in the neighboring vicinity of Har Mar ; the director of the project , Paul Bilotta , stated that the project could bring new customers to the mall which Bilotta states has " struggled for identity for a number of decades " . According to Mass Transit , construction of the project will begin in mid 2016 .
= = In popular culture = =
Har Mar Superstar , an indie rock musician and leader of the musical group Sean Na Na , took his stage name from Har Mar Mall . According to Sean Tillmann , Superstar 's legal name , he acquired the name after spending his youth " watching movies and writing songs about passers @-@ by in the food court " . He visited the shopping mall frequently as " it was across the street from where [ he ] worked in an office job " . Since his entrance into the music industry , he has gained attention after writing a song for Britney Spears called " Tall Boy " , which was ultimately rejected by Spears ' management team .
= ... Baby One More Time Tour =
... Baby One More Time Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears . It supported her debut studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and visited United States and Canada . The tour was announced in March 1999 , with dates released a month later . Tommy Hilfiger was chosen as the tour sponsor . The show was divided into various segments , with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment , and it ended with an encore . The setlist consisted of songs from her debut album and several covers . The tour received positive feedback from critics ; many highlighted Spears ' persona and edgy look .
= = Background and development = =
On March 5 , 1999 , it was reported that Spears was planning her first headlining tour to support her first studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) . Shortly after , she announced that the tour would start in July . On May 12 , 1999 , Tommy Hilfiger was announced as the main tour sponsor . During the time of the announcement , Spears was being featured
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in his book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland was a play on words based on the older phrase , but the character himself does not exhibit symptoms of mercury poisoning .
Gold and silver mining . Historically , mercury was used extensively in hydraulic gold mining in order to help the gold to sink through the flowing water @-@ gravel mixture . Thin gold particles may form mercury @-@ gold amalgam and therefore increase the gold recovery rates . Large @-@ scale use of mercury stopped in the 1960s . However , mercury is still used in small scale , often clandestine , gold prospecting . It is estimated that 45 @,@ 000 metric tons of mercury used in California for placer mining have not been recovered . Mercury was also used in silver mining .
= = = = Historic medicinal uses = = = =
Mercury ( I ) chloride ( also known as calomel or mercurous chloride ) has been used in traditional medicine as a diuretic , topical disinfectant , and laxative . Mercury ( II ) chloride ( also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate ) was once used to treat syphilis ( along with other mercury compounds ) , although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat . It is also used as a disinfectant . Blue mass , a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient , was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation , depression , child @-@ bearing and toothaches . In the early 20th century , mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer , and it was used in teething powders for infants . The mercury @-@ containing organohalide merbromin ( sometimes sold as Mercurochrome ) is still widely used but has been banned in some countries such as the U.S.
= = Toxicity and safety = =
Mercury and most of its compounds are extremely toxic and must be handled with care ; in cases of spills involving mercury ( such as from certain thermometers or fluorescent light bulbs ) , specific cleaning procedures are used to avoid exposure and contain the spill . Protocols call for physically merging smaller droplets on hard surfaces , combining them into a single larger pool for easier removal with an eyedropper , or for gently pushing the spill into a disposable container . Vacuum cleaners and brooms cause greater dispersal of the mercury and should not be used . Afterwards , fine sulfur , zinc , or some other powder that readily forms an amalgam ( alloy ) with mercury at ordinary temperatures is sprinkled over the area before itself being collected and properly disposed of . Cleaning porous surfaces and clothing is not effective at removing all traces of mercury and it is therefore advised to discard these kinds of items should they be exposed to a mercury spill .
Mercury can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes and mercury vapors can be inhaled , so containers of mercury are securely sealed to avoid spills and evaporation . Heating of mercury , or of compounds of mercury that may decompose when heated , should be carried out with adequate ventilation in order to minimize exposure to mercury vapor . The most toxic forms of mercury are its organic compounds , such as dimethylmercury and methylmercury . Mercury can cause both chronic and acute poisoning .
= = = Releases in the environment = = =
Preindustrial deposition rates of mercury from the atmosphere may be about 4 ng / ( 1 L of ice deposit ) . Although that can be considered a natural level of exposure , regional or global sources have significant effects . Volcanic eruptions can increase the atmospheric source by 4 – 6 times .
Natural sources , such as volcanoes , are responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury emissions . The human @-@ generated half can be divided into the following estimated percentages :
65 % from stationary combustion , of which coal @-@ fired power plants are the largest aggregate source ( 40 % of U.S. mercury emissions in 1999 ) . This includes power plants fueled with gas where the mercury has not been removed . Emissions from coal combustion are between one and two orders of magnitude higher than emissions from oil combustion , depending on the country .
11 % from gold production . The three largest point sources for mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines . Hydrogeochemical release of mercury from gold @-@ mine tailings has been accounted as a significant source of atmospheric mercury in eastern Canada .
6 @.@ 8 % from non @-@ ferrous metal production , typically smelters .
6 @.@ 4 % from cement production .
3 @.@ 0 % from waste disposal , including municipal and hazardous waste , crematoria , and sewage sludge incineration .
3 @.@ 0 % from caustic soda production .
1 @.@ 4 % from pig iron and steel production .
1 @.@ 1 % from mercury production , mainly for batteries .
2 @.@ 0 % from other sources .
The above percentages are estimates of the global human @-@ caused mercury emissions in 2000 , excluding biomass burning , an important source in some regions .
Recent atmospheric mercury contamination in outdoor urban air was measured at 0 @.@ 01 – 0 @.@ 02 µg / m3 . A 2001 study measured mercury levels in 12 indoor sites chosen to represent a cross @-@ section of building types , locations and ages in the New York area . This study found mercury concentrations significantly elevated over outdoor concentrations , at a range of 0 @.@ 0065 – 0 @.@ 523 μg / m3 . The average was 0 @.@ 069 μg / m3 .
Mercury also enters into the environment through the improper disposal ( e.g. , land filling , incineration ) of certain products . Products containing mercury include : auto parts , batteries , fluorescent bulbs , medical products , thermometers , and thermostats . Due to health concerns ( see below ) , toxics use reduction efforts are cutting back or eliminating mercury in such products . For example , the amount of mercury sold in thermostats in the United States decreased from 14 @.@ 5 tons in 2004 to 3 @.@ 9 tons in 2007 .
Most thermometers now use pigmented alcohol instead of mercury , and galinstan alloy thermometers are also an option . Mercury thermometers are still occasionally used in the medical field because they are more accurate than alcohol thermometers , though both are commonly being replaced by electronic thermometers and less commonly by galinstan thermometers . Mercury thermometers are still widely used for certain scientific applications because of their greater accuracy and working range .
Historically , one of the largest releases was from the Colex plant , a lithium @-@ isotope separation plant at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The plant operated in the 1950s and 1960s . Records are incomplete and unclear , but government commissions have estimated that some two million pounds of mercury are unaccounted for .
A serious industrial disaster was the dumping of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay , Japan . It is estimated that over 3 @,@ 000 people suffered various deformities , severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as Minamata disease .
= = = Occupational exposure = = =
Due to the health effects of mercury exposure , industrial and commercial uses are regulated in many countries . The World Health Organization , OSHA , and NIOSH all treat mercury as an occupational hazard , and have established specific occupational exposure limits . Environmental releases and disposal of mercury are regulated in the U.S. primarily by the United States Environmental Protection Agency .
Case control studies have shown effects such as tremors , impaired cognitive skills , and sleep disturbance in workers with
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2 km ) , and in India and Nepal 506 miles ( 814 km ) .
In 1866 there was a great economic slump , caused by the collapse of the bank of Overend , Gurney and Company , and many of Brassey 's colleagues and competitors became insolvent . However , despite setbacks , Brassey survived the crisis and drove ahead with the projects he already had in hand . These included the Lemberg and Czernowicz Railway in Austria which continued to be constructed despite the Austro @-@ Prussian War which was taking place in the locality .
From 1867 Brassey 's health was beginning to decline , but he continued to negotiate further contracts , including the Czernowicz and Suczawa Railway in the Austrian Empire . In 1868 he suffered a mild stroke but he continued to work and in April 1869 he embarked on an extensive tour of over 5 @,@ 000 miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ) in Eastern Europe . By the time of his death he had built one mile in every twenty miles of railway in the world .
= = Non @-@ railway contracts = =
Brassey 's works were not limited to railways and associated structures . In addition to his factories in Birkenhead , he built an engineering works in France to supply materials for his contracts there . He built a number of drainage systems , and a waterworks at Calcutta . Brassey built docks at Greenock , Birkenhead , Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness and London . His London docks were the Victoria Docks which had a water area of over 100 acres ( 40 ha ) . The contract for this was agreed in 1852 in partnership with Peto and Betts and the docks were opened in 1857 . Also included in the contract were warehouses and wine vaults totalling an area of about 25 acres ( 10 ha ) . The dockside machinery was worked by hydraulic power supplied by William Armstrong . The dock had links to Brassey 's London , Tilbury and Southend Railway and thereby to the entire British rail system .
In 1861 Brassey built part of the London sewerage system for Joseph Bazalgette . This was a stretch of the Metropolitan Mid Level Sewer of 12 miles ( 19 km ) which started at Kensal Green , passed under Bayswater Road , Oxford Street and Clerkenwell to the River Lea . It was one of the earliest ventures to use steam cranes . The undertaking was considered to have been one of Brassey 's most difficult . The sewer is still in operation today . He also worked with Bazalgette to build the Victoria Embankment on the north bank of the River Thames from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge .
Brassey gave financial help to Brunel to build his ship The Leviathan , which was later called The Great Eastern and which in 1854 was six times larger than any other vessel in the world . Brassey was a major shareholder in the ship and after Brunel 's death , he , together with Gooch and Barber , bought the ship for the purpose of laying the first Transatlantic telegraph cable across the North Atlantic in 1864 .
Brassey had other ideas which were ahead of his time . He tried to interest the governments of the United Kingdom and Europe in the idea of a tunnel under the English Channel but this came to nothing . He also wanted to build a canal through the Isthmus of Darién ( now the Isthmus of Panama ) but this idea similarly had no success .
= = Working methods = =
In most of Brassey 's contracts he worked in partnership with other contractors , in particular with Peto and Betts . The planning of the details of the projects was done by the engineers . Sometimes there would be a consulting engineer and below him another engineer who was in charge of the day @-@ to @-@ day activities . During his career Brassey worked with many engineers , the most illustrious being Robert Stephenson , Joseph Locke and Isambard Kingdom Brunel . The day @-@ to @-@ day work was overseen by agents , who managed and controlled the activities of the subcontractors .
The actual work was done by labourers , in those days known as navvies , supervised by gangers ( or foremen ) . In the early days the navvies were mainly English and many of them had formerly worked on building the canals . They were later joined by men from Scotland , Wales and Ireland . The number of Irish workers particularly increased following the potato famine . Brassey paid his navvies and gangers a wage and provided food , clothing , shelter and , in some projects , a lending library . On overseas contracts local labour would be used if it were available , but the work was often done or supplemented by British workers . The agent on the site had overall responsibility for a project . He had to be a man of great capability , working for a fee plus a percentage of the profits , with penalties for late finishing and inducements to complete the work early .
Brassey had considerable skill in choosing good men to work in this way and in delegating the work . Having taken on a contract at an agreed price he would make a suitable sum of money available to the
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agent to meet the costs . If the agent were able to fulfil the work at a lower cost he could keep the remainder of the money . If unforeseen problems arose and these were reasonable , Brassey would cover these additional costs . He used hundreds of such agents . At the peak of his career , for well over 20 years , Brassey was employing on average some 80 @,@ 000 people in many countries in four continents .
Despite this he had neither an office nor office staff , dealing with all the correspondence himself . Much of the detail of his works were held in his memory . He travelled with a personal valet and later had a cashier . But all his letters were written by him ; it is recorded that on one occasion after the rest of his party had gone to bed , 31 letters had been written by Brassey overnight . Although he won a large number of contracts , his bids were not always successful . It has been calculated that for every contract awarded , around six others had been unsuccessful .
Brassey was given a number of honours to celebrate his achievements , including the French Légion d 'honneur , the Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and the Austrian Iron Crown ( the first time this had been awarded to a foreigner ) .
= = Marriage & progeny = =
In 1831 he married Maria Harrison , the second daughter of Joseph Harrison , a forwarding and shipping agent with whom he had come into contact during his early days in Birkenhead . Maria gave Thomas considerable support and encouragement throughout his career . She encouraged him to bid for the contract for Dutton Viaduct and , when that was unsuccessful , to apply for the next available contract . Thomas ' work led to frequent moves of home in their early years ; from Birkenhead to Stafford , Kingston upon Thames , Winchester and then Fareham . On each occasion Maria supervised the packing of their possessions and the removal . The Harrison children had been taught to speak French , while Thomas himself was unable to do so . Therefore , when the opportunity arose to apply for the French contracts , Maria was willing to act as interpreter and encouraged Thomas to bid for them . This resulted in moves to Vernon in Normandy , then to Rouen , on to Paris and back again to Rouen . Thomas refused to learn French and Maria acted as interpreter for all his French undertakings . Maria organised the education of their three sons . In time the family established a more @-@ or @-@ less permanent base in Lowndes Square , Belgravia , London . They had three sons , who all gained distinction in their own right :
Thomas Brassey , 1st Earl Brassey ( b . 1836 ) became a Liberal MP , Governor of Victoria and was created Earl Brassey in 1911 .
Henry Brassey ( b . 1840 ) was Liberal MP for Hastings . His son was Henry Brassey , 1st Baron Brassey of Apethorpe , a Conservative politician , who was elevated to the House of Lords in 1938 .
Albert Brassey ( b . 1844 ) was Conservative MP for Banbury .
a fourth son died in infancy .
= = Later years = =
In 1870 Brassey was told that he had cancer but he continued to visit his working sites . One of his last visits was to the Wolverhampton and Walsall Railway , only a few miles from his first railway contract at Penkridge . In the late summer of 1870 he took to his bed at his home in St Leonards @-@ on @-@ Sea . There he was visited by members of his work force , not only his engineers and agents , but also his navvies , many of whom had walked for days to come and pay their respects .
When Brassey 's business friend , Edward Betts , became insolvent in 1867 , Brassey bought Betts ' estate at Preston Hall , Aylesford in Kent on behalf of his second son , Henry .
In 1870 Brassey purchased Heythrop Park , a baroque house situated in an estate of 450 acres ( 1 @.@ 8 km2 ) 15 miles ( 24 km ) northeast of Oxford as a wedding present for his third son , Albert .
On 8 December 1870 Thomas Brassey died from a brain haemorrhage in Victoria Hotel , St Leonards and was buried in the churchyard at Catsfield , Sussex where a memorial stone has been erected . His estate was valued at £ 5 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 which consisted of " under £ 3 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 in UK " and " over £ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 " in a trust fund . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes him as " one of the wealthiest of the self @-@ made Victorians " .
= = Thomas Brassey , the man = =
It is not easy to be objective about the nature of Thomas Brassey 's character because the earliest biography by Helps was commissioned by the Brassey family and the latest , rather short , biography was written by his great @-@ great @-@ grandson , Tom Stacey . There is virtually no remaining material of value to
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notes of neroli , almond and tonka bean . " On October 25 , 2010 , the perfume won a gold status at the Design of the Times Awards by The Strive Group . At the 2011 CEW Beauty Awards , Heat won in the category for Best Fragrance of the Year : Mass . The same year , it also won in the category for Best Fragrance at the Dutch Drugstore Awards , and Best Fragrance in the Lifestyle at the Norwegian Cosmetic Awards . It also received a nomination in the category for Media Campaign of the Year at the 2011 FiFi Awards .
It was revealed by Macy 's Chief executive officer , Terry Lundgren , that his chain had sold US $ 3 million worth of Heat between early February 2010 and early March 2010 . Lundgren revealed that , during a one @-@ hour period at the launch of the scent when Beyoncé was at the store signing autographs , 72 @,@ 000 bottles were sold . Within days of the fragrance 's release , it was named as one of the best @-@ selling scents in America . According to The Fragrance Shop in the UK , Heat also topped a poll of best @-@ selling celebrity scents .
= = Related products = =
During an interview with Women 's Wear Daily in December 2009 , Stephen Mormoris announced that Beyoncé planned to release several other fragrances after Heat meant to explore the different sides of her personality . However , he added that Heat was meant to be " the enduring classic ... this scent will re @-@ energize the celebrity category " . Consequently , five additional fragrances were released from the Heat line : Heat Ultimate Elixir , Heat Rush , Midnight Heat , Heat : The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and Heat Wild Orchid . In 2013 , it was revealed that with $ 400 million earned at retail globally , the line of perfumes was placed at number three on the list of best @-@ selling fragrances . The Heat releases further became the best @-@ selling line of celebrity endorsed fragrances . Mormois discussed his collaboration with Beyoncé on the Heat line , saying : " Beyoncé has always chosen simple and strong concepts for her fragrances . She 's very collaborative in that she know [ s ] what she wants and she has a very clear view of her fan base . There are just a few of that qualities that make her an excellent partner . She is excellent at making decisions and making them happen . " In September 2011 , Beyoncé followed Heat with a new line of fragrances titled Beyoncé Pulse .
= = = Heat Ultimate Elixir = = =
In August 2010 , it was revealed that Beyoncé would be re @-@ releasing her first fragrance as an " ultimate elixir " , emphasizing elements intended to embody her private side . The scent was released in September 2010 . As its theme , the perfume offers a more intense and sensual version of the original Heat scent . Upon revealing the inspiration of Heat Ultimate Elixir , Beyoncé stated that the reason which motivated her to update the original scent was the idea of her mother 's scent when she was a child :
My first memory of fragrance is my mother , and as a very young girl , hearing her footsteps ... Her stilettos click , click , clicking on the hardwood floor and she wore a beautiful fragrance and she would walk past me and it would just stay in the room . It left a warm feeling every time I thought about her scent . I think about the icons that I respect and they all have their own fragrance so I thought it was time for me to have my own .
Ultimate Elixir mixes notes of vanilla orchid and osmanthus top notes with cedarwood and amber middle notes , then adds in vanilla and tonka bean base notes . Kelly Bryant of StyleList wrote that the base notes of Heat Ultimate Elixir " drive the point home that this is a bouquet meant for one sexy siren " . Selling the scent 's elixir , Macy 's described the fragrance as an " opulent and intoxicating twist on the original scent . " Keeping with the scent 's " sexy theme " , the new scarlet jus is contained in the original bottle , updated with a black atomizer , which has been described as " boudoir @-@ ready " by Katherine Kluznik Rentmeester of People magazine .
Nathalie Atkinson of The National Post held a sniff test for the Heat Ultimate Elixir perfume to assess the different scents picked up by people of the opposite sex . Cosmetics editor Dave Lackie , who was asked to be the male participant of the scent , described the elixir as " stronger than the original " , noting strong hints in scents such as " peach @-@ flavoured candy paired with nondescript flowers " which offered " a nice drydown " . Atkinson , the female participant , noted Beyoncé 's intense use of creamsicle , adding that the scent holds strong enough " to get noticed above the hairspray fumes and thumping bass " . In a list of " Noseworthy Perfumes " , Oprah Winfrey listed Heat Ultimate Elixir at number two , favoring the fragrance 's " honeysuckle nectar , musk , and warm , sensual " sequoia scent . The Independent described the scent as a " spicier flanker " in comparison to the original release . New York magazine found the fragrance 's packaging " just as ' lubelike ' as the original . "
Products
50 ml / 1 @.@ 7 oz
= = = Heat Rush = = =
New fragrance project working sessions for Heat Rush took place backstage in Newcastle upon Tyne , England in November 2009 and the fragrance was released in February 2011 . During the new fragrance project working sessions , Beyoncé deciphered through different scents , later choosing a " Sunset Cocktail Mod 5 " scent because it made her feel " as though a breeze were coming through the room " and seemed " like more of a risk " . Beyoncé 's official perfume website described Heat Rush as a fruity , floral fragrance " that is luminous and vibrant with a dewy delicacy at the same time ... It captures Beyoncé 's bright sensuality ; it 's young , fresh , and joyful . " The same source listed the scent 's top notes as passion fruit , orange and cherry ; the middle notes meant to embody " Beyoncé 's ultra @-@ feminine side " with orchid , mango and orange hibiscus ; and the base notes contain teak , honey and a musk blend that was said to be inspired by sunsets in Brazil .
= = = Heat : Limited edition CD = = =
A limited edition gift extended play ( EP ) also titled Heat was released in February 2011 , almost a year after the promotional release of " Fever " . Promotion in the United States for the perfume took place with a free tote bag , while the limited edition gift EP was used as promotion for all United Kingdom releases of the perfume . One compact disc copy of the EP was included with every purchase of a 50 ml bottle of Heat . The album also contains remixes of songs Beyoncé previously recorded ; Karmatronic remixed " At Last " and " Satellites " , Catalyst remixed " Broken @-@
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=
Hardest of all , the Luftwaffe will smash Stepney . I know the East End ! Those dirty Jews and Cockneys will run like rabbits into their holes .
Initially , the German commanders were reluctant to bomb London , fearing retaliation against Berlin . On 24 August 1940 , a single aircraft , tasked to bomb Tilbury , accidentally bombed Stepney , Bethnal Green and the City . The following night the RAF retaliated by mounting a forty aircraft raid on Berlin , with a second attack three days later . The Luftwaffe changed its strategy from attacking shipping and airfields to attacking cities . The City and West End were designated ' Target Area B ' ; the East End and docks were ' Target Area A ' . The first raid occurred at 4 : 30 p.m. on 7 September and consisted of 150 Dornier and Heinkel bombers and large numbers of fighters . This was followed by a second wave of 170 bombers . Silvertown and Canning Town bore the brunt of this first attack .
Between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 , a sustained bombing campaign was mounted . It began with the bombing of London for 57 successive nights , an era known as ' the Blitz ' . East London was targeted because the area was a centre for imports and storage of raw materials for the war effort , and the German military command felt that support for the war could be damaged among the mainly working class inhabitants . On the first night of the Blitz , 430 civilians were killed and 1 @,@ 600 seriously wounded . The populace responded by evacuating children and the vulnerable to the country and digging in , constructing Anderson shelters in their gardens and Morrison shelters in their houses , or going to communal shelters built in local public spaces . On 10 September 1940 , 73 civilians , including women and children preparing for evacuation , were killed when a bomb hit the South Hallsville School . Although the official death toll is 73 , many local people believed it must have been higher . Some estimates say 400 or even 600 may have lost their lives during this raid on Canning Town .
The effect of the intensive bombing worried the authorities and ' Mass @-@ Observation ' was deployed to gauge attitudes and provide policy suggestions , as before the war they had investigated local attitudes to anti @-@ Semitism . The organisation noted that close family and friendship links within the East End were providing the population with a surprising resilience under fire . Propaganda was issued , reinforcing the image of the ' brave chirpy Cockney ' . On the Sunday after the Blitz began , Winston Churchill himself toured the bombed areas of Stepney and Poplar . Anti @-@ aircraft installations were built in public parks , such as Victoria Park and the Mudchute on the Isle of Dogs , and along the line of the Thames , as this was used by the aircraft to guide them to their target .
The authorities were initially wary of opening the London Underground for shelter , fearing the effect on morale elsewhere in London and hampering normal operations . On 12 September , having suffered five days of heavy bombing , the people of the East End took the matter into their own hands and invaded tube stations with pillows and blankets . The government relented and opened the partially completed Central line as a shelter . Many deep tube stations remained in use as shelters until the end of the war . Aerial mines were deployed on 19 September 1940 . These exploded at roof top height , causing severe damage to buildings over a wider radius than the impact bombs . By now , the Port of London had sustained heavy damage with a third of its warehouses destroyed , and the West India and St Katherine Docks had been badly hit and put out of action . Bizarre events occurred when the River Lea burned with an eerie blue flame , caused by a hit on a gin factory at Three Mills , and the Thames itself burnt fiercely when Tate & Lyle 's Silvertown sugar refinery was hit .
On 3 March 1943 at 8 : 27 p.m. , the unopened Bethnal Green tube station was the site of a wartime disaster . Families had crowded into the underground station due to an air @-@ raid siren at 8 : 17 , one of 10 that day . There was a panic at 8 : 27 coinciding with the sound of an anti @-@ aircraft battery ( possibly the recently installed Z battery ) being fired at nearby Victoria Park . In the wet , dark conditions , a woman slipped on the entrance stairs and 173 people died in the resulting crush . The truth was suppressed , and a report appeared that there had been a direct hit by a German bomb . The results of the official investigation were not released until 1946 . There is now a plaque at the entrance to the tube station , which commemorates the event as the " worst civilian disaster of World War II " . The first V @-@ 1 flying bomb struck in Grove Road , Mile End , on 13 June 1944 , killing six , injuring 30 , and making 200 people homeless . The area remained derelict for many years until it was cleared to extend Mile End Park . Before demolition , local artist Rachel Whiteread made a cast of the inside of 193 Grove Road . Despite attracting controversy , the exhibit won her the Turner Prize for 1993 .
It is estimated that by the end of the war , 80 tons of bombs had fallen on the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green alone , affecting 21 @,@ 700 houses , destroying 2 @,@ 233 and making a further 893 uninhabitable . In Bethnal Green , 555 people were killed , and 400 were seriously injured . For the whole of Tower Hamlets , a total of 2 @,@ 221 civilians were killed , and 7 @,@ 472 were injured , with 46 @,@ 482 houses destroyed and 47 @,@ 574 damaged . So badly battered was the East End that when Buckingham Palace was hit during the height of the bombing , Queen Elizabeth observed that " It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face . " By the end of the war , the East End was a scene of devastation , with large areas derelict and depopulated . War production was changed quickly to making prefabricated housing , and many were installed in the bombed areas and remained common into the 1970s . Today , 1950s and 1960s architecture dominates the housing estates of the area such as the Lansbury Estate in Poplar , much of which was built as a show @-@ piece of the 1951 Festival of Britain .
= = = Population = = =
Throughout history the area has absorbed waves of immigrants , who have each added a new dimension to the culture and history of the area , most notably the French Protestant Huguenots in the 17th century , the Irish in the 18th century , Ashkenazi Jews fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe towards the end of the 19th century , and the Bangladeshi community settling in the East End from the 1960s .
= = = = Immigration = = = =
Immigrant communities first developed in the riverside settlements . From the Tudor era until the 20th century , ships ' crews were employed on a casual basis . New and replacement crew would be found wherever they were available , local sailors being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards in foreign ports . Crews would be paid off at the end of their voyage . Inevitably , permanent communities became established , including colonies of Lascars and Africans from the Guinea Coast . Large Chinatowns at both Shadwell and Limehouse developed , associated with the crews of merchantmen in the opium and tea trades . It was only after the devastation of the Second World War that this predominantly Han Chinese community relocated to Soho .
In 1786 , the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was formed by citizens concerned at the size of London 's indigent Black population , many of whom had been expelled from North America as Black Loyalists — former slaves who had fought on the side of the British in the War of Independence . Others were discharged sailors and some a legacy of British involvement in the slave trade . The committee distributed food , clothing , medical aid and found work for men , from various locations including the White Raven tavern in Mile End . They also helped the men to go abroad , some to Canada . In October 1786 , the Committee funded an ill @-@ fated expedition of 280 black men , 40 black women and 70 white women ( mainly wives and girlfriends ) to settle in Sierra Leone . From the late 19th century , a large African mariner community was established in Canning Town as a result of new shipping links to the Caribbean and West Africa .
Immigrants have not always been readily accepted and in 1517 the Evil May Day riots , where foreign @-@ owned property was attacked , resulted in the deaths of 13
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5 Flemings in Stepney . The Gordon Riots of 1780 began with burnings of the houses of Catholics and their chapels in Poplar and Spitalfields .
In the 1870 and 80s , so many Jewish émigrés were arriving that over 150 synagogues were built . Today there are only four active synagogues remaining in Tower Hamlets : the Congregation of Jacob Synagogue ( 1903 – Kehillas Ya 'akov ) , the East London Central Synagogue ( 1922 ) , the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue ( 1899 ) and Sandys Row Synagogue ( 1766 ) . Jewish immigration to the East End peaked in the 1890s , leading to anti @-@ foreigner agitation by the British Brothers League , formed in 1902 by Captain William Stanley Shaw and the Conservative MP for Stepney , Major Evans @-@ Gordon , who had overturned a Liberal majority in the 1900 General Election on a platform of limiting immigration . In Parliament in 1902 , Evans @-@ Gordon claimed that " not a day passes but English families are ruthlessly turned out to make room for foreign invaders . The rates are burdened with the education of thousands of foreign children . " Jewish immigration only slowed with the passing of the Aliens Act 1905 , which gave the Home Secretary powers to regulate and control immigration .
At the beginning of the 20th century , London was the capital of the extensive British Empire , which contained tens of millions of Muslims , but had no mosque for Muslim residents or visitors . On 9 November 1910 , at a meeting of Muslims and non @-@ Muslims at the Ritz Hotel , the London Mosque Fund was established with the aims of organising weekly Friday prayers and providing a permanent place of worship for Muslims in London . From 1910 to 1940 various rooms had been hired for Jumu 'ah prayers on Fridays . Finally , in 1940 , three houses were purchased at 446 – 448 Commercial Road in the East End of London as a permanent place of prayer . On 2 August 1941 the combined houses were inaugurated as the ' East London Mosque and Islamic Culture Centre ' at a ceremony attended by the Egyptian Ambassador , Colonel Sir Gordon Neal ( representing the Secretary of State for India ) . The first prayer was led by the Ambassador for Saudi Arabia , Shaikh Hafiz Wahba . From the late 1950s the local Muslim population began to increase due to further immigration from the Indian subcontinent , particularly from Sylhet in East Pakistan , which became Bangladesh in 1971 . The migrants settled in areas already established by the Sylheti expatriate community , working in the local docks and Jewish tailoring shops set up in the days of British India . During the 1970s , this immigration increased significantly . In 1975 the local authority bought the properties in Commercial Road under a compulsory purchase order , in return providing a site with temporary buildings on Whitechapel Road . The local community set about raising funds to erect a purpose @-@ built mosque on the site . King Fahd of Saudi Arabia donated £ 1 @.@ 1 million of the £ 2 million fund , and the governments of Kuwait and Britain also donated to the fund . Seven years later , the building of the new mosque commenced , with foundations laid in 1982 and construction completed in 1985 . It was one of the first mosques in the European Union to broadcast the adhan from the minaret using loudspeakers . Currently , the mosque has a capacity of 7 @,@ 000 , with prayer areas for men and women , and classroom space for supplementary education . However , by the 1990s the capacity was already insufficient for the growing congregation and for the range of projects based there .
Community tensions were again raised by an anti @-@ semitic Fascist march that took place in 1936 and was blocked by residents and activists at the Battle of Cable Street . From the mid @-@ 1970s anti @-@ Asian violence occurred , culminating in the murder on 4 May 1978 of a 25 @-@ year @-@ old clothing worker named Altab Ali by three white teenagers in a racially motivated attack . Bangladeshi groups mobilised for self @-@ defence ,
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take advantage of the poor law system to shift some of their labour costs onto the tax payer .
= = = The Royal Commission on the Poor Law = = =
The 1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws was set up following the widespread destruction and machine breaking of the Swing Riots . The report was prepared by a commission of nine , including Nassau William Senior , and served by Edwin Chadwick as Secretary . The Royal Commission 's primary concerns were with illegitimacy ( or " bastardy " ) , reflecting the influence of Malthusians , and the fear that the practices of the Old Poor Law were undermining the position of the independent labourer . Two practices were of particular concern : the " roundsman " system , where overseers hired out paupers as cheap labour , and the Speenhamland system , which subsidised low wages without relief . The report concluded that the existing Poor Laws undermined the prosperity of the country by interfering with the natural laws of supply and demand , that the existing means of poor relief allowed employers to force down wages , and , that poverty itself was inevitable .
The Commission proposed the New Law be governed by two overarching principles :
" less eligibility " : that the pauper should have to enter a workhouse with conditions worse than that of the poorest free labourer outside of the workhouse .
the " workhouse test " , that relief should only be available in the workhouse . The reformed workhouses were to be uninviting , so that anyone capable of coping outside them would choose not to be in one .
When the Act was introduced however it had been partly watered down . The workhouse test and the idea of " less eligibility " were never mentioned themselves and the recommendation of the Royal Commission that outdoor relief ( relief given outside of a workhouse ) should be abolished – was never implemented . The report recommended separate workhouses for the aged , infirm , children , able @-@ bodied females and able @-@ bodied males . The report also stated that parishes should be grouped into unions in order to spread the cost of workhouses and a central authority should be established in order to enforce these measures . The Poor Law Commission set up by Earl Grey took a year to write its report , the recommendations passed easily through Parliament support by both main parties the Whigs and the Tories . The bill gained Royal Assent in 1834 . The few who opposed the Bill were more concerned about the centralisation which it would bring rather than the underpinning philosophy of utilitarianism .
= = = New Poor Law = = =
The Poor Law Amendment Act was passed in 1834 by the government of Lord Melbourne and largely implemented the findings of the Royal Commission which had presented its findings two years earlier . The New Poor Law is considered to be one of the most " far @-@ reaching pieces of legislation of the entire Nineteenth Century " and " classic example of the fundamental Whig @-@ Benthamite reforming legislation of the period " . The Act aimed to reduce the burden on rate payers and can be seen as an attempt by the Whig government to win the votes of the classes enfranchised by the Great Reform Act . Despite being labelled an " amendment act " it completely overhauled the existing system and established a Poor Law Commission to oversee the national operation of the system . This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions and the building of workhouses in each union for the giving of poor relief . Although the aim of the legislation was to reduce costs to rate payers , one area not reformed was the method of financing of the Poor Law system which continued to be paid for by levying a " poor rate " on the property owning middle classes .
Although the Poor Law Amendment Act did not ban all forms of outdoor relief , it stated that no able @-@ bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse . Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people
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Gould notes the aptness of Harrison 's vocal delivery , where the list of chocolate flavours " roll off George 's tongue like a catalog of life 's little pleasures " , and the effectiveness of his guitar solo , which , further to the lyric 's warnings regarding tooth decay , is " pitched to the register of a dentist 's drill " .
Mixing on " Savoy Truffle " was also completed on 14 October , after which Harrison left for Los Angeles to produce Jackie Lomax 's album Is This What You Want ? The stereo and mono mixes of the song differ in their editing of the lead guitar parts ; in addition , the mono version omits the organ over the third verse .
= = Release and reception = =
Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968 . " Savoy Truffle " was sequenced as the third track on side four of the double LP , between " Honey Pie " and " Cry Baby Cry " . As with Harrison 's other three contributions to the album , including " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , the song was viewed by many commentators as a sign of his growing maturity as a songwriter beside Lennon and McCartney .
Due to the Beatles ' use of pastiche , parody , irony and , in the case of " Savoy Truffle " and Lennon 's " Glass Onion " , self @-@ quotation , the album 's lyrics were intensely analysed by contemporary reviewers . Alan Walsh of Melody Maker described " Savoy Truffle " as " a rocker that 's the most obscure track lyrically " . Record Mirror 's reviewer speculated that the song " could either be a delicate and expensive sweet or a new dance . It could be a delivery on the pomposities of intricate desserts or a depiction of the ' upper ' class . " The writer then concluded : " Whatever it is , it swings . "
In his review for International Times , Barry Miles wrote : " George 's ' Savoy Truffle ' is the best track on this [ LP ] side . Beautiful , impressionistic music . Don 't miss this one . " Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone praised Harrison 's lead guitar playing throughout the album and highlighted the song as an example of the Beatles ' success in progressing on their past work , in this case by creating " a more sophisticated look at ' Lucy In the Sky With Diamonds ' " .
= = Retrospective assessment = =
Given the lack of stylistic unity across its 30 tracks , many authors have since scrutinised the content of The Beatles with regard to Martin 's assertion that the album would have benefited from being scaled down to a single disc . In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald dismisses " Savoy Truffle " as " space @-@ filling " and " as pointless as [ ' Honey Pie ' ] " . In a 2003 review for Mojo magazine , however , he described it more favourably as " an efficient jeu d 'esprit " . Author Alan Clayson has questioned its inclusion in light of Harrison having more substantial compositions that went unrecorded by the band , and , in the case of " Not Guilty " , a song that the Beatles recorded but then rejected for the White Album . In his attempt to reduce the 1968 release to a single LP , Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune listed all of Harrison 's contributions except for " Savoy Truffle " , which he included in his " toughest deletions " category , along with three Lennon @-@ written songs . Writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rob Sheffield acknowledged that such scrutiny had long been part of the double album 's legacy , and he described the track as being " among the Beatles ' finest songs " .
Beatles biographer Philip Norman considers " Savoy Truffle " to be " the album 's best piece of rock and roll " after McCartney 's " Back in the U.S.S.R. " While admiring the interplay between the saxophones and lead guitar as " rousing rock- ' n ' -roll confectionery " , Tim Riley views the song as one of the " essentials " on The Beatles and , with regard to the " sheer feel " of the performance , Harrison 's most successful contribution to the band 's discography since " I Want to Tell You " in 1966 . Former Creem critic Richard Riegel included " Savoy Truffle " on his 1996 list of the ten most underrated Beatles tracks , saying : " this is a great song by any standard , certainly the most fun George would have in the sensual world for many years to come . ' Savoy Truffle ' is wonderfully British psychedelic throwaway pop , much like Cream on their pop @-@ tarty Disraeli Gears , recorded back when Eric Clapton was a mortal , too . "
Among more recent reviews , Daryl Easlea of BBC Music cites " Savoy Truffle " as an example of " the doodles that delight " on the White Album , and he describes it as " a fine counterweight " to " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " . Mark Kemp , writing for Paste , highlights the same pair of tracks as " two of Harrison 's finest moments ( ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps , ' with Eric Clapton wailing on lead guitar , and the surrealistic soul of ' Savoy Truffle ' ) " .
In 2015 , " Savoy Truffle " was ranked 66th in the NME 's list " 100 Greatest Beatles Songs As Chosen By Music 's A @-@ Listers " . Staff writer Leonie Cooper admired its subject matter and described the track as a " typically off @-@ kilter " Harrison composition . In Consequence of Sound 's feature article celebrating the 45th anniversary of The Beatles , Deap Vally provided commentary on the track , describing it as " on fire " and adding : " The guitar solo is instantly classic ... This song is so ahead of its time , music STILL hasn 't caught up to it . "
= = Cover versions and remixes = =
Jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald covered " Savoy Truffle " on her 1969 album Ella , produced by Richard Perry . The following year , Terry Manning included the song on his album Home Sweet Home . The recording features Robert Moog on synthesizer and has been described by PopMatters as " long , freaked out " and " sublimely excessive " .
Phish included " Savoy Truffle " in their performance of The Beatles on Halloween 1994 , which was released in 2002 as Live Phish Volume 13 . The song was They Might Be Giants ' contribution to the 2003 compilation Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison .
Along with a sample of the Beatles ' " Glass Onion " , the song was mashed with Jay @-@ Z 's " Encore " for a
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90s . These novels in turn sparked interest in role @-@ playing activity by new gamers .
Numerous Forgotten Realms video games were released Between 1990 and 2000 . The Eye of the Beholder PC game was released in 1990 . This game was later followed by two sequels , the first in 1991 , and the second in 1992 . All three games were re @-@ released for DOS on a single disk in 1995 . Another 1991 release was Neverwinter Nights on America Online , the first graphical Massively Multiplayer Online Role @-@ Playing Game ( MMORPG ) . In 1998 , Baldur 's Gate was released , the first in a line of popular role @-@ playing video games developed by BioWare and " considered by most pundits as the hands @-@ down best PC roleplaying game ever " . The game was followed by a sequel , Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn in 2000 as well as Icewind Dale , a separate game that utilized the same game engine as Baldur 's Gate . Pool of Radiance : Ruins of Myth Drannor was released in 2001 . Several popular Forgotten Realms characters such as Drizzt Do 'Urden and Elminster made minor appearances in these games .
= = = Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition = = =
With the release of the 3rd edition Dungeons & Dragons rules system in 2000 by Wizards of the Coast , the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting was released as a hardcover , in 2001 , updating the official material and advancing the timeline of the game world . In 2002 , the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting won the Origins Award for Best Role @-@ Playing Game Supplement of 2001 .
Several additional rulebooks were released for the new edition , including Monster Compendium : Monsters of Faerûn ( 2001 ) , Magic of Faerûn ( 2001 ) , Lords of Darkness ( 2001 ) , Faiths and Pantheons ( 2002 ) , Silver Marches ( 2002 ) , Races of Faerûn ( 2003 ) , and Unapproachable East ( 2003 ) . Adventure modules included Into the Dragon 's Lair ( 2000 ) , Pool of Radiance : Attack on Myth Drannor ( 2001 ) , and City of the Spider Queen ( 2002 ) .
In 2002 , Bioware released Neverwinter Nights , set in the northern reaches of Faerûn and operating on the revised 3 @.@ 0 rules for D & D. It was followed by two expansion packs , Shadows of Undrentide and Hordes of the Underdark . A sequel using version 3 @.@ 5 of the rules was produced by Obsidian Entertainment in 2006 , itself followed by the expansion sets Mask of the Betrayer and Storm of Zehir . The Forgotten Realms Deluxe Edition compilation was released in 2006 , containing the Baldur 's Gate series ( excluding the Dark Alliance games ) , Icewind Dale series , and all Neverwinter Nights games before Neverwinter Nights 2 .
With the release of the version 3 @.@ 5 update to the rules , the Forgotten Realms product line continued to expand . Accessories released included Underdark ( 2003 ) , Player 's Guide to Faerûn ( 2004 ) , Serpent Kingdoms ( 2004 ) , Shining South ( 2004 ) , Lost Empires of Faerûn ( 2005 ) , Champions of Ruin ( 2005 ) , City of Splendors : Waterdeep ( 2005 ) , Champions of Valor ( 2005 ) , Power of Faerûn ( 2006 ) , Mysteries of the Moonsea ( 2006 ) , Dragons of Faerûn ( 2006 ) , and The Grand History of the Realms ( 2007 ) . Adventure modules released included Sons of Gruumsh ( 2005 ) , The Twilight Tomb ( 2006 ) , Expedition to Undermountain ( 2007 ) , Cormyr : The Tearing of the Weave ( 2007 ) , Shadowdale : The Scouring of the Land ( 2007 ) , and Anauroch : The Empire of Shade ( 2007 ) .
= = = Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition = = =
With the release of the Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition , the Forgotten Realms were updated again to the new rules system , featuring a very changed Realms and moving the fictional world 's timeline 104 years into the future . The Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide , released August 2008 , is a 288 @-@ page book for Dungeon Masters . The Forgotten Realms Player 's Guide was released the following month , and contains information for players to help create Forgotten Realms characters . An adventure , Scepter Tower of Spellgard , was also released in September 2008 and can be used in combination with the adventure in the Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide to start a Forgotten Realms campaign . In 2008 , the Forgotten Realms also became the setting for the RPGA 's sole living campaign , Living Forgotten Realms , replacing Living Greyhawk . In 2011 , the Neverwinter Campaign Setting was released .
= = = Dungeons & Dragons
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64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non @-@ Hispanic population rose just 4 @.@ 9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12 @.@ 6 % of the U.S. population was foreign @-@ born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America .
About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50 @,@ 000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated places had populations over 100 @,@ 000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest @-@ growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 .
= = = Language = = =
Source : 2010 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other
than English at home also report speaking English " well " or " very well . " For the language groups listed above , the
strongest English @-@ language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English " well "
or " very well " ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93 @.@ 5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92 @.@ 8 % ) , Spanish ( 74 @.@ 1 % ) , Korean ( 71 @.@ 5 % ) ,
Chinese ( 70 @.@ 4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66 @.@ 9 % ) .
English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws — such as U.S. naturalization requirements — standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 28 states .
Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non @-@ English speakers produce government materials , especially voting information , in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions .
Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there .
According to the Center for Immigration Studies , Arabic and Urdu ( Pakistan 's national language ) are the fastest growing foreign languages spoken at American households . According to the survey , more than 63 @.@ 2 million US residents speak a language other than English at home . In recent years , Arabic speaking residents increased by 29 % , Urdu by 23 % and Persian by 9 % .
The most widely taught foreign languages
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, Angelou uses the story of the prodigal son to emphasize the value of solitude : " In the silence we listen to ourselves . Then we ask questions of ourselves . We describe ourselves to ourselves , and we may even hear the voice of God . "
= = Publication history and reviews = =
Even the Stars Look Lonesome was an immediate bestseller , prompting Random House to increase their first printing of 350 @,@ 000 copies to 375 @,@ 000 , even before Angelou began her national book tour to promote it . An audio book , read by the author , was also published in 2001 .
Like Angelou 's previous book of essays , Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now , this book received mostly positive reviews . Ann Burns of Library Journal recommended the book and called its first essay , about the end of Angelou 's marriage to Paul du Feu , " a winner " . Burns also stated : " Her take on aging is downright amusing ; her tribute to sensuality , enlightening ; and her salute to black women , a treasure " . Megan Harlan of Entertainment Weekly noted Angelou 's " ease with both highbrow and middlebrow culture " , as evidenced in her discussion of poetry and of Winfrey , and praised how Angelou " balances lofty language with keenly self @-@ aware wit " , but found the first essay incomplete . The reviewers writing for Publishers Weekly found Stars " narrower in scope " than Journey , but thought that her racial pride in Stars stronger and more compelling . They also stated , " ... All of her opinions are deeply rooted and most are conveyed with a combination of humility , personal intelligence and wit " .
= Used to Love You =
" Used to Love You " is a song recorded by American singer Gwen Stefani for her third studio album , This Is What the Truth Feels Like ( 2016 ) . It was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , Julia Michaels , Jonathan " J.R. " Rotem and Teal Douville , and produced by Rotem . After scrapping the album and its two singles , " Baby Don 't Lie " and " Spark the Fire " , in favor to start over , Interscope Records released " Used to Love You " as the album 's first official single on October 20 , 2015 . It was then serviced to mainstream radio on October 27 , 2015 .
" Used to Love You " is an emotional midtempo synthpop ballad , with its instrumentation consisting of a piano , restrained synths and drum taps . Lyrically , the song talks about a painful break @-@ up , with the protagonist questioning why she fell in love . Stefani described the song as being inspired by the end of her 13 @-@ year marriage with Bush lead singer , Gavin Rossdale .
" Used to Love You " was critically acclaimed for its lyrical content and Stefani 's emotional delivery , with most critics calling it a heartbreaking song . Critics viewed the single as an improvement over her 2014 releases , which Stefani herself later described as " rushed " . Stefani first premiered the song during a concert on October 17 , 2015 and its music video was released three days later . The music video is a single shot of Stefani on a black background , displaying her emotions , and occasionally mouthing some of the words of the song . The song received its first televised performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on October 26 , 2015 .
= = Background and release = =
In October 2014 , Stefani released her first solo single in six years , " Baby Don 't Lie " , and following its moderate impact and reception , a new single , " Spark the Fire " , was released in December of the same year . However , both singles underperformed on the charts , prompting the album to be postponed for a 2015 release . After months with no updates on the album , Stefani revealed in an interview for Entertainment Weekly that she scrapped the entire album in favor of starting over , since she did not feel fulfilled and totally involved with the previous project . Stefani started writing new material in June 2015 , and following her divorce from Gavin Rossdale a month later , she felt very inspired . In the same interview , Stefani claimed : " I needed to go through what I needed to go through to write the record that I needed to write . [ ... ] These songs are really natural — they ’ re from not worrying about what happened or what ’ s going to happen but about living in the moment , from trying to be present and trying to feel . "
A & R President Aaron Bay @-@ Schuck at Interscope Records asked songwriters and producers J.R. Rotem , Justin Tranter and Julia Michaels to work with Stefani on the album . Stefani recalled saying the following to them during a recording session : " ' Listen , I don ’ t care about anything . I don ’ t care about hits . I don ’ t care about anything except for coming in this room right now … all I want to do is just say the truth . I just want the truth to come out ' . " Michaels , revealed that " Gwen had written down of all of these things she was feeling at that moment . There was this one phrase that read , ' I don 't know why I cry but I think it 's because I remembered for the first time since I hated you that I used to love you . ' I said , ' Whoa , what a crazy line that is . ' She just goes , ' Cool , make it a melody . Let 's go . " The song was written after Stefani was told by her label that the album was too personal to release ; she rebelled against their advice and continued writing personal songs . The next day she ended up writing what she thought was the least commercial song on the album , " Used to Love You " , and they approved it .
On October 17 , 2015 , Stefani performed at a MasterCard Priceless Surprises concert at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City . Prior performing the show 's encore , she wrote on her official Twitter account , " Ready for the encore ? Hold tight — new single in 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 ! " . Before performing " Used to Love You " , she said , " I just want to share a song that I wrote recently . This song is really special . " On October 19 , 2015 , Stefani revealed the single 's cover art featuring a close @-@ up picture of herself . A day later , October 20 , 2015 , the song was released to digital download on iTunes and other online platforms , while on October 27 , 2015 , Interscope Records serviced the song to mainstream radio as the official lead @-@ single from the album .
= = Composition = =
" Used to Love You " was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , Julia Michaels and J.R. Rotem ; Rotem is also one of the song 's producers
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, it was spotted by Japanese cruisers and intercepted by the Combined Fleet in what became the Battle of the Yellow Sea . Pobeda was third in line during the battle , and was not seriously damaged during the early long @-@ range stage of the action . Around 18 : 00 , two 12 @-@ inch shells from the battleship Asahi penetrated the conning tower of the Russian flagship Tsesarevich , killing Vitgeft and the helmsman , severely wounding the captain , and causing the ship to come to a dead stop after executing a sharp turn . Thinking that this was a maneuver planned by Vitgeft , the Russian battleline started to execute the same turn , causing all of the ships directly behind Tsesarevich , including Pobeda , to maneuver wildly to avoid hitting the stationary flagship .
As the Japanese ships continued to pound the Tsesarevich , the battleship Retvizan boldly charged Tōgō 's battleline in an attempt to divert the Japanese shellfire , followed shortly afterward by Peresvet , the flagship of the squadron 's second @-@ in @-@ command , Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky . The Japanese battleline immediately shifted fire to the oncoming ships , badly damaging both and forcing them to turn away . Ukhtomsky signaled the other Russian ships to follow him back to Port Arthur , but the signal was hard to discern because the flags had to be hung from the bridge railings because Peresvet 's topmasts had been shot away and were only gradually recognized . Although Pobeda was struck by eleven large @-@ caliber hits that killed 4 men and wounded 29 , including one below the waterline , they failed to penetrate her armor and she reached Port Arthur without any difficulties . The hits did , however , knock out one 10 @-@ inch gun and three 75 @-@ millimeter guns .
= = = Siege of Port Arthur = = =
Returning to Port Arthur on 11 August , the Russian squadron found the city still under siege by the Japanese Third Army led by Baron Nogi Maresuke . The new commander , Rear Admiral Robert N. Viren , decided to use the men and guns of the Pacific Squadron to reinforce the defenses of Port Arthur and even more guns were stripped from the squadron 's ships . This proved to make little difference and Pobeda was struck by several 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) and 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch shells on 28 September that did no significant damage . The Japanese bombardment with medium guns continued for the next month and a half and the ship was repeatedly struck , without much effect . Japanese troops were able to seize 203 Hill which overlooked the harbor on 5 December . This allowed the Imperial Japanese Army 's 28 @-@ centimeter ( 11 in ) siege guns to fire directly at the Russian ships ; they hit Pobeda approximately 30 times and sank her in shallow water on 7 December 1904 . Russian attempts to destroy the ship before they surrendered were frustrated because her vital parts were already underwater .
= = Japanese career = =
Pobeda was refloated by Japanese engineers on 17 October 1905 and was classified as a 1st @-@ class battleship by the IJN . She was renamed as Suwo on 25 October , after the eponymous ancient province . She steamed under her own power to Sasebo Naval Arsenal , where she arrived on 16 December and began temporary repairs . Her reconstruction at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal began in May 1906 and lasted until 10 October 1908 .
To improve her stability , Suwo 's forward fighting top was removed . The 6 @-@ inch bow gun was also removed and all of her light guns were replaced by 20 QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . Two above @-@ water 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes replaced her original torpedo armament and her crew now numbered 791 officers and enlisted men .
Suwo was re @-@ designated as a 1st class coastal defense ship on 28 August 1912 and became a training ship for cadets and engineers . Initially assigned to the 1st Standing Squadron when World War I began , she shortly afterwards became the flagship of the 2nd Squadron , commanded by Vice Admiral Kato Sadakichi . The squadron was tasked to blockade the German @-@ owned port of Tsingtao , China , and to cooperate with the Imperial Japanese Army in capturing the city . Tango and the other ships of the squadron , reinforced by the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS Triumph , bombarded German fortifications throughout the siege until the Germans surrendered on 7 November . Suwo served as flagship of the Second Squadron of the Second Fleet in 1915 – 16 before becoming a gunnery training ship at Yokosuka for the rest of the war . In April 1922 , in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty , Suwo was disarmed at the Kure Naval Arsenal . While her armor was being removed , the ship capsized on 13 July . She was probably scrapped in 1922 – 23 , but at least one source suggests she was refloated and hulked , serving until being broken up at Kure in 1946 .
= M @-@ 35 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 35 is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . Running for 128 miles ( 206 km ) in a general north – south direction , it connects the cities of Menominee , Escanaba and Negaunee . The southern section of M @-@ 35 in Menominee and Delta counties carries two additional designations . M @-@ 35 forms a segment of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour , and it is the UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail , which is a part of what is now called the Pure Michigan Byways Program . Along the southern section , the highway is the closest trunkline to the Green Bay , a section of Lake Michigan , and is also the shortest route between Menominee and Escanaba . The northern section of the highway turns inland through wooded terrain , connecting rural portions of Delta and Marquette counties .
M @-@ 35 is an original state trunkline that was first designated by July 1 , 1919 , originally intended to run from Menominee in the south to near Big Bay in the north , before turning toward L 'Anse to end at Ontonagon . However , the section through the Huron Mountains in northern Marquette and Baraga counties was never built . Automobile pioneer Henry Ford helped halt this construction to gain favor with and membership in the exclusive Huron Mountain Club . Some discontinuous sections were later ceded to local control . The northern segment of the route between Ontonagon and Baraga was retained as a discontinuous segment of the highway ; this northern segment was redesignated as another state trunkline . The northern end was rerouted out of the City of Negaunee into Negaunee Township to avoid mining activity near Palmer .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 35 is primarily a two @-@ lane roadway , with the exception of the nearly 8 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 13 @.@ 7 km ) section between Escanaba and Gladstone . This section is a four @-@ lane divided highway that runs concurrently with US Highway 2 / US Highway 41 ( US 2 / US 41 ) . M @-@ 35 is also listed on the National Highway System along the US 2 / US 41 concurrency . The southern terminus is in the City of Menominee . From there
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English textbook , " Films and Theatres " , mentions Mayabazar and its actors and has two stills from the film . In March 2012 , film historian Mohan V. Raman stated in an interview with The Times of India that Mayabazar , which " perfected the art of trick photography " , was " among the significant black and white films of yore " , along with Andha Naal ( 1954 ) and Uthama Puthiran ( 1940 ) .
A Tamil song written by Thamarai and Harris Jayaraj for the film Yennai Arindhaal ( 2015 ) was named Mayabazar . The scene in which Krishna reveals his identity to Ghatotkacha at Dvaraka was used in Gopala Gopala ( 2015 ) , with Pawan Kalyan as Krishna . References were made to Shakuni 's character in the film Pataas ( 2015 ) starring Rama Rao 's grandson Nandamuri Kalyan Ram . Director S. S. Rajamouli told film critic Subhash K. Jha that Venkata Reddy 's work in Mayabazar was a " huge inspiration " for him to make Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) and Baahubali : The Conclusion . Writing for DailyO , an online opinion platform from the India Today Group , actor Rana Daggubati opined that films like Mayabazar were " truly cutting edge " and added , " Considering the technological limitations technicians were working with back then , these were phenomenally commendable instances of the Indian cinema " . In an interview with The Hindu in November 2015 , actor Kamal Haasan noted , " Visual appeal has always gone hand @-@ in @-@ hand with content , since the days of Chandralekha and Maya Bazaar [ sic ] , not just after Baahubali . "
= The Magpie ( Monet ) =
The Magpie ( French : La Pie ) is an oil @-@ on @-@ canvas landscape painting by the French Impressionist Claude Monet , created during the winter of 1868 – 1869 near the commune of Étretat in Normandy . Monet 's patron , Louis Joachim Gaudibert , helped arrange a house in Étretat for Monet 's girlfriend Camille Doncieux and their newborn son , allowing Monet to paint in relative comfort , surrounded by his family .
Between 1867 and 1893 , Monet and fellow Impressionists Alfred Sisley and Camille Pissarro
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Oregon to restart the Project . Krycek informs them that the UFO is hidden behind an energy field . The group , along with the Lone Gunmen , find evidence pinpointing the UFO 's location . Mulder makes it clear to Scully that he is concerned for her health and refuses to let her accompany him back to Oregon . Reciprocating his concern , Scully refuses to let Mulder return alone ; Skinner accompanies Mulder instead .
While investigating the incident back in Washington , Scully and The Lone Gunmen find evidence that it was Mulder , not Scully , who would be in danger at the Oregon abduction site . However , immediately upon discovering this , Scully is taken ill , and The Lone Gunmen have her rushed to the hospital .
Returning to Oregon , Mulder and Skinner travel to the woods , equipped with lasers for finding the UFO . Noticing a spot where the lasers cease in mid @-@ air , Mulder walks through the force field . He finds and joins a group of abductees , including Billy and Theresa , standing below a pillar of light from a UFO ; they are soon accosted by the Bounty Hunter . Mulder is abducted with the group while a stunned Skinner witnesses the UFO 's departure .
At the Watergate , Krycek and Marita come to visit the Smoking Man , who is already aware of his plan 's failure but is resigned to his fate . With Marita holding back his assistant , Krycek wheels the Smoking Man out of the room and throws him down a flight of stairs , presumably killing him . After being hospitalized , Scully tells Skinner that , although she cannot understand it — and that it is important that he keep it secret — she is pregnant .
= = Production = =
= = = Background and writing = = =
" Requiem " was written by series creator Chris Carter . While filming was underway for the seventh season , many members of the crew felt that the show had entered into its final season . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later explained that " there was a pretty strong sentiment inside and outside the show that it was time to call it a day . " As the season progressed , however , the idea of producing another season emerged . Paul Rabwin explained that , " we found ourselves starting to get energized again . [ ... ] As we got toward the end of the season , everyone was kind of hopeful . "
As such , when it came time to pen " Requiem " , the producers found themselves at a crossroads . There were several ideas that were discussed on how to deal with the episode . The first idea was that " Requiem " could serve a series finale . Another idea that emerged was that the episode could function as either a cliffhanger for an eighth season or an X @-@ Files movie . During the drafting of the script , there were also talks of crafting a two @-@ hour episode , but these ideas were quickly discarded . The ending scene , featuring Scully revealing that she is pregnant , was written the day before it was filmed . Carter held it back because he did not want " the cat to get out of the bag . " This decision was made to prevent leaks and spoilers on the internet .
The episode attempted to bring closure to several aspects of the series . In one sequence , Alex Krycek throws The Smoking Man down a flight of stairs , presumably to his death . Nicholas Lea , the actor who portrayed Krycek , noted : " That 's one of the character 's great moments , when I get to push Bill Davis down a set of stairs . In a sense , he has nothing to lose because his life 's burned out . So death doesn 't have the same terror that it would to a young happy chap . " The episode also featured several tender moments between Mulder and Scully , which many fans found " nearly pornographic in the context of their long , chaste courtship " , according to Matt Hurwitz and Chris Knowles in their book The Complete X @-@ Files . Gillian Anderson , however , defended the moments , arguing that there was ample amount of romance between Mulder and Scully prior to " Requiem " .
= = = Casting and filming = = =
Because there was still a chance that the seventh season may have been the show 's last , the character of Billy Miles , played by Zachary Ansley and who originally appeared in the pilot episode , was brought back in and featured in " Requiem " to bring the series full @-@ circle . Ansley would also appear in several eighth season episodes as well . After the conclusion of the episode , David Duchovny expressed his desire to leave the series . He explained , " I was kind of a free agent after season seven , and to me , there was not much else to do in terms of the character . So it was really about me wanting to pursue other parts of my career as a writer , director , and actor . " Rumors began spreading — and were eventually confirmed — that , since Duchovny had not expressed an interest to appear as a main character in the eighth season , that another character would take Mulder 's place . Many fans on the internet believed that Mitch Pileggi , who portrayed Walter Skinner , would take the role ; Pileggi later called this guess " ridiculous . "
The episode was directed by Kim Manners . Manners originally thought that Chris Carter would have wanted to direct the episode , in case the episode would have been the show 's last . Originally , Carter planned on it , but eventually relented and asked Manners to direct the episode . Manners later noted that he felt " very honored " by this gesture . Principal shooting for the episode began on April 20 , 2000 on Soundstage 5 at the Twentieth Century Fox lot . Filming at the studio ended on Day 4 , and subsequently , the cast and crew relocated to the mountains resort Big Bear , located near Big Bear Lake , California . The forests around the area provided an " ideal backdrop " for the bulk of the episode , which was supposed to take place in Oregon ; the setting for both " Requiem " and the series pilot were supposed to take place in the same fictional city , Bellefleur . However , in the pilot , the outdoor scenes had originally been shot on location in Lynn Valley in North Vancouver , British Columbia , in the Lower Seymour Conservation Reserve — formerly known as the Seymour Demonstration Forest . Since production had moved from Vancouver to Los Angeles after the conclusion of the fifth season , a local California location was needed to stand in for Oregon .
The episode featured several elaborate effects , created through both digital and physical means . The scene wherein Scully encounters the alien forcefield was created by means of using a harness that hoisted Anderson into the air . Special effects producer Bill Millar created many of the special effects for the episode — including shots of the alien craft as well as its interaction with people — in a building in Big Bear . The episode contains a shot of Detective Miles morphing into the alien bounty hunter . In order to create the scene , various shots of Leon Russom and Brian Thompson were spliced together via blue screen technology . Producer Paul Rabwin called the shot " one of the best morphs we 've ever done . "
= = Themes = =
" Requiem " explores Mulder 's desire to leave his pursuit of the truth behind him . Michelle Bush , in her book Myth @-@ X notes that the episode 's theme , in a colloquial sense , is Mulder 's " realization that maybe it 's time to get out of the car " . The irony of the episode , however , is that as soon as Mulder discovers absolute proof of alien life , he is subsequently abducted and taken away .
While in Skinner 's office , the camera angles and position of the characters reveals that the scene is intended to be a recreation of Leonardo da Vinci 's famous painting The Last Supper . Skinner is standing in Saint Peter 's spot , and Scully is standing in Judas Iscariot 's place . Bush argues that , in this manner , the show is suggesting that Scully , like Judas , directly affects the fate of the savior , in this case Mulder . She notes that Scully 's actions result in a fate that " could
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clarifies that the title of ' son of God ' is attributed a person whose piety has placed him in a very near relationship to God and " by no means carries the idea of physical descent from , and essential unity with , God " .
There is no evidence of any Jewish community venerating Ezra as the ' son of God ' in Jewish literature . The Qur 'anic verse on Ezra appears in one of Maimonides 's discussions about the relationship between Judaism and Islam where he says “ … they [ Muslims ] lie about us [ Jews ] , and falsely attribute to us the statement that God has a son . ”
The Encyclopedia Judaica states :
" Muhammed claims ( Sura 9 : 30 ) that in the opinion of the Jews , Uzayr ( Ezra ) is the son of God . These words are enigma because no such opinion is to be found among the Jews , even though Ezra was singled out for special appreciation ( see Sanh . 21b ; Yev . 86b ) . "
The Jewish Encyclopedia states :
" In the Koran ( ix . 30 ) the Jews are charged with worshiping Ezra ( " ' Uzair " ) as the son of God — a malevolent metaphor for the great respect which was paid by the Jews to the memory of Ezra as the restorer of the Law , and from which the Ezra legends of apocryphal literature ( II Esd. xxxiv . 37 @-@ 49 ) originated ( as to how they developed in Mohammedan legends see Damiri , " Ḥayat al @-@ Ḥayawan , " i . 304 @-@ 305 ) . It is hard to bring into harmony with this the fact , related by Jacob Saphir ( " Eben Sappir , " i . 99 ) , that the Jews of South Arabia have a pronounced aversion for the memory of Ezra , and even exclude his name from their category of proper names . "
Abraham Geiger remarked the following concerning the claim that Jews believed Ezra to be the son of God : “ According to the assertion of Muhammad the Jews held Ezra to be the Son of God . This is certainly a mere misunderstanding which arose from the great esteem in which Ezra was undoubtedly held . This esteem is expressed in the following passage ‘ Ezra would have been worthy to have made known the law if Moses had not come before him . ’ Truly Muhammad sought to cast suspicion on the Jews ’ faith in the unity of God , and thought he had here found a good opportunity of so doing . ”
= = Accusations of falsification = =
Ibn Hazm , an Andalusian Muslim scholar , explicitly accused Ezra of being a liar and a heretic who falsified and added interpolations into the Biblical text . Ibn Hazm provided a polemical list of what he considered " chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions ; theological impossibilities ( anthropomorphic expressions , stories of fornication and whoredom , and the attributing of sins to prophets ) , as well as lack of reliable transmission ( tawatur ) of the text " , Hava Lazarus @-@ Yafeh states . In response to attacks on the personality of Ezra , the Byzantine Emperor Leo III defended Ezra as a pious , reliable person . The Jewish convert to Islam al @-@ Samaw 'al ( d . 1175 ) accused Ezra of interpolating stories such as Gen. 19 : 30 @-@ 8 in the Bible in order to sully David ’ s origins and to prevent the rule of the Davidic dynasty during the second Temple . The writings of Ibn Hazm and al @-@ Samaw 'al was adopted and updated only slightly by later Muslim authors up to contemporary times .
= = Uzayr as Azariah = =
Viviane Comerro , Professeur in Islamic literature at INALCO , considers the possibility of Quranic Uzair not being Ezra but Azariah instead , relying on Ibn Qutaybah , and identifying a confusion committed by Muslim exegetes . She declares : " There is , from muslim traditionalists , a confusion between two distinct characters , Ezra [ ' Azrà ] et Azariah [ ' Azarya ( h ) ] ( ... ) Thus , it is possible that the quranic vocable Uzayr could find its origin in Azariah 's one . "
The deuterocanonical version of the book of Daniel confirms this hypothesis . The Theodotion 's version , used by Catholics and Orthodox Christians contains the Prayer of Azariah , an apocryphal prayer added by Hellenistic rabbis in the Septuagint version of the book of Daniel , which curiously mentions Abednego by his other name , Azariah , rather than Abednego which is used in the whole chapter 3 of the Hebrew and Protestant version , without any mention of the name " Azariah " in this chapter . This mention precedes the appearance of an angel qualified by Nebuchadnezzar as having the form of the " son of god " . Legends from Jewish communities of Arabia which were using the Septuagint version of the Book of Daniel made the confusion between the fourth character , the angel who is like the son of god , and Azariah himself , as confirmed by H. Schwarzbaum . In this perspective , the Quranic narrator seems to blame the Jews who believed in such a legend and who considered Azariah as the son of God , legend which finds its origin in a confusion due to an addition in the original biblical corpus by the rabbis who elaborated the Septuagint .
= = Title of son of God in Judaism = =
The title of son of God ( servant of God ) is used by the Jews for any pious person as is evident according to Encyclopedia of Judaism which states that the title of son of God is attributed by the Jews " to any one whose piety has placed him in a filial relation to God ( see Wisdom ii . 13 , 16 , 18 ; v. 5 , where " the sons of God " are identical with " the saints " ; comp . Ecclus . [ Sirach ] iv . 10 ) . It is through such personal relations that the individual becomes conscious of God 's fatherhood . " Jews consider Ezra among the pious .
= Bound ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" Bound " is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , originally broadcast on April 15 , 2005 . It was written by showrunner Manny Coto , and directed by Allan Kroeker . The episode featured the return of the Orion slave girls , which had been originally seen in the original pilot of Star Trek : The Original Series , " The Cage " .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , three Orion slave girls come on board the ship , and the crew , with the exception of Commander " Trip " Tucker and Commander T 'Pol who seem to have a resistant psychic bond , begin acting strangely .
The episode featured the return of Cyia Batten and William Lucking who had both previously appeared in multi @-@ episode parts in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Four time MTV Music Video Award for Choreography winner Travis Payne was brought on board to oversee the extensive choreography for the three actresses playing the Orion women . Each actress went through a four to five @-@ hour make @-@ up process for each day of filming , which required them to be sprayed green . " Bound " received Nielsen ratings of 1 @.@ 8 / 3 % , and critical reaction was mixed with one reviewer listing it amongst the best episodes of Enterprise while another listed as the worst episode ever of any Star Trek series .
= = Plot = =
Enterprise is en route to the Berengarius system , one of the proposed locations for a Starfleet starbase , when it is approached by an Orion Syndicate vessel . Captain Archer is invited to visit the Orion ship by its captain , Harrad @-@ Sar . During the visit , Archer and Lieutenant Reed are entertained by three Orion dancers , Navaar , D 'Nesh , and Maras . Archer negotiates with Harrad @-@ Sar and they agree a joint magnesite mining operation , and the three slaves are given to him . They return to Enterprise with the slaves and set a course to survey the planet .
En route , the presence of the Orions begins having an effect on the crew : men become increasingly aggressive , while women increasingly suffer from headaches . Navaar focuses her attentions on Archer , while D 'Nesh seduces Commander Kelby . Arriving at the planet , a sluggish Archer orders Reed to destroy another ship , but he refuses and it escapes . Kelby meanwhile sabotages the warp drive before Commander Tucker can physically stop him . Afterwards , Doctor Phlox determines that the Orions are producing pheromones , causing the crew 's adrenaline levels to spike . Only Commander T 'Pol and Tucker remain unaffected , since she is Vulcan and he shares her immunity because of their psychic bond .
The Orions are placed under guard in the decontamination chamber . Harrad @-@ Sar returns in his vessel and attacks the now disabled Enterprise , and then begins to tow it away . He reveals that , in fact , the Syndicate seeks Archer 's head , and in this matter he is the slave and the
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Orion women are his masters . The Orions escape and travel to the Bridge , as do T 'Pol and Tucker . Navaar tells Archer to arrest T 'Pol , but Tucker stuns all the male crew @-@ members with his phaser , and T 'Pol disables the Orion ship with a pulse sent from Enterprise 's deflector dish . They send the Orions back to their ship , and T 'Pol finally admits she would personally like Tucker to return , and he replies that he has already requested a transfer back to Enterprise .
= = Production = =
The Orion slave girls had been introduced in the original Star Trek : The Original Series pilot " The Cage " , footage from which was later adapted to appear in the episode " The Menagerie " . The make @-@ up was designed by Fred Phillips , which was originally tested on Majel Barrett , before it was applied to Susan Oliver . Cyia Batten , Crystal Allen and Menina Fortunato played the three Orion women in " Bound " . Batten had previously appeared as Tora Ziyal , the daughter of Gul Dukat in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine in the episodes " Indiscretion " and " Return to Grace " . She also appeared in " Drive " , an episode Star Trek : Voyager , as Irina . William Lucking had appeared as a Bajoran called Furel in three episodes of Deep Space Nine ; " Shakaar " , " The Darkness and the Light " and " Ties of Blood and Water " . Derek Magyar returned as Commander Kelby , following his introduction earlier in the previous episode " Divergence " .
Allen recalled the The Original Series , and said that she was pleased to be remembered as an Orion slave girl . However , she was not pleased with the make @-@ up process which took between four and five hours to apply , and required each actress to be sprayed with green make @-@ up over their whole body . Removal of the make @-@ up was via the showers in the Paramount lot 's executive gym . The make @-@ up team also needed to apply fake sweat and bruises to other members of the cast to represent the results of the increased aggression shown by them in the episode 's plot .
Allan Kroeker , who was the director of " Bound " had previously directed two episodes earlier in the season , " Storm Front " and " Home " . Fortunato praised the director and described the Orions , saying that they " move very slowly , very seductively . I would like to compare us to snakes – we like to slither and creep around , versus a human . So we ’ re a little sneaky . The three of us are trying to get something accomplished , and each one of us has our target , so to speak , to try to manipulate them to get what we want in the end . "
The choreography was overseen by Travis Payne , who had won the MTV Music Video Award for Best Choreography on four occasions and worked with Madonna , Michael Jackson and Britney Spears amongst others . Both Batten and Fortunato were trained dancers , with Batten being a former member of The Pussycat Dolls burlesque dance troupe , while Allen had previously appeared in films such as Maid in Manhattan and television series such as Boston Legal alongside William Shatner . After being cast , Fortunato said that the actresses playing the Orion women were not shown any film footage of the previous appearances of Orion slave girls , but were allowed to see a magazine article about Bobbi Sue Luther appearing as one in the episode " Borderland " in order to demonstrate what the make @-@ up would look like .
Filming began on January 6 , 2005 and concluded on January 14 . Only six days were used to shoot , with January 10 spent working on choreography for the dance scene and for shooting additional footage for " Divergence " . Filming on the earlier episode had also overlapped on the first day of filming . While the actresses playing the Orion women were required on all days , Lucking filmed all his scenes on the final day of shooting . The main cabin of the Orion ship was constructed in full specifically for this episode while the bridge was only a single wall as it was only seen on screen as a view @-@ screen background .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Bound " was first aired in the United States on UPN on April 15 , 2005 . It received a 1 @.@ 8 / 3 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 8 percent of all households , and 3 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was lower than the following episode , where the first installment of
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The general impression of the airplane is exactly as originally created by intelligence — including the performance ' .
However , 9 wrecked Mitsubishi A6M Zeros were recovered from Pearl Harbor shortly after the attack in December 1941 , and United States Naval Intelligence , along with the Navy 's Bureau of Aeronautics had them studied , and then shipped to the Experimental Engineering Department at Dayton , Ohio in 1942 . It was noted that the experimental Grumman XF6F @-@ 1s then under @-@ going testing in June 1942 and the Zero had " wings integrated with the fuselage , " a design feature not normally practiced in American aircraft production at that time .
The Akutan Zero was destroyed during a training accident in February 1945 . While the Zero was taxiing for a take @-@ off , a SB2C Helldiver lost control and rammed into it . The Helldiver 's propeller sliced the Zero into pieces . From the wreckage , William N. Leonard salvaged several gauges , which he donated to the National Museum of the United States Navy . The Alaska Heritage Museum and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum also have small pieces of the Zero .
In an attempt to repatriate Koga 's body , American author Jim Rearden led a search on Akutan in 1988 . He located Koga 's grave , but found it empty . Rearden and Japanese businessman Minoru Kawamoto conducted a records search . They found that in 1947 Koga 's body was exhumed by an American Graves Registration Service team and re @-@ buried on Adak Island , further down the Aleutian chain . The team , unaware of Koga 's identity , marked his body as unidentified . The Adak cemetery was excavated in 1953 , and 236 bodies were returned to Japan . The body buried next to Koga ( Shigeyoshi Shindo ) was one of 13 identified ; the remaining 223 unidentified remains were re @-@ interred in Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery in Japan . It is probable that Koga was one of them . Rearden later wrote the definitive account of the Akutan Zero .
= Laurence of Canterbury =
Laurence ( sometimes Lawrence or Laurentius ; died 2 February 619 ) was the second Archbishop of Canterbury from about 604 to 619 . He was a member of the Gregorian mission sent from Italy to England to Christianise the Anglo @-@ Saxons from their native Anglo @-@ Saxon paganism , although the date of his arrival is disputed . He was consecrated archbishop by his predecessor , Augustine of Canterbury , during Augustine 's lifetime , to ensure continuity in the office . While archbishop , he attempted unsuccessfully to resolve differences with the native British bishops by corresponding with them about points of dispute . Laurence faced a crisis following the death of King Æthelberht of Kent , when the king 's successor abandoned Christianity ; he eventually reconverted . Laurence was revered as a saint after his death in 619 .
= = Early life = =
Laurence was part of the Gregorian mission originally dispatched from Rome in 595 to convert the Anglo @-@ Saxons from their native paganism to Christianity ; he landed at Thanet , Kent , with Augustine in 597 , or , as some sources state , first arrived in 601 and was not a part of the first group of missionaries . He had been a monk in Rome before his travels to England , but nothing else is known of his history or background . The medieval chronicler Bede says that Augustine sent Laurence back to Pope Gregory I to report on the success of converting King Æthelberht of Kent and to carry a letter with questions for the pope . Accompanied by Peter of Canterbury , another missionary , he set off some time after July 598 , and had returned by June 601 . He brought back with him Gregory 's replies to Augustine 's questions , a document commonly known as the Libellus responsionum , that Bede incorporated in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum . Laurence is probably the Laurence referred to in the letter from Gregory to Bertha , queen of Kent . In that letter , Gregory praises Bertha for her part in the conversion of her husband , details of which Gregory says he received from Laurence the priest . It is known that Laurence returned to England with Mellitus and others of the second group of missionaries in the summer of 601 , but there is no record of Peter being with them .
= = Archbishop = =
Laurence succeeded Augustine to the see of Canterbury in about 604 , and ruled until his death on 2 February 619 . To secure the succession , Augustine had consecrated Laurence before he died , even though that was prohibited by canon law . Augustine was afraid though that if someone did not step into the office immediately , it would damage the missionary efforts in Britain . However , Laurence never received a pallium from Rome , so he may have been considered uncanonical by the papacy . Bede makes a point of comparing Augustine 's action in consecrating Laurence to Saint Peter 's action of consecrating Clement as Bishop of Rome during Peter 's lifetime , which the theologian J. Robert Wright believes may be Bede 's way of criticising the practices of the church in his day .
In 610 Laurence received letters from Pope Boniface IV , addressed to him as archbishop and Augustine 's successor . The correspondence was in response to Laurence having sent Mellitus to Rome earlier in 610 , to solicit advice from the papacy on matters concerning the English Church . While in Rome Mellitus attended a synod , and brought the synodical decrees back with him to Laurence .
In 613 Laurence consecrated the monastery church built by Augustine in Canterbury , and dedicated it to saints Peter and Paul ; it was later re @-@ consecrated as St Augustine 's Abbey , Canterbury . Laurence also wrote to the bishops in the lands held by the Scots and by the Britons , urging them to hold Easter on the day that the Roman church celebrated it , instead of their traditional date , part of the Easter controversy . The letter is also preserved in Bede 's history . Laurence in 609 stated that Dagan , a native bishop , would not eat with Laurence or share a roof with the archbishop , due to the differences between the two Churches .
= = Pagan reaction = =
Æthelberht died in 616 , during Laurence 's tenure ; his son Eadbald abandoned Christianity in favour of Anglo @-@ Saxon paganism , forcing many of the Gregorian missionaries to flee the pagan backlash that followed Æthelberht 's death . Among them in Gaul were Mellitus , who was Bishop of London , and Justus , who was Bishop of Rochester . Remaining in Britain , Laurence succeeded in reconverting Eadbald to Christianity . Bede relates the story that Laurence had been prepared to give up when he was visited by St Peter in a dream or vision . St Peter chastised Laurence and whipped him , and the marks of the whipping remained after the vision or dream ended . Laurence then displayed them to Eadbald , and the king was converted on the spot . Bede , however , hints that it was the death of some of the leaders of the pagan party in battle that really persuaded Laurence to stay . According to Benedicta Ward , a historian of Christianity , Bede uses the story of the whipping as an example of how suffering was a reminder of Christ 's suffering for humans , and how that example could lead to conversion . Wright argues that another point Bede is making is that it is because of the intercession of St Peter himself that the mission continued . David Farmer , in the Oxford Dictionary of Saints , suggests that the whipping story may
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of the exposed parts of the ship the site was levelled with the seabed and was gradually covered by layers of sediment , concealing most of the remaining structure . During the 16th century a hard layer of compacted clay and crushed shells formed over the ship , stabilising the site and sealing the Tudor @-@ era deposits . Further layers of soft silt covered the site during the 18th and 19th centuries , but frequent changes in the tidal patterns and currents in the Solent occasionally exposed some of the timbers , leading to its accidental rediscovery in 1836 and aided in locating the wreck in 1971 . After the ship had been salvaged it was determined that about 40 % of the original structure had survived .
= = = Rediscovery in 19th century = = =
In the summer of 1836 , a group of five fishermen caught their nets on timbers protruding from the bottom of the Solent . They contacted a diver to help them remove the hindrance , and on 10 June , Henry Abbinett became the first person to see the Mary Rose in almost 300 years . Later , two other professional divers , John Deane and William Edwards , were employed . Using a recently invented rubber suit and metal diving helmet , Deane and Edwards began to examine the wreck and salvage items from it . Along with an assortment of timbers and wooden objects , including several longbows , they brought up several bronze and iron guns , which were sold to the Board of Ordnance for over £ 220 . Initially , this caused a dispute between Deane ( who had also brought in his brother Charles into the project ) , Abbinett and the fishermen who had hired them . The matter was eventually settled by allowing the fishermen a share of the proceeds from the sale of the first salvaged guns , while Deane received exclusive salvage rights at the expense of Abbinett . The wreck was soon identified as the Mary Rose from the inscriptions of one of the bronze guns manufactured in 1537 .
The identification of the ship led to significant public interest in the salvage operation , and caused a great demand for the objects which were brought up . Though many of the objects could not be properly conserved at the time and subsequently deteriorated , many were documented with pencil sketches and watercolour drawings which survive to this day . John Deane ceased working on the wreck in 1836 , but returned in 1840 with new , more destructive methods . With the help of condemned bomb shells filled with gunpowder acquired from the Ordnance Board he blasted his way into parts of the wreck . Fragments of bombs and traces of blasting craters were found during the modern excavations , but there was no evidence that Deane managed to penetrate the hard layer that had sealed off the Tudor levels . Deane reported retrieving a bilge pump and the lower part of the main mast , both of which would have been located inside the ship .
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the city . The population density was 790 @.@ 4 inhabitants per square mile ( 305 @.@ 2 / km2 ) . There were 1 @,@ 490 housing units at an average density of 419 @.@ 7 per square mile ( 162 @.@ 0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92 @.@ 2 % White , 0 @.@ 3 % African American , 2 @.@ 6 % Native American , 0 @.@ 7 % Asian , 0 @.@ 7 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 3 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 @.@ 7 % of the population .
There were 1 @,@ 280 households out of which 24 @.@ 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40 @.@ 6 % were married couples living together , 11 @.@ 5 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4 @.@ 1 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 43 @.@ 8 % were non @-@ families . 36 @.@ 9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13 @.@ 9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 13 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 77 .
The median age in the city was 44 @.@ 5 years . 21 @.@ 5 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 8 @.@ 7 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 20 @.@ 3 % were from 25 to 44 ; 30 @.@ 7 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 18 @.@ 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 51 @.@ 2 % male and 48 @.@ 8 % female .
The median income for a household in the city was $ 32 @,@ 877 , and the median income for a family was $ 42 @,@ 885 . The per capita income for the city was $ 19 @,@ 567 . About 19 @.@ 6 % of families and 20 % of the population had incomes below the poverty line .
= = Arts and culture = =
The Harney County Arts in Education Foundation ( HCAEF ) exists to support music education and the performing , visual , and theater arts in Burns and the region . The HCAEF is raising funds in hopes of creating a performing arts and education center with a 600 @-@ seat auditorium , art gallery , film studio , and other facilities for students and the community . The Portland Youth Philharmonic , which originated in Burns as the Sagebrush Symphony Orchestra , has performed in Burns in support of the HCAEF .
Each April , Burns hosts the John Scharff Migratory Bird Festival and Art Show during the annual spring migration of waterfowl and other birds through the area . Pelicans , ducks , and raptors are among the birds frequenting the Harney Basin wetlands , a stopping place on the Pacific Flyway . Named for a former manager of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge , the festival includes tours of the wetlands and nearby ranches as well as classes in topics such as birdhouse building , Harney County archeology , and bird sketching .
In June , the High Desert Fiddlers host the Country Music Jamboree at the Harney County Fairgrounds on the edge of Burns . Players of all skill levels take part in the jamboree , with stages in three fairground buildings . Admission is free ; donations are accepted . Concessions , dinners by reservation , camping in tents or recreational vehicles , and dancing are part of the entertainment . At other times of the year , the High Desert Fiddlers gather on Fridays at various locations around the city to hold public jam sessions including folk , country , bluegrass , and other music played on instruments such as the guitar , mandolin , fiddle , and hammered dulcimer .
The Harney
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Gorch were featured in this exhibition , which was held in the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts . In 2006 , Henson 's Muppet character model " Scred " was featured as a highlight of his body of work in the exhibit " Jim Henson : Performing Artist " at the University of Maryland 's Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center .
In a 2011 appearance as host of Saturday Night Live while promoting his film The Muppets , Jason Segel mentioned The Land of Gorch in his opening monologue . In a follow @-@ up interview , he was asked about the possibility of re @-@ introducing The Land of Gorch to popular culture , and said , " I think that that is a reference that is probably lost to time ... They weren 't even famous then " . In 2013 , writer Jay Fosgitt marketed to publishing company Archaia Entertainment the idea of reviving The Land of Gorch characters in comic book format with a new storyline .
= = Critical reception = =
Writing for The A.V. Club , Phil Dyess @-@ Nugent said " nobody wanted this shit on the show " became an in @-@ joke among the Saturday Night Live staff . He said although he was confused about the reason the concept did not work for Saturday Night Live , he remembered skipping through the sketch to watch other parts of the episode . Writing for the same publication , Erik Adams called the sketches uninspired and one of the low points of Henson 's working relationship with NBC . The San Francisco Chronicle wrote that The Land of Gorch characters appeared antithetical to Kermit the Frog and compared them to trolls .
USA Today television critic Robert Bianco mused as to why the characters were not successful , saying they did not land with the audience because of an imbalance between the initial appeal of the Muppets to youth over against the mature comedy used in Henson 's other endeavors . Author Jake Austen said Henson 's characters were " unappreciated Muppets " . Vogue said the sketches feature " proto @-@ Muppets " behaving oddly in a dystopian future world . Associated Press called the characters Muppets in a disturbing and horrifying context .
The Economist described Henson 's Saturday Night Live characters as his odd children who were known to muse about aspects of philosophy . DVD Talk said The Land of Gorch was the most serious mistake from the first season of Saturday Night Live . The review also said the characters repeatedly lack humor and brought each episode to a dead stop because of the length of the sketches . Author Wesley Hyatt said the only redeeming scene from the sketches was a duet between Lily Tomlin and one of the characters , singing " I Got You Babe " .
Michael J. Bernsten wondered why The Land of Gorch characters were not appreciated , saying they were unfunny , unintelligent , and devoid of redeeming characteristics . He said , " They are probably the most unlikable Muppets ever created " . Bernsten attributed this notoriety to the Saturday Night Live writing staff rather than Jim Henson or Frank Oz . He said the staff 's lack of motivation to produce imaginative writing contributed to bland dialogue between the characters .
In her essay " Emmet Otter 's Jug @-@ Band Christmas : The Gift of the Muppets " , Catherine Edwards said The Land of Gorch sketches were a critical flop . Edwards interpreted this as a net @-@ benefit for fans of the Muppets because the failure of the skits resulted in Henson 's next
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parklands and agricultural land .
Natural England have designated the Quantock Hills as national character area 144 . They are entirely surrounded by NCA 146 : the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes .
The hills run from the Vale of Taunton Deane in the south , for about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north @-@ west , ending at Kilve and West Quantoxhead on the coast of the Bristol Channel . They form the western border of Sedgemoor and the Somerset Levels . From the top of the hills on a clear day , it is possible to see Glastonbury Tor and the Mendips to the east , Wales as far as the Gower Peninsula to the north , the Brendon Hills and Exmoor to the west , and the Blackdown Hills to the south . The highest point on the Quantocks is Wills Neck , at 1 @,@ 261 feet ( 384 m ) . Soil types and weather combine to support the hills ' plants and animals . In 1970 an area of 6 @,@ 194 @.@ 5 acres ( 2 @,@ 506 @.@ 8 ha ) was designated as a Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest .
Archaeological landscape features include Bronze Age round barrows , extensive ancient field systems and Iron Age hill forts . Evidence from Roman times includes silver coins discovered in West Bagborough . The hills are now a peaceful area popular with walkers , mountain bikers , horse riders and tourists . They explore paths such as the Coleridge Way ( the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived in Nether Stowey from 1797 to 1799 ) or visit places of interest in the surrounding villages .
= = Etymology = =
The name first appears in Saxon charters in around AD 880 as Cantuctun and two centuries later in the Domesday Book as Cantoctona and Cantetone . The name means settlement by a rim or circle of hills ; Cantuc is Celtic for a rim or circle , and -ton or -tun is Old English for a settlement . The highest point of the hills is called Will 's Neck meaning ridge of the Welshman , probably referring to a time when the hills marked the boundary between the expanding Saxon kingdom of Wessex and the lands of the Britons or ' Welsh ' to the West . A battle was fought locally at that time .
= = Geology = =
The Quantock Hills are largely formed by rocks of the Devonian period , which consist of sediments originally laid down under a shallow sea and slowly compressed into solid rock . In the higher north @-@ western areas older Early Devonian rocks known as Hangman Grits ( or , more formally , the Hangman Sandstone Formation ) predominate and can be seen in the exposed rock at West Quantoxhead quarry , which was worked for road building . The Hangman Grits are described in three divisions : the lowest are the Little Quantock Beds , which are located near Crowcombe , and made up of siltstones and
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= = =
After the war ended , the fort remained standing into the 1840s ; in the immediate aftermath of the war 's conclusion the site was occupied by two squatters . In 1847 George Bainbridge purchased the land and the fort from the United States federal government . Bainbridge salvaged what logs were usable from the fort , dismantling it in the process , and used them to construct a barn on his property . The fort site remained relatively undisturbed in the ensuing years . In 1994 the non @-@ profit Apple River Historical Foundation was organized and archaeological investigation was conducted in 1995 . In June 1997 a reconstruction effort ended , and today a replica of the fort stands to the south of the original site , which remains undisturbed to preserve its archaeological integrity .
The state historic site at the Apple River Fort Site was set to close October 1 , 2008 because of cuts in the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency 's budget by Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich . Supporters of the historic site in Elizabeth , led by the Apple River Fort Foundation , appealed in protest to legislators and the governor against the closing , lamenting the economic impact the fort 's closing will have on the community . After delay , the proposal to close seven state parks and a dozen state historic sites , including Apple River Fort , went ahead on November 30 , 2008 . After the impeachment of Illinois Governor Blagojevich , new governor Pat Quinn reopened the closed state parks in February . In March 2009 Quinn announced he is committed to reopening the state historic sites by June 30 , 2009 .
= = Archeology = =
The Apple River Fort Historic Foundation began attempting to locate the original site of the fort in the spring of 1995 . Local tales told of the fort being situated on a hill not far from Main Street in Elizabeth . The group , unable to determine the veracity of the tale , hired an archaeologist to determine the location of the old frontier fortification .
The archaeological digs and investigation at the site were led by Floyd Mansberger of Fever River Research , in consultation with the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency , during the summer of 1995 . The first portion of the investigation was an initial walkover of the site , which yielded some pre @-@ Civil War artifacts . Subsequently , the research team " lightly disked " the site to perform a " controlled surface collection . " The surface collection yielded a wide range of artifacts including different types of glass , ceramics , personal items , and small amounts of brick and stone structural materials . The items retrieved during the collection strongly suggested
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genres " .
In early 2013 , the Recess Gallery in New York City 's SoHo neighbourhood presented We Buy White Albums , an installation by artist Rutherford Chang . The piece was in the form of a record store in which nothing but original pressings of the LP was on display . Chang created a recording in which the sounds of one hundred copies of side one of the LP were overlaid .
= = Commercial performance = =
As it was their first studio album in almost eighteen months ( and coming after the success of Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ) expectations were high at the time of the release of The Beatles . The album debuted at number 1 in the UK on 7 December 1968 . It spent seven weeks at the top of the UK charts ( including the entire competitive Christmas season ) , until it was replaced by the Seekers ' Best of the Seekers on 25 January 1969 , dropping to number 2 . However , the album returned to the top spot the next week , spending an eighth and final week at number 1 . The album was still high in the charts when the Beatles ' follow @-@ up album , Yellow Submarine , was released , which reached number 3 . In all , The Beatles spent 22 weeks on the UK charts , far fewer than the 149 weeks for Sgt. Pepper . In September 2013 after the British Phonographic Industry changed their sales award rules , the album was declared as having gone platinum , meaning sales of at least 300 @,@ 000 copies .
In the United States , the album achieved huge commercial success . Capitol Records sold over 3 @.@ 3 million copies of the White Album to stores within the first four days of the album 's release . It debuted at number 11 on 14 December 1968 , jumped to number 2 , and reached number 1 in its third week on 28 December , spending a total of nine weeks at the top . In all , The Beatles spent 155 weeks on the Billboard 200 . The album has sold over 9 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States alone and according to the Recording Industry Association of America , The Beatles is the Beatles ' most @-@ certified album at 19 @-@ times platinum .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Lennon – McCartney , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
The Beatles
John Lennon – lead , harmony and background vocals ; acoustic , lead , rhythm and bass guitars ; piano , Hammond organ , harmonium , Mellotron ; harmonica , tenor saxophone ; extra drums and assorted percussion ( tambourine , handclaps and vocal percussion ) , tapes , tape loops and sound effects ( electronic and home @-@ made )
Paul McCartney – lead , harmony and background vocals ; acoustic , lead , rhythm and bass guitars ; acoustic and electric pianos , Hammond organ ; assorted percussion ( timpani , tambourine , cowbell , hand shake bell , handclaps , foot taps and vocal percussion ) ; drums ( on " Back in the U.S.S.R. " , " Dear Prudence " , " Wild Honey Pie " and " Martha My Dear " ) ; recorder and flugelhorn ;
George Harrison – lead , harmony and background vocals ; lead , rhythm , acoustic and bass guitars ; Hammond organ ( on " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " ) ; extra drums and assorted percussion ( tambourine , handclaps and vocal percussion ) and sound effects
Ringo Starr – drums and assorted percussion ( tambourine , bongos , cymbals , maracas and vocal percussion ) ; piano and sleigh bell ( on " Don 't Pass Me By " ) ; lead vocals ( on " Don 't Pass Me By " and " Good Night " ) and backing vocals ( on " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " )
Guest musicians
Eric Clapton – lead guitar on " While My Guitar Gently Weeps "
Mal Evans – backing vocals and handclaps on " Dear Prudence " , handclaps on " Birthday " , trumpet on " Helter Skelter "
Jack Fallon – violin on " Don 't Pass Me By "
Pattie Harrison – backing vocals on " Birthday "
Jackie Lomax – backing vocals and handclaps on " Dear Prudence "
Maureen Starkey – backing vocals on " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill "
Yoko Ono – backing vocals , lead vocals and handclaps on " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " , backing vocals on " Birthday " , speech , tapes and sound effects on " Revolution 9 "
Session musicians
Ted Barker – trombone on " Martha My Dear "
Leon Calvert – trumpet and flugelhorn on " Martha My Dear "
Henry Datyner , Eric Bowie , Norman Lederman and Ronald Thomas – violin on " Glass Onion "
Bernard Miller , Dennis McConnell , Lou Soufier and Les Maddox – violin on " Martha My Dear "
Reginald Kilby – cello on " Glass Onion " and " Martha My Dear "
Eldon Fox – cello on " Glass Onion "
Frederick Alexander – cello on " Martha My Dear "
Harry Klein – saxophone on " Savoy Truffle " and " Honey Pie "
Dennis Walton , Ronald Chamberlain , Jim Chest and Rex Morris – saxophone on " Honey Pie "
Raymond Newman and David Smith – clarinet on " Honey Pie "
Art Ellefson , Danny Moss and Derek Collins – tenor sax on " Savoy Truffle "
Ronnie Ross and Bernard George – baritone sax on " Savoy Truffle "
Alf Reece – tuba on " Martha My Dear "
The Mike Sammes Singers – backing vocals on " Good Night "
Stanley Reynolds and Ronnie Hughes – trumpet on " Martha My Dear "
Chris Shepard – stumpf fiddle on " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill "
Tony Tunstall – French horn on " Martha My Dear "
John Underwood and Keith Cummings – viola on " Glass Onion "
Leo Birnbaum and Henry Myerscough – viola on " Martha My Dear "
Production team
Geoff Emerick – engineer , speech on " Revolution 9 "
George Martin – producer , executive producer ; string , brass , clarinet , orchestral arrangements and conducting ; piano on " Rocky Raccoon "
Ken Scott – engineer and mixer
Barry Sheffield – engineer ( Trident Studio )
Chris Thomas – producer ; Mellotron on " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " , harpsichord on " Piggies " , piano on " Long , Long , Long " , electric piano , organ and saxophone arrangement on " Savoy Truffle "
= = Certifications = =
BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994 .
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = Release history = =
= Take a Bow ( Leona Lewis song ) =
" Take a Bow " is a song recorded by British singer Leona Lewis for her debut studio album Spirit ( 2007 ) . It was written by Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello and Ryan Tedder . Tedder explained that he wanted to create an edgy song for Lewis so that it would not be boring or predictable . A Contemporary R & B and urban song , the lyrics focus the failure of a relationship . Its composition features an Ebb and Flo groove and received several comparisons to " Cry Me a River " by Justin Timberlake .
" Take a Bow " received positive reviews from music critics . Most praised the production as unexpected and different but one felt it overshadowed Lewis ' vocals . Upon the release of Spirit , the song debuted at number 97 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales . Lewis performed " Take a Bow " at the Rock in Rio festival and on her 2010 concert tour , The Labyrinth .
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subsequently disproved this interpretation ; in 2012 they were by Achim Reisdorf seen as plaques of adipocere , corpse wax .
Like Compsognathus , and unlike Sinosauropteryx , a patch of fossilized skin from the tail and hindlimb of the possible relative Juravenator starki shows mainly scales , though there is some indication that simple feathers were also present in the preserved areas . This may mean that a feather covering was not ubiquitous in this group of dinosaurs .
= = Discovery and species = =
Compsognathus is known from two almost complete skeletons , one from Germany that is 89 cm ( 35 in ) long and another from France that is 125 cm ( 49 in ) long . The physician and fossil collector Joseph Oberndorfer acquired the German specimen ( BSP AS I 563 ) in 1859 , discovered about the same year in the lithographic limestone deposits in the Riedenburg @-@ Kelheim region of Bavaria , in the Jurassic part of a lagoonal region known as the Solnhofen archipelago . The limestone of this area has also yielded such well @-@ preserved fossils as Archaeopteryx with feather impressions and some pterosaurs with imprints of their wing membranes . The German Compsognathus fossil itself most likely came from the Painten Formation of the Kapfelberg locality , specifically dated to the uppermost Kimmeridgian stage ( 150 @.@ 8 million years ago ) ; however , alternative possibilities include quarries near Jachenhausen or Goldberg , both from the Tithonian , to which stage Compsognathus has traditionally been dated . Johann A. Wagner discussed the specimen briefly in 1859 , when he coined the name Compsognathus longipes , and described it in detail in 1861 . In early 1868 , Thomas Huxley compared the two species and , following earlier suggestions by Karl Gegenbaur and Edward Drinker Cope , concluded that , apart from its arms and feathers , the Archaeopteryx skeleton was closely similar to Compsognathus , and that the proto @-@ bird was related to the dinosaurs . In 1896 , Othniel Marsh recognized the fossil as a true member of the Dinosauria . John Ostrom thoroughly redescribed the species in 1978 , making it one of the best @-@ known small theropods at that time . The German specimen is on display at the Bayerische Staatsammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie ( Bavarian State Institute for Paleontology and Historical Geology ) in Munich , Germany , which bought the fossil from Oberndorfer in 1865 .
The larger French specimen ( MNHN CNJ 79 ) was discovered by quarry owner Louis Ghirardi around 1971 in the Portlandian lithographic limestone of Canjuers near Nice in southeastern France . It dates to the lower Tithonian . Although Alain Bidar originally described the specimen as a separate species called Compsognathus corallestris , Ostrom , Jean @-@ Guy Michard and others have since relabeled it as another example of Compsognathus longipes . Quimby identified the smaller German specimen as a juvenile of the same species . In 1983 , the National Museum of Natural History in Paris acquired the French Compsognathus fossil ; Michard thoroughly studied it there .
Collector Heinrich Fischer had originally labeled a partial foot , from the Solnhofen area , as belonging to Compsognathus longipes . Though this identification was rejected by Wilhelm Barnim Dames in 1884 , Friedrich von Huene nevertheless in 1925 provisionally referred the specimen to Compsognathus . However , Ostrom 's study of 1978 has disproven this . Jens Zinke in 1998 assigned forty @-@ nine teeth from the Kimmeridgian Guimarota formation of Portugal to the genus . These were not identical to those of C. longipes , having serrations on the front edge , but were because of general similarities in form referred to a Compsognathus sp .
In 1997 Virginia Morell renamed a related Chinese form , Sinosauropteryx prima , into a Compsognathus prima ; this has found no general acceptance .
= = Classification = =
The genus Compsognathus gives its name to the family Compsognath
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idae , a group composed mostly of small dinosaurs from the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods of China , Europe and South America . For many years it was the only member known ; however in recent decades paleontologists have discovered several related genera . The clade includes Aristosuchus , Huaxiagnathus , Mirischia , Sinosauropteryx , and perhaps Juravenator and Scipionyx . At one time , Mononykus was proposed as a member of the family , but this was rejected by Chen and coauthors in a 1998 paper ; they considered the similarities between Mononykus and the compsognathids to be an example of convergent evolution . The position of Compsognathus and its relatives within the coelurosaur group is uncertain . Some , such as theropod expert Thomas Holtz Jr. and co @-@ authors Ralph Molnar and Phil Currie in the landmark 2004 text Dinosauria , hold the family as the most basal of the coelurosaurs , while others as part of the Maniraptora .
For almost a century , Compsognathus longipes was the only well @-@ known small theropod species . This led to comparisons with Archaeopteryx and to suggestions of an especially close relationship with birds . In fact , Compsognathus , rather than Archaeopteryx , piqued Huxley 's interest in the origin of birds . The two animals share similarities in shape and proportions , so many in fact that two specimens of Archaeopteryx , the " Eichstätt " and the " Solnhofen " , were for a time misidentified as those of Compsognathus . Many other types of theropod dinosaurs , such as maniraptorans , are now known to have been more closely related to birds .
Below is a simplified cladogram placing Compsognathus in Compsognathidae by Senter et al. in 2012 .
= = Paleobiology = =
In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists , nine foot bones referred to Compsognathus were examined for signs of stress fracture , but none were found .
= = = Diet = = =
The remains of a lizard in the German specimen 's thoracic cavity show that Compsognathus preyed on small vertebrates . Marsh , who examined the specimen in 1881 , thought that this small skeleton in the Compsognathus belly was an embryo , but in 1903 , Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard . Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus Bavarisaurus , which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions . This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators , Compsognathus , must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard . The Bavarisaurus is in a single piece , indicating that the Compsognathus must have swallowed its prey whole . The French specimen 's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids .
= = = Possible eggs = = =
The plate of the German Compsognathus shows several circular irregularities 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) in diameter near the skeletal remains . Peter Griffiths interpreted them as immature eggs in 1993 . However , later researchers have doubted their connection to the genus because they were found outside the body cavity of the animal . A well @-@ preserved fossil of a Sinosauropteryx , a genus related to Compsognathus , shows two oviducts bearing two unlaid eggs . These proportionally larger and less numerous eggs of Sinosauropteryx cast further doubt on the original identification of the purported Compsognathus eggs . In 1964 German geologist Karl Werner Barthel had explained the discs as gas bubbles formed in the sediment because of the putrefaction of the carcass .
= = Paleoecology = =
During the late Jurassic , Europe was a dry , tropical archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Sea . The fine limestone in which the skeletons of Compsognathus have been found originated in calcite from the shells of marine organisms . Both the German
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and French areas where Compsognathus specimens have been preserved were lagoons situated between the beaches and coral reefs of the Jurassic European islands in the Tethys Sea . Contemporaries of Compsognathus longipes include the early avialan Archaeopteryx lithographica and the pterosaurs Rhamphorhynchus muensteri and Pterodactylus antiquus . The same sediments in which Compsognathus have been preserved also contain fossils of a number of marine animals such as fish , crustaceans , echinoderms and marine mollusks , confirming the coastal habitat of this theropod . No other dinosaur has been found in association with Compsognathus , indicating that these little dinosaurs might in fact have been the top land predator in these islands .
= = In popular culture = =
Children 's dinosaur books commonly feature Compsognathus . For a long time they were unique in their small size , as most other small dinosaurs were discovered and described a century or more later . These animals have appeared in the movies The Lost World : Jurassic Park and Jurassic Park III . In The Lost World : Jurassic Park , one of the characters incorrectly identifies the species as " Compsognathus triassicus " , combining the genus name of Compsognathus longipes with the specific name of Procompsognathus triassicus , a distantly related small carnivore featured in the Jurassic Park novels .
= Forest Highway 16 =
Federal Forest Highway 16 ( FFH 16 ) is a forest highway in the western Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . This road runs through the Ottawa National Forest in Iron , Houghton and Ontonagon counties . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) has erroneously marked it as H @-@ 16 on their official state map . FFH 16 is designated by the US Forest Service ( USFS ) with maintenance shared by the county road commissions ( ICRC , HCRC , OCRC , respectively ) . Although the MDOT maps would suggest that it is a part of the County @-@ Designated Highway System ( CDH system ) , it is not . The three counties in question do not participate in the system , and the roadway falls in the middle of the G zone for numbering purposes .
= = Route description = =
FFH 16 starts at an intersection with County Road 436 ( CR 436 , Smokey Lake Road ) near Horseshoe Lake in rural Iron County 's Stambaugh Township . The roadway runs north from this location east of Smokey Lake through forest lands that are part of the Ottawa National Forest . Near Golden Lake and the Golden Lake National Forest Campground , FFH 16 and US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) intersect . FFH 16 continues north and curves to the northwest around the end of Golden Lake . The routing of the road provides access to several more lakes in rural Iron County such as Paint , Silk and Hehe lakes , as well as an older routing of US 2 , before crossing into southern Houghton County .
In Houghton County , FFH 16 and M @-@ 28 meet in the Duncan Township community of Kenton . The former roadway turns east and runs concurrently along the latter one for approximately a quarter mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) before turning northward again , leaving town near the cemetery . The forest highway tracks due north until Bob Lake . There the roadway meanders through the area near another National Forest campground and crosses into eastern Ontonagon County . FFH 16 crosses back into Houghton County one last time . Immediately after crossing the county like , the forest highway terminates at an intersection with M @-@ 38 west of the community of Nisula .
= = History = =
A new county @-@ designated highway appeared on maps for the first time in 1983 , H @-@ 16 ; it was marked as running between US 2 and M @-@ 28 only . This designation was removed in the 1985 edition of the map . The H @-@ 16 label reappeared in 1992 ; this time it was shown continuing south toward the Wisconsin state line and north to M @-@ 38 , along the routing of FFH @-@ 16 . The roadway is part of the Forest Highway System that is funded and administered by the US Forest Service and the Federal Highway Administration ; the system was created by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 . The highway has never been included in the CDH system as Iron , Houghton and Ontonagon counties do not participate in the system , and the Upper Peninsula east of US 41 is the G zone , not the H zone .
= = Major intersections = =
= La Fleche ( horse ) =
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and Craig Nelthorpe in August 2009 following an incident involving two other men at a Subway outlet on a night out . The four appeared at York Magistrates ' Court on 14 January 2010 after being charged with affray . Rankine denied a charge of affray and instead pleaded guilty to a lesser charge after appearing at York Crown Court on 1 September .
= = Career statistics = =
As of match played 30 April 2016 .
= = Honours = =
Scunthorpe United
Football League Two runner @-@ up : 2004 – 05
= New York State Route 10 =
New York State Route 10 ( NY 10 ) is a north – south state highway in the Central New York and North Country regions of New York in the United States . It extends for 155 miles ( 249 km ) from the Quickway ( NY 17 ) in Deposit , Delaware County to NY 8 at Higgins Bay , a hamlet in the Hamilton County town of Arietta . NY 10 begins concurrent to NY 8 , the southern terminus of which is also located at the Quickway in Deposit . While NY 8 follows a more westerly alignment between Deposit and Higgins Bay via Utica , NY 10 veers to the east , serving Delhi , Cobleskill , and Canajoharie . Along the way , the road intersects Interstate 88 ( I @-@ 88 ) near Cobleskill and U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Sharon Springs .
NY 10 was assigned in 1924 ; however , it initially followed a completely different alignment than it does today . At the time , it began at the New Jersey state line in Rockland County and followed modern US 9W north to Albany . From here , it continued to Saranac Lake via Schenectady , Saratoga Springs , Lake George , Chestertown , North Creek , Long Lake , and Tupper Lake . It was extended northeast to Plattsburgh by 1926 but truncated to Schenectady in 1927 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , all of NY 10 south of Long Lake and north of Lake Clear Junction was moved onto a new , more westerly alignment through the state . The route was cut back to its current northern terminus in Arietta c . 1960 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Southern Tier = = =
NY 10 begins concurrent with NY 8 at an interchange with the Quickway ( NY 17 ) southeast of the village of Deposit near the Broome @-@ Delaware County line . The two routes continue north along the eastern extents of Deposit to the banks of the west branch of the Delaware River , where NY 8 breaks from NY 10 to cross over the river . NY 10 , however , continues northeast along the riverbank , passing south of the Cannonsville Dam and the resulting Cannonsville Reservoir behind it . Near the midpoint of the water body , NY 10 crosses over the reservoir on the Cannonsville Bridge and proceeds to follow the northern edge of the reservoir . As the reservoir begins to narrow , NY 10 intersects NY 268 , a connector route leading south to the village of Hancock .
Past the end of the reservoir , NY 10 continues northeast in the vicinity of the Delaware River to Walton , a village located directly on the banks of the river . Within the village limits , NY 10 overlaps NY 206 along Delaware Street before separating from the route and proceeding east out of the village . NY 10 remains alongside the Delaware as it continues northeast to Delhi , the home of the State University of New York at Delhi . After passing along the eastern edge of the campus , NY 10 intersects and briefly overlaps NY 28 through the village center before quietly leaving the area .
14 miles ( 23 km ) northeast of Delhi in northeastern Delaware County , NY 10 passes through both Hobart and Stamford , a pair of villages located on the northernmost few miles of the Delaware 's west branch . In the latter , NY 10 meets NY 23 . North of Stamford in Schoharie County , NY 10 turns northeast , bypassing the 2 @,@ 900 @-@ foot ( 880 m ) tall Mine Hill , home to the source of the west branch of the Delaware . At the northern edge of the hill , NY 10 curves back to the northwest to serve the Jefferson hamlet of the same name .
Outside of Jefferson , NY 10 continues onward through rural Schoharie County , passing through only small roadside hamlets before entering the village of Richmondville , a community situated on NY 7 and the Cobleskill Creek . NY 10 bypasses the village to the southeast , however , and intersects both NY 7 and I @-@ 88 , the limited @-@ access highway that parallels much of NY 7 , east of the village center . NY 10 turns east , overlapping NY 7 through the State University of New York at Cobleskill campus and into Cobleskill , where NY 7 and NY 10 intersect NY 145 at Grand Street . Here , NY 10 , as well as NY 145 ( which is concurrent with NY 7 east of this point ) , leave NY 7 and continue north for two blocks before NY 10 leaves NY 145 and heads west out of the village on Elm Street .
Between Cobleskill and Sharon Springs , NY
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zheng Emperor still made new appointments to the Council and consulted it on various military matters , but he also worked to undermine its power . To bypass the Council , he created smaller parallel bodies which he found more reliable and less entrenched . Slowly , he transferred deliberative powers to these more trusted ministers . Around 1730 , these informal institutions crystallized into the Grand Council . Unlike the Deliberative Council , whose membership was almost exclusively Manchu , the Grand Council counted many Chinese among its ranks . This more ethnically mixed privy council served as the empire 's main policymaking body for the rest of the Qing dynasty .
After the stabilization of the Grand Council in the 1730s , the influence of the Deliberative Council quickly declined . During the Qianlong period ( 1736 – 1796 ) , the titles of " deliberative minister " and " deliberative prince " became mainly honorific . Manchu Grand Secretaries held such titles until 1792 , when the Council was formally abolished by the Qianlong Emperor . The title was revived in the second half of the nineteenth century for Prince Gong and others when Prince Gong was head of the Grand Council .
= Battle of Taejon =
The Battle of Taejon ( 14 – 21 July 1950 ) was an early battle of the Korean War , between American and North Korean forces . Forces of the United States Army attempted to defend the headquarters of the 24th Infantry Division . The 24th Infantry Division was overwhelmed by numerically superior forces of the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) at the major city and transportation hub of Taejon . The 24th Infantry Division 's regiments were already exhausted from the previous two weeks of delaying actions to stem the advance of the KPA .
The entire 24th Division gathered to make a final stand around Taejon , holding a line along the Kum River to the east of the city . Hampered by a lack of communication and equipment , and a shortage of heavy weapons to match the KPA 's firepower , the American forces , outnumbered , ill @-@ equipped and untrained , were pushed back from the riverbank after several days before fighting an intense urban battle to defend the city . After a fierce three @-@ day struggle , the Americans withdrew .
Although they could not hold the city , the 24th Infantry Division achieved a strategic advantage by delaying the North Koreans , providing time for other American divisions to establish a defensive perimeter around Pusan further south . The delay imposed at Taejon probably prevented an American rout during the subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter . During the action , the KPA captured Major General William F. Dean , the commander of the 24th Infantry Division , and highest ranking American prisoner during the Korean War .
= = Background = =
= = = Outbreak of war = = =
Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by its northern neighbor , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , the United Nations committed forces on behalf of South Korea . The United States subsequently sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula to contain the North Korean invasion and to prevent the collapse of the South Korean state . American forces in the Far East had steadily decreased since the end of World War II , five years earlier . When forces were initially committed , the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army , headquartered in Japan , was the closest US division . The division was under @-@ strength , and most of its equipment dated from 1945 and earlier due to defense cutbacks enacted in the first Truman administration . Nevertheless , the division was ordered into South Korea .
The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea to absorb the initial North Korean advances , and disrupt the more numerous North Korean units . The 24th Division effectively delayed the North Korean advance to allow the 7th Infantry Division , 25th Infantry Division , 1st Cavalry Division , and other Eighth Army supporting units to establish a defensive line around Pusan .
Immediately preceding the Battle of Taejon , some of the Bodo League massacres took place around Taejon , where between 3 @,@ 000 and 7 @,@ 000 South Korean leftist political prisoners were shot and dumped into mass graves by South Korean troops , partially recorded by a US Army photographer .
= = = Delaying action = = =
Task Force Smith , an advance element of the 24th Infantry Division was badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July , during the first encounter between American and North Korean forces . Task Force Smith retreated from Osan to Pyongtaek , where US forces were again defeated in the Battle of Pyongtaek . The 24th Infantry Division was repeatedly forced south by the North Korean force 's superior numbers and equipment in engagements at Chochiwon , Chonan , Hadong , and Yechon . American soldiers were untrained and unprepared at the outbreak of the war , and this lack of training showed in engagements with North Korean units which were much more disciplined . Most of the Americans were out of shape , untrained , undisciplined and had no combat experience .
On 12 July , the division 's commander , Major General William F. Dean , ordered the division 's three regiments , the 19th Infantry Regiment , 21st Infantry Regiment , and the 34th Infantry Regiment , to cross the Kum River , destroying all bridges behind them , and to establish defensive positions around Taejon . Taejon was a major South Korean city 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of Seoul and 130 miles ( 210 km ) northwest of Pusan , and was the site of the 24th Infantry Division 's headquarters . Dean formed a line with the 34th Infantry and 19th Infantry facing east , and held the heavily battered 21st Infantry in reserve to the southeast . The Kum River wrapped north and west around the city , providing a defensive line 10 to 15 miles from the outskirts of Taejon , which was surrounded to the south by the Sobaek Mountains . With major railroad junctions and numerous roads leading into the countryside in all directions , Taejon was a major transportation hub between Seoul and Taegu , giving it great strategic value for both the American and North Korean forces . The division was attempting to make a last stand at Taejon , the last place it could conduct a delaying action before the North Korean forces would converge on the unfinished Pusan Perimeter .
= = Prelude = =
= = = US 24th Infantry Division = = =
The 24th Infantry Division 's three infantry regiments , which had a wartime strength of 3 @,@ 000 each , were already below strength on their deployment , and heavy losses in the preceding two weeks had reduced their numbers further . The 21st Infantry had 1 @,@ 100 men left , having suffered 1 @,@ 433 casualties . The 34th Infantry had only 2 @,@
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020 men and the 19th had 2 @,@ 276 men . Another 2 @,@ 007 men stood in the 24th Infantry Division artillery formations . These counts placed the division 's total strength at 11 @,@ 400 . This was severely reduced from the 15 @,@ 965 men and 4 @,@ 773 vehicles that had arrived in Korea at the beginning of the month . Each of the regiments had only two battalions of infantry as opposed to the normal three . Large numbers of men had to be pulled from the lines from combat fatigue . Morale was extremely low for the soldiers , who were exhausted from days without sleep . Casualties among the division 's commissioned officers were extremely high , forcing younger officers and non @-@ commissioned officers to take leadership positions normally occupied by more experienced ones .
In addition to casualties , shortages of equipment hampered the 24th Infantry Division 's efforts . Losses from earlier fighting reduced artillery support to two battalions . Communications equipment , weapons , and ammunition was limited and large amounts of equipment had been lost or destroyed in previous engagements . Most of the radios available to the division did not work , and batteries , communication wire , and telephones to communicate among units were in short supply , with some company formations having only one radio for one squad . The division had no tanks : its new M26 Pershing and older M4A3 Sherman tanks were still en route . One of the few weapons that could penetrate the North Korean T @-@ 34 tanks , the 3 @.@ 5 inch M20 " Super Bazookas " firing M28A2 HEAT rocket ammunition , were in short supply . The paucity of radios and wire hampered communication between and among the American units .
= = = North Korean units = = =
North Korean planners intended for three divisions to attack Taejon from three directions , supported by tanks . The North Korean 3rd Division was ordered to attack from the north , against the flank . The North Korean 4th Division would attack across the Kum River from the east and south , in order to envelop Taejon and the US 24th Infantry Division with it . Eventually they would also be supported by elements of the North Korean 105th Armored Division . Although the North Korean 2nd Infantry Division was ordered to attack from Chongju against the American right flank , it was slow to move and arrived too late to participate in the battle .
The North Koreans advanced on the town with the 3rd and 4th divisions supported by over 50 T @-@ 34 tanks . Each North Korean division , normally operating with 11 @,@ 000 men , was at 60 to 80 percent strength , giving them nearly a two to one numerical superiority over the American forces . The morale of the two divisions was low , owing to repeated air attacks on equipment and overall exhaustion from continuous combat . Political officers promised the divisions they would be able to rest in Taejon after they took the city .
= = Battle = =
= = = First North Korean attack = = =
On the morning of 14 July , American soldiers from 3rd Battalion , 34th Infantry on the heights 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) above the Kum River spotted T @-@ 34s across the river . The T @-@ 34s fired on the 3rd Battalion 's position from across the river , to no effect . By mid @-@ morning , North Korean infantry were spotted crossing the river by boat and mortar and artillery fire began hitting the 34th Infantry 's lines . In the confusion and resulting poor communication , the North Korean infantry managed to move around the American lines . The 1st Battalion , further north , also came under heavy attack by advancing North Korean forces , and though it repulsed the attack with the help of artillery , it was forced to withdraw to safer positions .
In the early afternoon , another attacking force , an estimated 1 @,@ 000 North Korean troops , crossed the river . The North Koreans captured an outpost of the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion , supporting the 34th Infantry with 105 @-@ mm howitzers . They turned a captured machine gun on the battalion 's HQ battery and began to fire , taking it by surprise . Artillery fire aimed at the battery destroyed communications and vehicles , and inflicted heavy casualties . Its survivors retreated on foot to the south . Meanwhile , only 250 yards ( 230 m ) away , a battery of the battalion also came under attack by 100 North Korean infantrymen , resulting in similar casualties and retreat . B Battery was attacked by 400 North Koreans , but an advance of South Korean horse cavalry spared the battery from heavy losses , allowing it to make an organized retreat . The 63rd Field Artillery lost all of its guns and 80 of its vehicles , many still intact for North Korean forces to use .
Later in the evening , 1st Battalion , 34th Infantry counterattacked the positions but was unable to take them back , in the face of machine gun and small arms fire , and was forced to withdraw by nightfall . After this failed attempt to retake the equipment , Dean ordered the positions where the captured equipment was located to be destroyed by an airstrike . With the 1st Battalion having taken heavy casualties and the 3rd Battalion forced to move to counter North Korean attacks , the northwest flank of the American line had been beaten back . The North Korean 4th Division began crossing the river , only slightly impeded by US aircraft attacking its boats .
= = = Second North Korean attack = = =
Following the initial penetration , the 34th Infantry line moved south to Nonsan . The 19th Infantry moved its 2nd Battalion to fill some of the gaps left by the 34th , reinforced by Republic of Korea Army troops . The combined forces observed a large build @-@ up of North Korean troops on the other side of the river . At 03 : 00 on 16 July , the North Koreans launched a massive barrage of tank , artillery and mortar fire on the 19th Infantry 's positions and North Korean troops began to cross the river in boats . The North Korean forces gathered on the west bank and assaulted the positions of 1st Battalion 's C and E companies , followed by a second landing against B Company . North Korean forces pushed against the entire battalion , threatening to overwhelm it . The regimental commander ordered all support troops and officers to the line and they were able to repulse the assault . However , in the melee , North Korean forces infiltrated their rear elements , attacking the reserve forces and blocking supply lines . Stretched thin , the 19th Infantry was unable to hold the line at the Kum River and simultaneously repel the North Korean forces .
That evening , 2nd Battalion was moved to attempt to deal with the North Koreans in the rear but suffered casualties as well , and was unable to break the roadblocks . By 17 July , the 19th Infantry withdrew , and was ordered 25 miles ( 40 km ) southwest to regroup and re @-@ equip . Less than half of 1st Battalion returned , and only two of 2nd Battalion 's companies remained intact . All three regiments of the 24th Infantry Division , having each been defeated and overwhelmed , were down to battalion @-@ strength formations . The division 's 19th and 34th regiments had engaged the North Korean 3rd Infantry Division and the North Korean 4th Infantry Division between 13 and 16 July and suffered 650 casualties among the 3 @,@ 401 men committed there . On 18 July , the Eighth Army commander , Lieutenant General Walton Walker , ordered General Dean to hold Taejon until the 20th so that the 1st Cavalry Division and 25th Infantry Division could establish defensive lines along the Naktong River , forming the Pusan Perimeter . As the North Korean push against the US units forced them back , 31 US troops were killed in the Chaplain @-@ Medic Massacre .
= = = Taejon surrounded = = =
The North Koreans then moved against Taejon city . On 19 July , North Korean forces entered Taejon , the site of the 24th Infantry Division 's headquarters . The North Korean 3rd Division formed a roadblock between Taejon and Okchon , cutting off the 21st Infantry in its reserve positions . The 21st Infantry was subsequently unable to join the fight . However it attempted to hold the route of escape for the rest of the division during most of the fight at Taejon . At the same time , tanks from the North Korean 105th Armored Division began to enter the city , followed by troops of the 3rd and 4th infantry divisions . There , the North Korean forces deployed , occupying key buildings throughout the city to establish sniper positions . American attacks against these positions later set fire to many of Taejon 's wooden buildings . North Korean forces prioritised and attempted to eliminate American gun emplacements , food stores , and ammunition dumps , having received information on the location of these facilities through agents operating in the city .
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At Taejon , the battered 24th Infantry Division was ordered to make a stand . The 34th Infantry also moved to the city to oppose the North Korean forces , which assaulted it head @-@ on while attempting to flank and cut off retreat from the rear . Dean began ordering elements of the division , including much of his headquarters , to retreat via train to Taegu , although he remained behind . By this time , several M24 Chaffee light tanks had been sent to reinforce the division from A Company of the 78th Tank Battalion . Regardless of the additional tanks , on 20 July , North Korean armored units pushed American forces back from Taejon Airfield , several miles northwest of Taejon , overwhelming the last American units defending the Kum River and forcing the remnants of the division into Taejon itself . At this point the city was surrounded and North Korean troops began setting roadblocks along the roads out of the city .
For two days , the 34th Infantry fought the advancing North Koreans in bitter house @-@ to @-@ house fighting . North Korean soldiers continued to infiltrate the city , often disguised as farmers . The remaining elements of the 24th Infantry Division were pushed back block @-@ by @-@ block . Without radios , and unable to communicate with the remaining elements of the division , Dean joined the men on the front lines . At one point , he personally attacked a tank with a hand grenade , destroying it . Large columns of North Korean forces began marching on the city from the south roads , reinforcing those that had crossed the river . American forces pulled back after suffering heavy losses , allowing the North Korean 3rd and 4th divisions to move on the city freely from the north , south , and east roads . The 24th Infantry Division repeatedly attempted to establish its defensive lines , and was repeatedly pushed back by the numerically superior North Koreans .
= = = Taejon falls = = =
At the end of the day on 20 July , Dean ordered the headquarters of the 34th Infantry to withdraw . His command was reinforced by several more light tanks from the 1st Cavalry Division . As the tanks fought through a North Korean roadblock , Dean , with a small force of soldiers , followed them . At the edge of the city , the final elements of the 34th Infantry , leaving the city in 50 vehicles , were ambushed and many of their vehicles were destroyed by machine guns and mortars , forcing the Americans to retreat on foot . In the ensuing fight , Dean 's jeep made a wrong turn and was separated from the rest of the American forces . Unable to turn back , Dean and his party attempted to retreat to American lines on their own , but 35 days later , alone and lost in the hills , Dean was captured by North Korean forces . For most of his incarceration , the North Koreans were not aware of his rank . Dean repeatedly attempted to make the North Koreans kill him for fear of divulging information under torture . North Korean leaders had threatened to harm Dean if he did not cooperate but he was never actually tortured . Eventually his rank was uncovered , but they were unable to gather any intelligence from him .
When the last of the 34th Infantry 's defenders left the city , the 21st Infantry , which had been protecting the road to Taegu , also withdrew , leaving Taejon in the hands of the North Korean forces .
= = Aftermath = =
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By the end of the battle , the Americans counted 922 men killed and 228 wounded with almost 2 @,@ 400 missing , most of these men from the 34th Infantry . Evidence suggests that the North Koreans executed some of the missing and captured prisoners immediately after the battle . Although badly mauled , the 24th Infantry Division accomplished its mission of delaying North Korean forces from advancing until 20 July . By that time , American forces had set up the Pusan Perimeter to the southeast . On 22 July , the 24th Infantry Division was relieved by the 1st Cavalry Division . It was put under the command of Major General John H. Church , in the absence of Dean , whose whereabouts were unknown . After three weeks of fighting , the division had suffered almost 30 percent casualties . Historians attribute the substantial tactical losses of the 24th Infantry division to a lack of training , equipment , and readiness , owing to extended time spent on occupation duty in Japan and without training .
North Korean casualties could not be estimated because of lack of communications between units during the battle , which limited the value of American signals intelligence . North Korean armor suffered heavy losses . A total of 15 – 20 North Korean tanks were destroyed by anti @-@ tank weapons and US aircraft , and North Korean prisoners estimated that 15 76 @-@ mm guns , six 122 @-@ mm mortars , and 200 artillerymen were lost . Losses among North Korean infantry were heavy , especially in the NK 3rd Division . The NK 3rd division was reported between 60 and 80 percent of its strength at the beginning of the battle and was reduced to 50 percent by its end , with total casualties ranging from 1 @,@ 250 to 3 @,@ 300 .
By the time the battle ended , the United States had moved enough forces onto the Korean Peninsula to roughly equal the number of attacking North Korean forces . For its delaying actions in and around Taejon , the 24th Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation . The division went into reserve status while it rested and rebuilt , and the first unit of the division back into action , the 19th Infantry Regiment , moved to the front lines of the Pusan Perimeter on 1 August .
The first two Medals of Honor for the Korean War were awarded for the Battle of Taejon . For his actions on the front lines , Dean was awarded the first Medal of Honor , although he remained a prisoner of the North Koreans until the end of the war ( released in September 1953 ) . A second soldier , Sergeant George D. Libby , received the Medal of Honor posthumously , for tending to wounded soldiers during the evacuation : he repeatedly passed over shelled roads to help evacuate them . He was killed while trying to evacuate more soldiers . Additionally , a chaplain , Herman G. Felhoelter , was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for an incident later known as the Chaplain @-@ Medic Massacre which took place during the battle near the Kum River .
= Bubbles ( video game ) =
Bubbles is an arcade video game developed by Williams Electronics and released in 1982 . The player uses a joystick to control a bubble in a kitchen sink . The object is to progress through levels by cleaning the sink while avoiding enemies . The game received a mixed reception from critics .
Development was handled by John Kotlarik and Python Anghelo . Kotlarik wanted to create a non @-@ violent game inspired by Pac @-@ Man . Anghelo designed the game 's artwork and scenario as well as a special plastic cabinet that saw limited use . Bubbles was not ported to any contemporary systems , but was later released as a web @-@ based version and on home consoles as part of arcade compilations .
= = Gameplay = =
Bubbles is an action game with puzzle elements where the player controls the protagonist , a soap bubble , from a top @-@ down perspective . The object is to clean a kitchen sink by maneuvering over ants , crumbs , and grease spots to absorb them before they slide into the drain . As the bubble absorbs more objects , it grows in size , eventually acquiring first eyes and then a smiling mouth . At the same time , sponges and scrub brushes slowly move around the sink , cleaning it on their own in competition with the player . Touching either of these enemies costs a player one life unless the bubble is large enough to have a complete face . In this case , the enemy will be knocked away and the bubble will shrink . Sponges and brushes can be knocked into the drain for bonus points , eliminating them from play . Two other enemies in the sink are stationary razor blades and roaches that crawl out of the drain . Contact with a blade is always fatal , while the bubble can safely touch the roach only while carrying a broom , which will kill the roach with one hit . The broom can be acquired by running over a cleaning lady who appears in the sink from time to time .
A level ends when all of the point @-@ scoring objects are gone - either lost down the drain , cleaned by sponges / brushes , eaten by roaches , or absorbed by the bubble . At this point , if the bubble is large enough to have a complete face , the player moves on to the next level ; otherwise , one life is lost and the level must be replayed . In addition , whenever the bubble has a face , the drain flashes green , giving the player a chance to enter it and skip the next level . Entering the drain while the bubble is too small costs one life .
= = Development = =
The game features monaural sound and pixel graphics on a 19 inch CRT monitor . The initial concept was conceived by John Kotlarik , who aimed to create a non @-@ violent game . Inspired by Pac @-@ Man , he envisioned similar gameplay in an open playing field rather than in a maze . Python Anghelo furthered the concept by creating artwork and a scenario . Kotlarik designed the protagonist to have fluid movement like it was traveling on a slick surface . The control scheme allows the digital input to operate similar to an analogue one . He programmed the bubble to accelerate in the direction the joystick is held . Once the joystick returns to its neutral position , the bubble will coast as the velocity slowly decreases . Anghelo designed the artwork for the wooden cabinets as well as a new cylindrical , plastic cabinet . Gary Berge , a mechanical engineer , created the new cabinets with a rotational molding process .
= = Reception and legacy = =
The game received a mixed reception from critics . Author John Sellers listed it among the weirder arcade games released . Clare Edgeley of Computer and Video Games echoed similar statements . She criticized the game , stating that the constant blue background was dull and the game lacked longevity . Retro Gamer 's Darran Jones described the game as engrossing and obscure . He also expressed disappointment that few people remember it . Brett Alan Weiss of AllGame called Bubbles a slightly underrated game . He stated that while it lacked excitement , its gameplay was enjoyable . Weiss further commented that the control scheme was unique for its time , and that the number of on @-@ screen objects moving smoothly was impressive .
The game was later remade for different platforms . In 2000 , a web @-@ based version of Bubbles , along with nine other classic arcade games , was published on Shockwave.com. Four years later , Midway Games also launched a website featuring the Shockwave versions . Williams Electronics included Bubbles in several of its arcade compilations : the 1996 Williams Arcade 's Greatest Hits , the 2000 Midway 's Greatest Arcade Hits ( Dreamcast version only ) , the 2003 Midway Arcade Treasures , and the 2012 Midway Arcade Origins .
Bubbles arcade cabinets have varying degrees of rarity . The cocktail and cabaret are the rarest , followed by the plastic and upright versions ; the plastic models are more valuable among collectors . Though the plastic cabinets were very durable , they would shrink over time , sometimes causing the device to become inoperable . Williams Electronics used this cabinet for only one other game , Blaster .
= Common blackbird =
The common blackbird (
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Turdus merula ) is a species of true thrush . It is also called Eurasian blackbird ( especially in North America , to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds ) , or simply blackbird where this does not lead to confusion with a similar @-@ looking local species . It breeds in Europe , Asia , and North Africa , and has been introduced to Canada , United States , Mexico , Peru , Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , the Falkland Islands , Chile , South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . It has a number of subspecies across its large range ; a few of the Asian subspecies are sometimes considered to be full species . Depending on latitude , the common blackbird may be resident , partially migratory , or fully migratory .
The male of the nominate subspecies , which is found throughout most of Europe , is all black except for a yellow eye @-@ ring and bill and has a rich , melodious song ; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage . This species breeds in woods and gardens , building a neat , mud @-@ lined , cup @-@ shaped nest . It is omnivorous , eating a wide range of insects , earthworms , berries , and fruits .
Both sexes are territorial on the breeding grounds , with distinctive threat displays , but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas . Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently temperate . This common and conspicuous species has given rise to a number of literary and cultural references , frequently related to its song .
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
The common blackbird was described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Turdus merula ( characterised as T. ater , rostro palpebrisque fulvis ) . The binomial name derives from two Latin words , turdus , " thrush " , and merula , " blackbird " , the latter giving rise to its French name , merle , and its Scots name , merl . About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus Turdus , characterised by rounded heads , longish , pointed wings , and usually melodious songs . The common blackbird seems to be closest in evolutionary terms to the island thrush ( T. poliocephalus ) of Southeast Asia and islands in the southwest Pacific , which probably diverged from T. merula stock fairly recently .
It may not immediately be clear why the name " blackbird " , first recorded in 1486 , was applied to this species , but not to one of the various other common black English birds , such as the carrion crow , raven , rook , or jackdaw . However , in Old English , and in modern English up to about the 18th century , " bird " was used only for smaller or young birds , and larger ones such as crows were called " fowl " . At that time , the blackbird was therefore the only widespread and conspicuous " black bird " in the British Isles . Until about the 17th century , another name for the species was ouzel , ousel or wosel ( from Old English osle , cf . German Amsel ) . Another variant occurs in Act 3 of Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , where Bottom refers to " The Woosell cocke , so blacke of hew , With Orenge @-@ tawny bill " . The ouzel usage survived later in poetry , and still occurs as the name of the closely related ring ouzel ( Turdus torquatus ) , and in water ouzel , an alternative name for the unrelated but superficially similar white @-@ throated dipper ( Cinclus cinclus ) .
Two related Asian Turdus thrushes , the white @-@ collared blackbird ( T. albocinctus ) and the grey @-@ winged blackbird ( T. boulboul ) , are also named blackbirds , and the Somali thrush ( T. ( olivaceus ) ludoviciae ) is alternatively known as the Somali blackbird .
The icterid family of the New World is sometimes called the blackbird family because of some species ' superficial resemblance to the common black
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1927 to begin dismantling .
= One Fierce Beer Coaster =
One Fierce Beer Coaster is the second studio album by American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang , released on December 3 , 1996 . Produced by Jimmy Pop , it was the band 's first release on Geffen Records , and the first to feature Michael " Spanky G " Guthier on drums , " Evil " Jared Hasselhoff on bass guitar , and DJ Q @-@ Ball on the turntables . The musical style of One Fierce Beer Coaster is grounded in the alternative rock genre , with prominent rap metal guitar riffs and lyrics rife with toilet humor .
Originally released on the independent label Republic Records , One Fierce Beer Coaster was later picked up by Geffen Records two months after its release due to word @-@ of @-@ mouth popularity . The album has received mixed to moderately favorable reviews . Three singles were released from the album including " Fire Water Burn " , " I Wish I Was Queer So I Could Get Chicks " and " Why 's Everybody Always Pickin ' On Me ? " . The first single , " Fire Water Burn " , was a modern rock hit , charting on seven different international charts .
= = Background and development = =
The Bloodhound Gang began as a small alternative band from King of Prussia , Pennsylvania . The band took its name from " The Bloodhound Gang " , a segment on the 1980s PBS kids ' show 3 @-@ 2 @-@ 1 Contact that featured three young detectives solving mysteries and fighting crime . The band consisted of Jimmy Pop , Daddy Long Legs , M.S.G. , Lupus Thunder , and Skip O 'Pot2Mus . In April 1994 , the band released their second demo tape , The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack to Hitler 's Handicapped Helpers ( 1994 ) . This resulted in a record deal with Cheese Factory Records , which was later renamed Republic Records . Later that year , the Bloodhound Gang released their first EP , Dingleberry Haze ( 1994 ) .
In March 1995 the group signed a record deal with Columbia Records and released their first full @-@ length album , titled Use Your Fingers ( 1995 ) , but were subsequently dropped by the label . At this time Daddy Long Legs and M.S.G. , who were angry with Columbia Records , left the band to form another rap group , Wolfpac . Bass player Evil Jared Hasselhoff , drummer Spanky G and turntablist D.J. Q @-@ Ball joined Bloodhound Gang as replacements . In addition , Skip O 'Pot2Mus eventually left to pursue a career outside of the music industry . Eventually , the band began working on their new album , One Fierce Beer Coaster .
= = Music = =
The Bloodhound Gang entered Dome Sound / Ultra Psyche Studios with engineer Rich Gavalis in March 1996 to record One Fierce Beer Coaster . All of the songs were produced by Jimmy Pop , who also mixed most of the musical tracks on his personal Macintosh . The album was later mastered by Joe Palmaccio at Sterling Sound Studios in New York City .
= = = Style = = =
While the album 's predecessor , Use Your Fingers , was written and recorded in a more hip hop @-@ oriented style , featuring distinct rap beats , One Fierce Beer Coaster featured a more alternative @-@ oriented sound . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described The Bloodhound Gang 's sound as , " smarmy , smirky alternative funk @-@ metal , complete with junk culture references and " ironic " musical allusions . " Former Bloodhound Gang guitarist Lupus Thunder credits Weezer as an inspiration for " Fire Water Burn " and Lemonade and Brownies @-@ era Sugar Ray for " Kiss Me Where It Smells Funny . "
To create the hip @-@ hop and rock fusions on the album , Jimmy Pop utilized the standard hip hop technique of sampling . The chorus for " Fire Water Burn " is taken from
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the system to have reached the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale ( SSHS ) by 18 : 00 UTC .
Ilona turned south , and later south @-@ southeast , on 15 December and began a steady approach to Western Australia . Slight intensification took place , with the cyclone achieving its peak strength around 00 : 00 UTC on 17 December with ten @-@ minute sustained winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 960 hPa ( mbar ; 28 @.@ 35 inHg ) . The JTWC estimated Ilona to be slightly stronger , with maximum one @-@ minute sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) — a Category 2 @-@ equivalent on the SSHS . That day , Ilona passed near the North Rankin gas platform . Around 16 : 00 UTC , the eye of Ilona made landfall near Mardie Station . Around 16 : 30 UTC , the center of Ilona passed over the town , with a five minute period of calm observed . An eye passage was also reported in Fortescue Roadhouse . The cyclone rapidly decayed as it accelerated inland , falling below tropical cyclone strength by 00 : 00 UTC on 19 December , at which time it was situated northeast of Meekatharra . Thereafter , the decaying low turned east and ultimately dissipated later that day just west of the Western Australia – South Australia border .
= = Preparations and impact = =
On 15 December , areas across Pilbara were placed on alert for the storm 's arrival ; however , as the storm continued west , the alert was dropped . The warning was quickly reinstated when forecasts showed Ilona moving south . Officials indicated that residents had roughly 12 hours to fully prepare .
Striking Pilbara as a severe tropical cyclone , Ilona caused significant damage in the region ; however , the sparsely populated nature of the region limited the extent of severe damage . Mardie Station was buffeted by hurricane @-@ force winds with gusts up to 174 km / h ( 108 mph ) . An unconfirmed report indicated gusts as high as 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) . These winds uprooted trees , downed power lines , and tore roofs from homes in multiple locales ; extensive damage occurred in Roebourne , Wickham , Dampier , Karratha , Pannawonica , and Tom Price . Homes and caravans sustained damage in Karratha , reportedly the hardest @-@ hit area according to State Emergency Services . Affected areas were without power for several days , and crews from Port Hedland were called in to assist . Heavy rains also accompanied the system , with accumulations exceeding 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) across much of Pilbara , breaking December records at the time ; two @-@ day accumulations exceeded 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) in some locations . The rainfall was mostly beneficial to the region . Offshore , the combined effects of Cyclones Ilona and Orson in March 1989 caused tremendous damage to coral reefs — mainly populated by Acropora — in eastern areas of Mermaid Sound . Turbulent waters killed or broke apart 50 – 100 % of the living coral across all sites in the sound . In coastal Dampier , 12 boats sank , capsized , or were washed ashore . Damage amounted to A $ 1 million ( US $ 725 @,@ 000 ) .
Though no casualties were reported , the effects of Ilona were deemed severe enough for its name to be retired after the season .
= Chester Rock Light =
Chester Rock Light was a light in Chester , Connecticut on the Connecticut River . It was built in 1889 as part of a $ 15 @,@ 000 appropriation by the United States Congress . The 21 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 4 meter ) tall wooden hexagonal pyramidal tower had a black lantern with a 6th order Fresnel lens . The light was first lit on July 1 , 1889 . The tower was replaced in 1912 by a skeleton tower that was subsequently modified in 1927 . Records do not show the deactivation or destruction of the light , but it was believed to have been removed in the 1930s . In the 1990s , the Deep River Historical Society of Deep River , Connecticut wanted to build a replica of the structure for use as a daymark .
= = Construction = =
The Chester Rock Light was constructed in 1889 as part of a $ 15 @,@ 000 appropriation by Congress that included several other beacons . The exact cost of the structure is unknown . Originally constructed as a 21 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 4 meter ) tall wooden hexagonal pyramidal tower , the Chester Rock Light had a black lantern with a 6th order Fresnel lens . First lit on July 1 , 1889 with a fixed red light the light was changed to a fixed white light on December 15 , 1892 . According to the Light List , the light was located on Chester Rock on the west side of the Connecticut River and about .75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) north of Deep River , Connecticut .
A Lighthouse Inspection Report from the United States Lighthouse Society from December 1889 states that the hexagonal tower was only accessible by boat . The light 's foundation rested upon the river bottom and was a 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 meter ) square crib that was made of yellow pine timbers and sheathed with planks . The crib was filled with stones and protected by riprap . The crib extended up to the high water mark to a frustum of a 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) square pyramid that is reduced to 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) at its top and filled with stone . The sides and top are planked and the corners were covered with boiler plate and angle irons . The original light was a hexagonal beacon lantern made of brass and copper . The oil for the light was stored in boxes in the lower portion of the lantern .
= = Skeleton tower = =
According to the Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board , the tower was struck and carried away by a barge being towed by Sachem , a tugboat , on May 10 , 1912 . The cost of repairs , $ 602 @.@ 40 , was paid by the owner . During the intervening period , a temporary light post was used in its place . Completed on October 22 , 1912 , the replacement skeletal tower was a pyramidal steel structure on a concrete base that held its oil internally . The base of the tower was painted white and the daymark was painted black . The skeleton tower lantern was raised to 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) above the water and its light had about 170 candlepower .
It is unknown if a new skeleton tower was installed at a different location than the original tower or if an intervening tower was previously erected in the same location , but the original stone foundation is visible 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the west bank . In 1900 , the geographical coordinates were then given as 41 @.@ 2354 North and 72 @.@ 2602 West , but this differs from the modern GPS location which is 41 @.@ 2322 North and 72 @.@ 2450 West .
= = Service = =
Service records for Chester Rock Light show that the light was deactivated for the winter of 1911 and 1914 . In 1914 , the light was deactivated between January 12 – 15 and relit
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, but surviving Anglo @-@ Saxon sources have no record of a second reign . Historians disagree as to whether Ælfwald was replaced by Eardwulf , who would thus have reigned a second time from 808 to 811 or 812 , or whether the reign of Eardwulf 's son Eanred began in 808 .
Recent studies , based on the discovery of a penny of Eanred for which a date no earlier than c . 850 is proposed , suggest a very different dating for ninth @-@ century Northumbrian kings . From this , it is argued that Eardwulf 's second reign ended circa 830 , rather than in the years soon after 810 , and that the reigns of subsequent kings should be re @-@ dated accordingly : Eanred from 830 to 854 , Æthelred II from 854 to 862 , Rædwulf in 858 , and Osberht from 862 to 867 .
Eardwulf is identified by historians with the Saint Hardulph or Hardulf , to whom the Mercian royal church of Saint Mary and Saint Hardulph at Breedon on the Hill is dedicated . The connection , though unproven , has been made by several historians and is uncontroversial . Supporting evidence comes from a twelfth @-@ century list of the burial places of saints compiled at Peterborough . This calls the Saint Hardulph to whom Breedon was dedicated " Hardulfus rex " — King Eardwulf — and states that he was buried at Breedon .
A panelled stone structure in the church , carved with processions of bearded and robed figures under arches , seems to reproduce details found in the Book of Cerne , a work associated with Bishop Æthelwold of Lichfield ( 818 – 830 ) . The panels , which may originally have been the outer part of a sarcophagus built to hold the remains of a high status person such as Saint Hardulph , are dated by their similarity to the illustrations in the Book of Cerne to the first third of the ninth century . According to a medieval calendar of saints , the Benedictine monks at Breedon celebrated Hardulph 's feast day on 21 August .
The death of Eardwulf is not recorded . Although he had faced considerable opposition and had been driven into exile , he succeeded in founding a dynasty . His son Eanred and grandson Æthelred ( II ) ruled Northumbria for most of its remaining existence as an independent kingdom .
= Hurricane Edna =
Hurricane Edna was a deadly and destructive major hurricane that impacted the United States East Coast in September of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season . It was one of two hurricanes to strike Massachusetts in that year , the other being Hurricane Carol . The fifth tropical cyclone and storm of the season , as well as the fourth hurricane and second major hurricane , Edna developed from a tropical wave on September 2 . Moving towards the north @-@ northwest , Edna skirted the northern Leeward Islands as a tropical depression before turning more towards the west . The depression attained tropical storm status to the east of Puerto Rico and strengthened further to reach hurricane status by September 7 . The storm rapidly intensified and reached its peak intensity of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) north of the Bahamas before weakening to Category 2 status near landfall in Massachusetts on September 11 . Edna transitioned into an extratropical cyclone in Atlantic Canada before its remnants dissipated in the northern Atlantic .
Edna caused 20 fatalities throughout its lifetime as a tropical cyclone , as well as a moderate amount of damage . It first caused rainfall @-@ induced flooding in Puerto Rico , and it later brushed the Bahamas . High waves affected the coastline of North Carolina . Edna resulted in the heaviest day of rainfall in New York City in 45 years , while strong waves cut off Montauk from the remainder of Long Island . There were six highway deaths in the state , and $ 1 @.@ 5 million in crop damage . There were widespread evacuations in southern New England , after Hurricane Carol struck the same area only 11 days prior . Strong winds caused extensive power outages for 260 @,@ 000 people , including nearly all of Cape Cod . Edna became the costliest hurricane in the history of Maine , where the hurricane caused flooding that washed out roads and rail lines . There were 21 deaths in New England , eight of whom in Maine due to drownings . Later , high winds severely damaged crops in Atlantic Canada .
= = Meteorological history = =
Hurricane Edna originated in an easterly tropical wave which modern research has estimated to have spawned a tropical depression east of the Caribbean Sea on September 2 , 1954 . The low pressure area was not observed in real time until several days later , on September 5 , while situated between Puerto Rico and The Bahamas . Near the disturbance , a ship reported heavy squalls and wind gusts to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Additionally , the island of Puerto Rico experienced torrential rainfall in association with the storm . Operationally , the system was not recognized to have organized into a tropical cyclone until September 6 ; it is listed in the Atlantic hurricane database as achieving tropical storm intensity early on September 4 . Edna proceeded west @-@ northwestward , bypassing Hispaniola to the north , and by September 7 it had strengthened into a minimal hurricane on the present @-@ day Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale .
Initially a rather small storm in terms of physical size , the hurricane steadily intensified throughout the day . Reconnaissance aircraft flew into the storm frequently to take observations on the cyclone 's structure . The center of circulation passed near San Salvador Island , and on September 8 , Edna further strengthened into a Category 3 major hurricane while broadly curving northward . Reconnaissance flights indicated a maturing and evolving eye , approximately 20 mi ( 32 km ) in diameter . The overall circulation increased in size as banding features became more well @-@ defined . The storm reached its peak winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) and maintained them for over two days . However , reconnaissance data was at times inconsistent and inaccurate , leading to suspicious and unlikely jogs in the storm 's track . The cause of these errors is attributed to misinterpretation of radar information .
Midday on September 9 , while tracking nearly due north , Edna 's minimum central barometric pressure fell to 968 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) , but is believed to have leveled off shortly thereafter . The radius of hurricane @-@ force winds increased , and the storm may have become asymmetrical , with convection concentrated to the right of the center , although this was not confirmed due to a lack of data . An approaching weak frontal boundary spread overcast conditions over the Eastern Seaboard north of North Carolina . By September 10 , Edna was located just south of Cape H
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atteras , passing east of the Outer Banks early the next day . As the hurricane accelerated to the northeast , it began to deteriorate and weaken . Closely following the recent track of Hurricane Carol , Edna approached New England , but diverged from Carol 's track upon skirting the eastern coast instead of moving inland . Weather reporting stations in the Mid @-@ Atlantic States reported rapid clearing as the storm gained latitude , while heavy rain and gusty winds enveloped New England . On September 11 , Edna passed directly over Cape Cod after weakening to Category 2 status , although surface weather analysis depicted a central pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) . It subsequently tracked just east of Eastport , Maine . The storm continued northeastward into Atlantic Canada and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , although the exact time of this transition is unknown . The storm 's extratropical remnants reemerged into the northern Atlantic after crossing eastern Canada and were last noted on September 15 .
= = Preparations = =
In advance of the storm , hurricane warnings were issued for parts of The Bahamas and South Florida , as winds of up to hurricane force were expected . Farther to the north , storm warnings were posted from Myrtle Beach , South Carolina to Eastport , Maine . Along the coast of North Carolina and the Virginia Capes , where gale @-@ force winds and high tides were expected , residents were advised to take precautions . In New York City , it was to be considered " a miracle " if Edna did not strike the area directly , and the storm was predicted to be one of the most severe hurricanes in the history of the New York Weather Bureau . In the 24 hours before the storm struck , New York Telephone received 361 @,@ 392 calls , which was the third highest volume the company ever recorded . In the Montauk area , 500 residents evacuated their homes by early September 11 , while all businesses closed in Westerly , Rhode Island . Businesses in Providence , which was flooded during Hurricane Carol , prepared sandbags to mitigate flooding . Most beach homes had closed for the summer season , and hundreds of people who lived along the southern New England coast evacuated . Other threatened areas were evacuated , including Milford , Connecticut , where 3 @,@ 000 families left their homes . Sirens alerted other residents to remain indoors and drivers to stay off the highways . Along the coast of Connecticut , bus and train service was halted . A state of emergency was declared in New London , and mail service was canceled in some areas . On September 10 , the Navy ordered the evacuation of hundreds of warships and aircraft . Coast Guard planes evacuated from Rhode Island and Massachusetts . About 40 Red Cross shelters , which were opened during Hurricane Carol 11 days prior , were reopened to provide food . Officers at Fort Devens sent 40 trucks with cots , blankets , and generators to areas expected to be struck by the storm . Advance warning was credited with a lower death toll in Edna than Carol .
= = Impact = =
= = = West Indies = = =
On September 7 , a bulletin from San Juan , Puerto Rico reported extensive , flood @-@ inducing rainfall along the western and southern coasts of the island . Over 10 in ( 250 mm ) of precipitation fell within a two @-@ day period . The easternmost islands of The Bahamas , including San Salvador , experienced gale @-@ force winds and high seas .
= = = United States = = =
Edna 's path near North Carolina was about 50 mi ( 80 km ) east of Carol . Winds blew at up to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) along the shore , accompanied by strong surf , although no fatalities or major property damage resulted from the storm . Tides at Norfolk , Virginia were only slightly above normal during the storm 's passage to the east , and winds were moderate in strength . Peripheral rainfall in Maryland and Delaware eased drought conditions . In coastal New Jersey , northwesterly winds reached 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , and Long Branch received around 4 in ( 100 mm ) of rainfall . Further north , Long Island also suffered moderate to strong winds , blowing from the north at their peak . A Weather Bureau station in New York City recorded 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) winds midday on September 11 . Rainfall reached 4 @.@ 98 in ( 126 mm ) in the city , becoming the wettest day in 45 years . The storm cut off Montauk Point on eastern Long Island at its height , prompting the Coast Guard to temporarily relocate 500 families . Rainfall in Suffolk County amounted to 9 in ( 230 mm ) . Crop damage in New York was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 5 million , and six people died in the city due to highway deaths .
When Edna struck New England , it was moving quickly to the northeast at 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . It struck eastern Massachusetts about 100 mi ( 160 km ) east of where Hurricane Carol struck only a week prior . Hurricane @-@ force winds affected much of the coastline , with peak gusts of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) on Martha 's Vineyard offshore Massachusetts , and 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) on Block Island offshore Rhode Island . Along the coast , wind gusts peaked at 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) at Hyannis , Massachusetts . The high winds caused widespread power outages , including for nearly all of Cape Cod . The storm surge reached 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) along the Massachusetts coast , causing flooding and heavy boating damage . Further west , there was lesser coastal flooding , although heavy rainfall after previously wet conditions caused urban and stream flooding ; rainfall peaked at around 11 in (
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= = =
Now without the Hot Band or a recording contract , Sylvester set himself up with a new band , The Four As , and a new set of backing singers , two black drag queens named Jerry Kirby and Lady Bianca . With this new entourage , he continued to perform at a number of local venues including Jewel 's Catch One which a bar in West Hollywood , but reviewers were unimpressed with the new line @-@ up , most of whom abandoned Sylvester in December 1974 . After a brief sojourn in England , Sylvester returned to San Francisco and assembled three young drag queens to be avantng singers : Arnold Elzie , Leroy Davis , and Gerry Kirby . Nevertheless , although he performed at such events as the 1975 Castro Street Fair , success continued to elude him , and he eventually fired Elzie , Davis , and Kirby .
Employing Brent Thomson as his new manager , she suggested that Sylvester rid himself of his androgynous image and wear more masculine clothing in order to gain a recording contract ; as she put it , " nobody is giving out recording contracts to drag queens . " Thomson opened auditions for new backing singers , with Sylvester being captivated by one of those auditioning , Martha Wash . Sylvester asked her if she had another large black friend who could sing , after which she introduced him to Izora Rhodes . Although he referred to them simply as " the girls " , Wash and Rhodes named themselves the Two Tons O ' Fun , and continued to work with Sylvester intermittently until his death , developing a close friendship with him . They were soon joined by bassist John Dunstan and keyboard player Dan Reich .
Playing gay bars such as The Stud and The Endup , in September 1976 Sylvester and his band gained a regular weekend job at The Palms nightclub on Polk Street , performing two or three sets a night ; most of these were covers , but some were original compositions by Sylvester and his then @-@ guitarist Tip Wirrick . It was through this show that Sylvester came to the attention of Motown producer Harvey Fuqua , and Fuqua subsequently signed Sylvester onto a solo deal with Fantasy Records in 1977 .
In the middle of that year , he recorded his third album , the self @-@ titled Sylvester , which featured a cover design depicting Sylvester in male attire . The songs included on the album were influenced by dance music , and included Sylvester 's own compositions , such as " Never Too Late , " as well as covers of hits like Ashford & Simpson 's " Over and Over . " Many reviewers noted that Sylvester 's image had been altered since his early career , moving him away from the glittery androgynous appearance to that of a more conventional rhythm @-@ and @-@ blues singer which would have wider commercial appeal . Released as a single , Sylvester 's " Over and Over " proved a minor hit in the U.S. , but was more successful in Mexico and Europe . Building on the album 's release , Sylvester toured Louisiana and then Mexico City .
= = = Step II and disco success : 1978 = = =
Sylvester 's fame increased following the release of his solo album , and he was employed to perform regularly at The Elephant Walk gay bar in the Castro , an area of San Francisco known as a gay village . He became a friend of Harvey Milk — known locally as the " Mayor of Castro Street " — who was the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California , and performed at Milk 's birthday party that year . In the spring of 1978 , Sylvester successfully auditioned for a cameo appearance in the film The Rose starring gay icon Bette Midler . In the film , he plays one of the drag queens singing along to Bob Seger 's " Fire Down Below , " in a single scene that was filmed in a run @-@ down bar in downtown Los Angeles .
Sylvester released his second solo album , Step II , in September 1978 . For this release , he was particularly influenced by the genre of dance music known as disco which was then becoming increasingly popular across the Western world . Disco was closely associated with the gay , black , and Latino communities in the U.S. and dominated by black female artists like Donna Summer , Gloria Gaynor , and Grace Jones , with Sylvester initially being unsure that it was a suitable genre for him to work in ; he nevertheless recognized its increasing commercial potential . During production of the album , Sylvester invited the musician Patrick Cowley to join his studio band , being impressed by Cowley 's innovative techniques using synthesizers . The album landed Cowley a job as a back @-@ up musician on Sylvester 's subsequent world @-@ wide tours , and the two started a close friendship and collaboration . Once again co @-@ produced by Harvey Fuqua and released on Fuqua 's Fantasy label , Step II contained two disco songs that were subsequently released as singles , " You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) , " written by James Wirrick , and " Dance ( Disco Heat ) , " written by Eric Robinson .
Both singles proved commercial hits both domestically and abroad , topping the American dance chart and breaking into the U.S. pop charts . The album itself was also a success , being certified gold , and was described by Rolling Stone magazine as being " as good as disco gets . " In his history of disco , Shapiro described " You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) " as Sylvester 's " greatest record " , " the cornerstone of gay disco " , and " an epochal record in disco history " . Shapiro noted that Sylvester 's work brought together elements from both of the main strands of disco ; the " gospel / R & B tradition " and the " mechanical , piston @-@ pumping beats " tradition , but that in doing so he went " way beyond either " . Shapiro expressed the view that " Sylvester propelled his falsetto far above his natural range into the ether and rode machine rhythms that raced toward escape velocity , creating a new sonic lexicon powerful , camp , and otherworldly enough to articulate the exquisite bliss of disco 's dance floor utopia " .
In both August and December 1978 , Sylvester visited London , England to promote his music ; he proved hugely popular in the city , performing at a number of different nightclubs and being mobbed by fans . It was while in the city that he filmed the music video for " You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) " . Back in the U.S. , Sylvester began to appear on television shows to advertise his music , appearing on Dinah Shore , American Bandstand , Rock Concert , and The Merv Griffin Show . He also undertook a series of tours across the country , opening for both The Commodores and Chaka Khan , and performing alongside The O 'Jays , War , and L.T.D .. As a result , he earned a number of awards and performed at several award ceremonies . Through this developing public presence , Sylvester , alongside other visibly queer performers like The Village People , helped to solidify the connection between disco and homosexuality within the public imagination ; this however furthered the anti @-@ disco sentiment among rock music fans which would emerge as the Disco Sucks movement .
= = Later life = =
= = = Stars , Sell My Soul , and Too Hot To Sleep : 1979 – 81 = = =
Sylvester followed the success of Step II with an album entitled Stars . Consisting of four love songs , the title track – released as a single in January 1979 – had been written by Cowley , and Sylvester would proceed to tell the press that it was his first completely disco album , but that it would also probably be his last . He premiered the album 's four tracks on March 11 , 1979 , at a sold @-@ out show in the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House . The performance was attended by a number of senior figures in local government , and halfway through , Mayor Dianne Feinstein
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's " Dan Elektro " commented that Ruby & Sapphire would not interest those who do not have interest in the series , but fans of the series would enjoy its " unusually satisfying " gameplay . Games ( TM ) praised it for combining pinball and Pokémon , adding that the pinball gameplay would be more likely to draw those who are not fans of the series into playing Pokémon more so than the adventure games . Eurogamer 's Martin Taylor commented that only the " most demanding of pinball wizards would be right to turn their nose up at Pokemon Pinball 's charming slant on the genre . " Computer and Video Games praised it for its broad appeal , commenting that it is " fast and fluid for the casual player , yet has collecting and evolving for the obsessive . " Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire has been compared to other pinball video games , including Mario Pinball Land , which GameAxis Unwired treats as an inferior to Ruby & Sapphire . Eurogamer described Ruby & Sapphire as a spiritual predecessor to Metroid Prime Pinball .
= No Way Out ( 2007 ) =
No Way Out ( 2007 ) was the ninth annual No Way Out pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on February 18 , 2007 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California and was the final branded pay @-@ per @-@ view before all pay @-@ per @-@ view events became tri @-@ branded until 2016 .
The main event was an interpromotional tag team match between Batista and The Undertaker ( from SmackDown ! ) and John Cena and Shawn Michaels ( from Raw ) . Cena and Michaels won the match after Cena pinned Undertaker following an FU . The main match on the undercard was an interpromotional Six @-@ man tag team match between the team of Chris Benoit and The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) and the team of MNM ( Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro ) and Montel Vontavious Porter , which was won by the Hardys and Benoit after Benoit forced Mercury to submit to the Crippler Crossface .
= = Background = =
The event featured eight professional wrestling matches with outcomes predetermined by WWE script writers . The matches featured wrestlers portraying their characters in planned storylines that took place before , during and after the event .
The main feud heading into No Way Out was between SmackDown ! ' s World Heavyweight Champion Batista and his partner , The Undertaker , and Raw 's WWE Champion John Cena and Shawn Michaels . This feud began after Undertaker won the 2007 Royal Rumble match . The following week on an episode of SmackDown ! , the two world champions demanded an answer from Undertaker as to who he would face at WrestleMania , but Michaels interfered , as he also wanted an answer from Undertaker . As they awaited for Undertaker 's answer , Vince McMahon , the WWE Chairman , made an appearance and announced an interpromotional tag team match between the two pairs of brand representatives . On the February 5 , 2007 episode of Raw , Undertaker made his decision to face World Heavyweight Champion Batista at WrestleMania 23 , sending a message through a chokeslam . Michaels then became Cena 's challenger at WrestleMania 23 after winning a Triple Threat match against Randy Orton and Edge . On the February 15 , 2007 episode of Raw , the brand representatives were pitted in an eight @-@ man tag @-@ team match against Rated @-@ RKO ( Orton and Edge ) , Mr. Kennedy , and Montel Vontavious Porter in which the brand representatives were victorious . The Raw representatives went on to win the World Tag Team Championship , although Michaels made many attempts to superkick Cena during the road to No Way Out . On the February 16 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! , Undertaker and Batista again teamed up to face Rated @-@ RKO and were victorious via pinfall .
The secondary feud heading into No Way Out was between Chris Benoit and The Hardys against MNM and Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) . This feud began shortly after MNM reformed , when they challenged the reunited Hardys at December to Dismember in a losing effort . They then continued to wrestle on episodes of Raw , ECW , and SmackDown ! until Armageddon , when Mercury suffered a legitimate severe facial injury . On the February 16 episode of SmackDown ! , SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long announced a ladder match between Paul London and Brian Kendrick , Dave Taylor and William Regal , MNM , and The Hardys for the WWE Tag Team Championship ( the same match all four teams had against each other at Armageddon ) , but WWE 's official website announced the match had changed to pit The Hardys and Chris Benoit against MNM and MVP , while Brian Kendrick and Paul London faced Deuce ' n Domino in a separate match . Benoit and MVP were added to the match on short notice , as they were
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= = Charts = =
Following the release of Artpop , the song debuted at number 41 in the Gaon Chart of South Korea , selling 3 @,@ 414 copies .
= Garage Sale ( The Office ) =
" Garage Sale " is the nineteenth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 145th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 24 , 2011 . The episode was written by Jon Vitti and directed by series cast member , Steve Carell . The episode marks his third director 's credit for the series and the final physical appearance of Amy Ryan , having appeared as a regular since " Classy Christmas " .
In the episode , Michael ( Steve Carell ) decides to propose to Holly ( Amy Ryan ) , and runs into trouble thinking of how to do it well with his expensive diamond ring . He consults several coworkers on advice and for ideas on how to propose . Meanwhile , Dunder Mifflin Scranton 's warehouse and crew hosts a public garage sale .
" Garage Sale " was met with critical acclaim by both television reviewers as well as fans . Furthermore , HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall wrote that the episode could have served as Carell 's last episode . It is considered one of the best episodes of The Office . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by more than 7 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 4 rating / 10 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 which marked a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " Todd Packer " .
= = Synopsis = =
Michael decides to propose to Holly , and runs into trouble thinking of how to do it in the most elaborate way possible with his expensive diamond ring ( which cost what he believes is the traditional " three years ' salary " ) . He pours gasoline in the parking lot in the shape of letters , planning to light them on fire and show it to Holly . Pam stops it and gathers a meeting of Michael , herself , Jim , Ryan , and Oscar . They believe Holly truly is " the one " for him and give him anecdotes and ideas . He calls Holly 's father to ask his permission ( although he leaves a message rather than speak to him personally ) . Holly catches onto the idea when she calls her parents herself , but she notices her parents seem mentally disoriented . She talks to Michael later and says she wants to move back to Colorado to be there for her dad , and Michael supports her decision .
Michael takes Holly on a walk through the office , pointing out the locations of various events throughout their courtship . He opens the door to the kitchen , revealing all of the other employees holding candles . Various members of the office ask Holly if she will marry them ( all of Michael 's plan ) and she politely says no . Michael then leads Holly out to her desk , which is surrounded by dozens of candles . Michael gets down on his knee and begins to make a speech when the sprinklers go off from the candles . The water drenches everyone in the office and Michael proposes in a speech pattern similar to Yoda , reminiscent of the Season 4 finale when Holly is trying to fix her chair , as well as when Jim proposes to Pam in the rain in the Season 5 premiere . Holly accepts . Everyone then begins to congratulate Michael . However , Michael announces he is moving to Colorado with Holly . The scene ends with his employees in shock .
Meanwhile , Dunder Mifflin Scranton 's warehouse and crew host a public garage sale . Dwight attempts to walk away with the most expensive item by trading smaller items with his office mates beginning with a thumbtack ( a reference to One red paperclip ) and continuously trading up from table to table . One item on Jim and Pam 's table that piques his interest is a packet of " miracle legumes . " Dwight initially believes Jim is trying to prank him , but is astonished when they reappear after Jim had seemingly destroyed the packet . Eventually , his curiosity gets the better of him and he trades Jim a $ 150 telescope for the legumes . At the end of the episode , Dwight plants and waters the seeds and Jim secretly replaces the pots with full @-@ grown plants .
Andy , Darryl , and Kevin play and bet on the Dallas board game ( which Kevin had for sale ) . As the instruction booklet is not with the game , Andy and Darryl make up the rules as they go along , much to Kevin 's objection . Eventually , Kevin notices the money they had bet on the game with is missing , and storms out . As Darryl and Andy look at each other in confusion , Kevin reveals to the cameras that he has the money , stating , " And that ... is Dallas " , mocking Andy and Darryl 's previous statement .
= = Production = =
This episode was written by consulting producer Jon Vitti , his second writing credit of the series since joining the staff at the beginning of the seventh season . It was directed by series star Steve Carell , the third episode he has directed for the series . The episode marked Amy Ryan 's last physical appearance on the series , although she did speak in " Goodbye , Michael " . Ryan later said in an interview with New York that " The script was so sweet anyway that it made us all have a good cry " especially adding the fact that it was her final appearance . She also expressed her confidence that the series could survive without Carell and that it was the right move for him to leave . Vitti later submitted the episode for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but it was not nominated .
= = Cultural references = =
" Garage Sale " features several callbacks to previous episodes . Kevin 's skills at poker were previously shown in " Casino Night " . Michael 's St. Pauli Girl sign was previously shown in " Dinner Party " . Michael mentions when Toby left for Costa Rica from " Night Out " .
When Dwight trades his thumbtack for various objects , this is a reference to the One Red Paperclip blog , in which a man trades his red paper clip for an eventual house .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast , " Garage Sale " was viewed by an estimated 7 @.@ 07 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 4 rating / 10 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 4 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " Todd Packer " , which received series lows . The episode ranked second in its timeslot beating the Fox crime drama Bones , which was seen by 8 @.@ 78 million households ; and CBS coverage of NCAA basketball , which was seen by 6 @.@ 82 million household ; but it was defeated by the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , which was seen by an average 10 @.@ 1 million households .
= = = Reviews = = =
This episode received critical acclaim and is considered one of the best Office episodes . HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall called it one of his " favorite ' Office ' episodes ever ' " and also called it one of the greatest romantic sitcom episodes of all @-@ time . He also said the episode could have served as Carell 's last episode . He also praised " Garage Sale " for its multiple sublots , its exploration of the ensemble cast , and Jim 's prank against Dwight . Sepinwall named it one of the best TV episodes of 2011 for series that were not great the whole year . He praised it for showcasing " the ridiculous and romantic sides of ' The Office ' " . He also wrote that it gave Fischer and Krasinski their best material for the series in years . Cindy White of IGN praised it for its mix of comedy and drama . She also complimented it for the showcase of the cast . She ultimately gave the episode a 9 / 10 . James Poniewozik of TIME said it " was unspectacular as an episode overall but did build to a delightful moment as Michael finally proposed to Holly . " He later named it one of his honorable mentions for the top 10 TV episodes of 2011 .
The A.V. Club writer Myles McNutt called the episode a " spiritual successor to ' Casino Night ' , which remains one of my all @-@ time favorite episodes of the series " for " turning what could feel like a gimmicky sitcom scenario into something that feels distinct to both the office [ the characters ] [ ... ] and The Office " . He ultimately gave the episode an A- . Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic compared the proposal to other television proposals on Friends , Cheers and Frasier . New York writer Willer Paskin praised the writers for being adept at writing for romance . Following the airing of the episode , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . " Garage Sale " was voted the third @-@ highest @-@ rated out of 24 from the seventh season , according to an " Survivor " episode poll at the fans
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.
= Pond Eddy Bridge =
The Pond Eddy Bridge is a petit truss bridge spanning the Delaware River between the hamlet of Pond Eddy in Lumberland , New York and the settlement informally called Pond Eddy in Shohola Township , Pennsylvania . It is accessible from NY 97 in Lumberland on the New York side and two dead @-@ end local roads , Flagstone Road ( State Route 1011 ) and Rosa Road on the Pennsylvania side . The bridge was built in 1903 by the Oswego Bridge Company to replace an old suspension bridge that had washed away in a flood earlier in the year . It connected the bluestone quarries in Pennsylvania to New York .
The bridge remained intact for many years and , in 1963 , it was rededicated as the All Veterans Memorial Bridge by two local veterans groups . In 1998 , it was nominated for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places for its engineering significance ; it is also listed in the New York State Register of Historic Places .
Over the years , the bridge 's condition has deteriorated , weakening its retaining strength . The National Bridge Inventory Survey categorizes its condition as " Structurally Deficient " and " Basically intolerable requiring high priority of replacement " . In 2005 , the town of Narrowsburg passed a resolution calling on the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation ( PennDOT ) to replace the bridge . There has also been a local movement to save the bridge . The bluestone quarries are no longer active , but the bridge still serves as the only access to 26 homes on the Pennsylvania side and the only access those residents have to emergency services . Because of the state of the bridge , planning for its replacement began in 1999 ; full construction to replace the bridge is scheduled to begin in 2016 .
= = History = =
= = = The 1870 suspension bridge = = =
Settlement around Pond Eddy was triggered by the Delaware and Hudson Canal , which was constructed in the 1820s . The Erie Railroad , on the Pennsylvania side , also contributed to the community 's growth . After Pond Eddy continued to grow in both states , local officials decided a bridge should be erected to connect the two communities . The new bridge would make it easier to ship bluestone , slate and lumber via the railroad . In 1870 , a new bridge was funded with taxpayer 's money and the Town of Lumberland in New York helped build the new Pond Eddy Bridge . The new bridge was a wire @-@ rope suspension bridge , similar to those used by John Augustus Roebling . James D. Decker , then the Sullivan County sheriff and former Lumberland town supervisor was hired to supervise the construction of the bridge . He lived so close to the bridge site that it was soon nicknamed " Decker 's Bridge " . When finished , the new bridge was 521 feet ( 159 m ) long and 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) wide , enough to hold the anticipated traffic . It stood 31 feet ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) above the water , higher than most bridges on the Delaware .
Historians believe that from the beginning of the bridge 's life , it was toll @-@ free for Lumberland residents . Eventually the town leased the bridge out to private individuals , who collected tolls indiscriminately . During times when bridge could not be leased , the town retained control . The tollhouse was later removed and sold . It is now a home . Originally , the settlement of Pond Eddy on the Pennsylvania side was named Flagstone , but changed to its current name upon construction . Both Pond Eddys expanded rapidly . A new railroad station was created in Pond Eddy on the Pennsylvania side . The riverfront location on the New York side had two stores , a Methodist church , a telegraph office , eighteen homes and a new hotel with a restaurant . The hotel had new owners around the time of the bridge and eventually became a large stop for travelers . The Pond Eddy Bridge served the town of Lumberland well in the late 19th century , but the area 's prosperity did not last . The canal went out of business in 1898 , after years of competition from railroads . The Erie station on the Pennsylvania had no roads to go anywhere , and the community began to decline . Decker died at 77 years old in 1900 , having lived long enough to experience the rise and fall of Pond Eddy .
= = = The 1903 petit truss bridge = = =
In 1903 , the " floods of the century " struck the Delaware River Valley . Two storms of massive strength , including one from the Great Lakes converged in New Jersey , Pennsylvania and New York on October 9 , causing massive flooding . The Riverside Hotel received little damage , but homes and businesses were damaged heavily as well as the railroad . The 1870 bridge was destroyed in the storm . Lumberland hired the Oswego Bridge Company to build a replacement for $ 28 @,@ 900 ( $ 761 @,@ 000 in contemporary dollars ) . The company built the current two @-@ span , one @-@ lane steel structure .
The lumber industries and stone mines on both sides of the river were eventually exhausted and closed . Tourists coming up the river from Port Jervis became the mainstay of the local economy . During the next two decades , seasonal homes and hotels were built in Pond Eddy .
During the 1920s , the Joint Bridge Commission in Pennsylvania and New York started buying up the tolled bridges along the Delaware . The town of Lumberland offered the Pond Eddy bridge to the Commission , but was refused . The bridge , according to the Commission , was already toll @-@ free and adequately maintained . However , the town was eager to get rid of the responsibility to maintain the two @-@ decade old structure , and continued to try . Finally in 1926 , the Lumberland town supervisor , a friend of Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot , offered the commission the bridge for $ 1 ; around the same time , the commission paid $ 55 @,@ 000 ( $ 735 @,@ 000 in 2016 dollars ) for the Narrowsburg – Darbytown Bridge . The Joint Commission became the owner of both bridges . Since then the bridge 's history has been virtually uneventful , surviving the flooding during the remains of Hurricane Diane in 1955 with little damage .
= = Replacement plans = =
In 2005 , the community of Narrowsburg , New York , several miles upstream , requested that Pennsylvania Department of Transportation replace the 102 @-@ year @-@ old structure . It had already had its weight limits reduced . The same year , an engineering firm in Millburn , New Jersey reported replacing the bridge would cost about $ 6 @.@ 16 million , while keeping it would cost even more and raise its life expectancy by no more than 15 years . The Upper Delaware Council said that the 8 ton ( 7 @.@ 2 tonne ) limit on the bridge was inadequate for service trucks and emergency vehicles . The Shohola Township supervisors support maintaining the existing bridge , but the Lumberland Town Board was not convinced that it would be
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2014 interview , Obsidian leader Feargus Urquhart said he could not comment on changes that were made following Ubisoft 's involvement . South Park : The Stick of Truth was officially released to manufacturing on February 12 , 2014 . Following its release , Stone said that the work involved in making the game was much more than he and Parker had anticipated . He said , " I 'll [ admit ] to the fact that we retooled stuff that we didn 't like and we worked on the game longer than other people would 've liked us to " .
= = = Design = = =
During early discussions with Obsidian , Parker and Stone were adamant that the game should faithfully replicate the show 's unique 2D @-@ style visuals , which are based on cutout animation . Obsidian provided proofs of concept that they could achieve the South Park look ; Stone and Parker were satisfied with this . Skyrim was the game 's initial influence and further inspiration came from the 1994 role @-@ playing game EarthBound . Parker and Stone said that the blended 2D / 3D visuals of Paper Mario and the silent protagonist Link from The Legend of Zelda series also provided inspiration for the design . The characters ' costumes and classes are taken from the 2002 South Park episode " The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers " . Obsidian created various fantasy @-@ styled items , armor , and weapons but Parker and Stone told them to " make it crappier " to create the impression that the children had found or made the objects themselves ; weapons consisted of golf clubs , hammers , suction cup arrows and wooden swords , while bathrobes , oven mitt gloves , and towels worn as capes served as clothing . South Park studios provided Obsidian with access to the show 's full archive of art assets , allowing Obsidian to include previously unused ideas , such as discarded Chinpokomon designs . Actors from the show provided voice work , and Obsidian was given access to South Park 's audio resources , including sound effects , music , and the show 's composer Jamie Dunlap .
Describing the writing of a comedy script for a game in which lines of dialog may be heard repeatedly and jokes could appear dated , Stone said :
We write jokes , and the jokes are funny . With a game , the fourth , fifth , sixth , 80th , 100 millionth time you 've seen that joke it becomes not funny , then you lose faith in it , and then you question it , and you go round this emotional circle ... We 've always liked fresh @-@ baked stuff a little better but , with a video game , it doesn 't work that way . But the game isn 't just a collection of funny South Park scenes , hopefully it 's more than that .
Like the show , The Stick of Truth satirizes political and social issues including abortion , race relations , anal probes , drug addiction , sex , extreme violence , and poverty . Creative consultant Jordan Thomas said , " The way we looked at [ humor ] was if this moment was a hot button for the audience , should we make it worse , because [ Stone and Parker ] love to push boundaries and their default response was definitely not to back down , but the really healthy counterbalance was , can we make it funnier — and the answer was often yes " .
The game underwent several changes during its development . While the final game features four playable character types ( Fighter , Thief , Mage , and Jew ) , an early version featured five playable classes : Paladin , Wizard , Rogue , Adventurer , and Jew . The latter was described as a cross between a Monk and a Paladin , that is " high risk , high reward " and strongest when closest to death . The game had included other enemies and locations , including vampire children who were fought in a cemetery and church , hippies , a mission to recover Cartman 's doll from the Ginger children , and a boss fight against a large , winged monster . The Crab People had a larger role and shared a demilitarized zone with the Underpants Gnomes — only one Crab Person appears in the final game — and Mr Hankey and his family lived in a large , Christmas @-@ themed village which became a small house in the town 's sewers . While under THQ 's publishing deal , the developers planned that the Xbox 360 version would support the console 's input device , Kinect , enabling players to give characters voice commands , taunt enemies , and insult Cartman — to which the character would respond . Exclusive Xbox 360 downloadable content ( DLC ) including the Mysterion Superhero pack and Good Times with Weapons packs each featuring a unique weapon , outfit , and special attack , and three story @-@ based campaign expansions was announced . These features were not present in the Ubisoft release .
= = Release = =
South Park : The Stick of Truth was released in North America on March 4 , 2014 , for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles , and Microsoft Windows . It was released on March 6 in Australia and on March 7 in Europe . The game had been scheduled for release on March 5 , 2013 , but this was postponed two months by then @-@ publisher THQ . After THQ filed for bankruptcy in January 2013 , Ubisoft purchased the rights to publish the game and did not specify a release date . By May 2013 , Ubisoft had confirmed that it would be released that year after it was omitted from their upcoming games release schedule . On September 26 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that The Stick of Truth would be released in December 2013 , but in October 2013 the game 's release was again postponed until March 2014 . The game was scheduled for release on March 6 , 2014 in Germany and Austria , but it was delayed after the localized version of the game was found to contain Nazi references . A PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version of the game is scheduled for release on December 6 , 2016 .
A collector 's edition called the " Grand Wizard Edition " containing the game , a 6 @-@ inch figure of Grand Wizard Cartman created by Kidrobot , a map of the South Park kingdom , and the Ultimate Fellowship DLC was made available . The Ultimate Fellowship content includes four outfits with different abilities ; the Necromancer Sorcerer outfit provides increased fire damage , the Rogue Assassin outfit rewards the player with extra money , the Ranger Elf outfit raises weapon damage , and the Holy Defender outfit increases defense . Additional content included the Super Samurai Spaceman pack containing three outfits ; the Superhero costume provides a buff at the start of battle , the Samurai costume provides a buff on defeating an enemy , and the Spaceman costume provides a defensive shield .
In November and December 2013 , the South Park television series featured the " Black Friday " trilogy of episodes — " Black Friday " , " A Song of Ass and Fire " , and " Titties and Dragons " — which was a narrative prequel to the game and featured the characters wearing outfits and acting out roles similar to those in the game . The episodes satirized the game 's lengthy development ; in " Black Friday " Cartman tells Kyle not to " pre @-@ order a game that some assholes in California haven ’ t even finished making yet " , referring to California @-@ based Obsidian , while " Titties and Dragons " concludes with an advertisement announcing the game 's release date accompanied by Butters declaring his skepticism . Discussing " Black Friday " , IGN
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integrating performance targets , and producing actionable dashboards are all integral to accountability .
Accountability encompasses making a commitment to a particular action , accepting responsibility for completing that action , and then disclosing how well you performed against your commitment . Accountability requires commitments , metrics , and consequences ( positive and negative ) .
= = = Metrics = = =
Measurable performance standards are called metrics , which are the cornerstone of accountability . Marketing metrics encompass Activity , Output , Operational , and Outcome categories :
" Activity metrics " relate to the number of things done in a process , such as the number of new blog posts or the number of events .
" Output metrics " relate to the result of a process , such as website traffic , media mentions , or event participants .
" Operational metrics " relate to the efficiency and effectiveness of a process , such as cost per lead , revenue per customer , revenue per sales representative , cost per customer , or leads per sales representative .
" Outcome metrics " relate to the consequences of a process ’ outcomes , such as revenue , profit , win rate , pipeline contribution , share of preference , share of wallet , or share of market .
= = = Indicators = = =
To manage causes and effects , managers identify Leading Indicators and Lagging Indicators :
" Leading indicators " are metrics that a manager can monitor before stakeholders see results . They are in @-@ process metrics and process @-@ input metrics that serve as warning signals of output , operational , and outcome metrics . Within a workflow diagram , the questions represented by a diamond are typical sources of leading indicators . They indicate whether there will be re @-@ work , scrap , waste , or delays in what the process is meant to achieve . They are actionable and predictive . By monitoring leading indicators , managers can intervene to attain higher performance .
" Lagging indicators " are metrics that a manager ’ s stakeholders see . They are post @-@ process metrics ( i.e. output , operational , or outcome metrics ) . Lagging indicators are important for seeing the big picture , but they are not actionable in and of themselves .
= = = Reporting = = =
Marketing performance can be reported in a wide variety of formats ( verbal , pictorial , graphic , tabular , text , dashboard ) , which are used for accountability and decision @-@ making . Ideally , reports revisit past commitments or forecasts , to enable learning and refinements for future performance .
Dashboards are particularly important in marketing performance management , visually displaying multiple metrics on a single screen or page . This allows managers to monitor performance at a glance , and to be alerted when performance varies significantly above or below expected levels . Ideally , dashboards show the relationships between leading and lagging indicators . This can empower people at every managerial level .
= = Analytics = =
Analytics seeks to identify patterns in data by organizing it and applying mathematics , statistics , or algorithms to it . Analytics foster fact @-@ based , data @-@ driven customer , product , market and performance decisions and develop models to support scenario analysis and predict potential outcomes .
Marketing analytics can be used to create models to help understand , monitor , and predict customer behavior , such as likelihood to defect or predisposition to purchase . It can help managers quantify performance , make and optimize channel and mix decisions , understand the impact of a campaign on a sales list , and create many other types of insights .
Data availability is accelerating at an unprecedented pace , and analytics technologies can help marketers quickly synthesize data from various sources . Analytics can harness the power of data by converting it to actionable information and models that guide strategic investments and decisions that drive marketing performance .
= = Automation = =
Automation of marketing processes reduces manual labor , errors , and inconsistency . It enables timely , personalized messaging to customers , prospects , and other stakeholders .
Automation provides infrastructure for marketing performance management . It spans marketing resource management , campaign automation , business intelligence , data management , reporting platforms , and scenario analysis tools .
= = Alliances = =
Alliances are arrangements between companies to create additional value together . Distributors , resellers , marketing agencies , and other companies may co @-@ develop , co @-@ promote , and / or co @-@ deliver various parts of the marketing mix ( product , price , promotion , placement ) .
Marketing performance management requires information transparency , clear roles , and smooth handoffs between alliance members ,
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the 50 – 220 pm size of most other atoms and ions ) and so is nonexistent in condensed systems other than in association with other atoms or molecules . Indeed , transferring of protons between chemicals is the basis of acid @-@ base chemistry . Also unique is hydrogen 's ability to form hydrogen bonds , which are an effect of charge @-@ transfer , electrostatic , and electron correlative contributing phenomena . While analogous lithium bonds are also known , they are mostly electrostatic . Nevertheless , hydrogen can perform the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals , and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals ( especially lithium ) .
= = = Ammonium = = =
The ammonium ion ( NH +
4 ) has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals , acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium , and is often considered a close relative . For example , most alkali metal salts are soluble in water , a property which ammonium salts share . Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal ( NH +
4 ions in a sea of electrons ) at very high pressures ( though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around , 100 GPa ) , and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune , which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields . It has been estimated that the transition from a mixture of ammonia and dihydrogen molecules to metallic ammonium may occur at pressures just below 25 GPa .
= = = Thallium = = =
Thallium displays the + 1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display , and thallium compounds with thallium in its + 1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl + ( 164 pm ) , K + ( 152 pm ) and Ag + ( 129 pm ) ions . It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe ( but not in England ) in the years immediately following its discovery , and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer 's 1868 periodic table . ( Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table and Meyer 's 1870 periodic table put thallium in its current position in the boron group and leave the space below caesium blank . ) However , thallium also displays the oxidation state + 3 , which no known alkali metal displays ( although ununennium , the undiscovered seventh alkali metal , is predicted to possibly display the + 3 oxidation state ) . The sixth alkali metal is now considered to be francium . While Tl + is stabilized by the inert pair effect , this inert pair of 6s electrons is still able to participate chemically , so that these electrons are stereochemically active in aqueous solution . Additionally , the thallium halides ( except TlF ) are quite insoluble in water , and TlI has an unusual structure because of the presence of the inert pair in thallium .
= = = Copper , silver , and gold = = =
The group 11 metals ( or coinage metals ) , copper , silver , and gold , are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d @-@ shells . Physically , they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post @-@ transition metals . " The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu , Ag , and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity . Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility . " Chemically , the group 11 metals behave like main @-@ group metals in their + 1 valence states , and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals : this is one reason for their previously being labelled as " group IB " , paralleling the alkali metals ' " group IA " . They are occasionally classified as post @-@ transition metals . Their spectra are however analogous to those of the alkali metals .
In Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table , copper , silver , and gold are listed twice , once under group VIII ( with the iron triad and platinum group metals ) , and once under group IB . Group IB was nonetheless parenthesized to note that it was tentative . Mendeleev 's main criterion for group assignment was the maximum oxidation state of an element : on that basis , the group 11 elements could not be classified in group IB , due to the existence of Cu ( II ) and Au ( III ) compounds being known at that time . However , eliminating group IB would make group I the only main group ( group VIII was labelled a transition group ) to lack an A – B bifurcation . Soon afterwards , a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry : this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium @-@ long 18 @-@ column periodic table , which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals .
The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group , due to them sharing the characteristic s1 electron configuration of the alkali metals ( group 1 : p6s1 ; group 11 : d10s1 ) . However , the similarities are largely confined to the stochiometries of the + 1 compounds of both groups , and not their chemical properties . This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell , so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionization energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals . Furthermore , they have higher melting points , hardnesses , and densities , and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia , as well as having more covalent character in their compounds . Finally , the alkali metals are at the top of the electrochemical series , whereas the coinage metals are almost at the very bottom . The coinage metals ' filled d shell is much more easily disrupted than the alkali metals ' filled p shell , so that the second and third ionization energies are lower , enabling higher oxidation states than + 1 and a richer coordination chemistry , thus giving the group 11 metals clear transition metal character . Particularly noteworthy is gold forming ionic compounds with rubidium and caesium , in which it forms the auride ion ( Au − ) which also occurs in solvated form in liquid ammonia solution : here gold behaves as a pseudohalogen because its 5d106s1 configuration has one electron less than the quasi @-@ closed shell 5d106s2 configuration of mercury .
= = History = =
Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times ; salt ( sodium chloride ) has been an important commodity in human activities , as testified by the English word salary , referring to salarium , money paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt . While potash has been used since ancient times , it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts . Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference
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of sodium and potassium salts in 1702 , and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736 . The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds , and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium , was not known then , and thus Antoine Lavoisier did include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789 .
Pure potassium was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH , potassium hydroxide ) by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly invented voltaic pile . Previous attempts at electrolysis of the aqueous salt were unsuccessful due to potassium 's extreme reactivity . Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis . Later that same year , Davy reported extraction of sodium from the similar substance caustic soda ( NaOH , lye ) by a similar technique , demonstrating the elements , and thus the salts , to be different . Later that year , the first pieces of pure molten sodium metal were similarly prepared by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of molten caustic soda ( now called sodium hydroxide ) .
Petalite ( LiAlSi4O10 ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist José Bonifácio de Andrada in a mine on the island of Utö , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analysing petalite ore . This new element was noted by him to form compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline than the other alkali metals . Berzelius gave the unknown material the name " lithion / lithina " , from the Greek word λιθoς ( transliterated as lithos , meaning " stone " ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material " lithium " . Lithium , sodium , and potassium were part of the discovery of periodicity , as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same group that were noted by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1850 as having similar properties .
Rubidium and caesium were the first elements to be discovered using the spectroscope , invented in 1859 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff . The next year , they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim , Germany . Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg , Germany , finding it in the mineral lepidolite . The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra : a bright red line for rubidium ( from the Latin word rubidus , meaning dark red or bright red ) , and a sky @-@ blue line for caesium ( derived from the Latin word caesius , meaning sky @-@ blue ) .
Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . His version put all the alkali metals then known ( lithium to caesium ) , as well as copper , silver , and thallium ( which show the + 1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals ) , together into a group . His table placed hydrogen with the halogens .
After 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and thallium . Two years later , Mendeleev revised his table , placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium , and also moving thallium to the boron group . In this 1871 version , copper , silver , and gold were placed twice , once as part of group IB , and once as part of a " group VIII " encompassing today 's groups 8 to 11 . After the introduction of the 18 @-@ column table , the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d @-@ block , while alkali metals were left in group IA . Later the group 's name was changed to group 1 in 1988 . The trivial name " alkali metals " comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water .
There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris , France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium @-@ 227 , which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV . However , Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV . Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product , one that was separated during purification , but emerged again out of the pure actinium @-@ 227 . Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium , radium , lead , bismuth , or thallium . The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal ( such as coprecipitating with caesium salts ) , which led Perey to believe that it was element 87 , caused by the alpha decay of actinium @-@ 227 . Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium @-@ 227 . Her first test put the alpha branching at 0 @.@ 6 % , a figure that she later revised to 1 % . It was the last element discovered in nature , rather than by synthesis .
The next element below francium ( eka @-@ francium ) is very likely to be ununennium ( Uue ) , element 119 , although this is not completely certain due to relativistic effects . The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium @-@ 254 with calcium @-@ 48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley , California . No atoms were identified , leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb .
254
99Es + 48
20Ca → 302
119Uue * → no atoms
It is highly unlikely that
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tables , faders and other club equipment were projected behind the dancers and musicians . Beyoncé was accompanied by two drummers , two keyboardists , a percussionist , a horn section , three imposing backup vocalists called the Mamas and a lead guitarist , Bibi McGill . " Baby Boy " was included on her live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) , and the deluxe edition of I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) . At the 2005 ASCAP Pop Music Awards , " Baby Boy " along with Beyoncé 's two other songs – " Me , Myself and I " and " Naughty Girl " – were recognized as three of the most performed songs of 2004 .
" Baby Boy " was performed by Beyoncé in a pink fringe dress at a concert at Palais Nikaïa in Nice , France , on June 20 , 2011 , and at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 , where she brought out British trip hop singer Tricky to guest on the song . In May , 2012 , Beyoncé performed the song during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote , " The first , and last parts of the show stressed the steeliest Beyoncé , told in bold songs ... [ like ] dancehall @-@ inflected ' Baby Boy . ' " On February 3 , 2013 , Beyoncé performed the song during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show .
= = Copyright infringement lawsuit = =
In 2005 , US singer @-@ songwriter Jennifer Armour filed a copyright infringement lawsuit , claiming that Beyoncé had used some lyrics and the musical hook from her song " Got a Little Bit of Love for You " . In 2003 , Armour 's former label manager had submitted a demo recordings to record labels , including Beyoncé 's Columbia Records and Sean Paul 's Atlantic Records . According to the district court , an Expert witness ( Chair , Dept. of Music Theory & Composition , Shepherd School of Music , Rice University ) determined the songs to be " substantially similar " ( a requirement for an infringement finding ) . With regard to the musical hook , the Expert stated in his report , " When the aural comparisons of the two songs are presented in the key of C Minor ( for easy comparison ) and presented back @-@ to @-@ back , in A – B – A – B fashion , even the least musically inclined listener should immediately determine that the two songs are strikingly similar ; I daresay that many listeners may even perceive them as being the same song ! And again , transposing a song for this purpose does not alter any fundamental qualities or characteristics of the song but merely assists the ability of those unfamiliar with the technicalities of music in making a comparison . " The district court judge nonetheless ruled that she , herself , could not hear the similarities between the two songs and dismissed the case , denying the motion for the songs or case to be heard by a jury .
On appeal , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court 's ruling , but ruled with different reasoning . It held that there was no infringement based on Beyoncé 's claim that Armour 's demo tape was received shortly after the writing of Beyoncé 's song had been substantially completed . However , the court did not address the issue of substantial similarity .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Chart precession and succession = = =
= William Adam ( architect ) =
William Adam ( 1689 – 24 June 1748 ) was a Scottish architect , mason , and entrepreneur . He was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland , designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings , and often acting as contractor as well as architect . Among his best known works are Hopetoun House near Edinburgh , and Duff House in Banff . His individual , exuberant style built on the Palladian style , but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture .
In the 18th century , Adam was considered Scotland 's " Universal Architect " . However , since the early 20th century , architectural critics have taken a more measured view , Colin McWilliam , for instance , finding the quality of his work " varied to an extreme degree " . As well as being an architect , Adam was involved in several industrial ventures and improvement schemes , including coal mining , salt panning , stone quarries and mills . In 1731 he began to build up his own estate in Kinross @-@ shire , which he named Blair Adam . He was the father of three architects ; John , Robert and James , the last two were the developers of the " Adam style " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
William Adam was born in Linktown of Abbotshall , now a neighbourhood of Kirkcaldy , Fife , and was baptised on 24 October 1689 . He was the only surviving child of John Adam ( d. c . 1710 ) , a mason , and Helen Cranstoun , daughter of William Cranstoun , 3rd Lord Cranstoun . His paternal grandfather was Archibald Adam , a laird in Angus . Adam probably attended the grammar school in Kirkcaldy until 1704 , when he turned 15 , and thereafter learned the craft of masonry , possibly from his father . It is often suggested that Adam was apprenticed to Sir William Bruce at Kinross House , although the dates make this unlikely . John Fleming suggests that if Adam trained under Bruce at all , it must have been at Hopetoun House which Bruce was building from 1699 – 1703 . By 1717 Adam was a fully qualified member of the Kirkcaldy masons ' guild , and before 1720 he travelled to France and the Low Countries , visiting country houses and viewing the canal at Ostend .
In 1714 , Adam entered into a partnership with William Robertson of Gladney , a local laird , to set up a brickworks at Linktown . The venture was successful , and Adam has been credited with introducing the manufacture of Dutch pantiles into Scotland . On 30 May 1716 , Adam married Robertson 's daughter Mary , and the couple moved into his home , Gladney House , at Abbotshall .
= = = Rise to fame = = =
It is not known how William Adam became a successful architect from these beginnings , but by 1721 he was engaged on major projects at Floors Castle , where he executed a design by Vanbrugh , and designing extensions to Hopetoun House . John Gifford links Adam 's rise with the retirement of James Smith , the most prominent architect of the early 18th century , who was in his 70s by this time . Like Smith , Adam was a trained mason , had social connections through his family , and had the financial backing of successful business ventures . It was in 1721 that Adam became a Freemason being initiated in The Lodge of Edinburgh ( Mary 's Chapel ) , No.1.
However , unlike the Episcopalians Smith and Bruce , Adam was a Presbyterian Whig , in a time of Whig domination of the British government . Scottish Episcopalians were associated with Jacobitism , and as such found little favour with the ruling Hanoverian regime . Sir William Bruce , for example , was imprisoned on at least three occasions between 1693 and his death in 1710 , merely on account of his principles . Adam 's beliefs were much more acceptable , although he did manage to maintain relations with the exiled Jacobite , and amateur architect , John , Earl of Mar. Adam 's political stance allowed him to acquire influential patrons such as John Dalrymple , 2nd Earl of Stair , and Sir John Clerk of Penicuik , who , besides being his clients , attempted to secure government positions and contracts for him . For example , Sir John Clerk unsuccessfully proposed Adam for city architect under the " Town of Edinburgh Bill " , which would have seen him overseeing new public works in the capital . In 1727 , Stair tried , again unsuccessfully , to have Adam appointed Surveyor of the King 's Works in Scotland , although the following year he acquired the lesser position of Clerk and Storekeeper of the King 's
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written symbolically as :
HA + B ⇌ A − + HB +
The equilibrium sign , ⇌ , is used because the reaction can occur in both forward and backward directions . The acid , HA , can lose a proton to become its conjugate base , A − . The base , B , can accept a proton to become its conjugate acid , HB + . Most acid @-@ base reactions are fast so that the components of the reaction are usually in dynamic equilibrium with each other .
= = Aqueous solutions = =
Consider the following acid – base reaction :
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO − + H3O +
Acetic acid , CH3COOH , is an acid because it donates a proton to water ( H2O ) and becomes its conjugate base , the acetate ion ( CH3COO − ) . H2O is a base because it accepts a proton from CH3COOH and becomes its conjugate acid , the hydronium ion , ( H3O + ) .
The reverse of an acid @-@ base reaction is also an acid @-@ base reaction , between the conjugate acid of the base in the first reaction and the conjugate base of the acid . In the above example , acetate is the base of the reverse reaction and hydronium ion is the acid .
H3O + + CH3COO − ⇌ CH3COOH + H2O
The power of the Brønsted – Lowry theory is that , in contrast to Arrhenius theory , it does not require an acid to dissociate .
= = Amphoteric substances = =
The essence of Brønsted – Lowry theory is that an acid only exists as such in relation to a base , and vice versa . Water is amphoteric as it can act as an acid or as a base . In the image shown at the right one molecule of H2O acts as a base and gains H + to become H3O + while the other acts as an acid and loses H + to become OH − .
Another example is furnished by substances like aluminium hydroxide , Al ( OH ) 3 .
Al ( OH ) 3 + OH − ⇌ Al ( OH ) −
4 , acting as an acid
3H + + Al ( OH ) 3 ⇌ 3H2O + Al3 + ( aq ) , acting as a base
= = = Non @-@ aqueous solutions = = =
The hydrogen ion , or hydronium ion , is a Brønsted – Lowry acid in aqueous solutions , and the hydroxide ion is a base , by virtue of the self @-@ dissociation reaction
H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O + + OH −
An analogous reaction occurs in liquid ammonia
NH3 + NH3 ⇌ NH +
4 + NH −
2
Thus , the ammonium ion , NH +
4 , plays the same role in liquid ammonia as does the hydronium ion in water and the amide ion , NH −
2 , is analogous to the hydroxide ion . Ammonium salts behave as acids , and amides behave as bases .
Some non @-@ aqueous solvents can behave as bases , that is , proton acceptors , in relation to Brønsted – Lowry acids .
HA + S ⇌ A − + SH +
where S stands for a solvent molecule . The most important such solvents are dimethylsulfoxide , DMSO , and acetonitrile , CH3CN , as these solvents has been widely used to measure the acid dissociation constants of organic molecules . Because DMSO is a stronger proton acceptor than H2O the acid becomes a stronger acid in this solvent than in water . Indeed , many molecules behave as acids in non @-@ aqueous solution that do not do so in aqueous solution . An extreme case occurs with carbon acids , where a proton is extracted from a C @-@ H bond .
Some non @-@ aqueous solvents can behave as acids . An acidic solvent will increase basicity of substances dissolved in it . For example , the compound CH3COOH is known as acetic acid because of its acidic behaviour in water . However it behaves as a base in liquid hydrogen chloride , a much more acidic solvent .
HCl + CH3COOH ⇌ Cl − + CH
3C ( OH ) +
2
= = Comparison with Lewis acid – base theory = =
In the same year that Brønsted and Lowry published their theory , G
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. N. Lewis proposed an alternative theory of acid – base reactions . The Lewis theory is based on electronic structure . A Lewis base is defined as a compound that can donate an electron pair to a Lewis acid , a compound that can accept an electron pair . Lewis 's proposal gives an explanation to the Brønsted – Lowry classification in terms of electronic structure .
HA + B : ⇌ A : − + BH +
In this representation both the base , B , and the conjugate base , A − , are shown carrying a lone pair of electrons and the proton , which is a Lewis acid , is transferred between them .
Lewis later wrote in " To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen . " In Lewis theory an acid , A , and a base , B : , form an adduct , AB , in which the electron pair is used to form a dative covalent bond between A and B. This is illustrated with the formation of the adduct H3N − BF3 from ammonia and boron trifluoride , a reaction that cannot occur in aqueous solution because boron trifluoride reacts violently with water in a hydrolysis reaction .
BF3 + 3H2O → B ( OH ) 3 + 3HF
HF ⇌ H + + F −
These reactions illustrate that BF3 is an acid in both Lewis and Brønsted – Lowry classifications and emphasizes the consistency between both theories .
Boric acid is recognized as a Lewis acid by virtue of the reaction
B ( OH ) 3 + H2O ⇌ B ( OH ) −
4 + H +
In this case the acid does not dissociate , it is the base , H2O that dissociates . A solution of B ( OH ) 3 is acidic because hydrogen ions are liberated in this reaction .
There is strong evidence that dilute aqueous solutions of ammonia contain negligible amounts of the ammonium ion
H2O + NH3 ⥇ OH − + NH +
4
and that , when dissolved in water , ammonia functions as a Lewis base .
= = Comparison with the Lux @-@ Flood theory = =
The reactions between certain oxides in non @-@ aqueous media cannot be explained on the basis of Brønsted – Lowry theory . For example , the reaction
2MgO + SiO2 → Mg2SiO4
does not fall within the scope of the Brønsted – Lowry definition of acids and bases . On the other hand , MgO is basic and SiO2 is acidic in the Brønsted – Lowry sense , referring to mixtures in water .
2H + + MgO ( s ) → Mg2 + ( aq ) + 2H2O
SiO2 ( s ) + 2H2O → SiO4 −
4 + 4H + ( ≡ Si
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( OH ) 4 ( aq ) )
Lux @-@ Flood theory also classifies magnesium oxide as a base in non @-@ aqueous circumstances . This classification is important in geochemistry . Minerals such as olivine , ( Mg , Fe ) SiO4 are classed as ultramafic ; olivine is a compound of a very basic oxide , MgO , with an acidic oxide , silica , SiO2 .
= Live at Wembley ( Beyoncé album ) =
Live at Wembley is a live album by American recording artist Beyoncé , released on April 26 , 2004 . The DVD features her concert at Wembley Arena in London , United Kingdom , as part of her Dangerously in Love Tour in support of her first solo studio album Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Most of the songs on Live at Wembley originate from Dangerously in Love , although Beyoncé also performed a medley of past songs by her former group Destiny 's Child . Live at Wembley was critically well @-@ received , with Allmusic awarding it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The cover of Rose Royce 's " Wishing on a Star " , included on the album , was nominated in the category for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance at the 48th Grammy Awards .
The album debuted at number seventeen on the US Billboard 200 , selling 45 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It also charted on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums at number eight . It managed to top the DVD charts in the US , Australia and Spain and peaked in the top ten in Austria , Belgium , Netherlands , Italy and the United Kingdom . The DVD was certified double Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association and the Recording Industry Association of America . The album was also certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan .
= = Background and development = =
Live at Wembley was filmed at the London 's Wembley Arena show of the Dangerously in Love Tour , Beyoncé 's first international solo tour , on November 10 , 2003 . The tour supported her debut solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Most of the songs on Live at Wembley originate from that album , but it also contains a medley of past songs by her former group Destiny 's Child and two soundtrack singles : " Work It Out " and " Summertime " . The second disc of Live at Wembley contains three previously unreleased studio recorded songs , including a cover of Rose Royce 's " Wishing on a Star " , and one remix each of " Crazy in Love " , " Baby Boy " and " Naughty Girl " . Behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage can be also seen on the DVD .
The concert audio was mixed by Rick Camp , the same engineer who mixed at the concert venues . It is uncommon for mix engineers to specialize in both live and recorded mixing . For Camp , " Mixing Beyoncé is a pleasure because she 's a real singer and makes it easy . There is hardly an overdub on this project — it 's 95 percent live Beyoncé . " He further talked about the collaboration with Beyoncé with Mix magazine , saying : " In my 22 years of mixing , I 've never come across anyone who could deliver like she does : vocally and her ability to do a show . I 've seen this young woman run across a 60 @-@ foot stage , hit every note and never miss a thing . And that makes my job so much easier . "
= = Show synopsis = =
On stage , Beyoncé was backed by several male and female dancers performing choreography during the show . DJ Diamond who served as a DJ during the performances and a backing band provided the music . The performance starts with footage of the crowd during the concert cheering before the appearance of Beyoncé . The curtains are lifted to reveal the stage and Beyoncé appears in red clothes hanging upside down while being taken to a sofa on the stage with a harness singing " Baby Boy " . She is backed by a big screen and several dancers on stage who perform a choreography around her . She later starts dancing with them as the song plays and a breakdown towards the end is also featured . She asks from the girls in the crowd to sing to " Naughty Girl " as she dances with background dancers while the words " Naughty Girl " are displayed on the screen behind her . Towards the end of the song she performs portions of Vanity 6 's song " Nasty Girl " ( 1982 ) as a short dance break . The lights are turned off and later silhouettes of Beyoncé and her dancers appear performing a choreography in front of the screen which is colored white while a backing track is played . She continues to perform a cover version of Little Willie John 's song " Fever " wearing white pieces of wardrobe backed by four male dancers . The words " Pure Players " start appearing on the screen as a man 's voice says them and " Hip Hop Star " is performed next with Big Boi 's and Sleepy Brown 's vocals played on a backing track while Beyoncé performs a choreography with several background dancers . " Yes " is performed with Beyoncé and her female dancers dancing on a fence . " Work It Out " follows and Beyoncé tells the fans that she 's going to " slow it down " for the performance of " Gift from Virgo " as she hangs in the air on a yellow curtain wearing a yellow dress . In the middle of the song , she is taken down to the stage where she continues to perform the song .
She continues telling to the crowd that she would sing a song from Dangerously in Love further asking the attendees how many of them have the album . She then introduces " Be with You " as one of her favorite slow jams and starts singing it . For the beginning of " Speechless " she sits on a chair singing the song . She asks the fans in the arena to cheer and announced " Well , this is my very first solo tour as an artist and I 'm very happy to share this wonderful experience with you all tonight in London " . She then starts performing a short Destiny 's Child medley beginning with " Bug a Boo " . Beyoncé then tells the story about the group 's first single " No , No , No Part 2 " and continues performing the song . " Bootylicious " , " Jumpin ' Jumpin ' " , " Say My Name " , " Independent Women Part I " , " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " and " Survivor " are performed afterwards as part of the medley . She introduces the next song " Me , Myself and I " saying that she wrote it for all the ladies , " I thought it was something we all need to hear . When we get in these relationships they don 't work out . Sometimes we blame the man , we blame another girl , we blame ourselves . But I think we should take every experience and learn a lesson out of it , even the bad experiences and I want all the ladies to know that we will never disappoint ourselves . You 'll always have yourself . " She introduces the next song " Summertime " as one of her favorite songs asking from the crowd to dance further performing a step dance while footage of flowers was projected on the screen . The lights go out again and Beyoncé appears wearing a grey , sparkly dress for an extended performance of " Dangerously in Love " surrounded by smoke . After the word " Beyonce " is written on the screen several times , she appears on a staircase wearing a long shirt as the opening lines of " Crazy in Love " start and the song 's music video is projected on the screen . Beyoncé then continues singing the song and performing its choreography with her female background dancers and confetti are dropped on stage during the end of the performance .
= = Release and reception = =
Live at Wembley premiered at Regal Entertainment Group cinemas around the US on April 26 , 2004 . Tickets for the theater premieres were purchasable by members of the public . The album was released by Sony Music Entertainment and RCA Records in Europe the same day , and by Columbia Music Video in US the following day . It was released in both CD and DVD formats . On August 17 , 2010 , Beyoncé 's cover of " Wishing on a Star " was released as a promotional single through several online
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= White @-@ headed capuchin =
The white @-@ headed capuchin ( Cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white @-@ faced capuchin or white @-@ throated capuchin , is a medium @-@ sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae , subfamily Cebinae . Native to the forests of Central America and the extreme north @-@ western portion of South America , the white @-@ headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen .
Among the best known monkeys , the white @-@ headed capuchin is recognized as the typical companion to the organ grinder . In recent years the species has become popular in North American media . It is a highly intelligent monkey and has been trained to assist paraplegic persons . It is a medium @-@ sized monkey , weighing up to 3 @.@ 9 kg ( 8 @.@ 6 lb ) . It is mostly black , but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body , giving it its common name . It has a distinctive prehensile tail that is often carried coiled up and is used to help support the monkey when it is feeding beneath a branch .
In the wild , the white @-@ headed capuchin is versatile , living in many different types of forest , and eating many different types of food , including fruit , other plant material , invertebrates , and small vertebrates . It lives in troops that can exceed 20 animals and include both males and females . It is noted for its tool use , including rubbing plants over its body in an apparent use of herbal medicine , and also using tools as weapons and for getting to food . It is a long @-@ lived monkey , with a maximum recorded age of over 44 years .
White @-@ headed capuchins are highly social , living in groups of 16 individuals on average , about three quarters of which are females . Groups consists of related females , immigrant males , and offspring . On average , females birth offspring every 27 months even though they mate throughout the year . Females tend to stay within their original group while males leave their natal group when they are 4 years old and change groups every 4 years after . Both male and female capuchins exhibit different dominance behaviors within the group .
= = Taxonomy = =
The white @-@ headed capuchin was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work , Systema Naturae . It is a member of the family Cebidae , the family of New World monkeys containing capuchin monkeys , squirrel monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . It is the type species for the genus Cebus , the genus that includes all the capuchin monkeys . It is a member of the C. capucinus species group within the genus Cebus , a group that also includes the white @-@ fronted capuchin , the weeper capuchin and the Kaapori capuchin .
There is disagreement among primatologists about whether there are any subspecies of white @-@ headed capuchin . Some authorities consider there to be three subspecies of white @-@ headed capuchin , based on small differences in appearance :
C. c. capucinus , from the southern part of the range in Ecuador , Colombia and eastern Panama
C. c. imitator , from most of Nicaragua , Costa Rica and western Panama
C. c. limitaneus , from Honduras and northern Nicaragua
However , other authorities do not recognize any separate subspecies , and regard C. c. imitator and C. c. limitaneus as synonyms of C. capucinus .
= = Physical description = =
Like other monkeys in the genus Cebus , the white @-@ headed capuchin is named
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countries . The Daily Telegraph hailed " All I Want for Christmas Is You " as the most popular and most played Christmas song of the decade in the United Kingdom . Rolling Stone ranked it fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list , calling it a " holiday standard . " In December 2015 , the song peaked at 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it its highest peak since its original release .
With global sales of over 14 million copies , the song remains Carey 's biggest international success and the 11th best @-@ selling single of all time . As of 2013 , the song was reported to have earned $ 50 million in royalties .
= = Background and writing = =
Following the success of the singer 's 1993 career best @-@ selling album Music Box , Carey and her management at Columbia Records began devising ideas and strategies for subsequent projects . Carey 's then @-@ husband , Tommy Mottola , head of Columbia 's parent label Sony Music Entertainment , began mapping out possible follow ups for the singer during the pinnacle years of her career . During initial discussions regarding the thought of doing a Christmas @-@ themed album with Carey and her writing partner of over four years , Walter Afanasieff , fear arose that it wasn 't commercially expedient or wise to release holiday music at the peak of one 's career , as it was more often equated with a release towards the end of a musician 's waning career . Afanasieff recalled his sentiments during initial discussions for a holiday record : " Back then , you didn 't have a lot of artists with Christmas albums . It wasn 't a known science at all back then , and there was nobody who did new , big Christmas songs . So we were going to release it as kind of an everyday , ' Hey , you know , we 're putting out a Christmas album . No big deal . ' " Ultimately , with Mottola 's persistence and Carey 's initiative to be a " risk @-@ taker " as Afanasieff put it , the song and its parent album , Merry Christmas , began taking form in early @-@ mid 1994 . Recording for the album began in June , while the Carey @-@ Afanasieff songwriting duo penned " All I Want for Christmas Is You " in late @-@ August . Often referencing herself a festive person and demonstrating a usual penchant for her love of all things Christmas , Carey began decorating the home she shared with Mottola in upstate New York ( which also came equipped with a personal recording studio ) with Christmas ornaments and other holiday @-@ inspired trinkets . In doing so , Carey felt she could capture the essence and spirit of what she was singing and make her vocal performance and delivery more emotive and authentic . The songwriting pair carved out the chords , structure and melody for the song in just a quarter of an hour : " It 's definitely not ' Swan Lake , '
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: the throat of the sacrificial animal is slashed with a sharp knife , and the blood is collected in a bowl before being sprinkled onto both participants of the rite and statues of the gods . Animals used for this purpose have included poultry as well as larger mammals like sheep and pigs , with the meat then being consumed by those attending the rite . Some practitioners have made alterations to this procedure : Strmiska noted two American Heathens who decided to use a rifle shot to the head to kill the animal swiftly , a decision made after they witnessed a blót in which the animal 's throat was cut incorrectly and it slowly died in agony ; they felt that such practices would have displeased the gods and accordingly brought harm upon those carrying out the sacrifice .
Another common ritual in Heathenry is sumbel , also spelled symbel , a ritual drinking ceremony in which the gods are toasted . Sumbel often takes place following a blót . In the U.S. , the sumbel commonly involves a drinking horn being filled with mead and passed among the assembled participants , who either drink from it directly , or pour some into their own drinking vessels to consume . During this process , toasts are made , as are verbal tributes to gods , heroes , and ancestors . Then , oaths and boasts ( promises of future actions ) might be made , both of which are considered binding on the speakers due to the sacred context of the sumbel ceremony . According to Snook , the sumbel has a strong social role , representing " a game of politicking , of socializing , cementing bonds of peace and friendship and forming new relationships " within the Heathen community . The ethnographer Murphy Pizza observed an example of a sumbel that took place in Minnesota in 2006 with the purpose of involving Heathen children ; rather than mead , the drinking horn contained apple juice , and the toasting accompanied the children taping pictures of apples to a poster of a tree that symbolized the apple tree of Iðunn from Norse mythology .
= = = Seiðr and galdr = = =
One religious practice sometimes found in Heathenry is seiðr , which has been described as " a particular shamanic trance ritual complex " , although the appropriateness of using " shamanism " to describe seiðr is debatable . Contemporary seiðr developed during the 1990s out of the wider Neo @-@ Shamanic movement , with some practitioners studying the use of trance @-@ states in other faiths , such as Umbanda , first . A prominent form is high @-@ seat or oracular seiðr , which is based on the account of Guðriðr in Eiríks saga . Although such practices differ between groups , oracular seiðr typically involves a seiðr @-@ worker sitting on a high seat while songs and chants are performed to invoke gods and wights . Drumming is then performed to induce an altered state of consciousness in the practitioner , who goes on a meditative journey through Yggdrassil to Hel . The assembled audience then provide questions for the seiðr @-@ worker , with the latter offering replies based on information obtained in their trance @-@ state . Some seiðr @-@ practitioners make use of entheogenic substances as part of this practice , although others explicitly oppose such usage .
Not all Heathens practice seiðr ; given its associations with both the ambiguity of sexuality and gender and the gods Odin and Loki in their unreliable trickster forms , many on the Heathen movement 's right @-@ wing disapprove of it . Although there are heterosexual male practitioners , seiðr is largely associated with women and gay men . One member of the Troth , Edred Thorsson , experimented with forms of seiðr which involved sex magic utilizing sado @-@ masochistic techniques , something which generated controversy in the community . Part of the discomfort some Heathens feel toward seiðr surrounds the lack of any criteria by which the community can determine whether the seiðr @-@ worker has genuinely received divine communication , and the fear that it will be used by some practitioners merely to bolster their own prestige .
Galdr is another Germanic Neopagan practice involving chanting or singing . As part of a galdr ceremony , runes or rune poems are also sometimes chanted , in order to create a communal mood and allow participants to enter into altered states of consciousness and request communication with deities . Some contemporary galdr chants and songs are influenced by Anglo @-@ Saxon folk magical charms , such as Æcerbot and the Nine Herbs Charm . These poems were originally written in a Christian context , although practitioners believe that they reflect themes present in pre @-@ Christian , shamanistic religion , and thus re @-@ appropriate and " Heathanise " them for contemporary usage .
Some Heathens practice forms of divination using runes ; as part of this , items with runic markings on them might be pulled out of a bag or bundle , and read accordingly . In some cases , different runes are associated with different deities , one of the nine realms , or aspects of life . It is common for Heathens to utilize the Common Germanic Futhark as a runic alphabet , although some practitioners instead adopt the Anglo @-@ Saxon Futhorc or the Younger Futhark . The contemporary use of runes for divinatory purposes is however found more widely than within Heathenry , with books on the subject being common in New Age bookstores . Due to the fact that it was not a factor of common Iron Age and Early Medieval European rituals , magic is not an intrinsic part of Heathenry , although various magical practices are performed by some practitioners .
= = = Festivals = = =
Different Germanic Neopagan groups celebrate different festivals according to their cultural and religious focus . The most widely observed Heathen festivals are Winter Nights , Yule , and Sigrblót , all of which were listed in his Heimskringla and are thus of ancient origin . The first of these marks the start of winter in Northern Europe , while the second marks Midwinter , and the last marks the beginning of summer . Additional festivals are also marked by Heathen practice throughout the year . These often include days which commemorate individuals who fought against the Christianization of Northern Europe , or who led armies and settlers into new lands . Some Heathen groups hold festivals dedicated to a specific deity .
Some Heathens celebrate the eight festivals found in the Wheel of the Year , a tradition that they share with many contemporary Pagans . Others celebrate only six of these festivals , as represented by a six @-@ spoked Wheel of the Year . The use of such festivals is criticized by other practitioners , who highlight that this system is of modern , mid @-@ 20th century origin and does not link with the original religious celebrations of the pre @-@ Christian Germanic world .
Such festivals can be held on the same day each year , although they are often celebrated by Heathen communities on the nearest available weekend ,
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2 @-@ 1943 . The American fuel shortage caused by World War II stopped the parade . In 1944 , the parade was renewed except the contraptions had to be human powered . Gasoline power was allowed again in 1946 .
= = = = Freshman Cake Race = = = =
The Freshman Cake Race is a foot race from the Russ Chandler Stadium to Bobby Dodd Stadium that takes place before sunrise ( about 6 : 00 am ) on the morning of the homecoming game . This distance is about a one @-@ half mile , so the crowd of several hundred participants engages in a mad sprint over the relatively short distance . The race runs through the middle of the campus 's Greek sector and is often subject to tampering by fraternity students . The competitors are supposed to be freshmen ( students with less than 30 hours of credit ) , and the race is split up by gender . The winners receive cakes baked by faculty , alumni , or students , and all participants receive cupcakes . The winners also receive a kiss from Mr. or Ms. Georgia Tech at the homecoming half @-@ time show .
The race began as a cross @-@ country race in 1911 . In 1913 , the winners received cakes from wives , mothers , and other women affiliated with Tech . The race was initially mandatory for all students .
= = = Spirit Organizations = = =
= = = = Ramblin ' Reck Club = = = =
The Ramblin ' Reck Club was founded in 1930 as the Yellow Jacket Club to help bolster school spirit . Coach William Alexander found campus spirit to be particularly low during the Great Depression . His successful football program and the other athletic teams had very few student fans attending the games . In 1930 , Alexander approached Professor Fred Wenn about organizing and founding such a club , who agreed to take up the task .
The Yellow Jacket Club helped facilitate the Freshman Cake Race and helped to organize the first Wreck Parades in 1932 . The Yellow Jacket Club were the strict student enforcement of the freshmen RAT rules as well . The Yellow Jacket Club maintained prestige and political power on campus until late 1944 . The Yellow Jacket Club was in charge of the 1945 school @-@ wide Spring Social and failed to properly organize the event . The Technique , Blueprint , and Omicron Delta Kappa rejuvenated the major event but the Yellow Jackets ' reputation was severely tarnished . On May 8 , 1945 the Yellow Jacket Club staged a last @-@ ditch effort to reorganize the traditions club but by July 14 , 1945 the club was disbanded .
When new freshmen arrived on campus in 1945 , the student body was concerned that traditions would be lost with the disbandment of the Yellow Jackets . A new traditions club was actively pursued by Anak to instill the rich Tech tradition into new freshmen . The new club was the Ramblin ' Reck Club and it was established in late July 1945 . The first order of business for the new Ramblin ' Reck Club was to stage a Pep Meeting and traditions review for new freshmen . Reck Club was designed to prevent political domination by individual social fraternities as Yellow Jacket Club had been . Membership in Reck Club was limited to two individuals per fraternity or military ROTC program . A group known as the T @-@ Club was charged with upholding the RAT rules with incoming freshmen .
Four years after Tech became coed , Reck Club became the first non @-@ faith based organization on campus to admit a female member . Paula Stevenson was the club '
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species is evaluated as Least Concern . On the other hand , the expansion and establishment of the species over large ranges has led it to be classed as an invasive species ( although little , if any impact has been noted yet ) .
= = Breeding = =
The cattle egret nests in colonies , which are often , but not always , found around bodies of water . The colonies are usually found in woodlands near lakes or rivers , in swamps , or on small inland or coastal islands , and are sometimes shared with other wetland birds , such as herons , egrets , ibises and cormorants . The breeding season varies within South Asia . Nesting in northern India begins with the onset of monsoons in May . The breeding season in Australia is November to early January , with one brood laid per season . The North American breeding season lasts from April to October . In the Seychelles , the breeding season of the subspecies B.i. seychellarum is April to October .
The male displays in a tree in the colony , using a range of ritualised behaviours such as shaking a twig and sky @-@ pointing ( raising his bill vertically upwards ) , and the pair forms over three or four days . A new mate is chosen in each season and when re @-@ nesting following nest failure . The nest is a small untidy platform of sticks in a tree or shrub constructed by both parents . Sticks are collected by the male and arranged by the female , and stick @-@ stealing is rife . The clutch size can be anywhere from one to five eggs , although three or four is most common . The pale bluish @-@ white eggs are oval @-@ shaped and measure 45 mm × 53 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in × 2 @.@ 1 in ) . Incubation lasts around 23 days , with both sexes sharing incubation duties . The chicks are partly covered with down at hatching , but are not capable of fending for themselves ; they become capable of regulating their temperature at 9 – 12 days and are fully feathered in 13 – 21 days . They begin to leave the nest and climb around at 2 weeks , fledge at 30 days and become independent at around the 45th day .
The cattle egret engages in low levels of brood parasitism , and there are a few instances of cattle egret eggs being laid in the nests of snowy egrets and little blue herons , although these eggs seldom hatch . There is also evidence of low levels of intraspecific brood parasitism , with females laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets . As much as 30 % extra @-@ pair copulations have been noted .
The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation . Sibling rivalry can be intense , and in South Africa third and fourth chicks inevitably starve . In the dryer habitats with fewer amphibians the diet may lack sufficient vertebrate content and may cause bone abnormalities in growing chicks due to calcium deficiency . In Barbados , nests were sometimes raided by vervet monkeys , and a study in Florida reported the fish crow and black rat as other possible nest raiders . The same study attributed some nestling mortality to brown pelicans nesting in the vicinity , which accidentally , but frequently , dislodged nests or caused nestlings to fall . In Australia , Torresian crows , wedge @-@ tailed eagles and white @-@ bellied sea eagles take eggs or young , and tick infestation and viral infections may also be causes of mortality .
= = Feeding = =
The cattle egret feeds on a wide range of prey , particularly insects , especially grasshoppers , crickets , flies ( adults and maggots ) , and moths , as well as spiders , frogs , and earthworms . In a rare instance they have been observed foraging along the branches of a banyan tree for ripe figs . The species is usually found with cattle and other large grazing and browsing animals , and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals . Studies have shown that cattle egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly . When foraging with cattle , it has been shown to be 3 @.@ 6 times more successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone . Its performance is similar when it follows farm machinery , but it is forced to move more . In urban situations cattle egrets have also been observed foraging in peculiar situations like railway lines .
A cattle egret will weakly defend the area around a grazing animal against others of the same species , but if the area is swamped by egrets it will give up and continue foraging elsewhere . Where numerous large animals are present , cattle egrets selectively forage around species that move at around 5 – 15 steps per minute , avoiding faster and slower moving herds ; in Africa , cattle egrets selectively forage behind plains zebras , waterbuck , blue wildebeest and Cape buffalo . Dominant birds feed nearest to the host , and obtain more food .
The cattle egret may also show versatility in its diet . On islands with seabird colonies , it will prey on the eggs and chicks of terns and other seabirds . During migration it has also been reported to eat exhausted migrating landbirds . Birds of the Seychelles race also indulge in some kleptoparasitism , chasing the chicks of sooty terns and forcing them to disgorge food .
= = Relationship with humans = =
A conspicuous species , the cattle egret has attracted many common names . These mostly relate to its habit of following cattle and other large animals , and it is known variously as cow crane , cow bird or cow heron , or even elephant bird , rhinoceros egret . Its Arabic name , abu qerdan , means " father of ticks " , a name derived from the huge number of parasites such as avian ticks found in its breeding colonies .
The cattle egret is a popular bird with cattle ranchers for its perceived role as a biocontrol of cattle parasites such as ticks and flies . A study in Australia found that cattle egrets reduced the number of flies that bothered cattle by pecking them directly off the skin . It was the benefit to stock that prompted ranchers and the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry to release the species in Hawaii .
Not all interactions between humans and cattle egrets are beneficial . The cattle egret can be a safety hazard to aircraft due to its habit of feeding in large groups in the grassy verges of airports , and it has been implicated in the spread of animal infections such as heartwater , infectious bursal disease and possibly Newcastle disease .
= Freddy Spaghetti =
" Freddy Spaghetti " is the second season finale of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the 30th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . In the episode , as Ron helps state auditors make governmental cuts amid a government shutdown , Leslie tries to save a children 's concert starring musician Freddy Spaghetti . Meanwhile , Andy asks April to be his girlfriend , while Ann tries to cope with her renewed feelings for Andy following her breakup with Mark .
The episode was written by Daniel J. Goor and directed by Jason Woliner . " Freddy Spaghetti " featured the second performances of Adam Scott and Rob Lowe as two state auditors sent to help Pawnee through its budget crisis , as well as the second appearance by Natalie Morales as Tom 's girlfriend Lucy . Jama Williamson reprised her recurring guest role as Tom 's ex @-@ wife Wendy , and comedian and writer Brian McCann portrayed Freddy Spaghetti .
" Freddy Spaghetti " marked the final performance for Paul Schneider playing Mark Brendanawicz as a regular cast member . The final scene between Mark and Leslie , sitting on a bench together at a lot Leslie hopes to turn into a park , mirrored their scenes together in the first season finale " Rock Show " . " Freddy Spaghetti " was also a turning point in the romantic subplot between Andy and April , who share their first kiss in the episode .
According to Nielsen Media Research , " Freddy Spaghetti " was seen by 4 @.@ 55 million household viewers , a five percent increase in viewership compared to the previous episode , " The Master Plan " . The episode received generally positive reviews , with many commentators calling it a strong ending to an excellent season . " Freddy Spaghetti " and the rest of the second season of Parks and Recreation was released on DVD in the United States on November 30 , 2010 , which included an extended 26 @-@ minute " producer 's cut " of the episode .
= = Plot = =
The Pawnee government has shut down due to a budget crisis . When Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) explains at a town meeting that a family concert featuring children 's entertainer Freddy Spaghetti ( Brian McCann ) must be cancelled due to the shutdown , the citizens are outraged . Leslie visits state auditors Chris ( Rob Lowe ) and Ben ( Adam Scott ) seeking a way to keep the concert , but Ben insists there is simply no money for it . When Leslie goes to city planner Mark ( Paul Schneider ) to vent about her situation and seek help , she is stunned to learn that he has taken a buyout and plans to join a construction company ,
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partially in response to Ann ( Rashida Jones ) having broken up with him ; she angrily calls him " Mark Brendana @-@ Quits " . Meanwhile , Ann is struggling with her redeveloping feelings for her ex @-@ boyfriend Andy ( Chris Pratt ) . Later , Ann suggests to Leslie she should hold the concert at Lot 48 , as it is not a park and therefore not shut down . Meanwhile , April ( Aubrey Plaza ) and Andy finally reveal their feelings to each other , but April still rejects him , believing Andy still has feelings for Ann .
Meanwhile , Ron ( Nick Offerman ) has been assigned to a task force to help fix the city 's budget problem . A small government advocate , Ron is delighted at the prospect of deep municipal cuts , gloating and chanting at the cuts Chris and Ben propose , but when he learns the auditors plan to fire Leslie , Ron refuses and offers his job instead . In explaining her dedication , Ron accidentally alerts them about the Freddy Spaghetti concert . Chris and Ben arrive to the concert to shut it down , but Leslie tells them everything has been donated and nothing is on the taxpayer 's dime . However , Leslie learns Freddy Spaghetti has booked another gig . She asks Andy to play instead , but he is hit by a car while driving his new motorcycle home to retrieve his guitar , breaking his right arm . Just as the concert begins , Freddy Spaghetti surprisingly arrives , having been paid by Ben to perform at Leslie 's concert . Ben explains he is not a bad person , but the budget still has to be slashed .
Visiting Andy in the hospital , Ann suddenly kisses him , but immediately stops and guiltily walks out . Later , April , also relieved to see Andy is fine , finally agrees to go out with him . After they kiss , Andy decides to be honest and tells her about the earlier kiss with Ann . April angrily storms out , taking back her decision to go out with him . That night , Leslie sits on a bench in the empty Lot 48 and Mark joins her , with both appearing happy to be able to talk to each other . Mark tells her that if more people like her worked in local government , he wouldn 't be leaving , and gives her plans he drew up for a park at Lot 48 before giving her a goodbye kiss on the cheek and walking way forever . The next day , Ron withdraws from the budget task force and appoints Leslie in his place . As Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) and his new girlfriend Lucy ( Natalie Morales ) are clearing out his office , he notices Ron is wearing a red shirt and black pants , the " Tiger Woods " outfit he always wears the day after having sex . Tom 's ex @-@ wife Wendy ( Jama Williamson ) then appears and kisses Ron and the two leave together , shocking Tom .
= = Production = =
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