text
stringlengths 1.33k
148k
| length_category
stringclasses 4
values | source
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
Miss Galaxy competition in 1998 . She then spent some time on the Extreme Fitness Team . As part of the Women 's Tri @-@ Fitness Championships in 1998 , Wilson won first place in the Grace and Physique round .
Later in 1998 , Wilson moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting . She began acting classes and was introduced to an agent who helped her gain a few jobs .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Championship Wrestling ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =
Wilson 's start in wrestling came when she attended a World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) show with her boyfriend in 1999 . After going backstage , she was asked to walk out to the ring with Scott Steiner . Later , Kevin Nash expressed an interest in doing a storyline with her . She debuted as " Samantha " , who was brought in by the New World Order ( nWo ) to seduce David Flair into turning against his father , Ric Flair . They appeared together on February 21 at Superbrawl when Wilson slapped Ric , and David zapped him with a taser . After Ric Flair won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from Hollywood Hogan at Uncensored inside a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match , David and Torrie took some time off from WCW television in April before returning in May to accompany David to the ring for matches . At the 1999 Bash at the Beach , Wilson acted as a valet for Flair as he successfully defended the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship against Dean Malenko .
She continued to accompany David to the ring until September when David was on the telephone with Torrie and later found out that Torrie was in the Filthy Animals ' locker room flirting with Billy Kidman , this resulted in a feud between Flair and Kidman on the October 18 , 1999 episode of Nitro when Torrie turned on him , resulting in Flair losing the match and the Animals beating on him , after the Animals stopped assaulting David , Torrie left with the Animals , It was around this time that Wilson began managing Billy Kidman and his Filthy Animals teammates . As a result , she found herself involved in the Animals continuing feud with The Revolution . On the November 22 , 1999 episode of Nitro , during a tag team match between Billy Kidman and Konnan facing Creative Control for the WCW World Tag Team Championship , Billy Kidman looked up at the Turnertron and saw that Torrie Wilson and Eddie Guerrero were shown flirting inside his locker room on the " Kidcam " , a hidden camera segment , which led to a storyline feud between Kidman and Guerrero . Following this , Wilson once again disappeared from television . Wilson however returned on the January 19 , 2000 episode of Thunder managing Billy Kidman , and in April 2000 , Kidman and Wilson joined a stable known as the New Blood , making them both villainous characters . As part of their newest storyline , Kidman became jealous of the attention Wilson began to give to fellow New Blood member Horace Hogan . In June , Wilson gave Kidman a hit at the Great American Bash , causing him to lose to Horace 's uncle , Hulk Hogan .
Wilson was taken off of television following the encounter , reappearing at July 's Bash at the Beach during a match between Shane Douglas and Buff Bagwell . After the match , Wilson and Douglas left together , which led to a feud between Kidman and Douglas . At September 's Fall Brawl , Wilson and Douglas defeated Kidman and Madusa in a mixed tag team match with scaffolding erected above the ring . Wilson was released from WCW in December 2000 . Although she would make one more appearance on the March 19 , 2001 episode of Nitro being held hostage by Shane Douglas .
= = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment = = =
= = = = The Invasion ( 2001 – 2002 ) = = = =
Wilson made her television debut as a villain on the June 28 , 2001 episode of SmackDown ! as part of The Alliance during the Invasion angle in 2001 . In her first storyline with the company , she portrayed Vince McMahon 's latest affair . She also regularly teamed with fellow WCW performer Stacy Keibler . The duo made their wrestling debuts in a Bra and Panties match against Lita and Trish Stratus at the InVasion pay @-@ per @-@ view , which Stratus and Lita won by stripping their opponents to their underwear . The following night on Raw , Wilson defeated Stratus in a Paddle on a Pole match . Despite her relative lack of in @-@ ring experience , Wilson , alongside Keibler and Ivory , regularly feuded with the Divas , as well as interfering in matches on behalf of other wrestlers in The Alliance .
She became a fan favorite during the Invasion storyline when her character began an on @-@ screen romance with Tajiri . This new romance caused Keibler to turn against Wilson , and as a result of this , Wilson defected to the company . Wilson defeated Keibler in the first ever lingerie match at No Mercy . When the first ever brand separation of the company roster took place in April 2002 , Wilson was drafted to SmackDown ! . Shortly after this , as part of the storyline , Tajiri soon became jealous over the increased attention that Wilson received from other men , so he forced her to wear a geisha outfit , and he also appeared to mistreat her in matches . Wilson finally grew tired of this , and during Tajiri 's match against The Hurricane , she got on top of the announcer 's table and stripped off her clothing . The distraction allowed The Hurricane to pick up the win . At Rebellion 2002 , Torrie and her real life boyfriend at the time Billy Kidman defeated John Cena and Dawn Marie in an intergender tag team match . After the match Torrie and Kidman kissed .
= = = = Feud with Dawn Marie ( 2002 – 2003 ) = = = =
Wilson started a controversial feud with Dawn Marie in September 2002 , in which Dawn would start a relationship with Wilson 's real @-@ life father Al Wilson . On the October 17 episode of Smackdown ! , Torrie teamed up with Rikishi in losing effort to the team of Dawn Marie and Matt Hardy In response , Wilson defeated Dawn at No Mercy in October . Soon afterwards , Dawn would get engaged to Al , and told Wilson that she would break it off if she spent a night in a hotel room with her , though Dawn would later reveal this was a lie . Dawn would eventually show footage of this at Armageddon . The feud continued into the 2003 when Dawn and Al got married on the January 2 episode of SmackDown ! in their underwear . One week later , Al then , in storyline , died from a heart attack after having rigorous sex numerous times in succession on their honeymoon . Wilson would defeat Dawn again at the Royal Rumble in what was billed as a Stepmother vs. Stepdaughter match . The feud lasted four months .
= = = = Playboy and various feuds ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = =
In March 2003 , Wilson appeared in a pictorial and on the cover of Playboy magazine . A few months earlier , when her pictorial was announced , a short storyline feud with Nidia developed , with the latter being jealous of the fact that Wilson was chosen for the cover and spread in the magazine . In weekly vignettes aired on SmackDown ! , both Nidia and her on @-@ screen boyfriend Jamie Noble made trips to The Playboy Mansion to complain to Hugh Hefner over his choice .
On the SmackDown ! after Wrestlemania XIX , during a segment labeled as Torrie 's Playboy Coming Out Party former Diva and Playboy covergirl Sable made her return to WWE after a four @-@ year absence . This began a storyline between the two women where for weeks , Sable played mind games with Wilson , being friendly one moment and unfriendly the next . This all led up to a bikini contest between the two at Judgment Day , which Wilson won . After the contest , Wilson kissed the former Women 's Champion Sable on the lips , showing her that there was " no hard feelings " due to Wilson 's win over the WWE veteran . Torrie then got her first WWE Women 's Championship match on Smackdown ! after Women 's Champion Molly Holly invaded the show interrupting Torrie 's photoshoot and challenging her to a match in which Torrie was unsuccessful in winning .
Continuing her feud with Noble and Nidia from earlier in the year , Wilson managed Billy Gunn upon his WWE return in the summer of 2003 . The feud came to an end after Nidia and Noble both became fan favorites and sided with Gunn and Wilson . After the formation of this alliance , Wilson , Nidia , and Dawn Marie feuded with Shaniqua for a short period of time , which led to Shaniqua physically dominating Wilson and Nidia in a handicap match .
Wilson teamed with Sable in March 2004 to feud with Raw Divas Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie . The feud 's storyline centered on the latter duo 's jealousy of Wilson and Sable as Playboy cover girls , as well as their recently being named cover girls yet again , as the two Divas were announced to be featured together in an upcoming Playboy March 2004 issue . After weeks of rivalry , Wilson and Sable defeated Keibler and Miss Jackie in a Playboy Evening Gown match at WrestleMania XX by stripping their opponents of their evening gowns .
In May 2004 , Wilson began a second feud with Dawn Marie . As part of the feud , the two had a match with Torrie 's career on the line when the SmackDown ! General Manager at the time , Kurt Angle , made the stipulation for the match at Judgment Day , which Torrie defeated Dawn to keep her career .
Later in the year , Wilson engaged in a short feud with Sable , who defeated her at the Great American Bash .
In November 2004 , Wilson began feuding with Hiroko . On the December 2 episode of SmackDown ! , Wilson teamed up with Rey Mysterio and Rob Van Dam in winning effort against Hiroko , Kenzo Suzuki and Rene Dupree . On February 10 , 2005 on a special episode of SmackDown ! ( recorded on February 4 in Saitama , Japan ) , Torrie defeated Hiroko in a kimono match by removing her kimono first .
Torrie was then involved in a short @-@ lived feud with MNM valet Melina Perez . The two had a bra and panties match at The Great American Bash , with Candice Michelle as the special guest referee . Perez defeated Wilson in that match as well as a rematch later that week on Smackdown ! , with the help of Jillian Hall .
= = = = Vince 's Devils ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = =
It was revealed on August 22 , 2005 that Wilson and Candice Michelle had been moved to the Raw brand . On that night , Wilson and Candice became villains by attacking 2005 Diva Search winner Ashley Massaro . Her and Candice 's storyline feud with Massaro continued over the next couple weeks , as the duo , along with their enforcer Victoria ( dubbed as the " Skankateers " by commentator Jim Ross ) , made things difficult for Massaro . On the September 5 episode of Raw , the evil Wilson defeated Massaro after interference from Victoria and Candice . Massaro evened the score on the September 12 , 2005 episode of Raw when she brought out the returning Trish Stratus , and the duo proceeded to attack the villains . Later that night , Wilson teamed up with Victoria in losing effort to Trish Stratus and Ashley . This led to a tag team match at Unforgiven , where the team of Stratus and Massaro defeated Wilson and Victoria . The following night on Raw , Wilson was defeated by Stratus after the match Wilson , Victoria and Candice attacked Ashley and Trish . The feud continued into WWE Homecoming , where Stratus and Massaro defeated Wilson , Candice , and Victoria in the first ever three on two Bra and Panties match by stripping all three of their opponents .
Wilson was absent from WWE television for quite some time after this , leading to rumors and false reports that she had been released from WWE . In actuality , she had taken a leave of absence to tend to some " personal issues " . Wilson was surprised by the rumors after some media personnel offered to help her find work . WWE issued a statement on their website , in which Wilson also commented , denouncing the rumors . In the statement she joked she had to " call the WWE office and ask them if they forgot to fire me " .
On October 17 , Wilson made her return to Raw , where she , Candice and Victoria faced off against the team of Stratus , Massaro , and their new ally Mickie James in a winning effort after Wilson pinned James . On November 28 episode of Raw , Wilson teamed up with Victoria and Candice Michelle in losing effort to Trish , Ashley and James . On the February 13 episode of Raw , Wilson was accompied by Michelle in losing effort to Ashley . Vince 's Devils was a short @-@ lived alliance . Wilson soon became a fan favorite once again , after Candice and Victoria both turned against her . On the March 13 episode of Raw , Torrie helped Trish retain the Women 's Championship against Victoria whom was accompied by Candice Michelle . The following week on Raw , Torrie teamed up with Trish to defeat Victoria and Candice . The storyline feud between Candice and Wilson led to a match where Wilson faced Playboy 's newest cover girl , Candice , at WrestleMania 22 in a Playboy Pillow Fight . Wilson won the match , but the feud still continued on @-@ and @-@ off for some time . On the June 12 , 2006 episode of Raw , Wilson defeated Candice in the first ever " Wet and Wild match " , a wrestling match involving water balloons and squirt guns , in which the winner of the match would be on the cover of the WWE 2006 Summer Special magazine .
= = = = Carlito 's girlfriend , return to Smackdown ! ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = =
Wilson also made a special appearance on WWE 's ECW brand on August 22 , 2006 representing Raw in a bikini contest against ECW Diva Kelly Kelly . A winner was not decided , however , and a six @-@ person mixed tag match began pitting Wilson , Tommy Dreamer , and The Sandman against the team of Kelly Kelly , Mike Knox , and Test . Wilson 's team was victorious .
In the final months of 2006 , Wilson entered into an on @-@ screen relationship with Carlito . On the November 27 RAW , Torrie Wilson participated in a # 1 Contenders Diva Battle Royal that was won by Victoria . On the December 11 RAW , Torrie was defeated by Victoria and after the match Chris Masters proceeded to put Torrie in a Masterlock until she was saved by Carlito . During this time , Ric Flair took an interest in Carlito , and Wilson accompanied the duo in a series of tag matches . On March 12 episode of Raw ! , Torrie was defeated by then Women 's Champion Melina , after the match Melina attacked Wilson but was stopped by Mickie James , who was then stopped by Victoria , Melina then attempted to escape but was stopped by Ashley Massaro . In May 2007 , however , Carlito turned against Flair and dumped Wilson when he became a heel . The storyline came to a halt when on the June 11 episode of Raw , when Wilson was drafted from Raw to SmackDown ! as part of the 2007 WWE Draft . As she returned , she acted a valet for Jimmy Wang Yang and the duo was placed in feuds against Victoria and Kenny Dykstra .
At the Summerslam pay @-@ per @-@ view , Torrie participated in a number one contenders Battle Royal which was won by Beth Phoenix . On the September 21 episode of SmackDown ! Torrie was one of the bridesmaids at the Theodore Long @-@ Kristal Marshall wedding . On the September 28 episode of SmackDown ! , after losing to Victoria , she was attacked in the ring by the debuting villainess Krissy Vaine , but the feud was prematurely dropped when Vaine left the company . On the October 29 episode of Raw ! Torrie competed in the Halloween Divas Battle Royal eliminating Victoria before being last eliminated by Kelly Kelly , who defeated her with a strike to the groin . On the November 16 episode of SmackDown ! , Torrie teamed up with Mickie James in a losing effort to Beth Phoenix and Victoria . She was on Mickie 's team at Survivor Series , which was victorious over Beth Phoenix 's . Torrie 's last appearance was on the November 23 episode of SmackDown ! , defeating long @-@ time rival Victoria . In November , Wilson took time off from wrestling to undergo physical therapy in relation to a previous back injury . On May 8 , 2008 , Wilson was released from her WWE contract , due to never returning .
She made her in @-@ ring return at WrestleMania XXV alongside many former divas to compete in the " Miss WrestleMania " battle royal , where she was eliminated by Beth Phoenix .
= = Other media = =
Wilson has appeared in nine WWE video games . She made her in @-@ game debut in WWE SmackDown ! Shut Your Mouth , and appears in WWE WrestleMania XIX , WWE Raw 2 , WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw , WWE Day of Reckoning 2 , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2006 , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2007 , and WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2008 .
Aside from Playboy , Wilson has also appeared on the cover of several other magazines , including the September 2006 cover of FHM magazine .
Wilson was also number forty @-@ three on FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World list in 2007 . She has also been on AskMen.com 's list of the Most Desirable Women in the World twice : she was number twenty @-@ two in 2006 and number sixty @-@ five in 2007 .
Wilson , along with several other Divas , filmed Timbaland 's music video " Throw It On Me " in April 2007 . Also in 2007 , Wilson made a special appearance , along with Mick Foley , at the Special Olympics World Games in Shanghai . She appeared on the February 6 , 2008 episode of Project Runway where the contestants designed wrestling attire for several of the Divas .
In April 2009 , Wilson signed on to appear in the NBC reality show , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! , which premiered in June . On the show 's season finale , Wilson was named the runner @-@ up to winner Lou Diamond Phillips .
In September 2011 , Wilson along with Candice Michelle filmed Lilian Garcia 's music video " U Drive Me Loca " .
= = Personal life = =
Wilson admits not having watched wrestling when she was younger , but says that since becoming involved in the industry , she has become a fan of Hulk Hogan .
While working for WWE , Wilson was on the road up to 300 days per year . She has a Maltese named Chloe , who traveled with her . While on the road , Wilson worked out at least four days a week . Usually , her workout consisted of an hour of cardiovascular workouts and a half @-@ hour of lifting weights .
Wilson also has a close friendship with Stacy Keibler . At one point , they were roommates in Los Angeles , California .
After dating for four years , Wilson married Peter Gruner ( known on @-@ screen as Billy Kidman ) on July 11 , 2003 . They lived in Tampa , Florida , when not traveling . The couple legally divorced in 2008 .
In September 2007 , Wilson launched her clothing line , " Officially Jaded " , alongside Nick Mitchell , a former WWE wrestler who was known as " Mitch " of the Spirit Squad . The couple began dating in mid @-@ 2006 . She opened a store in The Woodlands , Texas , at the upscale Market Street district . On September 14 , 2008 , Torrie made an appearance at the inaugural Wrestler 's Rescue event held in Piscataway , New Jersey , an event to create awareness and to help raise money to support the health care needs of retired professional wrestlers .
Wilson dated New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez from 2011 to 2015 .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Springboard back elbow – 2001 ; adopted from Tajiri
Nose Job ( Sitout side facebuster ) – 2005 – 2007
Swinging neckbreaker – 2002 – 2004 ; used as a signature move from 2005 – 2007
Tornado DDT , sometimes while running to an opponent – 2003
Signature moves
Drop toe hold
Dropkick
Diving crossbody
Facial ( Stinkface , with theatrics )
Knife edge chop
Leaping clothesline , sometimes done repeatedly in session
Multiple pinning variations
Inside cradle
Roll @-@ up
Schoolgirl
Sunset flip
Running corner clothesline
Spear , to an oncoming opponent
Snap suplex
Tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl headscissors takedown
With Candice Michelle
Double team finishing moves
Double DDT
Managers
Victoria
Candice Michelle
Trish Stratus
Jimmy Wang Yang
Wrestlers managed
Victoria
Candice Michelle
The Filthy Animals
Carlito
Jimmy Wang Yang
Shane Douglas
David Flair
Billy Gunn
Billy Kidman
Tajiri
Rey Mysterio
Entrance themes
WWE
" Lo @-@ Fi Groove " by Jim Johnston ( July 19 , 2001 – August 6 , 2001 )
" Deep Beautiful " by Jim Johnston ( September 20 , 2001 – October 21 , 2001 )
" Need a Little Time " by Lilian Garcia ( December 24 , 2001 – September 18 , 2005 )
" Not Man Enough for Me " by Jim Johnston ( September 19 , 2005 – May 1 , 2006 )
" A Girl Like That " by Eleventh Hour ( May 22 , 2006 – November 23 , 2007 )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
World Wrestling Entertainment
Golden Thong Award ( 2002 )
= Clark Shaughnessy =
Clark Daniel Shaughnessy ( originally O 'Shaughnessy ) ( March 6 , 1892 – May 15 , 1970 ) was an American football coach and innovator . He is sometimes called the " father of the T formation " and the original founder of the forward pass , although that system had previously been used as early as the 1880s . Shaughnessy did , however , modernize the obsolescent T formation to make it once again relevant in the sport , particularly for the quarterback and the receiver positions . He employed his innovations most famously on offense , but on the defensive side of the ball as well , and he earned a reputation as a ceaseless experimenter .
Shaughnessy held head coaching positions at Tulane University , Loyola University New Orleans , the University of Chicago , Stanford University , the University of Maryland , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Hawaii , and in the National Football League with the Los Angeles Rams . Shaughnessy also served in advisory capacities with the Chicago Bears and the Washington Redskins .
He reached the height of his success in 1940 , in his first season at Stanford , where he led the Indians to an undefeated season that culminated with a Rose Bowl victory . That year , he also helped prepare the Chicago Bears for the 1940 NFL Championship Game , in which they routed Washington , 73 – 0 . Shaughnessy 's successes showcased the effectiveness of the T formation and encouraged its widespread adoption . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 . Shaughnessy also coached college basketball at Tulane University . He played college football at the University of Minnesota .
= = Early life and college = =
Shaughnessy was born on March 6 , 1892 in St. Cloud , Minnesota , the second son of Lucy Ann ( Foster ) and Edward Shaughnessy . He attended North St. Paul High School , and prior to college , had no athletic experience . When he attended the University of Minnesota , however , he played college football under head coach Henry L. Williams and alongside halfback Bernie Bierman . Shaughnessy considered Williams to be football 's greatest teacher , and Williams considered him to be the best passer from the Midwest . Shaughnessy handled both the passing and kicking duties for the team .
He played on the freshman squad in 1910 and on the varsity squad from 1911 to 1913 , first as an end , then a tackle in 1912 , and finally as a fullback in 1913 . Of the three , Shaughnessy said he preferred the tackle position . In 1912 , he recovered three fumbles against Iowa , and Walter Camp named him an alternate on his All @-@ America team . As a senior , Shaughnessy was named to the All @-@ Big Ten Conference first team .
Shaughnessy played basketball as a guard and ran track in the 440- and 880 @-@ yard events . The Minnesota athletic director asked him to join the basketball team before a game against Illinois , despite the fact he had never played and did not know the rules . He joined the track and field team in similar fashion , and replaced a half @-@ mile runner even though he did not own and had never worn track spikes . In The Big Ten : A Century of Excellence , Shaughnessy was called " one of the most versatile athletes in Minnesota 's history . " Shaughnessy also competed as a rower with the St. Paul Boat Club . He was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity .
= = Coaching career = =
= = = Tulane = = =
After graduation , he remained at his alma mater , Minnesota , for one season as an assistant coach in 1914 . Tulane University selected Shaughnessy as head football coach in 1915 over potential candidates Dana X. Bible and Charley Moran , among others . Notre Dame assistant coach Knute Rockne and Ray Morrison were both unable to travel to New Orleans for an interview , and Tulane officials required a face @-@ to @-@ face meeting with the applicants . The school offered Shaughnessy $ 1 @,@ 875 ( $ 43 @,@ 859 adjusted for inflation ) to be its football , basketball , and track coach , and athletic director . When he arrived , he found the football field in a state of disrepair and the equipment to be woefully inadequate . Because the athletic department was in dire financial straits , Shaughnessy paid to purchase new equipment for the team . With only one opponent scheduled in the upcoming season , he wrote letters to sixty schools to secure additional games .
Shaughnessy introduced to Tulane the Minnesota shift , an innovation created by his former coach Henry L. Williams . By 1919 , Shaughnessy had transformed Tulane into a competitor amongst Southern collegiate teams . That season , he guided them to a then school record of seven consecutive wins . In 1920 , Germany Schulz was hired to take over duties as athletic director , and he also aided Shaughnessy as the line coach from 1923 to 1925 .
In 1923 , Shaughnessy hired his former teammate Bernie Bierman as an assistant coach . Bierman remained on the staff for three seasons before he left to become head coach at Mississippi A & M. In 1924 , Tulane set a new school record for wins and finished with an 8 – 1 record . The following season , the Green Wave bested the prior year 's mark and posted a 9 – 0 – 1 record . School officials declined an invitation to face Washington in the Rose Bowl , because they believed the Tulane players were too small . Indiana University attempted to hire Shaughnessy after his undefeated season , but he instead chose to sign a ten @-@ year extension with Tulane .
In a 1926 article written for the NEA News Service , he responded to those who asked him how the " Shaughnessy System " worked so well . He said , " If there is a ' Shaughnessy system ' at Tulane , if it has any ' secret , ' two words tell the whole story — common sense . All that I have done at Tulane is take the material I found and train it in plays built around the individual abilities of each man . "
Despite optimistic preseason predictions , Tulane suffered its first and only losing season of Shaughnessy 's tenure in 1926 . He was considered for the head job at Northwestern in February 1927 after Clarence Spears turned it down . Shaughnessy later received similar offers from Louisiana State and Wisconsin . On April 8 , 1927 , he tendered his resignation without a publicly stated reason and was subsequently released from his contract . Tulane replaced him with former assistant Bernie Bierman . The Milwaukee Journal credited Shaughnessy with building a formidable team at Tulane , and noted that he increased revenue and improved facilities , while he used the available players and did not pay them " a nickel " . At the end of his tenure , Shaughnessy held a record of 59 – 28 – 7 , and as of 2010 , he continues to hold the record for the most wins of any Tulane football coach . He also coached the basketball team for three seasons between 1915 and 1918 and amassed a 27 – 15 record .
= = = Loyola = = =
In June 1927 , nearby Loyola of the South hired Shaughnessy as its head football coach . According to The Wow Boys : A Coach , a Team , and a Turning Point in College Football , a New Orleans millionaire offered him $ 175 @,@ 000 to coach Loyola for ten years ( $ 2 @,@ 383 @,@ 956 adjusted for inflation ) . This made him one of the highest paid football coaches in the nation at the time .
In 1928 , Loyola traveled to South Bend , Indiana to play Notre Dame in its season opener . The Wolves took a 6 – 0 halftime lead before they eventually fell , 12 – 6 . After the game , Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne reportedly said , " Never get me another ' warm @-@ up game ' against a team coached by that guy . " The following year , Rockne was asked to name the best football coach and responded , " Modesty forbids ... But if I can name the two best football coaches in America , one of them is going to be Clark Shaughnessy . "
At Loyola , Shaughnessy retained his emphasis on the forward pass . In 1930 , the Wolves beat larger but unprepared Iowa State and Detroit teams in consecutive weeks with the same passing play . During his tenure , he was called " the greatest one man coaching staff in football . " He also brought to Loyola his modified version of the Minnesota shift , which he claimed no opponent had been able to completely counteract . In 1931 , California considered Shaughnessy as a candidate for its head coaching job . Despite opportunities to coach elsewhere , Shaughnessy remained in New Orleans because he liked the city and it was his wife 's hometown . He compiled a 38 – 16 – 6 record at Loyola from 1927 to 1932 .
= = = Chicago = = =
After the 1932 season , University of Chicago president Dr. Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out 70 @-@ year @-@ old head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg , whom he considered too old for the position . Stagg then moved on to coach at the College of the Pacific . Athletic director T. Nelson Metcalf hired Shaughnessy to replace Stagg as head coach in 1933 . Shaughnessy inherited a difficult situation at Chicago , and for the most part , lacked good material . He did , however , inherit from Stagg at least one important recruit : inaugural Heisman Trophy winner and future Hall of Fame back Jay Berwanger , whom many Midwest pundits considered the best back of the 1930s .
Under an academic program implemented in 1933 known as the New Plan or the Chicago Plan , annual comprehensive examinations replaced end @-@ of @-@ term testing . This new schedule conflicted with spring football practice , which was shortened each subsequent season until it was eventually eliminated altogether . Without that extra practice to learn Shaughnessy 's complex system , time had to be devoted to basics in the fall . The New Plan also hindered the availability of suitable football players : It encouraged younger students to enroll , discouraged the transfer of student @-@ athletes , and had stringent academic requirements to maintain athletic eligibility . Athletic director Metcalf said , " Others do legitimate recruiting , which we do not . " Putting Chicago at further disadvantage to its Big Ten opponents , university president Hutchins would not countenance the establishment of a physical education major .
At the first practice in 1933 , Shaughnessy assessed he would have a good line , but an undersized backfield . He told the assembled candidates that they would use an open game and fast passing attack to offset their disadvantages . In his first season , Shaughnessy awarded a box of candy to the Maroon player who made the first tackle of each game for the player to give to his girlfriend . The " C " men alumni organization created similar incentives for the most valuable player , best tackler , and best blocker .
In January 1934 , Shaughnessy hired Marchmont Schwartz as an assistant coach . Schwartz had played on Shaughnessy 's Loyola freshman team before he transferred to Notre Dame . In February , Shaughnessy declined interest from Ohio State to replace former head coach Sam Willaman , and said that he had already assembled his coaching staff and had no desire to leave Chicago . In 1935 , Harvard offered Shaughnessy a job as its head coach , which he seriously considered . Chicago moved to retain him , possibly with a salary increase , and the Harvard job ultimately went to former Western Maryland coach Dick Harlow .
After breaking even in each of his first three seasons , Shaughnessy 's Chicago teams suffered a losing record each year from 1936 to 1939 . Chicago finished the 1939 season with a 2 – 6 record and were winless in the Big Ten Conference . The Maroons were outscored by their opponents , 308 – 37 , and failed to tally in each loss . These included routs by Michigan , 85 – 0 ; Ohio State , 61 – 0 ; Illinois , 46 – 0 ; Harvard , 61 – 0 ; and Virginia , 47 – 0 . President Hutchins , who hated the sport and said " there is no doubt that football has been a major handicap to education in the United States , " successfully pushed to have the program disbanded . He said , " I did not de @-@ emphasize football at the University of Chicago , I abolished it . " Hutchins hoped the move would set an example for other universities to follow , but this did not occur .
Shaughnessy could have remained at Chicago , where he held a " lifetime sinecure " as a physical education professor and earned a comfortable salary of $ 7 @,@ 500 ( $ 127 @,@ 590 adjusted for inflation ) , but he was intent on continuing to coach . He described football as his passion and hobby . His final record at Chicago was 17 – 34 – 4 .
During his coaching tenure at the University of Chicago , Shaughnessy befriended George Halas , the owner and coach of the Chicago Bears . In 1930 , Halas had hired Ralph Jones , the athletic director and football coach at nearby Lake Forest College , who had been his freshman coach at the University of Illinois in 1914 . Under head coach Robert Zuppke , Illinois employed the T formation in " its most rudimentary form " . With the Bears , Jones experimented with the old T formation , and he spread the linemen , pushed out one receiver , and used a back as a man in motion , the latter usually being Red Grange . While these changes were innovative , they were not game @-@ changing , and the T was used to complement the single @-@ wing offense rather than replace it . In 1935 , Shaughnessy described to Halas his vision of the T formation that used " hidden ball stuff , but with power " . He had not employed it at the University of Chicago because he lacked the players to execute it . In 1937 , Shaughnessy began to work part @-@ time as a consultant to the Bears for $ 2 @,@ 000 per year ( $ 32 @,@ 921 adjusted for inflation ) . In that capacity , he helped refine the T formation and analyzed scouting reports . The Bears continued to experiment with the T , and after Shaughnessy left Chicago , the formation became the club 's standard offensive formation in 1940 . The media has sometimes erroneously credited Shaughnessy for the invention of the T formation . The Associated Press wrote that " he was , however , undeniably the father of the modern T @-@ attack . " Shaughnessy himself called it the oldest formation in football .
= = = Stanford = = =
In 1939 , the Stanford Indians posted a 1 – 7 – 1 record to finish last in the Pacific Coast Conference , which resulted in the relief of head coach Tiny Thornhill . At the time , the 1939 Stanford Indians were considered the worst team to have ever represented the university . After the season , Stanford unsuccessfully attempted to hire Missouri coach Don Faurot . During the job search , Stanford officials were surprised to learn how well regarded Shaughnessy , a coach of only occasionally successful squads , was amongst his peers . Many considered him as a " mad scientist " of football experimentation . In January 1940 , Stanford University awarded a five @-@ year contract to Shaughnessy as its head football coach , passing over predicted frontrunner John Bain Sutherland . The move surprised even Shaughnessy , who said , " I didn 't expect it . "
Many Stanford alumni were upset with the decision to hire Shaughnessy . The most popular candidates for the vacant position were two Stanford alumni themselves : San Jose State coach Dudley DeGroot , and Santa Clara coach Buck Shaw . Some believed the Shaughnessy hiring was a ploy to eventually eliminate football at the school , as had happened at both Loyola and Chicago the year prior . The Bay Area media mocked the Shaughnessy hiring as comically inept . They believed that a prestigious academic school had foolishly hired an inveterate loser as its head coach . Prescott Sulivan of the San Francisco Examiner and Jack McDonald of the San Francisco Call @-@ Bulletin coined the nickname " Soup " for Shaughnessy , which they sarcastically explained was a diminutive for the word " super " . Sullivan wrote , " We have heard it said that Shaughnessy has developed the knack of losing to the point where , with him , it is an exact science . In light of his record , we aren 't at all surprised at this . " The Stanford players were also skeptical of Shaughnessy 's abilities . Center Milt Vucinich said , " We 'd been reading about all those beatings Shaughnessy 's men had taken , so we were joking among ourselves that wasn 't it just like Stanford to hire somebody like this to coach us . "
Although Stanford had fared poorly during the previous seasons , Thornhill had left behind a team with a talented roster , which included 24 returning lettermen . Shaughnessy believed the players were good , but unsuited to the single @-@ wing offense that his predecessor had employed . Perhaps most importantly , Shaughnessy inherited back Frankie Albert , whom he considered a prototypical T formation quarterback . In 1943 , Shaughnessy wrote that he considered the 1940 Stanford backfield — quarterback Frankie Albert , fullback Norm Standlee , right halfback Hugh Gallarneau , and left halfback Pete Kmetovic — as the greatest in history . While he believed the Indians backfield was better than any such combination in the single @-@ wing , double @-@ wing , short punt , or box formations , he added the caveat that this held true only in the Stanford players ' employment in the T @-@ formation .
Shaughnessy assembled a competent coaching staff in line coach Phil Bengston and backfield coach Marchmont Schwartz . He also hired former Chicago Bears quarterback Bernie Masterson to mentor Frankie Albert . Shaughnessy 's version of the T formation relied on motion and deception , and therefore differed from its earlier 19th @-@ century incarnations , such as that used by Amos Alonzo Stagg at the University of Chicago , which emphasized power . In contrast to the single @-@ wing , the new T did not use massed blocking formations for the ball @-@ carrier . Instead , it utilized " brush blocking " , where the linemen would only need to block a defender for one or two seconds . This scheme greatly reduced the disadvantage of an undersized line . Also different from the single @-@ wing , the direct snap and position of the backs in the T formation shielded the ball from the view of defenders . This allowed for far more effective deception . Shaugh
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
or open discussion , including local government leaders , members of Congress , and President Barack Obama . Statements in support of a name change by civil rights and religious organizations were added to those that Native American groups have been making for decades . Direct action in the form of rallies and marches have become more frequent , with a larger number of participants .
The owner and the NFL Commissioner , supporters of keeping the name and logo , say they believe that it refers positively to Native Americans , invoking qualities of strength and courage . The majority of scholars argue that the use of any stereotype , whether positive or negative , is a hindrance to the advancement of the targeted group . Scott B. Vickers wrote , " the use of any stereotype in the portrayal of Indians is considered ... to be contributory to their dehumanization and deracination . " The national organizations representing several academic disciplines , after reviewing the research done on the issue , have passed resolutions calling for the end of all Native American mascots and images in sports . These include the Society of Indian Psychologists ( 1999 ) , the American Counseling Association ( 2001 ) , the American Psychological Association ( 2005 ) , the American Sociological Association ( 2007 ) . and the American Anthropological Association ( 2015 ) . The executive board of the nation 's leading organization of scholars of U.S. history approved a resolution in April 2015 : " The Organization of American Historians hereby adds its voice to the growing demands by Native American organizations , our sister disciplines , and conscientious people of all ethnic backgrounds , to change the name and logo of the Washington " Redskins . "
In a report published by the Center for American Progress summarizing the research on " The Real Impact of Native Mascots and Team Names on American Indian and Alaska Native Youth " , a case is made that the public debate misses the point , since individual opinions on either side do not matter given the measurable effects on the mental health of Native American young people exposed to such misrepresentations of their ethnic identity , and the often hostile or insulting behavior of non @-@ natives that occur when teams with such names and mascots play . Clinical Psychologist Michael Friedman writes that the use of Native imagery , in particular the use of a dictionary defined slur , is a form of bullying , the negative impact of which is magnified by its being officially sanctioned .
The controversy has crossed the Atlantic in response to the scheduling of a game between the Redskins and the Cincinnati Bengals at Wembley Stadium in London for October 30 , 2016 . In a letter to the NFL from two members of parliament , Ruth Smeeth and Ian Austin said that the Redskins name goes " directly " against the values of British citizens . In addition , the stadium and the BBC have policies that would not allow for the use of a racial slur . The solution would be either to change the name or send another team .
= = = Native American advocates of change = = =
In the 1940s the National Congress of American Indians ( NCAI ) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media . Over time , the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports . The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people , and demean their native traditions and rituals . The NCAI issued a new report in 2013 summarizing opposition to Indian mascots and team names generally , and the Washington Redskins in particular . In the trademark case , the TTAB placed significance on the NCAI opposition , estimating that the organization represented about 30 % of the Native American population at the time the trademarks were granted , which met their criteria for a " substantial composite " of Native Americans finding the name disparaging . In its amicus brief filed in the case , the NCAI states that the combined enrollment of its member tribes in 2013 as 1 @.@ 2 million individuals .
In addition , many tribal councils have passed resolutions or issued statements regarding their opposition to the name of the Washington Redskins , including the Cherokee and Comanche Nations of Oklahoma , the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona , the Inter @-@ Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes , the Oneida Indian Nation ( New York ) , the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe ( North Dakota ) and the United South and Eastern Tribes ( USET ) . In April 2014 , Navajo Nation Council voted in favor of a statement opposing the name of the Washington team , as well as other disparaging references to American Indians by other professional sports franchises .
Other Native American groups advocating change include : the American Indian College Fund , National Indian Child Welfare Association , National Indian Education Association , National Indian Youth Council , National Native American Law Student Association , Native American Journalists Association , and Native American Rights Fund ( NARF ) .
Individuals Native Americans who are or have been actively opposed to the Redskins ' name include author and recent Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Suzan Shown Harjo ( Cheyenne / Hodulgee Muscogee ) , Former U.S. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell ( Northern Cheyenne ) , director of The Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of the American Indian Kevin Gover ( Pawnee ) , author Sherman Alexie ( Spokane ) , historian and author Vine Deloria , Jr . ( Sioux ) , co @-@ founder of the American Indian Movement Clyde Bellecourt ( Ojibwe ) , and activist / actor Russell Means ( Oglala Lakota ) .
= = = Civil rights and religious organizations = = =
At its annual conference the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights ( LCCHR ) , which includes the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union as members , passed a unanimous resolution of the 85 representatives present that , while recognizing that a business has the First Amendment right to use any name that it chooses , others need not be complicit in the use of a pejorative and insulting name ; and calling upon all Federal , state and local government entities " to end any preferential tax , zoning , or policy treatment that could be viewed as supporting the franchise as long as it retains its current team name " . The resolution also commended the " current and former government officials , media outlets , and other entities that have encouraged the Washington Redskins franchise to change its team name or that have refused to be complicit in promoting the current team name " . In response , the team released a brief statement reiterated their previous position , and quoting two individuals as being both Native American and Redskins fans who do not want the name to change . The LCCHR issued a press release in 2014 applauding the decision to cancel the trademark protection for the team 's name . The NAACP issued their own press release supporting the TTAB decision stating " The NAACP has called specifically for this name change since 1992 , and will continue to stand with the Native Indian community until the derogatory moniker has been changed . "
The Fritz Pollard Alliance , a non @-@ profit organization closely allied with the NFL on civil rights issues , has decided to announce its support of a name change after repeated attempts to discuss the issue with the team owner and representatives . An attorney for the Alliance , N. Jeremi Duru , an American University law professor , made a study of the controversy in which he concluded that Native Americans are justified in finding the name offensive .
In 1992 , the Central Conference of American Rabbis issued a resolution calling for the end of sports teams names that promote racism , in particular the Atlanta Braves and the Washington Redskins . The Anti @-@ Defamation League was one of the organizations signing a letter to broadcasters urging them to avoid using the name . The Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism also advocates a name change .
In 2013 a group of sixty @-@ one religious leaders in Washington , D.C. sent a letter to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and team owner Dan Snyder stating their moral obligation to join the Change the Mascot movement due to the offensive and inappropriate nature of the name which causes pain whether or not that is intended .
In June , 2015 the United Church of Christ General Synod passed a resolution calling for a stop to using images or mascots that could be demeaning to the Native American community .
In June , 2016 Sidwell Friends School , affiliated with the Quakers , amended it dress code to ban apparel with the Redskins name or logo as " offensive and antithetical to the values of the community " .
= = = Protests = = =
Although often assumed to be a debate of recent origins , the local Washington , DC newspapers have published news items on the controversy many times since at least 1971 , all in response to Native American individuals or organizations asking for the name to be changed . National protests began in 1988 , after the team 's Super Bowl XXII victory , prompting numerous Native Americans wrote letters to Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke while others boycotted Redskins products and protested , but Cooke rejected the possibility of change . There was a protest of about 2 @,@ 000 people at the 1992 Super Bowl between the Redskins and the Buffalo Bills . The American Indian Movement 's ( AIM ) Vernon Bellecourt was one of the main organizers of the protest .
Since 2013 picketing at the stadiums has occurred occasionally when the Redskins have played , particularly in cities with a significant population of Native Americans ; such as Dallas , Denver and Minneapolis . The latter protest was supported by several Minnesota politicians . Picketing resumed for the 2014 season in Glendale , AZ when the team played the Arizona Cardinals , and again the largest rally was in Minneapolis. where estimates of the number of protestors was between 3 @,@ 500 and 5 @,@ 000 .
FedEx owns the naming rights to the team 's stadium , FedEx Field through 2026 , and has been the only corporate sponsor officially subject to boycotts by Native Americans : the Osage Nation , the Native American Rights Fund ( NARF ) and the Central Council of Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes , the largest tribe of Native Alaskan peoples .
= = Responses to the controversy = =
Following the February 2013 symposium " Racist Stereotypes and Cultural Appropriation in American Sports " at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian , ten members of Congress sent a letter to the team owner and the NFL Commissioner requesting that the name be changed since it is offensive to Native Americans . In response , team owner Daniel Snyder famously told USA Today : " We 'll never change the name . ... It 's that simple . NEVER — you can use caps . " Snyder sent an open letter to fans that was published in The Washington Post on October 9 , 2013 in which he stated that the most important meaning of the name Redskins is the association that fans have to memories of their personal history with the team . Snyder also states that the name was chosen in 1933 to honor Native Americans in general and the coach and four players at that time who were Native American ; and that in 1971 the then coach George Allen consulted with the Red Cloud Indian Fund on the Pine Ridge reservation when designing the logo . In 2013 the Red Cloud Athletic Fund sent a letter to the Washington Post stating that " As an organization , Red Cloud Indian School has never — and will never — endorse the use of the name " Redskins . " Like many Native American organizations across the country , members of our staff and extended community find the name offensive . "
In June 2013 Roger Goodell defended the name by citing its origins , traditions and polls that support its popularity .
On their website the team states that the 2014 annual NFL poll showing 71 percent support for the name , " along with the poll taken among Native Americans by the Annenberg Institute , demonstrates continued , widespread and deep opposition to the Redskins changing our name ... We respect the point of view of the small number of people who seek a name change , but it is important to recognize very few people agree with the case they are making . "
The team 's president , Bruce Allen addressed a letter dated May 23 , 2014 to Senator Reid repeating the position that the name was originated by Native Americans to refer to themselves , that the logo was also designed and approved by Native American leaders , that the vast majority of both Native Americans and the public do not find the name offensive .
Defense of the Redskins name has come mainly from conservatives , such as George Will , Pat Buchanan , W. James Antle III , Rich Lowry , Dennis Prager , Rush Limbaugh , and Glenn Beck .
= = = Native American support = = =
In May 2013 , the Redskins ' website reported the opinions of a local fan , Stephen D. Dodson , who claimed to be a chief and " full @-@ blooded American Inuit originally from the Aleutian Tribes of Alaska . " He said that not only was " Redskins " not offensive to him and his " whole family " , but it was a " term of endearment " that Indians " on the reservation ... would call each other " . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell wrote a letter to Congress , which in part pointed to " recent remarks from Chief Steven Dodson , an American Inuit chief " to indicate support for the nickname among Native Americans . Soon it was reported that the Redskins ' " full @-@ blooded American Inuit chief " was " neither , and " Chief " was only a nickname , including being on a list of AKAs from court records related to " theft , paternity , and domestic violence matters . " The executive director of the Inuit Circumpolar Council @-@ Alaska , said that neither " Chief " nor " Indian " are terms used by Alaska 's native peoples
A brother and sister in Oneida , New York , state they are both Native American ( Mohawk ) and ardent Redskins fans . Three Virginia Indian leaders say they are not offended by the name Redskins , but are more concerned about other issues such as the lack of Federal recognition for any Virginia tribe . Robert " Two Eagles " Green , retired chief of the Fredericksburg area Patawomeck Tribe , stated on a radio talk show he 'd be offended if the team does change its name . In an article in The American Spectator , the current chief of the Patawomeck Tribe , John Lightner , states that while he is not offended by the current name , he would support changing the team to the Washington Potomacs .
On November 25 , 2013 as part of the NFL 's " Salute to Service " month and Native American Heritage month , the Washington Redskins recognized four members of the Navajo Code Talkers Association briefly during a commercial break . One of them , Roy Hawthorne , has stated , " My opinion is that 's a name that not only the team should keep , but that 's a name that 's American . " This action was criticized by Amanda Blackhorse , also Navajo , and described as a publicity stunt . In April 2014 , Navajo Nation Council voted in favor of a statement opposing the name of the Washington team , as well as other disparaging references to American Indians by other professional sports franchises . Later that year , members of the Navajo and Zuni Tribes and students from the Red Mesa Redskins High School attended a game in support of the Redskins .
The Redskins released a two @-@ minute video on YouTube entitled " Redskins is a Powerful Name " in which a number of Native Americans express their support for the team . Of the fourteen individuals ; five are members of the Chippewa Cree tribe on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation in Montana and are associated with the Team Redskins Rodeo club . Two are Mike Wetzel and Don Wetzel , Jr . ( Blackfeet ) , descendants of the logo designer , and the six others are members of various tribes and state that they are fans of the team and find nothing wrong with the name , or think it is positive . One of the individuals in the video is Mark One Wolf , who was reported as being born Mark E. Yancey in Washington , DC of African @-@ American and Japanese descent .
= = = Other teams that use the name Redskins = = =
Supporters note that three predominantly Native American high schools use the name Redskins for their sports teams , suggesting that it can be acceptable . However , the principal of one of these , Red Mesa High School in Teec Nos Pos , Arizona , said that use of the word outside American Indian communities should be avoided because it could perpetuate " the legacy of negativity that the term has created . " In 2014 , Wellpinit High School , located on the Spokane Indian Reservation voted to keep the Redskins name .
The number of high schools using the Redskins name has been in steady decline , forty percent having had local efforts to change the name . From 1988 until April 2013 , 28 high schools in 18 states had done so . Subsequently , 11 additional high schools changed , with two additional schools in California also required to do so by January 1 , 2017 .
= = = Name change as a business decision = = =
Two professors at the Goizueta Business School at Emory University summarized their research in a New York Times editorial . Studies of college teams that have changed their names and mascots indicate that doing so has a long @-@ term financial benefit . While vocal opponents of change often threatened withdrawal of support , these never materialized . There have been no name changes by professional teams ; however , a comparison of NFL teams shows the highest negative trend in brand equity being the Washington Redskins and the Kansas City Chiefs , calling into question the business logic of retaining Native American names or logos that are offensive to even a minority . In a commentary for Forbes , Tom Van Riper states that research specifically considering the fan loyalty and traditions of the team indicates that the value of the name as a brand is significant , and unlikely to change for business reasons . However , an alternative opinion is that the team would benefit from a re @-@ branding , but any new name would need to be carefully selected . 2014 sales of Redskins merchandise declined 35 % from the prior year . " People are having a second thoughts about wearing a T @-@ shirt with the logo or name that it has now been called racist , " said Matt Powell , senior analyst for SportsSourceOne . A team spokesman attributed the decline to dismal performance in the 2013 season , but other teams with bad records have not seen such a steep decline in sales . Corporate sponsors have either made no public response to media inquiries regarding the name or stated that they play no role in the decision , and defer to the team and the NFL . Despite the name controversy , the value of the team has risen $ 700 million to $ 2 @.@ 4 billion ( 40 % ) , making them the third most valuable franchise in the NFL , based upon the valuations published by Forbes magazine in 2014 and 2015 .
= = Governmental and regulatory action = =
= = = Political opinion = = =
Although the majority of those advocating a name change are Democrats , there is no indication that the issue is of any real significance in electoral decisions given that Native Americans are such a small percentage of the electorate and are not likely to influence the outcome of any election . There are only eight states where Natives make up greater than 2 percent of the population : Alaska , Arizona , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota and Wyoming . However , polls show a definite political difference in the opinion of the general public , with only 58 % of Democrats opposing a name change versus 89 % of Republicans . Statements by political figures have generally been expressions of personal opinion rather than recommendations for government action . There have also been non @-@ binding resolutions advocating name change proposed in New Jersey and passed in Minneapolis , New York State and California .
The topic came up in a 2013 interview of President Barack Obama , who stated that if he were the owner of the Redskins , he would consider changing the name because it offends many Native Americans , but that he didn 't " have a stake " in the issue as he is not an owner of a professional sports team . However , in November , 2015 Obama , speaking at the White House Tribal Nations Conference , stated " Names and mascots of sports teams like the Washington Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native Americans " and praised Adidas for a new initiative to help schools change names and mascots by designing new logos and paying for part of the cost of new uniforms . On May 22 , 2014 , fifty U.S. Senators , forty @-@ eight Democrats and two Independents , sent a letter to NFL Commissioner Goodell asking the league , referencing the Donald Sterling case , " send the same clear message as the NBA did : that racism and bigotry have no place in professional sports . " Five Democratic Senators declined to sign the letter , and Republicans were not invited to do so . No Senators have publicly supported the name , but rather have either declined to give an opinion or stated their opposition to Senate involvement in the issue .
= = = = DC Metro area jurisdictions = = = =
Much of the local political discussion has been about building a stadium , beginning in the 1990s when a Maryland location was chosen for the what is now FedEx Field . With the possibility of building a new stadium in the near future , both the previous and current mayors of the District of Columbia have stated that a name change must be part of the discussion , however the team rejects that possibiltiy . Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe has met with the owner to discuss the building of a new stadium in Virginia . For many years , beginning with the departure of the Baltimore Colts , the Redskins were the only NFL team in a large area from Maryland into the southern states . This is slowly changing as Maryland NFL fans move to the Baltimore Ravens . Several Maryland politicians have stated that the name should change , but the current governor opposes any change , also citing the desire to keep the stadium in Maryland . Virginia fans are now the more numerous and dedicated supporters of the Redskins , and the state and local governments have used economic incentives to encourage the team 's relocation of its facilities there , and maintain that the name is entirely a business decision for the team to make . An agency of the commonwealth , the Virginia Lottery , is a sponsor of the team , and says it has never had any complaints .
= = = Trademark cases = = =
In 1992 , Suzan Shown Harjo , with six other prominent Native Americans petitioned the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) to cancel the trademark registrations owned by Pro @-@ Football , Inc . In 1999 the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ( TTAB ) judges canceled the federal registration of the mark REDSKINS . In 2005 the United States District Court for the District of Columbia reversed the TTAB 's decision on the grounds of insufficient evidence of disparagement . Subsequent appeals were rejected on the basis of laches , that the Native Americans had pursued their rights in an untimely manner , in other words they were too old . A second case was filed with younger plaintiffs led by Amanda Blackhorse . On June 18 , 2014 , the TTAB again voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two to one decision that held that the term " redskins " is disparaging to a " substantial composite of Native Americans " , and this is demonstrated " by the near complete drop @-@ off in usage of ' redskins ' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s . " The TTAB majority held that the NCAI represented about 30 percent of Native Americans during the time in question , which the Board found satisfied the substantial composite test . The TTAB also found that the term " redskin " refers to Native Americans ( rather than having an " independent meaning " as the team sometimes claims ) as shown by the costumes worn by both the cheerleaders and marching band from the 1960s until the 1980s , and the native imagery used on the press guides for many years .
Evidence of disparagement include the frequent references to " scalping " made by sportswriters for sixty years when reporting the Redskins loss of a game , and passages from movies made from the 1940s to the 1960s using " redskin " to refer to Native Americans as a savage enemy . A linguistics expert for the team unsuccessfully argued that the name is merely a descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race .
Reaction to the TTAB decision has often characterized it as government interference in a private business , or as an improper limitation on freedom of expression , but in fact withdraws the government from the responsibility to regulate the use of the name by anyone . The team retains other rights under common law , but must enforce them without Federal government assistance .
On July 8 , 2015 , District Court Judge Lee affirmed the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board , denying the team 's summary judgment motions challenging the constitutionality of the Lanham Act and granted the Blackhorse Defendants ' summary judgment motions , finding that " the evidence before the Court supports the legal conclusion that ... the Redskin Marks consisted of matter that ' may disparage ' a substantial composite of Native Americans . " The decision does not bar the team from using the marks and taking other steps to protect other rights to their brand . On October 30 , 2015 Pro @-@ Football , Inc. filed its appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . In addition to maintaining the validity of all the arguments rejected by both the TTAB and the first appeal , the team has added a list of names they claim are offensive and racist that have been given trademarks , thus making the cancellation of their marks unequal treatment .
In December 2015 , the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the prohibition of " disparaging " trademarks in a separate case involving a similar denial of trademark registration to the Asian @-@ American band The Slants . The majority opinion stated , in part , that " [ w ] hatever our personal feelings about the mark at issue here , or other disparaging marks , the First Amendment forbids government regulators to deny registration because they find speech likely to offend others . " In April 2016 the USPTO asked the U. S. Supreme Court to review the case .
= = Public opinion polls = =
While varying somewhat , national opinion polls consistently indicate that a majority of the general public do not advocate a name change : 79 percent ( April 2013 ) , 60 percent ( June 2014 ) , and 71 percent ( September 2014 ) . While yielding overall results similar to national polls , with a majority supporting the team keeping the name , local surveys often ask additional questions . In three polls , although they supported the team name , 59 percent , 56 percent , and 53 percent of DC , Maryland , and Virginia fans also said that the word " redskin " is offensive to Native Americans in at least some contexts . The September 2014 national poll found that 68 percent think the name is not disrespectful of Native Americans , 19 percent say it shows " some " disrespect , and 9 percent say it is " a lot " disrespectful . The 2016 annual NFL poll found significant difference of opinion based upon age and race . Older respondents are opposed to a name change , but those between 18 and 29 are strongly ( 70 % ) in favor of a change . While 77 % of all white fans believe the name should not be changed , only 38 % of African @-@ American and 33 % of Latino fans agree , which is a change since the 2014 poll in which there was little difference between white and non @-@ white opinion .
The 2016 annual NFL poll found significant difference of opinion based upon age and race . Older respondents are opposed to a name change , but those between 18 and 29 are strongly ( 70 % ) in favor of a change . While 77 % of all white fans believe the name should not be changed , only 38 % of African @-@ American and 33 % of Latino fans agree , which is a change since the 2014 poll in which there was little difference between white and non @-@ white opinion .
However , there are those that question the appropriateness of submitting minority rights to a majority decision . Louis Gray , president of the Tulsa Indian Coalition Against Racism and an Osage Indian : " You wouldn 't [ take a poll ] with any other race . You wouldn 't have African @-@ Americans vote to decide whether or not any sort of racial epithet would be offensive . "
The survey most frequently cited by opponents of change as definitive of Native American opinion was performed in 2004 as part of the National Annenberg Election Survey . Among other questions regarding election year issues , respondents who identified themselves as being Native American were asked : " The professional football team in Washington calls itself the Washington Redskins . As a Native American , do you find that name offensive or doesn 't it bother you ? " In response , ninety percent replied that the name did not bother them , while nine percent said that it was offensive , and one percent would not answer . The methods used in this survey and the conclusions that can be drawn from it has been criticized by social scientists , Native American scholars and legal experts for years . In August , 2015 , a memo written by senior researchers at the organization responsible for collecting the data for the survey which made it clear that it should not be taken as an accurate reflection of Native American attitudes at the time .
An alternative method to standard opinion polls was used by the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at California State University , San Bernardino . A survey was conducted of 400 individuals , with 98 individuals positively identified as Native Americans , finding that 67 % agreed with the statement that " Redskins " is offensive and racist . The response from non @-@ natives was almost the opposite , with 68 % responding that the name is not offensive .
= = = Washington Post 2016 poll = = =
In May 2016 , the Washington Post ( WaPo ) released a poll of self @-@ identified Native Americans that produced the same results as the 2004 Annenberg poll , that 90 % of the 504 respondents were " not bothered " by the team 's name .
= = = = Differences between the Annenberg and WaPo poll = = = =
The Annenberg poll was criticized for only using land lines at a time when they were rare on reservations , so 60 % of the respondents in the new poll were contacted on cell phones , based upon other surveys indicating that 95 % of Native Americans have at least one cell phone per household . When a land @-@ line was answered , there was a request that the youngest adult present respond to the questions ; for cell phones the individual answering the phone completed the survey .
The new survey included Alaska and Hawaii , which have large populations of indigenous people ; while the 2004 survey only included the contiguous 48 states .
Sample selection : The new survey was part of the routine WaPo opinion survey , in which all are asked “ Do you consider yourself white , black or African American , Asian , Native American , Pacific Islander , mixed race or some other race ? ” Only those that responded that they are 100 % Native American / Alaskan Native were then asked the questions about the Redskins . ( However , 16 % of the sample identified themselves as Hispanic . ) They were also asked if they are enrolled members of a tribe , and if so which one ; 44 % of the respondents said they were tribal members . In addition , zip codes containing a high proportion of tribal or reservation land was targeted . Due to the low percentage of Native Americans in the general population , responses were collected over a five month period , December 16 , 2015 to April 12 , 2016 .
New questions included :
Participants were asked if they had heard about the debate ; 56 % responded that they had heard " not to much " or " not at all " . 78 % said the debate was either " not too " or " not at all " important .
80 % responded that they would not be personally offended if a Non @-@ Native American called them as a " Redskin " .
A smaller sample of 340 respondents was asked if the term " redskin " is disrespectful to Native Americans , with 73 % responding " No " .
51 % said they are pro football fans , while 48 % were not , a split similar to national polls of all adults .
= = = = Methodology = = = =
Due to variations between the characteristics of the sample and the population of Native Americans based upon Census data from 2010 , the reported results were based upon statistical weighting of the raw data . The respondents were older ( 274 of the 504 being over 50 ) , more highly educated ( at least some college ) , and more likely to live in the Northeast and North Central regions , compared to Native Americans in the Census . Criticism of the wording of the question " As a Native American , do you find that name offensive or doesn 't it bother you ? " as being confusing was addressed by asking the question again to 43 respondents to check that the same answer was given , which it was by 41 of the 43 . However , the problem critics have with the question is that it is unclear what is being asked given that " do you find the name offensive " is distinct from " or doesn 't it bother you " , the later also being awkwardly worded . Reports of the results by others , such as the Associated Press say Native Americans are " not offended " rather than " not bothered " .
= = = = Response to WaPo poll = = = =
Dr. Adrienne Keene responded that the poll uses faulty data and methods , such as the continuing problem of self @-@ identification , and the reporting of the results misses the point regarding objections to the name established by social science research and the authentic voices of Native Americans as being about real harms , not individual feelings . The Native American Journalists Association ( NAJA ) issued a statement calling the publication of the poll , and the reporting of its significance , as not only inaccurate and misleading but unethical . " The reporters and editors behind this story must have known that it would be used as justification for the continued use of these harmful , racist mascots . They were either willfully malicious or dangerously naïve in the process and reporting used in this story , and neither is acceptable from any journalistic institution . " While not addressing the NAJA criticism , the WaPo editorial board continues to maintained its prior position that the name is a slur and that they will avoid its use as much as possible . However , one WaPo editor and advocate for change , Robert McCartney , has decide to drop any further protest in light of the poll results . A Los Angeles Times editorial cites the evidence that the name is offensive to many , which the poll does not change given its questionable representation of Native American opinion .
= Tropical Storm Bret ( 2011 ) =
Tropical Storm Bret was the second named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season . Bret formed along the southwestern periphery of a weather front north of the Bahamas on July 17 . At first , the storm moved little and gradually strengthened in response to favorable upper @-@ level conditions , reaching peak sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Steering currents in the area subsequently became better established , and Bret turned toward the northeast only to encounter a substantial increase in vertical wind shear . Despite the shear , the storm maintained a well @-@ defined wind circulation for several days , with intermittent bursts of thunderstorms near its center . By July 22 , Bret had been devoid of strong thunderstorm activity for several hours , prompting the National Hurricane Center to discontinue public advisories when it was located about 375 miles ( 605 km ) north of Bermuda .
Since Bret remained over the open Atlantic for most of its existence , its effects on land were limited . While moving little , the storm produced inclement weather and widespread cloudiness over much of the north @-@ central Bahamas . Squalls off the eastern coast of Florida generated rough seas along coastlines , injuring a number of people . Although it stayed well offshore , the storm enhanced tropical moisture over Bermuda , causing beneficial rainfall in dry areas .
= = Meteorological history = =
In mid @-@ July , 2011 , a broad upper trough dropped southward over the northwest Atlantic , supporting a cold front that extended westward across Bermuda to inland over Georgia . The front produced a large area of light showers to its north , with its westernmost component remaining quasi @-@ stationary over northeastern Florida . On July 16 , a surface low developed along the decaying boundary , just off the coast , generating an area of sporadic convection north of the Bahamas . Although a wind circulation was initially absent and surface pressures were relatively high , the low later became better organized under abating shear conditions . At 2100 UTC on July 17 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) declared it a tropical depression , after reconnaissance confirmed the presence of a closed circulation center about 100 mi ( 160 km ) northwest of Great Abaco Island . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Bret just three hours later , owing to a quick increase in winds and deep central convection .
Situated along a weakness in the subtropical ridge , Bret drifted very slowly southward during the initial stages of its existence . Though traces of dry air approached it from the west , the cyclone continued to strengthen , as prominent bands of deep thunderstorms tightened around it eastern semicircle . Satellite images displayed a disorganized eye @-@ like feature on July 18 , suggesting a rather sharp increase in strength . Indeed , an additional reconnaissance flight into the cyclone found peak surface winds of around 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) , just below hurricane strength . Following its peak , Bret began to accelerate toward the northeast in response to building high pressure in the area . It fluctuated little in intensity for several hours , although a combination of high wind shear and a lack of tropical moisture inhibited further development . By July 19 , the circulation center had become exposed and devoid of deep convection , and the storm weakened to 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds upon moving through the increasingly hostile environment . Despite the unfavorable conditions , Bret retained this intensity for the next couple of days as it briefly slowed , with a distinct low @-@ level circulation and a few patches of persistent thunderstorms over its southwestern quadrant .
Early on July 20 , the heavily sheared cyclone began to reaccelerate within the deepening southwesterly wind flow . Over the next day , Bret continued to deteriorate in organization ; however , a brief decline in the upper winds allowed intermittent bursts of convection to redevelop south of the exposed center . Bret eventually weakened to a tropical depression over cool ocean temperatures early on July 22 , once again lacking significant convection while increasing in forward speed . Forecasters at the NHC noted that Bret remained " a maverick tropical cyclone by refusing to dissipate despite experiencing very hostile wind shear conditions , " with ship data indications of prevailing strong winds . By 1500 UTC , however , the circulation had become ill defined , prompting the NHC to declassify Bret as a tropical system about 375 mi ( 605 km ) north of Bermuda . During the next several hours , the remnant low of Bret continued to move northeastward out into the Atlantic , until it dissipated on June 23 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Bahamas = = =
Upon the formation of a depression , the government of the Bahamas issued a tropical storm watch for northwestern islands of the nation . It was upgraded to a tropical storm warning on July 18 , when the storm showed signs of intensification . Further south , a severe weather warning was in effect for New Providence and Andros Island , and authorities urged small craft operators to secure their vessels . The warnings were discontinued later that day as Bret turned away from the territory .
Since it initially moved little , Bret brought prolonged overcast conditions to much of the northern Bahamas , with most of the activity over the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama . An estimated 3 in ( 75 mm ) of precipitation fell in Abaco over the weekend of July 16 – 17 . In addition , a weather station on the island reported gale @-@ force gusting of up to 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) at the height of the storm . The rain led to the cancellation of a local Little League baseball match . Outer rainbands spawned a waterspout that touched down on eastern Paradise Island , accompanied by lightning strikes and torrents . Nevertheless , locals considered the storm 's impact to be generally positive , as its rains aided in alleviating mild drought conditions across the nation .
= = = United States and Bermuda = = =
Off the coast of Florida , the storm generated rough sea conditions with waves of up to 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 9 m ) ; high surf lightly injured several swimmers and surfers in Brevard County . Strong rip currents swept dozens of people out to sea , but all remained unharmed and were quickly rescued . Additionally , the waves washed ashore venomous jellyfish that stung more than 200 people near coastal beaches . Scattered funnel clouds and waterspouts were reported overseas , though the phenomena dissipated soon thereafter without affecting land . Onshore , Bret 's effects were minimal ; weak morning showers and breezy winds briefly brushed Brevard and Volusia Counties . As the storm lifted out of the area , it drew in a large mass of dry air , limiting chances of much @-@ needed rain to subdue a large wildfire in the Okefenokee Swamp .
Light showers from the precursor front skirted Bermuda prior to tropical development , with 24 @-@ hour precipitation totals of no more than 0 @.@ 87 in ( 22 mm ) recorded on the territory . Moisture brought on by the storm from afar enhanced rainfall that ended months of dry conditions in Bermuda ; 1 @.@ 75 in ( 45 mm ) of precipitation fell at L.F. Wade International Airport on July 18 , with an additional 1 @.@ 6 in ( 40 mm ) recorded the next day . Although the rains proved to be mostly beneficial , minor flooding affected some local businesses in poor @-@ drainage areas .
= Russian ironclad Petr Veliky =
Petr Velikiy ( Russian : Пётр Великий – Peter the Great ) was an ironclad turret ship built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1870s . Her engines and boilers were defective , but were not replaced until 1881 . The ship made a cruise to the Mediterranean after they were installed , and before returning to the Baltic Fleet , where she remained for the rest of her career . She did not , like the rest of the Baltic Fleet , participate in the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 . Petr Veliky was deemed obsolete by the late 1890s , but she was not ordered to be converted into a gunnery training ship until 1903 .
The Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 slowed her reconstruction , and the ship was not completed until 1908 . She spent most of World War I as a training ship , although she became a depot ship for submarines in 1917 . Petr Veliky was in Helsinki in March 1918 when the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over . The ship reached Kronstadt in April 1918 and was hulked on 21 May 1921 . She remained in service with the Soviets , in various secondary roles , until she was finally stricken from the Navy List in 1959 and subsequently scrapped .
= = Design and description = =
Petr Veliky had its genesis in the visit of the American twin @-@ turret monitor USS Miantonomoh to Kronstadt in August 1866 , that inspired Rear Admiral A. A. Popov to submit a preliminary design for a low @-@ freeboard , breastwork monitor with a full suite of sails and masts . He intended the ship to act as a hybrid monitor @-@ cruiser , able to attack enemy shipping and threaten his ports . The design was approved by the Naval Technical Committee ( Russian : Morskoi tekhnicheskii komitet ) , and a detailed design was prepared by September 1867 . This was reviewed on 20 February 1868 , and the coal supply was ordered to be raised from four to five days ' steaming , which forced the design to be revised to accommodate the extra coal . This modified design was approved on 26 January 1869 by the Committee , but more changes were made even after that . In May Popov proposed to add a small superstructure forward of the breastwork to improve seakeeping and overhanging side armor as used on the monitors during the American Civil War . Both changes were approved on 19 June 1869 although the displacement of the ship had constantly increased from the 7 @,@ 496 long tons ( 7 @,@ 616 t ) of the 1867 design to the 9 @,@ 462 long tons ( 9 @,@ 614 t ) of the June 1869 design .
Construction of the ship , now named Kreiser ( Cruiser ) , began even before the design was approved , but changes to the design continued to be made . The masts and rigging were deleted , presumably shortly after the loss of the British masted turret ship HMS Captain in a storm on 7 September 1870 , although the exact date is not known . The decision between a ram and telescoping spar torpedoes in the ship 's bow was not made until November 1870 . The visit of the British naval architect Edward Reed in June 1871 prompted changes in the design of the breastwork . It was increased in thickness from 12 inches ( 305 mm ) to 14 inches ( 356 mm ) and extended to the sides of the ship in accordance with suggestions by Reed . Kreiser was renamed Petr Veliky on 11 June 1872 , in honor of the bicentennial of Peter the Great 's birth .
Petr Veliky was 329 feet 8 inches ( 100 @.@ 5 m ) long at the waterline and 333 feet 8 inches ( 101 @.@ 7 m ) long overall , with a beam of 63 feet 1 inch ( 19 @.@ 2 m ) and a designed draft of 24 feet 9 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . Her displacement as completed was 10 @,@ 406 long tons ( 10 @,@ 573 t ) , almost 500 long tons ( 508 t ) more than her designed displacement of 9 @,@ 665 long tons ( 9 @,@ 820 t ) .
The ship 's hull was subdivided by one centerline longitudinal , nine transverse and two wing watertight bulkheads , and it had a complete double bottom . Petr Veliky had a high metacentric height of 8 feet 8 inches ( 2 @.@ 64 m ) . Although a lively roller , she was considered a passable sea @-@ boat even though water flooded in between the gap between the gun turrets and the deck whenever the sea swept over her forecastle .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Petr Veliky had two three @-@ cylinder horizontal return connecting rod @-@ steam engines , each driving a single propeller . Steam was provided by 12 rectangular boilers with a working pressure of 2 @.@ 45 atm ( 248 kPa ; 36 psi ) . The engines were designed to produce a total of 9 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 700 kW ) to give the ship a maximum speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 213 long tons ( 1 @,@ 232 t ) of coal , which gave her an economical range of 2 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 400 km ; 3 @,@ 300 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The machinery was built by the Baird Works for the price of 1 @,@ 019 @,@ 000 rubles , but proved to be defective . Inferior metal was used in the boilers and multiple cracks and breaks were found in the piping . Cracks were also found in the engine cylinders that Baird had attempted to patch and then puttied over . Baird was forced to replace almost all of the piping by May 1877 , but during a new series of sea trials in the following month , the ship only reached 11 @.@ 8 knots ( 21 @.@ 9 km / h ; 13 @.@ 6 mph ) . The funnel was raised by about 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in an attempt to improve the draft to the boiler and 24 stokers were also added to the ship 's crew during the winter of 1877 – 78 , but neither had much effect .
= = = Armament = = =
Four muzzle @-@ loading smoothbore 20 @-@ inch ( 508 mm ) guns , based on the American Rodman design , were originally intended as Petr Veliky 's main armament , but the Russians were impressed by a demonstration of a new Krupp 28 @-@ centimeter ( 11 in ) rifled gun . They bought a few guns directly as well as a production license and an enlarged 12 @-@ inch , 20 @-@ caliber , gun was selected to replace the 20 @-@ inch guns . In order to keep the gun ports as small as possible the hydraulic turret machinery raised and lowered the guns ' trunnions rather than their muzzles . They had a maximum elevation of + 12 @.@ 5 ° and a maximum depression of − 2 @.@ 5 ° . This gave the guns a range of about 5 @,@ 800 yards ( 5 @,@ 300 m ) at maximum elevation . The gun turrets were of the Coles type and weighed 360 long tons ( 370 t ) each . Powered by steam engines they could make a complete 360 ° rotation in one minute , although they had a firing arc of only 310 ° . The guns recoiled into the turrets after firing , which meant that a great deal of powder smoke was released into the turret . To counter this problem , ventilation fans were mounted in the turret roofs . The ship 's machinery filled almost the entire breastwork , which forced the main gun magazines away from the turrets towards the ends of the ship , and that complicated the ammunition resupply arrangements for those guns . While some shells were stored in the breastwork , most were not , and likely would have slowed the ship 's sustained rate of fire in a lengthy engagement .
A number of sources , including Gardiner , claim that the ship suffered a number of cracks while firing the guns while ice @-@ bound during the winter of 1877 – 78 , but this incident cannot be confirmed by Russian @-@ language sources . McLaughlin believes that any such incident would have been mentioned if it occurred , as such sources are otherwise quite candid about the ship 's drawbacks .
The anti @-@ torpedo boat armament of the Petr Veliky consisted of six four @-@ pounder ( 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) ) guns , four mounted on the bridge , and two at the stern , and two Palmcrantz one @-@ pounder ( 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) ) Gatling @-@ type machine guns . Two telescoping spar torpedoes were mounted in the bow ; one set at 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) below the waterline and the other at 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) . They did not retract all the way into the hull , the excess length was hinged upwards and fastened to the bow . One spar torpedo was hinged on each side of the ship on a 70 feet ( 21 m ) boom that was extended until it was angled at 90 ° to the ship 's side . Furthermore , two towed Harvey torpedoes were mounted at the rear of the ship . While Petr Veliky was not really maneuverable enough to make full use of these weapons , they were a formidable deterrent to other ships trying to ram .
= = = Armor = = =
Petr Veliky had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron , imported from Charles Cammell & Co. of Sheffield , England , that was intended to extend 3 – 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 – 1 @.@ 5 m ) below the waterline at the designed displacement . The belt was 14 inches thick for the middle 160 feet ( 49 m ) of the ship , but reduced , in steps , to 8 inches ( 203 mm ) at the bow and 9 inches ( 229 mm ) at the stern . It was backed by multiple layers of teak and iron , thought to be equivalent of another 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of armor . The breastwork was also 14 inches thick , although the curved portions at the end of the breastwork were Hughes compound armor because very thick plates could not be bent easily . The compound armor consisted of two 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) plates separated by a layer of teak . This type of armor was also used to protect the gun turrets . Outside the breastwork , the ship 's deck was armored with three 1 @-@ inch mild steel plates . The deck protection over the redoubt was either 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) or three inches thick : sources vary .
= = Service = =
Petr Veliky was built by the state @-@ owned Galernii Island Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Construction began on 1 June 1869 , although her keel was not laid down until 23 July 1870 . The ship was launched on 27 August 1872 , and entered service with the Baltic Fleet on 14 October 1876 . She cost a then @-@ staggering sum of over five and a half million rubles . Two 9 @-@ inch mortars were fitted on her quarterdeck during the war scare with Britain during the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 78 , but they were removed in 1880 without ever having been used in combat . Two frames for launching Whitehead torpedoes were added to the ship 's sides in that same year , but they proved ineffective .
Her original machinery proved unsatisfactory and the Baird Works forfeited a payment of 254 @,@ 000 rubles as penalty . The navy began to investigate replacing the ship 's machinery in 1878 , and a contract was finally signed with John Elder & Co . , in Glasgow , Scotland , in October 1880 , based on the Navy 's favorable experience with the company 's construction of the Imperial yacht Livadia . The ship did not reach the Scottish shipyard until 14 July 1881 , and was refitting until February 1882 . New vertical compound steam engines and twelve cylindrical boilers with a working pressure of 70 psi ( 483 kPa ; 5 kgf / cm2 ) replaced the original defective machinery . The spar torpedoes in the bow were replaced by underwater torpedo tubes for Whitehead torpedoes and the ship 's propellers and rudder were also replaced . Her funnel was also reduced back to its original height . On 4 February 1882 Petr Veliky ran her sea trials with her new machinery and reached a speed of 14 @.@ 36 knots ( 26 @.@ 59 km / h ; 16 @.@ 53 mph ) with an engine output of 8 @,@ 296 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 186 kW ) . The new engine and boilers were slightly lighter than their predecessors and the ship now displaced 10 @,@ 105 long tons ( 10 @,@ 267 t ) .
Immediately after her sea trials the ship departed Scotland for a Mediterranean cruise . Petr Veliky made port visits at Algiers , Athens , Corfu , Naples , La Spezia and Toulon on her before being recalled . She visited Cadiz , Lisbon , Brest , and Cherbourg before reaching Kronstadt on 12 September . The ship remained in the Baltic Sea for the rest of her career and had her light armament modified several times . During the 1880s her rear 4 @-@ pounder guns were replaced by two 44 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 7 in ) Engstrem guns and two other on her bridge were moved to the roof of the forward turret . Petr Veliky 's boilers replaced in 1892 and by the mid @-@ 1890s the ship mounted two 4 @-@ pounder guns on each turret , six 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 5 @-@ barrel revolving Hotchkiss guns on the bridge and four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss guns .
Petr Veliky was considered obsolete by the late 1890s and a number of proposals were made to reconstruct her . The most elaborate scheme to raise the turrets 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) and build a new armored casemate between the turrets and deck with six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . The existing 14 and 12 @-@ inch wrought iron armor plates would be replaced by Krupp steel plates 8 inches ( 203 mm ) and 7 inches ( 178 mm ) thick respectively . Despite saving 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) by substituting the lighter steel armor for the wrought iron , the ship would have gained 674 long tons ( 685 t ) in displacement and her draft would have increased by about 12 inches . This plan was approved , albeit with a very low priority , and her turrets were removed in October 1898 , but nothing more was done . On 11 June 1903 Admiral F. K. Avelan , director of the Naval Ministry , ordered that she be converted into a gunnery training ship .
A new design was approved on 2 February 1904 , although the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg had already begun cutting the ship down to the berth deck . The side armor was removed and an entirely new superstructure was built . The boilers were replaced by twelve fire @-@ tube boilers , ten refurbished ones from the Imperial yacht Poliarnaia Zvezda and two new ones . The new boilers only supplied enough steam to give the engines 5 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 100 kW ) , although a second funnel had to be added to accommodate their exhaust . Two masts were added with fighting tops . Only the ship 's conning tower was now protected , with 4 inches ( 102 mm ) of armor plate . The armament was almost entirely replaced with four 50 @-@ caliber 8 @-@ inch guns mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship , and six 45 @-@ caliber 6 @-@ inch guns were fitted in unarmored casemates on each side of the ship . The ship 's anti @-@ torpedo boat armament now consisted of twelve 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) , four 57 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) , eight 47 @-@ millimeter and two 37 @-@ millimeter guns .
The outbreak of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , almost as soon as her design was approved , meant that work on her slowed to a crawl , and did not resume until early 1907 . The ship was completed the following year . As a result of the reconstruction Petr Veliky was now 321 feet 10 inches ( 98 @.@ 09 m ) long overall , with a beam of 62 feet 4 inches ( 19 @.@ 0 m ) and a maximum draft of 26 feet 7 inches ( 8 @.@ 1 m ) . Her displacement was now 9 @,@ 790 long tons ( 9 @,@ 950 t ) , almost 400 long tons ( 406 t ) lighter than her modified displacement of 10 @,@ 105 long tons . Her maximum speed was now 12 @.@ 9 knots ( 23 @.@ 9 km / h ; 14 @.@ 8 mph ) , and she carried 714 long tons ( 725 t ) of coal . This gave a range of 1 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 800 km ; 1 @,@ 700 mi ) .
After her completion Petr Veliky was assigned to the Gunnery Training Detachment through 1917 . A number of sources report that she was renamed by the Soviets as Respublikanets ( Republican ) or Barrikada ( Barricade ) , but this is not confirmed by the post @-@ Cold War sources used by McLaughlin . That year she was assigned as a depot ship for submarines at Kronstadt and later Helsinki . The Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over . Petr Veliky reached Kronstadt in April in what became known as the ' Ice Voyage ' . The ship was hulked on 21 May 1921 and used to store mines . She was renamed Blokshiv Nr. 1 on 4 December 1923 and forced aground in shallow water by autumn floods in September 1923 . She was not refloated and repaired until 5 October 1927 . On 1 January 1932 she was renamed to Blokshiv Nr. 4 , and to BSh @-@ 3 on 16 May 1949 , by which time she was being used as a barracks ship at Kronstadt . The ship was stricken on 18 April 1959 and subsequently scrapped .
= Action of 22 January 1809 =
The Action of 22 January 1809 was a minor naval engagement fought off the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe during the Napoleonic Wars . The action was fought as part of the blockade of Guadeloupe and neighbouring Martinique by a large British Royal Navy squadron , which was seeking to cut the islands off from contact and supplies from France by preventing the passage of shipping from Europe to the islands . The British blockade was part of their preparation for planned invasions during the next year .
The French made numerous efforts to supply their colonies during this period , attempting to use fast frigates to bring food and military stores to the Caribbean past the British blockades , but often losing the vessels in the process . One such attempt was made by the French frigate Topaze , despatched from Brest to Cayenne with a large cargo of flour . Driven away from Cayenne by a British expeditionary force that had recently captured the colony , Topaze took refuge under the gun batteries of Guadeloupe .
Discovered at anchor off Pointe @-@ Noire on 22 January by the British brig HMS Hazard , Topaze was isolated and attacked by two British frigates , led by Captain Samuel Pechell in HMS Cleopatra . In the ensuing engagement , the British ships outnumbered and overwhelmed their opponent , capturing the ship and her cargo , despite heavy fire from a French gun battery that overlooked the anchorage . The British ships were drawn from a force gathered for the impending invasion of Martinique , which was launched six days after Topaze had been captured and successfully completed in a campaign lasting just over three weeks .
= = Background = =
By the summer of 1808 , the Napoleonic Wars were five years old and the British Royal Navy — whose success during the 1793 – 1801 French Revolutionary Wars had continued into the new conflict — was dominant at sea . In an effort to restrict French movement and trade , the British fleet actively blockaded French ports , maintaining squadrons of fast frigates and large ships of the line off every important French harbour and smaller warships off less significant anchorages to intercept any vessel that attempted to enter or leave . This strategy was practised across the French Empire , particularly in the West Indies , where lucrative British trade routes were at constant risk from raiding French warships and privateers . As a result , the economies of the French colonies , especially the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe , collapsed and their food stocks , military supplies and morale all began to run low . Messages requesting assistance from France were despatched but many were intercepted by British ships , convincing the Admiralty to order invasions of the French colonies . During late 1808 and early 1809 therefore , expeditionary forces were sent to occupy the smaller colonies while a major army and naval fleet were assembled on Barbados under Sir Alexander Cochrane in readiness for an attack on Martinique .
In France , news of the situation in the West Indies forced the authorities to take action . During the autumn of 1808 , a number of ships were despatched carrying much needed food and military supplies , but several were intercepted , including the frigate Thétis , captured during the Action of 10 November 1808 in the Bay of Biscay . Despite the losses , some ships did reach their destination intact and further supply ships were prepared , including the frigate Topaze , ordered to transport 1 @,@ 100 barrels of flour to Cayenne . The cargo was loaded during late November and early December , the frigate also carrying military supplies and 100 soldiers to augment the Cayenne garrison . The ship , under the command of Captain Pierre @-@ Nicolas Lahalle , was only three years old and carried 40 heavy guns .
In early December 1808 , Topaze departed Brest and travelled across the Atlantic , encountering the British frigate HMS Loire in the Bay of Biscay . Loire fired on Topaze , but was unable to catch her and , despite minor damage , the French ship was able to reach the Caribbean without further incident . Nearing Cayenne on 13 January 1809 , Lahalle was surprised to see the small British ship HMS Confiance emerge from the harbour and manoeuvre threateningly towards his ship . Realising that Cayenne was in British hands , he turned and sailed northwards , concerned that stronger British forces might be nearby . In fact Confiance was the only British ship in the vicinity and she was severely underarmed , with a crew of just 47 men , including 20 local inhabitants recruited on the spot . The colony had been captured just three days earlier by a combined British and Portuguese expeditionary force under Captain James Lucas Yeo .
= = Battle = =
With Cayenne under British control , Topaze made all speed for Guadeloupe , Lahalle intending to land his food supplies and reinforcements on French held territory before attempting the return journey to Europe . For nine days Topaze crossed the Caribbean without encountering any British warships , but at 07 : 00 on 22 January she was spotted approaching Guadeloupe from the southwest by the brig HMS Hazard under Captain Hugh Cameron , which was part of a squadron detached from Cochrane 's invasion fleet on Barbados to watch the French islands . Although his lookouts had also sighted a French schooner close inshore , Cameron gave orders for his brig to close with the much larger French frigate instead . Within two hours , Hazard was joined by the frigates HMS Cleopatra under Captain Samuel Pechell and HMS Jason under Captain William Maude . Although both ships were smaller than Topaze , together they held a considerable advantage over the overladen French ship .
With Hazard approaching from the northeast , Cleopatra from the southeast and Jason from the south , Lahalle had only one clear route available , eastwards directly towards Guadeloupe . By 11 : 00 , Topaze was 200 yards ( 180 m ) offshore , sheltering in the anchorage off Pointe @-@ Noire , which was protected by a small gun battery manned by soldiers from the island 's garrison . Over the next three and a half hours , the British ships steadily approached the bay , hampered by light winds . The breeze strengthened at 14 : 30 and by 16 : 30 Cleopatra was close enough for Topaze to open fire on her from 25 yards ( 23 m ) . Under fire , Pechell manoeuvered into an advantageous position off Topaze 's bow and began to fire on his opponent , shooting away one of the French ship 's anchors . This caused her to swing with her bow towards the shore and Cleopatra was able to repeatedly rake Lahalle 's ship from close range .
Severely damaged , Topaze was unable to effectively respond , the only serious danger to the British ships coming from the battery onshore . By 17 : 10 Jason and Hazard had joined Cleopatra , the brig bombarding the battery while Jason opened fire on the other side of the French ship , causing further damage . Recognising that his situation was hopeless , Lahalle surrendered at 17 : 20 . As the French colours fell , approximately a third of the 430 soldiers and sailors on board Topaze attempted to escape captivity by diving overboard and swimming for the shore . Many drowned , and more were killed when Jason opened fire on the swimmers , although exact losses in the water are unknown . The remainder of the survivors , including Lahalle , totalled almost 300 men and were all made prisoners of war . The badly damaged Topaze was towed out of the bay and taken to a British port for repairs .
= = Aftermath = =
Casualties were minimal : none were recorded on Jason and Hazard and none in the French battery on shore . Cleopatra , due to the poor position and accuracy of her opponent , lost only two men killed and one wounded , the most serious damage being to her masts and rigging , which were badly cut up . Losses among the French crew in the engagement were also relatively light , with 12 dead and 14 wounded , although a number of men were killed in their attempt to reach the shore after Topaze had surrendered . The French frigate was badly damaged , particularly in her hull , and required extensive repairs before she was fit for service in the Royal Navy , commissioned under the new name of HMS Alcmene .
On 28 January , Cochrane 's fleet at Barbados , including Jason , Cleopatra and Hazard , sailed for Martinique , arriving two days later and conducting successful landings at three points on the island . Within a week , all of the French colony was in British hands except for Fort Desaix , which held out for a further three weeks before surrendering after a heavy bombardment . The following month , a major reinforcement fleet arrived from France but was unable to affect the situation on Martinique and anchored in Îles des Saintes , a small archipelago to the south of Guadeloupe . There they were blockaded and attacked by Cochrane 's squadron and in the ensuing Action of 14 – 17 April 1809 were defeated , with the ship of the line Haupoult captured and the remainder driven back to Europe . Two frigates reached Guadeloupe , but both were later captured . Subsequent attempts to resupply Guadeloupe , the only remaining French position in the West Indies , were made during 1809 , and a squadron under Commodore Francois Roquebert managed to capture a British frigate at the Action of 13 December 1809 . However , this force was intercepted by a British blockade squadron near Guadeloupe at the Action of 18 December 1809 and defeated , with two frigates destroyed and two others forced to return to Europe without reaching their destination . Guadeloupe was subsequently invaded in January 1810 and captured , ending direct French interest in the Americas during the Napoleonic Wars .
= Samut Prakan radiation accident =
A radiation accident occurred in Samut Prakan Province , Thailand in January – February 2000 . The accident happened when an insecurely stored unlicensed cobalt @-
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the OAEP .
= = Response = =
Upon receiving notification , the OAEP sent two officers to investigate , who met the doctors and patients at the hospital shortly after noon on 18 February . After questioning the scrapyard owner , they searched for the cylindrical metal pieces initially suspected to be the radiation source , but found that they were not radioactive . They then headed to the scrapyard , and noted abnormally high levels of radiation as they approached , late in the evening . At the scrapyard entrance they measured radiation at an equivalent dose of 1 millisievert per hour ( mSv / h ) and decided to request additional assistance .
Recognizing the event as a serious radiological accident , the OAEP organized an emergency response team to manage the situation , in conjunction with the local public health and civil defense authorities . They conducted contamination and radiation level surveys and found that there was no contamination , but the radiation dose rate was as high as 10 mSv / h near the source , which kept them from getting close enough to determine what the source was . Surveys to locate the source continued throughout the night . The scrapyard and immediate vicinity were cordoned off , but evacuation was deemed unnecessary .
Retrieval operations began in the afternoon of the following day ( 19 February 2000 ) , after planning and rehearsing . An excavator was used to clear the way into the scrapyard , and a lead wall was placed to help shield operators from radiation . Scrap metal pieces near the source were removed one by one , using a grasping tool for large pieces , and an improvised electromagnet attached to a 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) bamboo rod for smaller ones . A high range radiation dose rate probe was used to screen these metal pieces for radioactivity . A fluorescent screen was used to ultimately determine the exact location of the source , but the team had to wait for cloud cover to reduce moonlight enough to see properly . The source capsule was finally retrieved shortly after midnight and placed in a shielded container . It was identified by in situ gamma spectroscopy as 60Co , and had an estimated activity of 15 @.@ 7 terabecquerels ( 420 Ci ) .
The 60Co source was transferred for storage at the OAEP headquarters . Subsequent surveys found radiation in the scrapyard to have returned to normal background levels . During the same time , the OAEP was informed of the three teletherapy units in the car park , and a separate investigating team found one of the units to have had its drawer assembly missing . This was confirmed to be the origin of the source , and the three units were removed for temporary storage on 21 February .
The OAEP reported the incident to the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , which sent a team of experts on 26 February to assist in the management of the situation and the treatment of those injured .
= = Casualties = =
In total , ten people were admitted to hospital with radiation sickness : the four scrap collectors , the two scrapyard employees , the scrapyard owner , her husband , her mother , and her maid . Of these , four people ( those working at the scrapyard ) were estimated to have received radiation doses of over 6 gray ( Gy ) . All patients were ultimately referred to Rajavithi Hospital , where they received inpatient care . All but one of the patients developed agranulocytosis or bicytopenia ( depletion of white blood cells and / or platelets ) . Several also developed burns , and one ( the first scrap collector ) had to have his finger amputated . Three patients ( the two scrapyard workers and the owner 's husband ) ultimately died of uncontrolled infection and sepsis , all within two months of exposure .
In addition to these casualties , 1 @,@ 872 people living within 100 metres ( 330 ft ) of the scrapyard were potentially exposed to different levels of ionizing radiation . Physical exams and blood tests were provided to nearly half these people , who sought medical attention . Radiation doses received by OAEP personnel working to recover the radiation source did not exceed 32 mSv , as measured by individual thermoluminescent dosimeters .
= = Public reaction and aftermath = =
The accident became a subject of intense news coverage . The origin of the poorly stored radioactive source was traced to KSE , which was charged with possessing radioactive substances without permission and was fined 15 @,@ 000 baht ( approx $ 450 ) . Environmental Litigation and Advocacy for the Wants ( EnLAW ) , a non @-@ governmental advocacy group , later filed a class action lawsuit against KSE on behalf of the victims , and also against the OAEP in the Administrative Court . The Administrative Court later ruled in 2003 in favour of the plaintiffs , ordering the OAEP to pay 5 @,@ 222 @,@ 301 baht ( approx $ 155 @,@ 000 ) as restitution . KSE was ordered by the Civil Court to pay a total of 640 @,@ 246 baht ( approx $ 19 @,@ 000 ) .
In media reports of the accident , several reporters commented negatively on the emergency response team 's operation , perceiving them as " not taking the matter [ of radiation hazard ] seriously " and being unprofessional and lacking training . The BBC told of " officials searching through scrap metal heaps for radioactive waste using sticks and wearing cotton gardening gloves and cloth face @-@ masks . " The IAEA defended the team in its report , noting that it included " experienced personnel with expertise in dealing with high radiation fields and control of known contamination , " and that they " used innovative means to achieve rapid recovery of the source . " It also commented that the lead aprons worn by some members of the response team were not appropriate for use in the situation , as they would not offer adequate protection against ionizing radiation .
As public concern over the accident grew while information and education was limited , misconceptions arose about the nature of radiation hazards . Residents near a Buddhist temple protested and prevented the cremation of one of the victims , believing that the body could spread radiation , despite assurances by the OAEP to the contrary .
The IAEA report noted that the main contributing factors to the accident were : difficulties in the disposal of radiation sources , the OAEP 's limited oversight capacity , transfer of the disused source without the OAEP 's approval , moving the sources to an unsecured location , lack of understandable warnings , and the dismantling of the device . An article published in Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine commented that " the most serious omission occurred when the medical users ... returned the obsolete units to the Medical Dealer without notifying the OAEP " and that their insecure storage " invited theft . " It called for provisions for the safe return and verified disposal of all significant radioactive sources , and stated : " National action is needed to cope with the regulatory problem of orphan sources by maintaining accountability of sources through national registers and the legal enforcement of compliance with the regulations . "
The accident , along with other similar events , prompted the IAEA to re @-@ evaluate the effectiveness of the radioactive hazard trefoil as a warning symbol . Although the symbol was displayed on the teletherapy head , none of those handling the device were aware of its meaning , nor were there written warnings in Thai . Together with the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , the IAEA developed a new symbol that would serve as an intuitive warning for large sources of ionizing radiation . The new symbol was published in 2007 as ISO 21482 , and is intended to accompany the trefoil on internal components of devices containing dangerous sources to prevent persons from unknowingly disassembling them .
In Thailand , however , substantial efforts to prevent further such occurrences had not materialized in the months following the accident . Labour activists , trade unions and workers were lobbying for the creation of an independent occupational health and safety institute . Social critics pointed out that the accident , along with several prior disasters such as the Kader toy factory fire , was part of a trend in which the country 's rapid industrialization resulted in increasing health and environmental hazards due to poor regulations and lack of official willingness to tackle the issue .
Similar incidents occurred in Thailand in 2008 , without injuries . In June 2008 , a cesium @-@ 137 sealed radioactive source was found among scrap metal sold to a scrap dealer in Ayutthaya Province . The dealer recognized the trefoil symbol , and notified the OAP , which responded and found no leak of radiation or contamination . It could not , however , determine the origins of the equipment . In August , a recycling factory in Chachoengsao Province notified the OAP after a piece of scrap metal set off its gate detector alarm . The OAP found that the piece of metal contained radium @-@ 226 sources , and concluded that it originated from unlicensed use in a lightning preventer .
= Bengal slow loris =
The Bengal slow loris ( Nycticebus bengalensis ) or northern slow loris is a strepsirrhine primate and a species of slow loris native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina . Its geographic range is larger than that of any other slow loris species . Considered a subspecies of the Sunda slow loris ( N. coucang ) until 2001 , phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Bengal slow loris is most closely related to the Sunda slow loris . However , some individuals in both species have mitochondrial DNA sequences that resemble those of the other species , due to introgressive hybridization . It is the largest species of slow loris , measuring 26 to 38 cm ( 10 to 15 in ) from head to tail and weighing between 1 and 2 @.@ 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 and 4 @.@ 6 lb ) . Like other slow lorises , it has a wet nose ( rhinarium ) , a round head , flat face , large eyes , small ears , a vestigial tail , and dense , woolly fur . The toxin it secretes from its brachial gland ( a scent gland in its arm ) differs chemically from that of other slow loris species and may be used to communicate information about sex , age , health , and social status .
The Bengal slow loris is nocturnal and arboreal , occurring in both evergreen and deciduous forests . It prefers rainforests with dense canopies , and its presence in its native habitat indicates a healthy ecosystem . It is a seed disperser and pollinator , as well as a prey item for carnivores . Its diet primarily consists of fruit , but also includes insects , tree gum , snails , and small vertebrates . In winter , it relies on plant exudates , such as sap and tree gum . The species lives in small family groups , marks its territory with urine , and sleeps during the day by curling up in dense vegetation or in tree holes . It is a seasonal breeder , reproducing once every 12 – 18 months and usually giving birth to a single offspring . For the first three months , mothers carry their offspring , which reach sexual maturity at around 20 months . The Bengal slow loris can live up to 20 years .
The species is listed as " Vulnerable " on the IUCN Red List , and is threatened with extinction due to a growing demand in the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine . It is one of the most common animals sold in local animal markets . In traditional medicine , it is primarily used by wealthy to middle @-@ class , urban women following childbirth , but also to treat stomach problems , broken bones , and sexually transmitted diseases . It is also hunted for food and suffers from habitat loss . Wild populations have declined severely , and it is locally extinct in several regions . It is found within many protected areas throughout its range , but this does not protect them from rampant poaching and illegal logging . Critical conservation issues for this species include enhancing protection measures , stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws , and increased connectivity between fragmented protected areas .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Nycticebus bengalensis , commonly known as the Bengal slow loris or northern slow loris , is a strepsirrhine primate in the slow loris genus , Nycticebus . Formerly considered a subspecies of the Sunda slow loris ( N. coucang ) , it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001 by taxonomist and primatologist Colin Groves . It is difficult to distinguish from the other species in its genus .
To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries , and to establish whether morphology @-@ based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships , the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Nycticebus have been investigated using DNA sequences derived from the mitochondrial markers D loop and cytochrome b . Although most of the recognized lineages of Nycticebus ( including N. pygmaeus , N. menagensis and N. javanicus ) were shown to be genetically distinct — the analysis suggested that DNA sequences from some individuals of N. coucang and N. bengalensis apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species . The authors suggest that this result may be explained by introgressive hybridization , as the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of sympatry in southern Thailand ; the precise origin of one of the N. coucang individuals was not known . This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between N. bengalensis and N. coucang , and suggested that there has been gene flow between the two species .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
The Bengal slow loris is the largest species of slow loris , weighing 1 to 2 @.@ 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 6 lb ) , and measuring between 26 and 38 cm ( 10 and 15 in ) from head to tail . It has a skull length of more than 62 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . It has dense , woolly , brown @-@ gray fur on its back and white fur on its underside . It also has a clear dark stripe that runs up to the top of its head , but does not extend laterally towards the ears . Its forearm and hand are almost white . The limbs of the pelvis vary in color from brown to nearly white , and the feet are always pale . Moulting may cause seasonal variations in the color of the dorsal surface . Like other slow lorises , its tail is vestigial and it has a round head and short ears . It has a rhinarium ( the moist , naked surface around the nostrils of the nose ) and a broad , flat face with large eyes . Its eyes reflect a bright orange eye shine . On its front feet , the second digit is smaller than the rest ; the big toe on its hind foot opposes the other toes , which enhances its gripping power . Its second toe on the hind foot has a curved " toilet @-@ claw " that the animal uses for scratching and grooming , while the other nails are straight .
In addition to being smaller than the Bengal slow loris , the sympatric Sunda slow loris also differs in its coloring : it does not have the pale areas of the head , nape and shoulders , and its overall color is a tawny- or golden @-@ brown . The pygmy slow loris ( N. pygmaeus ) is much smaller , with a skull length less than 55 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) . It also lacks the dark dorsal stripe of the Bengal slow loris , has dark brown fur , and longer ears .
The Bengal slow loris has a small swelling on the ventral side of its elbow called the brachial gland , which secretes a pungent , clear oily toxin that the animal uses defensively by wiping it on its toothcomb . The oil has been analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry , and it has been shown that almost half of the several dozen volatile or semi @-@ volatile chemicals present do not occur in the closely related pygmy slow loris . The most predominant component was the phenolic compound m @-@ cresol . The authors of the study suggest that the chemically complex oils may help the lorises communicate with each other , allowing them to transmit by scent information about sex , age , health and nutritional status , and dominance .
= = Behavior and ecology = =
The preferred habitats of the Bengal slow loris range across tropical and subtropical regions , and include evergreen and semi @-@ evergreen rainforests with forest edges and continuous , dense canopies . It can also be found in bamboo groves . It prefers habitats with larger diameter , tall trees with a large crown depth ( defined as the length along the main axis from the tree tip to the base of the crown ) ; these areas are typically associated with greater food abundance , and decreased risk of predation . Because of its preference for dense forests , it acts as a good indicator of the ecosystem 's health .
The species acts as an important seed disperser and pollinator , as well as a prey item for several carnivores . The Bengal slow loris feeds on plant exudates such as sap , gums , resins , and latexes , particularly those from the family Fabaceae . Even though the species does not have keeled nails , it will scrape the plant , actively breaking its surface ; this behavior resembles that of marmosets and the fork @-@ marked lemurs . Exudates are also obtained by gouging holes in the bark . The winter food supply consists almost entirely of plant exudates . The bastard myrobala ( Terminalia belerica ) , a deciduous tree common in Southeast Asia , is a preferred source for exudates , but it has also been observed taking plant exudates from a number of families : Moraceae ( Artocarpus ) , Magnoliaceae ( Manglietia ) , Fabaceae ( Acacia , Bauhinia ) , Lecythidaceae ( Careya arborea ) , and Sterculiaceae ( Pterospermum ) . Although it will feed on large insects ( such as katydids and crickets ) , gum , snails , small birds , and reptiles , it is primarily frugivorous . Lianas of the flowering plant genus Bauhinia are a commonly used food source .
A nocturnal animal , the Bengal slow loris has excellent night vision , enhanced by a tapetum lucidum — a layer of tissue in the eye that reflects visible light back through the retina . It sleeps during the day curled up in a ball in dense vegetation or in tree holes . Males and females mark their territory with urine . The species is known to live in small family groups . Animals may practice social grooming .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The Bengal slow loris is not a seasonal breeder , unlike the pygmy slow loris . Females in an estrous cycle attract males with a loud whistle . Females reproduce every 12 – 18 months and have a six @-@ month gestation . Because they are not seasonal breeders , females could become pregnant when their offspring are approximately 6 months old , making possible for females to produce two offspring per year . Females typically give birth to a single offspring , although twins rarely occur . This differs from the sympatric pygmy slow loris , which commonly has twins . The mother carries her young about three months before they become independent , although they may be temporarily left on branches while the mother searches for food . Sexual maturity is reached at approximately 20 months of age . The species is known to live up to 20 years .
= = Distribution = =
The species has the largest geographic range of all slow loris species and is native to Northeast India , Bangladesh and Indochina ( Cambodia , Laos , Burma , Vietnam , southern China and Thailand ) . It is the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states , which include Assam , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram , Nagaland , Meghalaya , Manipur and Tripura . It is found in parts of Yunnan and in southwest Guangxi in China , and has been recorded in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh . It is known from 24 protected areas in Vietnam , and is distributed across most of Thailand . In Burma , it has been reported from Bhamo , Sumprabum , Kindat , Chin Hills , Pathein , Thaungdaung and Pegu ; populations in Laos have been recorded in the north , central , and southern portions of the country .
The Bengal slow loris is sympatric ( shares its range ) with the pygmy slow loris in southeast of China , Vietnam , and Laos . The Bengal slow loris is also sympatric with the Sunda slow loris on the southern peninsula of Thailand . In 2001 , Groves reported the existence of hybrids between these two species in this region .
= = Conservation = =
Listed as " Data Deficient " as recently as 2006 on the IUCN Red List , The Bengal slow loris was evaluated in 2008 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as " Vulnerable " — a decision based solely on habitat loss due to lack of sufficient field data . It is found within numerous protected areas within its range ; however , poaching and illegal logging are rampant while conservation measures are not species @-@ specific . The species can be found in at least 43 protected areas in Northeast India , 14 conservation areas in Laos , and 24 protected areas in Vietnam . It can be found at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh , and 80 % of its range in China is protected . The species has been listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 , and in June 2007 , it was transferred along with all other slow loris species to CITES Appendix I , which forbids international commercial trade .
The most severe threats facing the species are the wildlife trade ( trapping for exotic pets and use in traditional medicine ) and deforestation . Slash and burn agriculture has also resulted in the destruction of its habitat , and road construction is another factor in its decline . Hunting has been found to be most severe when nearby urban human populations increase . Enhancing protection measures , enforcing current wildlife protection laws , and improving the connectivity between protected areas are factors considered critical to ensure the survival of this species .
The species is commonly sold as a pet and to zoos throughout Southeast Asia . In Cambodia , it was reported in 2006 as one of the most common mammals found in shops and stalls , found in the hundreds and selling for US $ 0 @.@ 85 to US $ 6 @.@ 25 . In the same year , it was found selling for US $ 2 @.@ 50 to US $ 6 @.@ 30 at bazaars in China ( Mengla County in Yunnan Province ) and US $ 70 in Thailand . The Bengal slow loris is used in traditional medicine in all of these countries , selling for US $ 15 in Vietnam , and is also eaten in Vietnam . The animal is predominantly used to prepare treatments for women after childbirth , stomach problems , healing wounds and broken bones , and in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases . Primary users are wealthy to middle @-@ class women in urban areas .
= = = Habitat and population trends = = =
Throughout its geographic range , slow lorises are in serious decline . Their habitat has been seriously degraded , and growing human populations will add increasing pressure . In countries like Bangladesh , only 9 % of the original forest cover was still present in 2000 . In northeastern Cambodia , forests are being cleared at an increasing rate , with a loss of 6 % of the natural forest between 1999 and 2000 . Within those same years , Myanmar and Thailand lost 14 % and 26 % of their natural forest , respectively . In Vietnam , only 30 % of the original forest cover remains due to the deforestation caused by the Vietnam War , and only 10 % of that includes closed @-@ canopy forests . Habitat destruction remains rampant , and all slow loris populations within its borders are significantly depleted . Populations have been declared locally extinct in southern Quảng Nam Province and parts of the highlands , and the same is expected in Song Thanh and Kon Cha Rang nature reserves .
In India , dense forest canopy has been depleted by as much as 55 % in some areas and is rapidly disappearing . As early as 1987 , the Indo @-@ China region had reportedly lost 75 % of the natural habitat for slow lorises . In 1992 , the population size was estimated between 16 @,@ 000 and 17 @,@ 000 individuals , based on available habitat ; however , recent publications report that few individuals remain due a reduced geographic range . The Bengal slow loris may be restricted to a few isolated populations and is in serious threat of becoming locally extinct in parts of Assam and Meghalaya . In Arunachal Pradesh , its population is declining and under threat .
Population density has been estimated between 0 @.@ 03 and 0 @.@ 33 individuals per km2 in Assam , India according to a study published in 2006 . A survey in 2007 at the Thrisna Wildlife Sanctuary and Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary in Tripura , India yielded an encounter rate of 0 @.@ 22 individuals / km , with seven of nine sightings occurring within 1 @.@ 71 km2 ( 0 @.@ 66 sq mi ) and most of the animals found at a height of 8 – 15 m ( 26 – 49 ft ) and near the interior of wet , deciduous forest . In 2008 , the species abundance was measured at 0 @.@ 18 individuals / km at Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam .
Since the 1990s , China 's forests have declined significantly . In Yunnan and Guangxi provinces , primary forests are few and isolated , and secondary forests have been severely degraded . Yunnan has lost 42 % of its forests and 2 @,@ 000 or less slow lorises remain . In Guangxi , the Bengal slow loris is nearly extinct ; it has been extirpated in Ningming County and only a few individuals are left in Jingxi , Longzhou and Pingxiang .
= SMS Hagen =
SMS Hagen was the final vessel of the six @-@ member Siegfried class of coastal defense ships ( Küstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the German Imperial Navy . Her sister ships were Siegfried , Beowulf , Frithjof , Heimdall , and Hildebrand . Hagen was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Kiel shipyard between 1891 and 1893 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1900 - 1902 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Hagen was demobilized in 1915 and used as a barracks ship thereafter . She was ultimately sold for scrap in 1919 and subsequently dismantled .
= = Design = =
Hagen was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 @.@ 90 m ( 48 @.@ 9 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 @.@ 74 m ( 18 @.@ 8 ft ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 741 long tons ( 3 @,@ 801 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal @-@ fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 @.@ 8 knots ( 27 @.@ 4 km / h ; 17 @.@ 0 mph ) and a range of approximately 1 @,@ 490 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 760 km ; 1 @,@ 710 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Hagen had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L / 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with eight 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns in single mounts . Hagen also carried four 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , all in swivel mounts on the deck . One was at the bow , another at the stern , and two amidships . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) amidships , and an armored deck that was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides . Hagen 's armor consisted of new Krupp steel , a more effective type of armor than the compound steel the other members of the class received .
= = Service history = =
Hagen was laid down in 1891 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel . She was launched on 23 October 1893 , and completed on 2 October 1894 . In July 1895 , Hagen , the protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta , and the old corvettes Marie and Stosch were sent to Morocco in a naval demonstration following the murder of two German nationals in the country . The German government had demanded 250 @,@ 000 marks as an indemnity , and the naval squadron was sent to secure it .
After returning to Germany , Hagen served on active duty with the fleet . In 1897 , Hagen participated in the annual summer maneuvers in the IV Division , along with Heimdall and Frithjof . Her other three sisters were assigned to the III Division . The following year , she was taken into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Danzig for an extensive reconstruction . The ship was lengthened to 86 @.@ 13 m ( 282 @.@ 6 ft ) , which increased displacement to 4 @,@ 247 t ( 4 @,@ 180 long tons ; 4 @,@ 682 short tons ) . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Thornycroft boilers , and a second funnel was added . Her secondary battery was increased to ten 8 @.@ 8 cm guns , and the 35 cm torpedo tubes were replaced with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) tubes . Work was completed by 1900 .
She then returned to service with the fleet , where in 1903 she was in the II Squadron , alongside Beowulf , Heimdall , and Hildebrand . She remained on active service until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was mobilized into the VI Battle Squadron for coastal defense , along with her sister ships . On 31 August 1915 , the VI Battle Squadron was demobilized , and Hagen 's crew was transferred to other warships . She was then used as a barracks ship in Libau , Danzig , and Warnemünde . On 17 June 1919 , she was stricken from the naval register . She was sold for scrapping to Norddeutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft of Berlin and broken for scrap .
= Mother Simpson =
" Mother Simpson " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' seventh season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 19 , 1995 . After faking his own death to get a day off of work , Homer reunites with his mother Mona , whom he thought had died 27 years ago . It was directed by David Silverman and was the first episode to be written by Richard Appel . Glenn Close makes her first of six guest spots as Homer 's mother .
= = Plot = =
Mr. Burns has all of his employees clean up a highway maintained by his company . Not wishing to waste his Saturday , Homer fakes his death so that he does not have to take part . He uses a replica of himself and throws it into a waterfall which gets severely broken and eventually goes into the turbines to which everyone thinks Homer killed himself . The next day , news of Homer 's " death " spreads , and after getting many flowers and sympathy cards , as well as a tombstone , Marge finds out and orders Homer to go to the Springfield Hall of Records to get the " misunderstanding " sorted out . While sorting out the problem , Homer gets into an argument with a clerk who claims that Homer 's mother is still alive , in spite of Homer 's belief that she died while he was young . Homer visits what he believes is her grave , only to discover that it belongs to Walt Whitman . Nearby , he sees his own grave and falls into it . A woman approaches and chastises Homer for falling into her son 's grave . Homer realizes that the woman is his mother , Mona , and the two have an emotional reunion after 27 years apart .
Homer takes Mona home to meet the family and she bonds with Lisa , being on the same intellectual level . While the two are sitting on the front steps , a police car drives by and Mona runs inside the house , making Lisa suspicious . She shares her suspicions with Bart , who had raided Mona 's purse and found several driver 's licenses with different names ; Lisa suspects that Mona is a con artist . Meanwhile , Homer and Marge are wondering why his mother left him for 27 years and the two decide to confront Mona , who decides to tell them the truth .
In a flashback to 1969 , Mona is a housewife who still lives with Homer 's father Abe . While Abe is watching the 1969 Super Bowl , Mona becomes inspired by Joe Namath 's long hair . She joins a group of hippies who protest Mr. Burns ' germ warfare laboratory , who is deliberately trying to poison everyone in Springfield . They detonate an " antibiotic bomb " inside the lab , killing all the germs and curing lab security guard Clancy Wiggum 's asthma . Angry about the destruction of his " precious germs " , Burns runs to the lab , but is trampled by the fleeing hippies . Mona goes back to help him , and Burns manages to identify her as one of the perpetrators , forcing Mona to leave her family and go into hiding .
Mona reveals that she sent Homer a care package every week , although he never received them , and they go to the post office to claim them . There , Burns recognizes her and calls the FBI . The FBI and Burns manage to track Mona down and invade the Simpson home . However , Homer and Mona manage to escape thanks to a tip @-@ off from Wiggum , who is grateful to Mona for curing his asthma , and thereby allowing him to join the police force . Mona is once again forced to go into hiding and she and Homer say goodbye . After Mona leaves , Homer remains well into the night , sitting on his car and watching the stars .
= = Production = =
The idea for " Mother Simpson " was pitched by Richard Appel , who decided to do something about Homer 's mother , who previously had only been mentioned once . Many of the writers could not believe that an episode about Homer 's mother had not previously been produced . Part of the fun of an episode about Homer 's mother for the writers was that they were able to solve several little puzzles , such as where Lisa 's intelligence came from . The ending shot with Homer gazing at the sky was decided at the table read , but the drawing at the end was inserted by David Silverman because it was felt that the scene was so touching that no other lines were needed . As a result , no promos were aired over the credits during the original airing of the episode . Bill Oakley has admitted that he always gets teary @-@ eyed when he watches the ending .
Glenn Close , who was directed by Josh Weinstein , was convinced to do the episode partially because of James L. Brooks . Mona Simpson was designed in a way so that she would somewhat resemble Homer in her face , such as the shape of her upper lip and her nose . There were several design changes because the directors were trying to make her an attractive older and younger woman , but still be Simpson @-@ esque . The inspiration for the character comes from Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground , although the writers acknowledge that several people fit her description . Mona Simpson 's crime was intentionally the least violent crime the writers could think of , as she did not harm anyone and was only caught because she came back to help Mr. Burns . The character was named after Richard Appel 's wife at the time , the novelist Mona Simpson . When Mona gets in the van , her voice is done by Pamela Hayden because Glenn Close could not say " d 'oh ! " properly and thus they used the original temp track recorded by Hayden .
The design of Joe Friday is based on his design in " Dragged Net ! " , a parody of Dragnet that was done in Mad Magazine in the 1950s . Mona becoming a radical after seeing Joe Namath 's sideburns is a parody of how many 1960s films have a sudden transformational moment and play music such as " Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! " and there was much discussion among the writers as to what that moment should be . The song originally intended to be taped over Mr. Burns ' cassette of " Ride of the Valkyries " was " Wake Me Up Before You Go @-@ Go " , but it was too expensive to clear , so ABBA ’ s " Waterloo " was selected instead .
= = Cultural references = =
" Mother Simpson " draws upon a number of references to 1960s popular culture . Three songs from the 1960s appear in this episode : " Sunshine of Your Love " by Cream , " Blowin ' in the Wind " by Bob Dylan and the Jimi Hendrix cover of " All Along the Watchtower " . Mona Simpson is seen reading Steal This Book by Abbie Hoffman . Mona mentions that she worked a number of jobs while on the run , including " marketing Jerry Rubin ’ s line of diet shakes , proofreading Bobby Seale ’ s cookbook , and running credit checks at Tom Hayden ’ s Porsche dealership . " Rubin , Seale and Hayden were three liberal radicals from the 1960s . Rubin did indeed have a line of diet shakes , and Bobby Seale did write some cookbooks . However , Tom Hayden never owned a Porsche dealership .
The radicals use a Spiro Agnew alarm clock , which is based on a real item . When Mr. Burns drives a tank towards the Simpson house , he is wearing oversized headgear . This is a reference to a public relations stunt by Michael Dukakis in 1988 . When Mr. Burns plays a tape of " Ride of the Valkyries " , it has been recorded over by Smithers with " Waterloo " by ABBA , a reference to Smithers ' implied homosexuality ( ABBA are gay icons ) and to the helicopter beach attack scene in Apocalypse Now , in which " Ride of the Valkyries " is famously played . Maggie is shown dancing in her diaper and covered in slogans in a parody of the filler scenes of Laugh @-@ In in which Goldie Hawn and other female cast members like Ruth Buzzi and Jo Anne Worley danced in a bikini with slogans and drawings painted on their bodies . The two FBI agents are Joe Friday and Bill Gannon from Dragnet . Bill Gannon is voiced by Harry Morgan , the man who played Gannon in the original series .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Mother Simpson " finished 45th in ratings for the week of October 30 - November 5 , 1995 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 0 , equivalent to approximately 9 @.@ 6 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 , The X @-@ Files and Melrose Place .
" Mother Simpson " is one of Oakley and Weinstein 's favorite episodes ; they have called it a perfect combination of real emotion , good jokes and an interesting story . In 1996 , " Treehouse of Horror VI " was submitted for the Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming less than One Hour ) " category because it had a 3D animation sequence , which they felt would have given it the edge . Pinky and the Brain eventually went on to win . Bill Oakley feels that had this episode been submitted , it would have easily won . The joke about Homer apparently being familiar with Walt Whitman is one of David Silverman 's favorite jokes .
Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide praised the episode , calling it " Gag @-@ packed , and very touching " . The Quindecim , a college newspaper , published a top 25 The Simpsons episodes list and placed " Mother Simpson " in 19th place . IGN.com ranked Glenn Close 's performance as the 25th best guest appearance in the show 's history . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named Close one of the 16 best Simpsons guest stars .
= Who Can See It =
" Who Can See It " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1973 album Living in the Material World . The lyrics reflect Harrison 's uneasy feelings towards the Beatles ' legacy , three years after the group 's break @-@ up , and serve as his statement of independence from expectations raised by the band 's unprecedented popularity . Some music critics and biographers suggest that he wrote the song during a period of personal anguish , following the acclaim he had received as a solo artist with the 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass and his 1971 – 72 Bangladesh aid project . The revelatory nature of the lyrics has encouraged comparisons between Living in the Material World and John Lennon 's primal therapy @-@ inspired 1970 release , Plastic Ono Band .
A dramatic ballad in the Roy Orbison vein , the composition features unusual changes in time signature and a melody that incorporates musical tension . Harrison self @-@ produced the recording , which includes heavy orchestration and a choir , both arranged by John Barham . Several commentators consider Harrison 's vocal performance on " Who Can See It " to be among the finest of his career , while his production style has been likened to that of Beatles producer George Martin . The other musicians on the track are Nicky Hopkins , Klaus Voormann , Jim Keltner and Gary Wright .
Among reviews of the song , " Who Can See It " has been described variously as an " aching , yearning masterpiece " , a " song which goes on far too long to make its simple point " , and an " unequivocal statement " on Harrison 's identity . In line with his self @-@ image as a musician , regardless of his past as a Beatle , Harrison included " Who Can See It " in the setlist for his 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar , the first tour there by a former Beatle since the band 's break @-@ up .
= = Background and inspiration = =
As with the majority of the songs on his Living in the Material World album , George Harrison wrote " Who Can See It " over 1971 – 72 . In his autobiography , I , Me , Mine , he makes light of the emotion behind the song , describing it as simply " a true story meaning ' Give us a break , squire ' " . Simon Leng , Harrison 's musical biographer , recognises the song as a statement of considerable personal anguish , however . He writes of Harrison having been " deeply traumatized " by the effects of the Beatles ' unprecedented popularity , and equally disoriented by his success as a solo artist following their break @-@ up in April 1970 . According to Leng , Harrison was in the same state of internal conflict over 1972 – 73 as John Lennon had been when writing the song " Help ! " in 1965 , during his self @-@ styled " fat Elvis period " . Music critic Stephen Holden highlighted a similar comparison between the two ex @-@ Beatles in July 1973 , when he deemed Living in the Material World to be " as personal and confessional " as Lennon 's primal therapy @-@ inspired Plastic Ono Band album ( 1970 ) .
During the Beatles ' career , Harrison had been the first to tire of Beatlemania and the group 's celebrity status , and he had written songs rejecting what Leng terms the " artifice " surrounding the band . Lennon himself described the Beatles ' predicament as " four individuals who eventually recovered their individualities after being submerged in a myth " . In addition , for Harrison , while he began to match Lennon and Paul McCartney as a songwriter towards the end of the group 's career , his relatively junior position in the Beatles was a source of frustration to him , which , according to music journalist Mikal Gilmore , left " deep and lasting wounds " .
Aside from being released from the psychological pressure of being a Beatle in 1970 , Harrison was the one who potentially benefited the most from the group 's break @-@ up . His 1970 triple album , All Things Must Pass , was a major commercial and critical success , eclipsing releases by both Lennon and McCartney . According to author Ian Inglis , Harrison became " popular music 's first statesman " as a result of both All Things Must Pass and his 1971 – 72 Bangladesh aid project . The last of these established humanitarianism as a new direction for rock music , in addition to focusing on Harrison the level of attention previously afforded the Beatles . While Leng describes " Who Can See It " as a " plea for understanding from a private man living his life in public " , Inglis writes that , after the " euphoria " of his recent achievements as a solo artist , Harrison was forced to confront " some of the more unpleasant realities of his everyday life " .
= = Composition = =
" Who Can See It " is in the musical key of E. The melody incorporates various augmented and diminished chords , which Harrison describes in I , Me , Mine as " all kinds of suspended chords " , since he played them in an open tuning on the guitar . The song starts with a solitary guitar figure and then builds in intensity through the verse and into the chorus , as musical tension matches the emotion of the lyrics .
Leng views " Who Can See It " as a " new type of ballad " from Harrison , one that combines a " dramatic edge " with rhythmic sophistication . The time signature shifts throughout the composition , from 4 / 4 to 6 / 4 and 5 / 8 , with brief portions in 5 / 4 and 3 / 4 . In Leng 's description , the melody features " sweepingly large chromatic intervals " , beginning with the verse 's third line – a four @-@ semitone swoop that recalls the ascending melismas commonly used in Indian music . Harrison later remarked , with reference to the boldness of the tune : " [ ' Who Can See It ' ] reminds me of Roy Orbison for some reason . He could do this good . "
Among the material Harrison wrote or finished for Living in the Material World , several songs reflect on his years with the Beatles , and in the case of " Who Can See It " , with bitterness . In the opening verse , he states :
I 've been held up
I 've been run down
I can see quite clearly now through those past years
When I played towing the line .
Inglis views these lines as a reference to Harrison 's working @-@ class upbringing as well as his years as a member of the Beatles . In the chorus that follows , Harrison contends that , having personally lived through these experiences , his sole wish is that his feelings " Should not be denied me now " , and he concludes : " I can see my life belongs to me / My love belongs to who can see it . " Inglis offers a simple précis of this statement : " he has paid his dues . Now he is his own man ... "
In the song 's second verse , Harrison sings of having " lived in fear " and witnessed the hatred created by " this sad world " . While later discussing his aversion to performing live after 1966 , Harrison presented a similar imagery , citing the Beatles ' concerns regarding the threat of assassination . He also referred to the band 's fame as " very one @-@ sided " , since the Beatles " gave their nervous systems " while receiving the adulation of their fans .
Leng finds the words to verse two typical of Harrison 's tendency towards " internalization of world events " in some of his songs from this period , whereby " hate , conflict and strife " are projected onto the " wider world " in the likes of " Who Can See It " and " The Light That Has Lighted the World " . Theologian Dale Allison views the mention of " this sad world " as a further reference to the essentially " tragic " nature of human existence , after " All Things Must Pass " and in anticipation of later Harrison songs such as " Stuck Inside a Cloud " , in that " notwithstanding all the success and adulation " , ultimately , " we are all alone " . Allison writes of the message behind " Who Can See It " : " Here he declares his freedom from his Beatle past , his freedom to be himself . "
= = Recording = =
Harrison had intended to co @-@ produce his long @-@ awaited follow @-@ up to All Things Must Pass with Phil Spector , a mainstay of his career since 1970 . Spector 's unreliability meant that Harrison was forced to produce Living in the Material World alone – an outcome that music critics Greg Kot and Zeth Lundy find regrettable , in light of how Spector 's signature Wall of Sound treatment might have suited ballads such as " Who Can See It " and " The Day the World Gets ' Round " . Another regular Harrison collaborator , John Barham , provided orchestral arrangements as before , and noted an " austere quality " in some of the new songs . " George was under stress during Living in the Material World , " Barham said later . " I felt that he was going through some kind of a crisis . I think it may have been spiritual , but I cannot be sure . "
Harrison taped the basic track for " Who Can See It " between October and December 1972 , either at the Beatles ' Apple Studio in London or at FPSHOT , his home studio in Henley , Oxfordshire . He recorded his vocals during the first two months of the new year , and Barham 's orchestration and choir were added in late February .
Harrison 's twin electric @-@ guitar parts recall the sound of the Beatles ' Abbey Road album , through his use of a Leslie rotary effect – a detail that Leng finds significant , given the song 's subject matter . In another Beatles comparison , music journalists Alan Clayson and John Metzger consider Harrison 's production on Material World to be similar to George Martin 's work with the band . Leng writes of " Who Can See It " having been " conceived with an Orbison vocal " , and the singing duly reflects Orbison 's more dramatic style . Harrison 's vocal reaches falsetto in places , while , in Clayson 's description , " swerving from muttered trepidation to strident intensity " during the course of the song .
Aside from Harrison , the musicians on the recording include Nicky Hopkins ( piano ) , Klaus Voormann ( bass ) and Jim Keltner ( drums ) . As can be heard in the outtake of " Who Can See It " available unofficially on the Living in the Alternate World bootleg , Gary Wright 's original contribution was a prominent harmonium part , superseded by Barham 's strings and brass on the released version . Leng nevertheless credits Wright with playing organ on the song .
= = Release and reception = =
Apple Records released Living in the Material World at the end of May 1973 in the United States and a month later in Britain . " Who Can See It " appeared as track 4 on side one of the LP format , in between what Leng terms the " perfect pop confection " " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " and another song that referenced Harrison 's Beatle past , " Living in the Material World " . Reflecting the album 's lyrical themes , Tom Wilkes 's art design contrasted a devout spiritual existence with life in the material world , by featuring Hindu religious images such as a painting of Krishna and his warrior prince Arjuna , and a photograph of Harrison and his fellow musicians at a banquet , surrounded by symbols of material wealth and success .
The album confirmed Harrison 's status as the most commercially successful ex @-@ Beatle , but it drew criticism from some reviewers for the number of slow songs among its eleven tracks , as well as the perceived preachy tone of Harrison 's lyrics . According to author Michael Frontani , lines such as " My life belongs to me " in " Who Can See It " " betrayed sentiments of a man increasingly at odds … with fans and critics who wanted him to be ' Beatle George , ' or at least to be less fixated on his spirituality " .
In his review for Rolling Stone , Stephen Holden wrote that , amid Material World 's " miraculous ... radiance " , the song represented " passionate testament " and " a beautiful ballad whose ascendant long @-@ line melody is the most distinguished of the album " . In Melody Maker , Michael Watts described Living in the Material World as " far , far removed from the Beatles " and " more interesting " lyrically than All Things Must Pass . Watts noted the " large autobiographical insights " provided in Harrison 's songwriting , of which " Who Can See It " showed " he 's found the way at last " . Writing of Harrison 's standing on an album he considered " as personal , in its own way , as anything that Lennon has done " : Watts said : " Harrison has always struck me before as simply a writer of very classy pop songs ; now he stands as something more than an entertainer . Now he 's being honest . " NME critic Bob Woffinden praised the song also , but suggested it was " ideal material " for someone with a wider vocal range than Harrison .
= = Retrospective reviews = =
Some recent reviewers have been less enthusiastic , with PopMatters ' Zeth Lundy opining that , rather than Harrison 's more " stripped @-@ down " production aesthetic , " Who Can See It " would have benefited from " the hyper @-@ drama of All Things Must Pass ' resonant abyss " . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot similarly bemoaned the " hymn @-@ like calm " of the performance and its falling short of the " transcendent heights " of Harrison 's 1970 triple set . In their Solo Beatles Compendium , Chip Madinger and Mark Easter dismiss the track as a " song which goes on far too long to make its simple point " , a situation not helped by a " histrionic " vocal from Harrison .
Reviewing the 2006 reissue of Living in the Material World for Q magazine , Tom Doyle included it among the album 's best three tracks and wrote : " the introspective moods of The Light That Has Lighted The World and Who Can See It , with their ornate instrumentation and weepy vocals , are lovely things . " Former Mojo editor Mat Snow describes Material World as " a treat for the ears " and , while conceding Harrison 's limitations as a singer compared with Lennon and McCartney , he writes that Harrison " worked hard to ensure the choruses of ... ' Who Can See It ' caught the ear with their deep and delicious emotion " . In his review of the 2014 reissue of Harrison 's Apple catalogue , for Classic Rock , Paul Trynka refers to Material Word as an album that " sparkles with many gems " ; of these , he adds , " it 's the more restrained tracks – Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long , Who Can See It – that entrance : gorgeous pop songs , all the more forceful for their restraint . " New Zealand Herald journalist Graham Reid writes of Harrison " sound [ ing ] battered by recent events and the Beatle legacy " on " Who Can See It " , yet he cites the song as a " standout " on an album that " can be very moving " .
Among Beatles biographers , the Roy Orbison influence in " Who Can See It " is frequently noted , as is the fact that Harrison 's lead vocal is one of the best of his career . In addition to admiring the album 's disciplined , George Martin @-@ like production , Alan Clayson has written of the " hitherto unprecedented audacity " of the vocals found throughout Material World , adding : " He may have lacked the Big O 's operatic pitch , but ' Who Can See It ' was among George 's most magnificent performances on record . Veering cleanly into falsetto on other tracks , too , never had his pipes been so adept . " Elliot Huntley describes " Who Can See It " as a " beautiful ballad " and an " aching , yearning masterpiece " . In his chapter on George Harrison in the book The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , Peter Lavezzoli is another who highlights Harrison 's singing on this " gorgeous Roy Orbison @-@ esque ballad " .
While praising a vocal that " positively bursts with passion " , Leng identifies the song 's " prevailing emotions " as " bitterness and anger " and notes : " If any Beatles fan was laboring under the misapprehension that George had enjoyed the [ Beatles ] episode as much as they had , this song tells the exact opposite story . " Ian Inglis writes that the " rather ponderous " arrangement on " Who Can See It " limits its " entertainment " value but , like " The Light That Has Lighted the World " , the song is an " unequivocal statement of who he is " .
= = Live performance = =
In line with his stated refusal to play the role of " Beatle George " at the time , " Who Can See It " was among the songs rehearsed and played on Harrison 's North American tour with Ravi Shankar in November – December 1974 . Given the composition 's " intensity of sentiment " , Leng views it as a notable inclusion in the concert setlist . Harrison dropped the song in a program reshuffle following the opening show , however , due to his laryngitis @-@ ravaged vocals cords being unable to carry such a demanding tune .
The tour was the first North American tour by an ex @-@ Beatle , a fact that encouraged expectations from many critics and concert @-@ goers that were at odds with Harrison 's aim – which was to present a musically diverse show featuring a minimum of his Beatles @-@ era songs . In an attempt to justify himself , Harrison took to quoting from the chorus of " Who Can See It " during interviews , as an example of Gandhi 's advice to " create and preserve the image of your choice " .
= = Personnel = =
George Harrison – vocals , electric guitars
Nicky Hopkins – piano
Gary Wright – organ
Klaus Voormann – bass
Jim Keltner – drums
John Barham – string and brass arrangements , choral arrangement
= HMS Nairana ( 1917 ) =
HMS Nairana ( / naɪˈrɑːnə / ) was a passenger ferry that was requisitioned by the Royal Navy ( RN ) as a seaplane carrier in 1917 . She was laid down in Scotland in 1914 as TSS Nairana for the Australian shipping line Huddart Parker , but construction was suspended after the outbreak of the First World War . Following resumption of work , the ship was launched in 1915 , and converted to operate wheeled aircraft from her forward flying @-@ off deck , as well as floatplanes that were lowered into the water . She saw service during the war with the Grand Fleet , and in 1918 – 19 supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War .
Nairana was returned to her former owners in 1921 and refitted in her original planned configuration , and spent the next 27 years ferrying passengers and cargo between Tasmania and Melbourne . She was twice struck by rogue waves in Bass Strait , and nearly capsized on both occasions . Nairana was the only Bass Strait ferry not requisitioned for military service in the Second World War , and so became the sole passenger ship with service to Tasmania during the conflict . She was laid up in 1948 , wrecked in a storm three years later and scrapped in situ in 1953 – 54 .
= = Background and description = =
= = = Original design = = =
In December 1913 , negotiations between the Australian shipping line Huddart Parker and the British shipbuilders William Denny and Brothers began for a passenger ship with some cargo capacity to serve in the Australian coastal trade . The shipping line wanted a vessel that would improve on their earlier ferry Loongana , which had also been built by Denny 's . Huddart Parker decided on a design that could carry 800 long tons deadweight ( DWT ) of cargo on a draught of 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) and could maintain 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) for 12 hours . The ship was ordered on 22 January 1914 , at a cost of £ 129 @,@ 830 , for delivery in May 1915 . She was named Nairana ( an Aboriginal Australian name for the " golden eagle " or " eagle of the sun " ) .
Nairana was designed to accommodate 2
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
80 first @-@ class and 112 second @-@ class passengers , and had a crew of 26 officers , 42 crewmen and 25 stokers . She had an overall length of 328 feet ( 100 @.@ 0 m ) , a beam of 45 feet 6 inches ( 13 @.@ 9 m ) , and a draught of 14 feet 7 inches ( 4 @.@ 4 m ) . Designed to displace 3 @,@ 479 long tons ( 3 @,@ 535 t ) Nairana had tonnages of 3 @,@ 547 gross register tons ( GRT ) , 1 @,@ 118 long tons DWT , 2 @,@ 014 net register tons ( NRT ) and 3 @,@ 311 tons Builder 's Old Measurement .
The ship was launched 21 June 1915 at the Denny shipyard in Dumbarton , Scotland . The launch had been delayed nine months , after the British Government ordered that all construction workers be pulled from non @-@ military vessels after the start of World War I , and work had been resumed only to make her slipway available for warships . She remained at anchor for the next year and a half . The Royal Navy purchased her on 27 February 1917 for completion as a combined landplane and seaplane carrier . The price of £ 138 @,@ 118 included the cost of conversion to her new role . The ship was nearly complete when requisitioned , although her propelling machinery was not yet installed . Consequently , only limited internal modifications , notably the addition of three large workshops , could be made .
= = = Military configuration = = =
HMS Nairana displaced 3 @,@ 070 long tons ( 3 @,@ 120 t ) in RN service . She was 352 feet ( 107 @.@ 3 m ) long overall , had a beam of 45 @.@ 6 feet ( 547 @.@ 2 in ) , and a mean draught of 13 feet 2 inches ( 4 @.@ 01 m ) . The ship was powered by two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines designed to produce a total of 6 @,@ 700 shaft horsepower ( 5 @,@ 000 kW ) , each driving one three @-@ bladed propeller . The turbines were powered by steam provided by six Babcock & Wilcox water @-@ tube boilers at a working pressure of 202 psi ( 1 @,@ 393 kPa ; 14 kgf / cm2 ) . On her sea trials , Nairana made 7 @,@ 003 shp ( 5 @,@ 222 kW ) and reached 20 @.@ 32 knots ( 37 @.@ 63 km / h ; 23 @.@ 38 mph ) . She carried 448 long tons ( 455 t ) of coal which gave her a range of 1 @,@ 060 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 960 km ; 1 @,@ 220 mi ) at a speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) . Her crew numbered 278 , including 90 aviation personnel .
The ship was armed with four 40 @-@ calibre , 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt quick @-@ firing guns on single mounts . Two of these were mounted on the forecastle as low @-@ angle guns , and the other two were mounted on the rear hangar roof as anti @-@ aircraft guns . They fired 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ) ; this gave a maximum range of 9 @,@ 720 yd ( 8 @,@ 890 m ) .
Nairana was fitted with a 95 @-@ foot ( 29 @.@ 0 m ) flying @-@ off deck forward , intended for aircraft with wheeled undercarriages , and a prominent hangar aft . A massive latticework gantry crane protruded aft from the hangar roof and a twin @-@ boom derrick forward were fitted to handle her aircraft . The smaller forward hangar was built under the ship 's bridge and the aircraft were raised to the flight deck overhead by a 22 @-@ by @-@ 14 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 7 m × 4 @.@ 3 m ) lift , one of the first in the RN . The forward hangar could fit four single @-@ seat fighters and the rear hangar had a capacity of four floatplanes . The ship could lower them into the water while steaming at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and recover the floatplanes at 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) . She carried 1 @,@ 200 imperial gallons ( 5 @,@ 500 l ; 1 @,@ 400 US gal ) of petrol for her aircraft .
During her service , Nairana carried Beardmore W.B.III , Fairey Campania , Short Type 184 , and Sopwith Baby , Pup , and 2F1 Camel aircraft .
= = Career = =
= = = Military service = = =
Upon commissioning on 25 August 1917 , Nairana was assigned to the Battle Cruiser Force of the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow , carrying four Short Type 184 floatplanes and four Beardmore W.B.III aircraft . She saw little operational use as she was employed for pilot training and ferrying aircraft to ships equipped with flying @-@ off decks .
In 1918 , Nairana participated in the North Russia Campaign in support of the British intervention in the Russian Civil War . On 1 August she took part in what was probably the first fully combined air , sea and land military operation in history , when she and her Campania seaplanes joined Allied ground forces and other ships in driving the Bolsheviks out of their fortifications on Modyugski Island at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River . Nairana used her own guns on the Bolshevik batteries . She and her aircraft then scouted ahead of the Allied force as it proceeded up the channel to Arkhangelsk . The appearance of one of her Campanias over Arkhangelsk caused the Bolshevik troops there to panic and abandon the city . Nairana sustained no damage during the assault . As of October , the ship was carrying five Campanias and two Sopwith Babys , although these last two aircraft were replaced by Sopwith Camels in 1919 .
By May 1919 , Nairana was refitting in Rosyth . She then ferried a flight of Fairey IIIC floatplanes to North Russia for use by the Royal Air Force later in the month . She remained at Murmansk for several weeks before proceeding on to Kem . There the ship was inspected by Rear @-@ Admiral John Green , Rear @-@ Admiral Commanding in the White Sea , on 29 July . At the end of August , Nairana proceeded to Onega where her aircraft observed for the monitor HMS Erebus as the latter bombarded the town for several days before returning to Kem . She departed Russia on 8 October and arrived back at Rosyth four days later . Later that month the ship was transferred to Devonport to begin the process of decommissioning from naval service .
= = = Ferry service = = =
The British Government sold Nairana to William Denny and Brothers after her service in Russia to be rebuilt to her original plans , and the ship was handed over to Huddart Parker in January 1921 . Nairana arrived in Melbourne in March , after a two @-@ month voyage from Plymouth , and commenced her first Bass Strait crossing on 18 April 1921 . She was registered in Melbourne under the British flag and was allocated the United Kingdom official number 143765 , and the code letters THPM . Transferred to Tasmanian Steamers in January 1922 , she operated the Bass Strait run from Launceston , Devonport , and Burnie to Melbourne for the next 26 years . She accommodated 250 passengers in first class and 140 in second , and generally cruised at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . She was withdrawn from service for overhaul at Sydney 's Cockatoo Island in October 1922 , and again in September – October 1923 . In January 1925 Nairana was chartered by the Federal Government and crewed by non @-@ union labour , following a strike by shipping workers . She was taken out of service for a major overhaul at Cockatoo Island from May to October 1927 . On the night of 24 January 1928 , she was struck by a rogue wave in heavy seas , and almost capsized ; one woman , already ill when she boarded in Launceston , died .
As well as passengers , Nairana regularly carried cargo , including gold bullion , and live animals such as horses and cattle between Tasmania and the mainland . A Tasmanian devil being transported to Melbourne Zoo in a wooden crate placed in one of the ship 's four horse stalls escaped by chewing a hole through its box , and was never seen again . In 1934 , her code letters were changed to VJGY . Nairana was withdrawn from service in December 1935 as a result of a ship workers ' strike , returning to the Bass Strait run in the new year . As she neared Port Phillip Bay on 12 April 1936 , on a clear day with apparently calm seas , she was again struck by a rogue wave and rolled onto her port side before swinging back over to starboard and eventually righting . The impact injured most of her 88 passengers and killed four , including a family of three who disappeared after being swept overboard . Despite this , she proceeded to her berth in the Yarra River , having sustained only minor damage .
After war was declared in September 1939 , Nairana began carrying military personnel as well as commercial passengers . Her hull , previously black , was painted grey , and she was fitted with paravanes to defend against mines , a BL ( breech @-@ loading ) 4 @-@ inch Mk VIII anti @-@ submarine gun on the aft promenade deck , and a 20 mm Oerlikon anti @-@ aircraft gun on her deckhouse . She also carried some .303 rifles for shooting at mines . As a coal burner that emitted tell @-@ tale black smoke visible for miles , Nairana was not considered for war service , the only Bass Strait ferry not to be requisitioned . She thus became the sole commercial passenger vessel to operate between Tasmania and the mainland through the war years , maintaining a heavy schedule . The ship underwent repairs for 13 days at Williamstown , Victoria , after running aground in the Tamar River in 1943 .
Nairana had her final overhaul at Cockatoo Island between February and April 1944 . By mid @-@ 1947 , airlines had captured a significant portion of the passenger trade across Bass Strait , and Nairana 's schedule was reduced . On 31 December , her captain collapsed and died as he was speaking to two of his officers while the ship was alongside in Burnie ; a post @-@ mortem examination attributed the death to heart disease . Nairana made her last crossing from Tasmania to the mainland on 13 – 14 February 1948 , after which she was retired and laid up in Melbourne . Sold for scrap to William Mussell Pty Ltd , Williamstown , Nairana broke her moorings during a gale on 18 February 1951 and was driven ashore off Port Melbourne . Unrecoverable , she was broken up in place in 1953 – 54 .
= = Legacy = =
Throughout her career as a Bass Strait ferry , Nairana had displayed a commemorative plaque and a photograph from her days as a carrier , presented by the British Admiralty in recognition of her service in World War I , and especially her part in the fall of Arkhangelsk . After she was retired , the plaque went on display at the Museum of Wellington City & Sea , New Zealand , and the photograph at the Launceston Maritime Museum , Tasmania .
= Street Gang =
Street Gang : The Complete History of Sesame Street is a non @-@ fiction book chronicling the history of the children 's television program , Sesame Street . Street Gang is journalist and writer Michael Davis 's first book , published by Viking Press in 2008 . On bookshelves in time for the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , the book developed out of a TV Guide article Davis wrote to commemorate the show 's 35th anniversary in 2004 . Davis spent five years researching and writing the book , and conducted hundreds of interviews with the show 's creators , cast , and crew .
Street Gang begins with a description of Muppet creator Jim Henson 's 1990 funeral , from the perspective of co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney . Its first twelve chapters describe the origin , development , and early years of Sesame Street and the Children 's Television Workshop , the organization created to oversee the production of the show and other projects . Davis includes the biographies of many of the key people involved with the creation and production of Sesame Street . Subsequent chapters chronicle the rest of the show 's history , up to its 40th anniversary in 2009 .
Reviews of Street Gang were mostly positive . Most reviewers were impressed by Davis ' research and attention to detail , but some felt that it was too episodic and was more of an oral history than a dispassionate history of the show 's history . One reviewer predicted that the book would become the definitive source of Sesame Street . Street Gang was made into an audio book , narrated by Caroll Spinney , the same day it was published . A second edition was published later that year .
= = Background = =
Michael Davis , a senior editor for TV Guide from 1998 to 2007 , wrote an article in the magazine to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the children 's television show Sesame Street in 2004 . Street Gang developed out of the article . Davis spent five years researching and writing the book and worked with the cooperation of co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney .
In 2009 , Sesame Street celebrated its 40th anniversary . It was the fifteenth @-@ highest rated children 's television show in the United States and had won 8 Grammy Awards and over 100 Emmy Awards — more than any other children 's show . By 2006 , there were independently produced versions , or " co @-@ productions " , of Sesame Street broadcast in twenty countries . In 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of these international versions , and by 2009 , it was broadcast in more than 140 countries . A 1996 survey found that 95 % of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old . In 2008 , it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children .
= = Summary = =
Prologue : A description of the funeral of Muppet creator Jim Henson in New York City in 1990 , from the viewpoint of Joan Ganz Cooney , one of the creators of Sesame Street .
Chapters 1 — 12 : The origins and development of the show and the creation of the Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) . Sesame Street was created after a dinner party hosted by Cooney and her husband in early 1966 , attended by Carnegie Foundation vice @-@ president Lloyd Morrisett and Cooney 's boss at New York City educational television station WNDT , Lewis Freedman . The discussion inspired them to create a children 's television program , different than what was offered at the time , that could " master the addictive qualities of television " and help young children , especially from low @-@ income families , learn and prepare for school . Davis includes the biographies of key players in the show 's development : Cooney , Morrisett , Jon Stone , Sam Gibbon , Tom Whedon , Jim Henson , Caroll Spinney , Gerald S. Lesser , Edward Palmer , Joe Raposo , Loretta Long , Bob McGrath , Will Lee , and Matt Robinson . There is also a discussion of the history of early children 's television ; specifically , Captain Kangaroo and The Howdy Doody Show . Davis emphasizes the coincidence that many involved with the show had first names that started with the letter J : Joan Cooney , Jon Stone , Jim Henson , Jerry Nelson , and Joe Raposo .
Chapter 13 ( " Intermission " ) : A description of the first episode of Sesame Street , which debuted on PBS on November 10 , 1969 . As Davis states , " To see that first episode today — and the four succeeding ones in Sesame 's first week — is to be transported back to 1969 " . The first show was sponsored by the letters W , S , and E and by the numbers 2 and 3 .
Chapter 14 : The influence of Sesame Street during its first season , and a description of its success and critics .
Chapter 15 — 16 : The 1970s . These chapters include a description of the production team , the cast who joined the show , and the Muppets that were created during this time . The biographies that Davis depicts are of producer Dulcy Singer , Christopher Cerf , Sonia Manzano , Northern Calloway , Emilio Delgado , Linda Bove , Richard Hunt , and Fran Brill . The Muppet characters Cookie Monster and Roosevelt Franklin were also created during these years . Davis describes the music of Sesame Street , Jim Henson 's struggle with fame , the end of Cooney 's marriage , and CTW 's funding difficulties .
Chapter 17 : The late 70s and 1980s . Davis describes the production of the show 's first special ( Christmas Eve on Sesame Street ) , the decompensation and death of Calloway , the death of Lee and the groundbreaking way Sesame Street dealt with it , the creation of Elmo and biography of his portrayer , Kevin Clash , and the wedding of Maria and Luis . Davis calls the show 's depiction of Mr. Hooper 's death and the wedding " the poles that held up the canvas tent that was Sesame Street in the 1980s , a reflection of the sometimes silly , sometimes sad , always surprising , relentlessly spinning cyclical circus of life " . The biography of Alison Bartlett @-@ O 'Reilly is also described .
Chapter 18 : The 1990s and 2000s . This chapter describes the cast 's responses to the deaths of Calloway , Henson , Raposo , Connell , and Stone . It discusses Henson 's business dealings with Disney in 1990 , a few months before Henson 's death , and Sesame Street 's ratings decrease . In 1993 , the show went through substantial changes in response to the show 's decline ( " Around the Corner " ) ; the only thing that ultimately survived this restructuring of the show was the Muppet character Zoe , performed by Brill . There were also attempts to include more female Muppet characters . Davis discusses the " Tickle Me Elmo " phenomenon of Christmas 1996 , Avenue Q , " Elmo 's World " , and the character Mr. Noodle .
Epilogue : Davis ends his book as he begins it , focusing on Joan Ganz Cooney , during her retirement years . He also discusses the development of Sesame Street 's newest character , Abby Cadabby , and the show 's international influence .
= = Critical reception = =
Judith Fitzgerald of The Philadelphia Inquirer , who predicts that Street Gang will become the definitive source of the show , calls " a compulsively readable compendium of all things Sesame Street " , as well as informative , heartbreaking , hilarious , and eye @-@ opening " . She credits its complicated and often funny story with the cooperation Davis received from Cooney when writing his book . Fitzgerald also praises Davis , calling him " a sensitive and subtly brilliant writer who conveys the soul of the program " . Reviewer Drew Toal calls Street Gang a " swift narrative " and " a sensitive , honest account " , and credits the large amount of cast stories and controversy recounted in the book with the hundreds of interviews Davis conducted . Frazier Moore of the Associated Press states that the book is a fascinating account of the creation of Sesame Street , and that Davis writes thoroughly and with affection .
James Panero , reviewer for The New York Times , called Street Gang a " behind the lens story " and the " first comprehensive account " of Sesame Street . Panero found Davis ' history tireless , but objected to Davis ' emphasis on unimportant details . As a result , and due to Davis ' inclusion of every anecdote and biography of everyone involved with its creation and history , Panero considers the book an oral history rather than a tightly organized narrative . Other reviewers note that Street Gang is too much like its subject , episodic and unfocused . Diana Wagman of The L.A. Times states that Davis choice of what to focus on is odd ; for example , there is a great deal of focus in the book on things like the licensing and merchandising agreement of the Muppets , but very little attention on Mississippi 's 1970 ban of the show . Wagman states , " Yes , we get a little past @-@ tense womanizing , a lot of drinking and a psychotic breakdown later in the book , but it all seems sad , not salacious , and not germane to the basic story " . Nick Gillespie of The Washington Post agrees . He calls Jim Henson , who is mentioned often in the book , " an almost completely enigmatic character " .
Wagman takes issue with the way Davis moves from topic to topic and time period to time period . Davis gives long personal histories of the principal players in his history , but fails to explain the reason they are important , and is compelled to repeat every positive claim made about Sesame Street . In spite of this , Wagman states , Davis demonstrates the love and respect Cooney and the show 's cast and crew had for each another . For example , when Calloway was diagnosed with a mental illness , the show never fired him , and Wagman calls Henson 's funeral " heartbreaking " . Gillespie finds the " nasty backstage wrangling " and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes stories compelling . Alex Altman of Time Magazine agrees , and calls Davis " an unabashed fan of the show 's charms rather than a dispassionate historian " . He also considers Davis ' use of language breathless and his portrayals of the show 's creators overly flattering .
Reviewer Molly O 'Donnell states that the book is " broad in scope yet exercises a meticulous attention to detail " . O 'Donnell views Davis as balanced in his account because although Davis praises Sesame Street , he describes the public criticism the show has received and relates the personality flaws of the people who helped create it . Even with the book 's lulls , which O 'Donnell attributes to the large amount of personal histories Davis has to tell to give a complete picture of the show 's creation , she says that the book is interesting . The reviewer from Publishers Weekly agrees , praising Street Gang as continuously interesting , honest , and well @-@ researched . The reviewer goes on to state , " Any grown @-@ up fan will relish this account , gaining an even greater appreciation for the cultural contributions of Kermit , Big Bird , Oscar the Grouch and all their neighbors " .
= = Publication history = =
The publication of the book was announced in 2006 by the television industry trade magazine Broadcasting and Cable , which anticipated a buzz about the project . The magazine stated , " A dozen of New York ’ s top publishers are eager to get their hands this week on the story of how Sesame Street emerged as the iconic program that shaped the minds of countless kiddies around the globe " .
The audio version of Street Gang was released at the same time as the book , narrated by Caroll Spinney .
= It Came from the Nightosphere =
" It Came from the Nightosphere " is the first episode of the second season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Merriwether Williams , Steve Little , Patrick McHale , Pendleton Ward , and Thurop Van Orman . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on October 11 , 2010 . The episode guest stars Martin Olson as Marceline the Vampire Queen 's father Hunson Abadeer . Olson would reprise his role in the series ' third and fourth seasons .
The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn releases Marceline 's dad from the Nightosphere after Marceline ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) sings a song about the relationship between her and her estranged father . However , Finn — who is begrudgingly aided by an emotionally enraged Marceline — is forced to stop him from stealing all the souls in Ooo .
" It Came from the Nightosphere " was the first episode written and storyboarded by Sugar ; she would go on to be highly praised for her work on the series . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 001 million people and received largely positive critical attention . In addition , the episode was nominated for a 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short @-@ format Animated Program , although the episode did not win .
= = Plot = =
After Finn agrees to help Marceline record one of her musical compositions , she begins to sing a song — " The Fry Song " — about the rift between herself and her father , Hunson Abadeer . Finn , feeling sorry for her , decides to summon her father from the hellish Nightosphere , failing to realize that her father is the domain 's dark leader and that he consumes souls . He materializes before Marceline and Finn , attempts to kill Finn , and successfully steals Marceline 's axe bass . Finn and Marceline give chase .
Marceline 's father moves throughout Ooo , consuming the souls of all living creatures that he can find . Finn and Marceline first try to crush him with a rock , but the resulting skirmish between father and daughter merely infuriates Hunson Abadeer . He assumes that Marceline is trying to kill him to take over the Nightosphere , but she merely wants her bass guitar back .
Finn and Marceline attempt one last time to stop Hunson Abadeer , who has now grown huge . Due to his size , Finn is easily defeated . Marceline , infuriated by her father 's lack of understanding , storms off . Finn , in a last @-@ ditch effort to save the day , plays back the recording of " The Fry Song " . Suddenly , Marceline 's father understands why she is upset , and the two reconnect . Finn uses this beat as an opportunity to cut all of the souls free from Hunson Abadeer 's " soul sack " , and banishes him back to the Nightosphere .
= = Production = =
" It Came from the Nightosphere " was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Merriwether Williams , Steve Little , Patrick McHale , Pendleton Ward , and Thurop Van Orman . The episode was the first episode storyboarded by Sugar ; according to her , she " did all the monster stuff at the end " , whereas Muto " did all the meat in the middle " . She later joked that " anything that is actually witty was done by Adam . I ’ m usually responsible for sex jokes and violence . " During the storyboarding process , Sugar and Muto were running low on time , As such , Muto asked fellow series artist Jesse Moynihan if he could help storyboard the initial fight between Marceline and her father . The final scene with Abadeer , which featured Finn cutting open his " soul sack " was added by Sugar based on a drawing by Ward that featured Finn flying through the air with two swords . However , she was not sure if the scene would make it into the final product due to its graphic nature . A scene that features Marceline 's dad confronting Gunter the penguin inspired the writers to pen the fourth season episode " Reign of Gunters " .
The song features " The Fry Song " , co @-@ written by Ward and Sugar . This was her first song written for the series , and would go on to become popular with the fanbase of Adventure Time . Sugar 's original version was inspired by Broadway theatre and was more sombre . Ward helped Sugar add more jokes to the final version . During the network pitch of the episode , Ward beatboxed and Sugar played ukulele and the two performed " The Fry Song " . Sugar later called the experience " super terrifying " , although the network did green @-@ light the episode . The episode was the third episode of the season produced , but was chosen to be the first aired . When the network announced the start of season two , the episode was not finished . On his personal website , executive producer Fred Seibert noted that he would " prefer [ that the series ] stock up on a few episodes before jumping into season two , but it ain ’ t my network " . Seibert also felt that the episode was rather frightening and warned potential watchers that it might not be suitable for younger children .
Martin Olson , the father of Olivia Olson who voices Marceline , provides the voice for Marceline 's demonic father Hunson Abadeer . A year after the series had been cast , Ward approached Olson and asked him if he wanted to voice a character on the show . Olson was apprehensive at first , arguing that he was not an actor but a writer , instead . Ward insisted and Olson eventually relented . Olson later joked that he was " in heaven " during the recording of the dialogue because the episode featured him " fighting to the death with [ his ] daughter . " Olson later noted that the opportunity to voice act with her father was " pretty cool ” . Olson would make a cameo in the third season episode " Memory of a Memory " , and would be featured in a major role in the fourth season two @-@ part episode " Return to the Nightosphere " / " Daddy 's Little Monster " .
The design for Abadeer 's monster form caused issues with the series ' standards and practices department . The initial designs were deemed " too vagina @-@ like " , and the network made the show redesign the character again . However , during the second submission , the network felt that it looked " too much like a penis " . Ward later said , " We were just like , ' What is happening ? This is a monster , with just a crazy , weird face . ' " " It Came from the Nightosphere " does not reveal Abadeer 's name , with characters merely referring to him as " Marceline 's Dad " . His full name would not be revealed until in the two @-@ part fourth season episode . According to Moynihan , the name was inspired by the name that his brother had given their family 's car when they were growing up . The two later used it for a band that only recorded one song .
= = Reception = =
" It Came from the Nightosphere " first aired on Cartoon Network on October 11 , 2010 . The episode was viewed by 2 @.@ 001 million viewers and scored a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 3 / 2 percent . This means it was seen by 1 @.@ 3 percent of all households and 2 percent of all households watching television at the time of the episode 's airing . This marked a decline from the first season premiere , which had been viewed by 2 @.@ 5 million viewers , but it marked an increase from the first season finale , which was watched by only 1 @.@ 77 million viewers . " It Came from the Nightosphere " also marked gains when compared to the same timeslot a year prior ; for instance , 732 @,@ 000 kids aged 6 – 11 watched the episode , an increase by 35 percent when compared to the previous year .
" It Came from the Nightosphere " was highly praised by critics . Tyler Foster of DVD Talk called it " a pretty decent example of all the notes the show can hit . " He was particularly pleased with the way " the rift between Marceline and her dad is handled with a nice seriousness that fits right in alongside absurd gags about penguins " . He also noted that " any episode that includes a song is a plus in my book . " It was also called the " real highlight " of the eponymous DVD release by Charles Webb of MTV Geek . IGN writer Matt Fowler later referred to the episode as a " classic " . In a separate review , he later wrote that the episode " has come to represent the best of Adventure Time , and Marceline 's [ sic ] , with her angst @-@ y anti @-@ daddy song and her Freddy Krueger @-@ esque sweater has launched a thousand cosplays . " Writers of Spin ranked " The Fry Song " as the forty @-@ fourth best original song performed by fictional characters in any medium . James Grebey called its subject matter deep and from a place of uncontrolled emotion , mature but also eccentric .
Ward was very happy with the episode . He complimented storyboard artists Muto and Sugar , saying that the former " has a hilarious slapstick set @-@ up @-@ the @-@ punchline kind of style of comedy " and the latter " is amazing at executing these super romantic , emotional goosebump @-@ kind of feelings " . He was particularly pleased with the ending , noting that " I love that goose @-@ bumps feeling in a climactic scene with music rising . In that episode you 're talking about , there is that rising action toward the end , and then LSP [ … ] cuts in and says ' drama bomb ! ' in the middle of it to sort of , like , cut its legs out . Which I think is a lot of fun . " The episode was later nominated for a 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short @-@ format Animated Program , although it did not win .
= = Media release = =
The episode first saw physical release as part of the eponymous 2012 It Came From the Nightosphere DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series ' first three seasons . It was later re @-@ released as part of the complete second season DVD in June 2013 . In addition , the 2015 limited edition 12 " vinyl record release Marceline the Vampire Queen – Rock the Nightosphere included " The Fry Song " alongside other songs sung by Marceline .
= L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel =
The L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel is a hotel located in downtown Washington , D.C. , in the United States . It was designed by architect Vlastimil Koubek , and named after Pierre Charles L 'Enfant , the first surveyor and designer of the street layout of the city . It was inaugurated on May 31 , 1973 . The hotel is listed as a Mobile 4 @-@ star and AAA 4 @-@ Diamond Luxury Hotel .
The L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel sits atop L 'Enfant Plaza , an esplanade and plaza structure erected above a highway and a parking garage in the Southwest quadrant of the District of Colombia . The plaza and hotel were approved in 1955 , but construction did not begin on the plaza ( on which the hotel sits ) until 1965 . The plaza and esplanade were completed in 1968 . The start of construction on the hotel was delayed three years , and was completed in May 1973 . The construction led to a lawsuit after it was found that the foundation of an adjoining structure had encroached on the hotel 's property . The hotel suffered a serious fire in 1975 that claimed the lives of two people .
L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. , which owned the hotel , sold the structure to Sarakreek Holdings in 1998 , which in turn sold it to the JBG Companies in 2003 . A legal battle ensued over the hotel 's ownership . The hotel 's long @-@ time operator , Loews Hotels , was replaced by Crestline Hotels & Resorts in 2005 , which was in turn replaced by the Davidson Hotel Company in 2010 . The L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel features 372 guest rooms , 36 larger " Executive Rooms " , and several suites on the top four floors of a 12 @-@ story mixed @-@ use building . The hotel has two main restaurants and two bars among its many amenities .
The L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel closed on December 3 , 2013 , for what was to be a year @-@ long overhaul and upgrade of the entire property . In January 2014 , the reopening date was moved to some time in 2015 .
= = Construction = =
= = = Building L 'Enfant Plaza = = =
In 1946 , the United States Congress passed the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act , which established the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency and provided for clearance of land and redevelopment funds in the capital . After a decade of discussion , public comment , legal battles , and negotiations with landowners and developers , the Southwest Urban Renewal Plan was approved in November 1956 . New York City developer William Zeckendorf proposed a grand mall along 10th Street SW , extending from Independence Avenue SW to end at a traffic circle at G Street SW . Zeckendorf named this mall L 'Enfant Plaza after Pierre Charles L 'Enfant , an architect responsible for planning the city of Washington . L 'Enfant Plaza was approved for construction in April 1955 . In December 1959 , Zeckendorf won approval to build a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ room hotel and five privately owned office buildings on L 'Enfant Plaza . The Redevelopment Land Agency also approved the condemnation and razing of 14 city blocks for construction of the plaza , hotel , and office buildings . Construction was to have begun on January 1 , 1961 , but was delayed due to unresolved design issues with L 'Enfant Promenade , the short time @-@ frame to prepare detailed construction plans , and because Congress had not granted air rights above 9th Street SW to the developers .
Construction of L 'Enfant Plaza and the hotel were then delayed another decade . Zeckendorf agreed to build the promenade , plaza , and all surrounding buildings as a single project in April 1961 and to pay $ 20 per 1 square foot ( 0 @.@ 093 m2 ) . These pledges led the Redevelopment Land Agency to award the 14 @-@ block area to Zeckendorf in October 1961 for $ 7 million . By this time , although the hotel had retained its size , the number of office buildings had shrunk from eight to three . Zeckendorf added an underground shopping mall of shops and restaurants to the project in November 1962 , and construction on the promenade and plaza was to have begun in April 1963 . But Zeckendorf 's vast real estate empire began to suffer severe financial difficulties in 1964 , eventually going bankrupt the following year . With Zeckendorf unable to make good on his construction pledges , the Redevelopment Land Agency forced him to withdraw and sell his interest in L 'Enfant Plaza in November 1964 .
The buyer of Zeckendorf 's property and leases was the L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. ( also known as L 'Enfant Properties ) . L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. was a syndicate led by former United States Air Force Lieutenant General Elwood R. Quesada , and included Chase Manhattan Bank president David Rockefeller , D.C. businessman David A. Garrett , investment banker André Meyer , and the real estate investment firm Gerry Brothers & Co . Quesada said that if the Redevelopment Land Agency approved the sale , it would begin immediate construction of the promenade , the 1 @,@ 400 @-@ car parking garage beneath it , and the plaza . The agency gave its approval on January 21 , 1965 . The sale was final on August 30 .
Site preparation for L 'Enfant promenade and plaza began in November 1965 . Air rights over 9th Street SW were granted for a rent of $ 500 per year for 99 years on November 23 , 1965 . The actual groundbreaking for L 'Enfant Plaza occurred on December 9 but the project was still hindered by delays . The federal government was building the James V. Forrestal Building at the northern end of L 'Enfant promenade , and the whole northern end of the promenade and the associated roadway was a year behind its construction schedule by June 1967 . Meanwhile , over @-@ optimistic construction schedules and labor shortages meant L 'Enfant Plaza Corp 's building of the North and South buildings were six months behind projected schedules . The $ 23 million complex neared completion in January 1968 , and the office buildings , plaza , and promenade opened to the public and businesses in June 1968 . The plaza was formally dedicated on Saturday , November 16 , 1968 .
The west office building and the hotel remained to be built , at a cost of $ 40 million . Construction on the 640 @,@ 000 square feet ( 59 @,@ 000 m2 ) West Building and 730 @-@ car parking garage ( designed by D.C. architect Vlastimil Koubek ) began on February 18 , 1969 .
= = = Building the hotel = = =
Construction on the Modernist hotel was to have started in the spring of 1970 . However , construction on the 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 square feet ( 93 @,@ 000 m2 ) , $ 23 million hotel and office building did not begin until June 1971 . The Loews Hotels chain agreed to co @-@ finance construction of the property with L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. , although details of the agreement were not provided . The hotel would occupy the top four floors and lobby of the 12 @-@ story building , with separate elevators for office tenants and hotel guests . The 378 @-@ room hotel , designed by Koubek , had a rooftop swimming pool , two restaurants , a cocktail lounge , and meeting rooms . The general contractor for the building was George Hyman Construction Co . ( now Clark Construction Group ) .
A major problem emerged during the hotel 's construction . The Robert C. Weaver Federal Building , headquarters of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , had been constructed on a Redevelopment Land Agency site in November 1965 . John McShain , Inc . , one of the largest federal building contractors in the Washington metro area , was the lead construction contractor . During the HUD building 's construction , the footings for the western portion of the building were accidentally built 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 46 to 1 @.@ 07 m ) over the property line . The 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) -thick footings for the HUD building were 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) underground . L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. sued John McShain , Inc. and the Redevelopment Land Agency for removal of the footings , stabilization of the HUD structure , and associated costs . The action spawned several lengthy court battles which lasted through the 1970s .
The L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel opened with a three @-@ day gala ending with its dedication on May 31 , 1973 . The festivities began on May 29 with a birthday party for author Anita Loos attended by 260 Loews ' executives , celebrities , and press — including actress Carol Channing singing " Diamonds Are A Girl 's Best Friend " while seated on top of a 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall cake . More than 1 @,@ 500 people including Senator J. William Fulbright , Senator Jacob Javits , former Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford , and numerous business people , bankers , merchants , and construction company executives attended a reception at the hotel on May 30 , and were permitted to roam freely throughout the facility throughout the evening . On May 31 , Mayor of the District of Columbia Walter Washington , flanked by the Thomas Jefferson High School marching band and 40 high @-@ kicking high school majorettes , cut the ribbon formally opening the hotel . The finished hotel had 372 rooms and occupied the bottom two " lobby floors " and the top four floors of the building . The building 's final cost was $ 30 million .
= = Operation = =
Quesada and the Rockefeller family each owned about 39 percent of L 'Enfant Plaza Corp. Major Rockefeller investors included David Rockefeller , David Rockefeller , Jr . , and Abby Rockefeller Mauzé .
The hotel suffered a serious fire in 1975 . On February 10 , a fire broke out in a 12th floor storeroom which killed a hotel maid and injured three others . A hotel waiter died the following day . An important national conference was also held at the hotel by the American government in 1980 . In the late 1980s a supposed secret meeting was held at the hotel by three Republicans — Richard V. Allen , Laurence H. Silberman and Robert McFarlane — with an Iranian emissary . From its opening until May 2005 , the hotel was managed by Loews Hotels . For the next five years , it was managed by Crestline Hotels & Resorts , but the Davidson Hotel Company assumed control of its operations in July 2010 .
In September 1996 , the Dutch Company Sarakreek Holdings NV ( a real estate investment firm ) , Sarakreek Holding N.V. ( itself a subsidiary of the Tiger / Westbrook Real Estate Fund of New York City ) , purchased the hotel and all but the West Building at L 'Enfant Plaza for $ 185 million .
In November 2003 , the JBG Companies purchased L 'Enfant Plaza , the L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel , and the North and South office buildings from the Sarakreek Holdings for $ 200 million . The following year , the JBG Companies upgraded the hotel 's physical plant , and added a Louvre Pyramid @-@ like structure to the plaza in front of the hotel . This was designed by the architect I.M. Pei .
= = = Ownership lawsuit = = =
As part of Sarakreek 's 1997 purchase of most of the L 'Enfant Plaza complex , Sarakreek put the L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel up for sale . Stanford Hotels Corporation , a privately owned firm , successfully bid $ 48 million for the structure . After a definitive sale agreement was reached in 1998 , Sarakreek backed out of the deal . Hotels Stanford sued in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia . In Stanford Hotels Corporation v. Potomac Creek Associates ( CAB @-@ 1413 @-@ 99 , 1999 ) , Superior Court Judge Leonard Braman ruled that Sarakreek was not in breach of contract . Stanford Hotels appealed . Various motions delayed the appellate hearing until 2009 .
In 2011 , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals overturned the ruling of the Superior Court . The case was remanded to the Superior Court with orders to determine whether specific performance was warranted .
Subsequently , after a second trial , Judge Braman ruled on July 31 , 2013 , that Sarakreek was in violation of its preliminary 1998 agreement to sell . The JBG Cos. was ordered to sell the L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel to Stanford Corp. Stanford submitted its offer to buy to the court on August 9 .
= = 2013 closure = =
Stanford Corp. announced on October 18 , 2013 , that it expected to close on the sale of the hotel on December 3 , 2013 . The company said it would immediately shut down the hotel , and engage in a year @-@ long renovation . The hotel was not accepting any reservations that extended past December 2 , 2013 . Hotel industry experts told the Washington Business Journal that the hotel had many years ' worth of deferred maintenance . The JBG Cos. had spent only about $ 2 million in maintenance from 2005 to 2013 , and Stanford Corp. estimated the property needed at least $ 28 million in modernizations .
Stanford also agreed to the honor the collective bargaining agreement which The JBG Cos. had with UNITE HERE Local 25 . About 125 to 135 people , most of them with 20 years of job tenure at the L 'Enfant Plaza Hotel , were affected by the closure . The labor union said it was in discussion with Stanford Corp. to win the company 's guarantee that the workers would be rehired and that the company would honor the workers ' collective bargaining agreement when the hotel reopened .
In January 2014 , Stanford Corp. said it would spend $ 30 million beginning in the spring of 2014 to renovate all meeting space and the fitness facility , lobby , pool , and restaurants at the facility . The company said the hotel might lose a few rooms if expansion of the concierge space or fitness facility warranted it . The goal is to bring the facility up to a four @-@ diamond status . The company also said it might lease the facility to Hilton , Marriott , or Starwood , and had not yet decided whether to retain " L 'Enfant Plaza " as part of the name or seek a new moniker relevant to some other part of the nearby National Mall .
= = Facilities = =
The hotel is listed as a Mobile 4 @-@ star and AAA 4 @-@ Diamond Luxury Hotel . It has been reported to be extremely expensive , with a high standard of formal attire expected . The hotel features 372 guest rooms , 36 larger " Executive Rooms " , and several suites on the top four floors of a 12 @-@ story mixed @-@ use building . Lonely Planet describes the hotel as " huge and stylish " . The ground floor is occupied by the hotel 's lobby , with separate elevators for hotel guests and office tenants . The hotel has two main restaurants : The American Grill and the Foggy Brew Pub . The facility has 21 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m2 ) of meeting room space , which includes a main ballroom which seats 700 . It also features two bars , concierge , a health club , and an outdoor pool .
= Conflict Resolution ( The Office ) =
" Conflict Resolution " is the twenty @-@ first and penultimate episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , the show 's twenty @-@ seventh episode overall . Written by executive producer and show runner Greg Daniels and directed by Charles McDougall , " Conflict Resolution " first aired in the United States on May 4 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Scott Adsit , from Moral Orel and 30 Rock , as a photographer .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) resolves a conflict between Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) and Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , and then discovers a file of other unresolved complaints between staff members and he determines to resolve them . But Michael 's attempts actually unearth old tensions and create new ones between the office employees . Meanwhile , an unkind comment from Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) about being transferred causes Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) to seriously rethink his work situation .
" Conflict Resolution " features the return of a poster created for the earlier episode " Christmas Party " . The ending of the installment bares a striking similarity to the ending of the 1981 action film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Receiving largely positive reviews , the episode received a 3 @.@ 7 Nielsen rating and was watched by 7 @.@ 4 million viewers .
= = Plot = =
When Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) hears Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) complaining about Angela Martin 's ( Angela Kinsey ) baby poster to Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) , he intervenes and resolves the conflict himself by forcing his " solution " onto all parties . Inspired , Michael wrests the file outlining other unresolved office complaints from Toby , determined to resolve them all . Meanwhile , when photos for identification badges are being taken in the break room , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) uses the situation as a way to prank Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) .
Michael publicly reads all the outstanding complaints against everyone , even though they were supposed to be anonymous , which only serves to further increase office tensions . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) is particularly troubled by a nameless complaint that she plans her wedding during office hours , a complaint she concludes was filed by Angela . Enraged at Jim 's latest prank ( Jim made Dwight 's new ID which was 5x7 inches , labeled Dwight as a security threat , and changed his middle name from Kurt to " Fart " ) , Dwight becomes even more furious that his voluminous complaints against Jim have gone ignored , and tells Michael that either Jim gets fired or Dwight will quit . When Michael reads all of Jim 's pranks on Dwight , Jim begins to regret how much time he has wasted at the office . Dwight taunts Jim with a notice of a Dunder @-@ Mifflin position in Stamford , saying that Jim should look into it because Dwight will still be working in Scranton by next week . Michael surveys the angry , divided office and silently nods to a watching Toby , acknowledging his efforts were a disaster . He then defuses Dwight 's anger by saying he will make his decision but needs indeterminate time to do so , which placates Dwight .
As everyone prepares to leave , Michael pays the photographer ( Scott Adsit ) to take a special group photo , but goes through a lot of money before he , albeit poorly , Photoshops one himself . During the procedure , Jim admits to Pam that he had registered the complaint about her wedding planning , and Pam looks shocked . The next day , Jim secretly sees Vice President Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) for an interview about a transfer .
= = Production = =
" Conflict Resolution " was the fifth episode of the series written by Greg Daniels , who is also the executive producer and show runner for The Office . The episode was the third of the series directed by Charles McDougall ; he had previously directed the earlier season two episodes " Christmas Party " and " Dwight 's Speech " . The episode features Angela and Oscar arguing over Angela 's poster of two babies playing saxophones . Jenna Fischer said that " As a cast , the baby poster is one of our favorite props ... Angela received the poster from her Secret Santa in the Christmas episode . " Fischer went on to say that " I had to stand in between Angela and Oscar as they bicker about the poster while Michael tries to mediate the situation . The whole time , the cute jazz babies are staring at me from the poster . It was hilarious ! "
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Dwight finding his desk encircled in police tape , Dwight annoying the photographer in various ways , Michael discussing conflict and conflict resolution and dedicating himself to resolving all the old cases " before Toby can kill or rape another person " , Dwight giving Pam " Level Red " security clearance , Meredith and Kevin getting their pictures taken , Dwight being hassled by building security .
= = Cultural references = =
The ending of " Conflict Resolution " bares a striking similarity to the ending of the 1981 action film Raiders of the Lost Ark . In the film , the Ark of the Covenant is boarded up hidden away in a secret warehouse containing thousands of identical boxes . In " Conflict Resolution " , Toby is seen taking the box of complaints and placing it in a warehouse containing hundreds of other identical paper boxes to be sold .
= = Reception = =
" Conflict Resolution " originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 4 , 2006 . The episode received a 3 @.@ 7 / 9 among 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the Nielsen ratings . This means that 3 @.@ 7 percent of all people 18 @-@ 49 viewed the episode , and nine percent of all people 18 – 49 watching television viewed the episode . " Conflict Resolution " was watched by 7 @.@ 4 million viewers overall , and retained 93 percent of viewers 18 – 49 from its lead @-@ in My Name is Earl .
The episode received generally good reviews from critics . Terry Morrow , of the Knoxville News Sentinel , stated that " But better yet , this episode defines what The Office does best . It turns mundane work events – like having new security @-@ badge photos taken - into insightful and witty character studies . " Morrow also praised the acting in the episode , saying that " Tonight 's episode , in which Michael decides to mediate files filled with official office complaints , is one of this show 's finest moments . " Michael Sciannamea , of TV Squad , stated that " After a so @-@ so episode last week , this was one was a return to brilliance . " Like Morrow , Sciannamea went on to praise the work of the cast , stating that " The interplay between the cast was top @-@ notch , and even though I 've complained much about Dwight 's over @-@ the @-@ top behavior , it seemed to work quite well this time around , and actually had a purpose to the story . " M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a rare " A + " . He called the scene wherein Michael reads aloud Dwight 's complaints " my favorite sequence in The Office history , if not sitcom history . "
= Cubzac @-@ les @-@ Ponts =
Cubzac @-@ les @-@ Ponts , also referred to as Cubzac , is a commune of the Gironde department in Aquitaine , a region in southwestern France . Located 20 km southwest of Bordeaux , it is a crossing point of the river Dordogne . Cubzac has three bridges , one designed by Gustave Eiffel .
During the Middle Ages , Cubzac served as a watchtower through the Four Sons of Amon castle . Different means of crossing the river in Cubzac have historically been used , from pontoon bridges and horse @-@ powered ferries to steel and concrete bridges . Part of a vibrant wine region , Cubzac has several wine castles , including the Terrefort castle . It has developed its own sparkling wine , in what is now called the Café de Paris . The limestone quarries of Cubzac supplied for the typical white constructions found in Bordeaux and its region . Cubzac has two Monuments Historiques ; the first is a painting in a church , the other is the ruins of the Four Sons of Amon castle .
= = Geography = =
Cubzac is located about 20 km northeast of Bordeaux , on the north riverbank of the Dordogne . Several transport networks converge in Cubzac to cross the river . These include the A10 motorway , the N10 trunk road and the Bordeaux @-@ Nantes railroad . The LGV Sud @-@ Ouest , a high @-@ speed railway line running between Tours and Bordeaux , is in the process of being build . Cubzac has an elevation ranging from 1 m to 42 m , the highest points being limestone cliffs dating from the Oligocene epoch , some of which have been used as source of stone . In oenological terms , Cubzac is near the appellations d 'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) côtes de Bourg and Fronsac , with its own wine castles .
= = Population = =
= = Climate = =
Cubzac 's climate is oceanic , part of the Dfb group in the Köppen climate classification . Periodically , the river Dordogne causes flooding . Nowadays Cubzac is protected by a dam , but is still vulnerable to flooding during high tides and strong winds . Flooding occurred last in the 1999 Martin and 2010 Xynthia storms . The 1999 storm destroyed many trees from the Terrefort castle park . In 1708 , a temperature extremum of -15 ° C caused the river and vineyards to freeze .
= = Administration = =
Administratively , Cubzac @-@ les @-@ Ponts is a commune part of the Aquitaine region , the Gironde département , the arrondissement of Blaye and the Saint @-@ André @-@ de @-@ Cubzac canton . The current mayor of Cubzac is Alain Tabone . As of 2010 , he has six assistants and thirteen advisors .
= = Economy = =
In 2007 , 890 inhabitants were professionally active , the unemployment rate for the population between 15 and 64 was 6 @,@ 7 % for men and 10 @,@ 0 % for women , and the average net taxable income was € 21 593 . Of the 310 jobs available in Cubzac , only 34 @,@ 9 % were given to its inhabitants . On January 1 , 2010 there were no hotels and no camping sites in Cubzac . Agriculture in Cubzac is mostly dedicated to vine , corn and hay .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
orange gill edges . A microscopic characteristic is the club @-@ shaped cystidia that are covered with numerous spiky projections , resembling a mace . The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined . M. aurantiomarginata can be distinguished from similar Mycena species by differences in size , color , and substrate . A 2010 publication reported the discovery and characterization of a novel pigment named mycenaaurin A , isolated from the mushroom . The pigment is responsible for its color , and it has antibiotic activity that may function to prevent certain bacteria from growing on the mushroom .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species , originally named Agaricus marginatus by the Danish naturalist Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher in 1803 , has several synonyms . Elias Magnus Fries renamed it Agaricus aurantio @-@ marginatus in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum , while Christiaan Hendrik Persoon called it Agaricus schumacheri in 1828 . Although Schumacher had the earliest publication date , Fries 's name is sanctioned , and so the specific epithet he used is given nomenclatural precedence . French mycologist Lucien Quélet transferred the species to the genus Mycena in 1872 . In 1930 Karel Cejp considered it to be a variety of Mycena elegans .
According to Alexander H. Smith 's organization of the genus Mycena , M. aurantiomarginata is classified in section Calodontes , subsection Granulatae , which contains species with roughened cheilocystidia ( cystidia on gill edges ) , such as M. rosella , M. flavescens , M. elegans , and M. strobilinoides . In his 1992 study of Mycena , Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus put M. aurantiomarginata in the section Luculentae , characterized by species with an olive to yellowish @-@ olive and moist cap , pallid to gray @-@ olive gills with bright orange margins , brownish to grayish @-@ olive stipes , white spore deposit , and spiny cystidia . M. aurantiomarginata was included in a 2010 molecular analysis focused on clarifying the phylogenetic relationships between Northern European species in the section Calodontes . The results suggested that , based on the similarity of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences , the fungus is closely related to M. crocata and M. leaiana . This conclusion was previously corroborated by research that used molecular analysis to demonstrate that several Mycena species can be mycorrhizal partners of the orchid Gastrodia confusa .
The specific epithet aurantiomarginata is Latin , and refers to the orange edges of its gills ( aurantius , " orange " ; marginata , " bordered " ) . In the United Kingdom , the mushroom is commonly known as the " golden @-@ edge bonnet " .
= = Description = =
The cap of M. aurantiomarginata ranges in shape from obtusely conic to bell @-@ shaped , and becomes flat in maturity , reaching diameters of 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) . The cap color is variable , ranging from dark olive fuscous ( dark brownish @-@ gray ) to yellowish @-@ olive in the center , while the margin is orangish . Alexander H. Smith , in his 1947 monograph of North American Mycena species , stated that the caps are not hygrophanous ( changing color depending on the level of hydration ) , while Mycena specialist Arne Aronsen says they are . The overall color fades as the mushroom ages . The surface is moist , and young individuals are covered with fine whitish powder , but this soon sloughs off to leave a polished surface that develops radial grooves in maturity . The flesh is thin ( about 1 mm thick in the center of the cap ) and flexible .
Gills are adnate with a decurrent tooth ( where the gills curve up to join the stipe but then , close to the stipe , the margin turns down again ) , and initially narrow but broaden when old . They are pallid to grayish @-@ olive with bright orange edges . Smith noted that the edge color may spread to the gill faces in some specimens , because the pigment , rather than being encrusted on the walls of the cystidia , is found in the cytosol and therefore more readily diffusible . The gills are spaced close together , with between 16 and 26 gills reaching the stipe , and there are up to three tiers of interspersed lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stipe ) . The cylindrical stipe is 3 – 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 04 – 0 @.@ 08 in ) thick , hollow , and stiff but flexible ; it is somewhat thicker at the base . It has a brownish to grayish @-@ olive color that is sometimes tinged with shades of orange . The surface is smooth except for orange powder near the top , while the base is covered with stiff orange hairs . Smith reports the mushroom tissue to have no distinctive taste or odor , while Aronsen says the odor is " very conspicuous ; sweet , fruity , often experienced as farinaceous or faintly of anise " . Like many small Mycena species , the edibility of the mushroom is unknown , as it is too insubstantial to consider collecting for the table .
The spores are elliptic , smooth , and amyloid , with dimensions of 7 – 9 by 4 – 5 μm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells of the hymenium ) are club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored , and measure 25 – 32 by 5 @.@ 5 – 7 μm . Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill faces and edges , respectively ) are abundant and similar in morphology : club @-@ shaped to somewhat capitate ( with a head ) , the tops sparsely to densely covered with small spines ( said to resemble a mace ) , filled with a bright orange pigment , and measuring 28 – 36 by 7 – 12 μm . The flesh of the cap is covered with a cuticle , on the surface of which are found scattered cystidia similar to those on the gills . Directly beneath the cuticle is a layer of enlarged cells , and beneath this are filamentous hyphae . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae .
Mycena aurantiomarginata uses a tetrapolar mating system , whereby genes at two different locations on the chromosomes regulate sexual compatibility , or mating type . This system prevents self @-@ fertilization and ensures a high degree of genotypic diversity . When the fungal mycelia is grown in culture on a petri dish , the colonies are white , odorless , and typically have a central patch of congested aerial hyphae that grow upward from the colony surface , which abruptly become flattened to submerged , and occasionally form faint zone lines . The hyphae commonly form deposits of tiny amorphous crystals where they contact other mycelial fronts , especially where the hyphae are vegetatively incompatible and destroy each other by lysis .
= = = Similar species = = =
Mycena aurantiomarginata is generally recognizable in the field by its olive @-@ brown to orangish cap , bright orange gill edges , and yellowish hairs at the base of the stipe . M. elegans is similar in appearance to M. aurantiomarginata , and some have considered them synonymous . M. elegans is larger , with a cap diameter up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) and stipe length up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) , darker , and has pale greenish @-@ yellow colors on the gill edges and stipes that stain dull reddish @-@ brown in age . M. leaiana is readily distinguished from M. aurantiomarginata by the bright orange color of its fruit bodies , its clustered growth on rotting wood , and the presence of a gelatinous layer on its stipe . M. strobilinoides closely resembles M. aurantiomarginata in shape , size , spore morphology , and the presence of hairs at the stipe base . It has a cap color that ranges from scarlet to yellow , and features scarlet edges on widely spaced , pale pinkish @-@ orange to yellow gills .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Mycena aurantiomarginata is a saprobic fungus , deriving nutrients from decomposing organic matter found on the forest floor , such as needle carpets . Fruit bodies of the fungus grow scattered , in groups , or in tufts under conifers ( usually spruce and fir ) , and are often found on moss . In North America , it is found in California , Washington , Oregon , and British Columbia , and the species is widely distributed in western and northern Europe . In Central America , the mushroom has been collected on the summit of Cerro de la Muerte in the Cordillera de Talamanca , Costa Rica , on leaf litter of Comarostaphylis arbutoides ( a highly branched evergreen shrub or tree in the heath family ) . In 2010 , it was reported from Hokkaido in northern Japan , where it was found growing on Picea glehnii forest litter in early winter . It has also been recorded from North Africa .
= = Bioactive compounds = =
In 2010 , a pigment compound isolated and characterized from fruit bodies of Mycena aurantiomarginata was reported as new to science by Robert Jaeger and Peter Spiteller in the Journal of Natural Products . The chemical , mycenaaurin A , is a polyene compound that consists of a tridecaketide ( i.e. , 13 adjacent methylene bridge and carbonyl functional groups with two amino acid moieties on either end of the molecule ) . The authors posit that the flanking amino acid groups are probably derived biosynthetically from S @-@ Adenosyl methionine . The tridecaketide itself contains an alpha @-@ pyrone , a conjugated hexaene , and a single alkenyl moiety . Jaeger and Spiteller suggest that mycenaaurin A might function as a defense compound , since it exhibits antibacterial activity against the Gram @-@ positive bacterium Bacillus pumilus . The chemical is only present in the fruit bodies , and not in the colorless mycelia . An earlier screening for antimicrobial activity in the fruit bodies revealed a weak ability to inhibit the growth of the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus .
= California Gold Rush =
The California Gold Rush ( 1848 – 1855 ) began on January 24 , 1848 , when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma , California . The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon , the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) , and Latin America , and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848 . All in all , the news of gold brought some 300 @,@ 000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Of the 300 @,@ 000 , approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail .
The gold @-@ seekers , called " forty @-@ niners " ( as a reference to 1849 ) , often faced substantial hardships on the trip . While most of the newly arrived were Americans , the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America , Europe , Australia , and China . At first , the prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques , such as panning . More sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world . At its peak , technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required , increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners . Gold worth tens of billions of today 's dollars was recovered , which led to great wealth for a few . However , many returned home with little more than they had started with .
The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial . San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36 @,@ 000 by 1852 . Roads , churches , schools and other towns were built throughout California . In 1849 a state constitution was written , a governor and legislature chosen and California became a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850 .
New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service . By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States . Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers . At the beginning of the Gold Rush , there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of " staking claims " was developed . The Gold Rush also had negative effects : Native Americans were attacked and pushed off their lands and the mining has caused environmental harm . An estimated 100 @,@ 000 California Indians died between 1848 and 1868 as a result of American immigration .
= = History = =
The California Gold Rush began at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma . On January 24 , 1848 , James W. Marshall , a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter , found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River . Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter , and the two privately tested the metal . After the tests showed that it was gold , Sutter expressed dismay : he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold .
However , rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan . The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan ; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies , Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco , holding aloft a vial of gold , shouting " Gold ! Gold ! Gold from the American River ! "
On August 19 , 1848 , the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold . On December 5 , 1848 , President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress . Soon , waves of immigrants from around the world , later called the " forty @-@ niners , " invaded the Gold Country of California or " Mother Lode " . As Sutter had feared , he was ruined ; his workers left in search of gold , and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle .
San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began . When residents learned about the discovery , it at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses , but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived . The population of San Francisco exploded from perhaps about 1 @,@ 000 in 1848 to 25 @,@ 000 full @-@ time residents by 1850 . Miners lived in tents , wood shanties , or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships .
In what has been referred to as the " first world @-@ class gold rush , " there was no easy way to get to California ; forty @-@ niners faced hardship and often death on the way . At first , most Argonauts , as they were also known , traveled by sea . From the East Coast , a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months , and cover some 18 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 33 @,@ 000 kilometres ) . An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama , take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle , and then on the Pacific side , wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco . There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz . Many gold @-@ seekers took the overland route across the continental United States , particularly along the California Trail . Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards , from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera .
To meet the demands of the arrivals , ships bearing goods from around the world came to San Francisco as well . Ships ' captains found that their crews deserted to go to the goldfields . The wharves and docks of San Francisco became a forest of masts , as hundreds of ships were abandoned . Enterprising San Franciscans turned the abandoned ships into warehouses , stores , taverns , hotels , and one into a jail . Many of these ships were later destroyed and used for landfill to create more buildable land in the boomtown .
Within a few years , there was an important but lesser @-@ known surge of prospectors into far Northern California , specifically into present @-@ day Siskiyou , Shasta and Trinity Counties . Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present @-@ day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold @-@ seekers up the Siskiyou Trail and throughout California 's northern counties . Settlements of the Gold Rush era , such as Portuguese Flat on the Sacramento River , sprang into existence and then faded . The Gold Rush town of Weaverville on the Trinity River today retains the oldest continuously used Taoist temple in California , a legacy of Chinese miners who came . While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence , the remains of the once @-@ bustling town of Shasta have been preserved in a California State Historic Park in Northern California .
Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale . The first discovery of gold , at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present @-@ day Los Angeles , had been in 1842 , six years before Marshall 's discovery , while California was still part of Mexico . However , these first deposits , and later discoveries in Southern California mountains , attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically .
By 1850 , most of the easily accessible gold had been collected , and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations . Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve , Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained . The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ( $ 570 per month as of 2016 ) , and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners , particularly Latin Americans and Chinese .
In addition , the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting , fishing and food @-@ gathering areas . To protect their homes and livelihood , some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners . This provoked counter @-@ attacks on native villages . The Native Americans , out @-@ gunned , were often slaughtered . Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food @-@ gathering areas , and they starved to death . Novelist and poet Joaquin Miller vividly captured one such attack in his semi @-@ autobiographical work , Life Amongst the Modocs .
= = Forty @-@ niners = =
The first people to rush to the goldfields , beginning in the spring of 1848 , were the residents of California themselves — primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California , along with Native Americans and some Californios ( Spanish @-@ speaking Californians ) . These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort . Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men . Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men ; in such cases , the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold .
Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first . The earliest gold @-@ seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California . The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail . Next came people from the Sandwich Islands , and several thousand Latin Americans , including people from Mexico , from Peru and from as far away as Chile , both by ship and overland . By the end of 1848 , some 6 @,@ 000 Argonauts had come to California .
Only a small number ( probably fewer than 500 ) traveled overland from the United States that year . Some of these " forty @-@ eighters " , as the earliest gold @-@ seekers were sometimes called , were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold — in some cases , thousands of dollars worth each day . Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast . A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years ' wages back home . Some hoped to get rich quick and return home , and others wished to start businesses in California .
By the beginning of 1849 , word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world , and an overwhelming number of gold @-@ seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent . The largest group of forty @-@ niners in 1849 were Americans , arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes ( the name " forty @-@ niner " was derived from the year 1849 ) . Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains , taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania , poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports , and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail . Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company . Australians and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers , and thousands , infected with " gold fever " , boarded ships for California .
Forty @-@ niners came from Latin America , particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile . Gold @-@ seekers and merchants from Asia , primarily from China , began arriving in 1849 , at first in modest numbers to Gum San ( " Gold Mountain " ) , the name given to California in Chinese . The first immigrants from Europe , reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel , began arriving in late 1849 , mostly from France , with some Germans , Italians , and Britons .
It is estimated that approximately 90 @,@ 000 people arrived in California in 1849 — about half by land and half by sea . Of these , perhaps 50 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 were Americans , and the rest were from other countries . By 1855 , it is estimated at least 300 @,@ 000 gold @-@ seekers , merchants , and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world . The largest group continued to be Americans , but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans , Chinese , Britons , Australians French , and Latin Americans , together with many smaller groups of miners , such as African Americans , Filipinos , Basques and Turks .
People from small villages in the hills near Genova , Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the Sierra Nevada foothills ; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills , developed to survive cold winters . A modest number of miners of African ancestry ( probably less than 4 @,@ 000 ) had come from the Southern States , the Caribbean and Brazil .
A number of immigrants were from China . Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850 , and in 1852 more than 20 @,@ 000 landed in San Francisco . Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields , and created a degree of animosity towards the Chinese .
There were also women in the Gold Rush . They held various roles including prostitutes , single entrepreneurs , married women , poor and wealthy women . They were of various ethnicities including Anglo @-@ American , Hispanic , Native , European , Chinese , and Jewish . The reasons they came varied : some came with their husbands , refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves , some came because their husbands sent for them , and others came ( singles and widows ) for the adventure and economic opportunities . On the trail many people died from accidents , cholera , fever , and myriad other causes , and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California . While in California , women became widows quite frequently due to mining accidents , disease , or mining disputes of their husbands . Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work .
= = Legal rights = =
When the Gold Rush began , the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places . When gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill , California was still technically part of Mexico , under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican – American War . With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2 , 1848 , California became a possession of the United States , but it was not a formal " territory " and did not become a state until September 9 , 1850 . California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control . There was no civil legislature , executive or judicial body for the entire region . Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules , American principles , and personal dictates . Lax enforcement of federal laws , such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves .
While the treaty ending the Mexican – American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants , almost all the goldfields were outside those grants . Instead , the goldfields were primarily on " public land " , meaning land formally owned by the United States government . However , there were no legal rules yet in place , and no practical enforcement mechanisms .
The benefit to the forty @-@ niners was that the gold was simply " free for the taking " at first . In the goldfields at the beginning , there was no private property , no licensing fees , and no taxes . The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California . For example , the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers ; a " claim " could be " staked " by a prospector , but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked .
Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential . If a claim was deemed as low @-@ value — as most were — miners would abandon the site in search for a better one . In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon , other miners would " claim @-@ jump " the land . " Claim @-@ jumping " meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site . Disputes were often handled personally and violently , and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as arbitrators . This often led to heightened ethnic tensions . In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure .
= = Development of gold @-@ recovery techniques = =
Four hundred million years ago , California lay at the bottom of a large sea ; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals ( including gold ) onto the sea floor . By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada , and eroded . Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams . The forty @-@ niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold .
Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated , early forty @-@ niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands , or simply " pan " for gold in rivers and streams . However , panning cannot take place on a large scale , and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to placer mining , using " cradles " and " rockers " or " long @-@ toms " to process larger volumes of gravel . Miners would also engage in " coyoteing " , a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters ( 20 to 43 ft ) deep into placer deposits along a stream . Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of pay dirt .
In the most complex placer mining , groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river , and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom . Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ounces ( 370 t ) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush ( worth over US $ 16 billion at December 2010 prices ) .
In the next stage , by 1853 , hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold @-@ bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields . In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California , and later used around the world , a high @-@ pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold @-@ bearing gravel beds . The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices , with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected . By the mid @-@ 1880s , it is estimated that 11 million ounces ( 340 t ) of gold ( worth approximately US $ 15 billion at December 2010 prices ) had been recovered by " hydraulicking " .
A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel , silt , heavy metals , and other pollutants went into streams and rivers . As of 1999 many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining , since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life .
After the Gold Rush had concluded , gold recovery operations continued . The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California 's Central Valley and other gold @-@ bearing areas of California ( such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County ) . By the late 1890s , dredging technology ( also invented in California ) had become economical , and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces ( 620 t ) were recovered by dredging ( worth approximately US $ 28 billion at December 2010 prices ) .
Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed , gold @-@ seekers also engaged in " hard @-@ rock " mining , that is , extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it ( typically quartz ) , usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold @-@ bearing quartz . By 1851 , quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma . Once the gold @-@ bearing rocks were brought to surface , the rocks were crushed and the gold separated , either using separation in water , using its density difference from quartz sand , or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury ( with which gold forms an amalgam ) . Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination . Eventually , hard @-@ rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country . The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces ( 3700 t ) .
= = Profits = =
Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush . The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan , a tireless self @-@ promoter , shopkeeper and newspaper publisher . Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento , Coloma , and other spots in the goldfields . Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re @-@ sold them at a substantial profit .
Some gold @-@ seekers made a significant amount of money . On average , half the gold @-@ seekers made a modest profit , after taking all expenses into account ; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black , Indian , or Chinese miners . Most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money . Similarly , many unlucky merchants set up in settlements which disappeared , or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up . By contrast , a businessman who went on to great success was Levi Strauss , who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853 .
Other businessmen , through good fortune and hard work , reaped great rewards in retail , shipping , entertainment , lodging , or transportation . Boardinghouses , food preparation , sewing , and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women ( married , single , or widowed ) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman . Brothels also brought in large profits , especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses .
By 1855 , the economic climate had changed dramatically . Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers , either in partnerships or as employees . By the mid @-@ 1850s , it was the owners of these gold @-@ mining companies who made the money . Also , the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses .
= = = Path of the gold = = =
Once extracted , the gold itself took many paths . First , much of the gold was used locally to purchase food , supplies and lodging for the miners . It also went towards entertainment , which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol , gambling , and prostitutes . These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold , carefully weighed out . These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California .
The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world . A second path was the Argonauts themselves who , having personally acquired a sufficient amount , sent the gold home , or returned home taking with them their hard @-@ earned " diggings " . For example , one estimate is that some US $ 80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants .
As the Gold Rush progressed , local banks and gold dealers issued " banknotes " or " drafts " — locally accepted paper currency — in exchange for gold , and private mints created private gold coins . With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854 , gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation . The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy .
= = Near @-@ term effects = =
The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years , compared to a population of some 15 @,@ 000 Europeans and Californios beforehand , had many dramatic effects .
= = = Development of government and commerce = = =
The Gold Rush propelled California from a sleepy , little @-@ known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people . The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic @-@ mindedness . For example , in the midst of the Gold Rush , towns and cities were chartered , a state constitutional convention was convened , a state constitution written , elections held , and representatives sent to Washington , D.C. to negotiate the admission of California as a state .
Large @-@ scale agriculture ( California 's second " Gold Rush " ) began during this time . Roads , schools , churches , and civic organizations quickly came into existence . The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans . Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States , leading to statehood for California on September 9 , 1850 , in the Compromise of 1850 as the 31st state of the United States .
Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150 @,@ 000 . The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast . The Panama Railway , spanning the Isthmus of Panama , was finished in 1855 . Steamships , including those owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , began regular service from San Francisco to Panama , where passengers , goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast . One ill @-@ fated journey , that of the S.S. Central America , ended in disaster as the ship sank in a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas in 1857 , with approximately three tons of California gold aboard .
= = = Impact on Native Americans = = =
The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial . Native Americans , dependent on traditional hunting , gathering and agriculture , became the victims of starvation , as gravel , silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats . The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them . Later farming spread to supply the settlers ' camps , taking more land away from the Native Americans .
Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities . Ed Allen , interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park , reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day . Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations , at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act . During the 1852 Bridge Gulch Massacre , a group of settlers attacked a band of Wintu Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J. R. Anderson . After his killing , the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians , whom the men then attacked . Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson .
The Act for the Government and Protection of Indians , passed on April 22 , 1850 by the California Legislature , allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers .
In some areas , systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred . Various conflicts were fought between natives and settlers . The factors of disease , however do not minimize the tone of racial violence directed towards California Indians . Peter Burnett , California 's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians , extermination or removal . According to demographer Russell Thornton , between 1849 and 1890 , the Indigenous population of California fell below 20 @,@ 000 – primarily because of the killings . In contrast , according to the government of California , only some 4 @,@ 500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870 . Furthermore , California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851 .
After the initial boom had ended , explicitly anti @-@ foreign and racist attacks , laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners — not just Native Americans — from the mines , especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from Sonora , Mexico and Chile . The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well : one in twelve forty @-@ niners perished , as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high , and the resulting vigilantism also took its toll .
= = = World @-@ wide economic stimulation = = =
The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well . Farmers in Chile , Australia , and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food ; British manufactured goods were in high demand ; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China . The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world . Australian prospector Edward Hargraves , noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country , returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes . Preceding the Gold Rush , the United States was on a bi @-@ metallic standard , but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation . The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock .
Within a few years after the end of the Gold Rush , in 1863 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was held in Sacramento . The line 's completion , some six years later , financed in part with Gold Rush money , united California with the central and eastern United States . Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days .
= = Longer @-@ term effects = =
California 's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush , and fast success in a new world became known as the " California Dream . " California was perceived as a place of new beginnings , where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck . Historian H. W. Brands noted that in the years after the Gold Rush , the California Dream spread across the nation :
Overnight California gained the international reputation as the " golden state " . Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream . California farmers , oil drillers , movie makers , airplane builders , and " dot @-@ com " entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush .
Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto , " Eureka " ( " I have found it " ) , Gold Rush images on the California State Seal , and the state nickname , " The Golden State " , as well as place names , such as Placer County , Rough and Ready , Placerville ( formerly named " Dry Diggings " and then " Hangtown " during rush time ) , Whiskeytown , Drytown , Angels Camp , Happy Camp , and Sawyers Bar . The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team , and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University , Long Beach , are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush .
In addition. the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner 's spade to honor the California Gold Rush . Today , aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills , connecting many Gold Rush @-@ era towns such as Placerville , Auburn , Grass Valley , Nevada City , Coloma , Jackson , and Sonora . This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park , a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia ; the park has preserved many Gold Rush @-@ era buildings , which are presently occupied by tourist @-@ oriented businesses .
= = Cultural references = =
The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain ( The Celebrated Jumping Frog
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of Calaveras County ) , Bret Harte ( A Millionaire of Rough @-@ and @-@ Ready ) , Joaquin Miller ( Life Amongst the Modocs ) , and many others .
The Gold Rush is referred to in the Neil Young album After the Gold Rush .
= = Gallery = =
= Stroma , Scotland =
Stroma is an island off the northern coast of the mainland of Scotland . It is the most southerly of the islands in the Pentland Firth between the Orkney islands and Caithness , the northeasternmost part of the mainland . The name is from the Old Norse Straumr @-@ øy meaning " island in the [ tidal ] stream " .
The island 's population fell from 375 people in 1901 to just 12 by 1961 . The last native islanders left at the end of the following year , while Stroma 's final abandonment came in 1997 when the lighthouse keepers and their families departed . Ancient stone structures testify to the presence of Stroma 's earliest residents , while a Norse presence around 900 – 1 @,@ 000 years ago is recorded in the Orkneyinga Saga . It has been politically united with Caithness since at least the 15th century . Although Stroma lies only a few miles off the Scottish coast , the savage weather and ferociously strong tides of the Pentland Firth meant that the island 's inhabitants were very isolated , causing them to be largely self @-@ sufficient , trading agricultural produce and fish with the mainlanders .
Most of the islanders were fishermen and crofters ; some also worked as maritime pilots to guide vessels through the treacherous waters of the Pentland Firth . The tides and currents meant that shipwrecks were frequent — the most recent occurring in 1993 — and salvage provided an additional though often illegal supplement to the islanders ' incomes . A lighthouse was built on Stroma in 1890 and still operates under automation .
Stroma is now abandoned , with the houses of its former inhabitants unoccupied and falling into ruin . Its population fell gradually through the first half of the 20th century as inhabitants drifted away to seek opportunities elsewhere , as economic problems and Stroma 's isolation made life on the island increasingly unsupportable . From an all @-@ time peak of 375 people in 1901 , the population fell to just 12 by 1961 and the last islanders left at the end of the following year . The island is now owned by one of its former inhabitants , who uses it to graze cattle and sheep .
= = Geography , geology , flora and fauna = =
Stroma is located in the Pentland Firth about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) northwest of John o ' Groats on the mainland . The island divides the firth into two channels , the Inner Sound to the south and the Outer Sound to the north . It is mostly low @-@ lying and flat , covering an area of around 375 hectares ( 930 acres ) and rising to a height of 53 m ( 174 ft ) at Cairn Hill in the southeast . It is oriented in a north @-@ south direction , measuring about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) long by 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide .
The island is ringed by cliffs that vary in height from around 33 m ( 108 ft ) on the west coast to low cliffs with a narrow rocky foreshore elsewhere . The eastern side of the island slopes downward in an easterly or southeasterly direction , with the angle of the slope increasing from around 3 degrees in the centre of the island to about 30 degrees on the east coast . The bedrock of the island consists of flat layers of weathered Middle Old Red Sandstone , known as Rousay flags . A six @-@ foot band of the fine @-@ grained stone used to be quarried on a small scale for use on the mainland as roofing material . It is similar in composition to the Mey Beds on the mainland , though in some places on Stroma it is replaced by beds of angular and rounded masses of sandstone in a nodular matrix , similar to the Ackergill Beds in Caithness . Only fragmentary fossil remains have been found ; these include specimens of the extinct Devonian fish Dipterus and Coccosteus .
Stroma is bisected by a fault which runs in a north @-@ south direction through its centre , intersected by another fault running in an east @-@ northeast direction across the north of the island . The soil on either side of the fault line is significantly different ; the eastern and southern parts of Stroma are covered by fertile clay fed by bedrock minerals , while less fertile boggy ground predominates on the west side .
The heavily indented coastline has a circumference of about 7 miles ( 11 km ) , punctuated by numerous geos or inlets created by the waves eroding the sea cliffs along fault lines . A partially collapsed sea cave called The Gloup is located in the northwest of the island . This feature is a deep rocky pit , filled with sea water . It is located at the junction of the two fault lines and is connected to the sea by a subterranean passage 165 yd ( 151 m ) long , created by erosion along the east @-@ northeast fault . The passage is said to have been used for smuggling ; the islanders reportedly concealed illegal distilling from HM Customs and Excise by hiding the stills and alcohol in a cave within The Gloup , called " the Malt Barn " , which was only accessible at low tide .
The flora and fauna of Stroma are similar to those of the mainland . The island is treeless ; its vegetation consists primarily of grasses , heather and small flowers . Seals are plentiful along its shores and are sometimes found inland during the breeding season . Both grey seals and harbour seals are present , with around 650 grey seal pups being born each year . Otters may also be present , as in other parts of mainland Caithness . The western cliffs are the site of colonies of terns , guillemots , fulmars and eider ducks . The cliffs are designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest within the North Caithness Cliffs Special Protection Area . The waters off Stroma support a number of cetacean species including minke whale , white @-@ beaked dolphin and harbour porpoise .
= = Demographics = =
Two settlements existed on Stroma : Nethertown , in the north of the island , and Uppertown or Overtown , in the south . They originally belonged to the Freswick estate , which owned Nethertown , and the Mey estate , which owned Uppertown . Between the two was Mains of Stroma , the island 's principal farm . A track runs the entire length of the island , connecting the lighthouse at the north tip with the two settlements and the harbour on the south coast .
The island is now uninhabited ; the last resident islanders left in 1962 and the very last inhabitants , the keepers of the island lighthouse and their families , left in 1997 when the lighthouse was automated . The population reached a peak of 375 in 1901 but censuses conducted between 1841 and 1961 tell the story of the collapse of Stroma 's population during the 20th century :
= = History = =
= = = Prehistoric settlement and remains = = =
Stroma was inhabited in prehistoric times , as demonstrated by the presence of a number of ancient stone structures around the island . A ruined chambered cairn is situated at the far north end of the island near the lighthouse . It has been partially excavated and measures some 16 m ( 52 ft ) in diameter by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The 18th century inhabitants of the island collected the prehistoric stone arrowheads that they found on the western side of the island , believing them to be " elf @-@ shot " , and regarded them as having been made by fairies . They believed that if they possessed an " elf @-@ shot " they would be granted protection for themselves and their cattle from any harm caused by the fairies .
Structures similar to cists , which the islanders called " Picts ' Beds " , are also found on the island . Notable examples can be seen in the north near Nethertown . They are usually located near middens , out of which animal bones and shells are eroding . Little appears to be known about the purpose and origins of these structures . Although the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland attributes them to prehistory , it is also possible that they are Norse in origin . A kidney @-@ shaped burnt mound located near Castle Geo in the south @-@ east of Stroma can be more confidently ascribed to prehistory . It consists of an accumulation of cracked and scorched stones that were used to heat water in a communal cooking trough . Although the example on Stroma has not been dated , burnt mounds found elsewhere on Orkney and Shetland have been dated to the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age .
The remains of an earth @-@ and @-@ stone fort are situated on the promontory of Bught o ' Camm on the west coast of Stroma , near the north end of the island , though its origins are unknown . A rampart standing 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) with an average spread of 6 m ( 20 ft ) encloses an area of some 70 m ( 230 ft ) by 30 m ( 98 ft ) and blocks off access to the promontory . There is no evidence of structures inside the fort 's perimeter . It may possibly have been entered from the east end of the rampart , where a 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) gap exists , but this may alternatively have been produced by natural processes .
= = = Medieval period = = =
The first historical record of the island is found in the 12th century Orkneyinga Saga . It records that a man named Valthiof , the son of Olaf Rolfson , lived and farmed on Stroma . One Yule Eve , he set off in a ten @-@ oar boat to Orphir on Mainland , Orkney at the invitation of the Earl of Orkney , Paul Haakonsson . However , the boat was lost with all hands – as the Saga puts it , " sad news as Valthiof was a most accomplished man " . The Earl later granted Valthiof 's farm to Thorkel Flettir . Later , a rowdy Viking named Sweyn Asleifsson fled to Stroma , pursued by Earl Harald Haakonsson . The two men were trapped on the island due to bad weather but were persuaded to make peace by a mutual friend named Asmundi , who insisted that Sweyn and Harald should share the same bed .
The Norse are also believed to have built a fortification , now called Castle Mestag , at Mell Head in the far south @-@ west of Stroma . The structure ( also known as " the Robber 's Castle " ) is situated on the top of an isolated rock stack some 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) from the cliffs of the main island . The islanders believed that it had once been connected by a drawbridge or some other kind of artificial span , or alternatively it may once have been accessible via a rock arch that has since collapsed .
Due to its proximity to the Scottish mainland , Stroma has long been politically united with Caithness . An old story tells that possession of the island was once disputed between the Earls of Orkney and Caithness . To resolve the dispute , they relied on a legend that venomous animals would thrive in Caithness but die in Orkney . Some venomous snakes were duly imported to Stroma and survived there , " proving " that the island did in fact belong to Caithness and not Orkney .
It is more reliably recorded that in 1455 the Bishop of Caithness , William Mudy , granted Stroma and other lands and castles to his brother Gilbert . It eventually passed into the hands of the Sinclair family , who have held the title of Earl of Caithness since 1455 . In 1659 George Sinclair , the 6th Earl of Caithness , granted the wadset of Stroma to John Kennedy of Kermuck , who had fled to the far north after being outlawed following the fatal wounding of John Forbes of Watertown .
115 years later , the Rev. George Low recorded in his account of a tour of the island that he had seen " the remains of a pretty large house and gardens , once possessed by a gentleman , the proprietor of the island , who being forced to fly his native home on account of a duel , chose this for his retreat " . The gardens were said to have been furnished with " plants that cured every disease " . Nothing is now left of the house , but the gardens may have been located within a walled enclosure near the Nethertown pier .
= = = Life on Stroma : 17th and 18th centuries = = =
Life on the island was very isolated due to its inaccessibility . Until as late as 1894 it had no landing place , which meant that boats had to be landed directly on the beach and pulled up above the waterline . Particularly in winter , when storms raged through the Pentland Firth , Stroma could be cut off for weeks at a time . Such episodes posed serious risks to the islanders , as they had no doctor . The winter of 1937 illustrated the problems that the weather could pose ; during January and February that year , the island was cut off for three weeks by violent gales which demolished houses along the seafront and washed boats 100 yards ( 90 m ) inland . Stroma 's isolation came at an especially bad time , as most of the population had caught influenza and supplies of food dwindled to the point that some items had to be rationed . Eventually two boats were able to reach the island , carrying supplies and a doctor from Caithness , along with three weeks ' worth of mail .
Two chapels were established on Stroma at some point prior to the 17th century ; they were known as the Kirk of Stara ( from the Norse name for " big church " ) and the Kirk of Old Skoil ( from Skali , possibly a name given to a farm ) . Their locations are now unknown , but the Kirk of Old Skoil may have been located in the far south @-@ east of Stroma where the island 's graveyard is now . They both fell into disuse by the mid @-@ 17th century and , lacking a church of their own , it was perhaps not surprising that the islanders were felt by mainlanders to be somewhat lacking in religious commitment . An inquiry by the Canisbay Kirk in the 17th century rebuked them for visiting " Popish " chapels on the mainland , profaning the Lord 's Day , being " ale sellers and drinkers " and playing football and dancing on the Sabbath . The Presbytery decided that the inhabitants were spiritually neglected " by reason of the dangerous passage to that place , especially in winter . " The minister of Canisbay was supposed to preach four times a year on Stroma but was reprimanded for only doing so twice yearly . The islanders were instructed to attend church at Canisbay and a kirk session ordained in 1654 that they should be given free passage and that any Stroma person with a boat who stayed away should be fined .
The island 's population numbered a few dozen families throughout the 18th century , corresponding to a population of no more than a couple of hundred people ; it was recorded as numbering 30 families in 1710 , 47 in 1724 , 40 in 1735 and 30 in 1760 . They rented their land from two branches of the Sinclair family , the Sinclairs of Mey who owned Uppertown and the Sinclairs of Freswick who owned Nethertown . The latter acquired Nethertown in 1721 and eventually took possession of Uppertown as well by obtaining the wadset from the Kennedys , reportedly through skullduggery . According to the deathbed confession of one of the witnesses to the transaction , the laird , Sinclair of Freswick , obtained the " assent " of the deceased Kennedy holder of the wadset by placing a quill in the dead man 's hand and moving it to make the corpse write its name on the document . The other witness committed suicide , perhaps out of guilt . The island was reasonably profitable for the Sinclairs ; in 1724 the islanders paid an annual rent of 1 @,@ 300 marks ( equivalent to about £ 125 at 2011 prices ) , part of which was paid in surplus grain ferried by Stroma 's boats to the Sinclair granaries at Staxigoe near Wick . They were self @-@ sufficient in dairy produce and were known for the quality of their cheese @-@ making ; Daniel Defoe thought Stroma cheese was excellent .
= = = 19th and 20th centuries = = =
By the early 19th century , around 30 families numbering 170 people lived on Stroma , farming land allocated on the traditional run rig system . The island was said to be " very productive in corn " , though the inhabitants did not make use of ploughs ; instead , they dug high beds or ridges , which produced greater yields than ploughing would have . George Low wrote in his 1774 account of the island that " the soil is good , black and deep , thrown up into high ridges by the spade , in a word the whole cultivated part of the Island is dressed like a garden and produces far greater crops than are common on plowed ground . " Agricultural life on the island followed a fairly typical crofting pattern , with the average Stroma croft being about 10 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) in size . Families usually kept a few cows , sheep and hens , along with a single horse and pig . They grew a variety of crops such as oats , potatoes , hay and turnips , obtained water from wells and used horses to meet their transportation needs . As well as agricultural exports , they also exported flagstones from the island and imported peat to burn as fuel ; they were dismissive of the practice in some of the Orkney Islands of using cow dung as fuel , referring to the northern island of Sanday as " the little island where the coos shit fire " . Low observed the effect of the island 's climate on the inhabitants : " The men are stout hardy spadesmen as was said before , the women while young are tolerably well looked , but as they advance in age grow very hard favoured , acquiring a peculiar ghastliness in their countenances contrary to what is observed of the women in Orkney . "
The islanders also supported themselves through fishing , exploiting the high @-@ quality catches that were to be made around the island 's coasts . James Traill Calder wrote in his 1861 Sketch of the Civil and Traditional History of Caithness that " The finest cod in the north is to be got in the Pentland Firth ... Large and excellent lobsters are caught around the island [ of Stroma ] . " As well as trapping lobsters , the islanders practised hand line cod fishing in the waters of the Firth . This involved towing lengths of line with heavy weights and a metal rod or sprool at one end , from which hung a short length of hemp and hook baited with limpets . To encourage the fish to bite , the boats had to be held still by their rowers , which required great skill in the Firth 's unpredictable currents . The island was noted for its native type of boat , the Stroma yole , which was a direct descendant of the old Norse longship .
Many of the male islanders utilised their knowledge of the Firth 's currents to hire themselves out to passing vessels as maritime pilots . Their expertise was the product of a lifetime 's experience on the waters of the Firth ; as it was said , they had been " dabbling in salt water from their childhood upwards " . Indeed , the whole island was drenched in salt water thrown up by the powerful tides and storms to which it was subjected , particularly in the winter . The Statistical Account of Scotland noted that during a storm the sea level on the west of the island was more than two fathoms [ 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) ] higher than on the east side , and that the spray was thrown so high that it washed over the cliff tops " and falls in such profusion as to run in rills to the opposite shore " . The islanders took advantage of this phenomenon by capturing the water in a reservoir to power a watermill which ground their grain in the winter months . It is not now known exactly where the mill was or what happened to it . Although it is described in the Statistical Account , written in the 1790s , and a Robert Miller is listed in the 1851 census as its miller , by 1861 he had moved to farm a five @-@ acre croft and no further mention is made of the mill in contemporary accounts .
Stroma 's violent storms occasionally wrought destruction on the island . In December 1862 , a great storm broke over the island with such force that it swept right across the northern end of Stroma , leaving wreckage , rocks and seaweed on the top of the 100 @-@ foot @-@ high cliffs and destroying the channels leading to the watermill . However , the sea 's destructive power had one positive benefit for the islanders , if not for those caught out by the currents and shoals of the Pentland Firth . Over the last two hundred years , over sixty vessels ranging from fishing boats to large cargo vessels have been wrecked on the shores of Stroma , with many more vessels coming to grief on the reefs and shoals of the neighbouring mainland and Orkney coasts . Many vessels – at least 560 between 1830 and 1990 – have had to be refloated in the Pentland Firth after getting into difficulties . Shipwrecks were a valuable source of income , timber and goods for the islanders , who would salvage liberally – and often with little regard for legality – whenever a stranded ship was abandoned . The building of Stroma 's first lighthouse in the late 19th century was initially opposed by some of the islanders who were more concerned with profiting from shipwrecks than preventing them .
The shipwrecks continued , nonetheless , with one of the most profitable of all being the 1931 wreck of the 6 @,@ 000 @-@ ton Danish freighter Pennsylvania on the neighbouring island of Swona . The vessel was plundered by the inhabitants of Stroma , Swona and South Ronaldsay . Much of her cargo of slot machines , spark plugs , clothing , tobacco , watches and car parts was looted and concealed in haystacks , oatfields , lochs and caves . David Stogdon , a lifeboatman , recalled seeing what the islanders did with their illicit salvage : " Every house was stuffed with wreck [ salvage ] ... clocks , telescopes , binnacles ... I seem to remember enormous dining @-@ room tables in small cottages . And then of course from time to time they 'd have cargo parts of lorries or something like that which could be put together to make a lorry and taken ashore on two or three fishing boats in calm weather . They 'd land it quietly somewhere , drive it along and sell it . " Customs officers , policemen , coastguards and Receivers of Wreck were not generally welcome – the island had no police force – and the islanders let it be understood that unfortunate things could happen to the boats of unwanted visitors : " Police boats could go missing , develop an unexpected leak or spontaneously combust . " The area still presents hazards to passing ships ; in January 1993 , the Danish coaster Bettina Danica ran aground off the southern end of Stroma . The wreck was broken apart by the action of the sea in 1997 and only her stern section is still visible .
Another way the islanders supported themselves was through the illicit brewing of spirits as a way of boosting their income – a common practice among the older people . An inspector who visited the island 's school in 1824 described the inhabitants of Stroma as " all professed smugglers " . The suppression of smuggling by the authorities led to a significant drop in the island 's population the first half of the 19th century . The census of 1841 noted : " now smuggling being completely suppressed , several families have left the island and removed to the Orkneys to follow more lawful pursuits . " While smuggling may have been tackled , illicit distilling continued for many years . One former inhabitant , Mrs. David Gunn , recalled in 1971 how her great @-@ grandmother had managed to avoid the " excisemen " ( customs officers ) confiscating her illegally brewed alcohol :
My great @-@ granny , a woman Kirsty Banks frae Stroma – she wesna supposed to be very clever , but faith ! She hed all her wits boot her . They used to dae a bit о distillin in that time , on their own of coorse , and wan time they hed a browst ready , fan they heird ' at ' e excisemen were comin . Noo she 'd hedden a stillborn bairn no long afore ' at , an ' e excisemen kent ' at . And they 'd no time til hide ' e malt . So she telt ' e bairns til make up a bed til her in ' e kitchen , and til put ' e malt in ' e bed , and she wes lyin on ' at fan ' e excisemen came in . And she telt them ' at she 'd hidden a stillborn bairn no long afore ' at , and she wisna feelin very weil , but ' e bairns wanted her in ' e kitchen , til guide them and tell them fat til do . And ' e excisemen kent that was true , they kent she 'd hedden a bairn . So they searched ' e rest о the hoose , but they didna touch ' e bed , and they got off wi ' it .
Despite their physical isolation , the islanders maintained a lively community . A school had been established in 1723 by the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge ( SPCK ) , with sixty children on its initial attendance roll . The demands of island life conflicted to some extent with those of schooling . The SPCK 's inspector found only eighteen out of seventy pupils present when he visited in 1824 . He found that many of the children were fully occupied helping their families in summer and only attended school in winter . Two places of worship were built within a couple of years of each other , a Baptist chapel in 1877 and a Church of Scotland church in 1878 ( at a cost of £ 900 ) . Although they soon became focal elements of community life , there seems to have been some bad blood between the two congregations , perhaps due to a clash between the missionary zeal of local Baptists and the Calvinism of the Presbyterian Kirk .
The inhabitants of Stroma were highly self @-@ sufficient , and many practiced additional trades such as carpentry or roof @-@ laying in addition to their " day jobs " in fishing or crofting . They built their own houses and boats , produced most of their own food , maintained farm equipment , shod their own horses , and made their own clothes , boots and shoes . In the 1920s they built their own wind turbines to recharge the batteries of their radio sets . By the end of the 19th century the island had three shops including a grocery . Any additional needs were met by purchasing supplies from shops at Wick and Thurso on the mainland or by mail @-@ order from catalogues . For a while , they were also able to use the services of a floating shop which came periodically from Orkney to Stroma . Customers were rowed out to buy groceries , flour , animal feed , paraffin and clothes in exchange for lobsters , wet salted fish and eggs .
Most of the houses on Stroma are single @-@ storey stone @-@ built structures with two main rooms ( a " butt " and a " ben " ) plus a closet ( a small bedroom ) and a porch . The rooms were small and simply furnished , incorporating recessed box beds . These consisted of a series of wooden planks with a layer of straw on top , on which was placed a chaff @-@ filled mattress . The butt was used as a living room and included an iron stove with an oven , and sometimes a water tank to enable hot water to be generated , while the ben was used for visitors and as a sitting @-@ room .
One former islander , James Simpson , recalls that " we had about two hundred and fifty folks here when I was a boy . It never seemed a lonely place . There were always people going in and out of each other 's houses , there were forty children at the school and there were two teachers . We had concerts ; three concerts in the winter when you had to sing loud to get above the sound of the wind . The young people would meet at the shop in the long , long evenings in summer . " The island had some distinctively eccentric characters : Donald Banks , the island 's coffin @-@ maker , was known for quarreling with his neighbours ( telling one family , " I 'll no bury any more o ' ye ! " ) and combining poetry with coffin @-@ making , as in the order he placed with a mainland supplier :
Dear Mr. Sutherland ,
Would you be so good ,
To send eight planks of coffin wood .
Half inch lining , ( dear Mr. Sutherland , )
For those who are pining ...
Describing life on Stroma , Simpson comments :
There would be about fifty houses or crofts , small crofts , but they were reckoned to be better off than the fisherman in , say , Wick or Keiss . They set the croft down before they went off on the herring fishing – the herring was a big industry in that days . When the men went to the herring fishing , they had the croft ploughed ; the women fed the sheep and the cattle and milked the cow , and when they came home from the fishing they had tatties for the winter feed and then they cut their harvest . When the herring fishing was finished , it was harvest time — it was a seasonal fishing , and it suited the Stroma men perfectly because their wives attended to the crofts . You could say the women in Stroma were liberated well before women 's lib . They 'd got men 's work to do – milk cows , make butter ; they were very industrious women . And then when the husband comes home they 'd have a fat pig to kill – that was your winter meat , all salted .
= = = Decline and abandonment = = =
Stroma 's population fell precipitously through the first half of the 20th century , leading eventually to the island 's final abandonment at the end of the 1950s . There was no single cause that precipitated the collapse of Stroma 's population . Living conditions on the island were always basic ; there was no running water or electricity , and gas only arrived in the 1950s , which contrasted poorly with the improvements being made on the mainland . The fishing deteriorated after the First World War , and crofting became an increasingly difficult way to make a living . The island was relatively overpopulated ; by 1901 the population was nearly twice that of sixty years previously , and there was little spare land left for farming . Families of six to eight children were common , but there was simply not enough work for all , so the eldest often left for the mainland or emigrated to Canada or the United States to find work . The lack of a proper harbour meant that the islanders could not make use of larger boats or develop a modern fishery . Young people started moving away to seek better @-@ paying opportunities elsewhere , eventually followed by their parents .
Both of the World Wars had a major impact on Stroma , which was only a dozen miles from the Royal Navy 's chief base at Scapa Flow in Orkney . Six islanders died in each of the World Wars ; the names of all twelve are inscribed on the island 's war memorial , and during the Second World War as much as a quarter of the population was on war service . Adding to the island 's economic problems , the introduction of the 11 @-@ plus exam in 1944 meant that all children over the age of 12 had to leave Stroma to complete their education at the secondary school in Wick . Because they could not commute between the island and Wick , they had to attend school as boarders , which incurred additional expenses for their parents .
Two other factors have often been cited in Stroma 's depopulation : the building of the nuclear power station at nearby Dounreay in the 1950s , which created many new jobs on the mainland , and in the same decade the construction of a harbour on Stroma on which many islanders were employed . Although it has been claimed that this gave the islanders the incentive ( and the means ) to leave , local historian Donald A. Young points out that of islanders who left after 1945 , only one went directly from Stroma to Dounreay . Most of the rest either continued fishing or carried on crofting on the mainland , while others found alternative jobs . Some ex @-@ islanders eventually found jobs at Dounreay , but they had already moved to the mainland for work or education .
The Sinclairs of Mey sold their portion of the island to Colonel F. B. Imbert @-@ Terry in 1929 , who sold it in turn to John Hoyland , an umbrella manufacturer from Yorkshire , in 1947 . Hoyland also acquired the remaining island estate of the Sinclairs of Freswick , uniting Stroma for a reported cost of £ 4 @,@ 000 . His tenure coincided with the final collapse of the island 's population . As the tenants left , Hoyland put Stroma on the market but found no buyers . A Caithness councilman suggested various schemes for Stroma , including establishing a nudist colony and using it as a site for a crematorium , but the council rejected suggestions that it should take on responsibility for the island . As the population left , the local economy disintegrated ; there were no longer enough able @-@ bodied men to man the fishing boats , and the remaining facilities on the island were closed down for lack of custom . The last store on the island , the Scottish Cooperative Wholesale Society shop , closed in 1956 . Only three families , numbering 16 people in total , were left by 1957 ; that year , the island 's school closed , by which time it only had two pupils . The Post Office closed in 1958 when the family which operated it left for the mainland .
In the summer of 1958 , Hoyland prompted controversy by offering the island to the American TV quiz show Bid ' n ' Buy as a prize . After an outcry on both sides of the Atlantic , the show 's producers settled for offering a car instead . In December 1960 , he sold Stroma to James Simpson , an islander whose family had moved to farm on the mainland near the Castle of Mey in 1943 . Simpson had not originally intended to buy the island but happened to be talking about it with a lawyer : " I said , ' I see Stroma was sold last week , and it 's not sold this week . Is it on the market ? ' ' Yes , ' he said , ' Stroma 's for sale . ' I said , " What kind of money ? " So he told me what kind of money , and there and then , the lawyer wrote that I , James Simpson , offered to buy the island of Stroma at a certain figure , and I signed my name at the end of it . " His wife was not enthusiastic about the purchase : " Lena nearly flew at me for being so stupid . She says , ' Stroma ? What on earth are you going to do with an island ? ' " . He was successful in his bid and used the island to graze his animals , repopulating it with around 200 sheep and 30 cattle .
By this time , the five @-@ member Manson family had become the last native inhabitants of Stroma , " Now liv [ ing ] in a silent community of empty houses , an empty church and an empty school . " Although the head of the family , Andrew Manson , called the island " a paradise in summer " and a place where he was " free of outside distractions and watching my sons growing from boyhood to manhood – teaching them to live like men , to be dependent on no one , " it was a bleak life for the women , who had applied for a council house at Scrabster , near Thurso . The Mansons finally left Stroma on 6 December 1962 , bringing to an end thousands of years of permanent habitation on the island .
= = = Island of ruins = = =
Stroma is now entirely deserted by humans ; its only permanent inhabitants are the seals , birds and sheep that live on the island . The church , school and old croft houses stand derelict , with many having fallen into ruin . The writer Bella Bathurst , visiting the island in the early 2010s , described the scene :
The houses along the main road down the spine of the island seem to have rotted at different rates . Those crofts , which have somehow managed to keep their glazing and their roof @-@ slates , are in much better condition than the others . In some , the furniture is still laid out as if only recently abandoned : iron bedsteads with mattresses , tables , armchairs , cupboards full of boots and bottles , everything arranged with the same care and compaction as it would be on a boat . But most crofts have already lost the war with the weather . As soon as the tiles go , the damp begins to sidle into the mortaring ; within a couple of years all that is left are a few bony ribs and the stark gable ends .
Inside some of the houses , Bathurst writes , everyday objects still remain where they were left decades ago ; " the bed and the limed matchboard ceiling are intact , untouched even by the damp . The kitchen table still stands in the parlour and a framed and fading photograph gazes out from the top of the mantelpiece . " In another house seen 20 years earlier by Leslie Thomas , " was a rank of family photographs , shades in Victorian dress staring out forever into a room now desolate and holed , but which had once held the life of a warm family . "
Elsewhere , the books remain " dusty but tidy " in the abandoned school , and the church still contains its pulpit , " dumb and hung with ragged red tassles " with prayer books " left to be trampled upon by heathen sheep and nibbled by rabbits and rats . " In the former post office , forms and licence applications and a bottle of dried ink still stand on the counter , while in a back room stands " a nice dresser , upon which [ stands ] a teapot and a jug and some sheet music : ' Red Sails in the Sunset ' , ' The General 's Fast Asleep ' and ' You Can 't Do That There ' Ere . ' Nobody on Stroma will ever sing those songs now . "
Bathurst and Thomas express contrasting views on the significance of Stroma 's abandonment . Thomas regards it as a tragedy : " Of all the out @-@ of @-@ the @-@ way places I have known , this was the saddest . It seemed as though its life had been ended in a fit of pique . " To Bathurst , however , " it is tempting to see Stroma 's abandonment as the result of some appalling trauma . Abandonment is always taken as a sign of failure , a collective death ... But Stroma does not feel sad . True , there is sorrow in seeing the once meticulous vegetable patches turned over to weeds , or wondering how many more winters the box beds will stand before they start to rot . But that isn 't the whole story . What is interesting about Stroma is not the fact of its abandonment , but the tale of its past . "
= = Communications = =
Stroma lacked a regular connection to the mainland until 1879 , when the Post Office subsidised a weekly boat service from Huna on the mainland and established a post office on the island . However , the volume of mail from Stroma proved so small that the service was grossly uneconomical . By the 1950s , the Post Office was spending 1s . 2d. for each letter worth 2 ½ d. in postage .
For many years , the islanders had no means of contacting the mainland in emergencies other than signalling with hand lamps and hoping that someone would see them . A radio telephone was installed in 1935 , and in 1953 a telephone cable was laid . A red telephone box was installed in the centre of the island , symbolic of the 6 millionth phone box installation in the UK . It is still there today , though no longer in use .
It was not until 1894 that Stroma gained its first artificial landing point , a pier built from Portland cement near Nethertown at a cost of £ 800 . In 1955 , Caithness County Council constructed a new harbour on the south coast of the island at the then great cost of £ 28 @,@ 500 . Although it was intended to help stem the exodus of people from the island , Stroma was abandoned only a few years after the harbour 's completion .
In the late 1930s Highland Airways looked into the possibility of including Stroma in the hospital ambulance plane service that was then in operation . On 19 August 1937 , Captain Fresson of Highland Airways landed a small aircraft in farmland adjoining the Mains of Stroma , and the following spring the islanders cleared an area of moorland on the west side of the island to create an airstrip . The first official flight landed in June 1938 . However , the Second World War prevented any further developments and a regular service was not established . After the war , Highland Airways was taken over by British European Airways , which abandoned any interest in serving the island .
Today , Stroma has no regular communications with the mainland . The island 's owner runs occasional boat trips there on weekends .
= = Notable buildings = =
= = = Lighthouse = = =
In 1890 , a lighthouse was built at Stroma 's northern tip , Langaton Point . It was only operational for six years before being replaced , and very little is now known about the structure . The unmanned lighthouse originally housed a Trotter @-@ Lindberg lamp which burned petroleum spirit or lythene . The fuel supply was stored in cisterns near the lantern , which was regularly recharged at least fortnightly by the local fishermen or crofters . It was one of the first lighthouses in Scotland to use this type of " scintillating " light .
It was replaced in 1896 , possibly on the same site , by a new lighthouse built to a design by David Stevenson as part of a major programme of construction works around northern Scotland . A fog warning system was installed the following year . Stevenson 's lighthouse consists of a circular white @-@ painted stone tower standing 23 metres ( 75 ft ) high at an elevation of 32 metres ( 105 ft ) above Mean High Water with a number of buildings nearby to house generators and the lighthouse keepers . The light was converted to a paraffin lamp when the former lythene lamp was found to be unsuitable . An oil store was installed in the lighthouse tower , ending the need for a separate building to hold the fuel . The lighthouse was subjected to a machine @-@ gun attack by a German aircraft on 22 February 1941 . It caused little damage and no injuries , and the keepers were soon able to make repairs .
Until 1961 the lighthouse was administered as a shore station , and subsequently ( after the resident population of Stroma had left ) as a rock station . An electric lamp with a maximum power of 1 @.@ 1 million cp was installed in 1972 , utilising a sealed beam optic mounted on a gearless revolving pedestal . By this time the keepers and their families were the only people living on Stroma . A helicopter pad was installed to enable supplies and personnel to be flown in . In 1997 the station was converted to automatic operation , utilising a 250 watt metal halide lamp which rotates on a gearless pedestal . A lens system from Sule Skerry lighthouse was refitted in the Stroma lighthouse . The old air @-@ driven fog horn was removed and replaced by an electric fog signal which is installed on the balcony of the lighthouse . The lighthouse station 's power , which was formerly obtained from generators , is now provided by batteries which are charged at regular intervals . The current light flashes white every 20 seconds and can be seen from a nominal range of 26 nautical miles ( 48 km ; 30 mi ) .
= = = Kennedy mausoleum and the mummies of Stroma = = =
One curious side @-@ effect of the constant spray of sea @-@ water over Stroma – apart from making the drinking water brackish and giving the air a constant salt taste – was that it mummified the corpses of some of the island 's inhabitants . They were housed in a mausoleum in the south @-@ east corner of Stroma , built by the Kennedy family in 1677 . The building still stands , although it is now unroofed ; it comprises a two @-@ storey structure which incorporates a burial vault and a doocot . The building was constructed from grey flagstones and pink sandstone quoins , measuring 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) by 18 ft 5 in ( 5 @.@ 61 m ) externally and standing 22 ft ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) high . The lintel of the door has the inscription " I.K. " ( John Kennedy ) and the date 1677 carved into it .
The mummies of Stroma were something of a tourist attraction in the 18th century ; the Welsh naturalist and traveller Thomas Pennant described the mummies as " entire and uncorrupted bodies of persons who had been dead sixty years . I was informed that they were very light , had a flexibility in their limbs and were of a dusky color . " However , their popularity proved their undoing . In 1762 Bishop of Ross and Caithness Robert Forbes recorded in his journal that Murdoch Kennedy
... played such wretched tricks on the Body of his Father , for the Diversion of Strangers , as in time broke it to pieces , and the Head was the part that fell first off . He used to place Strangers at his Father 's Feet , and by setting a Foot on one of his Father 's , he made the Body spring up speedily and salute them , which surprized them greatly . Then , after laying the body down again , he beat a march upon the Belly , which sounded equally loud with a Drum .
By 1786 the mummies had been destroyed by cattle and careless visitors as , according to Walker 's Hibernian Magazine , " curiosity to see the mummies had brought many idle people to Stroma , [ and ] that some , out of wantonness had shattered the door , and others the bodies ; and the door not being repaired , sheep and cattle entered the vault , and trampled them to pieces . " There is now no trace of the original burials in the vault .
= Fox Sports Detroit =
Fox Sports Detroit is an American regional sports network that is owned by Fox Cable Networks , a unit of the Fox Entertainment Group division of 21st Century Fox , and operates as an affiliate of Fox Sports Networks . It provides coverage of local sports teams in the state of Michigan , primarily focusing on those in the Metro Detroit area . The network exclusively broadcasts games involving the Detroit Tigers , Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , and state college and high school sports .
Fox Sports Detroit is available on cable television throughout Michigan , as well as in northeastern Indiana , northwest Ohio and some portions of northeastern Wisconsin and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network . The network 's production facilities and offices are based in Southfield , Michigan , with master control operations based at the headquarters of Fox Sports Networks in Houston , Texas . The network also maintains dedicated remote sets in the concourses of Comerica Park , The Palace of Auburn Hills and Joe Louis Arena .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
Fox Sports Detroit traces its origins to 1996 , when News Corporation purchased 50 % of the Prime Network , a group of regional sports networks owned by Liberty Media , and immediately rebranded them under the " Fox Sports Net " banner . At the time of the purchase , Post @-@ Newsweek Stations ( owners of Detroit NBC affiliate WDIV @-@ TV , channel 4 ) owned the Detroit @-@ based Pro @-@ Am Sports System ( PASS Sports ) , which served the local affiliate of the Prime Network . News Corporation announced plans to launch a Fox Sports Net affiliate in Michigan by 1998 , and made a surprise bid for , and won , the local cable television rights to NBA games involving the Detroit Pistons .
When PASS Sports ' respective National Hockey League and Major League Baseball broadcast rights to the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers franchises came up for renewal , Fox Sports Net made a bid for the contracts and won them both . Fox Sports decided to push the launch date of the new channel forward in time for the beginning of the 1997 – 98 NHL season and 1998 MLB season ; Fox Sports Detroit began broadcasting on September 17 , 1997 . Post @-@ Newsweek , meanwhile , concluded that its coverage area was not large enough to support two RSNs and sold the remainder of its Tigers and Pistons contracts , and the contract of sportscaster John Keating , to Fox Sports Detroit . Post @-@ Newsweek shut down PASS Sports on October 31 , 1997 , leaving Fox Sports Detroit as the sole regional sports network in Michigan .
= = = Studios = = =
From its launch until January 16 , 2008 , Fox Sports Detroit broadcast its studio shows out of FSN Northwest 's facilities in Bellevue , Washington . On October 1 , 2009 , the network unveiled a new all @-@ digital high definition @-@ capable studio in its Southfield headquarters dubbed the " Call Sam Studio " , named after its sponsor , the Sam Bernstein Law Firm . It serves as the production base of the pre @-@ game / post @-@ game shows Tigers Live , Pistons Live and Red Wings Live , as well the magazine shows of all three teams and all of the channel 's other local programming . It was expected that 80 % of the shows produced from the studio would be produced and broadcast in HD . The first program to originate from the new studio was Wingspan , a special previewing the 2009 @-@ 10 Red Wings season , on October 1 .
= = = Tigers , Pistons and Red Wings switch to cable full @-@ time = = =
The channel shared professional team coverage rights with some Detroit area broadcast television stations until the spring of 2008 . In March 2008 , the channel signed new long @-@ term contracts with the Pistons , Red Wings and Tigers to broadcast more games than in previous years , becoming the exclusive local home of all three teams for the first time until at least 2018 . This leaves only the NFL 's Detroit Lions as the only local professional sports team in Detroit to have all of its games on broadcast television .
= = = Detroit Lions = = =
On May 21 , 2015 , the Detroit Lions announced a multi @-@ year broadcast partnership with Fox Sports Detroit and WJBK ( Fox 2 ) . Fox Sports Detroit produces the preseason game broadcasts with Fox 2 producing the pre @-@ game and post @-@ game segments . The games air live on Fox 2 and the rest of the Detroit Lions Television Network , with re @-@ airings on Fox Sports Detroit . Fox Sports Detroit also airs Lions Live after regular season games , and Monday head coach press conferences .
= = Programming = =
= = = Local team coverage = = =
= = = = Professional teams = = = =
Detroit Red Wings – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to 70 Detroit Red Wings regular season games , as well as some preseason games and the first round of the playoffs . Red Wings Live airs before and after all games .
Detroit Tigers – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to at least 150 Detroit Tigers regular season games , as well as some Spring Training games . Tigers Live ( which was extended to an hour @-@ long program in 2013 ) airs before and after all regular season games , and after all playoff games .
Detroit Pistons – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to up to 70 regular season Detroit Pistons games , as well as some early round playoff games . Pistons Live airs before and after all games .
Detroit Lions – Fox Sports Detroit airs repeats of Detroit Lions preseason games . It also airs Lions Live after regular season games , and the Monday press conference with the Lions ' head coach .
= = = = College coverage = = = =
Detroit Titans men 's basketball
Oakland Golden Grizzlies men 's basketball
Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans hockey
Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans coaches shows and magazine shows
= = = = High school sports = = = =
Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) football playoffs
MHSAA girls and boys basketball state finals
MHSAA Championships ( for all sports ; events are either broadcast on television or streamed on the channel 's website )
= = = = Weekly shows = = = =
Pistons Weekly – A 30 @-@ minute in @-@ season show featuring off the court stories from the Detroit Pistons . Hosted by George Blaha , the program also airs on WDIV @-@ TV .
Pistons In Focus – A 30 @-@ minute show that premiered during the 2009 – 10 season with biographies of notable Pistons players and coaches past and present , hosted by Eli Zaret . Those examined have included Isiah Thomas , Chuck Daly , Bill Laimbeer , Dave Bing and Tayshaun Prince .
Wingspan – Formerly titled Red Wings Weekly , a 30 @-@ minute in @-@ season show featuring off @-@ the @-@ ice stories of the Detroit Red Wings .
Tigers Weekly – A 30 @-@ minute in @-@ season show featuring off @-@ the @-@ field stories of the Detroit Tigers .
Inside Michigan Football – A 30 @-@ minute weekly discussion of University of Michigan Wolverines football with head coach Jim Harbaugh , hosted by Jim Brandstatter . The program also features interview segments with Wolverines players , as well as locker room footage and special features presented by Doug Karsch . Formerly known as Michigan Replay , which began on WDIV @-@ TV in 1980 ( its original title was retired in honor of former Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr ) . It is also shown on Big Ten Network and ABC affiliate WXYZ @-@ TV ( channel 7 ) and via Big Ten Network On Demand .
Inside Michigan Basketball – A 30 @-@ minute weekly discussion of University of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball with head coach John Beilein , hosted by Matt Shepard . Maintaining a format similar to Inside Michigan Football , the program is also shown on Big Ten Network and available via Big Ten Network On Demand .
Michigan Sports Weekly – A weekly series chronicling the University of Michigan Wolverines sports scene ; it is hosted by Doug Karsch . The program is also shown on Big Ten Network and the Michigan Channel .
Spartan Sports Zone – A weekly program chronicling the Michigan State University Spartans sports scene ; it is hosted by Dave Ellis . The program is also shown on Big Ten Network and Fox College Sports Atlantic .
One on One with Tom Izzo – A 30 @-@ minute show featuring Michigan State University Spartans men 's basketball head coach Tom Izzo and sports anchor Mickey York . It is also shown on Big Ten Network .
One on One with Mark Dantonio – A 30 @-@ minute show featuring Michigan State University Spartans football head coach Mark Dantonio and sports anchor Mickey York . It is also shown on Big Ten Network .
Michigan Golf Live – A pre @-@ recorded weekly show that promotes golfing and golf courses in Michigan , hosted by Doug Karsch .
MHSAA Football Friday Overtime – Debuted in August 2011 , the program includes highlights , analysis and interviews from high school football games around the state . Hosted by Mickey York and Rob Rubick , it airs live Friday nights at 12 : 00 a.m. during the fall .
= = = = Former programs = = = =
The Detroit Sports Report ( or simply DSR ) – A Detroit / Michigan @-@ centered sports news show created in September 2000 by Fox Sports Net to help increase ratings for the National Sports Report . Marc Soicher and Angie Arlotti ( now Mentink ) were the original anchors of the 10 : 00 p.m. show , while Soicher hosted a 7 : 00 p.m. edition of the program solo . Mickey York and Brad Adam hosted the weekend editions of the program . In 2003 , Mickey York promoted to weeknight co @-@ anchor replacing Soicher , following his departure for FSN Rocky Mountain , with Ryan Field ( previously with WJBK and sports radio station WDFN ) replacing York as weekend anchor in addition to serving as a correspondent . Ratings for the Detroit Sports Report remained decent , despite declining ratings for the National Sports Report , which itself was canceled in 2004 ; FSN dropped many of the regional sports news programs later that year or in 2005 , with the Detroit Sports Report being the last to be canceled in April 2007 .
Pistons Insider – A 30 @-@ minute pre @-@ recorded in @-@ season pregame show in which Matt Shepard and Pete Skorich preview the night 's Pistons opponent . It was canceled after the 2008 – 09 season .
Motor City Memories – Discussion of memorable Detroit Pistons teams of the past , hosted by George Blaha . It was replaced by Pistons In Focus for the 2009 – 10 season .
Spotlight : Detroit – A series profiling prominent Detroit sports figures .
In My Own Words : Detroit – A 30 @-@ minute interview featuring a sports figure in Detroit . This show is similar to Chris Myers Interview . The show debuted September 9 , 2007 . John Keating was the host . The program was canceled in 2008 .
Fox Sports Detroit was the home of the WNBA 's Detroit Shock until the 2009 season , after which the team relocated to Tulsa , Oklahoma .
= = = = Specials = = = =
FSN Basement : All Star Edition 2005 – Featuring interviews with George Kell and Al Kaline , each recalling their memories of playing for the Tigers and working together in the television booth . It was re @-@ aired several times in late March 2009 in memory of former long @-@ time Tigers play @-@ by @-@ play announcer George Kell , who died on March 24 , 2009 at age 86 .
Ernie Harwell : We 'll Remember – A tribute special shown after the death of legendary Tigers broadcaster Ernie Harwell on May 5 , 2010 .
= = = = National programming = = = =
= = Notable on @-@ air staff = =
= = = Hosts and reporters = = =
John Keating – Live host , field / clubhouse reporter ( 1997 – present )
Matt Shepard – field / clubhouse reporter ( 1999 – present )
Trevor Thompson , Justin White , Mickey York , Johnny Kane , Kristen Keith- hosts / reporters
= = = Detroit Tigers = = =
Mario Impemba – Tigers play @-@ by @-@ play ( 2002 – present )
Rod Allen – Tigers color commentator ( 2003 – present )
Craig Monroe – Tigers studio analyst ( 2012 – present )
Jack Morris – Tigers color commentator and studio analyst ( 2015 – present )
Kirk Gibson - Tigers color commentator and studio analyst ( 2015 – present )
= = = Detroit Red Wings = = =
Ken Daniels – Red Wings play @-@ by @-@ play ( 1997 – present )
Mickey Redmond – Red Wings analyst ( 1997 – present )
Darren Eliot – Red Wings studio analyst , select road games analyst ( 2012 – present )
Chris Osgood – Red Wings studio analyst , select road games analyst ( 2013 – present )
= = = Detroit Pistons = = =
George Blaha – Pistons play @-@ by @-@ play ( 1997 – present )
Greg Kelser – Pistons color commentator ( 1997 – present )
Mateen Cleaves – Pistons studio analyst / fill @-@ in color commentator ( 2010 – present )
Grant Long – Pistons Analyst and Sideline Reporter ( 2014 – present )
Jerry Stackhouse – Pistons analyst ( 2013 – present )
Matt Dery – Fill @-@ in Pistons play @-@ by @-@ play ( 2006 – present )
= = = College and high school = = =
Ben Holden – high school and college sports play @-@ by @-@ play ( 2010 – present )
Stan Edwards – high school football analyst ( 2002 – present )
Rob Rubick – high school football analyst ( 2003 – present )
Jim Brandstatter – Inside Michigan Football host ( 1997 – present )
Doug Karsch – Michigan Sports Weekly host , reporter on Inside Michigan Football ( 2006 – present )
Earl Cureton – college basketball analyst ( 2007 – present )
Rick Mahorn – college basketball analyst ( 2008 – present )
Dan Petry – college baseball analyst ( 2008 – present )
Manny Legace – college hockey analyst ( 2013 – present )
= = Other services = =
= = = Fox Sports Detroit HD = = =
Fox Sports Detroit HD is a 720p high definition simulcast feed of Fox Sports Detroit . It telecasts all Detroit Pistons , Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers games in HD , their respective pre @-@ game and post @-@ game shows and team magazine shows , as well as all college and high school games and programs . Wingspan became the first locally produced pre @-@ recorded program to be broadcast in HD when it began in 2009 . In 2010 , Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) and MHSAA games began airing in HD . Nationally televised FSN games and other programs are also broadcast in HD . Like the standard @-@ definition feed , it is available nationwide via DirecTV and Dish Network , and on most cable providers in Michigan and some in Ohio , Indiana and Wisconsin .
= = = Fox Sports Detroit Plus = = =
Fox Sports Detroit Plus is a game @-@ time only alternate feed of Fox Sports Detroit . It was launched in 2007 to solve scheduling conflicts , such as those of the Detroit Tigers , Pistons and Red Wings , as well as CCHA games , MHSAA finals for football and basketball , and The Mid @-@ American Conference Basketball Tournament ( via Fox Sports Ohio ) . It is frequently used for live college football , college basketball , college baseball and tennis telecasts and other events distributed nationally by FSN , to avoid conflicts with local coverage .
Fox Sports Detroit Plus has been used for special alternate feeds of local games , such as the annual " ¡ Fiesta Tigres ! " game which celebrates Latin American players , in which alternate announcers conducted Spanish language play @-@ by @-@ play ; a " Position @-@ by @-@ position " Tigers game , with the camera isolating on a different defensive player every inning featuring John Keating on play @-@ by @-@ play ; as well as a " Social networking " Tigers telecast in which the channel 's staff answered viewer questions from Facebook , Twitter , and their own website .
Fox Sports Detroit Plus also has an HD feed which is available on DirecTV , Dish Network , AT & T U @-@ verse , Comcast , WOW ! and some smaller regional cable systems .
= = = Fox Sports Detroit On Demand = = =
Fox Sports Detroit On Demand is the video on demand service of Fox Sports Detroit , which is currently available on Comcast . Launched in October 2008 , its offerings include the channel 's magazine and coach 's shows , which are presented commercial @-@ free . On August 7 , 2009 , Fox Sports Detroit On Demand began carrying full @-@ length presentations of the channel 's Tigers game broadcasts .
= Charles I of Hungary =
Charles I , also known as Charles Robert ( Hungarian : Károly Róbert ; Croatian : Karlo Robert ; Slovak : Karol Róbert ; 1288 – 16 July 1342 ) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death . He was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of Charles Martel , Prince of Salerno . His father was the eldest son of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary . She laid claim to Hungary after her brother , Ladislaus IV of Hungary , died in 1290 , but the Hungarian prelates and lords elected her cousin , Andrew III , king . Instead of abandoning her claim to Hungary , she transferred it to her son , Charles Martel , and after his death in 1295 , to her grandson , Charles . On the other hand , her husband , Charles II of Naples , made their third son , Robert , heir to the Kingdom of Naples , thus disinheriting Charles .
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord , Paul Šubić , in August 1300 . Andrew III died on 14 January 1301 , and within four months Charles was crowned king , but with a provisional crown instead of the Holy Crown of Hungary . Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected Wenceslaus of Bohemia king . Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom . Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303 , but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent . Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of Otto of Bavaria in 1305 . Because it had no central government , the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces , each headed by a powerful nobleman , or oligarch . One of those oligarchs , Ladislaus Kán , captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307 . Charles was elected king in Pest on 27 November 1308 , but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310 .
Charles won his first decisive victory in the Battle of Rozgony ( at present @-@ day Rozhanovce in Slovakia ) on 15 June 1312 . After that his troops seized most fortresses of the powerful Aba family . During the next decade , Charles restored royal power primarily with the assistance of the prelates and lesser noblemen in most regions of the kingdom . After the death of the most powerful oligarch , Matthew Csák , in 1321 , Charles became the undisputed ruler of the whole kingdom , with the exception of Croatia where local noblemen were able to preserve their autonomous status . He was not able to hinder the development of Wallachia into an independent principality after his defeat in the Battle of Posada in 1330 . Charles 's contemporaries described his defeat in that battle as a punishment from God for his cruel revenge against the family of Felician Záh who had attempted to slaughter the royal family .
Charles rarely made perpetual land grants , instead introducing a system of " office fiefs " , whereby his officials enjoyed significant revenues , but only for the time they held a royal office , which ensured their loyalty . In the second half of his reign , Charles did not hold Diets and administered his kingdom with absolute power . He established the Order of Saint George , which was the first secular order of knights . He promoted the opening of new gold mines , which made Hungary the largest producer of gold in Europe . The first Hungarian gold coins were minted during his reign . At the congress of Visegrád in 1335 , he mediated a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs , John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland . Treaties signed at the same congress also contributed to the development of new commercial routes linking Hungary with Western Europe . Charles 's efforts to reunite Hungary , together with his administrative and economic reforms , established the basis for the achievements of his successor , Louis the Great .
= = Early years = =
= = = Childhood ( 1288 – 1300 ) = = =
Charles was the only son of Charles Martel , Prince of Salerno , and his wife , Klementia of Habsburg . He was born in 1288 ; the place of his birth is unknown . Charles Martel was the firstborn son of Charles II of Naples and Charles II 's wife , Mary , who was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary . After the death of her brother , Ladislaus IV of Hungary , in 1290 , Queen Mary announced her claim to Hungary , stating that the House of Árpád ( the royal family of Hungary ) had become extinct with Ladislaus 's death . However , her father 's cousin , Andrew also laid claim to the throne , although his father , Stephen the Posthumous , had been regarded a bastard by all other members of the royal family . For all that , the Hungarian lords and prelates preferred Andrew against Mary and he was crowned king of Hungary on 23 July 1290 . She transferred her claim to Hungary to Charles Martel in January 1292 . The Babonići , Frankopans , Šubići and other Croatian and Slavonian noble families seemingly acknowledged Charles Martel 's claim , but in fact their loyalty vacillated between Charles Martel and Andrew III .
Charles Martel died in autumn 1295 , and his seven @-@ year @-@ old son , Charles , inherited his claim to Hungary . Charles would have also been the lawful heir to his grandfather , Charles II of Naples , in accordance with the principles of primogeniture . However , Charles II , who preferred his third son , Robert , to his grandson , bestowed the rights of a firstborn son upon Robert on 13 February 1296 . Pope Boniface VIII confirmed Charles II 's decision on 27 February 1296 , excluding the child Charles from succeeding his grandfather in the Kingdom of Naples . Dante Alighieri wrote of " the schemes and frauds that would attack " Charles Martel 's family in reference to Robert 's alleged manoeuvres to acquire the right to inherit Naples . The 14th @-@ century historian Giovanni Villani also noted that his contemporaries were of the opinion that Robert 's claim to Naples was weaker than his nephew 's . The jurist Baldus de Ubaldis refrained from setting out his position on the legitimacy of Robert 's rule .
= = = Struggle for Hungary ( 1300 – 1308 ) = = =
Andrew III of Hungary made his maternal uncle , Alberto Morosini , Duke of Slavonia , in July 1299 , stirring up the Slavonian and Croatian noblemen to revolt . A powerful Croatian baron , Paul Šubić , sent his brother , George , to Italy in early 1300 to convince Charles II of Naples to send his grandson to Hungary to claim the throne in person . The king of Naples accepted the proposal and borrowed 1 @,@ 300 ounces of gold from Florentine bankers to finance Charles 's journey . A Neapolitan knight of French origin , Philip Drugeth , accompanied the twelve @-@ year @-@ old Charles to Hungary . They landed at Split in Dalmatia in August 1300 . From Split , Paul Šubić escorted him to Zagreb where Ugrin Csák swore loyalty to Charles . Charles 's opponent , Andrew III of Hungary , died on 14 January 1301 . Charles hurried to Esztergom where the Archbishop @-@ elect , Gregory Bicskei , crowned him with a provisional crown before 13 May . However , most Hungarians considered Charles 's coronation unlawful because customary law required that it should have been performed with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár .
Charles counted his regnal years from this coronation , but Hungary had actually disintegrated into about a dozen independent provinces , each ruled by a powerful lord , or oligarch . Among them , Matthew Csák dominated the northwestern parts of Hungary ( which now form the eastern territories of present @-@ day Slovakia ) , Amadeus Aba controlled the northeastern lands , Ivan Kőszegi ruled Transdanubia , and Ladislaus Kán governed Transylvania .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Dalmatian towns , Šibenik and Trogir , rebelled against Mladen II Šubić , who was a son of Charles 's one @-@ time leading partisan , Paul Šubić . The two towns also accepted the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice although Charles had urged Venice not to intervene in the conflict between his subjects . Many Croatian lords ( including his own brother , Paul II Šubić ) also turned against Mladen , and their coalition defeated him at Klis . In September , Charles marched to Croatia where all the Croatian lords who were opposed to Mladen Šubić yielded to him in Knin . Mladen Šubić also visited Charles , but the king had the powerful lord imprisoned .
= = = Consolidation and reforms ( 1323 – 1330 ) = = =
As one of his charters concluded , Charles had taken " full possession " of his kingdom by 1323 . In the first half of the year , he moved his capital from Temesvár to Visegrád in the centre of his kingdom . In the same year , the Dukes of Austria renounced Pressburg ( now Bratislava in Slovakia ) , which they had controlled for decades , in exchange for the support they had received from Charles against Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor , in 1322 .
Royal power was only nominally restored in the lands between the Carpathian Mountains and the Lower Danube , which had been united under a voivode , known as Basarab , by the early 1320s . Although Basarab was willing to accept Charles 's suzerainty in a peace treaty signed in 1324 , he refrained from renouncing control of the lands he had occupied in the Banate of Severin . Charles also attempted to reinstate royal authority in Croatia and Slavonia . He dismissed the Ban of Slavonia , John Babonić , replacing him with Mikcs Ákos in 1325 . Ban Mikcs invaded Croatia to subjugate the local lords who had seized the former castles of Mladen Subić without the king 's approval , but one of the Croatian lords , Ivan I Nelipac , routed the ban 's troops in 1326 . Consequently , royal power remained only nominal in Croatia during Charles 's reign . The Babonići and the Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion in 1327 , but Ban Mikcs and Alexander Köcski defeated them . In retaliation , at least eight fortresses of the rebellious lords were confiscated in Slavonia and Transdanubia .
Through his victory over the oligarchs , Charles acquired about 60 % of the Hungarian castles , along with the estates belonging to them . In 1323 , he set about revising his previous land grants , which enabled him to reclaim former royal estates . During his reign , special commissions were set up to detect royal estates that had been unlawfully acquired by their owners . Charles refrained from making perpetual grants to his partisans . Instead , he applied a system of " office fiefs " ( or honors ) , whereby his officials were entitled to enjoy all revenues accrued from their offices , but only for the time they held those offices . That system assured the preponderance of royal power , enabling Charles to rule " with the plenitude of power " , as he emphasized in one of his charters of 1335 . He even ignored customary law : for instance , " promoting a daughter to a son " , which entitled her to inherit her father 's estates instead of her male cousins . Charles also took control of the administration of the Church in Hungary . He appointed the Hungarian prelates at will , without allowing the cathedral chapters to elect them .
He promoted the spread of chivalrous culture in his realms . He regularly held tournaments and introduced the new ranks of " page of the royal court " and " knight of the royal court " . Charles was the first monarch to create a secular order of knighthood by establishing the Order of Saint George in 1326 . He was the first Hungarian king to grant helmet crests to his faithful followers to distinguish them from others " by means of an insignium of their own " , as he emphasized in one of his charters .
Charles reorganized and improved the administration of royal revenues . During his reign , five new " chambers " ( administrative bodies headed by German , Italian or Hungarian merchants ) were established for the control and collection of royal revenues from coinage , monopolies and custom duties . In 1327 , he partially abolished the royal monopoly of gold mining , giving one third of the royal revenues from the gold extracted from a newly opened mine to the owner of the land where that mine was discovered . In the next few years , new gold mines were opened at Körmöcbánya ( now Kremnica in Slovakia ) , Nagybánya ( present @-@ day Baia Mare in Romania ) and Aranyosbánya ( now Baia de Arieș in Romania ) . Hungarian mines yielded about 1 @,@ 400 kilograms ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) of gold around 1330 , which made up more than 30 % of the world 's total production . The minting of gold coins began under Charles 's auspices in the lands north of the Alps in Europe . His florins , which were modelled on the gold coins of Florence , were first issued in 1326 .
Internal peace and increasing royal revenues strengthened the international position of Hungary in the 1320s . On 13 February 1327 , Charles and John of Bohemia signed an alliance in Nagyszombat ( present @-@ day Trnava in Slovakia ) against the Habsburgs , who had occupied Pressburg . In the summer of 1328 Hungarian and Bohemian troops invaded Austria and routed the Austrian army on the banks of the Leitha River . On 21 September 1328 , Charles signed a peace treaty with the three dukes of Austria ( Frederick the Fair , Albert the Lame , and Otto the Merry ) , who renounced Pressburg and the Muraköz ( now Međimurje in Croatia ) . The following year , Serbian troops laid siege to Belgrade , but Charles relieved the fortress .
Alliance with his father @-@ in @-@ law , Władysław I the Elbow @-@ high , King of Poland , became a permanent element of Charles 's foreign policy in the 1320s . After being defeated by the united forces of the Teutonic Knights and John of Bohemia , Władysław I sent his son and heir , Casimir , to Visegrád in late 1329 to seek assistance from Charles . During his stay in Charles 's court , the nineteen @-@ year @-@ old Casimir seduced Claire Záh , who was a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting of Charles 's wife , Elisabeth of Poland , according to an Italian writer . On 17 April 1330 , the young lady 's father , Felician Záh , stormed into the dining room of the royal palace at Visegrád with a sword in his hand and attacked the royal family . Záh wounded both Charles and the queen on their right hand and attempted to kill their two sons , Louis and Andrew , before the royal guards killed him . Charles 's revenge was brutal : with the exception of Claire , Felician Záh 's children were tortured to death ; Claire 's lips and all eight fingers were cut before she was dragged by a horse through the streets of many towns ; all of Felician 's other relatives within the third degree of kinship ( including his sons @-@ in @-@ law and sisters ) were executed , and those within the seventh degree were condemned to perpetual serfdom .
= = = Active foreign policy ( 1330 – 1339 ) = = =
In September 1330 , Charles launched a military expedition against Basarab of Wallachia who had attempted to get rid of his suzerainty . After seizing the fortress of Severin ( present @-@ day Drobeta @-@ Turnu Severin in Romania ) , he refused to make peace with Basarab and marched towards Curtea de Argeș , which was Basarab 's seat . The Wallachians applied scorched earth tactics , compelling Charles to make a truce with Basarab and withdraw his troops from Wallachia . While the royal troops were marching through a narrow pass across the Southern Carpathians on 9 November , the Wallachians ambushed them . During the next four days , the royal army was decimated ; Charles could only escape from the battlefield after changing his clothes with one of his knights , Desiderius Héder , who sacrificed his life to enable the king 's escape . Charles did not attempt a new invasion of Wallachia , which subsequently developed into an independent principality .
In September 1331 , Charles made an alliance with Otto the Merry , Duke of Austria , against Bohemia . He also sent reinforcements to Poland to fight against the Teutonic Knights and the Bohemians . In 1332 he signed a peace treaty with John of Bohemia and mediated a truce between Bohemia and Poland . In 1332 Charles allowed the collection of the papal tithe ( the tenth part of the Church revenues ) in his realms only after the Holy See agreed to give one third of the money collected to him . After years of negotiations , Charles visited his uncle , Robert , in Naples in July 1333 . Two months later , Charles 's son , Andrew , was betrothed to Robert 's granddaughter , Joanna , who had been made her grandfather 's heir . Charles returned to Hungary in early 1334 . In retaliation for a previous Serbian raid , he invaded Serbia and captured the fortress of Galambóc ( now Golubac in Serbia ) .
In summer 1335 , the delegates of John of Bohemia and the new King of Poland , Casimir III , entered into negotiations in Trencsén to put an end to the conflicts between the two countries . With Charles 's mediation , a compromise was reached on 24 August : John of Bohemia renounced his claim to Poland and Casimir of Poland acknowledged John of Bohemia 's suzerainty in Silesia . On 3 September , Charles signed an alliance with John of Bohemia in Visegrád , which was primarily formed against the Dukes of Austria . Upon Charles 's invitation , John of Bohemia and Casimir of Poland met in Visegrád in November . During the Congress of Visegrád , the two rulers confirmed the compromise that their delegates had worked out in Trencsén . Casimir III also promised to pay 400 @,@ 000 groschen to John of Bohemia , but a part of this indemnification ( 120 @,@ 000 groschen ) was finally paid off by Charles instead of his brother @-@ in @-@ law . The three rulers agreed upon a mutual defence union against the Habsburgs , and a new commercial route was set up to enable merchants travelling between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire to bypass Vienna .
The Babonići and the Kőszegis made an alliance with the Dukes of Austria in January 1336 . John of Bohemia , who claimed Carinthia from the Habsburgs , invaded Austria in February . Casimir III of Poland came to Austria to assist him in late June . Charles soon joined them at Marchegg . The dukes sought reconciliation and signed a peace treaty with John of Bohemia in July . Charles signed a truce with them on 13 December , and launched a new expedition against Austria early the next year . He forced the Babonići and the Kőszegis to yield , and the latter were also compelled to hand over to him their fortresses along the frontier in exchange for faraway castles . Charles 's peace treaty with Albert and Otto of Austria , which was signed on 11 September 1337 , forbade both the dukes and Charles to give shelter to the other party 's rebellious subjects .
Charles continued the reform of coinage in the late 1330s . In 1336 , he abolished the compulsory exchange of old coins for newly issued coins for villagers , but introduced a new tax , the chamber 's profit , to compensate the loss of royal revenues . Two years later , Charles ordered the minting of a new silver penny and prohibited payments made in foreign coins or silver bars .
John of Bohemia 's heir , Charles , Margrave of Moravia , visited Charles in Visegrád in early 1338 . The margrave acknowledged the right of Charles 's son , Louis , to inherit Poland if Casimir III died without a son in exchange for Charles 's promise to persuade Casimir III not to invade Silesia . Two leading Polish lords , Zbigniew , chancellor of Cracow , and Spycimir Leliwita , also supported this plan and persuaded Casimir III , who lost his first wife on 26 May 1339 , to start negotiations with Charles . In July , Casimir came to Hungary and designated his sister ( Charles 's wife ) , Elizabeth , and her sons as his heirs . On his sons ' behalf , Charles promised that they would make every effort to reconquer all lands that Poland had lost and that they would refrain from employing foreigners in Poland .
= = = Last years ( 1339 – 1342 ) = = =
Charles obliged the Kőszegis to renounce their last fortresses along the western borders of the kingdom in 1339 or 1340 . He divided the large Zólyom County ( now in Slovakia ) , which had been dominated by a powerful local lord , Donch , into three smaller counties in 1340 . The following year , Charles also forced Donch to renounce his two fortresses in Zólyom in exchange for one castle in the distant Kraszna County ( in present @-@ day Romania ) . Around the same time , Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia , invaded Sirmium and captured Belgrade .
Charles was ailing during the last years of his life . He died in Visegrád on 16 July 1342 . His corpse was first delivered to Buda where a Mass was said for his soul . From Buda , his corpse was taken to Székesfehérvár . He was buried in the Székesfehérvár Basilica a month after his death . His brother @-@ in @-@ law , Casimir III of Poland , and Charles , Margrave of Moravia , were present at his funeral , an indication of Charles 's international prestige .
= = Family = =
The Anonymi descriptio Europae orientalis ( " An Anonymous ' Description of Eastern Europe " ) wrote , in the first half of 1308 , that " the daughter of the strapping Duke of Ruthenia , Leo , has recently married Charles , King of Hungary " . Charles also stated in a charter of 1326 that he once travelled to " Ruthenia " ( or Halych @-@ Lodomeria ) in order to bring his first wife back to Hungary . A charter issued on 23 June 1326 referred to Charles 's wife , Queen Mary . Historian Gyula Kristó says , the three documents show that Charles married a daughter of Leo II of Galicia in late 1305 or early 1306 . Historian Enikő Csukovits accepts Kristó 's interpretation , but she writes that Mary of Galicia most probably died before the marriage . The Polish scholar , Stanisław Sroka , rejects Kristó 's interpretation , stating that Leo I — who was born in 1292 , according to him — could hardly have fathered Charles 's first wife . In accordance with previous academic consensus , Sroka says that Charles 's first wife was Mary of Bytom from the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty .
The Illuminated Chronicle stated that Charles 's " first consort , Maria ... was of the Polish nation " and she was " the daughter of Duke Casimir " . Sroka proposes that Mary of Bytom married Charles in 1306 , but Kristó writes that their marriage probably took place in the first half of 1311 . The Illuminated Chronicle recorded that she died on 15 December 1317 , but a royal charter issued on 12 July 1318 stated that her husband made a land grant with her consent . Charles 's next — second or third — wife was Beatrice of Luxembourg , who was a daughter of Henry VII , Holy Roman Emperor , and the sister of John , King of Bohemia . Their marriage took place before the end of February 1319 . She died in childbirth in early November in the same year . Charles 's last wife , Elisabeth , daughter of Władysław I , King of Poland , was born around 1306 . Their marriage took place on 6 July 1320 .
Most 14th @-@ century Hungarian chroniclers write that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland had five sons . Their first son , Charles , was born in 1321 and died in the same year according to the Illuminated Chronicle . However , a charter of June 1323 states that the child had died in this month . The second son of Charles and Elisabeth , Ladislaus , was born in 1324 . The marriage of Ladislaus and Anne , a daughter of King John of Bohemia , was planned by their parents , but Ladislaus died in 1329 . Charles 's and Elisabeth 's third son , Louis , who was born in 1326 , survived his father and succeeded him as King of Hungary . His younger brothers , Andrew and Stephen , who were born in 1327 and 1332 , respectively , also survived Charles .
Although no contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources made mention of any further children , Charles may have fathered two daughters , according to historians Zsuzsa Teke and Gyula Kristó . Zsuzsa Teke writes that they were born to Mary of Bytom , but the nearly contemporaneous Peter of Zittau wrote that she had died childless . Gyula Kristó proposes that a miniature in the Illuminated Chronicle , which depicts Elisabeth of Poland and five children , implies that she gave birth to Charles 's two daughters , because Kristó identifies two of the three children standing on her right as daughters . The elder of Charles 's two possible daughters , Catherine , who was born in the early 1320s , was the wife of Henry II , Duke of Świdnica . Their only daughter , Anne , grew up in the Hungarian royal court after her parents ' death , implying that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland were her grandparents . Historian Kazimierz Jasiński says that Elisabeth , the wife of Boleslaus II of Troppau , was also Charles 's daughter . If she was actually Charles 's daughter , she must have been born in about 1330 , according to Kristó .
Charles also fathered an illegitimate son , Coloman , who was born in early 1317 . His mother was a daughter of Gurke Csák . Coloman was elected Bishop of Győr in 1336 .
= = Legacy = =
Charles often declared that his principal aim was the " restoration of the ancient good conditions " of the kingdom . On his coat @-@ of @-@ arms , he united the " Árpád stripes " with the motives of the coat @-@ of @-@ arms of his paternal family , which emphasized his kinship with the first royal house of Hungary . During his reign , Charles reunited Hungary and introduced administrative and fiscal reforms . He bequeathed to his son , Louis the Great , a " bulging exchequer and an effective system of taxation " , according to scholar Bryan Cartledge . Nevertheless , Louis the Great 's achievements overshadowed Charles 's reputation .
The only contemporaneous record of Charles 's deeds were made by a Franciscan friar who was hostile towards the monarch . Instead of emphasizing Charles 's achievements in the reunification of the country , the friar described in detail the negative episodes of Charles 's reign . In particular , the unusual cruelty that the king showed after Felician Záh 's assassination attempt on the royal family contributed to the negative picture of Charles 's personality . The Franciscan friar attributed Charles 's defeat by Basarab of Wallachia as a punishment from God for the king 's revenge .
= Osorkon IV =
Usermaatre Osorkon IV was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh during the late Third Intermediate Period . Traditionally considered the very last king of the 22nd Dynasty , he was de facto little more than ruler in Tanis and Bubastis , in Lower Egypt . He is generally – though not universally – identified with the King Shilkanni mentioned by Assyrian sources , and with the biblical So , King of Egypt from the Books of Kings .
Osorkon ruled during one of the most chaotic and politically fragmented periods of ancient Egypt , in which the Nile Delta was dotted with small Libyan kingdoms and principalities and Meshwesh dominions ; as the last heir of the Tanite rulers , he inherited the easternmost parts of these kingdoms , the most involved in all the political and military upheavals that soon would afflict the Near East . During his reign , he had to face the power , and ultimately submit himself — to the Kushite King Piye during Piye 's conquest of Egypt . Osorkon IV also had to deal with the threatening Neo @-@ Assyrian Empire outside his eastern borders .
= = Reign = =
= = = Early years = = =
Osorkon IV ascended to the throne of Tanis in c . 730 BC , at the end of the long reign of his predecessor Shoshenq V of the 22nd Dynasty , who was possibly also his father . However , this somewhat traditional collocation was first challenged in 1970 by Karl @-@ Heinz Priese who preferred to place Osorkon IV in a lower – Egyptian branch of the 23rd Dynasty , right after the reign of the shadowy pharaoh Pedubast II ; this placement found the support of a certain number of scholars . Osorkon 's mother , named on a electrum aegis of Sekhmet now in the Louvre , was Tadibast III . Osorkon IV 's realm was restricted only to the district of Tanis ( Rˁ @-@ nfr ) and the territory of Bubastis , both in the eastern Nile Delta . His neighbors were Libyan princes and Meshwesh chiefs who ruled their small realms outside of his authority .
Around 729 / 28 BC , soon after his accession , Osorkon IV faced the crusade led by the Kushite pharaoh Piye of the Nubian 25th Dynasty . Along with other rulers of Lower and Middle Egypt – mainly Nimlot of Hermopolis , Iuput II of Leontopolis and Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis – Osorkon IV joined the coalition led by the Chief of the West Tefnakht in order to oppose the Nubian . However , Piye 's advance was unstoppable and the opposing rulers surrendered one after another : Osorkon IV found it wise to reach the Temple of Ra at Heliopolis and pay homage to his new overlord Piye personally — an action which was soon imitated by the other rulers . As reported on his Victory Stela , Piye accepted their submission , but Osorkon and most of the rulers were not allowed to enter the royal enclosure because they were not circumcised and had eaten fish , both abominations in the eyes of the Nubian . Nevertheless , Osorkon IV and the others were allowed to keep their former domains and authority .
= = = The Assyrian threat = = =
In 726 / 25 BC Hoshea , the last King of Israel , rebelled against the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V who demanded an annual tribute , and sought the support of So , King of Egypt ( 2 Kings 17 : 4 ) who , as already mentioned , was most likely Osorkon IV ( see below ) . For reasons which remained unknown – possibly in order to remain neutral towards the powerful Neo @-@ Assyrian Empire , or simply because he didn 't have enough power or resources – King So didn 't help Hoshea , who was subsequently defeated and deposed by Shalmaneser V. The Kingdom of Israel ceased to exist , and many Israelites were brought to Assyria as exiles .
In 720 BC , a revolt occurred in Palestine against the new Assyrian King Sargon II , led by King Hanno ( also Hanun and Hanuna ) of Gaza who sought the help of " Pirʾu of Musri " , a term most probably meaning " Pharaoh of Egypt " and referring to Osorkon IV . Assyrian sources claim that this time the Egyptian king did send a turtanu ( an army – commander ) called Reʾe or Reʾu ( his Egyptian name was Raia , though in the past it was read Sibʾe ) as well as troops in order to support his neighboring ally . However , the coalition was defeated in battle at Raphia . Reʾe fled back to Egypt , Raphia and Gaza were looted and Hanno was burnt alive by the Assyrians . A different opinion came from Israeli scholar Dan 'el Kahn who proposed an earlier datation for the accession of Piye 's successor Shabaka : in his point of view , Shabaka was already ruling over the whole of Egypt before 720 BC , and Reʾe was in fact a Nubian turtanu serving him rather than an Egyptian one serving Osorkon IV .
In 716 BC , Sargon II almost reached Egypt 's boundaries . Feeling directly threatened this time , Osorkon IV ( here called Shilkanni by Assyrian sources , see below ) was carefully diplomatic : he personally met the Assyrian king at the " Brook of Egypt " ( most likely el @-@ Arish ) and tributed him with a present which Sargon personally described as " twelve large horses of Egypt without equals in Assyria " . The Assyrian king appreciated his gifts and did not take action against Osorkon IV .
= = = End = = =
Shortly after , Osorkon IV and his dynasty vanished into obscurity . His death should have occurred between 715 and 713 BC , after 16 / 18 years of reign , as he was apparently gone when King Iamani of Ashdod sought refuge from Sargon II in Egypt around 712 BC or possibly later , only to be caught by a pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty who returned him to the Assyrians in chains . Kahn believed that this pharaoh was Shabaka , who might have previously deposed Osorkon IV , " guilty " for being too philo @-@ Assyrian . A few decades later a man called Gemenefkhonsbak , possibly a descendant of the now @-@ defunct dynasty , claimed for himself the pharaonic royal titles and ruled in Tanis as its prince .
= = Identification with Shilkanni and So = =
It is believed that Shilkanni is a rendering of ( U ) shilkan , which in turn is derived from ( O ) sorkon – hence Osorkon IV – as first proposed by William F. Albright in 1956 . This identification is accepted by several scholars while others remain uncertain or even skeptical . Shilkanni is reported by Assyrians as " King of Musri " : this location , once believed to be a country in northern Arabia by the orientalist Hans Alexander Winckler , is certainly to be identified with Egypt instead . In the same way , the " Pir 'u of Musri " to whom Hanno of Gaza asked for help in 720 BC could only have been Osorkon IV . The identity of the biblical King So is somewhat less definite . Generally , an abbreviation of ( O ) so ( rkon ) is again considered the most likely by several scholars , but the concurrent hypothesis which equates So with the city of Sais , hence with King Tefnakht , is supported by a certain number of scholars .
= = Attestations = =
Osorkon IV is attested by Assyrian documents ( as Shilkanni and other epithets ) and probably also by the Books of Kings ( as King So ) , while Manetho 's epitomes seem to have ignored him . He is undoubtedly attested by the well @-@ known Victory Stela of Piye on which he is depicted while prostrating in front of the owner of the stela along with other submitted rulers . Another finding almost certainly referring to him is the aforementioned aegis of Sekhmet , found at Bubastis and mentioning a King Osorkon son of queen Tadibast who – as the name does not coincide with those of any of the other Osorkon kings ' mothers – can only be Osorkon IV 's mother .
= = = About the throne name = = =
Osorkon 's throne name was thought to be Aakheperre Setepenamun from a few monuments naming a namesake pharaoh Osorkon , such as a faience seal and a relief – block , both in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden , but this attribution was questioned by Frederic Payraudeau in 2000 . According to him , these findings could rather be assigned to an earlier Aakheperre Osorkon – i.e. , the distant predecessor Osorkon the Elder of the 21st Dynasty – thus implying that Osorkon IV 's real throne name was unknown . Furthermore , in 2010 / 11 a French expedition discovered in the Temple of Mut at Tanis two blocks bearing a relief of a King Usermaa ( t ) re Osorkonu , depicted in a quite archaizing style , which at first were attributed to Osorkon III . In 2014 , on the basis of the style of both the relief and the royal name , Aidan Dodson rejected the identification of this king with both the already @-@ known kings Usermaatre Osorkon ( Osorkon II and III ) and stated that he was rather Osorkon IV with his true throne name . A long @-@ known , archaizing " glassy faience " statuette fragment from Memphis now exhibited at the Petrie Museum ( UC13128 ) which is inscribed for one King Usermaatre , had been tentatively attributed to several pharaohs from Piye to Rudamun of the Theban 23rd Dynasty and even to Amyrtaios of the 28th Dynasty , but may in fact represent Osorkon IV .
= Señor Macho Solo =
" Señor Macho Solo " is the seventh episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 43rd overall episode of the series . It was written by co @-@ executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by Beth McCarthy . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on January 8 , 2009 . Peter Dinklage , Salma Hayek , and Sherri Shepherd guest star in " Señor Macho Solo " , and there are cameo appearances by Billy Bush and Nancy O 'Dell .
In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) becomes attracted to a new man , Stewart LaGrange ( Dinklage ) . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) tries to help Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and his wife , Angie ( Shepherd ) , arrange a post @-@ nuptial agreement and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) auditions for a Janis Joplin biographical film . At the same time , Jack finds a new love in the form of Elisa ( Hayek ) , his mother 's nurse .
" Señor Macho Solo " has received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 4 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 5 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) desires to have a baby , but her adoption process is taking a long time . She begins to act " baby @-@ crazy " when she is around little children . While outside of 30 Rock , Liz pats a boy in front of her on the head , only to discover that it is not a child but a dwarf man , Stewart LaGrange ( Peter Dinklage ) . To cover up , Liz lies to Stewart , telling him that the reason she pat his head was to get his attention , which he accepts and the two go on a date . During their date , Liz tries to pick Stewart up to stop him from touching fire . Stewart asks Liz if she first thought he was a child when they first met , and she admits this is true , displeasing him . The next day , she calls him to apologize and asks that he give her a second chance and meet her at the Brooklyn Bridge . At the bridge , however , Liz mistakenly thinks a boy is Stewart , which prompts him to realize this will never work between them .
In another storyline , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) hires a new nurse , Elisa Pedrera ( Salma Hayek ) , to take care of his mother , Colleen ( Elaine Stritch ) . Meanwhile , Jack helps Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) manage his money because his spending has gotten out of control . Jack recommends a " post @-@ nup " agreement for Tracy and his wife , Angie ( Sherri Shepherd ) , as Tracy fears that Angie might leave him if she ever were to have enough money to live on . Angie agrees to sign the agreement but promises Tracy that she will never leave his side , which moves Tracy and he stops her from signing the agreement . Later , Jack feels a lump in one of his testicles , and believing he has testicular cancer , he begins to look at life differently . He admits to Liz that he has fallen in love with Elisa after they spent some time together . When he gets his tests results , which come back negative , he has second thoughts about Elisa . In the end , however , Jack comes home to Elisa , and the two share a kiss .
Finally , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) learns that Sheinhardt Universal — the fictional owner of General Electric — is producing a biographical film on singer Janis Joplin , and she decides to audition for it . As a way to get the role , she goes into Jack 's office in character . The plan works after Jack is easily convinced . Much to her dismay , Jenna learns that actress Julia Roberts and director Martin Scorsese are also making a Janis Joplin movie and that Sheinhardt Universal has yet to secure the song and image rights of Joplin . In order for the company to avoid legal problems , Jenna is introduced as " Janet Jopler " on TGS — the show she stars in — and sings the song " Piece of My Heart " but with reworded lyrics .
= = Production = =
" Señor Macho Solo " was written by co @-@ executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by Beth McCarthy . This episode was Weiner 's second writing credit , having written season two episode " Secrets and Lies " , and was McCarthy 's fifth directed episode . It originally aired in the United States on January 8 , 2009 , on NBC as the seventh episode of the show 's third season and the 43rd overall episode of the series .
Actress Salma Hayek made her 30 Rock debut as the character Elisa Pedrera , a nurse for Jack Donaghy 's mother and love interest for him in this episode . She next guest starred in the episodes " Flu Shot " , " Generalissimo " , " St. Valentine 's Day " , and " Larry King " . Hayek made her final appearance on the show in the April 23 , 2009 , episode " The Ones " .
Comedian actress Sherri Shepherd made her fourth appearance on the series as Angie Jordan , the wife of Tracy Jordan , played by Tracy Morgan . Shepherd appeared in the episodes " Up All Night " , " Jack Gets in the Game " , and " The Collection " . Actor Peter Dinklage played Stewart LaGrange in the episode . Nancy O 'Dell and Billy Bush , hosts of the entertainment news program Access Hollywood appeared as themselves in " Señor Macho Solo " , as they report on the entertainment program that actress Julia Roberts and director Martin Scorsese are also developing a Janis Joplin feature . O 'Dell played herself in the March 12 , 2009 , episode " The Funcooker " . Tina Fey and Dinklage shot one of their first scenes from the episode on October 6 , 2008 .
= = Cultural references = =
Signs of Tracy 's money spending problems included his purchase of three hours of prime @-@ time as a salute to Benny Hill . When Elisa informs Jack that he has a lump on one of his testicles , Jack responds , " Thank you for telling me what I already know . You should work for the Huffington Post " , the latter being a liberal news and aggregated blog website that Alec Baldwin has been a contributor to since 2005 . Elisa tells Jack that " Señor Macho Solo " is " what we call a McRib sandwich " , a sandwich sold at McDonald 's . NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) does the " Top That " rap from the fantasy @-@ comedy film Teen Witch ( 1989 ) . Jenna sings the song " Piece of My Heart " , from Janis Joplin , though , the lyrics had been reworded by Jack so that Sheinhardt Universal avoid legal problems . In addition , Jenna sings the song and carries a bottle of Jack Daniel 's in hand , a real life trait of the late singer .
Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode in 2006 where Tracy is seen shouting that he is a Jedi . Liz admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , and dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess Leia during four recent Halloweens , and while trying to get out of jury duty in Chicago . Star Wars is also referenced when Tracy takes on the identity of the character Chewbacca . In this episode , Liz tells Stewart that there are many languages and costumes in the conference room of the United Nations , saying , " it must be like working in the Galactic Senate in Star Wars " . Stewart responds , " They are similar . We 're also concerned about the growing influence of the Sith Lord . "
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen Media Research , " Señor Macho Solo " was watched by 5 @.@ 4 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 5 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 3 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Christmas Special " , which was watched by 8 @.@ 9 million American viewers . Since airing , the episode has received generally positive reviews .
IGN contributor Robert Canning praised 30 Rock for putting it all together " so seamlessly " and " so brilliantly balanced " in " Señor Macho Solo " . Canning enjoyed Tracy 's story , observing that it was a " fantastic Tracy Jordan moment . " He complimented Sherri Shepherd 's guest spot , writing that it was a great way to bring her back " into the mix " . He also liked that this episode " delivered some great work " from Alec Baldwin . In conclusion , Canning gave the episode a 9 @.@ 3 out of 10 rating . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger appreciated Jenna 's subplot as it was " the first really work @-@ centric one in a while . " He complimented Peter Dinklage 's appearance , but was less enthusiastic about Salma Hayek being a love interest for Baldwin 's Jack , citing that he did not buy her in the Elisa role . Kona Gallagher of AOL 's TV Squad said that Dinklage , Hayek , and Shepherd " fit into the episode , instead of feeling like the episode was written around them . " Gallagher noted that Dinklage was " pretty awesome " as Tina Fey 's love interest , " and I would have loved to see more of them together . I really think they could have done more with this storyline . " According to Gallagher , the only part of " Señor Macho Solo " that she was not " crazy about " was Jenna playing Janis Joplin .
TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich observed that " Señor Macho Solo " was the " best episode of the season " as it " kept all of the comedy rooted in the actual storylines " . He wrote that the Tracy story was " packed [ with ] plenty of amusement " , and that the character 's spending problem was " funny for the sight gags alone " . Mitovich commented that Hayek 's character was " one of Jack 's best matches yet " . Jeremy Median of Paste opined that " Señor Macho Solo " featured one of the " funniest sight gags in 30 Rock history " , referring to Tracy wearing a coat made out of money , shoes made of gold , and " a Mad Hatter @-@ like hat made out of money , as only Tracy could pull off . " He also wrote that it was nice to be reminded of Liz 's " baby @-@ cravings , a story that 's been bubbling on the surface for a while now but reemerged here . " Nathan Rabin for The A.V. Club noted that this episode " juggled its various lovestruck plots with aplomb " , and gave this episode an A − . Rabin liked all the plots , but most enjoyed Jenna 's story of her trying to play Janis Joplin .
= Ee Hoe Hean Club =
The Ee Hoe Hean Club ( simplified Chinese : 怡和轩俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 怡和軒俱樂部 ; pinyin : Yíhéxuān jùlèbù ) , founded in 1895 and located at Bukit Pasoh Road in Chinatown , was a millionaires ' club in Singapore . Besides functioning as a social and business club , members of the club were actively involved in the political development of China in the early 20th century . The club supported the 1911 Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing Dynasty , and later the establishment of the Republic of China . During World War II , it was the headquarters of the anti @-@ Japanese China Salvation Movement in Southeast Asia from 1937 — 1942 . On 18 October 1995 , the club was gazetted as a Heritage Site by the National Heritage Board of Singapore .
= = History = =
Co @-@ founded in 1895 by Lim Nee Soon , Gan Eng Seng and Lim Boon Keng , the three @-@ storey high Ee Hoe Hean Club was originally located on Duxton Hill but moved to Bukit Pasoh Road in 1925 . The club was a social @-@ cum @-@ business club where like @-@ minded Chinese businessmen could mingle and exchange ideas . Members such as Teo Eng Hock , Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon were actively involved in the Xinhai Revolution and later the establishment of the Republic of China . Among the more famous visitors to its clubhouse included Sun Yat @-@ sen and Jawaharlal Nehru . In 1923 , when Chinese businessman , community leader and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee , known as the Rubber King of Singapore and Malaya , assumed chairmanship of the club , its focus shifted from being a purely social and business club to one that was politically active .
= = = Tan Kah Kee = = =
Born in 1874 in Fujian , China , Tan came to Singapore at the age of 16 to join his father 's business . In 1904 , Tan struck out on his own , selling pineapples and rice and manufacturing rubber tyres and shoes . Tan 's rubber business flourished and , with growing wealth , he altruistically donated money to many schools and established Amoy University ( now Xiamen University ) . However , Tan 's loyalty still lay with his motherland and he ardently supported opponents of the Qing rulers during the Xinhai Revolution . By this time , Tan 's philanthropic work and political inclinations had made him a popular figure amongst the Chinese in Singapore and China .
Tan brought to the club his political awareness of Chinese matters . In 1928 , following a public outrage over a massacre at Jinan ( known as the Jinan Incident ) in Shandong in which more than 5 @,@ 000 Chinese soldiers and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese , the club set up the Shandong Relief Fund . Its purpose was to raise funds for China , to create awareness amongst the Chinese about the Japanese invasion of China , and to encourage the Chinese to boycott Japanese goods and services . The Chinese community contributed a total of S $ 1 @.@ 34 million within a year of its inception .
Seeing that the Chinese military was weaker than the superior Japanese forces , Tan stepped up his anti @-@ Japanese campaign . In 1936 , he raised enough money for the Chinese Air Force to purchase 13 fighter planes . In 1937 , the Chinese Relief Fund Committee was set up with Tan chosen by over 800 representatives of the Chinese community as its chairman . In response to the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 , the China Salvation Movement was born , with its Southeast Asian headquarters located at the club until 1942 , when the Japanese invaded Singapore . Tan fled to Indonesia just a few days before the fall of Singapore as he knew he would likely face persecution by the Japanese should he choose to remain . He returned to Singapore after the war and continued to play an active role in community services and charity work before returning to China in 1950 . He died at the age of 87 in Beijing on 12 August 1961 and was accorded a national funeral by the People 's Republic of China government for his various contributions to society .
= = = Recruitment of drivers and mechanics = = =
During the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , many Chinese seaports were either captured or blockaded by the Japanese , in an attempt to prevent supplies from entering China . As a result , an alternative overland road named Burma Road , became China 's most important supply route . Completed in 1938 , supplies were sent by sea to the port in Rangoon , Burma , transported overland by rail to Lashio and through the Burma Road to Kunming in China . Due to lack of experienced drivers and mechanics in China , the Chinese government requested Tan Kah Kee , the Chairman of the China Relief Fund , to recruit volunteers from Nanyang ( a term used by the Chinese when referring to Southeast Asia ) . Following the request , the China Relief Fund published the first recruitment notice on 7 February 1939 .
As the road condition required extremely good driving skills , the China Relief Fund decided to test drivers and established a driving institute on a vacant piece of accessible land behind the Siong Lim Temple . Venerable Pu Liang , the monastery 's 10th abbot , supported the China Relief Fund . Qualified volunteers from Nanyang converged in Singapore to form a batch . In 1939 , about 3 @,@ 200 volunteers left in nine batches that included only Chinese men but also Indians , Malays , and four Chinese women . About 1 @,@ 000 of them died in service , 1 @,@ 000 settled in China and others returned to Nanyang after the war . The Venerable and two of his disciples were later arrested and executed during the Sook Ching Massacre in 1942 .
= = = Recruitment of militia = = =
Located just a stone 's throw away lies another historic site , the Chin Kang Huay Kuan , a Chinese clan association that was established in 1918 by Chinese immigrants from Jinjiang County in southern Fujian , China . The present building on Bukit Pasoh Road was built in 1928 and its wartime history was intricately linked to Ee Hoe Hean Club . During the Japanese invasion of Singapore , the clan association 's premises served as an extension of the club 's anti @-@ Japanese activities and were used by the Overseas Chinese General Mobilisation Council . Headed by Tan Kah Kee , the council was instrumental in helping the British to maintain law and order and in supplying labourers and volunteers for the defence of Singapore . As a result , it became the recruiting centre and headquarters of the Singapore Overseas Chinese Volunteer Army or Dalforce after its British chief commander , Colonel John Dalley . A surviving volunteer named Hu Tiejun recounted his experience :
I came across an article in the papers in which Mr Tan Kah Kee called for a convention of overseas Chinese on behalf of the Governor of Singapore . The purpose of the convention was to set up a Singapore Overseas Chinese Mobilisation Association composed of a defence squad , local militia and labour team . The same day after reading it , I set off to Singapore . On 2 February 1942 , I led some members of the local militia to the Volunteer Army headquarters . During this time , many patriotic young men who were untrained in military skills , streamed into Singapore .
Although ill @-@ equipped and having received little training , Dalforce was sent to the northwestern front where they fought against Japanese landing parties during the battles of Sarimbun Beach and Kranji . Despite their efforts , Singapore fell to the Japanese a few days after the invasion , and the Japanese army moved in to occupy the Chin Kang Huay Kuan . After the Japanese surrender on September 1945 , Chin Kang Huay Kuan resumed its normal activities of running welfare programmes for needy clan members and organising cultural events .
= = Post @-@ war years = =
After the Japanese occupation of Singapore , the club 's anti @-@ Japanese agenda became redundant and it reverted being a club for social and business interaction once again . Its members were later active in the struggle
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for citizenship , voters ' registration campaign and other philanthropic activities . After Singapore 's independence in 1965 , it became a focal point where local Chinese businessmen socialised and forged ties , and it continued to play an active role in community services such as charity work and giving public talks . Among its 200 @-@ odd members today are luminaries of the Chinese business community such as the founder of the Overseas Union Bank , Lien Ying Chow , and United Overseas Bank chairman Wee Cho Yaw . It is still an all men 's club – the youngest members are mainly in their 50s and membership is by invitation only .
= = = Re @-@ opening = = =
In 2006 , in collaboration with the Tan Kah Kee Foundation , the club underwent a S $ 2 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 85 million ) reconstruction works in order to preserve the century @-@ old historic building . On 9 November 2008 , the club was officially reopened by Finance Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam with a new 2 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 190 m2 ) memorial hall to honour Tan Kah Kee and other early Chinese community leaders . The new hall is named Xian Xian Guan ( The Pioneers ' Memorial Hall ) and is located on the club 's ground floor . It contains exhibits such as a wax figure of Tan Kah Kee , old photographs , and interactive multimedia facilities . The second floor is used for social functions , and the third floor continues to house the social club . The memorial hall is open by appointment to the public , in particular to schools and tourist groups from China and Taiwan . The club house and other places related to Tan are included as part of the heritage trails and guided tours around Singapore .
= Blue duiker =
The blue duiker ( Philantomba monticola ) is a small antelope found in western , southern and eastern Africa . It is the smallest duiker . The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789 . 12 subspecies are identified . The blue duiker reaches 32 – 41 centimetres ( 13 – 16 in ) at the shoulder and weighs 3 @.@ 5 – 9 kilograms ( 7 @.@ 7 – 19 @.@ 8 lb ) . Sexually dimorphic , the females are slightly larger than the males . The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) . It has short , spiky horns , around 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long and hidden in hair tufts . The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their colouration . The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell 's duiker .
Activity is diurnal ( limited to daytime ) . Secretive and cautious , the blue duiker confines itself to the forest fringes . Territorial , individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories , nearly 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 hectares ( 0 @.@ 0015 – 0 @.@ 0031 sq mi ) large and marked by preorbital gland secretions . The blue duiker feeds on fallen fruits , foliage , flowers and pieces of bark , provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat . The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies . The species is monogamous , with pairs remaining together throughout the year . The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as little as four months to as long as seven months . Births occur throughout the year , though the birth rate might fall in the dry season . The calf is mainly kept in hiding and weaning occurs at 2 @.@ 5 to 3 months .
The habitat consists of a variety of forests , including old @-@ growth , secondary , and gallery forests . Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy . Though categorised as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , the blue duiker is under threat from extensive bushmeat hunting across its range .
= = Taxonomy and etymology = =
The scientific name of the blue duiker is Philantomba monticola . It is placed in the genus Philantomba , along with Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwelli ) and Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) , and the family Bovidae . The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789 . It is sometimes treated as a species of Cephalophus , another genus of duikers , although Philantomba has been recognised as a genus by zoologists such as Peter Grubb and Colin Groves . Owing to the remarkable similarities between the two species , some zoologists such as Theodor Haltenorth consider Maxwell 's duiker as a race of the blue duiker .
While the generic name Philantomba has no clear origin , the specific name monticola has been derived from the Latin words montis ( mountain ) and colo ( meaning " I cultivate " or " I inhabit " ) , in reference to its montane habitat . The common name " blue " refers to one of its typical coat colours . The common name of duiker comes from the Afrikaans duik or Dutch dūken – both mean " diver " , which refers to the practice of the animals to frequently dive into vegetation for cover .
In 2012 , Anne R. Johnston ( of the University of Orleans ) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae ( duiker ) , that includes the three genera Cephalophus , Philantomba and Sylvicapra , based on mitochondrial analysis . Philantomba was shown to be monophyletic . It is sister to the rest of the subfamily , from which it diverged nearly 8 @.@ 73 million years ago ( in the late Miocene ) . The blue duiker split from Maxwell 's duiker 2 @.@ 68 to 5 @.@ 31 million years ago . This cladogram , however , did not include the newly discovered Walter 's duiker . Marc Colyn ( of the University of Rennes 1 ) and colleagues , who had discovered this species in 2010 , had prepared a similar cladogram ( below ) that included it .
= = = Subspecies = = =
As many as 16 subspecies of the blue duiker have been proposed . In 1997 , Jonathan Kingdon demarcated seven major populations of the species . In 2001 , Groves and Grubb identified the following subspecies , bifurcating them into two groups on the basis of their colouration and geographical occurrence :
The grey @-@ legged or northern subspecies
P. m. aequatorialis ( Matschie , 1892 ) – The range , bounded by the Congo River on the west , extends from the Democratic Republic of Congo into Uganda , and up to the Nile River . It is also found to the northeast of the Imatong Mountains ( South Sudan ) .
P. m. congicus ( Lönnberg , 1908 ) – The range extends from the east of the Cross River across the Ubangi River to the Congo River , till Lisala ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) . It is also found north of the mouth of the Congo River and in Cameroon and Gabon .
P. m. lugens ( Thomas , 1898 ) – The range extends from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania till the Malawi border , though it may occur in the Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi .
P. m. melanorheus ( Gray , 1846 ) – The type locality is Bioko , Equatorial Guinea .
P. m. musculoides ( Heller , 1913 ) – Occurs in eastern Ugandan and Kenyan forests . The range extends as far east as the East African Rift .
P. m. sundevalli ( Fitzinger , 1869 ) – It occurs in the eastern African coast , and on the islands of Mafia , Pemba and Zanzibar .
The red @-@ legged or southern subspecies
P. m. anchietae ( Bocage , 1879 ) – The type locality is northern Angola .
P. m. bicolor ( Gray , 1863 ) – The range extends from Zanzibar to the KwaZulu Natal region in South Africa .
P. m. defriesi ( W. Rothschild , 1904 ) – The type locality is to the west of the steep cliffs in the Muchinga Province ( Zambia ) .
P. m. hecki ( Matschie , 1897 ) – Occurs in Malawi , east of the valley of the Luangwa River ( Zambia ) and northern Mozambique .
P. m. monticola ( Thunberg , 1789 ) – Occurs in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces of South Africa .
P. m. simpsoni ( Thomas , 1910 ) – Occurs between the lower Congo River and its tributary Kasai River .
= = Description = =
The blue duiker is a small antelope ; in fact , it is the smallest duiker . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 55 and 90 centimetres ( 22 and 35 in ) . It reaches 32 – 41 centimetres ( 13 – 16 in ) at the shoulder and weighs nearly 3 @.@ 5 – 9 kilograms ( 7 @.@ 7 – 19 @.@ 8 lb ) . P. m. anchietae is the largest subspecies . Sexually dimorphic , the females are slightly larger than the males . The blue duiker is characterised by a flat forehead , large eyes , small ears with a line of white , large nostrils , a broad mouth and agile lips . The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) . A remarkable feature of the tail is the row of white crinkly hairs on either flank that reflect light efficiently , so that when the animal moves its tail up and down , it looks like a luminous signal in the dark habitat . The duiker has short , spiky horns , around 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long and hidden in hair tufts . A row of minute pores surrounded by a few hairs in the preorbital glands ( near the eyes ) secrete an opaque liquid consisting of 45 volatile compounds . The pedal glands ( near the hooves ) produce a pungent , whitish fluid .
The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their colouration . The coat can be a shade of blue , grey or brown , and even black . The grey @-@ legged northern subspecies show a grey to brown colouration , with a posterior stripe that marks a transition from the rump to the buttocks . P. m. congicus has a bright grey to black back , with dull grey flanks ; a dark brown stripe marks the shift from the black rump to the lighter buttocks . P. m. sundevalli is similar , though the difference between the flanks and the rump is less notable . P. m. aequatorialis is paler and browner than P. m. congicus with a less sharp transition . The stripe is fainter and the back darker in P. m. musculoides . P. m. lugens can be told apart from its darker colouration ; the flanks and the dorsal parts are dark grey to brown , the underside grey and a black rump . The diminutive P. m. melanorheus stands apart as well , with black dorsal parts , pinkish grey sides and long thick fur .
The southern subspecies , on the other hand , have reddish tan legs and reddish coats . P. m. hecki is a light fawn to greyish black with light red flanks and a white underbelly ; a change in tone can be observed as the rump is a darker reddish fawn . The paler P. m. defriensi is grey in the middle portion of the back , with red to fawn sides , and dark rump and tail . P. m. monticola , light grey to fawn with a reddish rump , is darker than P. m. bicolor , that has reddish orange flanks . P. m. anchietae is a pale grey or brown on the back with white underparts and a black tail ; there is a clear transition from the grey sides and anterior parts to the reddish rump . P. m. simpsoni is distinguished by a facial stripe with white ventral parts ; the rump is redder than the flanks .
The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell 's duiker . However , the latter is nearly twice as large and heavier as the former , with a larger skull . While colouration is more uniform in Maxwell 's duiker , the blue duiker shows two different colourations . Another point of difference is the pedal gland ( in the hooves ) , which has a simpler opening in the blue duiker . Walter 's duiker is notably lighter in colour ; the flanks are brown instead of grey .
= = Ecology and behaviour = =
The blue duiker is diurnal ( active during the day ) . Secretive and cautious , it confines itself to the forest fringes . Territorial , individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories , nearly 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 hectares ( 0 @.@ 0015 – 0 @.@ 0031 sq mi ) large and marked by preorbital gland secretions . The animal rubs the preorbital glands on trees and logs to mark its territory with the fluid produced by the glands . A vocal bovid , bird @-@ like chirps denote curiosity in the animal . It can let out yowls typical of cats if distressed . A female not in oestrus will avoid the male 's advances , and may even let out a whistling call .
= = = Diet = = =
The diet consists of fallen fruits , foliage , flowers and pieces of bark , provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat . Fungi , resin , particularly exudates from Albizia species and animal matter such as ants ( which are licked from the ground ) may also be included in the diet . The blue duiker can sustain itself on dead foliage better than other duiker species . A 1990 study analysed 12 stomachs and determined the content of dicotyledonous leaves to be 70 % , while fruits and seeds comprised 23 % of the diets and fresh foliage was plenty and perennial . Fruits were , however , strongly preferred to foliage . In 2001 , American zoologist Don E. Wilson observed 18 stomachs , and concluded that nearly three @-@ fourths were occupied by fruits , browse took 15 percent of the volume , while fungi and flowers took 5 percent each . They may forage by tracking the movements of birds and monkeys .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies . Wilson observed that females become mature before 13 months , and the minimum age was found to be eight months . He noted that males take longer to mature , nearly 11 to 14 months . The species is monogamous , with pairs remaining together throughout the year . The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as short as four months to as long as seven months . The former estimate is supported by observations in the Ituri Rainforest ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) . Births occur throughout the year , though the birth rate might fall in the dry season . The calf can start moving about on its own within 20 minutes of birth , and is nursed thrice a day . It is kept in hiding for most of the time . The nursing intervals become irregular towards weaning , which occurs at 2 @.@ 5 to 3 months . Males visit their mates occasionally , though they disappear for about a month after the calf 's birth to probably protect the calf . A postpartum oestrus occurs three to five days after the birth .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
This species can survive in a variety of forests , including old @-@ growth , secondary , gallery forests . Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy . They can also be found in pockets of degraded and regenerated forests from the sea level up to an altitude of 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . The duiker can be found in several countries in the western , southern and eastern parts of Africa : Angola , Cameroon , Central African Republic , The Democratic Republic of Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Kenya , Malawi , Mozambique , Nigeria , Rwanda , South Africa , South Sudan , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe .
= = Threats and conservation = =
The blue duiker is categorised as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) . It is listed in Appendix II of CITES ( Washington Convention ) . While the population trend is reasonably stable , the blue duiker is threatened by extensive bushmeat hunting across its range . Wilson claimed that the blue duiker has the greatest economic as well as ecological significance of any African ungulate . Blue duiker meat is an important source of nutrition in its range . However , the blue duiker can survive despite human interference in its habitat .
P. monticola occurs in the following protected areas across its range : Dja Faunal Reserve and Lobéké National Park ( Cameroon ) ; Dzanga @-@ Sangha Special Reserve and Dzanga @-@ Ndoki National Park ( Central African Republic ) ; Monte Alén National Park ( Equatorial Guinea ) ; Lopé National Park and Gamba ( Gabon ) ; Odzala , Nouabalé @-@ Ndoki and Conkouati @-@ Douli National Parks and Lake Tele region ( Congo @-@ Brazzaville ) ; the Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Maiko , Kahuzi @-@ Biéga and Salonga National Parks ( Congo @-@ Kinshasa ) ; and numerous others in South Africa .
= Maryana Marrash =
Maryana bint Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash ( Arabic : مريانا بنت فتح الله بن نصرالله مرّاش / ALA @-@ LC : Maryānā bint Fatḥ Allāh bin Naṣrallāh Marrāsh ; 1848 – 1919 ) , also known as Maryana al @-@ Marrash al @-@ Halabiya , was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement — the Arabic renaissance . She revived the tradition of literary salons in the Middle East and was the first Syrian woman to publish a collection of poetry . She may have been the first woman to write in the Arab daily newspapers .
= = Life = =
= = = Background and education = = =
Maryana Marrash was born in Aleppo , a city of Ottoman Syria ( present @-@ day Syria ) , to an old Melkite family of merchants known for their literary interests . Having earned wealth and standing in the 18th century , the family was well established in Aleppo , although they had gone through troubles : a relative of Maryana , Butrus Marrash , was martyred by Greek Orthodox fundamentalists in April 1818 . Other Melkite Catholics were exiled from Aleppo during the persecutions , among them the priest Jibrail Marrash . Maryana 's father , Fathallah , tried to defuse the sectarian conflict by writing a treatise in 1849 , in which he rejected the Filioque . He had built up a large private library to give his three children Francis , Abdallah and Maryana a thorough education , particularly in the field of Arabic language and literature . As quoted by Marilyn Booth , Maryana 's mother was from " the famous al @-@ Antaki family " .
Aleppo was then a major intellectual center of the Ottoman Empire , featuring many thinkers and writers concerned with the future of the Arabs . It was in the French missionary schools that the Marrash family learnt Arabic with French , and other foreign languages ( Italian and English ) . By providing their daughter with an education , at a time when Middle Eastern women received none , Maryana 's parents challenged the then widespread belief that a girl should not be educated " so she would not sit in the men 's reception room " , as quoted by Marilyn Booth . Thus , Fathallah put his five @-@ year @-@ old daughter in a Maronite school . Later on , Maryana was educated by the nuns of St. Joseph in Aleppo . She finally went to an English school in Beirut . In addition to her formal education in these schools , where she was exposed to French and Anglo @-@ Saxon cultures , she was tutored by her father and brothers , especially on the subject of Arabic literature . The first biographies of Maryana mention that she excelled in French , Arabic and mathematics , and that she played the qanun and sang beautifully .
Aleppine historian Muhammad Raghib al @-@ Tabbakh wrote that she was unique in Aleppo , and that " people looked at her with a different eye " . Although she had many suitors , she initially wished to remain single . However , she was persuaded to marry after her mother 's death , and chose for husband Habib Ghadban , a scion of a local Christian family . They had one son and two daughters .
= = = Literary career = = =
As early as 1870 or 1871 , Marrash started contributing articles and poems to journals — especially Lisan al @-@ hal and al @-@ Jinan , both of Beirut . In her articles , she criticized the condition of Arab women , urging the latter — regardless of their religious affiliations — to seek education and express themselves on matters of concern to them . Her collection of poetry Bint fikr ( A Daughter of Thought ) was published in Beirut in 1893 . Marrash was granted permission by the Ottoman government to print her book after composing a poem exalting Sultan Abdul Hamid II . In some of the several other panegyrics included in the collection , she also praised Ottoman governors of Aleppo . Her poetry was much more traditional in style than her brother Francis ' , as exemplified by the elegy she composed to lament his death ; yet , she was at home with the poetry of French romantics , especially that of Alphonse de Lamartine and Alfred de Musset . Sami Kayyali said about Marrash :
The emergence of a woman writing in the press and composing poetry in this dark era was a significant event . Our recent history shows that it was rare for even men to read and write ; her appearance in these dark nights was thus like a bright star in the center of the heavens .
Her non @-@ fiction works also include a history of late Ottoman Syria , Tarikh Suriya al @-@ hadith , the first book on the subject .
= = = Marrash 's salon = = =
Marrash was famous for the salon she held in the home she shared with her husband . She had travelled to Europe once , and was impressed by what she saw of life there . As related by Joseph Zeidan :
Upon her return in Aleppo , Maryana Marrash turned her house into a gathering place for a group of celebrated writers who met there on a regular basis to cultivate each other 's friendship and discuss literature , music , and political and social issues .
However , according to Joseph Zeidan , there are no proofs supporting whether or not she created her salon after seeing similar ones in Europe ; in any case , it did not start from scratch , since " most of the participants were regular visitors to her family 's home , where they used to meet with her father and two brothers . " The members of Maryana 's salon included prominent Aleppine intellectuals of both sexes , in addition to politicians and members of the foreign diplomatic corps . Marrash was fully engaged in the intellectual discourse and would also entertain her guests by playing the qanun and singing . Antun Sha 'arawi has described typical evenings spent at Marrash 's salon :
Wearing either all black or all white dresses ordered from Paris , Marrash hosted the mixed evening get @-@ togethers in which literary topics as varied as the Mu`allaqat — a cycle of seven pre @-@ Islamic poems — or the work of Rabelais were discussed . Chess and card games were played , and complicated poetry competitions took place ; wine and ' araq flowed freely ; participants sang , danced , and listened to records played on a phonograph .
However , Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh has presumed Sha 'arawi 's description to be partly apocryphal .
= The Sirens and Ulysses =
The Sirens and Ulysses is a large oil painting on canvas by the English artist William Etty , first exhibited in 1837 . It depicts the scene from Homer 's Odyssey in which Ulysses ( Odysseus ) resists the bewitching song of the Sirens by having his ship 's crew tie him up , while they block their own ears to prevent themselves from hearing the song .
While traditionally the Sirens had been depicted as human @-@ animal chimeras , Etty portrayed them as naked young women , on an island strewn with decaying corpses . The painting divided opinion at the time of its first exhibition , with some critics greatly admiring it while others derided it as tasteless and unpleasant . Possibly owing to its unusually large size , 442 @.@ 5 cm by 297 cm ( 14 ft 6 in by 9 ft 9 in ) , the work initially failed to sell , and was bought later that year at a bargain price by the Manchester merchant Daniel Grant . Grant died shortly afterwards , and his brother donated The Sirens and Ulysses to the Royal Manchester Institution .
The Sirens and Ulysses was painted using an experimental technique , which caused it to begin to deteriorate as soon as it was complete . It was shown in a major London exhibition of Etty 's work in 1849 and at the 1857 Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester , but was then considered in too poor a condition for continued public display and was placed in the gallery 's archives . Restoration began on the work in 2003 , and in 2010 the painting went on display in the Manchester Art Gallery , over 150 years after being consigned to storage .
= = Background = =
York @-@ born William Etty ( 1787 – 1849 ) had originally been an apprentice printer in Hull , but on completing his apprenticeship at the age of 18 moved to London to become an artist . Strongly influenced by the works of Titian and Rubens , he became famous for painting nude figures in biblical , literary and mythological settings . While many of his peers greatly admired him and elected him a full Royal Academician in 1828 , others condemned the content of his work as indecent .
Throughout his early career Etty was highly regarded by wealthy lawyer Thomas Myers , who had been educated at Eton College and thus had a good knowledge of classical mythology . From 1832 onwards Myers regularly wrote to Etty to suggest potential subjects for paintings . Myers was convinced that there was a significant market for very large paintings , and encouraged Etty to make such works . In 1834 , he suggested the theme of Ulysses ( " Odysseus " in the original Greek ) encountering the Sirens , a scene from the Odyssey in which a ship 's crew sails past the island home of the Sirens . The Sirens were famous for the beauty of their singing , which would lure sailors to their deaths . Ulysses wanted to hear their song , so had his crew lash him to the ship 's mast under strict orders not to untie him , after which they blocked their ears until they were safely out of range of the island .
The topic of Ulysses encountering the Sirens was well suited to Etty 's taste ; as he wrote at the time , " My aim in all my great pictures has been to paint some great moral on the heart ... the importance of resisting SENSUAL DELIGHTS " . In his depiction of the scene , he probably worked from Alexander Pope 's translation , " Their song is death , and makes destruction please . / Unblest the man whom music wins to stay / Nigh the curs 'd shore , and listen to the lay ... In verdant meads they sport , and wide around / Lie human bones that whiten all the ground . / The ground polluted floats with human gore / And human carnage taints the dreadful shore . "
= = Composition and reception = =
The Sirens and Ulysses shows three Sirens singing on an island , surrounded by the rotting corpses of dead sailors . Ulysses is visible in the background tied to the mast of his ship , while dark clouds rise in the background .
Ulysses appears larger than his fellow sailors , while the Sirens hold out their arms in traditional dramatic poses . The three Sirens are very similar in appearance , and Etty 's biographer Leonard Robinson believes it likely that Etty painted the same model in three different poses . Robinson considers their classical poses to be the result of Etty 's lifelong attendance at the Academy 's Life Classes , where models were always in traditional poses , while former curator of York Art Gallery Richard Green considers their pose a tribute to the Nereids in Rubens 's The Disembarkation at Marseilles , a work Etty is known to have admired and of which he made a copy in 1823 .
The physical appearance of the Sirens is not described in the Odyssey , and the traditional Greek representation of them was as bird @-@ lion or bird @-@ human chimeras . Etty rationalised the fully human appearance of his Sirens by explaining that their forms became fully human once out of the sea , an approach followed by a number of later painters of the subject .
Etty put a great deal of effort into the painting , including visiting a mortuary to sketch the dead and decaying bodies on the Sirens ' island . His use of real corpses became publicly known , causing complaints from some critics . Although he visited Brighton in 1836 to make studies of the sea in connection with the painting , Etty had little experience of landscape and seascape painting , and the painting of the sea and clouds is rudimentary in comparison with the rest of the work .
The painting was Etty 's largest work to that time , measuring 442 @.@ 5 cm by 297 cm ( 14 ft 6 in by 9 ft 9 in ) . The work was completed in 1837 and exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts later that year , and hung in the Academy 's new building at Trafalgar Square ( now the National Gallery ) . The work , and Etty 's methods in making it , divided opinion : The Gentleman 's Magazine considered it " by far the finest [ painting ] that Mr. Etty has ever painted ... it is a historical work of the first class , and abounds with beauties of all kinds " , while The Spectator described it as " a disgusting combination of voluptuousness and loathsome putridity — glowing in colour and wonderful in execution , but conceived in the worst possible taste " .
Possibly because of its size , The Sirens and Ulysses failed to sell at the 1837 Summer Exhibition . In October 1837 wealthy Manchester cotton merchant Daniel Grant , an admirer of Etty who had already commissioned Venus and her Doves from him , met Etty at Heaton Park races and offered to buy The Sirens and Ulysses and Etty 's smaller Samson Betrayed by Delilah unseen for a total of £ 200 . Etty was hoping for £ 400 for the two paintings , but on being told by Grant that his firm had lost £ 100 @,@ 000 that year offered a price of £ 300 for the pair . Grant counter @-@ offered £ 250 ( about £ 20 @,@ 000 in today 's terms ) , which Etty refused . On leaving at the end of the evening , Grant suddenly said , " Will you take the money ? " , startling Etty , who in his surprise agreed . Grant died shortly afterwards , leaving the painting to his brother William , who in turn gave it to the Royal Manchester Institution in 1839 .
Etty considered the painting to be his best work , insisting that it form the centrepiece of his 1849 Royal Society of Arts solo exhibition . The Royal Manchester Institution was concerned that the painting would be damaged if moved , refusing to allow it to be used in the exhibition until Etty , and a number of influential friends , visited Manchester to beg them to release it . Etty died later that year , and his work enjoyed a brief boom in popularity . Interest in him declined over time , and by the end of the 19th century the cost of all his paintings had fallen below their original prices . As it was rarely exhibited , The Sirens and Ulysses had little influence on later artists , although it is credited as an influence on Frederic Leighton 's 1858 The Fisherman and the Syren .
Ulysses and the Sirens is one of those great efforts of my Art achieved in the vigour of my life , I can never make again .
= = Removal and restoration = =
Etty had used experimental techniques to make The Sirens and Ulysses , using a strong glue as a paint stabiliser which caused the paint to dry hard and brittle , and to flake off once dry , a problem made worse by the painting 's large size causing it to flex whenever it was moved . From the moment it was complete it began to deteriorate . After it was exhibited at the 1857 Art Treasures Exhibition it was considered in too poor a condition for public display , and it was placed in long @-@ term storage in the archives of the Royal Manchester Institution and its successor , the Manchester Art Gallery . In the mid 20th century there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to repair The Sirens and Ulysses , but an attempt to clean the painting unintentionally damaged the paint further .
In 2003 , Manchester Art Gallery staff determined that if conservation work were not undertaken , the painting would soon be beyond repair . The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation and AXA Art Insurance provided funding for the restoration . A replacement canvas to which the painting had been attached in the 1930s was removed . Following this , a mixture of isinglass adhesive and chalk was used to restore the surface of the painting , and the paint added during the earlier attempted restoration was removed . A new double layer of canvas was added to the back of the painting , and the three layers were glued together .
In 2006 the repaired painting was moved back from the conservation studios to the Manchester Art Gallery . The Gallery Nine section of the MAG was converted into a temporary studio , open to the public to watch the final retouching work until it was completed in 2010 , and The Sirens and Ulysses currently hangs in Gallery Three .
= Listen ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Listen " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé . The song was written by Henry Krieger , Scott Cutler , Anne Preven , and Beyoncé , and produced by The Underdogs , Matt Sullivan and Randy Spendlove for the 2006 musical film Dreamgirls , in which Beyoncé 's character Deena Jones sings the song in an expression of independence from her controlling husband . Columbia Records released " Listen " as the lead single from the Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album on December 5 , 2006 . It additionally appeared as a hidden track on international editions , and on the deluxe edition of Beyoncé 's second solo studio album , B 'Day . The Spanish version of the song , " Oye " , was released on the EP , Irreemplazable , and the Spanish deluxe edition of B 'Day .
One of four new songs written for the feature version of Dreamgirls ( originally a 1981 Broadway musical ) " Listen " is a soul @-@ R & B song ; its lyrics make reference to tenacity , love , the refusal to defer dreams and finally rise towards fame . Its instrumentation includes bass , drums , guitars , keyboards , percussion , and violins , among others . The song was a critical success . Contemporary music critics complimented the strong and emotional vocals of Beyoncé , and added that the lyrics perfectly elaborate on Deena Jones 's life . " Listen " won Best Original Song at the 2007 Critics ' Choice Awards . It was nominated in the same category at the 2006 International Press Academy Satellite Award , at the 2007 Golden Globe Awards , and at the 2007 Academy Awards .
" Listen " peaked at number 61 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and generally peaked inside the top 20 positions in European countries . It fared better in the United Kingdom where it reached number eight thanks to a live duet performance of Beyoncé and Alexandra Burke at The X Factor , where Burke emerged as the winner after singing " Listen " during the finale . The song was also covered by Charice and Melanie Amaro during the finale of the first season of the The X Factor in the US , where she emerged as the winner . Two accompanying music videos were filmed for " Listen " ; the performance version was directed by Diane Martel , and the second one , being Vogue Shoot Version , was directed by Matthew Rolston . " Listen " was also a part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) and I Am ... Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) .
= = Context = =
In the film version of Dreamgirls , Beyoncé portrays the character of Deena Jones , a pop singer loosely based on Motown star Diana Ross . The story explores the life of The Dreams ( based on The Supremes ) , a fictional 1960s group of three female singers : Effie White ( Jennifer Hudson ) , Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson ( Anika Noni Rose ) , whose manager Curtis Taylor ( based on Berry Gordy and played by Jamie Foxx ) manipulates their personal and professional relationships .
During the second half of the film , Curtis and Deena argue at dinner over Deena 's desire to make her film debut in an urban film instead of the Cleopatra prequel that Curtis is producing . An angry Curtis asserts his creative and psychological control over his wife , informing Deena that he would not let anyone else " handle " her , because , in his words , " no one knows you the way I do " . Curtis tells Deena that he put Deena as lead singer of the Dreams because her voice " had no personality . No depth . Except for what [ he ] put in there " .
In the context of the film , " Listen " is a 1975 song that Deena records on Rainbow Records , a recording empire established by Curtis . She is actually recording the song in a booth as a track , but the song also reveals Deena 's growing disgust at being considered merely Curtis ' property . Used in the film as a last @-@ minute recording by Deena before leaving Curtis " to find her own voice as a newly independent woman " , co @-@ writer Anne Preven called " Listen " a song which " Deena is exclaiming , ' You don 't know who I am , and I know I do . ' "
= = Production and composition = =
Upon reading the script for Dreamgirls , director Bill Condon felt the second half of the film needed a song . The " emotional punch " of " And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going " led him to ask the musical team for Dreamgirls " to create a new and equally moving song to energize the second act " . Led by Henry Krieger , the composer of the original 1981 Broadway musical version of Dreamgirls , " Listen " was written with help from Scott Cutler , Preven , and Beyoncé ; it was one of four songs written for the film version of Dreamgirls . " Listen " was produced by the R & B @-@ pop production duo The Underdogs .
" Listen " is a soul @-@ R & B ballad , which is written in the key of B major , and set in common time at a moderately slow groove of 62 beats per minute . Beyoncé 's vocals range from the note of F ♯ 3 to G5 . The song 's music takes its instrumentation from the bass , celli , drums , guitars , keyboards , percussion , violas , and violins . According to Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , its lyrics make reference to tenacity , love , and the refusal to defer dreams ; Beyoncé , as the female protagonist , sings , " demanding her moment in the sun " . Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote that Beyoncé shimmers " with evocative emotion " , rising to new heights alongside " a golden melody with spellbinding , rafter @-@ raising production " . The lyrics are written in the traditional verse @-@ chorus form . The song starts with the lines : " Listen to the song here in my heart , a melody I start but can 't complete " . A bridge follows after repeating the pattern and ends in another chorus .
= = Release = =
" Listen " was released as the lead single from the soundtrack album Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture . Beyoncé recorded an introduction to " Listen " entitled " Encore to the Fans " ; the song alongside its introduction is featured on international editions of Beyoncé 's second album B 'Day as a hidden track . A Spanish version titled " Oye " was produced and released on the deluxe edition of B 'Day . On January 29 , 2007 , " Listen " was released as a CD single , containing its album and instrumental versions , in the US . On January 19 , 2007 , it was serviced as a CD Single in the UK , and several European countries , where a remixed produced by Fraser T Smith was later released on March 9 , 2007 .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Listen " scored generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics . A reviewer from Pitchfork Media stated that " when Beyoncé belts out the chorus , the inspiration is real , tangible , and contagious " . Describing the song as a " devastatingly beautiful ballad " , Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote , " Beyoncé delivers the performance of her career , another defining moment in the brilliant flick [ besides Hudson 's ' And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going ' ] . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the song " adds grit and touching gravity to Deena " . Another reviewer of the same publication called the song " epic " noting that Beyoncé " unfurls the true range of her magnificent voice " . Comparing the song to Andrew Lloyd Webber 's " piano weepie [ s ] " , a writer of The Observer stated that " Listen " is a " bangers @-@ to @-@ ballads ratio to die for " . Calling the song a " showstopper " , Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe wrote : " [ ' Listen ' ] is a big , soppy ballad that will move some to tears and irk others as a stunning example of art imitating life imitating art without a shred of irony . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that " Listen " will undoubtedly be " the payoff for fans of Beyoncé 's voice who sat through the first [ thirty @-@ eight ] minutes of [ B 'Day ] waiting for the cum shot . " By contrast , Jody Rosen 's review for Entertainment Weekly was less impressed , describing " Listen " as " gloopy " and " an inspirational ballad about ' the song in my heart ' , which builds to an enormous schlock @-@ opera climax " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
" Listen " was nominated for Best Original Song at the 2006 International Press Academy Satellite Award and in 2007 at the Golden Globe Awards and at the Academy Awards . Also in 2007 , Dreamgirls received seven nominations at the 12th Annual Critics ' Choice Awards , where the film won four awards , including Best Original Song for " Listen " . At the Academy Awards , Beyoncé was not listed as one of the honorees . She is officially one of the four writers of the song , but as per Academy Rule 16 , only three major contributors of a song are eligible . The executive committee of the organization had determined , during their meeting in December of the same year , that Beyoncé 's contribution was the smallest .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Listen " entered and left the UK Singles Chart on three separate occasions , In February 2007 , it entered at number 60 and peaked at number 16 on March 3 , 2007 before leaving the chart on March 24 , 2007 . On December 4 , 2008 , Alexandra Burke performed the song in the final 5 week of The X Factor , ' prompting the song to re @-@ enter the UK Singles Chart at number fifty @-@ three , which is a higher position than it reached in the United States on initial release , where it peaked at 61 . In the finale of The X Factor , Burke , who would become the winner , performed " Listen " as a duet with Beyoncé . Accordingly , the song surged from number 60 to number eight on the UK Singles Chart on December 27 , 2008 , selling 28 @,@ 000 copies . The following week , " Listen " fell to number 30 ; it remained in the top 40 for two additional weeks . As of December 2008 , sales of the single stood close to 120 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom alone . " Listen " last re @-@ entered the UK Singles Chart on November 14 , 2009 at number 84 . As of July 2013 , the single has sold around 300 @,@ 000 units in the UK . It peaked at number three in Italy .
= = Music videos = =
Two music videos exist for " Listen " , the first being a performance one and the second being a Vogue Shoot . The first music video premiered on MTV 's Making the Video on November 28 , 2006 . The other music video was released online and through the Dreamgirls DVD special features .
Performance Version
This video , which was directed by Diane Martel , features Beyoncé walking through a performance hall in modern @-@ day street clothes , performing the song . Once she arrives onstage and at the song 's bridge , she appears in costume as Deena , dressed in a 1970s @-@ era gown . Intercut into the video are scenes from Dreamgirls , most of which depict Deena 's relationship with Curtis . These clips , however , were taken out in the director 's cut version of the video ; this version appeared on the B 'Day Anthology Video Album . In her first outfit , Beyoncé is seen wearing a Wonder Woman T @-@ shirt .
Vogue Shoot Version
The music video , directed by Matthew Rolston , features Beyoncé wearing a modern @-@ day tank top , performing the song against a blank background which changes back forth from white and black . Interspersed are some scenes from a photo shoot within her film Dreamgirls . This version appears on the Dreamgirls DVD release . In the director 's cut of this version , Beyoncé is seen posing for a photo shoot not featured in the film in which she wears very outlandish clothing . As the shoot progresses it becomes more and more evident that Beyoncé is not happy with the direction of the shoot and when she is handed a bird to pose with she becomes fed up , walks away and strips down to the black tank top and tights underneath . She then climbs the staircase of the building to the rooftop and finishes singing the song .
= = Live performances = =
Beyoncé first performed " Listen " on the Oprah Winfrey show and received a standing ovation from her cast members , the audience , and left Oprah speechless . Upon the song 's completion , Oprah simply exclaimed , " Wow . " The second performance was at the 49th Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center , in Los Angeles , California , on February 11 , 2007 . MTV News ' staff members coined it as the Best Oscar Performance , writing : " Beyoncé killed it with a passionate performance of ' Listen ' . " Beyoncé later performed " Listen " with Alexandra Burke on December 16 , 2008 , at the final of the The X Factor , with Burke having performed the song alone two weeks previously . Burke battled to control her emotions when Beyoncé joined her on stage and dissolved into tears when their duet was over . Burke went on to win the competition later that night . Barbara Ellen of The Observer praised Beyoncé 's performance of the song saying that " there seemed something a little overpowering , invulnerable , dare I say , ungenerous , about Beyoncé - almost as if she were a giant slithering diva / snake hell bent on swallowing poor quivering Burke whole . "
In addition , " Listen " was a part of Beyoncé 's set list on The Beyoncé Experience and I Am ... World Tour . On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan . Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the performance , stating : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas . But she was in constant motion , strutting in costumes . " In Los Angeles , Beyoncé performed the song , dressed in a glittering silver dress with mink fur . It was executed without any backup dancers , and live instrumentation . Jim Farber of Daily News noted that during the performance of the song at the I Am ... World Tour , Beyoncé blended her alter ego Sasha Fierce 's potent and her own pained personality and added that " those two emotions made this Beyoncé 's greatest live moment " When Beyoncé performed the song in Sunrise , Florida , on June 29 , 2009 , she was wearing a glittery gold leotard . As she sang , animated graphics of turntables , faders and other club equipment were projected behind Beyoncé , her dancers and musicians . Beyoncé was accompanied by her two drummers , two keyboardists , a percussionist , a horn section , three imposing backup vocalists called the Mamas and a lead guitarist , Bibi McGill . " Listen " was included as on her live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) , and the I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) .
= = Cover versions = =
= = = Glee version = = =
" Listen " was covered by Charice for the American TV show Glee episode " Audition " , which aired on September 21 , 2010 . This version was released as a single , debuted at number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 , higher than Beyoncé version . It also charted at number 51 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart the same week . Charice 's version also peaked at number 87 on the Australian Singles Chart , at number 33 in Ireland , and at number 51 in the United Kingdom .
= = = Melanie Amaro version = = =
On September 22 , 2011 , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old Melanie Amaro performed " Listen " on the second day of the opening week of first season of the The X Factor in the US . As commented by both Becky Bain of Idolator and Jennifer Still of the British entertainment and media news website Digital Spy , the " powerful [ and ] emotional " performance " deservedly brought the judges to their feet " . Amaro received a standing ovation from the audience and panel of judges alike . The performance of Amaro also brought Nicole Scherzinger to tears . She said : " This is why I do this . People like you inspire me . You made a believer out of me . Thank you . " Paula Abdul said : " You are the brightest gift , God bless you . " L.A. Reid declared : " Melanie , you are truly amazing . You have the gift , you have the soul , you have the spirit , you have the swagger ... you have the X Factor " while Simon Cowell said : " When I was asked by a lot of people why I was bringing this show to America , it was because I hoped that we were going to find someone like you . "
She also sang " Listen " during the finals on December 21 , 2011 . A writer of Fox News Channel commented that the judges " didn 't want to stop listening to Melanie Amaro " while she was singing a " soaring rendition " of the ballad . Simon Cowell said , " I brought this show to America because I believe some of the greatest singers in the world are from this country , and you just proved that . I think you , based on that performance tonight , to me , should be the winner of ' The X Factor , ' because you 're going to represent this country all over the world . " L.A. Reid also commented , " That wasn 't a $ 5 million performance . That was a $ 50 million performance . " Sarah Maloy of Billboard magazine felt that her performance was " as powerfully and passionately [ sang ] as she did the first time " . Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post praised Amaro 's rendition , writing that it contained a " determined look on her face , lots of generous spreading of the arms , and plenty of big notes " . Amaro eventually emerged as the winner of the The X Factor , performing this song for the final time .
= = = Dreamgirls stage revival version = = =
A modified version of " Listen " , with new lyrics by Willie Reale , was added to the song score of the 2009 touring revival of the stage version of Dreamgirls . This version presents the song as a duet between the characters Deena and Effie , as Effie explains to Deena that she must leave Curtis and gives her advice on how to find her independence . The revised version of the stage musical , and the new version of " Listen " , debuted at the Apollo Theater in Harlem , New York on November 22 , 2009 .
= = = Other versions = = =
Caressa Cameron , an American model performed the song live during the 2010 Miss America pageant , where she appeared wearing a yellow dress and later during the night won the Miss America title . On September 6 , 2011 , 31 @-@ year @-@ old Marina Davis performed " Listen " during one of the audition episodes of the third season of The X Factor ( Australia ) . Davis received praise from the judging panel . Ronan Keating said it was an impressive performance and she 's got one of the best voices in the competition , while Mel B confirmed that Davis has definitely got the " X @-@ Factor " . On March 30 , 2012 , Katelin Koprivec sang " Listen " on the Australian talent show , Young Talent Time . Sarah De Bono also sang " Listen " on The Voice ( Australia ) on May 21 , 2012 . Michelle Griffin of The Age wrote that Bono had " the lungs to carry it off " but " not quite [ like ] Beyoncé 's commanding delivery " . Her version of the song peaked at number 13 on the Australian Singles Chart . On November 3 , 2012 , Jahméne Douglas performed the song on the ninth series of The X Factor in the UK , receiving praise from the judges of the show . Sarah Fitzmaurice of the Daily Mail wrote that Douglas proved he had an " amazing " voice while he " belted out " the song . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy also noted that the cover was a " belter " and the singer " bloody well nailed it " . On May 10 , a 12 @-@ year @-@ old girl Michèle won the contest of The Voice Kid in Germany after performing the song on the final show . Sam Bailey sang " Listen " on August 31 , 2013 during the tenth season of The X Factor in the UK . It was described as the highlight of the episode and Bailey received standing ovation from the judges . Louise Saunders from the Daily Mail noted that Bailey 's cover was " touching ... emotional , and flawless " . American Idol runner @-@ up Jessica Sanchez sang " Listen " on March 16 , 2014 during Solaire Resort & Casino 's first anniversary concert . Krisia Todorova covered it in the first song of her audition . Mia Negovetić ( Croatia ) covered it in the first song on " Zvjezdice " vocal contest and in the Little Big Shots airing on NBC TV in March , 2016 . In April 2016 , Shalyah Fearing , a contestant of The Voice sang " Listen " in her First Live Play @-@ offs .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Hurricane Hiki =
Hurricane Hiki was the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States . It was also considered the first official hurricane in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands . The fourth tropical cyclone of the 1950 Pacific hurricane season , Hiki formed as a tropical depression to the southeast of Hawaii on August 12 . On the following day , the depression headed northwestward and intensified into Tropical Storm Hiki . While paralleling the Hawaiian Islands on August 16 , Hiki strengthened into a hurricane . Around that time , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . The following day , Hiki curved southwestward on August 17 . Two days later , the hurricane resumed moving northwestward and weakened to a tropical storm shortly thereafter . Around midday on August 21 , Hiki weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated about six hours later .
Although Hiki was a small tropical cyclone and bypassed Hawaii , heavy rainfall and strong winds were observed throughout the islands . At the Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station on Kauai , 52 inches ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) of precipitation was observed , which was the highest total associated with a tropical cyclone on record in the United States . The Waimea River overflowed , causing more than 200 residents to flee their homes . Many streets and several hundred acres of sugar cane fields were flooded . About $ 200 @,@ 000 ( 1950 USD ) in damage was reported due to flooding in the city of Waimea . In Kekaha , the powerhouse suffered severe damage . Throughout the islands , winds de @-@ roofed several homes and downed power lines ; one fatality occurred after a person came in contact with a live wire .
= = Meteorological history = =
According to ship reports during the summer , the Intertropical Convergence Zone was farther north than usual , which created favorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis . Weather charts at the Honolulu International Airport , a tropical depression developed at 00 : 00 UTC on August 12 , while located about 760 miles ( 1 @,@ 220 km ) southeast of the Big Island . Thereafter , the storm gradually intensified , becoming a tropical storm at 06 : 00 UTC on August 13 . It was named Hiki , which is Hawaiian for Able . While situated east of Hilo , Hawaii , the system was described as an " immature storm " , and had a very small diameter . Shortly thereafter , a reconnaissance aircraft flew into Hiki and estimated that sustained wind speeds between 50 and 60 mph ( 80 and 100 km / h ) . Further intensification continued and the system strengthened into a hurricane on August 16 . Upon reaching hurricane intensity on August 16 , Hiki simultaneously attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Despite this , the storm had remained small , with gale force winds extending less than 150 mi ( 240 km ) from the center . Hiki remained between 100 and 200 mi ( 160 and 320 km ) offshore while paralleling several Hawaiian Islands , including Hawaii , Maui , Molokai , Oahu , and Kauai .
As a high pressure ridge intensified , the northwestward movement of Hiki was blocked , causing the storm to briefly turn due west on August 17 . The high pressure ridge eventually influenced the hurricane to re @-@ curve southwestward . On August 18 , a reconnaissance aircraft observed sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) to the south of the center ; a minimum barometric pressure of 982 mbar ( 29 @.@ 0 inHg ) was also observed . After the reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm on August 18 , residents of Kauai and Oahu were alerted of a possible cyclonic loop . However , later that day , the high pressure ridge weakened , causing Hiki to turned westward and pass south of French Frigate Shoals and Midway Island . Late on August 19 , Hiki weakened to a tropical storm and then resumed its course to the northwest . By August 21 , Hiki further weakened to a tropical depression , and dissipated six hours later .
The hurricane was also followed by the Air Weather Service , located on Guam , who assigned the name Salome from the Pacific typhoon naming lists .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Hiki was one of the strongest tropical cyclones to approach the Hawaiian Islands in at least 45 years and officially the first hurricane in the region . As Hiki approached , a United States Coast Guard station with 14 people in French Frigate Shoals was alerted . In addition , ships in the area were also advised to take caution . Hiki caused high waves on some of the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaii remained on the southern semicircle of Hiki , and as a result , light wind damage occurred . The highest reported winds from Hiki was at the Kilauea Lighthouse on Kauai , where gusts up to 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) were observed . The islands of Niihau and Lanai also experienced tropical storm force winds , reaching 48 and 50 mph ( 77 and 80 km / h ) , respectively . As a result , several houses throughout the Hawaiian Islands lost their roof . In addition , a farmer in Kohala on Hawaii died after coming into contact with a live wire that was blown down from high winds .
Hiki was the wettest tropical cyclone in United States history , as rainfall of over 52 in ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) observed at the Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station on Kauai between August 14 and August 18 . The rain gauge was capable of holding 24 inches ( 610 mm ) of the rain and was emptied on August 15 . However , less than 24 hours later , the same rain gauge was overflowing . Heavy precipitation was also recorded on other locations on that island , including 13 inches ( 330 mm ) on Mount Waialeale . Few reports exist on rainfall totals on other Hawaiian Islands , with the only other island recording rainfall was Maui , with precipitation reaching 11 @.@ 9 inches ( 300 mm ) on August 15 . This was the highest 24 ‑ hour record for that island in the month of August . On Kauai , the Waimea River experienced one of the worst flood in its history , causing more than 200 residents in Waimea Valley to evacuate . The river also rose near the mouth of its tributary , the Makaweli River , flooding the town of Waimea , causing about $ 200 @,@ 000 in damage . The streets on the island and hundreds of acres of sugar cane were flooded . Additionally , severe damage was reported at the Kekaha Powerhouse .
= Maitreyi =
Maitreyi ( " friendly one " ) was a Hindu philosopher who lived during the later Vedic period in ancient India . She is mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad as one of two wives of the Vedic sage Yajnavalkya ; he is estimated to have lived around the 8th century BCE . In the Hindu epic Mahabharata and the Gṛhyasūtras , however , Maitreyi is described as an Advaita philosopher who never married . In ancient Sanskrit literature , she is known as a brahmavadini ( an expounder of the Veda ) .
Ten hymns in the Rigveda are attributed to Maitreyi , and she explored the Hindu concept of Atman ( soul or self ) in a dialogue with Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad . According to this dialogue , love is driven by a person 's soul , and Maitreyi discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their unity , the core of Advaita philosophy . This Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue is the topic of Sureshvara 's varttika , a commentary .
Maitreyi is cited as an example of the educational opportunities available to women in Vedic India , and their philosophical achievements . She is considered a symbol of Indian intellectual women , and an institution is named in her honour in New Delhi .
= = Early life = =
In the Asvalayana Gṛhyasūtra , the daughter of the sage Maitri is referred to as Sulabha Maitreyi and is mentioned in the Gṛhyasūtras with several other women scholars of the Vedic era . Her father , who lived in the Videhan capital of Mithila , was a minister in the court of King Janaka .
Although Maitreyi of ancient India , described as an Advaita philosopher , is said to be a wife of the sage Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad in the time of Janaka , the Hindu epic Mahabharata states Sulabha Maitreyi is a young beauty who never marries . In the latter , Maitreyi explains Advaita philosophy ( monism ) to Janaka and is described as a lifelong ascetic . She is called as a brahmavadini ( a female expounder of the Veda ) in ancient Sanskrit literature . Maitreyi and Yajnavalkya are estimated to have lived around the 8th century BCE .
In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , Maitreyi is described as Yajnavalkya 's scholarly wife ; his other wife , Katyayani , was a housewife . While Yajnavalkya and Katyayani lived in contented domesticity , Maitreyi studied metaphysics and engaged in theological dialogues with her husband in addition to " making self @-@ inquiries of introspection " .
= = Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue = =
In the Rigveda about ten hymns are attributed to Maitreyi . She explores the Hindu concept of Atman ( soul or self ) in a dialogue contained in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad . The dialogue , also called the Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue , states that love is driven by a person 's soul , and it discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their unity , the core of Advaita philosophy .
This dialogue appears in several Hindu texts ; the earliest is in chapter 2 @.@ 4 – and modified in chapter 4 @.@ 5 – of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , one of the principal and oldest Upanishads , dating from approximately 700 BCE . The Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue has survived in two manuscript recensions from the Madhyamdina and Kanva Vedic schools ; although they have significant literary differences , they share the same philosophical theme .
After Yajnavalkya achieved success in the first three stages of his life – brahmacharya ( as a student ) , grihastha ( with his family ) and vanaprastha ( in retirement ) – he wished to become a sannyasi ( a renunciant ) in his old age . He asked Maitreyi for permission , telling her that he wanted to divide his assets between her and Katyayani . Maitreyi said that she was not interested in wealth , since it would not make her " immortal " , but wanted to learn about immortality :
In the dialogue which follows , Yajnavalkya explains his views on immortality in Atman ( soul ) , Brahman ( ultimate reality ) and their equivalence . Maitreyi objects to parts of Yajnavalkya 's explanation , and requests clarification .
Scholars have differing views on whether this dialogue is evidence that in ancient Vedic tradition women were accepted as active participants in spiritual discussions and as scholars of Brahman . Wendy Doniger , an American Indologist and a professor of History of Religions , states that in this dialogue Maitreyi is not portrayed as an author , but is part of an Upanishadic story of a Brahmin with two wives who are distinguished by their intellect . Karen Pechelis , another American Indologist and a professor of Comparative Religion , in contrast , states that Maitreyi is portrayed as theologically minded , as she challenges Yajnavalkya in this dialogue and asks the right questions .
First @-@ millennium Indian scholars , such as Sureshvara ( Suresvaracharya , c . 750 CE ) , have viewed this male @-@ female dialogue as profound on both sides ; Maitreyi refuses wealth , wishing to share her husband 's spiritual knowledge , and in the four known versions of the Upanishadic story she challenges Yajnavalkya 's theory of Atman . Yajnavalkya acknowledges her motivations , and that her questions are evidence she is a seeker of ultimate knowledge and a lover of the Atman .
The Maitreyi dialogue in the Upanishad is significant beyond being a gage of gender relations . Adi Shankara , a scholar of the influential Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy , wrote in his Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya that the purpose of the Maitreyi @-@ Yajnavalkya dialogue in chapter 2 @.@ 4 of the Brihadar
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2006 World Lacrosse Championships , he was one of four Princeton athletes on Team USA .
= = Personal = =
Cook has worked for the United States Secret Service , American Enterprise Institute and PricewaterhouseCoopers . He competed in the AAU Junior Olympic Games in skiing in 1990 . Cook was named to the Colorado Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2003 . His sister , Lauren , played lacrosse at Davidson College in Charlotte , North Carolina . He is the son of Gary and Diane Cook . He earned his Bachelor of Arts in Politics from Princeton University and his Master of Business Administration from Georgetown University . Christian and Lauren have founded Play for Parkinson 's Lacrosse after their mother was diagnosed with early stage Parkinson 's disease .
= The Boat Race 1899 =
The 55th Boat Race took place on 25 March 1899 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge won , their first success in a decade , by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 21 minutes 4 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 32 – 23 in Oxford 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1898 race " easily " , with Cambridge leading overall with 32 victories to Cambridge 's 22 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races , Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) and R. P. Rowe ( who rowed for Oxford four times between 1889 and 1892 ) . Cambridge were coached by William Fletcher , Oxford Blue and R. C. Lehmann , the former president of the Cambridge Union Society and captain of the 1st Trinity Boat Club ( although he had rowed in the trials eights for Cambridge , he was never selected for the Blue boat ) . The umpire for the race for the tenth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 5 lb ( 78 @.@ 3 kg ) , 0 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 23 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw three rowers with Boat Race experience return , in Claude Goldie , former Boat Club president William Dudley Ward and Raymond Broadly Etherington @-@ Smith . Oxford 's crew contained four former Blues , including Harcourt Gilbey Gold who was rowing at stroke for the fourth consecutive year . All but one of the Oxford crew were educated at Eton College ; Cambridge 's crew contained five Old Etonians . Australian rower Noel Leonard Coward was the only participant in the race registered as non @-@ British . C. E. Johnston of Oxford was the father of Brian Johnston , the cricket broadcaster , who , eighty @-@ two years later , would become the BBC 's principal boat @-@ race commentator .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The weather on the day of the race was good , but the tide was poor . Willan got the race underway at 12 : 58 p.m. and the crews remained reasonably level until the Mile Post , where Oxford held a quarter of a length lead . Cambridge began to reduce the deficit , so Oxford stroke Gold increased the rate in an attempt to make the most of the favourable bend in the river . The spurt had little effect , and the Light Blue stroke John Houghton Gibbon responded in kind with a burst of his own .
The Cambridge boat drew away quickly and were well ahead by The Doves pub , allowing them " to take matters fairly easily over the latter part of the course " . Cambridge won by three and a quarter lengths in a time of 21 minutes and 4 seconds . It was their first victory in ten years and took the overall record to 32 – 23 in Oxford 's favour . Author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater remarked that " Cambridge were definitely the better crew " and noted that their effort was all the more impressive as number four John Ernest Payne had been struck down by influenza just a day before the race .
= Easy Jet =
Easy Jet ( 1967 – 1992 ) was an American Quarter Horse foaled , or born , in 1967 , and was one of only two horses to have been a member of the American Quarter Horse Association ( or AQHA ) Hall of Fame as well as being an offspring of members . Easy Jet won the 1969 All American Futurity , the highest race for Quarter Horse racehorses , and was named World Champion Quarter Race Horse in the same year . He earned the highest speed rating awarded at the time — AAAT . After winning 27 of his 38 races in two years of racing , he retired from the race track and became a breeding stallion .
As a sire , he was the first All American Futurity winner to sire an All American Futurity winner , and went on to sire three winners of that race , and nine Champion Quarter Running Horses . Ultimately , his ownership and breeding rights were split into 60 shares worth $ 500 @,@ 000 each — a total of $ 30 million . By 1993 , the year after his death , his foals had earned more than $ 25 million on the racetrack .
= = Early life = =
Longtime Quarter Horse breeder and racehorse owner Walter Merrick of Sayre , Oklahoma , bred Easy Jet from two future AQHA Hall of Fame members , Jet Deck and Thoroughbred mare Lena 's Bar in 1967 . His dam , or mother , Lena 's Bar , had produced a small number of other offspring , but Easy Jet was her last ; she died shortly after he was weaned , or removed from his mother 's milk . Both of his parents were descended from Three Bars , who was the sire of Lena 's Bar and the grandsire of Jet Deck 's dam . Easy Jet is one of only two horses in the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame to have both parents in the Hall of Fame ; his two grandsires , Moon Deck and Three Bars , are also in the Hall of Fame .
Easy Jet was of sorrel color , a light yellowish @-@ red . When fully grown , he stood about 15 @.@ 3 hands high ( 63 inches ; 160 cm ) and weighed about 1 @,@ 300 pounds ( 590 kg ) . He had a large star and a stripe on his face .
Of Easy Jet 's stamina and busy training regimen , Merrick said , " I guess he ate at night ; I don 't know when else . It was unbelievable the amount of energy he had " . Training for the race track generally begins when a horse is a long yearling — between one and a half and two years of age . Easy Jet was so easy to train that Merrick decided to oversee the training himself rather than send the horse away to a professional trainer . In a practice race at the ranch , Merrick matched the yearling against Jet Smooth . Although his elder brother had the advantage of previous race experience , Easy Jet won the 350 @-@ yard ( 320 m ) race . Easy Jet 's performance prompted Merrick to enter him in a yearling race at Blue Ribbon Downs , which the colt won by more than a length .
= = Racing career = =
Easy Jet raced for two years , starting 38 races . He won 27 of his races , came in second seven times and third twice , and placed below third only twice , with race earnings totaling $ 445 @,@ 721 ( approximately $ 2 @,@ 716 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . He earned an AQHA Superior Race Horse award along with his Race Register of Merit . A Superior Race horse must have earned at least 200 AQHA racing points by winning races , and even more in stakes races . A Race Register of Merit is the lowest level of racing award earned from the AQHA , and is gained when a horse attains a speed rating of 80 in a race , whether or not it wins the race . His best speed rating was AAAT , which was the highest grade awarded at the time he was racing . Over his two @-@ year career , he won 12 stakes races , and placed second in four and third in one .
In 1969 , his first official year on the track , he won the All American Futurity and eight other stakes races . In winning the All American , he led from the start on a sloppy , muddy track . His jockey , Willie Lovell , explained that he needed to do very little to win : " In the stretch , when I saw Easy Jet had it , I let him run his own race . All I had to do was just sit there and let him roll . " His time of 20 @.@ 46 seconds to cover 400 yards ( 370 m ) was remarkable considering that three days of rain before the start of the race had turned the track into a muddy quagmire . At another stakes , the Ribbon Futurity at Sallisaw , Oklahoma , Easy Jet won by three @-@ quarters of a length and set a new track record of 16 @.@ 92 seconds for 330 yards ( 300 m ) . The only time in 1969 he did not finish first , second , or third , he had issues in the starting gate , false @-@ started , broke some teeth loose against the front of the gate , and was struggling to stand up again when the gates opened ; he still managed to finish fifth out of ten horses .
At the end of the 1969 racing season , he was named World Champion Quarter Running Horse , Champion Quarter Running Stallion , and Champion Quarter Running Two @-@ Year Old Colt by the AQHA . He was also the highest money @-@ earning horse and only the fourth two @-@ year @-@ old to be named World Champion . During his first year of racing , he started 26 times , won 22 and placed ( came in second ) in another three . Most two @-@ year @-@ old Quarter Horses race on average under five times in their first year of racing , and the average for all ages is just over five starts per year . Many people criticized Merrick for starting Easy Jet so often . Merrick said , however , " You had to run him about once every ten days or he 'd have got so high you couldn 't hardly stand to be around him . As long as we were going to run him , we figured we might as well make it count for something . " Despite all of the starts , Easy Jet had enough energy to be difficult to handle ; in this respect , he was considered high @-@ spirited rather than mean .
In 1970 , he started 12 times , and won five times , placed second four times , and earned third place twice . His only unplaced finish was in the Rainbow Derby finals , where he came in dead last . Before he started racing that year , he stood at stud to a full book of mares , breeding as many mares as his owners would allow , which limited his racing time . During the Rocky Mountain Quarter Horse Derby at Centennial Park in Denver , Colorado , on October 4 , 1970 , which Easy Jet won without ever relinquishing the lead , the stallion became the highest @-@ earning Quarter Horse racer of all time , with earnings of more than $ 440 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @,@ 681 @,@ 097 as of 2016 ) . At the end of the year , he was named Champion Quarter Running Stallion and Champion Quarter Running Three @-@ Year Old Colt .
= = Retirement and career at stud = =
Before his retirement from racing in 1970 , Easy Jet had already started standing at stud , returning to the track only after the breeding season . In 1971 , his first foals arrived . His offspring began racing in 1973 and soon put Easy Jet on the AQHA Leading Sires of Race Winners list . With their success , his stud fee , or the cost of breeding a mare to him , rose from $ 2 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 11 @,@ 700 as of 2016 ) in 1971 to $ 5 @,@ 000 ( $ 26 @,@ 653 as of 2016 ) in 1973 ; by 1980 , it was $ 30 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 86 @,@ 200 as of 2016 ) .
In 1971 , Merrick sold a half @-@ interest in Easy Jet and his full brother Jet Smooth to Joe McDermott , and five years later , in 1976 , the partners sold Easy Jet to the Buena Suerte Ranch for $ 3 @.@ 57 million ( approximately $ 14 @,@ 845 @,@ 800 as of 2016 ) . Later , after two of the partners in the ranch died unexpectedly , Merrick re @-@ purchased Easy Jet and bought a controlling share in the ranch . In 1980 , the stallion was syndicated for $ 30 million ( approximately $ 86 @,@ 159 @,@ 100 as of 2016 ) , a record amount at the time . The syndicate had 50 shares , each costing $ 600 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 1 @,@ 723 @,@ 200 as of 2016 ) . The oil bust of the 1980s , and changes in US tax laws affecting horse operations , led to financial problems for the horse market in general and the syndicate , which led to financial difficulties for Merrick and resulted in many changes of ownership for Easy Jet until the death of the champion in 1992 .
After retiring to stud full @-@ time , he had a very successful career . He became the first All American Futurity winner to sire another winner when his daughter Easy Date won the All American Futurity in 1974 . Easy Date was later named 1975 World Champion Quarter Running Horse . He also sired Pie In the Sky , the 1979 All American Futurity winner , and Mr Trucka Jet , the 1985 All American Futurity winner . More than 1 @,@ 500 of his offspring earned their AQHA Race Register of Merit , and nine became World Champion Quarter Running Horses . Besides the horses already mentioned , the champions include My Easy Credit , Extra Easy , Easily Smashed , Easy Angel , Easy Move , and Megahertz . His foal Sunset Gallant Jet was the 1979 and 1980 AQHA High Point Cutting & Chariot Racing Co @-@ Champion . At various points in time , Easy Jet has led the AQHA 's lists of All @-@ time leading sires of sires , All @-@ time leading sires of Register of Merit qualifiers , All @-@ time leading sires of stakes winners , and All @-@ time leading broodmare sires . In March 2008 , he still led the list of All @-@ time leading sires of Quarter Horse racehorses by winners , and on the corresponding list ordered by earnings , he ranks fourth . As a broodmare sire , or maternal grandsire , of racehorses , Easy Jet led the All @-@ time leading lists by winners in March 2008 , and the same list ordered by earnings had him second . As of 2008 , his offspring had earned over $ 26 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 on the racetrack . In total , he sired 2 @,@ 507 foals in 25 years of breeding .
Easy Jet was euthanized in 1992 due to laminitis , a disease of the hoof . He was buried in his paddock on Walter Merrick 's 14 Ranch near Sayre , Oklahoma . Merrick was unable to bring himself to see the horse before he was put down . He said , " I couldn 't go , I just couldn 't see him like that . He was too good a friend " . Easy Jet was inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 1993 .
= = Pedigree = =
= Charles Frederick Horn =
Charles Frederick Horn ( 24 February 1762 – 3 August 1830 ) was an English musician and composer . Born in Germany , he emigrated to London with few possessions and no knowledge of the English language , yet rose to become a music teacher in the Royal Household . As an editor and arranger , he helped introduce the music of Johann Sebastian Bach to England .
= = Life = =
Born in Nordhausen , Germany to John Wolfgang Horn and Sophia Dorothea Shenaman , Charles Frederick Horn was the third of their four children . According to the memoirs of Charles Frederick 's son , Charles Edward Horn , John Wolfgang wished for his son to become a surveyor . Horn would often furtively practice music instead ; when his father found out , he destroyed the family 's clavichord in the hopes of preventing his son from becoming distracted from his studies . This , though , did not dissuade Horn from taking music lessons from Nordhausen organist Christoph Gottlieb Schröter .
On Schröter 's death in 1782 , Horn decided to move to Paris to try a living as a musician . He left his home with little money and a suitcase of clothes . En route to Paris , he encountered a stranger in Hamburg by the name of Winkelman , who persuaded the impressionable Horn that London would better serve the aspirations of a young German musician than France . Winkelman accompanied him to London , but upon arriving , stole almost all of Horn 's money and disappeared . Destitute and knowing no English , he wandered the streets of London before encountering a German @-@ speaking Irishman , who sympathised with his plight . The man took Horn to the piano shop of Longman and Broderip at Cheapside , where Horn played the piano for its co @-@ proprietor , Francis Fane Broderip . Impressed , Broderip introduced Horn to the Saxon ambassador John Maurice de Brühl. de Brühl recommended Horn to Granville Leveson @-@ Gower , 1st Marquess of Stafford , who hired him as his daughters ' music teacher .
The appointment meant that Trentham Hall , Leveson @-@ Gower 's estate in Staffordshire , became Horn 's new residence . There , he met and fell in love with Diana Dupont , the French tutor of Leveson @-@ Gower 's daughters . The two married on 28 September 1785 , and subsequently moved to London , where Dupont gave birth to the couple 's first child , Charles Edward Horn , on 21 June 1786 . Horn published his first composition , Six Sonatas for the Piano , Violin , and Violoncello ( Op. 1 ) , earlier that year in May . Subscribers to the work included such luminaries as Muzio Clementi , Johann Peter Salomon , George IV ( then the Prince of Wales ) , and Lady Caroline Waldegrave . The latter introduced Horn to Queen Charlotte , who appointed him as her personal music tutor ; he instructed the Queen twice a week from 20 October 1789 to 9 October 1793 . While in her service , he maintained two homes , one in London and the other in Windsor . He was also engaged from June 1789 to October 1812 to teach music to the royal princesses . During his employment in the royal household , he composed a set of three Sonatas ( Op. 2 ) , which he dedicated to the Queen .
Horn continued composing numerous pieces , but he is perhaps best known for his work in arranging and editing music — in particular , the works of Bach . In 1807 , he published an arrangement for two violins , viola , and cello / piano for 12 of Bach 's organ fugues . The next year , he met Samuel Wesley , with whom he would collaborate in editing , arranging , and publishing the first ever complete edition of Bach 's six organ trios ( 1809 ) and the first English edition of the Well @-@ Tempered Clavier ( 1810 ) . Horn , whom Wesley described as " indefatigable " , had plans to publish all of Bach 's works , but this never came to fruition .
In June 1824 , King George IV appointed Horn as organist of St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle . He stepped down after King George 's death on 26 June 1830 , and died shortly after in Windsor . He was buried at St George 's Chapel . Horn was survived by his wife , with whom he had seven children .
= = Selected works = =
= = = Compositions = = =
Six Sonatas for the Piano , Violin , and Violoncello ( Op. 1 , 1786 )
Three Sonatas for the Piano Forte or Harpsichord , with an Accompaniment for a Violin or a Flute ( Op. 2 , 1791 )
Three Sonatas ( Op. 3 , 1794 )
Twelve Country Dance for the Piano Forte ( 1796 )
A Collection of Divertimentos ( 1804 )
The Boatman ( 1817 )
Themes with Variations ( c . 1823 )
= = = Arrangements and editions = = =
A Favorite Overture – Joseph Haydn ( 1786 )
Sinfonia for a Grand Orchestra – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( c . 1790 )
Celebrated Concertante – Ignaz Pleyel ( c . 1790 )
( with Samuel Wesley ) A Sett of 12 Fugues Composed for the Organ by Sebastian Bach arranged as Quartettos – Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1807 )
( with Samuel Wesley ) A Trio composed originally for the organ by John Sebastian Bach and now adapted for 3 hands – Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1809 )
( with Samuel Wesley ) New and correct edition of the Preludes and Fugues of John Sebastian Bach – Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1810 )
= United States Code Congressional and Administrative News =
The United States Code Congressional and Administrative News ( U.S.C.C.A.N. ) is a West Group publication that collects selected Congressional and administrative materials for publication in a single resource . U.S.C.C.A.N. was first published in 1941 with the 1st Session of the 77th Congress and has been published with every session of Congress since . U.S.C.C.A.N. is published in monthly pamphlets that contain a cumulative subject index and cumulative Table of Laws Enacted in addition to the selected documents . The pamphlets are then reissued in bound volumes after each session of Congress concludes . Among other documents , U.S.C.C.A.N. publishes the full text of new federal laws , selected committee reports from the House and Senate , signing statements , presidential proclamations , executive orders , reorganization plans , President 's messages , Federal Regulations , proposed constitutional amendments , Federal court rules , and sentencing guidelines all arranged in chronological order .
When published in bound volumes , the legislative history documents are placed in separate volumes apart from the rest of the materials published by U.S.C.C.A.N. Prior to the 99th Congress , the legislative history materials in U.S.C.C.A.N. contained only a House or Senate report . Since the 99th Congress ( 1985 – 87 ) , the legislative history materials in U.S.C.C.A.N. have included the House or Senate report , the committee report , and any presidential signing statements . U.S.C.C.A.N. is considered a more readily accessible source for some of these materials , like committee reports , than the originals . As a result , it is recommended by the Bluebook as a citation source in addition to the original document .
= My First Kiss ( song ) =
" My First Kiss " is a song recorded by American electronic duo 3OH ! 3 . The song was written by Lukasz Gottwald , Sean Foreman , Nathaniel Motte and Benny Blanco , and was produced by Dr. Luke , and Blanco for their third studio album , Streets of Gold . The song was released as the lead single from Streets of Gold on May 4 , 2010 . The song 's inspiration is about going through one 's first kiss and exploring further parts of a relationship .
Critical reception of the song has been mixed . Though the song is 3OH ! 3 's song , Kesha 's feature on the track was praised by multiple critics for her strong delivery while 3OH ! 3 's performance was met with mixed reviews , some calling them irritating . The song achieved commercial success by reaching the top ten in Canada , the United Kingdom and the United States , while charting within the top forty in multiple other countries . The song performed greatest in the United States reaching a peak of nine and has gone on to sell over 500 @,@ 000 copies . The music video for " My First Kiss " follows a similar theme to its title . The dominant scenes of the video feature people kissing in front of multicolored backings with 3OH ! 3 's logo present in much of the scenes . The song has been performed on Regis and Kelly .
Ashley Tisdale sang the parts of Kesha with the duo 3Oh ! 3 in the episode " Worried Baby Blues " on her television series , Hellcats , and the original version of the song used in other episode " I Say a Little Prayer " of the same series . The song used in the 2012 film American Reunion , and was also included on the official soundtrack of the movie .
= = Background and composition = =
" My First Kiss " was written by Sean Foreman and Nathaniel Motte alongside Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco . The song was produced by Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . While being interviewed by MTV , Foreman explained the song 's inspiration : " The song is about a girl you really like , and the story line of going through your first kiss with a girl to exploring further parts of the relationship . " While composing the song , Foreman and Motte decided that they needed to add a female to the song . Kesha , who had worked with Blanco and Luke , was asked to participate in the song and later came into the studio to contribute her lines .
" My First Kiss " is an upbeat dominant electropop song that incorporates elements of power pop . The song features elements of " electro bleeps " and a brief snippets of " beatbox sounds " . Present throughout the song , are sounds of kissing noises in between verses . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes , the song is written in common time with a moderate beat rate of 134 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of E minor and the vocal range in the song spans from the note of E4 to the note of B5 . According to Sara D Anderson of AOL Radio , Kesha plays the role of a boy 's first crush " who decides to not let him go past first base : ' She don 't wanna give it up / Baby I can get it up / If I had it my way / Hey ! I 'll make you say . ' "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy met the song with a negative review . Copsey commended Kesha 's work throughout the song calling her " cheeky ( and a tad tipsy ) " . 3OH ! 3 however , were called " simply irritating " . Copsey commented that the song was simply " another shouty electro @-@ hop nugget that 's as rowdy and intimidating as the school bully after a can of Red Bull " Fraser McAlpine from BBC was also negative in his review of the song . Like Copsey , McAlpine complimented Kesha 's verses in the song noting it was his favorite part of the song , " The best bit is the playground rhyme , and Kesha 's slurry delivery beats that of the ' 3 by MILES . It 's probably cos she 's flirting and they 're shouting . " He went on to criticize the song for being too similar to Don 't Trust Me commenting , " There 's not a lot in it between this and ' Don 't Trust Me ' , musically or thematically speaking . " McAlpine went on the give the song two out of five stars .
Bill Lamb of About.com met the song with a positive review giving the single four out of a possible five stars . Lamb wrote " [ though ] part of me wants to find this terribly annoying " that hardly matters as " 3OH ! 3 and Kesha are probably the most gifted artists of the moment performing irresistibly catchy music " . His conclusion of the song was , " like it or not , the 3OH ! 3 boys are back , and it looks like they plan to stay awhile . "
= = = Commercial reception = = =
In the United States , " My First Kiss " entered the US Billboard Hot 100 on the issue date titled May 22 , 2010 , at number nine where the single reached its peak . The song has gone on to sell over 500 @,@ 000 copies and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In the same week , " My First Kiss " entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number seven where it also reached its peak . In October 2010 the single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of 80 @,@ 000 units .
Internationally , " My First Kiss " entered the Australian charts at number twenty @-@ five . After steadily ascending the charts for seven weeks , the single reached a peak of thirteen where it stayed for two weeks . The song was listed on the chart for a total of seventeen weeks and has since received platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 70 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , the single entered and peaked at number seven on its first week on the chart .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " My First Kiss " was filmed in New York by director , Isaac Ravishankara . The song 's music video is relative to the song 's theme : kissing . Foreman explained , " [ And ] the video is a play on kissing in general , and lips , and getting close up to a bunch of lips , and people coming out of mouths and just , like , really cool transitions . " The video follows a similar theme that is relative to the song 's title , " My First Kiss " . It features a lot of people ( punks , teachers , sailors , soldiers , lesbians , nerds , an elderly couple and hirsute rockers ) " smooching , kissing , and making out . " The video is made up of different scenes all using multi @-@ colored backdrops as the video 's dominant backing . The main scenes present are of " 3OH ! 3 bouncing around and throw [ ing ] punches at the camera " while singing their versus and occasional close @-@ ups of different pairs of lips that are mouthing different lyrics of the song . Kesha is also present throughout the video , mainly on her verses where she is seen in close @-@ ups of her lips and dancing around the screen on the chorus .
James Montgomery from MTV News reviewed the video for " My First Kiss " positively . Montgomery commented on how simple the song 's video was but noted that wasn 't a negative , he commented , " like pretty much everything 3OH ! 3 do , there 's an undeniable charm to both the song and the video . Perhaps it 's the power @-@ tool chorus , or the " ooh @-@ ooh @-@ ooh " vocal harmonies . Maybe it 's Kesha 's sexy ass . Or maybe I just like watching a whole bunch of people lock lips . The whole thing is a lot of fun . It gets in your head . And hey , it 's the summer — school 's out , and gleefully stupid is in . "
= = Live performance = =
The song was performed live on March 27 , 2009 , alongside Kesha .
The song was performed live on Regis and Kelly on July 30 , 2010 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Dr. Luke , Sean Foreman , Nathaniel Motte and Benny Blanco
Production – Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco
Engineering – Emily Wright , Sam Holland and Benny Blanco
Instruments and programming – Dr. Luke , Nathaniel Motte and Benny Blanco
Additional vocals – Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco
Vocal Editing – Emily Wright
Source
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Himeji Castle =
Himeji Castle ( 姫路城 , Himeji @-@ jō ) is a hilltop Japanese castle complex located in Himeji , in Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan . The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture , comprising a network of 83 buildings with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period . The castle is frequently known as Hakuro @-@ jō or Shirasagi @-@ jō ( " White Egret Castle " or " White Heron Castle " ) because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight .
Himeji Castle dates to 1333 , when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill . The fort was dismantled and rebuilt as Himeyama Castle in 1346 , and then remodeled into Himeji Castle two centuries later . Himeji Castle was then significantly remodeled in 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who added a three @-@ story castle keep . In 1600 , Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded the castle to Ikeda Terumasa for his help in the Battle of Sekigahara , and Ikeda completely rebuilt the castle from 1601 to 1609 , expanding it into a large castle complex . Several buildings were later added to the castle complex by Honda Tadamasa from 1617 to 1618 . For over 400 years , Himeji Castle has remained intact , even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II , and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake .
Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan , and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country . The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures . Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle , Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan 's three premier castles . In order to preserve the castle buildings , it underwent restoration work for several years and reopened to the public on March 27 , 2015 . The works also removed decades of dirt and grime , restoring the formerly gray roof to its original brilliant white color .
= = History = =
Himeji Castle 's construction dates to 1333 , when a fort was constructed on Himeyama hill by Akamatsu Norimura , the ruler of the ancient Harima Province . In 1346 , his son Sadanori demolished this fort and built Himeyama Castle in its place . In 1545 , the Kuroda clan was stationed here by order of the Kodera clan , and feudal ruler Kuroda Shigetaka remodeled the castle into Himeji Castle , completing the work in 1561 . In 1580 , Kuroda Yoshitaka presented the castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and in 1581 Hideyoshi significantly remodeled the castle , building a three @-@ story keep with an area of about 55 m2 ( 590 sq ft ) .
Following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , Tokugawa Ieyasu granted Himeji Castle to his son @-@ in @-@ law , Ikeda Terumasa , as a reward for his help in battle . Ikeda demolished the three @-@ story keep that had been created by Hideyoshi , and completely rebuilt and expanded the castle from 1601 to 1609 , adding three moats and transforming it into the castle complex that is seen today . The expenditure of labor involved in this expansion is believed to have totaled 25 million man @-@ days . Ikeda died in 1613 , passing the castle to his son , who also died three years later . In 1617 , Honda Tadamasa and his family inherited the castle , and Honda added several buildings to the castle complex , including a special tower for his daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Princess Sen ( 千姫 , Senhime ) .
In the Meiji Period ( 1868 to 1912 ) , many Japanese castles were destroyed . Himeji Castle was abandoned in 1871 and some of the castle corridors and gates were destroyed to make room for Japanese army barracks . The entirety of the castle complex was slated to be demolished by government policy , but it was spared by the efforts of Nakamura Shigeto , an army colonel . A stone monument honoring Nakamura was placed in the castle complex within the first gate , the Hishi Gate ( 菱の門 , Hishinomon ) . Although Himeji Castle was spared , Japanese castles had become obsolete and their preservation was costly .
When the han feudal system was abolished in 1871 , Himeji Castle was put up for auction . The castle was purchased by a Himeji resident for 23 Japanese yen ( about 200 @,@ 000 yen or US $ 2 @,@ 258 today ) . The buyer wanted to demolish the castle complex and develop the land , but the cost of destroying the castle was estimated to be too great , and it was again spared .
Himeji was heavily bombed in 1945 , at the end of World War II , and although most of the surrounding area was burned to the ground , the castle survived intact . One firebomb was dropped on the top floor of the castle but failed to explode . In order to preserve the castle complex , substantial repair work was undertaken starting in 1956 , with a labor expenditure of 250 @,@ 000 man @-@ days and a cost of 550 million yen . In January 1995 , the city of Himeji was substantially damaged by the Great Hanshin earthquake , but Himeji Castle again survived virtually undamaged , demonstrating remarkable earthquake resistance . Even the bottle of sake placed on the altar at the top floor of the keep remained in place .
= = = Historical recognition = = =
Himeji Castle was registered on December 11 , 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Japan . Five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures : Main Keep ( 大天守 , daitenshu ) , northwest small keep ( 乾小天守 , inui kotenshu ) , west small keep ( 西小天守 , nishi kotenshu ) , east small keep ( 東小天守 , higashi kotenshu ) , and I , Ro , Ha , Ni @-@ corridors and kitchen ( イ , ロ , ハ , ニの渡櫓附台所1棟 , i , ro , ha , ni no watariyagura tsuketari daidokoro 1 to ) . The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site .
Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle , Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan 's three premier castles . It is the most visited castle in Japan , receiving over 2 @,@ 860 @,@ 000 visitors in 2015 . Starting in April 2010 , Himeji Castle underwent restoration work to preserve the castle buildings , and reopened to the public on March 27 , 2015 .
= = Design details = =
Himeji Castle is the largest castle in Japan . It serves as an excellent example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture , containing many of the defensive and architectural features associated with Japanese castles . The curved walls of Himeji Castle are sometimes said to resemble giant fans ( 扇子 , sensu ) , but the principal materials used in the structures are stone and wood . Feudal family crests ( 家紋 , kamon ) are installed throughout the architecture of the building , signifying the various lords that inhabited the castle throughout its history .
The Himeji Castle complex is located in the center of Himeji , Hyōgo on top of a hill called Himeyama , which is 45 @.@ 6 m ( 150 ft ) above sea level . The castle complex comprises a network of 83 buildings such as storehouses , gates , corridors , and turrets ( 櫓 , yagura ) . Of these 83 buildings , 74 are designated as Important Cultural Assets : 11 corridors , 16 turrets , 15 gates , and 32 earthen walls . The highest walls in the castle complex have a height of 26 m ( 85 ft ) . Joining the castle complex is Koko @-@ en Garden ( 好古園 , Kōkoen ) , a Japanese garden created in 1992 to commemorate Himeji city 's 100th anniversary .
From east to west , the Himeji Castle complex has a length of 950 to 1 @,@ 600 m ( 3 @,@ 120 to 5 @,@ 250 ft ) , and from north to south , it has a length of 900 to 1 @,@ 700 m ( 3 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 600 ft ) . The castle complex has a circumference of 4 @,@ 200 m ( 2 @.@ 6 mi ) . It covers an area of 233 hectares ( 2 @,@ 330 @,@ 000 m2 or 576 acres ) , making it roughly 50 times as large as the Tokyo Dome or 60 times as large as Koshien Stadium .
Main Keep ( 大天守 , daitenshu ) at the center of the complex is 46 @.@ 4 m ( 152 ft ) high , standing 92 m ( 302 ft ) above sea level . Together with Main Keep , three smaller subsidiary keeps ( 小天守 , kotenshu ) form a cluster of towers . Externally , the keep appears to have five floors , because the second and third floors from the top appear to be a single floor ; however , it actually has six floors and a basement . The basement of Main Keep has an area of 385 m2 ( 4 @,@ 140 sq ft ) , and its interior contains special facilities that are not seen in other castles , including lavatories , a drain board , and a kitchen corridor .
Main Keep has two pillars , with one standing in the east and one standing in the west . The east pillar , which has a base diameter of 97 cm ( 38 in ) , was originally a single fir tree , but it has since been mostly original . The base of the west pillar is 85 by 95 cm ( 33 by 37 in ) , and it is made of Japanese cypress . During the Shōwa Restoration ( 1956 – 1964 ) a Japanese cypress tree with a length of 26 @.@ 4 m ( 87 ft ) was brought down from the Kiso Mountains and replaced the old pillar . The tree was broken in this process , so another tree was brought down from Mount Kasagata , and the two trees were joined on the third floor .
The first floor of Main Keep has an area of 554 m2 ( 5 @,@ 960 sq ft ) and is often called the " thousand @-@ mat room " because it has over 330 Tatami mats . The walls of the first floor have weapon racks ( 武具掛け , bugukake ) for holding matchlocks and spears , and at one point , the castle contained as many as 280 guns and 90 spears . The second floor has an area of roughly 550 m2 ( 5 @,@ 900 sq ft ) .
The third floor has an area of 440 m2 ( 4 @,@ 700 sq ft ) and the fourth floor has an area of 240 m2 ( 2 @,@ 600 sq ft ) . Both the third and fourth floors have platforms situated at the north and south windows called " stone @-@ throwing platforms " ( 石打棚 , ishiuchidana ) , where defenders could observe or throw objects at attackers . They also have small enclosed rooms called " warrior hiding places " ( 武者隠し , mushakakushi ) , where defenders could hide themselves and kill attackers by surprise as they entered the keep . The final floor , the sixth floor , has an area of only 115 m2 ( 1 @,@ 240 sq ft ) . The sixth floor windows now have iron bars in place , but in the feudal period the panoramic view from the windows was unobstructed .
= = = Defenses = = =
Himeji Castle contains advanced defensive systems from the feudal period . Loopholes ( 狭間 , sama ) in the shape of circles , triangles , squares , and rectangles are located throughout Himeji Castle , intended to allow defenders armed with tanegashima or archers to fire on attackers without exposing themselves . Roughly 1 @,@ 000 loopholes exist in the castle buildings remaining today . Angled chutes called " stone drop windows " ( 石落窓 , ishi @-@ otoshi @-@ mado ) were also set at numerous points in the castle walls , enabling stones or boiling oil to be poured on the heads of attackers passing by underneath , and white plaster was used in the castle 's construction for its resistance to fire .
The castle complex included three moats , one of which — the outer moat — is now buried . Parts of the central moat and all of the inner moats survive . The moats have an average width of 20 m ( 66 ft ) , a maximum width of 34 @.@ 5 m ( 113 ft ) , and a depth of about 2 @.@ 7 m ( 8 @.@ 9 ft ) . The Three Country Moat ( 三国堀 , sangoku @-@ bori ) is a 2 @,@ 500 m2 ( 27 @,@ 000 sq ft ) pond which exists inside the castle ; one of the purposes of this moat was to store water for use in fire prevention .
The castle complex , particularly the Waist Quarter ( 腰曲輪 , koshikuruwa ) , contains numerous warehouses that were used to store rice , salt , and water in case of a siege . A building known as the Salt Turret ( 塩櫓 , shioyagura ) was used specifically to store salt , and it is estimated that it contained as many as 3 @,@ 000 bags of salt when the castle complex was in use . The castle complex also contained 33 wells within the inner moat , 13 of which remain ; the deepest of these has a depth of 30 m ( 98 ft ) .
One of the castle 's most important defensive elements is the confusing maze of paths leading to the castle 's keep . The gates , baileys , and outer walls of the complex are organized so as to confuse an approaching force , causing it to travel in a spiral pattern around the complex on its way to the keep . The castle complex originally contained 84 gates , 15 of which were named according to the Japanese syllabary ( I , Ro , Ha , Ni , Ho , He , To , etc . ) . At present , 21 gates from the castle complex remain intact , 13 of which are named according to the Japanese syllabary .
In many cases , the castle walkways even turn back on themselves , greatly inhibiting navigation . For example , the straight distance from the Hishi Gate ( 菱の門 , hishinomon ) to Main Keep ( 大天守 , daitenshu ) is only 130 m ( 430 ft ) , but the path itself is a much longer 325 m ( 1 @,@ 066 ft ) . The passages are also steep and narrow , further inhibiting entry . This system allowed the intruders to be watched and fired upon from the keep during their lengthy approach , but Himeji Castle was never attacked in this manner so the system remains untested . However , even today with the route clearly marked , many visitors have trouble navigating the castle complex .
= = Cultural impact = =
Himeji Castle is frequently known as Hakuro @-@ jō or Shirasagi @-@ jō ( " White Egret Castle " or " White Heron Castle " ) because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight . The castle has been featured extensively in foreign and Japanese films , including the James Bond movie " You Only Live Twice " ( 1967 ) , and Akira Kurosawa 's Kagemusha ( 1980 ) and Ran ( 1985 ) . In the television miniseries Shōgun ( 1980 ) it served as a stand @-@ in for feudal @-@ era Osaka castle , which has lost the surrounding fortifications . In the video game Civilization Revolution , Himeji Castle is available to build as a world landmark .
= = = Lore and legend = = =
Himeji Castle is associated with a number of local legends . The well @-@ known kaidan ( or Japanese ghost story ) of Banchō Sarayashiki ( 番町皿屋敷 , " The Dish Mansion at Banchō " ) is set in Edo ( Tokyo ) , but a variant called Banshū Sarayashiki ( 播州皿屋敷 , " The Dish mansion in Harima Province " ) is set in Himeji Castle . There is a disputed claim that the castle is the bona fide location of the entire legend , and the alleged Okiku 's Well remains in the castle to this day . According to the legend , Okiku was falsely accused of losing dishes that were valuable family treasures , and then killed and thrown into the well . Her ghost remained to haunt the well at night , counting dishes in a despondent tone .
The legend of the " Old Widow 's Stone " ( 姥が石 , Ubagaishi ) is another folklore story associated with the castle . According to the legend , Toyotomi Hideyoshi ran out of stones when building the original three @-@ story keep , and an old woman heard about his trouble . She gave him her hand millstone even though she needed it for her trade . It was said that people who heard the story were inspired and also offered stones to Hideyoshi , speeding up construction of the castle . To this day , the supposed stone can be seen covered with a wire net in the middle of one of the stone walls in the castle complex .
A folklore story is also associated with Sakurai Genbei , who was Ikeda Terumasa 's master carpenter in the construction of the keep . According to the legend , Sakurai was dissatisfied with his construction , feeling that the keep leaned a little to the southeast . Eventually , he became distraught and climbed to the top of the keep , where he jumped to his death with a chisel in his mouth .
= = Visitor statistics = =
On April 14 , 2009 , the total number of visits since the Showa @-@ era restoration surpassed 40 million .
= = Gallery = =
Panoramic overview
Views from afar
Views from below
Views at night
Views from above
Views from the interior
Views with cherry blossoms
= Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Sam Loxton was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team , which toured England in 1948 . Bradman ’ s men went undefeated in their 34 matches ; this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles .
A batting all rounder , Loxton played as a right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman and a right @-@ arm fast medium bowler who reinforced the frontline pace attack of Ray Lindwall , Keith Miller and Bill Johnston . Starting the tour as a fringe player , Loxton was omitted for the pre @-@ Test fixtures against Worcestershire and the Marylebone Cricket Club , where Australia traditionally fielded their full @-@ strength team . He was overlooked for the first two Tests ; reserve opening batsman Bill Brown played out of position in the middle @-@ order . However , Brown struggled in the unfamiliar role , and Loxton scored 159 not out against Gloucestershire to oust the former from his position for the Third Test at Old Trafford . Loxton scored 36 to help Australia avoid the follow on and salvage a draw , before making his most notable contribution in the Fourth Test at Headingley . He took 3 / 55 in the first innings and scored a counter @-@ attacking 93 on the third day to keep Australia in the game ; they went on to win after a world record @-@ breaking run @-@ chase on the final day . Loxton also played in the Fifth Test and ended the series with 144 runs at a batting average of 48 @.@ 00 and three wickets at a bowling average of 49 @.@ 33 .
In the tour matches , Loxton sometimes opened the bowling when Bradman sought to rest Lindwall and Miller to save their energy for the Tests , and he occasionally batted above the middle @-@ order . Loxton was the most economical , but the least incisive of the bowlers , and he never took more than three wickets in an innings . He played 22 first @-@ class matches and scored 973 runs at 57 @.@ 23 with three centuries , and took 32 wickets at 21 @.@ 71 . He was eighth in the run @-@ scoring aggregates , but was productive when given an opportunity , ranking fifth in the Australian averages . Loxton was the eighth @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker ; all seven frontline bowlers ahead of him took at least 50 wickets . Noted for his energetic and combative approach , Loxton was twice forced out of action for his troubles ; he pulled a groin while searching for extra pace with the ball early in the tour , and towards the end of the season , he hit a ball into his face and broke his nose .
= = Background = =
After serving in World War II , Loxton was demobilised and rose through the cricketing ranks to make his first @-@ class debut in 1946 – 47 . He was an all rounder — a right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman and a right @-@ arm fast bowler . During the 1947 – 48 Australian season , India toured Australia for five Tests , and the home team dominated , taking an unassailable 3 – 0 series lead after the first four matches . The Australian selectors then decided to use the Fifth Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground to give opportunities to players on the fringes of the national team to show their capabilities ahead of the 1948 tour of England . Loxton was one of several debutants , and he seized his chance . He scored 80 and took three wickets as an all rounder in the Australian victory , and was rewarded with inclusion in the 17 @-@ man touring party .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was usually against Worcestershire . Bradman and his co @-@ selectors felt that Loxton was not among the 11 strongest players , so he was not selected against Worcestershire . Loxton ’ s debut had come about because first @-@ choice opener Arthur Morris had been rested from the Fifth Test so that the selectors could trial potential players for the 1948 tour . Sid Barnes had opened in that match with Bill Brown . Morris and Barnes were Bradman 's preferred pair and they opened against Worcestershire , while Brown , who was on his third tour of England , was played out of position in the middle @-@ order , pushing Loxton out of the team . Loxton looked on as Brown made 25 and Australia won by an innings .
In the next match against Leicestershire , Loxton was given his first chance on English soil . Batting at No. 7 , he managed only four before being trapped leg before wicket by Australian expatriate left arm orthodox spinner Vic Jackson , as Australia amassed 448 . He then opened the bowling and castled home captain Les Berry for one to leave the hosts at 1 / 1 and take his first wicket on English soil . He also took two catches , both from the bowling of fellow Victorian Doug Ring as the hosts fell for 130 . Loxton again opened the bowling in the second innings as Australia enforced the follow on and dismissed the hosts for 147 to seal another innings win . Loxton took 1 / 11 and 0 / 12 from six and seven overs respectively .
The Australians then proceeded to play Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling . Loxton bowled only one over , which was a maiden , before pulling his groin while trying to attain more pace , as the hosts were bowled out for 71 . He was unable to bat or bowl again in the game as Australia replied with 101 and then removed the hosts for 89 to leave themselves a target of 60 for victory . Australia came closest to losing for the whole tour . They fell to 6 / 31 , effectively seven down with Loxton unable to bat , before scraping home without further loss , although both batsmen at the crease survived chances . Due to his injury , Loxton was rested for the next two matches against Surrey at The Oval in London and Cambridge University . Australia won both matches by an innings .
In the following match against Essex , Loxton returned as Australia won the toss , batted first and went on to score a world record of 721 first @-@ class runs in one day ’ s play . Loxton came in at 4 / 452 and put on 56 with Ron Hamence and 166 with Ron Saggers in 65 minutes before falling at 6 / 664 for 120 . Loxton 's innings was noted for its hooking and driving and took around 80 minutes . During the innings , Loxton also passed 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class career runs . Australia collapsed after Loxton 's departure , losing their last five wickets for 57 late on the first day .
Australia then proceeded to victory by an innings and 451 runs , their biggest winning margin for the tour . Loxton was not required to bowl in the first innings as the hosts fell for 83 in 36 @.@ 5 overs . In the second innings , Loxton was given the new ball and bowled 12 overs without success , conceding 28 runs before Essex were all out for 187 .
In the next match against Oxford University , Loxton came in at 4 / 206 and anchored the innings , remaining unbeaten on 79 as Australia were bowled out for 431 . He featured in partnerships with Colin McCool and Doug Ring , who both made fifties . He then took the new ball in both innings , taking 1 / 14 and 1 / 16 from five and eight overs respectively in another innings victory . When Oxford batted , Philip Whitcombe struck a delivery from Ernie Toshack to Loxton , and took a few steps out of his crease . Loxton prepared to throw at the Whitcombe 's stumps in a run out attempt , but did not release , while Whitcombe stood his ground outside the crease . In those days , the fielding standards were lower , with weaker and less accurate throws and Whitcombe was only a metre or two outside his crease , while Loxton was around thirty away . The next delivery from Toshack was again hit to Loxton , and Whitcombe again wandered outside his crease . This time Loxton threw the ball and hit the stumps directly , running out the batsman , who was unable to comprehend what had happened and shook his head .
The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance for all players to gain a psychological advantage over their opponents for the Tests .
Loxton had scored 203 runs in three innings at an average of 101 @.@ 50 , but was not selected , nor was middle @-@ order batsman Harvey , who had scored a century in the previous Test against India . Harvey struggled to adapt to English conditions at the start of his first tour and made only 83 runs at 16 @.@ 60 in five innings on tour . Brown , who had scored 527 runs at 75 @.@ 28 for the season so far , including three centuries in his last three innings , was played out of position in the middle @-@ order , even though he had batted as an opener in every tour match other than against Worcestershire . Due to the rotation policy in the tour matches , only two of the three openers Brown , Morris and Barnes played in any one game while the other rested , except when Bradman tried to fit all three in a full @-@ strength team by having Brown in the middle @-@ order . The team was exactly the same as for the opening fixture against Worcestershire .
Barring one change in the bowling department , the same team went on to be selected for the First Test , with the top six batsmen in the same position . Brown made only 26 as Australia amassed 552 and won by an innings .
The MCC match was followed by Australia 's first non @-@ victory of the tour , which was against Lancashire . Loxton top @-@ scored with 39 as Australia batted first and were bowled out for 204 after the first day was washed out . He then took 0 / 18 from eight overs and made 52 in the second innings before being run out while batting with Harvey as the match ended in a draw . In the second innings , Loxton attempted to attack the bowling of Malcolm Hilton — who had troubled Bradman in the first innings — in an attempt to throw him off his game . However , Hilton had the last laugh and removed Bradman for the second time .
In the following match against Nottinghamshire , Loxton took a total of 0 / 21 from 12 overs and was run out for 16 as Australia played out another draw . In the next fixture against Hampshire , Australia had another scare . On a drying pitch , Loxton took 1 / 2 , ending the resistance of top @-@ scorer John Arnold for 48 as Australia removed the hosts for 195 . He then made a duck as Australia suffered a middle @-@ order collapse and were dismissed for 117 . It was the first time that Bradman ’ s men had conceded a first innings lead during the campaign . Loxton then took 0 / 6 from five overs as Hampshire were bowled out for 103 to leave Australia a victory target of 182 in 175 minutes . He was not required as Australia ’ s top @-@ order batted steadily to take an eight @-@ wicket win . The final match before the First Test was against Sussex . Loxton opened the bowling and took 3 / 13 from 10 overs as the hosts fell for 86 in 46 @.@ 4 overs . Australia then declared at 5 / 549 before he could bat . Loxton was not asked to bowl as Sussex were out for 138 to seal another innings victory . Former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton said that Sussex 's display was " as depressing a batting performance as the tour knew " .
= = First Test = =
Up to this point , Brown had scored 800 runs on tour at an average of 72 @.@ 72 , while Loxton had made 310 runs at 51 @.@ 66 . Harvey had scored only 296 runs at 42 @.@ 29 . The other five places in the top six were firmly entrenched in the hands of Barnes , Morris , Bradman , Hassett and Miller , who had all played in those positions regularly since the end of World War II . Brown gained selection out of position in the middle order in the First Test at Trent Bridge , while Loxton and Harvey watched from the sidelines . There was a chance one of them would receive a last @-@ minute call @-@ up as Barnes was ill with food poisoning in the week leading up to the Test , but the opener recovered . Brown made only 17 as Australia won by eight wickets .
Between Tests , Loxton played in the match against Northamptonshire , which started the day after Trent Bridge . With pace spearhead Ray Lindwall injured and Keith Miller rested following a marathon effort in the opening Test , Loxton opened the bowling and took 2 / 22 from 15 overs the hosts were dismissed for 119 . He made only 17 with the bat and took 0 / 7 , again opening in the second innings as Australia cruised to victory by an innings . Loxton was rested for the second match before the Second Test , against Yorkshire ; Brown scored a century in a drawn match .
= = Second Test = =
Australia opted to field an unchanged line @-@ up for the Second Test at Lord 's . Brown managed only 24 and 32 in the middle order as Australia won by 409 runs . Including the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC , he had totalled 123 runs at 24 @.@ 60 in his five innings in the middle @-@ order . O 'Reilly criticised the selection of Brown , who was noticeably uncomfortable in the unfamiliar role . He said that although Brown had made an unbeaten double century on his previous Test at Lord 's in 19
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
38 , Loxton and Harvey had better claims to selection .
The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Test . Bradman wanted to allow his leading players a lighter workload after their effort at Lord ’ s , and Miller had an unauthorised night of partying and did not return to the team hotel until dawn , so Loxton opened the bowling , and he took two quick wickets to leave the hosts at 2 / 14 . Loxton ended with 2 / 37 from 25 overs , sending down the most deliveries among the Australians , as the hosts were all out for 221 . He made eight with the bat and again opened the bowling in the second innings , taking 1 / 53 from 18 overs . Australia needed 122 in the final innings to win , and Loxton and Harvey were promoted after the latter offered to open . Bradman ’ s men wanted to finish the run @-@ chase quickly so they could watch the Australian John Bromwich play in the Wimbledon final . Harvey and Loxton , who were room @-@ mates during the tour , made the runs in only 58 minutes in 20 @.@ 1 overs , with Loxton unbeaten on 47 , to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win .
The following match against Gloucestershire at Bristol was the last before the Third Test and Loxton 's final chance to push his claims for Test duties . Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest score of the tour , laying the foundation for a victory by an innings and 363 runs . Loxton came in at 4 / 466 and put on 63 with Harvey , before his fellow Victorian was out for 95 . He then added 104 with Colin McCool and 105 with Ian Johnson . Loxton was on 159 when Johnson lost his wicket , which prompted acting captain Lindsay Hassett to declare the innings closed . Loxton 's innings involved a series of powerful strokes that went for six and he was particularly noted for using his feet to charge and attack the off spin of Tom Goddard . The Gloucestershire bowler had been touted as a possible Test selection , because the other England bowlers had failed to contain Australia ’ s batsman in the first two matches , but his chances of selection were ended with the tourists ’ assault at Bristol . Immediately after the declaration , Loxton opened the bowling and ended with 1 / 22 from as Gloucestershire were all out for 269 . Hassett enforced the follow on and Loxton again started proceedings with the ball , but only for two overs . The home side were bowled out for 132 to complete another Australian victory .
= = Third Test = =
Australia and England reassembled at Old Trafford for the Third Test . Following his unbeaten 159 in the previous match and Brown 's struggles when playing in the middle @-@ order , Loxton took Brown 's position . Brown had scored 25 , 26 , 17 , 24 and 32 in the middle @-@ order in the matches against Worcestershire , the MCC and the first two Tests . As fast bowling all rounder Keith Miller had been struggling with a back injury that prevented him from bowling from time to time , Loxton was seen as a necessary reinforcement for the frontline bowlers . England captain Norman Yardley won the toss and elected to bat , and Loxton bowled first change , sending down seven overs for the loss of 18 runs . The Australians themselves opened with Ray Lindwall and Bill Johnston taking the new ball , but Bradman had misjudged the breeze and needed to swap his bowlers ' ends . For this purpose , Loxton bowled a solitary over , his first in Ashes cricket . He was erratic in his length and bowled three long hops outside leg stump at the debutant George Emmett , who ignored the opportunity to attack and let the balls pass .
On the second morning , English tailender Alec Bedser had reached 37 . His partner Denis Compton hit a ball into the covers and Bradman and Loxton collided in an attempt to field the ball and prevent a run . Compton called Bedser through for a run on the misfield , but Loxton recovered and threw the ball to the wicket @-@ keeper 's end . Bedser was a long way short of the crease and was run out . The wicket ended an innings of 145 minutes , in which Bedser scored 37 in a 121 @-@ run partnership . England then lost their last three wickets for 26 runs to be all out for 363 .
On the third day , Loxton and wicket @-@ keeper Don Tallon both came to the crease with Australia in difficulty at 5 / 139 . Tallon and Loxton added a further 43 before the gloveman was caught behind from Bill Edrich . Lindwall came to the crease to join Loxton at 6 / 172 as Australia faced the prospect of being forced to follow on . The pair added a further 36 before Loxton was bowled by Dick Pollard , leaving Australia 7 / 208 , still five runs behind the follow on mark , which they scraped past to end with 221 . Loxton again bowled first change in the second innings , taking 0 / 29 from eight overs as England reached 3 / 174 at the end of the third day . Loxton narrowly missed out on a catch when opener Cyril Washbrook had appeared unsettled by some short @-@ pitched bowling from the Australians . A few uncontrolled hook shots flew in the air , and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg . The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day . Play began after the tea break , and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session , while England required ten wickets for victory . Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1 / 92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions .
After the Test , Loxton bowled first change in the first innings against Middlesex . He took 3 / 33 from 21 overs as the hosts were bowled out for 203 . Loxton removed Leslie Compton , his younger brother and England Test batsman Denis , and Jim Sims in the space of five runs to reduce Middlesex from 5 / 182 to 8 / 188 . He had a heavier workload than normal in the first innings , as leading paceman Lindwall had turned up inebriated on the first morning and therefore lacked energy and penetration . Loxton then joined Morris at the crease , with Australia in difficulty at 3 / 53 . They put on 172 in 115 minutes before Morris was out for 109 , and Loxton followed him at 5 / 271 for the top @-@ score of 123 , having punished the bowlers in a hard @-@ hitting display . Australia then collapsed to be all out for 317 . Loxton took 1 / 15 in the second innings to help seal victory by ten wickets in Australia 's only county match before the Fourth Test .
= = Fourth Test = =
The teams headed to Headingley in Leeds for the Fourth Test . Harvey came in for the injured Barnes , joining Loxton in the middle @-@ order . Brown was not recalled to join Morris at the top of the order ; instead , Hassett was promoted as a makeshift opener .
England won the toss and elected to bat on an ideal batting pitch that was expected to be unhelpful for fast bowling . Opener Len Hutton was dropped by Hassett on 25 , after flicking the ball behind square leg from Loxton ’ s bowling . This proved to be costly , as Hutton reached 81 before falling at 1 / 168 . England were 2 / 268 at the end of the first day . Former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton said that Australia 's day went " progressively downhill " and said that it was the country ’ s worst day of bowling since World War II , citing the proliferation of full tosses .
On the second morning , the nightwatchman Alec Bedser was attacking Australia . He took 14 from one Ernie Toshack over , before taking another 14 from an Ian Johnson over soon after to reach 47 . Loxton was brought on and Bedser hit a ball back near his grasp , but it narrowly evaded him . Bedser reached 79 and England 2 / 423 when he finally fell , triggering a collapse . At 6 / 486 , Loxton bowled Ken Cranston for 10 to take his first Ashes wicket . Cranston opted to not play at a ball that went straight into his leg stump . Loxton then removed Godfrey Evans and Jim Laker in quick succession as England fell to 496 / 9 . Evans fell meekly , prodding a ball straight to Hassett at silly mid @-@ on , prompting O 'Reilly to say that Loxton was " lucky to be on deck when the English tail were falling over themselves in their nervous speed to commit hara @-@ kiri " . In contrast , Laker edged Loxton down the leg side and it took a diving , low catch from Saggers to complete the dismissal . Umpire Baldwin asked his colleague Chester at square leg to confirm that the ball had carried on the full before sending Laker back to the pavilion . Miller then took the final wicket without further addition to the score . Loxton ended with 3 / 55 from 26 overs , the second best economy rate among the Australians . On the third morning , Loxton came to the crease to join Harvey with the score at 4 / 189 . Australia had been in trouble after losing two quick wickets to be 3 / 68 , but Miller and Harvey counterattacked , adding 121 runs in 90 minutes , their batting likened by Wisden to a " hurricane " . Fingleton said that he had never " known a more enjoyable hour " of " delectable cricket " . Harvey was unperturbed by Miller 's departure , hitting 11 from three consecutive balls . Australia went to lunch at 4 / 204 , with Harvey on 70 .
After lunch , Australia scored slowly as Loxton struggled to come to grips with the bowling . Yardley took the new ball in an attempt to trouble the batsmen , but instead , Loxton began to settle in as the ball came onto the bat more quickly . He lofted Pollard to the leg side , almost for six , and then hit three boundaries off another over from the same bowler . Harvey accelerated as well , and 80 minutes into the session , reached his century to a loud reception as Australia passed 250 . On each occasion , umpire Frank Chester walked to the edge of the playing field and tried to inspect where the ball landed amongst the crowd , trying to see if the point of impact was beyond the original playing arena . They were ruled as sixes in any case and some thought Chester ’ s actions to be more for theatrical than umpiring purposes . Loxton then dominated the scoring with a display of power hitting . He brought up his 50 by hitting Cranston into the pavilion for six , eliciting spontaneous applause from the English players . It also brought up a century stand , which yielded 105 in only 95 minutes . Harvey was out for 112 from 183 balls , but not before the high run rate during the partnership had helped to swing the match back from England 's firm control .
Harvey 's departure at 5 / 294 meant that the first of the bowlers , Johnson , entered the ground . This did not deter Loxton , who was particularly severe on Laker , lifting him into the crowd for four more sixes . Loxton hit two over the leg side followed by consecutive off drives into the gallery . Johnson scored 10 before falling with the score at 6 / 329 . Fifteen runs later , Yardley bowled Loxton for 93 . Loxton appeared disappointed at playing such a wild cross @-@ batted swing with a maiden Test century beckoning . Lindwall then made 77 to propel Australia to 458 on the fourth day , just 38 runs in arrears .
In the second innings , Loxton took 0 / 29 from ten overs , and England batted on for five minutes on the final morning , adding three runs in two overs before Yardley declared at 8 / 365 . Batting into the final day allowed Yardley to ask the groundsman to use a heavy roller . This would help to break up the wicket and make the surface more likely to spin , therefore making life more difficult for Australia ’ s batsmen .
Yardley ’ s declaration left Australia to chase 404 runs for victory . At the time , this would have been the highest ever fourth innings score to result in a Test victory for the batting side . Australia had only 345 minutes to reach the target , but they completed their task with 15 minutes to spare and seven wickets in hand to seal the series 3 – 0 , with Loxton not required to bat .
After the Headingley Test , Loxton came in at 5 / 344 and made an attacking 51 as Australia batted first and made 456 against Derbyshire . He then took 1 / 27 from 17 @.@ 4 overs in the first innings . Australia enforced the follow on and Loxton took the first wicket before returning to take two tail @-@ end wickets and end with 3 / 16 from 13 @.@ 4 overs as Australia won by an innings . Loxton was the most economical of the Australian wicket @-@ takers . After six consecutive matches , Loxton was rested for the rain @-@ affected draw against Glamorgan , which did not reach the second innings . The hosts were bowled out for 197 and Australia reached 3 / 215 when inclement weather ended the match .
Loxton returned in the next match and claimed both openers to end with 2 / 27 from 19 overs as Warwickshire were bowled out for 138 in their first innings . He then made a duck as Australia struggled to 254 in reply . Loxton bowled six overs and took 0 / 15 in the second innings before Australia won by nine wickets . Australia then faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . Loxton did little , scoring two in his only innings and taking a match total of 1 / 32 , his victim being Test batsman Jack Ikin . In the non @-@ first @-@ class game against Durham , a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings , Loxton made 15 in Australia 's 282 and then took 1 / 8 from six overs as the hosts reached 5 / 73 before rain washed out the match after the first day .
= = Fifth Test = =
Australia then headed to The Oval for the Fifth Test . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch . England were dismissed for 52 in 42 @.@ 1 overs on the first afternoon ; Loxton bowled only two overs for one run as the frontline pacemen made light work of the hosts . His other notable action in the field occurred when Len Hutton the first runs of the match , a single in the first over . This had almost turned into a five when Loxton fired in a wide return , but Barnes managed to prevent from going for four overthrows . Loxton came in on the second day with the score at 5 / 265 and accompanied the centurion Morris for 39 further runs before Edrich had him caught behind for 15 . He appeared uncomfortable with the outswingers and leg cutters of Bedser , and was beaten several times , before Edrich dismissed him . Australia ended at 389 . Loxton was economical in the second innings , taking 0 / 16 from 10 overs as Australia dismissed the hosts for 188 to seal the series 4 – 0 with another innings victory .
= = Later tour matches = =
Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Loxton made 16 of 361 as Australia batted first against Kent . He came on late in the first innings and took three of the last four wickets as the hosts fell for 51 in just 23 overs . Loxton bowled all of his victims as the hosts fell from 5 / 48 to 51 all out . It was a similar tale in the second innings , as Loxton removed opener Jack Davies for a duck and ended with 1 / 12 from six overs as the hosts fell for 124 in only 32 @.@ 5 overs . Australia had won the match by an innings within two days . In the next fixture against the Gentlemen of England , Loxton made only 17 as Australia eventually declared at 5 / 610 against a team that featured eight Test players . Loxton then took a match total of 0 / 37 from 21 overs as Australia completed another innings victory . Loxton was rested for the next match against Somerset , which the tourists won by an innings . Loxton then returned against the South of England . He came in at 5 / 427 and struck an unbeaten 67 in 75 minutes , before Australia declared at 7 / 522 . He took 1 / 17 from 11 overs , removing Charlie Barnett as the hosts were bowled out for 298 in their first innings when rain ended the match .
Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last Australian campaign in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current England Test players be allowed to play . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team , with the only difference from the Fifth Test line @-@ up being the inclusion of Johnson at the expense of Doug Ring . The bowlers skittled the hosts for 177 , with Loxton taking 0 / 12 . Loxton came in at 2 / 327 and made 12 , before sweeping a ball from Freddie Brown into his own face and breaking his nose . He retired hurt and took no further part in the match . Australia declared at 8 / 469 and the hosts were 2 / 75 when the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays .
The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . Following his injury , Loxton played in neither ; Australia won both by an innings . While in Scotland , Loxton 's nose was operated on in Edinburgh . Following his injury , Loxton eschewed the sweep shot and advised students to do the same , exhorting them to move onto the front foot to drive instead .
= = Role = =
A batting all @-@ rounder , Loxton played as a right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman and a right @-@ arm fast medium bowler who reinforced the frontline pace attack of Lindwall , Miller and Bill Johnston . When fit , the trio all bowled before Loxton in the Tests . With medium pacer Ernie Toshack and off spinner Ian Johnson also playing in the Third and Fourth Tests , Loxton was the sixth bowler . In the Fifth Test , Johnson was replaced by leg spinner Ring and the injured Toshack was replaced by a batsman , so Loxton became the fifth bowler . Of the seven regular bowlers , Loxton was the only one who was not a frontline bowler , and as such he had the worst average , the second @-@ worst economy rate and the third @-@ worst strike rate . Loxton ended the Test series with 144 runs at 48 @.@ 00 and three wickets at 49 @.@ 33 , having bowled 63 overs . Loxton batted at No. 6 or No. 7 during the Tests , and was the last batsman in the batting order before the wicket @-@ keeper and the bowlers .
In the tour matches , Loxton sometimes opened the bowling when Bradman sought to rest Lindwall and Miller in order to conserve their energy for the Tests , such as in both innings of the match against Northamptonshire and the second match against Surrey . In his 22 first @-@ class innings , he batted twice at No. 4 and opened in one innings , but he was otherwise invariably in the middle @-@ order between No. 5 and No. 7.N- Loxton was the most economical of those who bowled more than 70 overs , but also the least incisive , taking a wicket every 67 @.@ 75 balls , and he never took more than three wickets in an innings , which he managed on three occasions . He played 22 first @-@ class matches and scored 973 runs at 57 @.@ 23 with three centuries and took 32 wickets at 21 @.@ 71 . Loxton was eighth in the run @-@ scoring aggregates , but was given less opportunities than the other frontline batsmen who scored more heavily ; whereas he had 22 innings , they all had at least 26 innings and tended to bat higher in the order . However , Loxton was productive when given a chance , ranking fifth in the averages . Loxton was the eighth @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker ; all seven ahead of him took at least 50 wickets .
Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack summed up his contribution thus :
A fine driving batsman with a fierce square cut , Loxton achieved little as a bowler , but he played his part as an all @-@ rounder , one of many in the team ; in addition to his batting feats , he kept the game alive by his unlimited enthusiasm . Whether in stopping the ball or hurling down the wicket from almost any angle , he won the admiration of all who appreciated keenness in the field .
= = = Statistical note = = =
= = = General notes = = =
References using Cricinfo or Wisden may require free registration for access .
= Belgium national football team =
The Belgian national football team has officially represented Belgium in association football since their maiden match in 1904 . The squad is under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and is governed in Europe by UEFA — both of which were co @-@ founded by the Belgian team 's supervising body , the Royal Belgian Football Association ( RBFA ) . Periods of regular Belgian representation at the highest international level , from 1920 to 1938 , and 1970 to 2002 , have alternated with mostly unsuccessful qualification rounds . Most of Belgium 's home games are played at the King Baudouin Stadium in Brussels .
Belgium 's national team have participated in three , quadrennial major football competitions . They appeared in the end stages of twelve FIFA World Cups and five UEFA European Football Championships , and featured at three Olympic football tournaments , including the 1920 Olympic tournament which they won . Other notable performances are victories over four reigning world champions — West Germany , Brazil , Argentina and France — between 1954 and 2002 . Belgium has longstanding football rivalries with its Dutch and French counterparts , having played both teams nearly every year from 1905 to 1967 . The squad has been known as the Red Devils since 1906 ; its supporters ' group is named 1895 .
During the national player career of forward Paul Van Himst , the most @-@ praised Belgian footballer of the 20th century , Belgium took third place at Euro 1972 . After that , they experienced two golden ages with many gifted players . In the first period , which lasted from the 1980s to the early 1990s , the team finished as runners @-@ up at Euro 1980 and fourth in the 1986 World Cup . In the second , under guidance of Marc Wilmots in the 2010s , Belgium topped the FIFA World Rankings for the first time in November 2015 .
= = History = =
Belgium was one of the first mainland European countries to play association football . Its practice in Belgium began on 26 October 1863 , after an Irish student walked into the Josephites College of Melle with a leather ball . Initially an elitist pastime , during the following decades association football supplanted rugby as Belgium 's most popular football sport . On 1 September 1895 , ten clubs for football , athletics , cricket and cycling founded the Belgian sports board Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques ( UBSSA ) ; a year later UBSSA organised the first annual league in Belgian football .
On 11 October 1900 , Beerschot AC honorary president Jorge Díaz announced that Antwerp would host a series of challenge matches between Europe 's best football teams . After some organisational problems , on 28 April 1901 , Beerschot 's pitch hosted its first tournament , in which a Belgian A @-@ squad and a Dutch B @-@ team contested the Coupe Vanden Abeele . Belgium won , and also beat the Netherlands in all three follow @-@ up games ; FIFA does not recognise these results because Belgium fielded some English players . On 1 May 1904 , the Belgians played their first official game , against France at the Stade du Vivier d 'Oie in Uccle ; their draw left the Évence Coppée Trophy unclaimed . Twenty days later , the football boards of both countries , and five other nations , founded FIFA . At that time , the Belgian squad was chosen by a committee drawn from the country 's six or seven major clubs . In 1906 , the national team players received the nickname Red Devils because of their red jerseys , and four years later , former Scottish footballer William Maxwell replaced the UBSSA committee as their manager . In 1912 , UBSSA began governing football only and was renamed UBSFA . During the Great War , the national team only played unrecognised friendlies , with games in and against France .
At the 1920 Summer Olympics , in their first official Olympic appearance , the Red Devils won the gold medal on home soil after a controversial final in which their Czechoslovak opponents left the pitch . This triumph led them to an all @-@ time high second place in the World Football Elo Ratings . In the three 1920s Summer Olympics , they achieved fair results ( four wins in seven games ) , and played their first intercontinental match , against Argentina . Over the following decade , however , Belgium lost all of their matches at the first three FIFA World Cup final tournaments . According to historian Richard Henshaw , " The growth of [ football ] in Scandinavia , Central Europe , and South America left Belgium far behind " . Although World War II hindered international football events in the 1940s , the traditional derby against the Netherlands was kept alive with unofficial matches .
Belgium qualified for only one of eight major tournaments during the 1950s and the 1960s : the 1954 World Cup . According to journalist Henry Guldemont , some of his Swiss colleagues regarded the 1954 Belgian team as " favourites for the world title " after a promising draw in the opener against England . However , they were eliminated after a loss to Italy in the second ( and last ) group match . The day before the tournament began , the Belgian , French and Italian football boards founded UEFA . Two bright spots in these decades were wins against World Cup holders : West Germany in 1954 , and Brazil in 1963 . In between , Belgium defeated Hungary 's Golden Team in 1956 . The combination of failure in competitive games , and success in exhibition matches , gave the Belgians the mock title of " world champion of the friendlies " .
The team 's performance improved during the early 1970s , under manager Raymond Goethals . Fully dressed in white , as the White Devils , Belgium had their first victories at World and European Championships at the 1970 World Cup and Euro 1972 . At that Euro appearance , their first , they finished third by winning the consolation match against Hungary . In 1973 , the denial of a match @-@ winning goal in their last 1974 World Cup qualifier cost Belgium their appearance at the finals . The next two attempts to reach a major finals were also fruitless . Beginning with a second @-@ place finish at Euro 1980 , the 1980s and the early 1990s are generally considered as Belgium 's first golden age . Coached by Guy Thys , they achieved their spot in the 1980 final with an unbeaten record in the group phase ; in the final , they narrowly lost the title to West Germany with the score 1 – 2 . Starting with the 1982 World Cup , and ending with the 2002 World Cup , the national team qualified for six consecutive World Cup end stages and mostly progressed to the second round . During this period , managers Guy Thys , Paul Van Himst and Robert Waseige each guided a Belgian selection past the first round . In addition to receiving individual FIFA recognitions , the team reached the semi @-@ finals of the 1986 World Cup . After reaching the Euro 1980 final , they were unsuccessful at subsequent European Championships , with early exits from their appearances at Euro 1984 and Euro 2000 . During the late 1990s , they played three friendly tournaments in Morocco , Cyprus and Japan , sharing the 1999 Kirin Cup with Peru in the latter . The greatest talents of the Belgian team during this golden age were retired from international football by 2000 , yet in 2002 , Belgium defeated reigning world champions France , and reached the World Cup round of 16 .
After the 2002 World Cup , the team weakened with the loss of more veterans and coach Waseige . They failed to qualify for five successive major finals from Euro 2004 until Euro 2012 , and went through an equal number of head coaches . In between , a promising new generation was maturing at the 2007 European U @-@ 21 Championship ; Belgium 's squad qualified for the following year 's Summer Olympics in Beijing , where the Young Red Devils squad finished fourth . Seventeen of them appeared in the senior national team , albeit without making an immediate impact . Belgium finished in second ( and last ) place at the Kirin Cup in May 2009 , and lost against the 125th FIFA @-@ ranked team of Armenia in September 2009 . After Georges Leekens ' second stint as national manager , his assistant Marc Wilmots became the caretaker in May 2012 .
After two matches as interim coach , Wilmots agreed to replace Leekens as manager . Following his appointment , the team 's results improved , such that some foreign media regarded it as another Belgian golden generation . The young Belgian squad qualified as unbeaten group winners for the 2014 World Cup finals , and earned Belgium 's second ever place in a World Cup quarter @-@ finals with a four @-@ game winning streak . Belgium qualified for Euro 2016 with a match to spare in October 2015 , and took the top spot in the FIFA World Rankings for the first time in November 2015 , to stay first for five months . In the following year , Belgium could not confirm their role as outsider at the European Championship with a quarter @-@ final exit ; this prompted the RBFA to dismiss Wilmots . In the 2018 World Cup qualifying allocation , they were seeded first in their group .
= = Kit = =
In home matches , the team 's outfield players traditionally wear the colours of the Belgian flag : black , yellow and red . Red dominates the strip and is often the sole jersey colour , hence the Red Devils nickname . The away colours are usually white , black or both ; in 2014 , the squad introduced a third , yellow kit . Their shirts are often trimmed with tricolores at the margins . Since 1981 , the RBFA emblem has been the national team 's badge ; the previous badge was a yellow lion on a black shield , similar to the escutcheon of the national coat of arms .
For their first unofficial match in 1901 , the Belgian team wore white jerseys with tricoloured bands on the upper arms . Around their third unofficial game in 1902 , it was decided that they would put on a " shirt with national colours ... [ that would indicate , ] with a stripe , the number of times every player has participated in an encounter " . Since 1904 , Belgium 's classic all @-@ red jersey design has been altered twice . In 1904 – 05 , the squad briefly wore satin shirts with three horizontal bands in red , yellow and black ; according to sports journalist Victor Boin , the shirts set " the ugliness record " . During the 1970s , manager Raymond Goethals chose an all @-@ white combination to improve the team 's visibility during evening matches ; as a result , they were temporarily known as the White Devils .
Six clothing manufacturers have supplied the official team strip . Since 2014 , it has been produced by Adidas , who was also the supplier from 1974 to 1980 , and from 1982 to 1991 . Former kit manufacturers are Umbro ( 1970 – 1973 ) , Admiral ( 1981 – 1982 ) , Diadora ( 1992 – 1999 ) , Nike ( 1999 – 2010 ) and BURRDA ( 2010 – 2014 ) .
= = Home stadium = =
Numerous former and current venues in 11 urban areas have hosted Belgium 's home games . Most of these matches have been played in Brussels at the Heysel Plateau , on the site of the present @-@ day King Baudouin Stadium — a multipurpose facility with a seating capacity of 50 @,@ 122 . Its field also hosts the team 's final training sessions before domestic games . Since 2007 , most physical preparation takes place at the National Football Centre in Tubize , or at Anderlecht 's training ground in the Neerpede quarter . Apart from Belgian home friendlies , at the international level Belgium 's national stadium has also hosted six European Championship games .
In 1930 , for the country 's centennial , the venue was christened the Jubilee Stadium with an unofficial match between Belgium and the Netherlands . At that time , the stadium had a capacity of 75 @,@ 000 . In 1946 , it was renamed Heysel Stadium after its city quarter . This new name became associated with the tragedy preceding the 1985 European Cup final between Juventus and Liverpool ; 39 spectators died after riots in the then antiquated building . Three years after the disaster , plans were unveiled for a renovation ; in 1995 , after two years of work , the modernised stadium was named after the late King Baudouin . In May 2013 , the Brussels @-@ Capital Region announced that the King Baudouin Stadium would be replaced by Eurostadium , elsewhere on the Heysel Plateau ; two years later , a 2019 date was set for the stadium 's completion .
= = Team image = =
= = = Media coverage = = =
The first live coverage of a Belgian sporting event occurred on 3 May 1931 when journalist Gust De Muynck commentated on the international football game between Belgium and the Netherlands on radio . Later , football broadcasts were also televised . As 60 per cent of Belgians speak Dutch and 40 per cent French , commentaries for the national team matches are provided in both languages . The games are not broadcast in German — the third official language in Belgium . During Belgium 's tournament appearances in the 1980s and the early 1990s , Rik De Saedeleer crowned himself the nation 's most famous football commentator with his emotional and humorous reports .
Initially the matches were transmitted mainly on public television channels : the former BRTN in Dutch , and the RTBF in French . Since 1994 , commercial channels such as vtm and its sister channel Kanaal 2 , and VIER in Flanders , have purchased broadcasting rights . As of July 2016 , the round @-@ of @-@ 16 match against the United States at the 2014 World Cup was the most @-@ watched programme in Belgian television history , with an audience of over four million viewers out of 11 @.@ 3 million Belgian citizens .
In April 2014 , the VRT started transmitting a nine @-@ piece , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes documentary about the national team filmed during the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , titled Iedereen Duivel ( Everybody Devil ) . Cable broadband provider Telenet broadcast an eight part documentary about individual players titled Rode Helden ( Red Heroes ) .
= = = Actions = = =
Multiple events were organised for the fans during the squad 's peak popularity in the 2010s . During the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , a string of interactive events called the Devil Challenges were organised . The premise was that small groups of international players would do a favour in return for each of the five comprehensive chores their supporters completed ( " colour Belgium red " , " gather 500 @,@ 000 decibels " , etc . ) , all of which were accomplished . In June 2013 , the Belgian national team 's first ever Fan Day attracted over 20 @,@ 000 supporters ; a second was held after the 2014 World Cup . On the days of Belgium 's 2014 World Cup group matches , large dance events titled Dance with the Devils ( a pun on the title of a 2001 D @-@ Devils ' trance album ) took place in three Belgian cities . This type of happening was repeated during Belgium 's Euro 2016 group matches , in Antwerp 's Lotto Arena .
Occasionally , the Belgian team directly supported charity . They played at minimum five unofficial games of which the returns were for charitable purposes : two against France , in 1914 and in 1916 , and three against the Netherlands , in 1926 , 1932 and 1941 . In mid @-@ 1986 , when the Belgian delegation reached the Mexico World Cup semi @-@ finals , the squad started a project titled Casa Hogar , an idea of delegation leader Michel D 'Hooghe . Casa Hogar is a home for street children in the Mexican industrial city of Toluca , to which the footballers donated part of their tournament bonuses . In August 2013 , the national team supported four social projects through the charity fund Football + Foundation , by playing an A @-@ match with a plus sign on the shoulders of their jerseys and auctioning the shirts .
In 2002 , the national squad held its first anti @-@ racism campaign in which they posed with slogans . A home Euro 2012 qualifier was given the theme of respect for diversity in 2010 ; this UEFA @-@ supported action was part of the European FARE Action Week . Ex @-@ Red Devil Dimitri Mbuyu — the first black Belgium player ( in 1987 ) — was engaged as godfather , and other foreign , current , and former footballers who played in the Belgian top division participated .
= = = Supporters = = =
Fans of the Belgian national team display the country 's tricolour national flag , usually with an emphasis on the red element . In 2012 , local supporter clubs merged into one large Belgian federation named 1895 after the foundation year of the RBFA . One year later , 1895 had 24 @,@ 000 members . The nationwide interest in the football squad has also been reflected by the occasional presence of Belgian monarchs at their matches since 1914 . One of the greatest moments for the Belgian team and their 12th man was in mid @-@ 1986 when the Belgian delegation at the Mexico World Cup received a warm " welcome home " . When the World Cup semi @-@ finalists appeared on the balcony of Brussels Town Hall , the adjoining Grand Place square was filled with an ecstatic crowd that cheered as though their squad had won a major tournament .
The team 's deterioration after the 2002 World Cup lead to their absence from the end stages of the next five major tournaments , and strained the national side 's popularity . Between 2004 and 2010 , local journalists called the Belgian footballing nation " mortally ill " . Some fans continued to support their squad in bad times . Ludo Rollenberg was one of the most loyal fans attending the team 's games worldwide since 1990 , missing only the Japanese Kirin Cup in 1999 , and two other matches by 2006 . He was the only supporter to attend their game in Armenia in 2009 . In 2008 , hope surged when Belgium 's U @-@ 23 won fourth place at the Olympics in Beijing ; several of these Olympians later appeared on the senior team .
Just before the kick @-@ off of a 2014 World Cup home qualifier , Belgium 's footballers saw a first tifo banner , sized 10 @.@ 5 by 11 @.@ 5 metres ( 34 by 38 ft ) depicting a devil in the national colours . The presence of many Belgian players in top leagues abroad , such as the Premier League , and promising results under Marc Wilmots , increased fans ' enthusiasm and belief in a successful World Cup campaign . Because of this popularity peak , two Belgian monuments were decorated in national colours for the 2014 FIFA World Cup event ; the Manneken Pis statue received a child @-@ sized version of the new Belgian uniform , and facets of the Atomium 's upper sphere were covered in black , yellow and red vinyl .
= = = Nickname and logo = = =
After a 1905 match , a Dutch reporter wrote that three Belgian footballers " work [ ed ] as devils " . A year later Léopold FC manager Pierre Walckiers nicknamed the players Red Devils , inspired by their jersey colour , and the achievement of three successive victories in 1906 . Since 2012 , the team logo is a red trident ( or three @-@ pronged pitchfork ) , an item that is often associated with the devil . Before that , the national squad had three official anthropomorphous mascots . The first was a lion in team kit named Diabolix , a reference to the central symbol in the Belgian coat of arms that appeared on the team jerseys from 1905 to 1980 . In accordance with their epithet , the next mascots were
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@ place match ( 4 – 2 ) . In the 1990 FIFA World Cup , Belgium dominated periods of their second @-@ round match against England ; Enzo Scifo and Jan Ceulemans hit the woodwork . David Platt 's volley in the final minute of extra time , described as " nearly blind " by Richard Witzig , avoided an apparently goalless draw and led to the sudden elimination of the Belgians .
In 1994 , a 3 – 2 defeat to defending champions Germany saw Belgium go out in the second round again . Afterwards , the entire Belgian delegation criticised referee Kurt Röthlisberger for not awarding a penalty for a foul on Belgian Josip Weber . Three draws in the group stage of the 1998 World Cup were insufficient for Belgium to reach the knockout stage . With two draws , the 2002 FIFA World Cup started poorly for Belgium , but they won the decisive group match against Russia 3 – 2 . In the second round , they faced eventual World Cup winners Brazil ; Belgium lost 2 – 0 after Marc Wilmots ' headed opening goal was disallowed due to a " phantom foul " on Roque Júnior , as Richard Witzig named it .
In 2014 , Belgium beat all their group opponents with a single @-@ goal difference . Thereafter , they played an entertaining round of 16 game against the United States , in which American goalkeeper Tim Howard made 15 saves . However , they defeated the US 2 – 1 in extra time . In a balanced quarter @-@ final , Argentina eliminated Belgium , after a 1 – 0 victory .
= = = UEFA European Championship = = =
With four successful qualification campaigns out of thirteen , Belgium 's performance in the European Championship does not compare to their World Cup record . Belgium has hosted or co @-@ hosted the event twice ; they were chosen to accommodate the 1972 European Football Championship from three candidates , and hosted UEFA Euro 2000 with the Netherlands .
At Euro 1972 , Belgium finished third after losing 1 – 2 against West Germany and beating Hungary 2 – 1 . The team 's best continental result is their second place at Euro 1980 in Italy . By finishing as group winners , Belgium reached the final , to face West Germany . The West German Horst Hrubesch scored first , but René Vandereycken equalised courtesy of a penalty . Two minutes before the regular playing time ended , Hrubesch scored again denying Belgium a first European title .
At Euro 1984 , in their last and decisive group match against Denmark , the Belgian team took a 0 – 2 lead , but the Danes won the match 3 – 2 . Sixteen years later , Belgium automatically reappeared at UEFA 's national team tournament as co @-@ hosts . After winning the Euro 2000 opener against Sweden 2 – 1 , two 2 – 0 losses against eventual runners @-@ up Italy and Turkey eliminated the Belgians from the tournament by the end of the group stage .
In spite of winning with broad margins against the Republic of Ireland ( 3 – 0 ) and Hungary ( 0 – 4 ) at Euro 2016 , Belgium 's second very talented generation disappointed with a quarter @-@ final exit . As during the tournament 's qualifiers , Wales got the better of Belgium , with a 3 – 1 win .
= = = Summer Olympic Games = = =
Football tournaments for senior men 's national teams took place in six Summer Olympics between 1908 and 1936 . The Belgian squad participated in all three Olympic football tournaments in the 1920s and won the gold medal on home soil at the 1920 edition . Apart from the proper national team , two other Belgian delegations appeared at the Olympics . At the 1900 Summer Olympics , a Belgian representation with mainly students won bronze , and at the 2008 edition , Belgium 's U @-@ 23 selection placed fourth .
Belgium 's 1920 Olympic squad was given a bye into the quarter @-@ finals , where they won 3 – 1 against Spain , and reached the semi @-@ finals , where they beat the Netherlands 3 – 0 . In the first half of their final against Czechoslovakia , the Belgians led 2 – 0 . Forward Robert Coppée converted a disputed early penalty , and the action in which attacker Henri Larnoe doubled the score was also a matter of debate . After the dismissal of the Czechoslovak left @-@ back Karel Steiner , the discontented visitors left the pitch in the 40th minute . Afterwards , the away team reported their reasons for protest to the Olympic organisation ; these complaints were dismissed and the Czechoslovaks were disqualified . The 2 – 0 score was allowed to stand and Belgium were crowned the champions .
= = Records and fixtures = =
As of 1 July 2016 , the complete official match record of the Belgian national team comprises 742 games : 305 wins , 159 draws and 278 losses . During these games , the team scored 1 @,@ 258 times and conceded 1 @,@ 223 goals . Belgium reached its highest winning margin against San Marino ( 10 – 1 ) and Zambia ( 9 – 0 ) . Their longest winning streak is seven wins in two periods , and their unbeaten record is fourteen consecutive official games .
The entire match record can be examined on the following articles :
Results in chronological order lists all individual games .
Record per opponent shows the head @-@ to @-@ head record against other footballing nations .
Statistics per manager compiles an overview per managerial period .
Upcoming fixtures are listed on the 2010s results page ; these include the qualification matches for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .
= = = Player records = = =
As of 18 June 2016 , the RBFA lists 680 players who appeared on the men 's senior national team . With 96 caps , Jan Ceulemans featured most often ; he also started most games as captain ( 48 ) . Hector Goetinck had the longest career as international footballer : 17 years , 6 months and 10 days .
Bernard Voorhoof and Paul Van Himst are the highest @-@ scoring Belgium players , with 30 goals each . Those who scored the most goals in one match are Robert De Veen , Bert De Cleyn and Josip Weber ( 5 ) ; De Veen also holds the record for the most hat @-@ tricks with three . Belgium 's fastest goal after kick @-@ off was scored by Arthur Ceuleers , between 35 and 40 seconds into the match against the Netherlands on 4 April 1937 .
= SM U @-@ 16 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) =
SM U @-@ 16 or U @-@ XVI was a U @-@ 10 @-@ class submarine or U @-@ boat of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u. K. Kriegsmarine ) during World War I. U @-@ 16 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pula where she was assembled and completed in September 1915 . She was commissioned in October 1915 .
For most of her career , U @-@ 16 operated in the Adriatic out of Kotor patrolling off the Albanian coast . The U @-@ boat sank one small sailing ship in November and seized another in December . U @-@ 16 carried Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Army as an observer while performing diving tests after engine repairs in January 1916 . A water leak in March flooded U @-@ 16 's batteries and put the U @-@ boat out of action for about six weeks of repairs . While operating off Vlorë in mid @-@ October 1916 , U @-@ 16 sank an Italian destroyer acting as a convoy escort . U @-@ 16 was sunk in the ensuing action , but sources are not clear on the exact cause of her sinking . In all U @-@ 16 sank three ships with a combined tonnage of 711 . She was the only U @-@ 10 @-@ class submarine sunk during the war .
= = Design and construction = =
U @-@ 16 was a small , coastal submarine that displaced 125 @.@ 5 long tons ( 127 @.@ 5 t ) surfaced and 140 @.@ 25 long tons ( 142 @.@ 50 t ) submerged . She featured a single shaft , a single 60 bhp ( 45 kW ) Daimler diesel engine for surface running , and a single 120 shp ( 89 kW ) electric motor for submerged travel . U @-@ 16 was capable of up to 6 @.@ 5 knots ( 12 @.@ 0 km / h ; 7 @.@ 5 mph ) while surfaced and 5 @.@ 5 knots ( 10 @.@ 2 km / h ; 6 @.@ 3 mph ) while submerged at a diving depth of up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men .
U @-@ 16 was equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes . Although most members of the class were outfitted with a 37 mm / 23 ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) gun to supplement their armament in October 1916 , it is not known whether this upgrade had yet taken place on U @-@ 16 by the time of her sinking during that month .
U @-@ 16 was ordered by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 1 April 1915 and laid down at AG Weser in Bremen on later in the month . When completed , the submarine was broken down into sections , loaded onto railcars , and shipped on 20 August to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's main base at Pula . After completing the eight @-@ day journey , the sections were riveted together . Though there is no specific mention of how long it took for U @-@ 16 's sections to be assembled , a sister boat , the German Type UB I submarine UB @-@ 3 , shipped to Pula from Germany in mid @-@ April 1915 , was assembled in about two weeks . U @-@ 16 was delivered to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 29 September .
= = Operational history = =
SM U @-@ 16 was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 6 October under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Eugen Hornyák Edler von Horn . Over the next month U @-@ 16 patrolled off Rimini and the Po estuary before heading to Kotor . There , U @-@ 16 's second commander , Linienschiffsleutnant Orest Ritter von Zopa , assumed command on 18 November . The U @-@ boat departed the next day to patrol off Albania . Near Cape Rodoni , von Zopa stopped and boarded Fiore Albania , an Albanian sailing ship . Finding nothing amiss , the commander sent Fiore Albania on her way . Three days later , von Zopa and U @-@ 16 scored their first success , when they sank the 25 GRT Italian sailing vessel Unione in the Gulf of Drin . Later the same day , a torpedo attack on two cargo ships in the harbor at Shëngjin netted no results . With her supply of torpedoes expended , U @-@ 16 returned to Kotor on 24 November .
U @-@ 16 set out on her next patrol on 3 December , but had to return to fix a broken gyrocompass , and was underway for Albania the next day . On 5 December , the sailboat Xephanie was stopped , searched , and allowed to proceed . Near the same location , U @-@ 16 next encountered Fione Albania again . When stopped this time , the 62 @-@ ton ship had Montenegrin soldiers , weapons , and ammunition aboard . The vessel was seized as a prize and taken back to Kotor . U @-@ 16 attempted two more Albanian patrols at the end of December . The first , departing Kotor on 19 December , was cut short by severe weather that forced the submarine back to port . The next attempt , on 25 December , ended when U @-@ 16 suffered engine problems . U @-@ 16 sailed for Pula on 27 December for more extensive engine repairs at the naval base there .
U @-@ 16 's repairs were complete by 9 January 1916 when the submarine departed Pula for diving tests with Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Army on board as an observer . With the tests apparently successful , U @-@ 16 returned to Kotor on 18 January to resume Albanian patrols . Off Durrës on 4 February , von Zopa and U @-@ 16 launched a torpedo attack on the steamer Assyria being escorted by the Italian destroyers Animoso and Garibaldino . The torpedo 's aim was true , but it failed to detonate when it hit the ship . A few days later , a British Falmouth @-@ class cruiser attacked the U @-@ boat . On 11 March , a valve on U @-@ 16 leaked and water flooded into the boat , inundating the batteries , which released chlorine gas . The U @-@ boat made it back to Kotor and underwent repairs that kept the boat out of action until the end of April .
From late April to early September , U @-@ 16 patrolled the Adriatic between Vlorë , Brindisi , and the Straits of Otranto . Twice during this time U @-@ 16 attacked French destroyers , but missed on both attempts . In mid June , von Zopa launched torpedoes against a cargo ship without result . U @-@ 16 put in at Kotor on 3 September for a general overhaul that lasted for about a month . When the repairs were complete , U @-@ 16 set out for another Albanian patrol on 9 October . The submarine made a detour to Djenovic on 11 October to replace another faulty gyrocompass , but quickly resumed her journey to the Vlorë area . After discovering an Italian convoy on 17 October , von Zopa torpedoed and sank one of the convoy escorts , the Italian destroyer Nembo . In the ensuing action , U @-@ 16 was sunk , but sources disagree on the exact manner .
Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1906 – 1921 reports that the Italian steamer Bormida , one of the convoyed ships , rammed and damaged U @-@ 16 , causing U @-@ 16 's crew to scuttle their ship due to the severity of the damage . Uboat.net 's U @-@ Boat War in World War I reports that Nembo herself rammed U @-@ 16 before going down , while Robert Grant and Gordon Smith give another possible fate for U @-@ 16 : that Nembo 's depth charges detonated and sank the submarine while Nembo was sinking . Smith reports that 11 men aboard U @-@ 16 , including her commanding officer von Zopa , lost their lives in the sinking , and that two survivors were picked up . U @-@ 16 was the only boat of her class to be sunk during the war .
= = Ships sunk or damaged = =
= 1942 Matagorda hurricane =
The 1942 Matagorda hurricane was the most intense and costliest tropical cyclone of the 1942 Atlantic hurricane season . The second tropical storm and hurricane , as well as the first major hurricane of the year , it originated from a tropical wave near the island of St. Lucia on August 21 . Moving generally westward across the Caribbean Sea , the storm remained weak for much of its early existence . However , it gradually intensified , and reach hurricane strength south of Jamaica on August 25 before coming ashore the Yucatán Peninsula late on August 27 . Once in the Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane quickly strengthened , and attained its peak intensity on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . However , nearing the Texas Gulf Coast , the storm waned in intensity , and was only a Category 1 hurricane by the time it made a final landfall near Matagorda , Texas on August 30 . Continuing inland , the hurricane weakened , and dissipated into a remnant low on August 31 .
At the hurricane 's first landfall near the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula , little information was documented on the storm 's impacts . However , as the storm approached the Texas coast , widespread evacuations took place , including the evacuation of roughly 50 @,@ 000 people from Galveston , Texas alone . Upon making landfall , the hurricane caused extensive damage in coastal regions . In Matagorda , storm surge peaking at 14 @.@ 7 ft ( 4 @.@ 5 m ) inundated the city and damaged many others . Strong winds from the storm wreaked havoc as far inland as San Antonio , Texas . The winds leveled numerous buildings and uprooted trees , in addition to causing widespread power outages . Crops in the areas affected saw large losses , particularly the rice crop . Rainfall associated with the storm was relatively light , due to the hurricane 's rapid forward motion once inland , peaking at 9 @.@ 3 in ( 0 @.@ 24 m ) in Woodsboro , Texas . Overall , the storm caused $ 26 @.@ 5 million in damages and eight deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave was first noted near St. Lucia at 0600 UTC on August 21 , associated with squally weather , though there were little signs of any organization . However , in HURDAT – the official database of positions and intensities of Atlantic hurricanes dating back to 1851 – the system is listed to have already organized into a tropical storm at the same time . Nonetheless , development was slow throughout its early existence as it moved quickly eastward across the Caribbean Sea . Forward motion slowed as the storm progressed westward south of Jamaica on August 25 . Though signs of development were first noted at around this time , later reanalysis was conducted on the system , revealing that it had already strengthened to the equivalent of a modern @-@ day Category 1 hurricane . Shortly after , observations indicated that the hurricane was rapidly intensifying . Passing well north of the Swan Islands , the storm attained Category 2 intensity at 0600 UTC on August 26 . Shortly after , the hurricane made its first landfall at a similar intensity on the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula late on August 27 .
Once in the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , the hurricane moved northwest on a nearly linear path towards the Texas coast as it steadily intensified . By 0600 UTC on August 29 , the storm reached Category 3 intensity with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) – this would be the storm 's maximum intensity . However , the hurricane weakened back down to Category 1 strength before making landfall just after midnight on August 30 near Matagorda and Palacios , Texas . At the time , the storm had maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , with hurricane @-@ force winds extending out 150 mi ( 240 km ) from the storm 's center of circulation . The hurricane 's minimum central pressure at landfall was estimated at 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 06 inHg ) , though a pressure reading of 952 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 16 inHg ) in Seadrift , Texas marked the lowest recorded pressure . Once inland , the storm quickly weakened , and degenerated to tropical storm strength at 1200 UTC on August 30 while located near Hallettsville , Texas . Weakening to a tropical depression the following day , it dissipated at 1200 UTC on August 30 near Sweetwater , Texas .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Despite making landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 27 as a Category 2 hurricane , no damage was reported there . As the storm traversed the Gulf of Mexico towards the Texas Gulf Coast , evacuation procedures were conducted across the region . In the storm @-@ warning area of Galveston , Texas , roughly 50 @,@ 000 people evacuated inland ; the high number of evacuees was likely due in part to another hurricane which struck the coast a week prior . Camp Hulen , located near Palacios , Texas , was also evacuated . Other coastal locations were evacuated via trucks , buses , and trains with the guidance of warnings published by the United States Weather Bureau . Schools in the region were prepared as emergency shelters in advance of the storm 's landfall .
Upon making landfall near Palacios , Texas early on August 30 , considerable damage was wrought to an extensive area of the state . At the coast , the hurricane produced a strong storm surge , mostly in the storm 's eastern hemisphere . Storm tides were reported across the Texas coast up to southwestern Louisiana . A station in Matagorda , Texas recorded a storm tide 14 @.@ 7 ft ( 4 @.@ 48 m ) above average . At the time , this was the third highest storm surge ever measured in Texas , behind peak observations taken during the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane and the 1900 Galveston hurricane . The unusually strong tide inundated Matagorda under 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) of seawater . The accumulation of the hurricane 's affects resulted in the destruction of nearly every building in the city . Due to debris and other sediments scattered by the strong waves , the reach of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in both the Matagorda and San Antonio Bays decreased by 540 ft2 ( 50 m2 ) . Further north in Freeport , Texas , the storm surge reached 11 @.@ 8 ft ( 3 @.@ 6 m ) above normal . The strong wave action reopened two inlets near Corpus Christi Pass , and also destroyed two cottages on North Beach . In Harris County , Texas , located near the northern edge of the storm , crops sustained heavy damages , and losses to the rice crop alone amounted to $ 600 @,@ 000 .
The hurricane also brought strong winds which caused considerable damage as far inland as San Antonio , Texas , 120 mi ( 195 km ) from the coast . In Seadrift , Texas , where the storm 's lowest pressure reading of 952 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 16 inHg ) was recorded , winds were estimated to have reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . The Halfmoon Reef Lighthouse , then situated offshore in Matagorda Bay , was knocked off its pilings due to the strong winds . As such , the United States Coast Guard decided to sell the lighthouse to a private owner . The lighthouse was later repositioned on land . In Matagorda and Palacios , winds of at least 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) lasted roughly three hours , leveling several buildings . Later reports from Palacios indicated that the storm was the worst there since the 1900 Galveston hurricane . Due to the storm 's fast motion before and after landfall , hurricane @-@ force winds were felt as far inland as Atascosa County , Texas . In Corpus Christi , Texas , a peak wind gust of 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) was reported . There , damage was limited to oil derricks and other light structures . Communications from the city to Port Aransas , Texas . The county sheriff of Victoria County , Texas reported that every house was " damaged to some extent . " In Cuero , Texas , strong winds caused severe infrastructural and crop damage .
Precipitation associated with the storm was generally light due to the hurricane 's rapid forward motion . Moderate to heavy rainfall was of local extent and covered a limited area of South Texas , peaking at 9 @.@ 3 in ( 240 mm ) in Woodsboro , Texas . Contrary to typical rapidly moving tropical cyclones , much of the storm 's rainfall fell to the west and south of the storm throughout its duration , which up to that point was a phenomenon rarely observed . The peak rainfall measurement in Woodsboro was located 25 mi ( 40 km ) away from the center of the hurricane . Throughout Atascosa County , at least 4 in ( 100 mm ) of rain fell .
After making landfall , the hurricane 's fast speed enabled it to still bring strong winds and impacts well inland . In South @-@ Central Texas , the tropical cyclone was considered the worst of the entire 20th century . On August 30 , despite being situated over the Austin and San Antonio metropolitan areas , the storm still retained maximum sustained winds of at least 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . In Floresville , Texas , the winds damaged numerous buildings . Similar effects occurred in Atascosa County and Seguin , Texas , where trees were uprooted and additional buildings were damaged . In Seguin , the passing storm was considered the worst since the 1886 Indianola hurricane , which also moved rapidly inland . In New Braunfels , Texas , damage was confined to trees , while in Austin , Texas power lines were downed by the strong winds . San Antonio saw the brunt of the storm 's impacts in South @-@ Central Texas . Gusts reaching as high as 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) battered the city for at least five hours , causing extensive damage to infrastructure , as well as causing numerous power outages . Hundreds of trees were uprooted , and the resulting damage was considered the worst since 1899 . Despite being held to the ground by 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) stakes , the strong winds still managed to damage 70 of the 75 planes at Alamo Field . Total estimated damages in the city amounted to $ 300 @,@ 000 .
Overall , the hurricane caused $ 26 @.@ 5 million in damages , with $ 11 @.@ 5 million to property and $ 15 million to crops , with the storm 's damage in Texas spread across twelve counties . This would make the storm the most costly of the hurricane season . Despite the hurricane 's wide swath of damage and strong intensity , only eight people were killed . The low number of fatalities is attributable to the extensive evacuation procedures which underwent prior to the storm , as well as warnings provided by the Weather Bureau .
= California State Route 20 =
State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a state highway in the northern central region of the U.S. state of California , running east – west across the state north of Sacramento . Its west end is at SR 1 in Fort Bragg , from where it heads east past Clear Lake , Colusa , Yuba City , Marysville , and Nevada City to I @-@ 80 near Emigrant Gap , where eastbound traffic can continue on other routes to Lake Tahoe or Nevada .
Portions of SR 20 are built near the routing of what was first a wagon road and later a turnpike in the late nineteenth century . This road was extended through the state highway system all the way to Ukiah in the early twentieth century , and the missing link near Clear Lake was completed in 1932 before the official designation of this highway as SR 20 in 1934 . There have been subsequent improvements to the road , such as the conversion of the Grass Valley portion of the route to freeway standards .
= = Route description = =
State Route 20 east of US 101 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , although it is mostly a two @-@ lane surface road . All of SR 20 is on the Interregional Road System , a highway system that connects major economic centers of the state , and has been selected by the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) as a High Emphasis Route and Focus Route from US 101 to SR 29 and SR 53 to I @-@ 80 , with the designated corridor following SR 29 and SR 53 around the south side of Clear Lake . It is also eligible for the State Scenic Highway System from SR 1 to SR 16 and SR 49 to I @-@ 80 , and has been designated as such for 6 miles ( 10 km ) near the east end ; this is part of the federally designated Yuba @-@ Donner Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway that uses SR 20 east of SR 49 .
State Route 20 begins at SR 1 in southern Fort Bragg , under a mile ( 1 / 2 km ) from the Pacific Ocean . It heads east , quickly climbing into the Mendocino Range along a ridge and crossing through Dunlap Pass . The highway continues to rise alongside the North Fork Big River and tributaries , crossing another summit and then descending to Willits in the Little Lake Valley via Broaddus Creek . An overlap with US 101 begins in Willits and heads southeasterly to Calpella , north of Ukiah in Redwood Valley . There SR 20 turns east again , crossing the Russian River , passing the north shore of Lake Mendocino , and rising to a summit via the East Fork Russian River and Cold Creek . The roadway again descends alongside the Blue Lakes and Scotts Creek to the junction with SR 29 and the settlement of Upper Lake in the Clear Lake Basin . SR 20 closely follows the northeast shore of Clear Lake , staying right above the water line to avoid the adjacent hills . Where the lake ends , SR 20 continues east , intersecting SR 53 and then following the North Fork Cache Creek and tributaries to the Lake @-@ Colusa County line . During its final descent into the Sacramento Valley , SR 20 intersects SR 16 and curves north and back east , entering the valley via Salt Creek .
Once it enters the flat Sacramento Valley , SR 20 takes a generally straight path , crossing I @-@ 5 in Williams , overlapping SR 45 near the west bank of the Sacramento River southeast from Colusa , and then turning back east to cross the Sacramento River and Sutter Bypass on its way to Yuba City . The route crosses SR 99 west of central Yuba City , and runs east through northern Yuba City to the Feather River , which it crosses on the 10th Street Bridge into Marysville . Within the central part of that city , SR 20 makes several turns , first turning south from 10th Street onto E Street , then east on 9th Street ( overlapping SR 70 ) , north on B Street , and east on 12th Street ( splitting from SR 70 ) . The highway leaves Marysville to the northeast , paralleling the Yuba River on its north side as it enters the foothills of the Sierra Nevada .
SR 20 rises into the Sierras along the north side of the Yuba River , crossing to the south side near Smartsville and then climbing through several ravines to the Penn Valley . The current alignment , built in the mid @-@ 1980s as a mostly two @-@ lane freeway , continues east across rugged terrain to the city of Grass Valley , where it joins SR 49 on the Golden Center Freeway . The two routes travel northeast to Nevada City , where SR 49 turns northwest and SR 20 resumes its eastward course as a two @-@ lane highway . The roadway climbs from Nevada City and follows Harmony Ridge and Washington Ridge before descending into the Bear Valley via a series of hairpin turns , and then climbing , just north of Emigrant Gap , to its end at I @-@ 80 at Yuba Pass . The Pioneer Trail , a National Recreation Trail , parallels SR 20 from a point on Harmony Ridge to the Bear Valley , and includes parts of a branch of the California Trail first used in 1850 .
= = History = =
The east end of SR 20 , from Bear Valley ( just below Emigrant Gap ) to Nevada City , closely follows a branch of the Truckee Route of the California Trail , first used by California @-@ bound emigrants in 1850 . Later a turnpike was built here by the same company that opened the Pacific Turnpike ( Culbertson Road and Bowman Lake Road between Dutch Flat and Bowman Lake ) in 1864 .
By the end of the 1910s , a passable dirt and gravel road connected Ukiah and Nevada City via the south side of Clear Lake and Marysville . The portion between Lower Lake and Wilbur Springs was impassable in wet weather , at which times the Bartlett Springs and Bear Valley Toll @-@ road via Upper Lake and Bartlett Springs was available for $ 1 @.@ 50 each way or $ 2 @.@ 50 round trip . This route generally followed the present SR 20 , except around Clear Lake and between Marysville and Rough and Ready ( where it used Spenceville Road ) . Beyond Nevada City to Emigrant Gap , the old turnpike was not passable ; instead the present SR 174 was available for eastward drivers . Between Williams and Colusa , the road was paved in concrete , as it had been added to the state highway system as part of the first ( 1910 ) bond issue , specifically as Route 15 , connecting the west Sacramento Valley trunk ( Route 7 , now I @-@ 5 ) with the county seat of Colusa .
This state highway was significantly extended in both directions in 1919 , west to Ukiah and east to Emigrant Gap , creating what was known as the Tahoe @-@ Ukiah Highway , connecting Ukiah and Lake Tahoe in combination with Route 37 ( now I @-@ 80 ) and Route 38 ( now SR 89 ) . The law that defined the extension simply stated that it would connect " Ukiah to Tahoe City " ; the state decided in September 1925 that it would run the highway along the north shore of Clear Lake , combining with the planned Rumsey @-@ Lower Lake Highway ( Route 50 , now SR 53 and SR 16 ) east to Wilbur Springs . With the completion of this segment in mid @-@ 1932 , the highway was ready for heavy travel , and became Sign Route 20 in 1934 as part of the initial signed state route system .
In 1953 , the legislature added an extension of Route 15 from US 101 at Willits ( north of Ukiah ) west to SR 1 near Fort Bragg . This was constructed ( over an existing county road ) and became part of Sign Route 20 prior to 1964 , when the Route 20 designation was legislatively adopted . Subsequent improvements include the construction of the Golden Center Freeway , connecting Grass Valley with Nevada City , in the late 1960s , and a new alignment of SR 20 west from Grass Valley , bypassing Rough and Ready , in the mid @-@ 1980s .
= = Major intersections = =
Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
= Alexander Alekhine =
Alexander Aleksandrovich Alekhine ( Russian : Алекса ́ ндр Алекса ́ ндрович Але ́ хин , pronounced [ ɐlʲɪkˈsandr ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ ɐˈlʲexʲɪn ] ; October 31 [ O.S. October 19 ] 1892 – March 24 , 1946 ) was a Russian and French chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion . He is widely considered one of the greatest chess players ever .
By the age of 22 , Alekhine was already among the strongest chess players in the world . During the 1920s , he won most of the tournaments in which he played . In 1921 , Alekhine left Soviet Russia and emigrated to France , which he represented after 1925 . In 1927 , he became the fourth World Chess Champion by defeating José Raúl Capablanca .
In the early 1930s , Alekhine dominated tournament play and won two top @-@ class tournaments by large margins . He also played first board for France in five Chess Olympiads , winning individual prizes in each ( four medals and a brilliancy prize ) . Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same demanding terms that Capablanca had set for him , and negotiations dragged on for years without making much progress . Meanwhile , Alekhine defended his title with ease against Efim Bogoljubov in 1929 and 1934 . He was defeated by Max Euwe in 1935 , but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch . His tournament record , however , remained uneven , and rising young stars like Paul Keres , Reuben Fine , and Mikhail Botvinnik threatened his title . Negotiations for a title match with Keres or Botvinnik were halted by the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939 . Negotiations with Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal , in unclear circumstances . Alekhine is the only World Chess Champion to die while holding the title .
Alekhine is known for his fierce and imaginative attacking style , combined with great positional and endgame skill . He is highly regarded as a chess writer and theoretician , producing innovations in a wide range of chess openings and giving his name to Alekhine 's Defence and several other opening variations . He also composed some endgame studies .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Alekhine was born into a wealthy family in Moscow , Russia , on October 31 , 1892 . His father , Alexander Ivanovich Alekhin , was a landowner and Privy Councilor to the conservative legislative Fourth Duma . His mother , Anisya Ivanovna Alekhina ( born Prokhorova ) , was the daughter of a rich industrialist . Alekhine was first introduced to chess by his mother , an older brother , Alexei , and an older sister , Varvara ( Barbara ) .
= = = Early chess career ( 1902 – 14 ) = = =
Alekhine 's first known game was from a correspondence chess tournament that began on December 3 , 1902 , when he was ten years old . He participated in several correspondence tournaments , sponsored by the chess magazine Shakhmatnoe Obozrenie ( " Chess Review " ) , in 1902 – 11 . In 1907 , Alekhine played his first over @-@ the @-@ board tournament , the Moscow chess club 's Spring Tournament . Later that year , he tied for 11th – 13th in the club 's Autumn Tournament ; his older brother , Alexei , tied for 4th – 6th place . In 1908 , Alexander won the club 's Spring Tournament , at the age of 15 . In 1909 , he won the All @-@ Russian Amateur Tournament in Saint Petersburg . For the next few years , he played in increasingly stronger tournaments , some of them outside Russia . At first he had mixed results , but by the age of 16 he had established himself as one of Russia 's top players . He played first board in two friendly team matches : St. Petersburg Chess Club vs. Moscow Chess Club in 1911 and Moscow vs. St. Petersburg in 1912 ( both drew with Yevgeny Znosko @-@ Borovsky ) . By the end of 1911 , Alekhine moved to St. Petersburg , where he entered the Imperial Law School for Nobles . By 1912 , he was the strongest chess player in the St. Petersburg Chess Society . In March 1912 , he won the St. Petersburg Chess Club Winter Tournament . In April 1912 , he won the 1st Category Tournament of the St. Petersburg Chess Club . In January 1914 , Alekhine won his first major Russian tournament , when he tied for first place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the All @-@ Russian Masters Tournament at St. Petersburg . Afterwards , they drew in a mini @-@ match for first prize ( each won a game ) . Alekhine also played several matches in this period , and his results showed the same pattern : mixed at first but later consistently good .
= = = Top @-@ level grandmaster ( 1914 – 27 ) = = =
In April – May 1914 , another major St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was held in the capital of the Russian Empire , in which Alekhine took third place behind Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca . By some accounts , Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of " Grandmaster of Chess " on each of the five finalists ( Lasker , Capablanca , Alekhine , Siegbert Tarrasch , and Frank Marshall ) . ( Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this , stating that the earliest known sources supporting this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15 , 1940 issue of The New Yorker and Marshall 's autobiography My 50 Years of Chess ( 1942 ) . ) Alekhine 's surprising success made him a serious contender for the World Chess Championship . Whether or not the title was formally awarded to him , " Thanks to this performance , Alekhine became a grandmaster in his own right and in the eyes of the audience . " In July 1914 , Alekhine tied for first with Marshall in Paris .
= = = = World War I and post @-@ revolutionary Russia = = = =
In July – August 1914 , Alekhine was leading an international Mannheim tournament , the 19th DSB Congress ( German Chess Federation Congress ) in Mannheim , Germany , with nine wins , one draw and one loss , when World War I broke out . Alekhine 's prize was 1 @,@ 10
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, this would technically make Adrian Molly 's stepfather .
= = = Music = = =
In the pilot episode " Mr. Monk and the Candidate " , Monk plays the clarinet during his visit of Trudy 's grave . His clarinet abilities show up again in " Mr. Monk and the Red @-@ Headed Stranger " when he is invited to play the clarinet with Willie Nelson . Though Monk is not seen playing the clarinet afterwards , it occasionally is brought up in conversation ( such as during a conversation with Kris Kedder in " Mr. Monk Goes to a Rock Concert " ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critical reviews of character Adrian Monk have been positive . Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times called Monk " TV 's most original sleuth ever " . In a review of the show 's pilot , Tim Goodman of The San Francisco Chronicle stated : " With his history and his sympathetic but funny ' problems ' , he [ Monk ] becomes one of television 's most likable characters and floats a show that is , to be frank , riddled with improbability and simplicity " . Monk is ranked number 99 on Bravo 's list of The 100 Greatest Television Characters of All Time . He was named one of TV 's Smartest Detectives by AOL .
Shalhoub 's performance in the series has also been praised . Michael Sauter of Entertainment Weekly called Shalhoub 's performance " original and splendid " . Nancy Franklin of The New Yorker said that Shalhoub is " brilliant at conveying the tension between Monk ’ s desire to conquer his disorder and his dug @-@ in defense of his behavior " . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters describes Shalhoub 's performance as " exceptional " , and Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer states that Shalhoub is a " careful and nuanced actor " . Alan Sepinwall of the Star @-@ Ledger described Shalhoub as " the perfect fit " for the character .
= = = Awards = = =
Shalhoub has earned various awards and nominations for his work in Monk . He has been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series each year from 2003 to 2010 , winning in 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . In 2003 , Shalhoub won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy ; he was nominated for the same category in 2004 , 2005 , 2007 and 2009 . He received the 2004 and the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series , with nominations in the same category in 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2009 .
= III Corps ( United States ) =
III Corps is a corps of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood , Texas . It is a major formation of the United States Army Forces Command .
Activated in World War I in France , III Corps oversaw US Army divisions as they repelled several major German offensives and led them into Germany . The corps was deactivated following the end of the war .
Reactivated in the interwar years , III Corps trained US Army formations for combat before and during World War II , before itself being deployed to the European Theater where it participated in several key engagements , including the Battle of the Bulge where it relieved the surrounded 101st Airborne Division .
For the next 50 years , the corps was a key training element for the US Army as it sent troops overseas in support of the Cold War , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War . The corps saw no combat deployments , however , until Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004 .
= = History = =
= = = World War I = = =
III Corps was first organized on 16 May 1918 in France . It was designed as three of the four newly activated corps of the American Expeditionary Force , which at that time number over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 men in 23 divisions . The corps took command of US forces training with the French Seventh Army at the same time that IV Corps took command of US forces training with the French Eighth Army .
= = = = Aisne @-@ Marne campaign = = = =
In July , the corps was rushed to the Villers @-@ Cotterêts area in preparation for the Third Battle of the Aisne , the first major Allied counteroffensive of the year . There , it was put under the French Tenth Army and given administrative command of the 1st Division and the 2nd Division which were previously under command of the French XX Corps . However , the command group arrived in the area too late to exercise tactical command , and it was instead attached to the French XX Corps . On 18 July , the attack was launched , with the force spearheading the French Tenth Army 's assault on the high ground south of Soissons . During this attack , the Corps also cut rail lines supplying the German Army .
The first day of the attack was a success , but on the second day , the Germans were reinforced with heavier weapons and were able to blunt the attack , inflicting high casualties . The force was successful despite heavy casualties , and German forces were forced to retreat . On 1 August , the corps arrived in the Vesle area near the Marne River , where it assumed command of the 3rd Division , 28th Division , and 32nd Division from the French XXXVIII Corps , placing side @-@ by side with the U.S. I Corps for a few days . Troops continued to advance until September when they withdrew to form the new First United States Army .
= = = = Meuse @-@ Argonne campaign = = = =
First Army formed up in preparation to advance in the Meuse @-@ Argonne campaign . It consisted of over 600 @,@ 000 men in I Corps , III Corps , and V Corps . III Corps took the Army 's east flank , protecting it as the Army advanced to Montfaucon , then Cunel and Romagne @-@ sous @-@ Montfaucon . The offensive was slow and hampered by inexperience of many of the divisions under the Army 's command , though III Corps was effective in protecting its sector . They advanced through September and October , taking a few weeks for rest after the formation of Second United States Army . On 1 November , the First Army went on a general offensive , pushing north to the Meuse River and the Barricourt Ridge . It was successful , pushing German forces back and advancing to the river until the end of the war . Around that time , the division received its shoulder sleeve insignia , approving it by telegram , though the insignia would not be officially authorized until 1922 .
The corps was demobilized in Neuwied , Germany at the close of hostilities . Following the end of World War I , III Corps remained in Europe for several months before it returned to the United States . It was demobilized at Camp Sherman , Ohio .
= = = = Interwar period = = = =
On 15 August 1927 the XXII Corps was activated in the United States . On 13 October of that year XXII Corps was redesignated as III Corps . It was formally activated on 18 December 1927 . Throughout much of the next decade , the corps was directed primarily with training and equipping smaller units , as the US military began slowly building in strength in response to international conflicts . In 1940 , III Corps was tasked specifically with training newly formed US Army combat divisions in preparation for deployment . It was moved to Camp Hood , Texas for this mission .
= = = World War II = = =
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor bringing the US into World War II , III Corps remained in the United States , where it was assigned to organize defenses of the West Coast , specifically California , from the threat of attack from Japan . During this time III Corps operated at Monterey , California .
The corps was moved to Fort McPherson , Georgia in early 1942 for training . After a short period , the corps returned to Monterey and on 19 August 1942 , it was designated a separate corps , capable of deployment . During the next two years , III Corps would train thousands of troops for combat , including 33 division @-@ sized units , and participate in four corps @-@ level maneuvers , including the Louisiana Maneuvers .
= = = = Europe = = = =
On 23 August 1944 , the corps headquarters departed California for Camp Myles Standish in Massachusetts . It deployed for the European Theater of Operations on 5 September 1944 . Upon arrival at Cherbourg , France , the corps was assigned to the Ninth Army , Twelfth United States Army Group , and given the code name " CENTURY " which it retained throughout the war . The corps headquarters was established at Carteret , in Normandy , and for six weeks , the corps received and processed all the troops of the 12th Army Group arriving over the Normandy beaches during that period . The corps also participated in the " Red Ball Express " by organizing 45 provisional truck companies to carry fuel and ammunition for the units on the front lines .
The corps was assigned to the Third United States Army on 10 October 1944 , and moved to Etain , near Verdun , and into combat . The corps ' first fighting was for the Metz region , as it was moved to attack Fort Jeanne d 'Arc , one of the last forts holding out in the region . That fort fell on 13 December 1944 .
Later that month on 16 December came the last German counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge , as over 250 @,@ 000 German troops , supported by over 1 @,@ 000 tanks and assault guns assaulted the lines of VIII Corps , some 40 miles to the north of III Corps . The next day , Third Army commander General George S. Patton warned III Corps that it would likely be ordered to assist . At that time the corps consisted of the 26th Infantry Division , 80th Infantry Division and the 4th Armored Division . III Corps was moved north to assist in the relief of Bastogne , with the attack commencing at 0400 on 22 December . The corps advanced north , catching the German forces by surprise on their south flank , cutting them off . The 4th Armored Division was eventually able to reach Bastogne , where the 101st Airborne Division had been surrounded by German forces , and relieve it . During the first 10 days of this action , III Corps liberated more than 100 towns , including Bastogne . This operation was key in halting the German offensive and the eventual drive to the Rhine River .
During the first four months of 1945 , III Corps moved quickly to the offensive . On 25 February , the corps , now as part of the First United States Army , established a bridgehead over the Roer River , which , in turn , led to the capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen , on the Rhine River , on 7 March . On 30 March , the Edersee Dam was captured intact by Task Force Wolfe of the 7th Armored Division , and the corps continued the attack to seize the Ruhr Pocket on 5 April 1945 . In late April , III Corps reformed and launched a drive through Bavaria towards Austria . On 2 May 1945 , III Corps was ordered to halt at the Inn River on the Austrian border , just days before V @-@ E Day , when the German forces surrendered , bringing an end to the war in Europe .
= = = = Post @-@ war = = = =
At the end of the war , III Corps had added campaign streamers for Northern France , Rhineland , Ardennes @-@ Alsace , and Central Europe , had taken more than 226 @,@ 102 prisoners and had seized more than 4 @,@ 500 square miles ( 12 @,@ 000 km2 ) of German territory . The corps had also participated in most of the critical actions from Normandy to the German @-@ Austrian border . Its wartime commanders included Major General John Millikin and Major General James A. Van Fleet . After 13 months of occupation duty in Germany , the corps returned to Camp Polk , Louisiana , where it was inactivated on 10 October 1946 .
= = = Cold War era = = =
On 15 March 1951 , during the height of the Korean War , III Corps was again called to active duty at Camp Roberts , California . In April 1954 , III Corps moved to Fort Hood , Texas , where it participated in a number of important exercises , either as director headquarters or as a player unit . It took command of the 1st Armored Division and the 4th Armored Division . The main purpose of these operations was the testing of new doctrines , organizations , and equipment . On 5 May 1959 , the corps was again inactivated .
The Berlin crisis brought III Corps back to active duty for the fourth time on 1 September 1961 . Units participated in an intensive training program and were operationally ready by December 1961 . In February 1962 , the Department of the Army designated III Corps as a unit of the U.S. Strategic Army Corps and in September 1965 , assigned III Corps to the U.S. Strategic Army Forces . Throughout much of the 1960s , III Corps and its subordinate units trained for rapid deployment to Europe in the event of an outbreak of war there .
During the Vietnam War era , the corps supervised the training and deployment of more than 137 units and detachments to Southeast Asia , including the I and II Field Force staffs . The corps also trained more than 40 @,@ 000 individual replacements for units in Vietnam , for a total of over 100 @,@ 000 soldiers trained . As the war in Southeast Asia ended , the corps received many units and individual soldiers for reassignment or inactivation . It was also during this period that III Corps units participated in a number of key tests and evaluations that would help determine Army organization and equipment for the next 30 years . During this era , the corps also received its distinctive unit insignia .
In July 1973 , III Corps became part of the newly established Forces Command and its training , testing , and evaluation mission began to grow . For the remainder of the decade , III Corps would take part in a number of Training and Doctrine Command tests of organizations and tactical concepts , and play a key role in the fielding of new equipment . III Corps units would also participate in major exercises such as Exercise REFORGER ( Return of Forces to Germany ) and disaster relief operations in the United States and Central America .
In the summer of 1974 , the Army decided to implement one of the recommendations of the Howze Board and created an air cavalry combat brigade . The assets of the 2d Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division were used to create the 6th Cavalry Brigade ( Air Combat ) . The new brigade was assigned to the III Corps as a corps asset . 1st Squadron , 6th Cavalry Regiment , was transferred to the new brigade on 21 February 1975 . The brigade served as a test bed for new concepts involving the employment of attack helicopters on the modern battlefield . In 1985 @-@ 85 , the brigade consisted of 1st Squadron , 6th Cavalry ; 4th Squadron , 9th Cavalry Regiment ( 4 @-@ 9 CAV ) ; and 5th and 7th Squadrons , 17th Cavalry Regiment ( 5 @-@ 17 CAV and 7 @-@ 17 CAV ) , all flying attack helicopters .
As part of the Army 's modernization effort in the 1980s corps units introduced new organizations and equipment including the M1 Abrams tank , M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle , AH @-@ 64 Apache helicopter , Multiple Launch Rocket System , and Mobile Subscriber Equipment . In 1987 , III Corps also conducted the largest deployment of forces to Germany since the Second World War , Exercise Reforger ' 87 . During this time , the corps began assisting in the training and support of active and reserve component units . This support involves training guidance , resources , and the maintenance of relationships that extend to wartime affiliations .
= = = 1990s = = =
Following the end of the Cold War , III Corps headquarters itself saw no major contingencies , however it saw numerous units under its command deploy to contingencies around the world . III Corps units were sent to Grenada , Panama , Honduras , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and Iraq . In the fall of 1990 , two 6th Cavalry Brigade ( Air Combat ) units deployed to Iraq during Operation Desert Shield . One of those units was 2nd Battalion , 158th Aviation Regiment , a Chinook battalion from Fort Hood . Other corps units also provided humanitarian support for Operation Restore Hope in Somalia . III Corps elements supported Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well .
It was after the Cold War that III Corps was acclimated to the role of primary counteroffensive force for the US Army . With the downsizing of other major Army formations , III Corps gained command of heavier units , including the 1st Cavalry Division while the XVIII Airborne Corps took charge of rapid @-@ deployment for emergency contingencies , including the 101st Airborne Division and 82nd Airborne Division . III Corps took charge of the heavy units designed for large , conventional offensive actions .
= = = Twenty @-@ first century = = =
In 2001 , the corps was composed of the 1st Cavalry Division and the 4th Infantry Division as well as the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 13th Corps Support Command . However , with realignment of the US Army and the return of several formations from Europe , the corps took command of the 1st Infantry Division and the 1st Armored Division as well , both of these units having been transferred from V Corps in Germany .
The corps headquarters saw its first combat deployment since the Second World War in 2004 , when it deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom . There , III Corps headquarters assumed duties as Headquarters Multi @-@ National Corps - Iraq , relieving V Corps . III Corps served as the administrative command for 2 @,@ 500 soldiers of the Multi @-@ National Force Iraq command element , providing operational direction into 2005 , when it was returned to Fort Hood , relieved by XVIII Airborne Corps . III Corps has for many years participated in an exchange program which sees a Canadian Army officer appointed as a deputy commanding general . Notably , Peter Devlin deployed with the corps to Iraq in 2005 .
III Corps Artillery was inactivated on 8 September 2006 . Henceforth the field artillery brigades , soon to become Fires Brigades , would be assigned to the corps and division headquarters directly .
In 2007 , the corps returned to Iraq for a second time to serve as commanding headquarters for Multi @-@ National Corps Iraq . During this 15 @-@ month deployment , the corps took command of the force at its largest with Iraq War troop surge . The corps conducted a similar mission to its first deployment , focusing on providing personnel management , training , communications , convoy escort , and other duties to support the commanding elements of Multi @-@ National Force Iraq . III Corps fulfilled this mission until February 2008 , when it returned home , again relieved by XVIII Airborne Corps .
In 2009 , the corps began a number of training initiatives with the Republic of Korea Army . These included Operation Key Resolve , a command post exercise simulating major , high intensity combat operations . The exercises were held in Yongin , South Korea . These operations were designed to keep the corps familiar with commanding during large @-@ scale conventional warfare , as opposed to counter @-@ insurgency tactics it employed during its two tours in Iraq . Upon return to the United States , the corps conducted similar exercises at Fort Hood .
On 5 November 2009 , a gunman opened fire in the Soldier Readiness Center of Fort Hood , killing 13 people and wounding 30 others . Nidal Malik Hasan , a Muslim U.S. Army major and psychiatrist , was alleged to be the gunman . He was felled and then arrested by civilian police officers Sergeant Mark Todd & Sergeant Kimberly Munley . Much of the subsequent investigation was handled by III Corps , as the soldiers killed were under the corps ' chain of command .
III Corps , commanded by LTG Robert W. Cone , assumed its final Iraq mission from I Corps from Joint Base Lewis @-@ McChord , Washington in February 2010 . As the core element of United States Forces – Iraq headquarters , III Corps oversaw a theater @-@ wide transition from full @-@ spectrum operations to stability operations . The corps changed the counterinsurgency ( COIN ) fight dynamic from partnered combat operations , led by brigade combat teams , to training , advising , and assisting operations , led by brigades organized as advise and assist brigades . The corps also completed the transition to complete Iraqi lead for security operations . During the deployment , III Corps reduced the amount of aviation assets in Iraq , resulting in one enhanced combat aviation brigade with six maneuver battalions having responsibility for the entire joint operations area . III Corps also oversaw the reduction of the force in Iraq from 110 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 U.S. personnel by Sept . 1 , 2010 , which established the conditions for the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the transition to Operation New Dawn . XVIII Airborne Corps from Fort Bragg , North Carolina , assumed the Iraq follow @-@ on mission from III Corps in February 2011 .
The corps saw its first action in Afghanistan when it deployed to Kabul in early April 2013 . The corps , under the command of LTG Mark A. Milley , replaced the U.S. V Corps from Stuttgart , Germany , in May 2013 and assumed the mission of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) Joint Command , or IJC , which was responsible for day @-@ to @-@ day operations throughout Afghanistan . During the corps ' deployment , IJC oversaw Milestone 13 / Tranche 5 ceremony on June 18 , 2013 , which marked the official transition of full responsibility for nationwide security operations from ISAF to the Afghan National Security Forces ( ANSF ) . After the Milestone 13 ceremony , IJC transitioned from Coalition @-@ led combat operations to Afghan @-@ led combat operations and Coalition forces providing training , advice , and assistance . The ANSF , officially less than three years old , reached its peak of more than 350 @,@ 000 members and conducted more than 70 major operations in more than 22 provinces . In November 2013 , IJC forces provided technical support to the ANSF as it secured the Loya Jirga , a country @-@ wide gathering of Afghan local leaders and officials , in Kabul . The Loya Jirga successfully laid the groundwork for a U.S.-Afghanistan Bilateral Security Agreement . During the deployment , III Corps also oversaw the drawdown of U.S. forces from more than 80 @,@ 000 to 34 @,@ 000 by Feb. 1 , 2014 . XVIII Airborne Corps from Fort Bragg , North Carolina , assumed the ISAF Joint Command mission from III Corps in March 2014 ..
= = Organization = =
III Corps , Fort Hood
III Corps Special Troops Battalion , Fort Hood
1st Infantry Division , Fort Riley
1st Cavalry Division , Fort Hood
1st Armored Division , Fort Bliss
4th Infantry Division , Fort Carson
3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment , Fort Hood
75th Field Artillery Brigade , Fort Sill
36th Engineer Brigade , Fort Hood
Other major units stationed along the III Corps units are :
504th Military Intelligence Brigade , Fort Hood
89th Military Police Brigade , Fort Hood
13th Sustainment Command , Fort Hood
1st Medical Brigade , Fort Hood
= = Honors = =
The corps received five campaign streamers in World War I and four campaign streamers in World War II . It also received two campaign streamers and two unit awards during the War on Terrorism .
= = = Unit decorations = = =
= = = Campaign streamers = = =
= 2005 Texas vs. Ohio State football game =
Texas vs. Ohio State football game , played September 10 , 2005 , was the first @-@ ever meeting between The University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University in a college football game . The two teams came into the game ranked No. 2 and No. 4 , respectively . It was the second game of the 2005 season for both teams . Schools have become increasingly conservative in scheduling non @-@ conference opponents of a high caliber , so a meeting of two top @-@ five teams in the country was unusual this early in the season . For either team , winning the game would boost their chances of ultimately playing in the BCS National Championship Game while the loser likely faced the end of their national championship hopes .
According to observers such as USA Today , the game between the Texas Longhorns and Ohio State Buckeyes was one of the most @-@ anticipated games of the 2005 season . Due to the high level of anticipation , ESPN chose the game for the location of its weekly College GameDay broadcast .
The 2005 Texas Longhorn football team ( variously " Texas " or " UT " or the " Horns " ) was coached by head football coach Mack Brown and led on the field by quarterback Vince Young . The 2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team ( variously " Ohio State " or " OSU " or the " Bucks " ) was coached by Jim Tressel . Justin Zwick and Troy Smith shared time as quarterback due to disciplinary measures enforced against Smith . The game was a back @-@ and @-@ forth affair which was ultimately won by Texas , 25 – 22 . The game 's attendance was 105 @,@ 565 , which set the then all @-@ time attendance record for Ohio Stadium . The game was televised nationally on ABC and drew 9 @.@ 9 million viewers .
ESPN and College Football Rivals , were among the observers who named the game one of the best football games of the season . Texas ' win kept them near the front of the national championship picture . They ultimately finished the season unbeaten , snaring the Big 12 Conference and NCAA championships . Ohio State finished the season with ten wins and two losses and ranked No. 4 in the nation .
= = Leading into the 2005 season = =
The Ohio State Buckeyes and Texas Longhorns are two of the most storied programs in college football . Before 2005 each school had participated in college football for more than 100 years . They are home to nationally known traditions from the Buckeye leaf stickers and the O @-@ H @-@ I @-@ O chant at Ohio State to Bevo and the Hook ' em Horns of Texas .
One of the three most victorious programs in college football history as judged by either number of wins or winning percentage , the University of Texas has traditionally been considered a college football powerhouse . From 1936 to 2004 , the team finished the season in the top ten 23 times , or one @-@ third of the time , according to the Associated Press . The team that coach Mack Brown fielded in 2005 has been called one of the most memorable in college football history by College Football News .
Like the Longhorns , the Buckeyes are an elite football program . The Buckeyes program has produced 164 first @-@ team All @-@ American players , including seven Heisman Trophy winners .
The 2005 UT team was attempting to follow on the success of the 2004 season , in which quarterback Vince Young led the team to Mack Brown 's first Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) game in the 2005 Rose Bowl and a top @-@ 5 finish in the polls . With the exception of Cedric Benson , Derrick Johnson , and Bo Scaife , Texas returned most of their key players from 2004 – 2005 , including redshirt junior quarterback Vince Young .
Texas was given a pre @-@ season No. 2 ranking ( behind defending National Champions University of Southern California ) by Sports Illustrated magazine and was also ranked second in the pre @-@ season Associated Press Poll and USA Today Coaches Poll . This created anticipation that Texas might play for the national championship if they could win their road game against Ohio State University and if they could snap their five @-@ game losing streak against the Oklahoma Sooners who started the season ranked at No. 7 .
Ohio State had similarly high pre @-@ season expectations with their No. 4 ranking . There was preseason speculation they might win the Big Ten Conference and possibly even to have a chance at the national championship . The team featured a " dynamic duo " of wide receivers in Ted Ginn , Jr. and Santonio Holmes . Holmes entered his junior year as the No. 1 receiver for the Buckeyes after catching a pass in every game he played during the 2004 season ; he finished the season with 769 yards and seven touchdowns on 55 catches . Ginn was known for his explosive plays and versatility . For instance in the 2004 game against the Michigan State Spartans , he scored three touchdowns ( one rushing , one receiving , and one punt return ) .
For either team to play in the national title game , that team had to end up ranked No. 1 or No. 2 at the end of the regular season . Since the Bowl Championship Series was formed in 1998 , 9 of the 14 teams were unbeaten going into the championship game . The only time the national champion has not been unbeaten during that stretch was in 2003 when LSU and USC claimed a share of the title as each finished with one loss . Ohio State tackle Kirk Barton would later say " There ’ ll probably be two undefeated teams at the end of the road and if you ’ re not one of them you ’ re probably not going to be playing for the championship . So you ’ ve got to treat every game like it ’ s the Super Bowl . You only get one opportunity . "
= = Prior to the game = =
After they each won their home opener , Texas and Ohio State came into the game still ranked No. 2 and No. 4 , respectively . According to observers such as USA Today , the match @-@ up between the Longhorns and the OSU Buckeyes was one of the most @-@ anticipated games of the 2005 season . Teams have become increasingly conservative in scheduling non @-@ conference opponents of a high caliber , so a meeting of the number 2 and number 4 teams in the country is unusual this early in the season . Due to the high level of anticipation , ESPN chose the game for the location of its weekly College GameDay broadcast .
This meeting was also the first @-@ ever match @-@ up between the two storied programs ; the two teams had combined to play 1 @,@ 594 games before meeting . For Texas , it also meant playing a second Big Ten Conference powerhouse soon after winning the first @-@ ever matchup between Texas and the University of Michigan at the end of the 2004 season .
The Buckeyes entered the game with an all @-@ time record of 766 – 298 – 53 including an Ohio Stadium mark of 356 – 101 – 20 . During the 115 years the school has played football , the Buckeyes had won seven national championships , the most recent being in 2002 when they finished with a perfect 14 – 0 record . Texas came into the game with an all @-@ time record of 788 – 310 – 33 since 1893 . The Longhorns victory total and victory percentage are both the third highest in the NCAA annals . The Longhorns had won three national championships , most recently in 1970 . OSU ranked sixth all @-@ time winning percentage and was tied with Alabama for fifth in terms of total victories .
Before the game , it had been uncertain who would play at quarterback for Ohio State . Justin Zwick had started for OSU in the 2004 season but three straight loses and an injury to Zwick gave Troy Smith a chance to start . However , an NCAA investigation found Smith took $ 500 from an Ohio State booster in violation of NCAA rules . Although he could have been dismissed from the team , ultimately he had to repay the money and was forced to sit out OSU 's 2004 bowl game and the first game of 2005 . Ohio State coach Jim Tressel announced ahead of time that both Zwick and Smith would play in the game .
The game was played at Ohio State University in Ohio Stadium , also known as " The Horseshoe " or " the Shoe " . This stadium is notoriously tough for visiting teams , as its large capacity and structural design create a tremendous amount of crowd noise that can make it difficult for the visiting team to call audibles at the line of scrimmage . The Buckeyes had an active 36 consecutive game non @-@ conference winning streak in the stadium . The game 's attendance was 105 @,@ 565 , which set the all @-@ time attendance record for Ohio Stadium . The game was televised nationally on ABC and drew 9 @.@ 9 million viewers .
= = First quarter = =
The Buckeyes got the ball to start the game and Justin Zwick was the starting quarterback . He led his team to advance only five yards in three plays so they punted from their own 46 yard @-@ line to the UT eleven yard @-@ line . Less than five minutes into the game , Texas scored first on a field goal by David Pino . The 42 @-@ yard kick was a career @-@ long for Pino and also the first of what would be a career @-@ high ( single game ) three field goals . Ohio State strung together 11 plays for 64 yards but had to punt . With 1 : 37 to play in the first quarter , Texas extended this lead to 10 – 0 with a five @-@ yard touchdown pass from Vince Young to Billy Pittman . Troy Smith came into the game for the first time and was still leading the Buckeyes at the end of the first quarter .
= = Second quarter = =
Ohio State controlled most of the second quarter . Their first score was a 45 @-@ yd field goal by Josh Huston followed by a 36 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Troy Smith to Santonio Holmes to tie the score at 10 – 10 . They took the lead with two more field goals from Josh Huston ; the first was from 36 yards and the second was from 25 yards . Following the kick @-@ off , Texas took possession of the ball at their own 31 yard @-@ line with only 31 seconds remaining in the first half . Young began the drive by throwing a 36 @-@ yard pass to the Ohio State 18 yard @-@ line and then the receiver ran out of bounds to stop the clock with 20 seconds to play . On the next play , Young rushed for six yards and was tackled in @-@ bounds , causing Texas to use a time out with 12 seconds on the clock . On second down , OSU 's A.J. Hawk sacked Vince Young for a loss of 8 yards , forcing Texas to take another time @-@ out with seven seconds remaining . Texas put in David Pino to complete a 37 yard kick with two seconds left , making the score 16 – 13 in favor of Ohio State . Texas kicked off and time expired on the ensuing 18 @-@ yard return by Erick Jackson .
= = Halftime = =
Just as it was the first @-@ ever meeting of the two football teams , it was also the first time that The Ohio State University Marching Band ( nicknamed " The Best Damn Band in the Land " or TBDBITL ) and The University of Texas Longhorn Band ( nicknamed " The Showband of the Southwest " ) had ever performed back @-@ to @-@ back halftime performances . The OSU band performed Script Ohio and the UT band performed Script Texas . Ohio State also held a ceremony to honor one of their longtime coaches , Woody Hayes , by placing his name on the east side of the stadium .
= = Third quarter = =
Texas got the ball at their 20 to start the second half . On the first play from scrimmage , Jamaal Charles rushed for three yards . On second down , Vince Young 's pass was intercepted by Nate Salley at the UT 37 . Two rushes by Antonio Pittman resulted in a first down at the UT 30 . After a short gain on first down and an incomplete pass on second down , Troy Smith recovered his own fumble on third down to set up a successful 44 @-@ yard field goal by Huston . Texas used six plays , including a 63 @-@ yard pass to Billy Pittman before being stopped at the Ohio State eight yard @-@ line . David Pino made the 25 @-@ yard field goal . On the ensuing kick @-@ off by Richmond McGee , OSU 's Ted Ginn , Jr. took the ball at the one yard @-@ line and ran it out to almost mid @-@ field . The drive ended with a successful 26 @-@ yard field goal by Huston . The following three possessions ( two for Texas and one for Ohio State ) resulted in punts . The third quarter expired with Ohio State leading 22 to 16 and with control of the ball near mid @-@ field .
= = Fourth quarter = =
Ohio State was unable to score and gave the ball back to Texas with 13 : 24 left in the game . Texas was forced to punt . On the Buckeyes ' next possession they drove from their own 30 to the Texas 33 before settling for a sixth field goal attempt by Huston , this one from 50 yards out . Huston missed wide left to leave Ohio State still ahead by six points . Texas took over at their own 33 with 5 : 07 left in the game .
On an incomplete pass to Brian Carter , Texas benefited from a pass interference penalty which moved the ball to the UT 48 . Vince Young rushed for four yards and then threw an incomplete pass to Ramonce Taylor before taking a timeout with 4 : 42 left to play . Young 's next pass was complete for a first down to Jamaal Charles who went out @-@ of @-@ bounds to completely stop the clock . Vince Young rushed for one yard to the OSU 38 and then took a time @-@ out at 3 : 53 . Young threw to Jamaal Charles who gained eight yards and went out @-@ of @-@ bounds . An offsides penalty by Ohio State and a one @-@ yard rush by Jamaal Charles gave Texas second and nine from the Ohio State 24 . On second and nine with 2 : 37 remaining to play , Vince Young passed a touchdown pass over the head of a defender to find Limas Sweed in the end @-@ zone . It was the 23rd touchdown pass by Young , putting him seventh in the all @-@ time school record book . David Pino 's kick gave Texas the lead at 23 – 22 .
Texas kicked off to the Ohio State five yard @-@ line and Holmes returned it 26 yards to the Buckeye 31 . Justin Zwick was in at quarterback for Ohio State . On first @-@ and @-@ ten and needing a score to win the game , Zwick rushed around the left side to the 35 but a fumble was forced by UT 's Drew Kelson . UT 's Brian Robison recovered the fumble at the 30 and advanced it nine yards before being tackled by Vernon Gholston at the Ohio State 21 .
With 2 : 19 to play and nursing a one @-@ point lead , Texas was in position to win if they could run out the clock . They began with a 12 @-@ yard rush on the left side by Jamaal Charles for a first down . Charles then carried again up the middle for a two @-@ yard gain to the Ohio State 7 . OSU called a time @-@ out to stop the clock at 1 : 36 . On second @-@ and @-@ goal , Vince Young kept the ball and gained three yards before being tackled by A.J. Hawk . The Buckeyes again called time @-@ out with 1 : 23 left . Young carried again for three yards before being brought down by B. Carpenter and A.J. Hawk just one yard short of the goal @-@ line . This time , Texas took a time @-@ out with 29 seconds left to play . Following the time @-@ out , Young handed off to Henry Melton who was stopped for no gain . Ohio State took over on downs .
Troy Smith came back in as quarterback for Ohio State . On first down , Smith was sacked for a loss of one yard by Aaron Harris . This gave Texas a safety , extending their lead to 25 – 22 . Josh Huston attempted an onside kick , but Texas was able to recover it at the Ohio State 32 . Texas took a knee to end the game .
= = Analysis = =
Ohio State recovered three turnovers in Texas territory , but each time the Texas defense held OSU to just a field goal . The five field goals by Josh Huston tied an Ohio State school and stadium record . He now shares the record with Mike Nugent ( at North Carolina State , September 19 , 2004 ) and Bob Atha ( vs. Indiana , October 24 , 1981 in Ohio Stadium ) . Wide receiver Ted Ginn , Jr . , usually an important contributor for the Buckeyes , was held to only nine yards receiving but he also contributed 82 yards on three kick @-@ off returns ( the longest was for 46 yards ) and eight yards on one punt return .
Texas ' win at 25 – 22 was the lowest scoring game the team would experience all season , both in terms of points scored by Texas and in terms of total points . UT 's victory against fourth @-@ ranked OSU marked the highest ranked non @-@ conference opponent the Longhorns had ever beaten at the opponent 's home stadium . The previous high came in 1983 when third @-@ ranked Texas pulled off a 20 – 7 upset at fifth @-@ ranked Auburn . Texas became the first non @-@ conference opponent to beat The Buckeyes in Ohio Stadium since 1990 , putting an end to a 36 @-@ game home victory string over non @-@ conference opponents . The Longhorns also were the first team to ever beat the Buckeyes in a night game at The Horseshoe . It was UT 's 10th straight victory in a night game road contest . ESPN and College Football Rivals , were among the observers who named the game one of the best football games of the season .
= = After the game = =
Texas eventually finished the season of 2005 – 2006 as the only undefeated team , winning both the Big 12 Conference championship and the National Championship . The Longhorns ' penultimate victory of the season , in the Big 12 Championship Game , featured the biggest margin of victory in the history of that contest . Their ultimate victory in the 2006 Rose Bowl against the University of Southern California Trojans for the national championship , as well as their overall season , have both been cited as standing among the greatest performances in college football history by publications such as College Football News , the Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , Scout.com , and Sports Illustrated . The Longhorns and the Trojans were together awarded the 2006 ESPY Award by ESPN for the " Best Game " in any sport . The Longhorns finished the season as the only unbeaten team , with 13 wins and zero losses overall .
The season gave Texas its second Big 12 football championship ( 27 conference championships total , including 25 in the Southwest Conference ) , and fourth consensus national championship in football . It was the ninth perfect season in the history of Longhorn football .
UT set numerous school and NCAA records , including most points scored in a season ( 652 ) . After the season ended , six Longhorns from this championship team were selected by professional football teams in the 2006 NFL Draft .
Ohio State finished the season with an appearance in the 2006 Fiesta Bowl where they defeated the Notre Dame Fighting Irish 34 – 20 . They finished the season ranked No. 4 in the nation .
= Bedsitcom =
Bedsitcom is a British reality television hoax series that was broadcast on Channel 4 in December 2003 . Pitched as " somewhere between a sitcom and a reality TV show " , the show documented the lives of six young people living in a loft flat in London . Its hook was that its TV audience was aware that three of the participants — named Mel , Paul and Rufus — were actually actors being directed by a trio of " writers " in a garage on the ground floor .
Bedsitcom was commissioned by the Channel Four Television Corporation and produced by Objective Productions . Producers auditioned thousands of people to be the show 's genuine contestants and selected from them six young adults to live in the flat with the three actors . These six contestants were told that they would be starring in a new reality TV series called Making Friends , and featured on the show three at a time over a period of eight weeks . The programme ran for a single series of eight episodes and featured various storylines , involving dead goldfish , dodgy dealings , promiscuous mothers and telephone psychics .
The show received largely negative feedback from television reviewers , who criticised the show 's premise as a " deeply offensive " idea . It received a viewership peak of 1 @.@ 2 million with its final episode , giving it an audience share of 8 @.@ 9 per cent . Bedsitcom was not recommissioned for a second series and is currently not available either on DVD or on Channel 4 's on demand service , 4oD .
= = Production = =
= = = Concept = = =
Bedsitcom was created by Peter James and Andrew O 'Connor , and was conceived as a parody of both reality television and the traditional sitcom . It combined these two elements by featuring three members of the public being unknowingly placed in extraordinary situations by three actors being directed by writers . After being commissioned for Channel 4 by Danielle Lux , Bedsitcom was produced by Matt Crook and Kirsty Smith of Objective Productions .
The show was pitched as " somewhere between a sitcom and a reality TV show " and was promoted as " an entirely new genre of television programme " . Its title is a portmanteau of the words " bedsit " — a British term referring to a form of rented accommodation consisting of a single room and shared bathroom — and " sitcom " . The title is technically a misnomer : as the accommodation 's bedroom and sitting area were separate , it was not a bedsit .
= = = Casting = = =
Melanie Ash , Paul Gibbon and Rufus Jones were selected as the three actors to feature in Bedsitcom . Jones had previously portrayed the part of Crispin in the 2002 drama White Teeth ; Gibbon had played the lead role of Link in the series Stone Cold . To avoid breaking character , all three used their real names while living in the flat and went through weeks of rehearsals . O 'Connor described the entire process as " exhausting " .
To find suitable candidates to live with the three actors , producers auditioned roughly 10 @,@ 000 people , who were told that they would be taking part in a new reality television programme in London called Making Friends . Six members of the public , named Barrington , Bob , Dave , David , Jessica and Shirine , were selected to feature on the show .
= = = Writing and filming = = =
The plots for Bedsitcom were devised by a team of writers ( led by Rob Gibbons , Neil Gibbons and producer Matt Crook ) located in a garage on the ground floor of the apartment building that the contestants were staying in . The writers would often appear on screen and explain to the TV audience what their intention for each episode was . They communicated with Ash , Gibbon and Jones either by ringing them on their mobile phones , or by calling them downstairs to speak to them in person . They would occasionally change their plans for an episode — in " Worst Case Scenario " , for example , the writers altered their storyline from having Mel bring various animals into the flat to having the group kill Mel 's goldfish after only one night .
Among the team of writers were Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain , who had created the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show with O 'Connor earlier that year , plus Rob Gibbons and Neil Gibbons . Filming of Bedsitcom began in May 2003 and lasted for approximately eight weeks . The flatmates were filmed for 12 hours a day , with this footage then being edited down to roughly 25 minutes per week of filming .
= = Episodes = =
Bedsitcom documented the lives of six young adults living in a loft flat in London . Eight episodes in total were created , which were divided into two distinct halves . The first four episodes centred on the lives of Mel , Paul and Rufus , the three actors , as they lived in the flat with Bob , Dave and Shirine , the three unaware members of the public who believed they were taking part in a genuine reality TV show . After Bob , Dave and Shirine had learnt the true nature of the show at the end of episode four , they moved out and were replaced by three new members of the public named Barrington , David and Jessica . These three new cast members remained on Bedsitcom for the final four episodes .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Reviewers gave Bedsitcom generally negative feedback . Some were critical of the storylines that had been devised by the writers , calling them unimaginative and clichéd . Others were critical of the premise of the show itself , describing it as " deeply offensive and manipulative " and " morally reprehensible " — all three actors , particularly Jones , received criticism for their acting abilities . Frances Traynor of The Daily Record called the show " about as funny as sharing a flat with that German cannibal " and Paddy Sherman of The Liverpool Echo branded the show " intensely irritating " . Paul Hoggart of The Times called it " a show that seemed to have nothing to recommend it whatsoever " , — after watching the first episode , Charlie Catchpole of The Daily Star simply stated : " It isn 't funny . " Critics on Newsnight Review also spoke harshly about the programme , with Tom Paulin calling it " a disgraceful piece of television " and Jeanette Winterson describing it as " incredibly dull " .
A slightly more positive review came from Joe Joseph of The Times , who suggested that " if [ the format ] works , [ it ] could be profitably franchised around the world " . Deborah Bull said that , while it was " a terrible programme " , there were " some funny lines " . Chris Wilson , editor of Collective , similarly wrote that " while the end results are often amusing and tackle some interesting storylines , the whole project smacks of lazy , cruel television " .
In a 2005 interview , series creator Andrew O 'Connor spoke about Bedsitcom and the critical reaction that it had received . He said that he felt that the premise of the show was a " great idea " , but that it did not make " great television " . He also remarked : " We didn 't cast it right and the public didn 't take to the series . "
= = = Ratings and awards = = =
Given the level of exposure and promotion that it had been granted , Channel Four were disappointed by ratings for Bedsitcom . The pilot , shown on 8 December 2003 , generated 1 million viewers , but this figure had fallen to 700 @,@ 000 by 10 December . The ratings rose to 1 @.@ 1 million viewers for the fourth episode , " Fag Ends " . On average , the series attracted an audience share of less than 6 per cent . The final episode , " P.I.G " , gained a viewership of 1 @.@ 2 million with a market share of 8 @.@ 9 per cent , which was its highest audience for the series . Bedsitcom was nominated for a single award at the 2004 Rose d 'Or festival , a European awards show that commemorates achievement in entertainment television . The programme was submitted in the Best Situation Comedy category , but was beaten by Peep Show .
= = Distribution = =
Bedsitcom was distributed by the Channel Four Television Corporation , who broadcast the show on its eponymous channel . It premiered in the UK at 10 : 40 p.m. on 8 December 2003 . Bedsitcom 's eight episodes were ' stripped ' over two weeks : the first four were broadcast nightly until 11 December and the remaining four were shown each night from 15 December . There are currently no plans to revive the series , and it is not available either on DVD or on 4oD , Channel 4 's on demand service .
= Black & Blue ( Miike Snow song ) =
" Black & Blue " is a song performed by Swedish indie pop band Miike Snow . It was released as the second single from the band 's 2009 self @-@ titled debut album on 15 October 2009 through Columbia Records . The song was written by the band alongside Henrik Jonback and Juliet Richardson . Band members Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg of production duo Bloodshy & Avant had conceptualized the chorus prior to forming the band with Andrew Wyatt in 2007 , but saved the idea for the Miike Snow project rather than offering it to another artist . " Black & Blue " is a blue @-@ eyed soul and electronica song that is sung in a breathy falsetto style with piano and synthesizer instrumentation .
Critics were generally positive towards " Black & Blue " . The majority of them praised the piano elements and Wyatt 's vocals . The single is among the band 's most successful releases ; it peaked at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top 10 on the UK Dance Chart and the Flemish Ultratip chart . Vince Haycock directed its accompanying music video , in which actor Jeff Stewart portrays a man who creates music with eccentric instruments in his apartment .
= = Background = =
" Black & Blue " was written by Miike Snow 's three members , Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg and Andrew Wyatt , in collaboration with Henrik Jonback and Juliet Richardson . Parts of the chorus were initially conceptualized by Karlsson and Winnberg , also known as Bloodshy & Avant , prior to forming the band in 2007 . Karlsson told music website musicOMH , " It 's the only song on the album that we had an idea before and we kind of saved [ it ] , like we want this song for our own project . When we met Andrew [ Wyatt ] and we decided to start the band , it was only an idea , but we played it for Andrew and he really liked it . " It was recorded at Robotberget , the band 's own studio in Stockholm , Sweden . The band produced the track and then mixed it with Anders Hvenare . Columbia Records released " Black & Blue " as the album 's second single on 15 October 2009 in Europe . The digital release includes the original version and remixes by Caspa , Jaymo & Andy George , Netsky , Savage Skulls and Tiga . In the United Kingdom , the iTunes Store version comes with the original track , remixes by Tiga and Caspa , and Mark Ronson 's remix of the album 's first single , " Animal " . A 12 " vinyl was released in the United Kingdom on 19 October 2009 , featuring the aforementioned " Black & Blue " remixes , excluding Netsky 's .
= = Composition = =
" Black & Blue " is a blue @-@ eyed soul and electronica piano piece . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group , the song is written in the time signature of common time with a moderate beat rate of 135 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A ♭ major and Wyatt 's vocal range spans the notes of E ♭ 4 to F5 . It has an A ♭ – B ♭ m – Fm7 – Gm chord progression and a verse @-@ chorus structure . Wyatt sings moody and melancholic lyrics in a " breathy " and " whispery " falsetto vocal style . The production features piano chords over " buzzing " synthesizers . According to BBC Music critic Fraser McAlpine , it includes Coldplay @-@ esque breakdown sections and a " ghosty , mournful piano playing doomy dark chords " . McAlpine compared the verses to " Music Sounds Better with You " ( 1998 ) by French house band Stardust , and Ben Hogwood of musicOMH likened the " soulful approach " to gospel music and works by American duo Outkast . Elliott Townsend of URB called it an " electro @-@ pop throwback " to Curtis Mayfield 's " Move On Up " ( 1970 ) .
= = Critical reception = =
" Black & Blue " received a positive response from music critics . John Bergstrom of PopMatters described it as " smooth , winning blue @-@ eyed soul " , and Neil Ashman of Drowned in Sound commented that its breathy vocals , piano chords and synth backing made it a " successful blend of melancholy and dancefloor @-@ ready rhythms " . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian deemed the falsetto vocals and synths " naggingly infectious " , citing it as the band 's strong point : " the trio may be faceless , but they write a good tune " . Sputnikmusic 's staff reviewer Rudy Klapper felt that the " techno swirl " of the song " nail [ s ] the juxtaposition between Wyatt 's moody lyrics and the irrepressible production " . Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music rated " Black & Blue " four stars out of five and recommended it for when " you just need something to lift the spirits a bit , without someone shouting something stupid in your ear " . He continued , " It basically wants to rub your shoulders at the end of a long hard day , and whisper something funny in your ear while your shoulders untie . " Natalie Kaye of Contactmusic.com said that although it begins melancholy , it " swells to become one of the noisiest points on Miike Snow " . Paul Mitchell of The Skinny felt that Wyatt channels Paddy McAloon 's breathy vocal style on " Black & Blue " , but without the " lyrical wit " . He rated the song three stars out of five and called it " decent " , finding the remixes available on the release more interesting . A more critical review came from Pitchfork Media 's Marc Hogan , who wrote that it " promisingly ... splits the difference between Prince and piano @-@ pop , only to underwhelm as a whole " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the issue dated 17 October 2009 of the UK Singles Chart , " Black & Blue " debuted at number 95 . It fell off the following week , before re @-@ entering the next at number 64 , which became its peak . The song spent three weeks on the chart . In the issue dated 30 October 2009 , the single entered the UK Dance Chart at number two , which became its peak . It spent five weeks on the chart ; its final appearance was on 28 November 2009 at number 19 . " Black & Blue " is the band 's highest @-@ peaking entry on both the UK Singles Chart and the UK Dance Chart . In Belgium , the song peaked at number ten on the Flemish Ultratip chart , where it spent five weeks in total .
= = Music video = =
Vince Haycock directed the music video for " Black & Blue " on location in Hackney , London in August 2009 . The clip features The Bill actor Jeff Stewart as a bearded man . The video begins with the man waking up in his apartment at noon . He conducts various experiments to create music , and finally finishes a robotic mannequin that plays the drums . This is interspersed with shots of Miike Snow band members driving a car with Wyatt singing in the backseat . Happy with his invention , the man then walks outside in his bathrobe , headphones and sunglasses past three frolicking teenagers , and hugs one of them . He continues to walk down the street where he finally meets the members of Miike Snow at a crosswalk . He removes his bathrobe , headphones and sunglasses , and walks away happily . The video premiered online in September 2009 , before being released to the iTunes Store on 9 October 2009 . Regarding the video , Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music remarked : " It 's basically what Santa does on his days off . "
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg , Andrew Wyatt , Henrik Jonback , Juliet Richardson
Production – Miike Snow
Mixing – Anders Hvenare , Miike Snow
Mastering – Ted Jensen
Credits are adapted from the Miike Snow liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Alton B. Parker =
Alton Brooks Parker ( May 14 , 1852 – May 10 , 1926 ) was an American judge , best known as the Conservative Democrat who lost the presidential election of 1904 to incumbent Theodore Roosevelt in a landslide .
A native of upstate New York , Parker practiced law in Kingston , New York , before being appointed to the New York Supreme Court and elected to the New York Court of Appeals ; he served as Chief Judge of the latter from 1898 to 1904 , when he resigned to run for president . In 1904 , he defeated liberal publisher William Randolph Hearst for the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States . In the general election , Parker opposed popular incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt . After a disorganized and ineffective campaign , Parker was defeated by 336 electoral votes to 140 , carrying only the traditionally Democratic Solid South . He then returned to practicing law . He managed John A. Dix 's successful 1910 campaign for Governor of New York and served as prosecution counsel for the 1913 impeachment of Dix 's successor , Governor William Sulzer .
= = Early life = =
Parker was born in Cortland , New York , to John Brooks Parker , a farmer , and Harriet F. Stratton . Both of his parents were well educated and encouraged his reading from an early age . At the age of 12 or 13 , Parker watched his father serve as a juror and was so fascinated by the proceedings that he resolved to become a lawyer . However , he trained initially as a teacher and taught in Binghamton . There he became engaged to Mary Louise Schoonmaker , the daughter of a man who owned property near his school . Parker married Schoonmaker in 1872 and became a clerk at Schoonmaker & Hardenburgh , a legal firm at which one of her relatives was the senior partner . He then enrolled at Albany Law School . After graduating with an LL.B. degree in 1873 , he practiced law in Kingston until 1878 as the senior partner of the firm Parker & Kenyon .
Parker also became active with the Democratic Party and was an early supporter of future New York governor and US President Grover Cleveland . He served as a delegate to the 1884 Democratic National Convention , at which Cleveland was named the party 's presidential nominee ; Cleveland went on to narrowly defeat Republican James G. Blaine in the fall election . During this time , Parker also became a protege of David B. Hill , managing Hill 's 1884 gubernatorial campaign ; Hill won in a landslide .
= = Judicial career = =
After his election , Hill appointed Parker to fill an 1885 vacancy on the New York Supreme Court created by the death of Justice Theodore R. Westbrook . In 1886 , Parker was elected to his own fourteen @-@ year term in the seat . Three years later , Parker became an appellate judge when Hill appointed him to the newly formed Second Department of the Appellate Division . In November 1897 , Parker successfully ran for the post of Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals , defeating Republican William James Wallace .
As a judge , Parker was notable for independently researching each case that he heard . He was generally considered to be pro @-@ labor and was an active supporter of social reform legislation , for example upholding a maximum @-@ hours law as constitutional . In the 1902 decision Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co , Parker found against a woman whose face had been used in advertisements without her permission , ruling that this use did not violate her common law privacy rights . The decision was unpopular in the press and led to the passage of a privacy law by the New York State Legislature the following year . In the same year , Parker upheld the death sentence given to convicted murderer Martha Place , who became the first woman to be executed by electric chair .
During his time as Chief Judge , Parker and his wife sold their Kingston home and bought an estate in Esopus on the Hudson River , calling the house " Rosemount " . The couple had one daughter and one son , the latter of whom died young of tetanus .
= = Presidential nomination = =
As the 1904 presidential election approached , the Democrats began to search for a nominee to oppose popular incumbent Republican president Theodore Roosevelt , and Parker 's name arose as a possible candidate . Roosevelt 's Secretary of War Elihu Root said of Parker that he " has never opened his mouth on any national question " , but Roosevelt feared that the man 's neutrality would prove a political advantage , writing that " the neutral @-@ tinted individual is very apt to win against the man of pronounced views and active life " .
The 1904 Democratic National Convention was held in July in St. Louis , Missouri , then also hosting the 1904 World 's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics . Parker 's mentor David B. Hill — having attempted and failed to capture the nomination himself at the 1892 convention — now led the campaign for his protege 's nomination . William Jennings Bryan , who had been nominated but defeated by William McKinley in both 1896 and 1900 , was no longer considered by delegates to be a viable alternative . Radicals in the party supported publisher William Randolph Hearst but lacked sufficient numbers to secure the nomination due to opposition from Bryan and Tammany Hall , a powerful New York political machine . Small clusters of delegates pledged support to other candidates , including Missouri Senator Francis Cockrell ; Richard Olney , Grover Cleveland 's Secretary of State ; Edward C. Wall , a former Wisconsin State Representative ; and George Gray , a former Senator from Delaware . Other delegates spoke of nominating Cleveland , who had already served two nonconsecutive terms , but Cleveland was no longer popular outside the party or even within it , due to his rift with Bryan .
Parker 's long service on the bench proved to be an advantage in his nomination , as he had avoided taking stands on issues that divided the party , particularly that of currency standards . Hill and other Parker supporters remained deliberately silent on their candidate 's beliefs . By the time the convention cast their votes , it was clear that no candidate but Parker could unify the party , and he was selected on the first ballot . Henry G. Davis , an elderly West Virginia millionaire and former senator , was selected as the vice presidential candidate in the hope that he would partially finance Parker 's campaign .
The convention was riven by debate over whether to include a free silver plank in the campaign 's platform , opposing the gold standard and calling for the government to mint large numbers of silver dollars . The " free silver " movement , a key plank for the party in 1896 and 1900 , was popular among indebted Western farmers who felt that inflation would help them repay their debts . Business interests , in contrast , supported the lower inflation of the gold standard . Bryan , famous for his 1896 " Cross of Gold " speech opposing the gold standard , fought bitterly to avoid the inclusion of the gold standard in the party platform in 1904 . Ultimately the convention agreed not to include a plank on the subject .
However , seeking to win the support of the Eastern " sound money " faction , Parker sent a telegram to the convention immediately upon hearing news of his nomination that he considered the gold standard " firmly and irrevocably established " and would decline the nomination if he could not state this in his campaign . The telegram sparked a new debate and fresh opposition from Bryan , but the convention eventually replied to Parker that he was free to speak on the issue as he liked . National support for Parker began to rise , and Roosevelt praised his opponent 's telegram in private as " bold and skillful " and " most adroit " .
= = Campaign = =
After receiving the nomination , Parker resigned from the bench . On August 10 , he was formally visited at Rosemount by a delegation of party elders to inform him of his nomination . Parker then delivered
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
a speech criticizing Roosevelt for his administration 's involvement in Turkish and Moroccan affairs and having failed to give a date on which the Philippines would become independent of American control ; the speech was considered even by supporters to be impersonal and uninspiring . Historian Lewis L. Gould described the speech as a " fiasco " for Parker from which the candidate did not recover . After this initial speech , Parker retreated into a strategy of silence again , avoiding comment on all major issues .
Parker 's campaign soon proved to be poorly run as well . Parker and his advisors opted for a front porch campaign , in which delegations would be brought to Rosemount to see Parker speak on the model of McKinley 's successful 1896 campaign . However , due to Esopus ' remote location and the campaign 's inefficient use of funds to bring in delegates , Parker received few visitors . Rather than introducing issues that would differentiate the two parties , the Democrats preferred to emphasize Roosevelt 's character , portraying him as dangerously unstable . Parker 's campaign also failed to reach out to traditional Democratic voting blocs such as Irish Catholic immigrants . In contrast , Roosevelt 's campaign , headed by George Cortelyou , organized committees to appeal specifically to demographics including Jewish , black , and German @-@ American voters . John Hay , Roosevelt 's Secretary of State , wrote of Parker 's poor showing to Henry Adams , calling it " the most absurd political campaign of our time " .
A month before the election , Parker became aware of the large amount of corporate donations Cortelyou had solicited for the Roosevelt campaign , and made " Cortelyouism " a theme of his speeches , accusing the president of being insincere in previous trust busting efforts . In late October , he also went on a speaking tour in the key states of New York and New Jersey , in which he reiterated the president 's " shameless exhibition of a willingness to make compromise with dignity " . Roosevelt , enraged , released a statement calling Parker 's criticisms " monstrous " and " slanderous " .
Parker 's attacks came too late to turn the election , however . On November 8 , Roosevelt won in a landslide of 7 @,@ 630 @,@ 457 votes to Parker 's 5 @,@ 083 @,@ 880 . Roosevelt carried every northern and western state , including Missouri , for a total of 336 electoral votes ; Parker carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South , accumulating 140 electoral votes . Parker telegraphed his congratulations to Roosevelt that night and returned to private life .
In Irving Stone 's 1943 book They Also Ran about defeated presidential candidates , the author stated that Parker was the only defeated presidential candidate in history never to have a biography written about him . Stone theorized that Parker would have been an effective president and the 1904 election was one of a few in American history in which voters had two first @-@ rate candidates to choose from . Stone professed that Americans liked Roosevelt more because of his colorful style .
= = Later life = =
After the election , Parker resumed practicing law and served as the president of the American Bar Association from 1906 to 1907 . He represented organized labor in several cases , most notably in Loewe v. Lawlor , popularly known as the " Danbury Hatters ' case " . In the case , the fur hat manufacturer D. E. Loewe & Company had attempted to enforce an open shop policy ; when unions had subsequently boycotted the company , it sued the United Hatters of North America for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . The conservative US Supreme Court found for Loewe by ruling that the union had been acting in restraint of interstate commerce .
Parker later re @-@ entered politics , managing John Alden Dix 's successful 1910 gubernatorial campaign and delivering the keynote address of the 1912 Democratic National Convention , which nominated Woodrow Wilson for President . In 1913 , he was counsel for the managers of the trial leading to the impeachment of Dix 's successor as governor , William Sulzer .
Parker 's wife , Mary , died in 1917 . He remarried in 1923 to Amelia Day Campbell . On May 10 , 1926 , only a few days after recovering from bronchial pneumonia , Parker died from a heart attack while riding in his car through New York City 's Central Park , four days before his 74th birthday . He was buried in Wiltwyck Cemetery in Kingston .
= Luan Da =
Luan Da ( simplified Chinese : 栾大 ; traditional Chinese : 欒大 ; pinyin : Luán Dà ; Wade – Giles : Luan Ta , died 112 BC ; ) was a religious figure during the early Han Dynasty from the state of Yue . He professed to know the secret to immortality and be able to communicate with spiritual beings . Possessing the gift of gab and adept at confidence tricks , Luan Da gained the favour of Emperor Wu of Han , also known as Han Wudi . In the space of a few months , he rose from a commoner to great influence , holding titles and land , and marrying one of the emperor 's daughters . However , he could not fulfill his promise to Emperor Wu , failing to produce a means to immortality . He gradually lost the emperor 's favour and went on a purported visit to immortals ; however , he was eventually captured and executed . At the apex of his career , many of his fellow mystics held him up as their role model and sought to emulate him . His death was a sign of the trade 's fall from favour ; laws were passed to restrict the practice of mediumship , even penalising those who married its practitioners .
= = Background = =
= = = Cultural background = = =
In early imperial China ( the Qin and Han Dynasties ) , religion centered around the realms of shen ( spirits ) and yin ( shadow ) . These realms were considered sacred , and religious figures attempted to contact their inhabitants through elaborate ceremonies in which the perceptions of the practitioner and audience were blurred through the use of smoke , incense , and music . Other practices were also employed to further manipulate the practitioner 's senses . For example , a chief priest would fast and meditate before he performed a sacrifice . The deprivation of food was thought to make him more susceptible to perceive shen , yin , and other phenomena within the smoke during the ritual . During the Han Dynasty , alleged mediums would fall into trances or perform ritual dances to accomplish supernatural feats . Some of these events were documented in the Shi jing ( Canon of Odes ) , written in the Zhou Dynasty .
= = = Han Wudi = = =
Emperor Han Wudi was a superstitious man , and believed that he could attain good health and immortality through spiritual means . One such method involved collecting morning dew on a platter and mixing crushed jade with it to form a " spiritual dew " . The emperor routinely drank this " spiritual dew " and only stopped after he fell severely ill from it .
The emperor employed several men who claimed to be able to produce elixirs of immortality or who could communicate with spiritual beings . Shaoweng , the court mystic who preceded Luan Da and had studied under the same teacher , performed a ritual that was exposed to be a fraud . Embarrassed that he had been tricked , the emperor ordered Shaoweng 's execution and kept quiet about the affair . Shaoweng purportedly died from consuming horse liver , which was thought to be poisonous at the time . Later , Emperor Wu reconsidered Shaoweng 's fraud , wondering if perhaps some of his mystical arts had been genuine . The emperor realized that his chance for immortality might have passed with Shaoweng 's execution , and began to search for a new mystic .
= = Career = =
= = = Early life = = =
Not much is known about Luan Da 's early life , only that he was born in Yue and was the eldest child in his family . Records do not even reveal his full name ; the Da ( 大 ; big ) simply signified his seniority over his siblings . It was conventional at the time to omit surnames for minor figures in the annals of Chinese history , and thus this is not unusual .
= = = Rise to power = = =
The state of Yue was renowned for its mediums , and Luan Da was a fine example . The Shih ji ( Records of the Grand Historian ) described him as " tall and a brilliant speaker " , who was " fertile in techniques " and a master of esoteric arts , such as shadow play . He was originally a mystic in the court of the emperor 's brother , Liu Ji , the Prince of Jiao Dong . Liu Ji 's wife had mentioned Luan Da to her brother , the Marquess of Lecheng , Dingyi . Trying to boost his standing with Emperor Wu , Dingyi told the emperor of Shaoweng 's far more capable fellow disciple , Luan Da , in 113 BC .
Upon their meeting , Emperor Wu inquired into Luan Da and his teacher 's powers . In response , Luan Da boasted that he had met immortals . He also claimed that with enough stature and skill , one could create gold , manufacture a means to achieve immortality , dam the Yellow River , and become an immortal . Luan Da then expressed concern at how Shaoweng had been killed , but the excited emperor assured him that the rumours of Shaoweng 's execution were false . The emperor , in his enthusiasm , offered Luan Da anything if he would take Shaoweng 's place and discover the secret of immortality from his allegedly immortal master . To this , Luan Da replied :
" Your servant 's masters seek nothing of men , it is men who seek of them . If Your Majesty is determined to invite them here , then ennoble your envoys , make them imperial relatives , treat them with courtesy due guests , and do not humble them . Let your envoys each hang their seals of office from their girdles , and then you can send them to converse with spiritual beings . Whether the spiritual beings will accede or not is still uncertain , but if you bestow high honors on your envoys , then they may be induced to come . "
Remembering his experience with Shaoweng , the emperor turned cautious and tested Luan Da ; he requested the mystic to display his power . Luan Da set down a chess board and , while chanting , caused the chess pieces to charge at one another . The emperor was reassured that Luan Da truly had power . The trick was achieved by coating the pieces in a mixture of rooster 's blood , iron shavings , and " magnetic dust " . In Science and Civilisation in China ( 1986 ) , Joseph Needham discusses the details of this feat and proposed that lodestone was likely used : powdered magnetite would not have been very effective .
At that time , the Yellow River was flooding , causing widespread devastation to the people and the rice harvests . As Luan Da had claimed that he could dam the river , Emperor Wu felt that it would be wise to encourage the mystic to take up the task by quickly pleasing him . The emperor granted Luan Da the title of the General of Five Boons , and almost as an afterthought , three other such titles : the General of Heavenly Practitioners , the General of the Earth Practitioners , and General Grand Communicator . Emperor Wu also lavished gifts on him ; he was granted the marquisate of Letong , giving him some 2 @,@ 000 households to rule over , and the emperor also gave him a luxurious mansion , a thousand servants , opulent transportation , many decorations , a seal labelled " General of Heavenly Way " , and even the hand in marriage of Princess Wei Zifu , the emperor 's eldest daughter , accompanied by a dowry estimated at 10 @,@ 000 catties of gold . The emperor himself , along with envoys , members of the royal family , and high @-@ ranking officials often invited Luan Da to dine or paid him house calls merely to ask how he was doing . With his marquisate and five generalships , Luan Da had become a man of great standing only a few months after his introduction to the emperor . He was no longer merely Emperor Wu 's subject , but an envoy of the immortal beings with status equal to the emperor .
In possession of these newly @-@ bestowed honours , Luan Da spent every evening at home , attempting to summon spirits . According to the Shih ji , no spirits appeared , but only " a multitude of ghosts who gathered around " . These , the text claims , he was able to command . The Shih ji 's author , Sima Qian , was scornful of Luan Da , noting that " Everyone on the seacoast of Yan and Qi began waving their arms about , declaring that they possessed secret arts and could summon spirits and immortal ones . " Indeed , Luan Da 's dramatic growth in reputation and stature became a great topic of discussion in the Han capital of Chang 'an , and mystics were eager to imitate his success .
= = = Fall from power and death = = =
By the summer after his elevation , Luan Da had forgotten the emperor 's request for an audience with the immortals . Emperor Wu , anxious to achieve immortality , sent an envoy to remind his court mystic of his task . Luan Da attempted to delay , but eventually realised he had to appease the emperor and allay his suspicions . The mystic decided to put on an act of journeying to meet the immortals . With a group of followers , he travelled to Shandong . Emperor Wu , however , was already suspicious , and sent a spy to follow Luan Da .
The spy followed the court mystic to Mount Tai , where he performed a ritual with his followers , although no one saw any immortals . Luan Da ordered his followers to stay behind while he went ahead to meet the immortals , telling them that the spiritual beings would not descend to meet with lowly servants . The spy tailed Luan Da as he went forth alone , but only saw the mystic walk along the beach . Luan Da returned to his group and reported that he had seen his immortal master and that they were to report back to the emperor . Angered by Luan Da 's deceit , the spy rushed back to the capital before the mystic to inform Emperor Wu . The emperor , incensed at Luan Da 's confidence tricks , decided to play along when the mystic returned to see what lies he would tell .
When Luan Da returned , he told the emperor of his falsified meeting with the immortals ; however , he sensed that the emperor did not believe him . Before long , the emperor broke out in a rage , ordering Luan Da to tell what he had actually done . Dumbfounded , Luan Da attempted to continue his lies ; however , the emperor called for the spy to come forth and expose the lies . Lost for words , Luan Da was arrested on Emperor Wu 's order , and executed by having his body chopped into two at the waist . The emperor extended his fury to the Marquess of Lecheng for introducing Luan Da , having him beheaded and his body then defiled .
Later in the Han Dynasty , mystics like Luan gradually lost their influence as the rulers passed many laws against them . Mediums were not allowed to barter their crafts alongside roads , and some were even forbidden to make a living at such a craft at all . Those married to shamans were not even allowed to hold government office , though this law was often bypassed . Luan Da 's fall signaled the beginning of the end for these mystics .
= Dredd =
Dredd is a 2012 science fiction action film directed by Pete Travis and written and produced by Alex Garland . It is based on the 2000 AD comic strip Judge Dredd and its eponymous character created by John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra . Karl Urban stars as Judge Dredd , a law enforcer given the power of judge , jury and executioner in a vast , dystopic metropolis called Mega @-@ City One that lies in a post @-@ apocalyptic wasteland . Dredd and his apprentice partner , Judge Anderson ( Olivia Thirlby ) , are forced to bring order to a 200 @-@ storey high @-@ rise block of flats and deal with its resident drug lord , Ma @-@ Ma ( Lena Headey ) .
Garland began writing the script in 2006 , although the development of a new Judge Dredd film adaptation , unrelated to the 1995 film Judge Dredd , was not announced until December 2008 . Produced by British studio DNA Films , Dredd began principal photography , using 3D cameras throughout , in November 2010 . Filming took place on practical sets and locations in Cape Town and Johannesburg .
Dredd was released on 7 September 2012 in the United Kingdom and on 21 September 2012 worldwide . Critics were generally positive about the film 's visual effects , casting and action , while criticism focused on a perceived lack of the satirical elements that are found in the source comic and on excessive violence . Despite the positive critical response , the film earned just over $ 41 million at the box office on an estimated budget of $ 30 – 45 million . Dredd saw greater success following its home release , and has since been recognised as a cult film . The theatrical gross made a sequel unlikely , but home media sales and fan efforts endorsed by 2000 AD 's publisher Rebellion have maintained the possibility of a second film .
= = Plot = =
The future United States is a dystopic irradiated wasteland known as the Cursed Earth . On the east coast lies Mega @-@ City One , a violent metropolis with 800 million residents and 17 @,@ 000 crimes reported daily . The only force for order are the Judges , who act as judge , jury and executioner . Judge Dredd is tasked by the Chief Judge with evaluating new recruit Cassandra Anderson , a powerful psychic who failed the aptitude tests to be a Judge .
In Peach Trees , a 200 @-@ storey slum tower block , drug lord Madeline Madrigal , also known as " Ma @-@ Ma " , executes three rogue drug dealers by having them skinned alive , infused with Slo @-@ Mo ( an addictive new drug which reduces the user 's perception of time to 1 % of normal ) and thrown down the atrium from the top floor . Dredd and Anderson are sent in to investigate and learn of a drug den , which they raid . They arrest a thug named Kay , whom Anderson 's mind probe reveals to be the one who carried out the drug dealers ' executions . Dredd decides to take him in for questioning . In response , Ma @-@ Ma 's forces seize the tower 's security control room and seal the building , using its blast shields under the pretence of a security test , preventing the Judges from leaving or summoning help .
Ma @-@ Ma orders Dredd and Anderson killed , forcing the Judges to fight their way through dozens of armed thugs . Arriving at the 76th floor , the Judges are assaulted by Ma @-@ Ma and her men with Vulcan cannons that rip through the walls , killing numerous residents . The Judges breach an outer wall and call for backup . Meanwhile , Ma @-@ Ma sends her henchman Caleb to search for the Judges . When they meet , Dredd throws Caleb off the tower in full view of Ma @-@ Ma .
Dredd suspects Ma @-@ Ma is desperate to keep Kay quiet and beats him for information . Anderson reads Kay 's mind and learns that Peach Trees is the centre of Slo @-@ Mo production and distribution . Anderson suggests they hide while awaiting assistance but Dredd insists they move up the tower and pursue Ma @-@ Ma . Judges Volt and Guthrie respond to Dredd 's call , but Ma @-@ Ma 's computer expert denies them entry by persuading them the security system is malfunctioning . A pair of armed teens confront Dredd and Anderson , allowing Kay to disarm and overpower Anderson . Kay then escapes with her as hostage , and takes her to Ma @-@ Ma 's base on the top floor .
While Dredd works his way towards Ma @-@ Ma , she calls in the corrupt Judges Lex , Kaplan , Chan and Alvarez . The four relieve Volt and Guthrie from duty and are allowed into the building . Dredd encounters Chan and is suspicious that he does not ask about Anderson 's status . Seeing his cover blown , Chan attacks Dredd , but is killed . Meanwhile , Kay tries to execute Anderson with her own weapon , but the pistol 's DNA scanner does not recognise him and explodes , taking his arm off . She escapes and later encounters Kaplan , whom she promptly kills after reading Kaplan 's mind . Elsewhere , Dredd kills Alvarez but runs out of ammunition , and is shot by Lex in the abdomen . Lex moves in to execute Dredd , but Dredd stalls him long enough for Anderson to arrive and kill Lex .
Anderson and Dredd obtain the code to Ma @-@ Ma 's apartment from her computer expert and confront her . Ma @-@ Ma tells Dredd that , in the case of her death , a device on her wrist will detonate explosives on the top floors , destroying the building . Dredd reasons that the detonator 's signal will not reach the explosives from the ground floor , so he forces Ma @-@ Ma to inhale Slo @-@ Mo and throws her down the atrium to her death .
In the aftermath , Anderson accepts that she has failed her evaluation by getting disarmed , and leaves . The Chief Judge asks Dredd about Anderson 's performance ; he responds that she has passed .
= = Cast = =
Karl Urban as Judge Dredd :
A famed and feared Judge . Producer Allon Reich described Dredd as " an extreme character , and he administers justice with an extreme lack of prejudice " . Urban approached the producers about joining the film . He found the role challenging because the character never removes his helmet , requiring Urban to convey emotion without using his eyes . He viewed the character as an average man with an insanely tough job in a fragmenting society and likened Dredd 's heroism to that of a fireman . The role also demanded physical preparation ; Urban undertook intensive physical training to become a " beast of a man " . He also underwent weapons and technical training to learn how to operate under fire , how to arrest criminals and breach doors . He insisted on performing his own motorcycle stunts for the film . He played Dredd with a raspy and harsh vocal tone akin to " a saw cutting through bone " , which he found difficult to sustain .
Olivia Thirlby as Judge Cassandra Anderson :
A rookie Judge and genetic mutant with powerful psychic abilities . Anderson can sense the thoughts and emotions of others . Thirlby contrasted her character with Dredd 's " black and white " perspective , describing Anderson as existing " in a grey area where everything is enhanced or clouded by the fact [ that ] she knows what is going on in the very interior of a person " . She undertook weapons and combat training , learning to perform a roundhouse kick to make her believably physically commanding . The character was partially inspired by singer Debbie Harry .
Lena Headey as Ma @-@ Ma ( Madeline Madrigal ) :
A former prostitute turned drug lord and criminal kingpin who is the sole supplier of Slo @-@ Mo , a new and addictive drug . Headey 's performance was inspired by punk @-@ rock singer Patti Smith . Reich described the character as someone who does " not care at all about what anybody thinks or feels and she will do , and behave , as she wants " . Headey said : " I think of [ Ma @-@ Ma ] like an old great white shark who is just waiting for someone bigger and stronger to show up and kill her ... she ’ s ready for it . In fact , she can 't wait for it to happen ... She 's an addict , so she 's dead in that way , but that last knock just hasn 't come . " Before Headey 's casting , the character was described as a heavily made @-@ up , scarred and obese older woman .
Wood Harris as Kay :
Ma @-@ Ma 's clansman . Harris described the character as a villain , but one that sees himself as no worse than the Judges . Harris said : " ... Dredd goes around literally judging and killing people if they do wrong ... Anyone who goes against the system might end up the bad guy . So I think Kay has justified fighting that in his mind . "
The cast also includes : Domhnall Gleeson as the gang 's unnamed computer expert , Warrick Grier as Ma @-@ Ma 's right @-@ hand man Caleb ; Deobia Oparei as TJ , Peach Trees ' medic ; Francis Chouler as Judge Guthrie , Daniel Hadebe as Judge Volt , and Rakie Ayola as the Chief Judge . Langley Kirkwood , Edwin Perry , Karl Thaning , and Michele Levin portray , respectively , the corrupt Judges Lex , Alvarez , Chan , and Kaplan . Dredd also features Junior Singo as Amos and Luke Tyler as Freel , young boys who confront Dredd ; Jason Cope as Zwirner , the thug executed by Dredd during the opening scene ; Joe Vaz as Big Joe , the thug that leads the confrontation outside of the med station ; Scott Sparrow as Japhet , Anderson 's first execution , and Nicole Bailey as Cathy , Japhet 's wife , in whose apartment the Judges take refuge .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Development of the film was announced on 20 December 2008 , although writer Alex Garland had begun working on the script in 2006 . British studio DNA Films produced the film , and partnered with sales agency IM Global to sell the worldwide distribution rights . By May 2010 , this partnership saw IM Global and its owner Reliance Big Pictures agree to co @-@ finance the 3 @-@ D project with a $ 45 million production budget , and a schedule to begin filming in Johannesburg , South Africa in late 2010 . Pete Travis was named as the film 's director and Garland , Andrew Macdonald and Allon Reich would produce it . Duncan Jones had previously been offered the role of director . In a 2010 interview , Jones said that his vision for the film was unconventional — describing it as weird , dark , and funny — and it did not mesh well with Garland 's script . In September 2010 , it was reported that the film would be titled Dredd .
Pre @-@ production commenced on 23 August 2010 at Cape Town Film Studios in Cape Town , South Africa . During the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in July , Urban confirmed that he had been offered the role of Judge Dredd and , on 18 August 2010 , it was reported that Urban officially had the role . In September 2010 , it was announced that Thirlby would play Dredd 's telepathic rookie Cassandra Anderson . In the same month during the Toronto International Film Festival , the film attracted $ 30 million in worldwide pre @-@ sales to distributors in 90 % of theatrical markets . The sales included a $ 7 million deal with British distributor Entertainment Film Distributors .
On 2 November 2010 , Lions Gate Entertainment secured the North American distribution rights to Dredd . Headey joined the cast as drug @-@ dealer Ma @-@ Ma in January 2011 . Judge Dredd creator John Wagner acted as a consultant on the film . In 2012 , he confirmed that it was a new adaptation of the comic material and was not a remake of the 1995 adaptation Judge Dredd , which starred Sylvester Stallone .
= = = Writing = = =
Garland began writing Dredd during post @-@ production of his other writing credit Sunshine , and completed his first draft while serving as an executive producer during filming of 28 Weeks Later . Garland 's draft revolved around one of Dredd 's main enemies , the undead Judge Death . He described the story as a " riff on the whole Judge system " , but that it did not work because the Judge system had not yet been established and required too much knowledge about the Judge Dredd comic from the audience . He also considered the end result too surreal and extreme . From this script , Garland decided that the story needed to be more focused and grounded . He instead considered adapting some of the notable Judge Dredd storylines , including " Democracy " ( 1986 ) and " Origins " ( 2006 ) . He decided to avoid these lengthy tales in favour of a shorter , day @-@ in @-@ the @-@ life story about Dredd and his function as a cop in the dystopian environment of Mega @-@ City One . When developing the Judge Dredd character , Garland tried to closely follow that of the comic @-@ book character , who undergoes only small personality changes over a lengthy period of time . He said : " I didn ’ t think Dredd could have a great epiphany , but there is definitely a change in him over the course of the movie . He makes a very clear statement at the beginning of the film which he then contradicts at the end . That ’ s about as far as the shift goes . " Garland intentionally gave the traditional character development to Anderson to compensate for Dredd 's character stability .
Discussing the film 's setting within the Peach Tree Block tower , Garland said the buildings were " like micro city states ... you could live and die in those buildings " . He also considered that the setting met Wagner 's suggestion that the future portrayed in Dredd should relate to modern ways of living . Garland named the tower after a restaurant called " The Peach Tree " , where he first met with Wagner . The budget limited his ability to represent some of the comic aspects of Mega @-@ City One , such as robots and aliens . Throughout the production , Garland would send his script to Wagner , who would revise some of the dialogue . Urban would then further revise the script during his performance .
= = = Design = = =
The filmmakers decided that Dredd should appear lean and fast like a boxer rather than bulky like " someone who spends hours sort of steroiding himself up . " His Judge uniform was altered from the comic version ; an extruded eagle statuette was removed from his shoulder pad to emphasise the outfit 's functionality and give it a sense of realism . Garland said : " If you did a very faithful adaptation of the uniform you 'd have someone who if he got stabbed in the stomach he ’ d be in big trouble . Dredd is out there on the frontline so he needed protection . " Remaining faithful to the comic , Dredd 's face , except for his mouth , is never shown and his helmet is not removed throughout the film . Urban said : " He is supposed to be the faceless representative of the law and I think that is part of his enigma ... You wouldn 't get to the end of a Sergio Leone Western and go , ' God , I didn 't even know the character 's name ! ' It 's irrelevant . "
Dredd 's signature weapon , the " Lawgiver " was developed as a fully operational weapon based on a 9mm firing system , capable of firing ammunition and being changed from automatic to semi @-@ auto fire . His motorcycle " Lawmaster " was a modified 500cc motorcycle . A large fairing was added over the motorcycle with machine guns , an extended wheel base and the largest functional tyres possible . The vehicle was also operational and Urban insisted on riding it himself rather than relying on Chroma key visual effects . Wagner described the necessity of adaptation from the source material and said that the 1995 film 's attempt to directly replicate the comic 's motorcycle was unable to steer because the tyres were too large .
Garland and VFX supervisor Jon Thum began developing the Slo @-@ Mo concept sequences in 2009 during filming for Never Let Me Go . They experimented with an effect to replicate the visual effects of hallucinogenic drugs to see how long it could be used before it distracted the viewer from the story or action sequence . They continued to develop and modify the effect until the end of post @-@ production , tweaking colours , colour saturation , image framing and camera motion . Slo @-@ Mo scenes also feature a rainbow colour scheme and sparkle highlights to create an unreal and otherworldly effect . The filmmakers experimented with blood bags , prosthetics , shooting real bullets , and compressed air to see the effect of direct body hits in slow motion . In the finished film , compressed air was used to create impact ripples on flesh . Garland said the concept was inspired by nature documentaries that used high @-@ speed photography to capture animals in slow motion . He said , " You see a whale or a shark breach the water ... then you 'd stop thinking about the animal and you get transfixed by ... how water droplets connect and touch against each other . Somehow like a real [ drug ] trip , sort of stepping outside it but staying attached at the same time . " He questioned whether the technique could be used with violence to make it purely aesthetic . He said : " Can it be so abstract that it becomes genuinely beautiful ? ... really aesthetically beautiful even if someone is having their cheek blown out or their head crushing into concrete . " Comic artist Jock provided concept art for the film design .
= = = Filming = = =
With a $ 45 million production budget , filming began on 12 November 2010 in Cape Town and took approximately 13 weeks , with second unit photography occurring over seven weeks . Filming locations included Johannesburg and Cape Town Film Studios ( Dredd was the first project filmed at the studio ) . The project involved a majority of Cape Town crew members and about 40 imported crew . The producers chose to film in South Africa because of the lowered cost of employing cast and crew compared to locations in Europe and North America , and government incentives that offered to rebate up to 25 % of the production costs . The film was shot digitally and primarily in 3D using RED MX , SI2K and Phantom Flex high @-@ speed cameras . Multiple camera rigs were used . Some 2D elements were converted to 3D in post production .
DNA Films ' co @-@ founder Andrew Macdonald engaged cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle to manage the shoot ; it was the first time Mantle had worked with 3D . The filmmakers wanted Dredd to have a realistic , visceral look and drew inspiration from crime and gangster films . For scenes conveying the time and space altering effects of Slo @-@ Mo , Mantle aimed to create images that would be beautiful but disorienting .
Mega @-@ City One and its high rise towers were created in Cape Town Film Studios . Finding a suitable set for the expansive Peach Trees atrium proved difficult , and the producers did not want to build an expensive set . While observing scouting photos of Cape Town , the filmmakers noticed a large three @-@ walled external space that looked like an interior when filmed at night . A key sequence involving Ma @-@ Ma and her gang firing rotary cannons across the atrium in their attempt to kill Judge Dredd required ten days of filming and eight different sets inside and outside the studio which were blended together with visual effects . Visual effects supervisor Jon Thum was unable to accompany a helicopter flight to obtain planned aerial shots of Johannesburg due to last @-@ minute flight permissions ; the resulting shots were non @-@ specific and Thum had to pick out ones that could tell the story . Mantle had to develop new rigs to obtain close @-@ up shots . Describing the aesthetic he aimed to achieve , he said : " I hope it will be more painterly . If we get it right , it will be a cross between Blade Runner and Clockwork Orange . " Garland was a constant presence on the shoot ; Urban turned to Garland for direction instead of Travis .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
The filmmakers experimented with the visuals of Mega @-@ City One , including the design and positioning of the city 's tower blocks , to create the impression that the city had risen out of the remains of another . They found that replicating the comic visuals of blocks close together made the blocks appear small . Instead they allowed more space between the buildings to emphasise the larger buildings and allow for the presence of roads and cars to allow for extrapolation outside of the picture . Outcrops and appendages were added to break up the buildings ' straight lines . On 7 October 2011 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Travis was prohibited from participating in the editing process following creative disagreements between producers and executives . Garland took over the editing process ; his contribution was considered significant enough for him to seek a co @-@ director credit — a situation considered unusual as Garland had never directed a film before and had not been in charge of any filming . The disagreement concerned a disapproval over the footage that Travis was providing . Although Travis was removed from the editing process he was monitoring the progress of the film . On 10 October , Travis and Garland released a joint statement claiming that they had agreed on an " unorthodox collaboration " before production began , that Travis was still involved in the film and that Garland was not seeking a co @-@ director credit .
= = Music = =
Paul Leonard @-@ Morgan wrote the film 's industrial music score . Leonard @-@ Morgan created music to suit the film 's futuristic setting . He experimented with band @-@ based music , but decided it sounded over @-@ produced and too safe . He turned to electronic music and used 1980s @-@ style synthesisers and modern sound modules to create various combinations and applied distortion and other effects to the result . Leonard @-@ Morgan said , " I was looking to create a timeless score which couldn 't be placed in any particular era . So it 's ended up being a cross between a modern dance track and evocative soundscapes . " For scenes conveying the effect of the Slo @-@ Mo narcotic , he composed new music with real instruments and then slowed the songs down by thousands of percent to match the visuals , such that one second of his composed score could last 10 minutes . He then added additional real @-@ time score to the slowed track . An unofficially altered Justin Bieber song served as inspiration for the Slo @-@ Mo theme . Garland said that Portishead instrumentalist Geoff Barrow " sent me a link to a Justin Bieber song slowed down 800 times and it became this stunning trippy choral music . " Morgan then recreated the effect based on the modified track , which was used in the finished film . The film used Bieber 's music as a temporary placeholder during editing before the score was finalised .
The film also features songs by artists including : " Poison Lips " by Vitalic ; " Dubstride " by Yann McCullough and Gemma Kicks ; " Snuffbox " by Matt Berry ; " Pontiac Moon " by Robert J. Walsh ; and " Jubilee ( Don 't Let Nobody Turn You Around ) " by Bobby Womack .
All songs written and composed by Paul Leonard @-@ Morgan .
= = Marketing = =
In August 2012 , the viral advertising site " Dredd Report " was launched , satirising the Drudge Report . The site featured a video condemning the use of Slo @-@ Mo , and links to news about the film . A tie @-@ in comic book was published ; its plot serves as a prequel to the film 's narrative and follows Ma @-@ Ma 's life as a prostitute , controlled by her pimp Lester Grimes . Ma @-@ Ma forms a relationship with Eric — the creator of Slo @-@ Mo . Lester kills Eric for interfering with his business , Ma @-@ Ma castrates Lester with her teeth in retaliation and Ma @-@ Ma takes over the Slo @-@ Mo operation . The comic was written by Judge Dredd Megazine editor Matt Smith , drawn by 2000 AD artist Henry Flint and was released on 5 September 2012 . An exclusive film poster featuring artwork by Jock was released by Mondo to promote the film 's appearance at the 2012 Fantastic Fest in September 2012 . Dredd 's marketing campaign won a Golden Trailer Award for Best Thriller TV Spot for the trailer " Big Addicted " , and received nominations for : Best Action TV Spot , Most Original TV Spot , Best Graphics in a TV Spot , Best Music TV Spot , and Best Action Poster and Most Original Poster for the Dredd motion poster . Reports indicate that Lionsgate contributed $ 25 million to advertising & print costs . Urban has criticised the film 's marketing campaign , saying that the film had " zero audience awareness . Nobody knew the movie was being released . Dredd represents a failure in marketing , not filmmaking . "
= = Release = =
Dredd premiered at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on 11 July 2012 . It was also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2012 , and at the 2012 Fantastic Fest in late September . The film was first theatrically released on 7 September 2012 in the UK and on 21 September 2012 worldwide . A South African release followed on 28 September 2012 .
= = = Box office = = =
Dredd earned $ 27 @.@ 6 million from markets outside of North America and $ 13 @.@ 4 million from North America , for a total of $ 41 million . In the UK , Dredd grossed £ 1 @.@ 05 million ( $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) from 415 cinemas during its opening weekend . This made it the weekend 's number @-@ one film , the first film restricted to audiences over 18 years of age to do so since Saw 3D in 2010 . In its second weekend , the film placed number five , earning £ 769 @,@ 381 . Dredd was primarily shown in 3D in the UK , and 2D screenings were notoriously limited as the distributor denied cinemas ' requests for 2D prints ; the decision was considered to have limited the film 's audience where 2D was their preferred format . Dredd earned a total of $ 6 @.@ 9 million in the UK .
In North America , pre @-@ release tracking estimated that the film would gross between $ 8 and $ 10 million during its opening weekend based on its adult rating and the poor reputation of the 1995 adaptation . The film earned $ 2 @.@ 2 million on its opening day and finished the weekend in sixth place , grossing $ 6 @.@ 3 million from 2 @,@ 506 cinemas — an average of $ 2 @,@ 514 per cinema . The largest demographic of the opening weekend audience was over the age of 25 ( 69 % ) and male ( 75 % ) . The film 's North American run ended on 1 November 2012 , after 42 days . Outside of the UK and North America , Dredd had its most successful total gross takings in China ( $ 4 @.@ 5 million ) , Russia ( $ 4 million ) , and Australia ( $ 2 million ) .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The film received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 78 % , based on 149 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Fueled by bombastic violence and impressive special effects , rooted in self @-@ satire and deadpan humor , Dredd 3D does a remarkable job of capturing its source material 's gritty spirit . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 59 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a " B " on a scale of A + to F.
At its premiere screening at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , Dredd received positive reviews . IGN awarded the film eight out of ten and said , " Dredd is a character study , primarily , one fuelled by violence and action , and we can 't think of a better way to re @-@ introduce this character to cinema audiences . " Indiewire said , " As Dredd , Urban either has a better character to play than [ Sylvester Stallone ] did , or simply has a better grasp on what makes him tick , but the actor continues to distinguish himself as a versatile performer who turns mimicry into emotional meaning . " Empire 's Chris Hewitt scored the film three out of five stars , and said it gets the lead character " absolutely , incontrovertibly right " and that Urban 's Dredd is " a deadpan delight — he doesn 't grow as a person and he doesn 't crack wise ... the movie generates its few laughs from his sheer intractability " . Hewitt also called Thirlby 's Anderson engaging and wrote that the film is " a solid , occasionally excellent take on [ Judge Dredd ] , with Urban 's chin particularly impressive . " Variety 's Geoff Berkshire said the film is " Grim , gritty and ultra @-@ violent " , called Dredd a " badass of few words " , and wrote that Urban " does a fine job embodying the more mythic qualities of Dredd as an upright law enforcer no lowlife would want to confront . " He also praised Thirlby for carrying the film 's emotional story and said , " one of the film 's true thrills comes in watching Thirlby effortlessly balance the conflict between a Judge 's merciless duties and a psychic 's compassionate understanding . "
Entertainment Weekly 's Darren Franich said that the film is a " darkly funny blood @-@ soaked romp " and singled out Urban for his " credibly wry performance using little more than his gravelly , imitation @-@ Eastwood voice — and his chin . " The Guardian 's Phelim O 'Neill scored the film 4 stars out of 5 and praised Urban 's performance , saying , " The essence of Dredd is that he is almost an anti @-@ character — he doesn 't change or learn — and Urban nails it in an ego @-@ free performance " . He also wrote , " In a world of compromised adaptations , Dredd is something of a triumph . " The New Statesman 's Laura Sneddon noted that Dredd passed the Bechdel test , lacking in sexism or misogyny and positively portraying female characters who are no weaker , more sexualised or shown less than their male counterparts . Sneddon described Anderson as repeatedly shown to have power over men who underestimate her , while Ma @-@ Ma displays more intelligence and sadism than any of her male gang members , and neither woman interacts with the other on the basis of their gender . The Hollywood Reporter 's Stephen Dalton wrote that the " dark , ironic , very British humour of the original strip " was largely absent from the film and that " [ t ] he limited location , computer game @-@ style plot and muted humour " of the film might disappoint some fans of the comic . Dalton also said that Urban 's performance , while close to the comic , lacked something . Overall , however , Dalton said , " [ p ] itched at the right level to please original fans , but still slick and accessible enough to attract new ones , [ Dredd ] feels like a smart and muscular addition to the sci @-@ fi action genre . "
Many US newspaper critics were less taken with the film . Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times called it " a clunk @-@ headed action picture " that " simply becomes a monotonous series of bad @-@ guy confrontations . " Frank Lovece of Newsday described it as a " soullessly gritty " film , which apart from one believable scene involving Thirlby , is " all tough @-@ guy talk and humorless cynicism " . Kyle Smith of the New York Post , who found the police tactics distasteful , wrote , " Justice is supposed to be blind , but in this case I think what the Law really wants is unaccountability " and called Dredd a " thudding , repetitive movie " , He also wrote , " It ’ s not that the movie is in bad taste or cheesy ( though it is ) but that all of its hyper @-@ violence adds up to nothing " . Stephen Whitty of The Star @-@ Ledger called it a " gray and ugly film " , said that there was little to draw viewers in , and wrote that apart from the drug @-@ induced slow @-@ motion sequences , the film offers nothing new .
The visual effects and slow @-@ motion sequences induced by Slo @-@ Mo received broad praise . Berkshire said that they are notable and eye @-@ catching with " impressively utilised 3d . " Hewitt said the visuals were " genuinely surreal splashes of heightened colour that ... don ’ t outstay their welcome . The film 's use of 3D is often excellent ( including the credits ) and it really comes to life in the Slo @-@ mo scenes " . Dalton said the film " constantly impresses on a visual level , with a gritty style more akin to cult hits like District 9 or 28 Days Later than to standard Hollywood comic @-@ book blockbusters . " Dalton said , " [ Mantle 's ] first venture into 3D is a blaze of saturated colours , gorgeous high @-@ resolution close @-@ ups and dazzling slow @-@ motion sequences . " Dredd won The Art of 3D award at the 2013 Empire Awards , and was nominated for Best British Film and Best Science @-@ fiction / Fantasy .
Judge Dredd creator John Wagner , who had been critical of the 1995 adaptation , gave a positive review of Dredd . He said : " I liked the movie . It was , unlike the first film , a true representation of Judge Dredd ... Karl Urban was a fine Dredd and I 'd be more than happy to see him in the follow @-@ up . Olivia Thirlby excelled as Anderson ... The character and storyline are pure Dredd . " Dredd has been recognised as a cult film since its release . Some reviewers drew comparisons between Dredd and The Raid : Redemption , another action film released a few months earlier , noting that similar elements in setting , story , and characters made Dredd appear derivative .
= = = Home media = = =
Dredd was released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray and Digital Download on 8 January 2013 in North America , and
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
14 January in the UK . The Blu @-@ ray edition contains the 2D and 3D versions of the film and a digital copy . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray editions contain seven featurettes : " Mega @-@ City Masters : 35 Years of Judge Dredd " , " Day of Chaos : The Visual Effects of Dredd 3D " , " Dredd " , " Dredd 's Gear " , " The 3rd Dimension " , " Welcome to Peachtrees " , and a " Dredd Motion Comic Prequel " narrated by Urban . During its first week on sale in the UK , Dredd was the number 1 selling DVD and Blu @-@ ray . During the week of its release in North America , it was the number 1 selling DVD and Blu @-@ ray with approximately 650 @,@ 000 units sold , and Blu @-@ ray units accounting for nearly 50 % of that figure . It was also the best @-@ selling digital download for that period . Sales spiked in the United Kingdom in June 2013 , following a reported rumour that it could influence DNA Films ' decision to pursue a sequel . By September 2013 , Dredd was estimated to have earned approximately $ 10 million in home media sales in North America , while in the UK it marked over 270 days in online @-@ retailer Amazon 's top 100 selling home media .
= = Sequel = =
At the London Film and Comic Con in July 2012 , Garland said that a North American gross of over $ 50 million for Dredd would make sequels possible and that he had plans for a trilogy of films . A second film would focus on the origins of Dredd and Mega @-@ City One , and a third would introduce Dredd 's nemeses , the undead Judge Death and his Dark Judges . In August 2012 , Garland said that a Judge Dredd television series would be a positive future step for the series . In September 2012 , Garland said that he would explore the " Origins " and " Democracy " storylines , would introduce characters Judge Cal and Chopper , and would pursue the concept that Judge Dredd is a fascist . That same month , Macdonald said that further films would be made in partnership with IM Global and would likely be shot in South Africa .
In March 2013 , executive producer Adi Shankar said that a sequel was unlikely . In May 2013 , Urban said that a sequel was still possible , noting that the film had found an audience , and the response of fans could resurrect the project . Dredd fans on Facebook launched a petition calling for a sequel . In July 2013 , 2000 AD endorsed the fan petition , supporting the campaign by printing advertisements in their publications , and by September 2013 , it had attracted over 80 @,@ 000 signatures . In April 2013 , 2000 AD released an image teasing a continuation of the film in comic book form with a release date scheduled for September 2013 . The comic , titled Dredd : Underbelly , was made available in Judge Dredd Megazine # 340 which was released on 18 September 2013 .
In October 2014 , Shankar announced the production of an unofficial spinoff online series based on the Dark Judges that would be released later that month . The animated miniseries was titled Judge Dredd : Superfiend and all its six episodes were released on 27 October 2014 on YouTube . In March 2015 , Garland said that a direct sequel would likely not happen in the near future ; at least not with the crew involved in the original film .
In 2016 , Urban said that " conversations are happening " regarding a Dredd continuation on streaming services Netflix or Amazon Prime . In an interview in May 2016 , Urban said that while the film 's " mishandled " marketing strategy and " unfortunate " box office performance meant that it was " problematic " to try to make a sequel , " the success it has achieved in all post @-@ theatrical mediums has definitely strengthened the argument in favour of a sequel . But it 's not an easy sell . " He added that he would be " blessed and it would be a privilege " to make a sequel or a Dredd television series . In June 2016 , Urban announced at the Denver Comic Con that a sequel story was in development , for potential adaptation as a television series or film . He later clarified that , although options had been discussed , no sequel was in development .
= New York State Route 61 =
New York State Route 61 ( NY 61 ) is a state highway located almost entirely in the city of Niagara Falls in Niagara County , New York , in the United States . The road runs across the city in a northwest – southeast direction , terminating at NY 384 at its southern extent and NY 104 at its northern tip . Conceptually , the road , known as Hyde Park Boulevard , forms the eastern border of downtown Niagara Falls . It is the second @-@ shortest two @-@ digit route in New York after NY 71 in Columbia County . The NY 61 designation was assigned c . 1962 .
= = Route description = =
NY 61 begins at an intersection with NY 384 ( Buffalo Avenue ) on the industrial banks of the Niagara River in eastern Niagara Falls . The route , named Hyde Park Boulevard for its entire length , heads north initially as a city @-@ maintained , undivided four @-@ lane highway ; after two blocks , the roadway widens and becomes maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation . NY 61 continues onward through the densely populated neighborhoods of Niagara Falls to Packard Road , where the route begins to parallel Gill Creek , a small stream leading south to the Niagara River . After five blocks , NY 61 intersects with Ferry Avenue , a one @-@ way street carrying southbound U.S. Route 62 ( US 62 ) , in the area of the Niagara Falls Courthouse . NY 61 intersects with northbound US 62 three blocks later at Walnut Avenue . At the intersection , Gill Creek passes under both US 62 northbound and NY 61 as it switches to the east side of Hyde Park Boulevard .
Gill Creek and NY 61 continue to run parallel for one more block before they separate ahead of Pine Avenue , once known as NY 62A and now designated as US 62 Business . The intersection between Pine and Hyde Park Boulevard marks the southwestern limits of Hyde Park , one of the largest parks in the vicinity of the city . For the next dozen blocks , NY 61 acts as the divider between the residential neighborhoods of downtown Niagara Falls and the open spaces of Hyde Park , passing Sal Maglie Stadium as it heads north . At Linwood Avenue , the homes return to both sides of NY 61 as it approaches Porter Road , which carries NY 182 . While Porter Road ends here , NY 182 turns north , joining NY 61 for two blocks to Ontario Avenue , where NY 182 turns west toward the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge .
North of Ontario Avenue , the buildings surrounding NY 61 become more commercial and industrial in nature as the route approaches the CSX Transportation Niagara Yard . It crosses over the western end of the yard before intersecting Lockport Road . The Niagara Falls Amtrak station , which Hyde Park Boulevard passes by but provides no access to , is located just off Lockport Road on 27th Street .
Away from the yard , the surroundings become residential once more for another four blocks before entering a heavily industrial neighborhood around an intersection with NY 31 . Farther north in Lewiston , the center turn lane becomes a hard median as it widens in preparation for a pseudo @-@ interchange with Highland Avenue . The median reverts to its previous width shortly after Highland merges into Hyde Park Boulevard ; however , the median ends two blocks later at a service road for the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant . NY 61 , now a four @-@ lane undivided highway once again , continues for another 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) to the top of the Niagara River gorge , where it ends at NY 104 south of the Moses Power Plant and adjacent to the campus of Niagara University .
= = History = =
NY 61 was assigned c . 1962 to its current alignment . In that same year , the bridge carrying Hyde Park Boulevard over Gill Creek at Walnut Avenue , 41 feet ( 12 m ) in length and originally built in 1950 , was reconstructed . Farther north , the bridge over the western end of the CSX Transportation Niagara Yard , at 355 feet ( 108 m ) long , was completed in 1964 . It was reconstructed in 1997 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Niagara County .
= Yoichi Hiruma =
Yoichi Hiruma ( Japanese : 蛭魔 妖一 , Hepburn : Hiruma Yōichi ) , commonly referred to just as Hiruma ( ヒル魔 ) , is a fictional character in the anime and manga series Eyeshield 21 , created by Riichiro Inagaki and Yusuke Murata . In the series , he is the captain of the Deimon Devil Bats , a high school American football club founded by him and two other students . Due to the lack of interest in the sport , Hiruma uses blackmail and threats to recruit players to Devil Bats . Hiruma witnesses Sena Kobayakawa 's running abilities and forces the boy to join the team as the running back as soon as he can . Hiruma has appeared in other media from the series , including video games , original video animations ( OVAs ) , and light novels .
According to Inagaki , Hiruma was created to be a " devil @-@ hero " , or a kind of anti @-@ hero . Due to this , Murata , the manga 's illustrator , tried to give Hiruma a demonic appearance . In the OVA , released before the anime 's start , he is voiced by Shin @-@ ichiro Miki . However , in the 2005 Japanese anime television series , he was replaced by Atsushi Tamura , who was chosen by the manga series creators due to his voice , which they believed was perfect for the role . His voice actor in the English adaptation is Derek Stephen Prince . Hiruma has been well received by publications for manga and anime . Numerous pieces of merchandise in Hiruma 's likeness have also been released , including decals and statues of ceramic and resin .
= = Development and voice portrayal = =
Riichiro Inagaki , the writer of Eyeshield 21 , has said that he developed Hiruma as a character that does not follow the Japanese concepts of emphasis on sportsmanship and effort in the game ; instead , Hiruma is " only concerned with winning " . Inagaki intended to make an " anti @-@ hero " or , as he refers to the concept , a " devil @-@ hero " . Yusuke Murata , the artist , chose to portray Hiruma as looking " close to being a demon " , since he heard from Inagaki that Hiruma had " the personality of a demon . " Murata has noted that the Devil Bats logo " bears a strong resemblance to Hiruma " . Inagaki also stated that Hiruma 's name is a homage to the British former Formula One driver Damon Hill .
He was voiced by Shin @-@ ichiro Miki in the first anime adaptation of the Eyeshield 21 manga , a 2003 Jump Festa OVA titled The Phantom Golden Bowl . The subsequent television adaptation , however , did not use Miki ; rather , Atsushi Tamura was chosen . Though the animation studio administrated casting , the studio asked Inagaki and Murata for their opinions . The two both felt that Tamura was a " perfect fit " due to " his voice and his style " . In the English dubbing , the role was voiced by Derek Stephen Prince .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In Eyeshield 21 = = =
Seven years prior to the start of the series , a ten @-@ year @-@ old Hiruma snuck into an American military base , where he witnessed a group of soldiers playing American football . He soon learned the sport 's rules and managed to successfully gamble on the winning teams , accumulating a large amount of money . He entered Mao Junior High , where he met Ryokan Kurita , who encouraged Hiruma to create his own team . In order to establish an American football club , Hiruma created an information network to acquire blackmail , allowing him to threaten the vice principal of Mao into allowing the establishment of the club . Gen " Musashi " Takekura also decided to join , and the three new friends made a pact to reach the Christmas Bowl — the high school football league championship . They decided to join the Shinryuji Naga , but because Kurita could not pass the Shinryuji exam , Hiruma and Musashi went to Deimon High School , and with Kurita established the Deimon Devil Bats .
At the beginning of the series , Hiruma and Kurita , now in their second year of high school , attempt to recruit new members to the Deimon Devil Bats . At first their only successful recruit is Sena Kobayakawa , as Hiruma witnesses his incredible running speed and agility and forces him to be the team 's running back . Hiruma additionally hides Sena 's identity by making him wear an eyeshield and adapt the moniker " Eyeshield 21 " . Hiruma , through intimidation , blackmail , cyber terrorism , and other similar methods , plays a crucial role in the development of the young Devil Bats team . Hiruma 's insight and strategic mind , especially his knack for devising trick plays and his psychological games , are critical in the Devil Bats ' various matches . His demonic façade is also seen through by the team manager , Mamori Anezaki , whom he shares a deep understanding with despite constant bickering and teasing .
After winning the Christmas Bowl , Hiruma is selected by the Ojo White Knights ' Seijuro Shin to be one of Team Japan 's two quarterbacks for the International Youth American Football tournament due to his knack for trick plays . Hiruma quickly settles in as the main strategist on the team . Even before this , Hiruma spies on Team USA to acquire information on the ace American players , who are considered by far the favorites to win the tournament . In typical fashion , Hiruma refuses to permit players on the team out of sympathy rather than merit , including his Devil Bats teammates , but does agree with the decision to hold a final tryout as a method of enlisting bench players . Two years later , Hiruma , now in college , is part of the college 's American football team , Saikyouda , opposing some of his former teammates ( students at other colleges ) as they compete to play in the Rice Bowl — the game between the best college American football teams .
= = = Appearances in other media = = =
Hiruma has made several appearances outside of the Eyeshield 21 anime and manga . He appears in both of the original video animations produced for the series , helping the Deimon Devil Bats defeat the Uraharajuku Boarders in a tournament called the Golden Bowl in the first original video animation , and leaving his teammates on a desert island so they train in the second . Hiruma also appears in all Eyeshield 21 games , which usually feature the original manga story , except for Eyeshield 21 : Devilbats Devildays , which features exclusive stories . He also appears in the crossover games Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars as a supporting character .
= = Reception = =
The character of Hiruma has been well received by manga readers , and as the series continued he went on to become one of the most popular characters among the Eyeshield 21 reader base , having consistently placed near the top of the Weekly Shōnen Jump character popularity polls of the series . In the first poll he placed second , behind Sena , but in another two he ranked first . He was also chosen by the readers as the character who would win an " Evil Showdown " against Agon Kongo , as well as the best quarterback in the series . In an interview , Atsushi Tamura said about Hiruma : " I look just like this guy " ; and stated that he " think [ s ] there is a lot of other people who want to do the Hiruma 's role " . Several pieces of merchandise based on Hiruma have also been released , including decals and statues of ceramic and resin .
Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and related media have commented on Hiruma 's character . Chris Beveridge from Mania.com stated that " the outlandish nature of Hiruma with his guns blazing gets old very quickly " and considered it a " downside " to the series . On the other hand , Ain 't It Cool News ' Scott Green said that " impish Hiruma starts out as a unique star . " Mania.com 's Jarred Pine noted that Hiruma is " so completely over @-@ the @-@ top and out of left field that I couldn ’ t help laughing " and that his " rude , crude , and completely unpredictable " behavior " makes his character so damn enjoyable " . Pine concluded that Hiruma 's personality was " instantly memorable " and his " unpredictable nature " was responsible for making the story " so enjoyable " . The contrast with " Sena 's hard effort and Hiruma 's trickery and devilish nature " was also praised by Pine . Writing for Anime News Network , Carlo Santos praised Hiruma 's character design as " imaginative " with his " lanky " and " demon @-@ like appearance " and additionally commented that " despite his sheer ruthlessness , it 's hard not to laugh as Hiruma enthusiastically resorts to blackmail in recruiting students for the team " . Erin Finnegan of Anime News Network also noted the " demonic @-@ looking " aspect of Hiruma , saying he is " like a predecessor of Ozu from The Tatami Galaxy with a love of football " . Anime News Network 's Zac Bertschy called Hiruma the " most fun " character insofar , making note of his " brash , menacing and ultimately passionate " personality and that " in a sense , Hiruma turns the ' kindly old coach @-@ come @-@ mentor who helps the hero along ' cliché on its ear " .
= Air Costa =
Air Costa is an airline headquartered at Vijayawada , India . It is owned by Indian business company LEPL Group and has a 0 @.@ 8 % market share in the Indian domestic airline market as of February 2016 . The airline commenced operations as a regional airline in October 2013 using two Embraer E @-@ 170 aircraft with the first flight taking off from its hub at Chennai on 16 October 2013 . The airline got a permit for pan India operations in December 2015 .
The airline focuses on connectivity between tier II and tier III cities in the country and has invested ₹ 600 crore ( US $ 89 million ) as of 2015 . Air Costa operates 32 daily flights to nine destinations from its major hubs at Chennai and Vijayawada by 2015 . The airline has a maintenance center at Chennai airport .
= = History = =
Air Costa is owned by Indian business company LEPL Group . The airline received a No @-@ Objection Certificate ( NOC ) from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2012 . The airline initially planned to start operations with a fleet of Q400 aircraft but later announced its decision to acquire Embraer Jets at the Paris Air Show in June 2013 . Air Costa received its Air Operators ’ Permit ( AOP ) from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( DGCA ) in September 2013 .
The airline commenced operations as a regional airline in October 2013 using two Embraer E @-@ 170 aircraft with the first flight taking off from its hub at Chennai on 16 October 2013 . The airline focuses on connectivity between tier II and tier III cities in the country and has invested ₹ 600 crore ( US $ 89 million ) as of 2015 .
In September 2015 , Air Costa , which holds a regional airline 's license , applied to the aviation regulator DGCA for its license to be upgraded to that of a national airline . Air Costa received a no @-@ objection certificate from the civil aviation ministry for pan @-@ India operations on 19 December 2015 . The airline has a 0 @.@ 8 % market share in the Indian domestic airline market as of February 2016 .
= = Destinations = =
As of April 2015 , Air Costa operates 32 daily flights to nine destinations in India . The airline has a maintenance center and hub at Chennai airport .
= = Fleet = =
Air Costa commenced operations in October 2013 with a pair of Embraer E @-@ 170 jets . Two Embraer E @-@ 190s were added by September 2015 . Air Costa added one more E @-@ 190 in December 2015 and plans to add three to five E @-@ 190 aircraft in its fleet in 2016 .
= = = New orders = = =
Air Costa ordered 50 Embraer E @-@ Jets E2 aircraft worth US $ 2 @.@ 94 billion during the Singapore Airshow on 13 February 2014 . The airline will become the Asian launch customer for the type when it takes the first delivery in 2018 .
= William Fuller ( American football ) =
William Henry Fuller , Jr . ( born March 8 , 1962 ) is a retired American football player who played defensive end for 13 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Fuller played college football at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC ) and professionally for the Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars of the United States Football League ( USFL ) , and the Houston Oilers , Philadelphia Eagles , and San Diego Chargers of the NFL . Fuller was one of the better pass rushers in the NFL during his time in the league and finished his career with 100 @.@ 5 sacks . He was named to the Pro Bowl four times and selected as an All @-@ American twice while in college . In 2004 , Fuller was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame . During his career and after his retirement , Fuller has also done considerable work in raising funds for diabetes research .
= = Early years = =
Fuller was born in Norfolk , Virginia . He grew up in Chesapeake , Virginia , and attended Indian River High School , where he lettered in track , basketball , and football . Fuller graduated from Indian River in 1980 .
= = College career = =
Fuller attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where he played defensive line for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team . He recorded nine sacks and 22 tackles for loss as a sophomore . As a senior he had 81 tackles , a team @-@ leading five sacks , and 22 tackles for loss . For his efforts that season he was awarded All @-@ America and first @-@ team All @-@ Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) honors as well as UNC 's defensive Most Valuable Player award . Fuller was also a finalist for the Lombardi and Outland Trophies , special awards designated only for linemen . While at UNC , Fuller helped lead the Tar Heels to three bowl games , made the All @-@ ACC team three times , and the All @-@ America team twice ( 1982 and 1983 ) . He graduated in 1986 with a degree in psychology . Fuller was later inducted into UNC 's sports hall of fame , and selected as a member of the ACC 's 50th Anniversary Football Team in 2002 .
= = Professional career = =
Fuller was selected by the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL in the 1984 USFL player draft . He was also selected with the 21st selection in the first round of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players by the Los Angeles Rams . Fuller decided to play in the USFL with the Stars , where he played for two seasons , winning two USFL championships and playing with future NFL players such as Bart Oates and Sam Mills . Fuller was granted free agency by the USFL in 1986 and his rights were subsequently traded by the Rams to the Houston Oilers where he started his career in the NFL . After recording a total of 3 sacks in his first two seasons , Fuller emerged in 1988 and tied for the team lead in sacks with 8 @.@ 5 . He was described as the most improved defensive player on the team by head coach Jerry Glanville . After recording 14 @.@ 5 sacks over 1989 and 1990 , Fuller finished tied for second in the NFL with 15 sacks in 1991 , and was named to his first Pro Bowl . He followed that up by recording eight and ten sacks , respectively in 1992 and 1993 . After the 1993 season Fuller signed a three @-@ year $ 8 Million contract as a free agent with the Philadelphia Eagles , in part out of a desire to be closer to his off – season home in Virginia . He subsequently played three stellar seasons in 1994 , 1995 , and 1996 . He recorded 9 @.@ 5 sacks in his first season there ( 1994 ) and set a team record for most consecutive games with a sack at seven . Fuller had 13 sacks in each of the following two seasons ( 1995 and 1996 ) , and was named to the Pro Bowl in each of his three seasons with the Eagles . After the 1996 season Fuller signed a two @-@ year $ 5 @.@ 6 million contract with the San Diego Chargers , while there his production steeply declined . After two seasons , in which he recorded three sacks each , Fuller retired following the 1998 season . By the time his NFL career ended Fuller had recorded 100 @.@ 5 sacks becoming one of the few players in NFL history to record more than 100 sacks .
= = Personal life = =
Fuller has four daughters by his wife Precilla , Karen , Krystal , Kimberly , and Kalisa . Shortly before the 1995 season Fuller 's father , who was blind at the time due to diabetes , died . Fuller and his father were very close and had filmed a United Way and the NFL commercial together during the offseason . The commercial , which featured an organization for the blind , was not aired until two days after his father 's death . Fuller is also a noted philanthropist , who was actively involved in programs relating to Juvenile diabetes , Special Olympics , Ronald McDonald House and the Boys ' Clubs of America during his time in the NFL . He hosts the William Fuller Tournament in Houston for the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation . The event has raised over $ 1 million for research to cure diabetes , and Fuller himself has helped raise over $ 3 million for diabetes research . Fuller currently owns and operates his own real estate development company , Fulco Development , which is based in Norfolk . His company is currently working on development projects in the Hampton Roads region . He has also donated his time as an assistant football coach for Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach . In 2011 , Fuller became a radio commentator for the Virginia Destroyers UFL team .
= = Career statistics = =
Sources :
* Led the American Football Conference .
* * Tied for National Football Conference lead .
* * * Currently # 20 all @-@ time .
Key to Abbreviations
GP = Games Played
Int = Interception
Yds = Yards
t = Play resulted in a touchdown
TD = Touchdowns
FR = Fumbles Recovered
= Codex Coislinianus =
Codex Coislinianus designated by Hp or 015 ( in the Gregory @-@ Aland numbering ) , α 1022 ( Soden ) , was named also as Codex Euthalianus . It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Pauline epistles , dated palaeographically to the 6th century . The text is written stichometrically . It has marginalia . The codex is known for its subscription at the end of the Epistle to Titus .
The manuscript was divided into several parts and was used as raw material for the production of new volumes . The codex came to the attention of scholars in the 18th century ( after edition of Montfaucon ) . Currently it is housed in several European libraries , in : Paris , Athos , Saint Petersburg , Kiev , Moscow , and Turin .
It is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament .
= = Contents = =
The surviving leaves of the codex contain :
1 Cor . 10 : 22 – 29 , 11 : 9 – 16 ;
2 Cor . 4 : 2 – 7 , 10 : 5 – 11 : 8 , 11 : 12 – 12 : 4 ;
Gal . 1 : 1 – 10 , 2 : 9 – 17 , 4 : 30 – 5 : 5 ;
Col. 1 : 26 – 2 : 8 , 2 : 20 – 3 : 11 ;
1 Thes . 2 : 9 – 13 , 4 : 5 – 11 ;
1 Tim . 1 : 7 – 2 : 13 , 3 : 7 – 13 , 6 : 9 – 13 ;
2 Tim . 2 : 1 – 9 ;
Titus 1 : 1 – 3 , 1 : 15 – 2 : 5 , 3 : 13 – 15 ;
Hebr . 1 : 3 – 8 , 2 : 11 – 16 , 3 : 13 – 18 , 4 : 12 – 15 , 10 : 1 – 7 , 10 : 32 – 38 , 12 : 10 – 15 , 13 : 24 – 25 .
All these books , belonging to the Pauline epistles , have survived only in fragments . Romans , Philippians , Ephesians , 2 Thes , and Phil have been lost altogether .
= = Description = =
The codex originally contained the entire Pauline epistles . The leaves were arranged in quarto ( four leaves in quire ) . Only 41 leaves ( 30 cm by 25 cm ) of the codex have survived . The text is written on parchment in large , square uncials ( over 1 @.@ 5 cm ) , in one column per page , and 16 lines per page . The breathings ( designated by ⊢ and ⊣ ) and accents were added by a later hand ( not to the subscriptions ) . Accents often were put in wrong places . Iota subscriptum does not occur , there are some errors of itacism ( f.e. ΙΟΔΑΙΟΙ instead of ΙΟΥΔΑΙΟΙ ) . The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way ( ΘΥ , ΠΡΣ , ΧΥ , ΑΝΟΥΣ ) , the words at the end of the line are contracted .
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια ( chapters ) , whose numbers are given at the margin . It contains also tables of the κεφαλαια ( tables of contents ) before each book .
The value of the codex is indicated by its subscription at the end of the Epistle to Titus :
Ἔγραψα καὶ ἐξεθέμην κατὰ δύναμιν στειχηρὸν τόδε τὸ τεῦχος Παύλου τοῦ ἀποστόλου πρὸς ἐγγραμμὸν καὶ εὐκατάλημπτον ἀνάγνωσιν … ἀντεβλήθη δὲ ἡ βίβλος πρὸς τὸ ἐν Καισαρίᾳ ἀντίγραφον τῆς βιβλιοθήκης τοῦ ἀγίου Παμφίλου χειρὶ γεγραμμένον αὑτοῦ .
I , Euthalius , wrote this volume of the Apostle Paul as carefully as possible in stichoi , so that it might be read with intelligence : the book was compared with the copy in the library at Caesarea , written by the hand of Pamphilius the saint .
Almost the same note appears in Codex Sinaiticus in the Book of Ezra and some Armenian manuscripts .
= = Text = =
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text @-@ type , but with a large number of Byzantine readings . According to Lagrange the text is similar to that of Codex Vaticanus . It is one of the witnesses for the Euthalian recension of the Pauline epistles .
According to Eberhard Nestle it is " one of the most valuable manuscripts " . Kurt and Barbara Aland gave the following textual profile of it 71 , 01 / 2 , 122 , 3s . This means the text of the codex agrees with the Byzantine standard text 7 times , it agrees 12 times with the original text against the Byzantine and that it has 3 independent or distinctive readings . Aland considered the quality of the text to suit his Category III . The corrections in the text are almost always representative of the Byzantine textual tradition .
The words before a bracket are the readings of Nestle @-@ Aland , the words after a bracket are the readings of the codex
2 Cor — 10 @,@ 7 ἀφ ' ] ἐφ'
2 Cor — 10 @,@ 8 τε ] omit
2 Cor — 11 @,@ 1 ἀφροσύνης ] τη ἀφροσυνη
2 Cor — 11 @,@ 3 καὶ τἥς ἀγνοτητος ] omit
2 Cor — 11 @,@ 30 μου ] omit
2 Cor — 12 @,@ 3 χωρὶς ] εκτος
Gal — 1 @,@ 3 ἠμων καὶ κυρἰου ] και κυριου ημων
Col — 1 @,@ 27 ὅ ] ος
= = History = =
The codex was probably written in the 6th century at the library in Caesarea , later coming into the possession of the monastery of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos , but its value appears to have been overlooked . Leaves of the codex were used as raw material for the production of new volumes . In 975 some leaves , now known as Fragmenta Mosquensia , were used to cover a volume of Gregory Nazianzen at Mount Athos . In the 12th century Fragmenta Taurinensia were used in Nicetas ' catenae to the Psalterium , in 1218 another part , now named as Fragmenta Coisliniana , were used with the same purpose .
As a result , leaves of the codex were scattered in several places of the monastery , from where they were collected on several occasions by people from France , Russia , and Italy . The first was Pierre Séguier ( 1588 – 1672 ) , who bought 14 leaves which , known later as Fragmenta Coisliniana , and became a part of the Fonds Coislin . They were held in Saint @-@ Germain @-@ des @-@ Prés . In 1715 Bernard de Montfaucon published text of these 14 leaves . He made a few mistakes corrected by Tischendorf ( in 1865 ) . Tischendorf observed in Paris additional passage . Montfaucon used the manuscript for his palaeographical studies .
After the fire of St. Germain @-@ des @-@ Prés in 1793 only 12 leaves were found , the other two have been transferred to Saint Petersburg . From 1795 until the present it has been held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France . Fragmenta Mosquensia were brought to Moscow in 1665 . They were examined by Matthaei . The last was Porphyrius Uspensky , who took one leaf from the monastery .
The codex is located in eight places , in seven libraries , in six cities in Europe . The bulk of the surviving leaves ( 22 leaves ) are held in two collections in Paris , both in the National Library of France ( Suppl . Gr . 1074 , and Coislin 202 ) . Eight leaves have not left the Great Lavra . Nine leaves are held in Ukraine or Russia , three each in Kiev ( Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine ) , Saint Petersburg and Moscow ( Hist . Mus . 563 , and Russian State Library , Gr . 166 @,@ 1 ) . Finally , two leaves are held in Turin .
Henri Omont published the part of the codex known to him . Another part of the codex housed at Athos was published by Kirsopp Lake , in 1905 . It is cited in the printed editions of the Greek New Testament since Tischendorf 's edition .
The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament ( UBS3 , UBS4 , NA26 , NA27 ) . In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order .
= Give Me Your Everything =
" Give Me Your Everything " is a song recorded by Romanian vocalist Alexandra Stan for her second studio album titled Unlocked ( 2014 ) . The single was made available for digital download on 20 August 2014 . " Give Me Your Everything " was written by Stan , Serban Cazan , LeAnna James , Naz Tokio and Andrei Mihai , while production was handled by Cazan alone . A music video for the song was directed by Vlad Fenesan and debuted on Stan 's YouTube channel , where it has amassed over two million views . The clip shows Stan chasing a masked man in a dark landscape . Upon its release , the video aroused controversy for a scene in which Stan is wearing a white robe with masonic symbols inscribed on its back . Particularly , Urban.ro named the clip " her most bizarre video ever " .
The recording was met with good reviews . Some music critics praised the song 's " Caribbean groove " and Stan 's " hypnotic " and " crystalline " vocals , while others comparing " Give Me Your Everything " to the material featured on Rihanna 's A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) . The style of the song has been described as " urban " and " tribal " . During an interview in Spain , Stan explained that " Give Me Your Everything " was written as a present for her Asian and Arabic fans , due to the song 's more oriental style and spiritual meaning .
= = Background = =
In May 2014 , it was announced that Stan would tour in Japan during her Unlocked Tour ( 2014 ) for the first time in two years . During the tour , a new track called " Give Me Your Everything " was unveiled at the end of Stan 's concert at Shibuya Womb in Tokyo on 18 July 2015 , with her also confessing that it is scheduled to be released on 27 August 2014 as the fourth single from Unlocked . When asked about the track by her Japanese label Victor Entertainment , Stan felt that she had made a song with an oriental mood , weaving together an African and Asian feel with a Balkan sound " . Particularly , during website Barks 's review of her performance in Tokyo , they called the silver leotard she wore " bold " , while also describing " Give Me Your Everything " as a song having a " violently dark melody " .
= = Recording and composition = =
The song was written by Stan herself , Șerban Cazan , LeAnna James , and Naz Tokio ; the production was made by Cazan . It was composed during FonoCamp 2013 , the first international songwriting camp in Romania which was organized by both Fonogram and HaHaHa Studios and held in Azuga . Fellow Romanian and international singers were also present at the two @-@ weeks event , such as Delia Matache , Mohombi , Smiley and Deepcentral . The track was mixed for HaHaHa Production and recorded at Fonogram Studios and HaHaHa Studios . In an interview in Barcelona , Spain , Stan described the song as " more oriental , with a lot of spiritual meaning " . She continued to explain that " Give Me Your Everything " was written as a present for her Arabic and Asian fans due to the song 's vibe . According to Pop Shock , the track is a Caucasian @-@ flavoured mid @-@ tempo ballad . Lyrically , Stan tells her unidentified boyfriend not to be so hard on her , and if he really loves her , he needs to give her his everything . " Give Me Your Everything " consists solely of the phrase " Don 't you be so hard on me / If you love me , come and give me your everything " .
= = Reception = =
Pop Shock praised the song , saying that they didn 't expect Stan to choose such a genre for a track . Pop Shock went on saying that the track " reinvents the cutesy , innuendo @-@ loving Europop star into an exotic vixen of global proportions " . Everything Express noticed similarities to Rihanna 's works , confessing that " the single reminds us that our Romanian pop @-@ poppet can actually sing . " Adictivoz compared " Give Me Your Everything " to Shakira . Pure Charts labelled the song as " tribal " and " urban " , pointing out the sexual lyrics " I 'm doing limbo / Your body is my temple . " Digital Journal praised the song , confessing that Stan " displays a different style to her artistry . " The song 's Middle Eastern melodic flair " enhances [ the song ] sonically " . They went on saying that Stan 's vocals are " hypnotic " and " crystalline . " Digital Journal noted that Stan " is not afraid to take risks and try new things . " Direct Lyrics compared " Give Me Your Everything " to the material featured on Rihanna 's A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) .
= = Music video = =
= = = Release and synopsis = = =
An accompanying music video for " Give Me Your Everything " premiered on 27 August 2014 on Stan 's YouTube channel , where it has amassed over 2 million views as of December 2015 . It was directed by Vlad Fenesan with production studio Griffon & Swans . The clip is featured on Stan 's Japanese DVD release The Collection . The video opens with a lost Stan that seeks refuge in a dark forest full of fog and smoke , sporting a black cloak and holding a violet flame in her hand that guides her . Afterwards , she encounters a mysterious black @-@ clothed person whose face cannot be seen . After performing a choreography with her fellow backup dancers , she steps into a white realm full of light . Subsequently , the mysterious person appears again and Stan chases him whereby she enters a pitch @-@ black room . Following this , she performs a dance act in front of more mirrors . Afterwards , Stan is shown wearing a white robe and walking through a jungle @-@ like setting . After encountering the mysterious person again , the video ends with her removing his mask to see his true identity . Scenes interspersed through the main video show Stan dancing with her black @-@ clothed background dancers .
= = = Analysis and controversy = = =
Urban.ro praised the music video for being " exceptional " , while also naming it " her most bizarre video ever " . They also pointed out the use of masonic symbols by displaying a screenshot of the video where Stan is wearing a white cloak and pointing out inscriptions on the back of the screen . The symbols inscribed are the pyramid and Ra . " These are the most obvious moments of video ; the rest is suggested . " Urban.ro compared the man , which Stan is chasing , to a demon , due to his black clothing . They went on to compare one scene of the video to Beyoncé 's clip for her song , " Grown Woman " ( 2013 ) . Pro TV felt that the clip for " Give Me Your Everything " is very different from her previous works . They felt that the video showed a more daring side of Stan , compared to her previous videos featuring " summerly @-@ dressed dancers " , due to the incorporation of religious and cultural references . Direct Lyrics has cited that : " Just like the song , the ' Give Me Your Everything ' visual also has dark vibe . " They went on into saying that the clip " will definitely keep your on your seat till the end . "
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Unlocked .
Recording
Produced for HaHaHa Production in Bucharest , Romania .
Recorded at Fonogram Studios in Bucharest , Romania .
Recorded at HaHaHa Studios in Bucharest , Romania .
Personnel
Dimitri Caceaune – photography
Șerban Cazan – songwriting , producing
LeeAnna James – songwriting
Andrei Mihai – songwriting
Alexandra Stan – lead vocals , songwriting
Naz Tokio – songwriting
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Give Me Your Everything " – 3 : 25
= = Release history = =
= Marta ( Ricardo Arjona song ) =
" Marta " is a Latin pop song recorded by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona . It was released on 29 March 2011 as the third and final single from his twelfth studio album , Poquita Ropa ( 2010 ) . It was written by Arjona , who produced it with longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name , Los Gringos . An accompanying music video for " Marta " was released in March 2011 and features Mexican actress Edith Gonzalez . It was directed by Joaquín Cambre . The video was used as part of the feature film Poquita Ropa — Una Historia Apasionada .
= = Background = =
Poquita Ropa is similar in style to Arjona 's work on Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) . With the album , Arjona wanted to drastically change his musical style . He tried to use as few instruments as possible , resulting in a production that sounds like a capella performances . Arjona talking about the album , stated that " music and women look better with little clothes " , and that " they [ the songs ] are like women ; they get things up and are so concerned about this that they forget that the less clothes , more beauty . The songs are often overwhelmed by ourselves , because we saturate them with arrangements looking to exalt their qualities and we end up hiding them . "
Arjona produced the album with the assistance of Dan Warner , who has worked with Shakira , Celine Dion and Christina Aguilera . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic commented that Poquita Ropa " finds Arjona at his most naked , backed by spare arrangements of acoustic guitar , piano , and Hammond B @-@ 3 along with occasional touches of strings , woodwinds , and chorus vocals . " Poquita Ropa was the first album that Arjona recorded without producer Tommy Torres , whose last production was 5to Piso ( 2008 ) .
= = Composition = =
" Marta " is a latin pop song that is " anchored by percussion , " and was written by Arjona , who produced it alongside longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin , under their stagename Los Gringos . Roger Silvestre Ramírez and Wendy Pedersen provided additional background vocals on the song , while Andrés Saavedra and Isaías García served as the recording engineers . Matt Rollings provided both the piano and its arrangements , as well as playing the Hammond B @-@ 3 ; Lee Levin performed the drums and percussion instruments while Briang Lang provided the bass . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic praised the song , stating that it " pack [ s ] a punch . " Arjona said that " Marta " is " one of those songs with brushworks related to something that happened , put on the magnifying glass of the author . "
= =
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Representatives , and then became the first woman to hold a statewide elected office in Oregon when she became Oregon Secretary of State in 1977 . Paulus later served as Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction for nine years . She had failed bids to become Governor of Oregon and United States Senator . She lives in Portland where she is involved with several non @-@ profit groups and sponsored a ballot measure to create open primaries in Oregon 's statewide elections .
= = Early life = =
Norma Jean Petersen was born in Belgrade , Nebraska , on March 13 , 1933 . She was raised as one of seven children in Eastern Oregon , where she graduated from Burns Union High School in Burns , in 1950 . Paulus started her career as the secretary for the district attorney for Harney County in Burns , Oregon .
After recovering from polio she moved to Salem , Oregon ( the state 's capitol ) , and worked as a legal secretary , including working for Oregon Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl C. Latourette . At this time Latourette recommended Paulus to attend law school , which she did at Willamette University without a college degree , enrolling in 1956 . While in law school she met her future husband William G. Paulus . Norma Paulus graduated with honors from Willamette University College of Law in Salem with a LL.B. in 1962 . Following law school Paulus worked in private practice until entering politics .
= = Political career = =
Paulus began her political career by winning election to the Oregon House of Representatives in 1970 . Elected as a Republican , she represented Salem and Marion County in District 11 . She won re @-@ election in 1972 and 1974 to additional two @-@ year terms in the House with her district changing to District 31 , serving through the 1975 special legislative session . Paulus was then elected as Oregon 's first female Secretary of State in 1976 , the first time a woman won election to a statewide office in Oregon .
She took office on January 3 , 1977 , and served through January 7 , 1985 , after winning re @-@ election to a second four @-@ year term in 1980 . Paulus keeps a small statue of a lion on a desk in her downtown Portland home that was given to her in October 1981 by the northeast Portland Lions Club when she was inducted as their first female member . The next day , Paulus was visited in her office at the Oregon Capitol by the president of the statewide Oregon Lions Club . He had come to ask Paulus to return the Portland club 's gift . He did not think the statue – or membership into the club – should have been given to a woman .
She was one of the speakers at a national conference for women legislators in 1982 . Paulus remarked in her speech that " We have come a long way " referring to women in politics . In 1984 , followers of the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh bused homeless people to Wasco County in an attempt to sway local elections . As Secretary of State , Paulus recommended the county institute emergency procedures to restrict these transients from registering to vote , which the Rajneeshes challenged in federal court . At that time Oregon allowed citizens to register to vote on the same day as an election . Then federal district judge Edward Leavy ruled against the Rajneeshes , determining the emergency procedures were proper . The religious sect later faced government investigations over immigration fraud , a related failed murder plot , and the first bioterrorist attack in the United States .
Following her two terms as the Secretary of State , Paulus ran for governor in 1986 . She won the Republican primary in May , but lost to Democrat Neil Goldschmidt in the November election . While campaigning for the office she had been a critic of the new MAX Light Rail that opened that year . Paulus was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to help oversee the 1986 Filipino presidential elections .
In 1987 , she was appointed as one of two Oregon members of the Northwest Power and Conservation Council . While on the council , she was a supporter of regional fish habitat protection . She resigned her position on the Council in late 1989 to run for Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction after the retirement of Verne Duncan .
Goldschmidt later appointed her as the Superintendent of Public Instruction on October 1 , 1990 . Paulus won election to a full four @-@ year term in that office later in the year , and was re @-@ elected in 1994 . Paulus then ran for the United States Senate in the December 5 , 1995 , special primary election . The election was for the nominations to replace Bob Packwood who resigned . Paulus lost to Gordon Smith in the Republican primary . Smith then lost to Ron Wyden in the general election before he was elected later in 1996 to fill the vacancy left when Mark Hatfield retired .
As state superintendent , Paulus helped introduce statewide assessment testing for grades 3 , 5 , 8 , and 11 in 1991 . Other education reforms introduced that year were the Certificate of Initial Mastery ( CIM ) and Certificate of Advanced Mastery ( CAM ) that were designed to replace the high school diploma in Oregon . These were optional programs which were part of a broader program that included issuing a report card outlining the progress as a state , as required by a law the state legislature passed in 1991 . Paulus also supported school to work initiatives for reforming public education while in office , which were part of the 1991 reforms . At the time Paulus was one of only ten women in the nation to hold the top education position in their state . She left the office on January 4 , 1999 , after two terms . In 2007 , the Oregon Legislature eliminated the optional certificates from schools in the state .
= = Later life and family = =
Norma and her husband William ( Bill ) have two children , Elizabeth and Fritz . In 1996 , she was named to National Assessment Governing Board by US Secretary of Education Richard Riley . She has been conferred with honorary degrees by Willamette University in 1999 , Whitman College , Lewis & Clark College , and Linfield College . In December 2000 , she was appointed as the executive director of the Oregon Historical Society and served in that position until 2003 . Since April 2000 , Paulus has served on the Oregon State Capitol Foundation Board . She is an original member of the organization and has served as chair of the group . She also serves on the boards of the High Desert Museum in Bend , the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport , and the City Club of Portland . In 2004 , she received University of Oregon 's Distinguished Service Award .
She worked to raise funds for a statue honoring former governor and longtime friend Tom McCall , with the statue completed and installed in Salem along the Willamette River in 2008 . In 2008 , Paulus and co @-@ petitioner Phil Keisling , also a former Oregon Secretary of State , brought Ballot Measure 65 to the November ballot , in an effort to reform the state 's primary election system for partisan races .
= F @-@ Zero GX =
F @-@ Zero GX is a futuristic racing video game for the Nintendo GameCube console . Developed by Sega 's Amusement Vision department and supervised and published by Nintendo , it was released in Japan , North America and Europe in 2003 . F @-@ Zero GX runs on an enhanced version of the engine used in Super Monkey Ball . F @-@ Zero AX , the arcade counterpart of GX , uses the Triforce arcade system board conceived from a business alliance between Nintendo , Namco and Sega . Published by Sega , it was released alongside GX in 2003 .
F @-@ Zero GX is the successor to F @-@ Zero X and continues the series ' difficult , high @-@ speed racing style , retaining the basic gameplay and control system from the Nintendo 64 game . A heavy emphasis is placed on track memorization and reflexes , which aids in completing the game . GX introduces a " story mode " element , where the player assumes the role of F @-@ Zero pilot Captain Falcon through nine chapters while completing various missions .
The F @-@ Zero GX and AX project was the first significant video game collaboration between Nintendo and Sega . GX received critical acclaim as one of the best racers of its time and one of the greatest racers on the GameCube platform . Overall , the game was well received by critics for its visuals , intense action , high sense of speed , and track design . Complaints centered on its sharp increase in difficulty that may alienate players .
= = Gameplay = =
F @-@ Zero GX is a futuristic racing game where up to thirty competitors race on massive circuits inside plasma @-@ powered machines in an intergalactic Grand Prix . Tracks include enclosed tubes , cylinders , tricky jumps , and rollercoaster @-@ esque paths . Some courses are littered with innate obstacles like dirt patches and mines . Each machine handles differently , has its own performance abilities affected by its weight , and a grip , boost , and durability trait graded on an A to E ( best to worst ) scale . Before a race , the player is able to adjust a vehicle 's balance between maximum acceleration and maximum top speed . Every machine has an energy meter , which serves two purposes . First , it is a measurement of the machine 's health and is decreased , for example , when the machine hits another racer or the side of the track . Second , the player is usually given the ability to boost after the first lap . Boosting greatly increases the racer 's speed for a few seconds , but also drains their energy . Pit areas and dash plates are located at various points around the track for vehicles to drive over . The former replenishes energy , while the latter gives a speed boost without using up any energy . The less time spent in the pit area , the less energy will regenerate . Courses may also have jump plates , which launch vehicles into the air enabling them to cut corners .
Each racing craft contains air brakes for navigating tight corners by using the control stick and shoulder buttons . Afterwards , the game 's physics modeling give vehicles setup with high acceleration a boost of acceleration . Players can easily exploit this on a wide straight stretch of a circuit to generate serpentinous movements . This technique called " snaking " delivers a massive increase in speed , but it is best used on the easier tracks , when racing alone in Time Trial , and with heavy vehicles with a high grip rating and given high acceleration . According to Nintendo , the snaking technique was an intentional addition to F @-@ Zero GX 's gameplay .
F @-@ Zero GX features numerous gameplay modes and options . In the Grand Prix mode , the player races against twenty @-@ nine opponents through three laps of each track in a cup . There are four cups available ( Ruby , Sapphire , Emerald , and Diamond ) with five tracks in each . Unlocking the AX cup gives the player all six tracks from the arcade game , F @-@ Zero AX . Each cup has four selectable difficulty levels : Novice , Standard , Expert , and Master . Players get a certain amount of points for finishing a track depending on where they placed , and the winner of the circuit is the character who receives the most total points . If the player has a " spare machine " — the equivalent of an extra life — then the race can be restarted even if the player falls off a track or runs out of energy . A predetermined amount of spare machines based on the difficulty level chosen are given to players before starting a cup . Players get an additional spare machine for every five contenders he or she eliminates , and each eliminated contender recovers a portion of the player 's energy meter . Competitors can be damaged and eliminated by means of a spin or side attack .
The Vs . Battle is the multiplayer mode where two to four players can compete simultaneously . Time Attack lets the player choose any track and complete it in the shortest time possible . An Internet ranking system was established where players enter a password on the official F @-@ Zero website and get ranked based on their position in the database . Players receive a password after completing a Time Attack race , which records their time and machine used . Ghost data , transparent re @-@ enactments of the player 's Time Attack performances , can be saved on memory cards to later race against . Up to five ghosts can be raced against simultaneously . The Replay mode allows saved Grand Prix and Time Attack gameplay to be replayed with different camera angles and in @-@ game music . The Pilot Profile mode has each character 's biography , theme music , information on their machine , and a short full motion video sequence .
Customize mode is divided between the F @-@ Zero Shop , Garage , and Emblem Editor . The shop is where opponent machines , custom parts for vehicle creation , and miscellaneous items such as story mode chapters and staff ghost data can be purchased with tickets . Tickets are acquired as the player progresses through the Grand Prix , Time Attack , and Story mode . In the Garage section , players can create a machine with three custom parts or print emblems on any vehicle . The parts are divided into body , cockpit , and booster categories , and affect the vehicle 's overall durability , maximum speed , cornering , and acceleration . The Emblem Editor is a tool @-@ set for decal creation .
F @-@ Zero GX is the first F @-@ Zero game to feature a Story mode . Its story has the player assume the role of F @-@ Zero pilot Captain Falcon in nine chapters of various racing scenarios ; such as Falcon 's training regiment , a race against a rival through a canyon with falling boulders , attack and eliminate a rival 's gang , and escape from a collapsing building through closing blast doors . Each chapter can be completed on a normal , hard , and very hard difficulty setting . Toshihiro Nagoshi , one of the game 's co @-@ producers , stated that this mode was included because the development team felt that the F @-@ Zero universe was unique and they wanted to explain some of the characters ' motivations and flesh out the game world .
= = Arcade counterpart = =
F @-@ Zero AX is a futuristic racing arcade game developed by Amusement Vision and published by Sega for the Triforce arcade system board . It is the second game by Sega to use Triforce , which was conceived from a business alliance between them , Nintendo and Namco . This hardware allows for connectivity between the GameCube and arcade games . F @-@ Zero AX 's arcade cabinet is available for purchase in standard , and deluxe . The standard version is a regular sit @-@ down model , while the deluxe version is shaped like Captain Falcon 's vehicle and has a tilting seat simulating the craft 's cockpit . IGN demoed the Cycraft version dubbed " F @-@ Zero Monster Ride " at the 2003 JAMMA arcade show . The Cycraft machine , co @-@ developed between Sega and Simuline , is a cabin suspended in midair controlled by three servomotors for a in @-@ depth motion @-@ based simulation .
The game introduces ten playable vehicles with their pilots , and brings back four from F @-@ Zero GX . It includes six new selectable courses and two game modes . Each track must be completed before time runs out . Time extensions are awarded for reaching multiple checkpoints on a course , however the player will receive time penalties for falling off @-@ course or depleting their energy meter . Race mode allows the player to select a track and race against twenty @-@ nine opponents . Connecting multiple cabinets opens up " Versus Play " in the race mode , thus enabling up to three other people to compete simultaneously . In Time Attack , the player chooses any track and complete it in the shortest time possible .
= = = Data storage devices = = =
F @-@ Zero AX cabinets can dispense magnetic stripe cards called a " F @-@ Zero license card " to keep track of custom machine data , pilot points , and race data . A card was bundled with the Japanese release of F @-@ Zero GX . The card expires after fifty uses , but its data can be transferred to a new card . Once inserted , the game builds a machine with three custom parts which can be upgraded by earning pilot points . Pilot points are acquired as the player progresses through the Race and Time Attack modes . Players can increase point earnings by improving finish place , eliminating opponents , and finishing races with a large amount of energy reserved . A magnetic stripe card is needed to enter the F @-@ Zero AX Internet Ranking system . Similarly to GX , players receive a password after completing a Time Attack race to enter on the official F @-@ Zero website 's ranking system .
Nintendo GameCube memory cards , on which saved games are kept , can be inserted into these arcade units . A memory card is required for players a chance to win the AX @-@ exclusive pilots , their vehicles , and tracks for use in GX . Players can store up to four machines from GX on a memory card , then play them in AX . If a memory card is used with a magnetic stripe card , players have additional options ; they can enter stored GX machines into the F @-@ Zero AX Internet ranking system , and transfer custom AX machine parts to GX . F @-@ Zero AX content is also unlockable by progressing through GX 's tougher challenges . It was discovered in early 2013 that the arcade version is playable within the GameCube version by the use of a cheat cartridge .
= = Development and audio = =
Nintendo announced on February 18 , 2002 that an arcade system board under the name of " Triforce " was being developed in conjunction between Nintendo , Namco , and Sega . The idea for the arcade board originated after discussions between Sega and Namco about the capabilities and cost effectiveness of the GameCube architecture to make arcade games . A month later , an announcement from Sega and Nintendo revealed Sega 's subsidiary Amusement Vision and Nintendo will collaborate to release F @-@ Zero video game titles for the Triforce arcade board and the Nintendo GameCube . Nintendo revealed the first footage of F @-@ Zero GX at the Pre @-@ Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) press conference on May 21 , 2002 . While the game was known to exist several months prior , it had remained behind closed doors until that conference . F @-@ Zero GX runs on an enhanced version of the engine used in Super Monkey Ball .
In early March 2003 , according to the official Nintendo website , F @-@ Zero was delayed by two months . Via a live video conference call from Japan on July 7 , 2003 , co @-@ producers Shigeru Miyamoto and Toshihiro Nagoshi , and supervisor Takaya Imamura answered questions about the two F @-@ Zero games . There , Miyamoto announced the Japanese version of the game was finished and would soon be available to the public . Nagoshi mentioned that back at E3 2003 , he was hoping that they would have that time to include a local area network ( LAN ) multiplayer mode , however they chose not to support this mode . The development team focused more on the game 's single @-@ player aspects , and a LAN multiplayer mode would distract greatly from it . Imamura commented that even though he worked directly on F @-@ Zero throughout its different incarnations , this time he took a " step back and was involved at kind of a producer level at looking over the game . " Imamura added " hav [ ing ] worked on the F @-@ Zero series , and seeing the results of the collaboration with Sega , I found myself at something of a loss as to how we can take the franchise further past F @-@ Zero GX and AX . "
F @-@ Zero GX / AX Original Soundtracks , a two @-@ CD set composed of BGM soundtracks to the video games GX and its arcade counterpart , was released in Japan under the Scitron Digital Content record label on July 22 , 2004 . The first disc consists of forty @-@ one tracks and the second has forty with an additional track rearranged by Supersweep 's AYA ( Ayako Sasō ) of " Big Blue " . The soundtracks features an array of songs from rock and techno musical styles originally composed by the game music staff 's Hidenori Shoji and Daiki Kasho . Shojii is known for his musical scores in Daytona USA 2 and Fighting Vipers 2 , while Kasho worked on the Gran Turismo series . Kasho composed the character themes and their lyrics were by Alan Brey . Both Shoji and Kasho supervised the soundtracks ' audio mastering .
= = = Collaboration and relationship = = =
F @-@ Zero GX and AX was the first significant video game collaboration between Nintendo and Sega . After Sega transited from first to third @-@ party development in 2001 , the two companies developed a close relationship and worked together on F @-@ Zero GX and AX . Amusement Vision president , Toshihiro Nagoshi , was working on Super Monkey Ball for GameCube which opened up the opportunity for a collaboration between the two companies . Since Sega helped to develop Nintendo 's Triforce arcade system , the company wanted to support it with software that would " stand out and draw attention to Nintendo 's platform . " Nagoshi was suggested to develop a driving game and agreed under the stipulation he could come up with something unique — which was working on the next installment in Nintendo 's F @-@ Zero series . During its development , Nagoshi focused on what he called the self @-@ explanatory " Interface " of the game , and " Rhythm " — to give the way the tracks are laid out a rhythmic feel . Miyamoto stated " [ Nintendo ] have gained a lot of fans among current game developers , including famous producers like Mr. Nagoshi who grew up playing Nintendo games and are big fans of some of our titles . " In 2002 , Nagoshi claimed that 1991 's F @-@ Zero " actually taught me what a game should be " and that it served as an influence for him to create Daytona USA and other racing games . Before development started on F @-@ Zero GX and AX , he mentioned abandoning the project due to personal pressures he faced to make a great impression on Nintendo and personal admiration of an established franchise . Still the announcement that Nintendo had handled development of one of its franchises to former competitor Sega came as a surprise to some critics .
While Amusement Vision was responsible for most of the game 's development , Nintendo EAD employees Shigeru Miyamoto and Takaya Imamura took on the role of producer and supervisor , respectively . Sega handled planning and execution and Nintendo was responsible for supervision of their product . Nagoshi was initially concerned about differences in opinion between the two companies , and mentioned " If Nintendo planned to hold our hands through development , I would have suggested they develop the game themselves . That way we could focus on a project which would reflect our studio 's abilities . I figured that would cause a war , but I was told most of the responsibility would be left to us . " Miyamoto thought the collaboration resulted in a " true evolution of the F @-@ Zero series " , enhancing the simulation of racing at high speeds and expanding the " F @-@ Zero world on a grand scale . " Published by Nintendo , F @-@ Zero GX was released in Japan on July 25 , 2003 , in North America on August 25 , 2003 , and in PAL regions on October 31 , 2003 . The Arcade version was released in 2003 alongside its Gamecube counterpart .
= = Reception = =
When F @-@ Zero GX was released , the game was well @-@ received overall by reviewers ; the title has an 89 % average on aggregate websites Metacritic and Game Rankings with some considering it as one of the best racers of its time and the greatest racer on the GameCube platform . It was listed " Best GameCube Racing Game " in the E3 2003 IGN Awards and " Best Racing Game of 2003 " by IGN . F @-@ Zero GX was awarded " Best GameCube Driving Game " in GameSpot 's " Best and Worst of 2003 " feature and was nominated for " Console Racing Game of the Year " in the 7th Annual Interactive Achievements Awards held by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . Official Nintendo Magazine ranked it the 92nd best game available on Nintendo platforms . The staff felt it was best for hardcore fans .
The game has been credited for its visuals , arcade / home connectivity , longevity , sharp controls , tough challenge , and fleshed @-@ out single @-@ player modes . The game 's most common criticism is its difficulty , specifically in the game 's story mode . It earned fourth place in IGN 's and GameTrailers ' toughest games to beat . GameTrailers mentioned F @-@ Zero GX demanded players to master the " rollercoaster @-@ style tracks [ which ] required hairline precision " to avoid falling off @-@ course . Electronic Gaming Monthly criticized GX 's sharp increase in difficulty and GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann agreed stating it " will surely turn some people away before they 've seen the 20 tracks and unlocked all the story mode chapters " . Bryn Williams of GameSpy mentioned that " purists may find it too similar to [ sic ] N64 version " and criticized the lack of LAN play .
1UP.com stated that the F @-@ Zero series is " finally running on hardware that can do it proper justice " . Eurogamer 's Kristan Reed pointed out that , graphically , " it 's hard to imagine how Amusement Vision could have done a better job " . Matt Casamassina of IGN praised the developers ' work commenting they have " done a fine job of taking Nintendo 's dated franchise and updating it for the new generation " and summed up the general opinion by stating that " For some , GX will be the ultimate racer . For others , it will be flat out too difficult . " In Japan , F @-@ Zero GX sold 100 @,@ 981 units and became qualified for the Player 's Choice line in both Europe and North America by selling at least 250 @,@ 000 copies .
= L 'ange de Nisida =
L 'ange de Nisida ( The Angel of Nisida ) is an opera semiseria in four acts by Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti , from a libretto by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaëz .
Parts of the libretto are considered analogous with the libretto for Giovanni Pacini 's Adelaide e Comingio , and the final scene is based on the François @-@ Thomas @-@ Marie de Baculard d 'Arnaud play Les Amants malheureux , ou le comte de Comminges . Donizetti worked on the opera in late 1839 — its final page is dated 27 December 1839 . Because the subject matter involved the mistress of a Neapolitan king , and may thus have caused difficulties with the Italian censors , Donizetti decided that the opera should be presented in France . The theater company Donizetti contracted went bankrupt ; L 'ange was never performed and was reworked as La favorite in September 1840 .
= = Composition history = =
= = = Composition = = =
Donizetti completed L 'ange de Nisida on 27 December 1839 , the date on the final page of the autograph score . He had been working on Le duc d 'Albe , but postponed work on the half @-@ completed score in favor of L 'ange and La fille du régiment .
Although Donizetti noted in correspondence to his close friend Tommaso Persico in Naples that L 'ange was " an opera in three acts " , both the autograph score and Donizetti 's contract with Anténor Joly , the owner of the theater company Donizetti contracted , make clear that L 'ange had four acts . Regardless , Donizetti 's letter has caused confusion among opera journalists and scholars . For example , The Musical Times journalist Winton Dean wrote of the Italian version of La favorite in 1979 : " [ I ] t was expanded from an unperformed three @-@ act French opera , L 'ange de Nisida . " Ashbrook speculates that Donizetti may have considered the first two acts as one .
= = = Contract and cancellation = = =
On 5 January 1840 , Donizetti signed a rehearsal and performance contract with his librettists and Anténor Joly , who was operating a company named Théâtre de la Renaissance and giving performances at the Salle Ventadour in Paris . Théâtre de la Renaissance chose L 'ange over Richard Wagner 's Das Liebesverbot . Joly 's company had premiered the French version of Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor the previous year , and L 'ange was meant to be its successor . The contract , which is on display at the Bibliothèque @-@ Musée de l 'Opéra National de Paris , stipulates that L 'ange be performed uninterrupted twenty times unless three consecutive performances sold poorly , and that Joly could not premiere any other opera until the revenue from L 'ange started to decline . The contract contains nothing about Donizetti 's compensation ; therefore , it is possible that another contract existed . L 'ange was set to begin rehearsal on 1 February 1840 . Donizetti had two other operas in various stages of preparation at other theaters during this time : Les martyrs and La fille du régiment .
Later in January , Joly terminated all opera productions of the Théâtre de la Renaissance company due to financial hardship , despite a reported 5 @,@ 000 @-@ franc loan from Donizetti . Joly tried to keep the operation afloat by staging ballets , but it closed completely in May 1840 . He filed for bankruptcy and therefore avoided paying Donizetti the large fee owed for backing out of the production . Writing for the Cambridge Opera Journal , Mark Everist referred to L 'ange as one of " the most spectacular casualties of the collapse of music drama at the Théâtre de la Renaissance " .
= = = Reworked as La favorite = = =
Donizetti managed to retrieve the score of L 'ange de Nisida from Joly 's company and reworked it as La favorite ( now more commonly known by its Italian title , La favorita ) in September 1840 for a December premiere in Italy . To circumvent the Italian censors Donizetti agreed to plot modifications ; La favorite is about a medieval King of Castile .
The presence and influence of L 'ange is evident in Donizetti 's autograph score of La favorite , which features " large chunks " of L 'ange " cut up and interleaved " in which new character names and text for La favorite overwrite the old . The final page of L 'ange was used as the final page of La favorite ; therefore , both operas bear the same finish date on the last page . Donizetti 's contract for La favorite demanded a 1 December 1840 premiere , leaving him little time for dramatic changes . In his 1965 biography Donizetti , Ashbrook surmises that this tight deadline gave rise to the legend that Donizetti actually composed the last act of La favorite in a single night . In fact , the libretto of L 'ange and the autograph score of La favorite make clear that the final act of La favorite was completed long before Donizetti began the rest of it in September — Donizetti lifted it from L 'ange with the exception of two solo passages . He brought in librettist Eugène Scribe to oversee the new text , which also required the approval of starring mezzo @-@ soprano Rosine Stoltz . The finished product was an amalgamation of the unfinished Adelaide , the never @-@ performed L 'ange de Nisida , and new material worked into the score by Donizetti and into the libretto by Scribe . La favorite premiered on 2 December 1840 .
Ashbrook has compared the surviving autograph scores of L 'ange de Nisida and La favorite to determine precisely how much material L 'ange provided for the latter . While the events in L 'ange are set in 1470 in Nisida and Naples , La favorite is set in Santiago de Compostela and Castile , both in Spain , prior to 1350 . Donizetti made fundamental changes to the first half of La favorite and little remains of L 'ange . The central conflict of the story involving the marriage and subsequent death is essentially the same from one opera to the other , and some of the character names are also similar or identical .
A transcription of the L 'ange libretto is kept at the Fondazione Donizetti library in Bergamo , and was printed in a 2002 issue of the Italian @-@ language journal for The Donizetti Society .
= = Roles = =
As the opera never got to the rehearsal stage , little is known about the intended cast . In a letter to his close friend Tommaso Persico , Donizetti expressed his desire to give the title role to Juliette Bourgeois , a temperamental soprano who requested a large sum of money to perform in France . ( She was later to create the title role in Donizetti 's La fille du régiment )
= = Synopsis = =
Time : 1470
Place : Naples and Nisida
Leone de Casaldi is an exiled soldier who makes a forbidden journey to the island of Nisida , outside Naples , Italy , to see Sylvia , with whom he is infatuated . Leone knows she is a noble but little else . While on Nisida , Leone encounters Don Gaspar , Chamberlain to King Fernand of Naples . After hearing Leone 's plight , Don Gaspar convinces him to travel to Naples to have his exile lifted . Leone and Sylvia meet in Naples , at which time Leone discovers that she is actually Sylvia de Linares , the King 's mistress . She declares her love for Leone but implores him to abandon her and his plans in Naples . When he refuses , the King discovers him and orders Don Gaspar to arrest and imprison him .
The King expresses to Sylvia his desire that she wed him . However , agents of Rome have been plotting to banish the mistress from Naples . When the King , dismayed , offers to grant her any request , she asks that Leone be set free . A monk appears , brandishing the Papal bull and threatening to banish Sylvia if she remains a mistress to the King . The King plots with Don Gaspar to free Leone and wed him to Sylvia , although Leone would be sent away and Sylvia would remain the King 's mistress . Leone and Sylvia marry , but when Leone discovers the plot , he breaks his sword in front of the King and leaves under the monk 's escort .
Leone is preparing to take his vows as a monk when Sylvia appears , having followed him disguised as a novice . When she confronts Leone and asks for forgiveness , he realizes his feelings and attempts to flee with her . Sylvia , who has been near death , dies at Leone 's feet despite his calls for help .
= = Recordings = =
See La favorite for recordings based on much of the music from this opera .
= Atom Heart Mother =
Atom Heart Mother is the fifth studio album by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd . It was released by Harvest and EMI Records 2 October 1970 in the UK , and by Harvest and Capitol on 10 October 1970 in the US . It was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London , England , and was the band 's first album to reach number 1 in the UK , while it reached number 55 in the US chart , eventually going gold there . A remastered CD was released in 1994 in the UK and the United States , and again in 2011 . Ron Geesin , who had already influenced and collaborated with Roger Waters , made a notable contribution to the album and received a then @-@ rare outside songwriting credit .
This was the first Pink Floyd album to be specially mixed for four @-@ channel quadraphonic sound as well as conventional two @-@ channel stereo . The SQ quadraphonic mix was released on LP in a matrix format compatible with standard stereo record players . There was also a release of the quadraphonic version in the UK in fully discrete four @-@ channel form on the " Quad @-@ 8 " format , a four @-@ channel variant of the stereo 8 @-@ track tape cartridge .
The cover was designed by Hipgnosis , and was significant in that it was the first one to not feature the band 's name on the cover , or contain any photographs of the band anywhere . This was a trend that would continue on subsequent covers throughout the 1970s and beyond .
Although it was commercially successful on release , the band , particularly Waters and David Gilmour , have expressed several negative opinions of the album in more recent years . Nevertheless , it remained popular enough for Gilmour to perform the title track with Geesin in 2008 .
= = Recording = =
The album came about after Pink Floyd had completed work on the soundtrack to the film Zabriskie Point in Rome , which had ended somewhat acrimoniously , and headed back to London in early 1970 for rehearsals . A number of out @-@ takes from the Rome sessions were used to assemble new material during these rehearsals , though some of it , such as " The Violent Sequence " , later to become " Us and Them " , would not be used for some time .
= = = Side one = = =
The title track to Atom Heart Mother resulted from a number of instrumental figures the band had composed during these rehearsals , including the chord progression of the main theme , which guitarist David Gilmour had called " Theme from an Imaginary Western " , and the earliest documented live performance was on 17 January 1970 at Hull University . The band felt that the live performances developed the piece into a manageable shape . Recording of the track commenced at Abbey Road Studios in London , and was somewhat cumbersome , as it was the first recording to use a new eight @-@ track one @-@ inch tape and EMI TG12345 transistorised mixing console ( 8 track 20 microphone inputs ) in the studio , and , as a result , EMI insisted the band were not allowed to do any splicing of the tape to edit pieces together . Consequently , band members Roger Waters and Nick Mason had little choice but to play the bass and drums , respectively , for the entire 23 minute piece in one sitting . The other instruments the band played were overdubbed later . Mason recalled the final backing track 's lack of precise timekeeping would cause problems later on .
By March , they had finished recording the track , but felt that it was rather unfocused and needed something else . The band had been introduced to Ron Geesin via the Rolling Stones tour manager , Sam Cutler , and were impressed with his composition and tape editing capabilities , particularly Waters and Mason . Geesin was handed the completed backing tracks the band had recorded , and asked to compose an orchestral arrangement over the top of it while the band went on tour to the US . Geesin described the composing and arranging as " a hell of a lot of work . Nobody knew what was wanted , they couldn 't read music … " According to him , Gilmour came up with some of the melodic lines , while the pair of them along with keyboardist Richard Wright worked on the middle section with the choir . When it came to recording his work in June with the EMI Pops Orchestra , the session musicians present were unimpressed with his tendency to favour avant garde music over established classical works , and , combined with the relative difficulty of some of the parts , harassed him during recording . John Alldis , whose choir were also to perform on the track , had experience in dealing with orchestral musicians , and managed to conduct the recorded performance in place of Geesin .
The track was originally called " The Amazing Pudding " , though Geesin 's original score referred to it as " Epic " . A refined and improved version ( with Geesin 's written parts ) was played at Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music on 27 June . Its name was changed after the band were due to play an " in concert " broadcast for BBC Radio 1 on 16 July 1970 , and had needed a title for John Peel to announce it . Geesin pointed to a copy of the Evening Standard , and suggested to Waters that he would find a title in there . The headline was : " ATOM HEART MOTHER NAMED " , a story about a woman being fitted with a nuclear @-@ powered pacemaker .
The piece as presented on the completed album is a progression from Pink Floyd 's earlier instrumental pieces such as " A Saucerful of Secrets " and even earlier , " Interstellar Overdrive " . The " Atom Heart Mother " suite takes up all of side one , and is split into six parts , individually named . Geesin chose the opening section name , " Father 's Shout " after Earl " Fatha " Hines , while other names such as " Breast Milky " and " Funky Dung " were inspired by the album cover artwork . The orchestral arrangements feature a full brass section , a cello and the 16 @-@ piece John Alldis choir , which take most of the lead melody lines , while Pink Floyd mainly provide the backing tracks ; a reverse of the 1960s pop music practice of using orchestration as the background , and putting the rock band in front . Nevertheless , there are several occasions where Gilmour 's electric guitar and Wright 's keyboards take the lead .
= = = Side two = = =
The album 's concept is similar to their previous Ummagumma album , in that it features the full band in the first half , and focuses on individual members in the second half . Side two opens with three five @-@ minute songs : one by each of the band 's three resident songwriters , and closes with a suite with sound effects primarily conceived by Mason , but credited to the whole group . Waters contributes a folk ballad called " If " , playing acoustic guitar . Pink Floyd rarely played the song live , but Waters often performed it at solo shows in support of his Radio K.A.O.S. album , more than a decade later . This is followed by Wright 's " Summer ' 68 " , which also features prominent use of brass in places . It was issued as a Japanese single in 1971 , and was the only track on the album never to be played live in concert .
According to Mason , Gilmour , having had little songwriting experience at that point , was ordered to remain in Abbey Road until he had composed a song suitable for inclusion on the album . He came up with a folk @-@ influenced tune , " Fat Old Sun " , which he still cites as a personal favourite . The song was extended in arrangement to fifteen minutes as a key part of the band 's live set , and is a staple of Gilmour 's various solo tours .
The final track , " Alan 's Psychedelic Breakfast " , is divided into three segments , each with its own descriptive title , joined by dialogue and sound effects of then @-@ roadie Alan Styles preparing , discussing , and eating breakfast . The idea for the piece came about by Waters experimenting with the rhythm of a dripping tap , which combined sound effects and dialogue recorded by Mason in his kitchen with musical pieces recorded at Abbey Road . A slightly re @-@ worked version was performed on stage on 22 December 1970 at Sheffield City Hall , Sheffield , England with the band members pausing between pieces to eat and drink their breakfast . The original LP ends with the sound of a dripping tap which continues into the inner groove , and thus plays on indefinitely .
While recording sessions for his Barrett album were underway ( with help from Gilmour and Wright ) , previous Floyd frontman Syd Barrett would occasionally observe his old band as they were recording Atom Heart Mother .
= = Cover art = =
The original album cover , designed by art collective Hipgnosis , shows a cow standing in a pasture with no text nor any other clue as to what might be on the record . Some later editions have the title and artist name added to the cover . This concept was the group 's reaction to the psychedelic space rock imagery associated with Pink Floyd at the time of the album 's release ; the band wanted to explore all sorts of music without being limited to a particular image or style of performance . They thus requested that their new album had " something plain " on the cover , which ended up being the image of a cow . Storm Thorgerson , inspired by Andy Warhol 's famous " cow wallpaper " , has said that he simply drove out into a rural area near Potters Bar and photographed the first cow he saw . The cow 's owner identified her name as " Lulubelle III " . More cows appear on the back cover , again with no text or titles , and on the inside gatefold . Also , a pink balloon shaped like a cow udder accompanied the album as part of Capitol 's marketing strategy campaign to " break " the band in the US . The liner notes in later CD editions give a recipe for Traditional Bedouin Wedding Feast on a card labelled " Breakfast Tips " . Looking back on the artwork , Thorgerson remembered : " I think the cow represents , in terms of the Pink Floyd , part of their humour , which I think is often underestimated or just unwritten about . "
In the mid @-@ 1970s , a bootleg containing rare singles and B @-@ sides entitled The Dark Side of the Moo appeared , with a similar cover . Like Atom Heart Mother , the cover had no writing on it , although in this case it was to protect the bootlegger 's anonymity rather than any artistic statement . The album cover to The KLF 's concept album Chill Out was also inspired by Atom Heart Mother .
= = Release and reception = =
Atom Heart Mother was released in the UK and US in October 1970 , reaching number 1 and number 55 , respectively . It was released in the quadraphonic format in the UK , Germany and Australia . A remastered CD was released in 1994 in the UK and the US . Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab released a 24KT gold CD in the US in 1994 , while a LP version was released in the US in the same year . As part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , a remaster was released in 2011 . Then the album was re @-@ issued again in 2016 on the band 's own Pink Floyd Records label .
Critical reaction to the suite has always been mixed , and all band members have expressed negativity toward it in recent times . For instance , Gilmour has said the album was " a load of rubbish . We were at a real down point ... I think we were scraping the barrel a bit at that period " and " a good idea but it was dreadful ... Atom Heart Mother sounds like we didn 't have any idea between us , but we became much more prolific after it . " Similarly , in a 1984 interview on BBC Radio 1 , Waters said " If somebody said to me now – right – here 's a million pounds , go out and play Atom Heart Mother , I 'd say you must be fucking joking . "
= = Live performances = =
The band were initially enthusiastic about performing the suite in the early 1970s . An early performance was taped for the San Francisco based television station KQED , featuring just the band , on 28 April 1970 . Two memorable performances were at the Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music on 27 June and the " Blackhills Garden Party " in Hyde Park , London on 18 July . On both occasions the band were accompanied by the John Alldis Choir and the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble . Later , the band took a full brass section and choir on tour just for the purpose of performing this piece . However , this caused the tour to lose money , and the band found problems with the hired musicians , which changed from gig to gig as they simply took who was available , which , combined with lack of rehearsal and problems miking up the whole ensemble , made a full live performance more problematic . Reflecting on this , Gilmour said " some of the brass players have been really hopeless " . According to Mason , the band arrived at one gig in Aachen , Germany , only to discover they had left the sheet music behind , forcing tour manager Tony Howard to go back to London and get it . Because of this , a later arrangement without brass or choir , and pared down from 25 minutes to fifteen by omitting the " collage " sections and closing reprise of the main theme , remained in their live repertoire into 1972 . For instance , during the first concert of that year , halfway through the first ever public live performance of The Dark Side of the Moon in Brighton , technical problems resulted in the abandoning of that performance , replaced by Atom Heart Mother . The last documented live performance of the suite was on 22 May 1972 at the Olympisch Stadium , Amsterdam , Netherlands .
= = Legacy = =
Stanley Kubrick wanted to use the album 's title track in A Clockwork Orange . The group refused permission , primarily because Kubrick was unsure of exactly which pieces of music he wanted and what he wished to do with them . In retrospect , Waters said " maybe it 's just as well it wasn 't used after all " . Nevertheless , the album is visible behind the counter in the record store scene .
On 14 and 15 June 2008 , Geesin performed " Atom Heart Mother " with Italian tribute band Mun Floyd over two nights as part of the Chelsea Festival . Geesin introduced it with a history and slide show . The performances featured the chamber choir Canticum , brass and noted cellist Caroline Dale , who has worked with Gilmour . The second night saw Gilmour join Geesin on stage for the performance , which was extended to 30 minutes .
In 2013 , Geesin produced a book , The Flaming Cow , which documented his experience with working with Pink Floyd , including the making of this album from his point of view .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Taken from sleeve notes
Pink Floyd
( all instrumentation uncredited )
Roger Waters – bass guitar , acoustic guitar and vocals on " If " , tape effects , tape collages
David Gilmour – guitars , vocals , bass and drums on " Fat Old Sun "
Rick Wright – keyboards , vocals on " Summer ' 68 "
Nick Mason – drums , percussion , tape editing , tape collage , additional engineering on " Alan 's Psychedelic Breakfast "
Additional musicians
EMI Pops Orchestra – brass and orchestral sections ( uncredited )
Haflidi Hallgrimsson – cello ( uncredited )
John Alldis Choir – vocals
Alan Styles – voice and sound effects on " Alan 's Psychedelic Breakfast " ( uncredited )
Production
Peter Bown – engineering
Alan Parsons – engineering ( misspelled as " Allan Parsons " on the original sleeve )
Ron Geesin – orchestration and co @-@ composition on Atom Heart Mother ( uncredited on sleeve )
James Guthrie – 1994 remastering
= = Charts and certifications = =
= HMS Carnarvon =
HMS Carnarvon was one of six Devonshire @-@ class armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . She was assigned to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet upon completion in 1905 and was transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in 1907 . She was assigned to the reserve Third Fleet in 1909 and became flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron of the reserve Second Fleet in 1912 .
When World War I began in August 1914 , she was assigned to the Cape Verde Station to search for German commerce raiders while protecting British shipping . Carnarvon was transferred to the South Atlantic two months later and assigned to the squadron that destroyed the German East Asia Squadron at the Battle of the Falklands . She was assigned to the North America and West Indies Station in 1915 and continued to patrol against German raiders and escort convoys to the end of the war . In 1919 , she became a training ship and was then sold for scrap in 1921 .
= = Design and description = =
Carnarvon was designed to displace 10 @,@ 850 long tons ( 11 @,@ 020 t ) . The ship had an overall length of 473 feet 6 inches ( 144 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 68 feet 6 inches ( 20 @.@ 9 m ) and a deep draught of 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) . She was powered by two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , which produced a total of 21 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 16 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by seventeen Niclausse and six cylindrical boilers . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 033 long tons ( 1 @,@ 050 t ) of coal and her complement consisted of 610 officers and enlisted men .
Her main armament consisted of four breech @-@ loading ( BL ) 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Mk I guns mounted in four single @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure and one on each side . The guns fired their 200 @-@ pound ( 91 kg ) shells to a range of about 13 @,@ 800 yards ( 12 @,@ 600 m ) . Her secondary armament of six BL 6 @-@ inch Mk VII guns was arranged in casemates amidships . Four of these were mounted on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather . They had a maximum range of approximately 12 @,@ 200 yards ( 11 @,@ 200 m ) with their 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells . Carnarvon also carried eighteen quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and two submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . Her two 12 @-@ pounder 8 cwt guns could be dismounted for service ashore .
At some point in the war , the main deck six @-@ inch guns of the Devonshire @-@ class ships were moved to the upper deck and given gun shields . Their casemates were plated over to improve seakeeping and the four 3 @-@ pounder guns displaced by the transfer were landed .
The ship 's waterline armour belt ranged from two to six inches ( 51 to 152 mm ) in thickness and was closed off by five @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) transverse bulkheads . The armour of the gun turrets was also five inches thick whilst that of their barbettes was six inches thick . The protective deck armour ranged in thickness from .75 – 2 inches ( 19 – 51 mm ) and the conning tower was protected by twelve inches ( 305 mm ) of armour .
= = Construction and service = =
Carnarvon , named to commemorate the Welsh county , was laid down by William Beardmore & Company at their Dalmuir shipyard on 1 October 1902 and launched on 7 October 1903 . She was completed on 29 May 1905 and was initially assigned to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet . She was transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in June 1907 and was then assigned to the reserve Third Fleet at Devonport in April 1909 . The ship was transferred to the Second Fleet at Devonport in March 1912 and subsequently became the flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron until the start of World War I. She participated in the fleet manoeuvres in July – August 1913 as well as those in July 1914 . On 31 July , a few days before war was declared on Germany , she encountered the German light cruiser Strassburg in the English Channel returning home and the two ships saluted each other .
When the war began on 5 August , Carnarvon , now the flagship of Rear Admiral Archibald Stoddart , was in Gibraltar . She was quickly sent to Cape Verde and captured the German merchant ship SS Professor Woermann on 23 August 1914 . She escorted her prize to Freetown , Sierra Leone for disposal and resumed patrolling . She moved to the Brazilian coast in October and then proceeded to the Falkland Islands with the squadron commanded by Vice @-@ Admiral Doveton Sturdee .
= = = Battle of the Falklands = = =
Upon arrival at Port Stanley on 7 December , Sturdee informed his captains that he planned to recoal the entire squadron the following day from the two available colliers and to begin the search for the East Asia Squadron , believed to be running for home around the tip of South America , the day after . Vice @-@ Admiral Maximilian von Spee , commander of the German squadron , had other plans and intended to destroy the radio station at Port Stanley on the morning of 8 December . The appearance of two German ships at 07 : 30 caught Sturdee 's ships by surprise , but the Germans were driven off by 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) shells fired by the predreadnought battleship Canopus when they came within range around 09 : 20 . Carnarvon completed recoaling at 08 : 00 and the squadron cleared the harbour by 10 : 30 . Sturdee ordered " general chase " at that time , but Carnarvon could only manage 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) and fell behind the other British ships . His two battlecruisers were the fastest ships present and inexorably began to close on the German cruisers , opening fire at 12 : 55 that straddled the light cruiser Leipzig , the rear ship in the German formation . It was clear to Spee that his ships could not outrun the battlecruisers and that the only hope for any of his ships to survive was to scatter . So he turned his two armoured cruisers around to buy time by engaging the battlecruisers and ordered his three light cruisers to disperse at 13 : 20 . Carnarvon , now 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) behind , had no hope of catching the scattering German ships and continued to trail the battlecruisers .
Carnarvon finally came within range of the German armoured cruisers and opened fire shortly before Scharnhorst rolled over and capsized at 16 : 17 . She then engaged Gneisenau until Sturdee ordered " cease fire " at 17 : 50 . The German captain had started to scuttle his ship 10 minutes earlier when it was clear that the situation was hopeless and his ship sank at 18 : 00 . Carnarvon rescued 20 survivors from Gneisenau , but only wreckage was visible when she later steamed through the area where Scharnhorst had sunk .
After the battle she participated in the hunt for the light cruiser Dresden that had escaped during the battle and investigated anchorages in Argentina , Chile and the island of South Georgia before proceeding north to Brazil in February . She struck a coral reef off the Abrolhos Archipelago on 22 February 1915 and had to be beached to avoid sinking . The ship received temporary repairs at Rio de Janeiro the following month . Carnarvon received permanent repairs in Montreal , Canada , from May to July after which she escorted several British H @-@ class submarines from Halifax to the United Kingdom en route to Devonport . She then returned to Halifax where she was based for the rest of the year . Now assigned to the North America and West Indies Station , she resumed her duties protecting British shipping for the rest of the war . In 1919 , she began serving as a cadet training ship , remaining in that role until she was listed for sale in March 1921 . Carnarvon was sold for scrap on 8 November 1921 and subsequently broken up in Germany .
= Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus =
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ( Paris , National Library of France , Greek 9 ; Gregory @-@ Aland no . C or 04 , von Soden δ 3 ) is a fifth @-@ century Greek manuscript of the Bible , sometimes referred to as one of the four great uncials ( see Codex Sinaiticus , Alexandrinus and Vaticanus ) . The manuscript is not intact : in its current condition , Codex C contains material from every New Testament book except Second Thessalonians and Second John ; however , only six books of the Greek Old Testament are represented .
The manuscript is called Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus because ( a ) it is a codex , i.e. , a handmade book ; ( b ) its parchment has been recycled ; originally inscribed with Scriptural texts , the pages were washed ( removing most of the ink ) and reused for another text , and ( c ) the text that was written on the recycled pages , in the 12th century , consisted of Greek translations of 38 treatises composed by Ephrem the Syrian , a prominent theologian of the mid @-@ 4th century . Manuscripts of this sort , consisting of recycled pages , are known as palimpsests . The later ( or , " upper " ) text was written in the 12th century .
The lower text of the palimpsest was deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer Tischendorf in 1840 – 1843 , and was edited by him in 1843 – 1845 . Currently it is housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France ( Grec 9 ) in Paris .
= = Description = =
208 leaves of the codex are extant ; 144 belong to the New Testament and 64 to the Old Testament . The codex measures 12 ¼ in / 31 @.@ 4 @-@ 32 @.@ 5 cm by 9 in / 25 @.@ 6 @-@ 26 @.@ 4 cm . The text is written in a single column per page , 40 – 46 lines per page , on parchment leaves . The letters are medium @-@ sized uncials .
The uncial writing is continuous , with the punctuation consisting only of a single point , as in codices Alexandrinus and Vaticanus . The capitals at the beginning sections stand out in the margin as in codices Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Basilensis . Iota and upsilon , which in Alexandrinus and many other manuscripts have two dots over them ( diaeresis ) when they commence a syllable – sometimes only one dot – have in the Codex Ephraemi a small straight line in their place . The breathings and accents were added by a later hand . The nomina sacra tend to be contracted into three @-@ letter forms rather than the more common two @-@ letter forms .
Before the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John , a list of κεφαλαια ( chapters ) is preserved ( and one may deduce that the manuscript contained such lists for Matthew and Mark when it was in pristine condition ) , but their τιτλοι ( titles of chapters ) were apparently not placed in the upper margin of the page as in Codex Alexandrinus . It is possible , however , that the upper margins once contained τιτλοι in red ink which has completely faded away ; another possibility is that the upper portions of the pages have been overtrimmed . The text of the Gospels is accompanied by marginal notations indicating the Ammonian Sections . Probably when the codex was
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
pristine , numerals representing the Eusebian Canons were also present in red ink which has completely vanished . There are no systematic divisions in the other books .
The Pericope Adulterae ( John 7 : 53 – 8 : 11 ) was almost certainly not included in Codex C when it was in pristine condition . The two leaves which contained John 7 : 3 – 8 : 34 are not extant . By counting the lines and calculating how much space would be required to include John 7 : 53 @-@ 8 : 11 , it can be demonstrated that , barring a large omission elsewhere in the text on the missing leaves , they did not contain sufficient space to include the passage . The text of Mark 16 : 9 – 20 is included in Codex C on folio 148r .
It is difficult to determine whether Luke 22 : 43 @-@ 44 Christ 's agony at Gethsemane was originally in the text of Codex C ; the leaves that contained the surrounding verses are not extant . Mark 15 : 28 is not included .
Lacunae
Gospel of Matthew : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 5 : 15 – 7 : 5 ; 17 : 26 – 18 : 28 ; 22 : 21 – 23 : 17 ; 24 : 10 – 45 ; 25 : 30 – 26 : 22 ; 27 : 11 – 46 ; 28 : 15 @-@ fin . ;
Gospel of Mark : 1 : 1 – 17 ; 6 : 32 – 8 : 5 ; 12 : 30 – 13 : 19 ;
Gospel of Luke : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 2 : 5 – 42 ; 3 : 21 – 4 : 25 ; 6 : 4 – 36 ; 7 : 17 – 8 : 28 ; 12 : 4 – 19 : 42 ; 20 : 28 – 21 : 20 ; 22 : 19 – 23 : 25 ; 24 : 7 – 45
Gospel of John : 1 : 1 – 3 ; 1 : 41 – 3 : 33 ; 5 : 17 – 6 : 38 ; 7 : 3 – 8 : 34 ; 9 : 11 – 11 : 7 ; 11 : 47 – 13 : 7 ; 14 : 8 – 16 : 21 ; 18 : 36 – 20 : 25 ;
Acts of the Apostles : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 4 : 3 – 5 : 34 ; 6 : 8 ; 10 : 43 – 13 : 1 ; 16 : 37 – 20 : 10 ; 21 : 31 – 22 : 20 ; 23 : 18 – 24 : 15 ; 26 : 19 – 27 : 16 ; 28 : 5 @-@ fin . ;
Epistle to the Romans : 1 : 1 – 3 ; 2 : 5 – 3 : 21 ; 9 : 6 – 10 : 15 ; 11 : 31 – 13 : 10 ;
First Epistle to the Corinthians : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 7 : 18 – 9 : 6 ; 13 : 8 – 15 : 40 ;
Second Epistle to the Corinthians : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 10 : 8 @-@ fin .
Epistle to the Galatians : 1 : 1 – 20
Epistle to the Ephesians : 1 : 1 – 2 : 18 ; 4 : 17 @-@ fin .
Epistle to the Philippians : 1 : 1 – 22 ; 3 : 5 @-@ fin .
Epistle to the Colossians : 1 : 1 – 2 ;
First Epistle to the Thessalonians : 1 : 1 ; 2 : 9 @-@ fin . ;
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians lost
First Epistle to Timothy : 1 : 1 – 3 : 9 ; 5 : 20 @-@ fin . ;
Second Epistle to Timothy : 1 : 1 – 2 ;
Epistle to Titus : 1 : 1 – 2
Epistle to Philemon : 1 – 2
Epistle to the Hebrews : 1 : 1 – 2 : 4 ; 7 : 26 – 9 : 15 ; 10 : 24 – 12 : 15 ;
Epistle of James : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 4 : 2 @-@ fin .
First Epistle of Peter : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 4 : 5 @-@ fin . ;
Second Epistle of Peter : 1 : 1 ;
First Epistle of John : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 4 : 3 @-@ fin .
Second Epistle of John lost ;
Third Epistle of John : 1 – 2 ;
Epistle of Jude : 1 – 2 ;
Book of Revelation : 1 : 1 – 2 ; 3 : 20 – 5 : 14 ; 7 : 14 – 17 ; 8 : 5 – 9 : 16 ; 10 : 10 – 11 : 3 ; 16 : 13 – 18 : 2 ; 19 : 5 @-@ fin .
In the Old Testament , parts of Book of Job , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Wisdom , and Sirach survived .
= = Text = =
= = = Text @-@ type = = =
The New Testament text of Codex C is primarily Alexandrian , although the strength and character of its testimony varies from book to book . It is a weak Byzantine witness in Matthew , a weak Alexandrian witness in Mark , and a strong Alexandrian witness in John . In Luke its textual character is unclear . Westcott @-@ Hort classified it as mixed ; Hermann von Soden classified it as in the Alexandrian text @-@ type .
According to Kurt Aland it agrees with the Byzantine text @-@ type 87 times in the Gospels , 13 times in the Acts , 29 times in Paul , and 16 times in the Catholic epistles . It agrees with the Nestle @-@ Aland text 66 times ( Gospels ) , 38 ( Acts ) , 104 ( Paul ) , and 41 ( Cath . ) . It has 50 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels , 11 in Acts , 17 in Paul , and 14 in the Catholic epistles . Aland placed the text of the codex in Category II . According to the Claremont Profile Method its text is mixed in Luke 1 , Luke 10 , and Luke 20 .
In the Apocalypse , Codex Ephraemi is a witness of the same form of the text as Alexandrinus .
= = = Unusual Interpolations = = =
In Matthew 8 : 13 it has additional text ( see Luke 7 : 10 ) : και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα ( and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour , he found the slave well ) -- a reading also found in codices ( Sinaiticus , N ) , Θ , f1 , 545 , g1 , syrh .
In Matthew 27 : 49 Codex C contains added text : ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν , καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα ( the other took a spear and pierced His side , and immediately came out water and blood ) . This reading was derived from John 19 : 34 and occurs in other manuscripts of the Alexandrian text @-@ type ( א , B , L , Γ , 1010 , 1293 , pc , vgmss ) .
In Acts 14 : 19 it has additional text : και διαλεγομενων αυτων παρρησια επεισαν τους οχλους αποστηναι απ ' αυτων λεγοντες , οτι ουδεν αληθες λεγουσιν αλλα παντα ψευδονται for και πεισαντης τους οχλους ; similar readings appear in codices : 6 , 36 , 81 , 104 , 326 , 452 , 945 , 1175 , 1739 .
= = = Some corrections = = =
In Matthew 11 : 2 its original text has the reading δια ( by ) as well as codices א , B , D , P , W , Z , Δ , Θ , 0233 , f13 , 33 , but the third corrector C3 changed it into δυο ( two ) — as in codices L , f1 , Byz
In Acts 20 : 28 it reads του κυριου ( of the Lord ) along with the manuscripts <formula> 74 D E Ψ 33 36 453 945 1739 1891 , but the corrector added και του Θεου ( and God ) as have P 049 326 1241 2492 and the Byzantine manuscripts .
In 1 Corinthians 12 : 9 the original scribe omits phrase εν τω αυτω πνευματι ( in His spirit ) , but it was added by the third corrector ( C3 ) .
In 1 Timothy 3 : 16 it reads ὅς ἐφανερώθη ( He was manifested ) , but the second corrector ( C2 ) changed it into θεός ἐφανερώθη ( God was manifested ) ;
In James 1 : 22 it reads λογου ( of the word ) as majority of manuscripts , but the second corrector ( C2 ) corrected into νομου ( of the law ) , which is read by manuscripts such as 88 , 621 , 1067 , 1852 .
= = = Other Textual Variants = = =
Acts 15 : 23 Codex C has the unique reading γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε ( they wrote by their hands the letter containing this ) , which is not supported by any other Greek manuscripts , though it is supported by versions : ar , c , gig , w , geo . The majority of the Greek manuscripts read γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδε ( they wrote this by their hands ) , the Alexandrian manuscripts read γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ( wrote by their hands ) .
Romans 16 : 24
Verse is omitted along with Codex Sinaiticus A B 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 itz vgww copsa , bo ethro Origenlat )
Revelation 13 : 18
" The number of the beast " is written as hexakosiai deka hex , lit. six hundred sixteen ( 616 ) . This is one of the most famous readings of the codex , it is also attested by Papyrus 115 .
Matthew 22 : 10 – γαμος ] αγαμος ; some manuscripts read νυμφων ( codices א , B , L , 0138 , 892 , 1010 ) ;
Mark 10 : 35 – οι υιοι Ζεβεδαιου ( the sons of Zebedee ) ] οι δυο υιοι Ζεβεδαιου ( the two sons of Zebedee ) ; the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus and the Coptic version ;
Romans 16 : 15 – Ιουλιαν , Νηρεα ] Ιουνιαν , Νηρεα ; the reading is supported only by Codex Boernerianus ( Greek text ) .
1 Corinthians 2 : 1 – μαρτυριον ( testimony ) ] μυστηριον ( secret ) ; the reading is supported by <formula> 46 , א , Α , 88 , 436 , ita , r , syrp , copbo ; other manuscripts read σωτηριον ( savior ) .
1 Corinthians 7 : 5 – τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη ( fasting and prayer ) ] τη προσευχη ( prayer ) ; the reading is supported by <formula> 11 , <formula> 46 , א * , A , B , C , D , G , P , Ψ , 33 , 81 , 104 , 181 , 629 , 630 , 1739 , 1877 , 1881 , 1962 , it vg , cop , arm , eth . Other manuscripts read τη προσευχη και νηστεια ( prayer and fasting ) .
James 1 : 12 – ο κυριος ( the Lord ) ] κυριος ( Lord ) ; some manuscripts have ο θεος ( God ) ( 4 , 33 , 2816vid , 323 , 945 , 1739 , vg , syrp ) , others omit this word ( א , A , B , Ψ , 81 , ff , co ) .
2 Timothy 4 : 10 – Γαλατιαν ] Γαλλιαν – the reading is supported by Sinaiticus , 81 , 104 , 326 , 436 .
Revelation 1 : 5 – λουσαντι ημας εκ ( washed us from ) ] λυσαντι ημας εκ ( freed us from ) — as have manuscripts : P18 , אc , A , 2814 , 2020 , 2081 .
= = History = =
The place where Codex C was written sometime in the 400 's is unknown ; Tischendorf tentatively suggested Egypt . Tischendorf also proposed that two scribes produced the manuscript — one for the Old Testament and one for the New Testament . Subsequent research has indicated that a third scribe may have been involved . The text has been corrected by three correctors , designated by C1 , C2 , and C3 ( Tischendorf designated them by C * , C * * , and C * * * ) . Sometimes they are designated by Ca , Cb , and Cc . The first corrector ( C1 ) worked in a scriptorium , probably in the 500 's , but the exact location where any of the correctors worked is unknown . The latter 's corrections are not numerous except in the Book of Sirach .
The third and last corrector ( C3 ) wrote in the 800 's , possibly in Constantinople . He conformed readings of the codex to ecclesiastical use , inserting many accents , breathings , and vocal notes . He also added liturgical directions in the margin , and worked extensively on the codex . The codex was recycled in the twelfth century .
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the codex was brought to Florence by an émigré scholar . It belonged to Niccolo Ridolpho ( † 1550 ) Cardinal of Florence . After his death it was probably bought by Piero Strozzi , an Italian military leader , for Catherine de ' Medici . Catherine brought it to France as part of her dowry , and from the Bourbon royal library it came to rest in the Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . The manuscript was bound in 1602 .
The older writing was first noticed by Pierre Allix , a Protestant pastor . Jean Boivin , supervisor of the Royal Library , made the first extracts of various readings of the codex ( under the notation of Paris 9 ) to Ludolph Küster , who published Mill 's New Testament in 1710 . In 1834 – 1835 potassium ferricyanide was used to bring out faded or eradicated ink , which had the effect of defacing the vellum from green and blue to black and brown .
The first collation of the New Testament was made in 1716 by Johann Jakob Wettstein for Richard Bentley , who intended to prepare a new edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece . According to Bentley 's correspondence , it took two hours to read one page , and Bentley paid Wettstein £ 50 . This collation was used by Wettstein in his own Greek New Testament of 1751 – 1752 . Wettstein also made the first description of the codex . Wettstein only occasionally examined the text of the Old Testament but he did not publish them . Various editors made occasional extracts from the manuscript but Tischendorf was the first who read it completely ( Old and New Testament ) . Tischendorf gained an international reputation when he published the Greek New Testament text in 1843 and the Old Testament in 1845 . Although Tischendorf worked by eye alone , his deciphering of the palimpsest 's text was remarkably accurate . The torn condition of many folios , and the ghostly traces of the text overlaid by the later one , made the decipherment extremely difficult . Even with modern aids like ultraviolet photography , not all the text is securely legible . Robert W. Lyon published a list of corrections of Tischendorf 's edition in 1959 . This was also an imperfect work .
According to Edward Miller ( 1886 ) , Codex C was produced " in the light of the most intellectual period of the early Church . "
According to Frederic Kenyon " the original manuscript contained the whole Greek Bible , but only scattered leaves of it were used by the scribe of St. Ephraem 's works , and the rest was probably destroyed " .
Swete examined only the text of the Old Testament . According to him the original order of the Old Testament cannot be reconstructed ; the scribe who converted the manuscript into a palimpsest used the leaves for his new text without regard to their original arrangement . The original manuscript was not a single volume .
The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament ( UBS3 , UBS4 , NA26 , NA27 ) . In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order . Even readings of correctors ( C1 , C2 , and C3 ) are regularly cited in critical editions ( as in Sinaiticus , Vaticanus , Bezae , and Claromontanus ) .
= Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District =
The Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District is located in Hartford City , Indiana . Hartford City has a population of about 7 @,@ 000 and is the county seat of Blackford County and the site of the county courthouse . The National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior added the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21 , 2006 — meaning the buildings and objects that contribute to the continuity of the district are worthy of preservation because of their historical and architectural significance . The District has over 60 resources , including over 40 contributing buildings , over 10 non @-@ contributing buildings , 1 contributing object ( a World War I statue ) , 8 non @-@ contributing objects , and two other buildings that are listed separately in the National Register .
Much of the District 's significance relates to the discovery of natural gas in the east central region of Indiana . The discovery led to a regional economic boom known as the Indiana Gas Boom . Beginning in the late 1880s and lasting for about 15 years , the Gas Boom changed the economy and the appearance of the region . The Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District is situated in what was the center of Hartford City in the 19th and 20th centuries , and most of the buildings within the District were constructed during the Gas Boom era . The buildings within the District were built in several architectural styles , including Commercial Italianate , Romanesque Revival , Renaissance Revival , and others . Many of the buildings ' exteriors have not been changed from their original appearance .
= = History = =
Hartford City began in the late 1830s as a few log cabins near a creek in East Central Indiana . The community was originally named Hartford . This was later changed to " Hartford City " after it was discovered that another " Hartford " already existed elsewhere in Indiana . The East Central Indiana version of Hartford was named county seat of Blackford County early in its existence , thereby ensuring its importance . It took over 40 years for the rural community to grow to a population of nearly 1 @,@ 500 . During that time , community planners had the foresight to plan for railroads , which linked the community to other cities , beginning in the 1860s . With a focus on agriculture , the entire county had only 171 people working in manufacturing as of June , 1880 .
Hartford City Gas and Oil Company was formed in February 1887 , and the company found natural gas in March of the same year . Surnames of some of the directors of this company can be found on the District 's buildings today — Campbell , Smith , Dowell , and Weiler . Both oil and natural gas were discovered in the county in 1887 , and the city began a period of rapid growth . Described as the " future metropolis of Eastern Indiana " , the city successfully used its railroad facilities and abundant natural gas resource as enticements for manufacturers to locate there , and became a boom town . Hartford City was not alone with its good fortune — natural gas ( and some oil ) had also been discovered in adjacent counties . The entire East Central Indiana region was transformed during a fifteen to twenty @-@ year period that became known as the Indiana Gas Boom , as manufacturers moved to the area .
Upon examination of Hartford City 's infrastructure , the Gas Boom 's transformation of the city is apparent . The wooden buildings surrounding the courthouse prior to the Gas Boom were vulnerable to fire , and the District had at least three major fires between 1871 and 1881 . During the Gas Boom , wooden buildings were torn down and replaced with brick buildings . The courthouse was replaced with a magnificent stone and brick structure ( see recent photo herein ) . Eventually , an interurban rail line ran by the east side of the courthouse square , providing easy access to the courthouse square commercial district and adding to the two rail lines that already served the city . The Gas Boom 's economic transformation of the city is also apparent when examining the city 's population . By 1900 , the city had grown to a population of 5 @,@ 912 . Over 1 @,@ 200 people worked in manufacturing in Hartford City in 1902 — and this was in addition to the bankers , merchants , physicians , and lawyers necessary for a growing population . These population and manufacturing figures are considerably larger than the pre @-@ Gas Boom figures for 1880 .
The gas and oil became depleted in the early 20th century , and the Gas Boom era came to an end . However , Hartford City was permanently changed . The city 's infrastructure was vastly improved . Buildings in the commercial district surrounding the courthouse square were made of brick and stone instead of wood . A municipal waterworks was built in 1894 . Telephones became available to Hartford City 's surrounding rural areas in 1903 . By 1914 , 98 percent of the houses in Hartford City were wired for electricity . Roads were being paved , and the interurban line made it easier to travel to / from other cities . While some of the manufacturing facilities that depended on a low @-@ cost source of fuel were closed after the boom , others remained in the city because they did not have a better alternative . A city that had very few manufacturing jobs now had a supply of skilled manufacturing personnel . Some of this skilled workforce remained in the city after the boom , while some found new occupations in the automobile and auto parts manufacturing facilities that were beginning to be located in nearby cities .
= = Architecture = =
Three styles of architecture are well represented in the collection of buildings that are part of the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District : Commercial Italianate , Renaissance Revival , and Romanesque Revival . A few examples of the Queen Anne style can also be found . Grouped together , these styles are called Victorian architecture , and buildings constructed in these styles during the 19th century are more likely to have decorative ornamentation ( such as the face @-@ like object from the east side of the Weiler Building shown herein ) than buildings constructed later in the 20th century . Because many of the District 's buildings were constructed during the Gas Boom era ( between 1885 and 1905 ) , these styles of architecture are more prevalent than the styles that became popular later in the 20th century . However , additional architecture styles are also represented . An outstanding example of the Art Deco style can be found in the district 's Scheidler Theatre , and the Post Office is the single outstanding example of the Neoclassical style . The commercial building at 210 East Washington Street is the District 's sole representative of the Art Moderne style of architecture .
Romanesque Revival architecture was very popular in Hartford City , and at least 7 of the District 's contributing buildings were built using this style . This style of architecture is known for round arches in many of the openings . Smooth surfaces , sometimes with belt courses are also typical . A variation of the Romanesque Revival architectural style known as Richardsonian Romanesque was popular in America near the end of the 19th century , when much of the construction around Hartford City 's courthouse took place . The courthouse and Presbyterian Church are outstanding examples of Henry Hobson Richardson 's variation in Romanesque Revival style . ( See photos herein . ) A corner tower , arched windows , recessed entrances , steeply pitched roofs , and multiple exterior textures ( rustication ) are typical of this style of architecture . The Richardsonian Romanesque buildings differ from the original Romanesque Revival buildings by having rough @-@ textured exterior surfaces instead of all @-@ smooth surfaces . The Hotel Ingram , Kirshbaum , and Weiler buildings were built in Romanesque Revival style with arched windows and multiple exterior textures , but they were not identified in the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form as Richardsonian ( see photos of all three buildings herein . )
= = Boundaries = =
Located in the original center of the community , the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District includes significant portions of the city 's historic commercial district . The town was platted using the Public Land Survey System typical of Northwest Ordinance communities — with rectangular blocks , and streets running north @-@ south and east @-@ west . Hartford City 's layout of a courthouse surrounded by an open area was a common design in the " Midwest " of the United States . The Courthouse Square Historic District includes the courthouse and surrounding blocks . Franklin Street is the northern most street in the district , and Water Street borders part of the southern part of the district . The west side is past High Street almost to Walnut Street , and the east side reaches half a block past Monroe Street toward Mulberry Street . The adjacent diagram shows the district and its buildings . ( The buildings may not be exactly to scale . ) The property locations shown in orange are the sites of outstanding buildings of historic and / or architectural significance . Two of these buildings , the Blackford County Courthouse and the First Presbyterian Church , are listed in the National Register of Historic Places . The locations shown in bright green are for buildings considered notable in historic or architectural significance , and the buildings sites ( and one monument ) denoted in pale green contribute to the continuity of the district . The dark gray locations are for properties that do not contribute to the historic district . At least two contributing buildings have been torn down since the Courthouse Square District was added to the National Register . Two additional Gas Boom era buildings located nearby and often mentioned in Hartford City history , the Van Cleve Block and the Cooley Block , were gone by the time the District was nominated for the National Register .
= = Outstanding properties = =
The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana , which has since been renamed Indiana Landmarks , identified seven properties within the Courthouse Square Historic District that have enough historic or architectural significance to potentially be listed in the National Register of Historic Places . These properties have been assigned a rating of " outstanding " , which is the top rating . The properties are assessed for their historic significance , architectural merit , environment , and integrity . All seven of the outstanding properties listed here are contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District , and two have already been listed in the National Register of Historic Places .
= = = Blackford County Courthouse = = =
The Blackford County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11 , 1980 . Like most of the other buildings in the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District , the Blackford County Courthouse was built during the Indiana Gas Boom . The county 's original courthouse was condemned in 1893 , and removed to enable the construction of a new all @-@ stone structure . The courthouse was built by Christian Boseker & Son in 1894 . Designed by Arthur LaBelle and Burt L. French ( of Marion , Indiana ) , the courthouse features the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture . ( See adjacent photo . ) The building has two main entrances ( north side and south side ) that both open into a main hall . The walls feature marble paneling , and the ceilings are covered with paneled steel . ( Fireproofing was an important consideration for the courthouse construction plan . ) The magnificence in architecture and size of the courthouse dominates downtown Hartford City . The Blackford County Courthouse reflects the wealth of the city during the Gas Boom , and could be considered a monument to that era . Continuing the " monument " theme , the grounds of the courthouse are the location for American war memorials , including structures commemorating the Revolutionary War , World War I , World War II , Korean War , and Vietnam War . A Civil War monument was added in 2006 .
= = = First Presbyterian Church = = =
Hartford City 's First Presbyterian Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13 , 1986 . The building was designed by local architect Alec Gable , and built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style . Another monumental building built during the Indiana Gas Boom , construction of the church building started in 1892 , and was completed in 1893 . The church is the oldest church building in Hartford City . Located at the corner of Franklin and High Streets , the structure features huge stained @-@ glass windows that were installed by local glass workers . ( See photo herein . ) The chapel contains features a pipe organ that was partially funded by a donation made by businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . With only one major addition to the original structure , the exterior of the building looks almost the same as it did in the 1890s .
= = = Other outstanding properties = = =
Blackford County Jail The Blackford County Jail was completed in 1879 , and it is considered an outstanding example of the Italianate style of architecture . It is located at 120 East Main Street . The jail is the Courthouse District 's oldest contributing building still in existence . T. G. Tolan and Son was the architectural firm , and the firm of Hinkley and Norris ( of Indianapolis ) was the builder .
Campbell Building The Campbell Building was built in the Renaissance Revival style in 1901 . The two @-@ story building is crowned with a large gable that bears a limestone tablet that reads " 1901 Campbell " . This building has the addresses of 207 through 211 West Washington Street . This building was originally an office building , and some of the occupants in the early 1900s were an attorney , a dentist , insurance agents , a physician , a realtor , and a steamship agent .
Ervin Building The Ervin Building was built in the Queen Anne style around 1890 . It occupies the addresses of 201 through 205 West Washington Street . The facade of this corner building features three oriel windows . The name " Ervin " appears in stained @-@ glass in the center of the building . The Campbell & Ervin dry goods store was housed in this building in the 1890s and early 1900s . The store sold clothing , hats , and shoes . ( See 2010 photo herein )
Kirshbaum Building The Kirshbaum Building was built in the Romanesque Revival style in 1893 . It is located on the corner of High and Washington Streets , with an address of 123 W. Washington Street . An early occupant was the city 's First National Bank , and its name is engraved in limestone on the building . The engraving " 1893 Kirshbaum " is located centrally atop the cornice . ( See 2010 photo of Briscoe Block and Kirshbaum Building , Kirshbaum Building is corner building on far right . ) Raphael Kirshbaum ( also spelled " Kirschbaum " in earlier years ) was the builder of this building . Another building constructed for Kirshbaum in nearby Randolph County is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Kirshbaum was a German merchant that sold goods in Portland , Union City , and Hartford City ( all in Indiana ) . At one time , he partnered with Adolph Weiler in Hartford City . ( See also section on Weiler 's Building . ) Eventually , Mr. Kirshbaum settled in Indianapolis , and was the key contributor for the Kirshbaum Center in that city .
United States Post Office Hartford City 's Post Office is one of the few buildings in the Courthouse District built during a period other than the Indiana Gas Boom . Built during the Great Depression , the project was Federal Public Works Number 207 . Construction began in 1934 , and was finished in 1935 . Designed by Louis A. Simon , the Post Office is the only example of the Neoclassical style of architecture in the Courthouse District . It is located at 123 South High Street .
= = Notable properties = =
The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana has also identified five properties within the Courthouse Square Historic District that are above average in importance . After further research , these properties may have enough historic or architectural significance to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places . These properties have been assigned a rating of " notable " , which is just below the top rating . The properties are assessed for their historic significance , architectural merit , environment , and integrity . All five of the notable properties listed here are contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District .
210 East Washington Street Commercial Building This building was constructed around 1940 using the Art Modern style of architecture that evolved from Art Deco . This architectural style is not found elsewhere in the Courthouse District .
Hotel Ingram A three @-@ story building built in the Romanesque Revival style . This corner building occupies addresses of 118 through 122 North Jefferson Street , and is located at the corner of Jefferson and Main streets , which is the northeast corner of the courthouse square . ( See photo herein ) Hotel Ingram is written in limestone on the second story of the building 's facade . The building was constructed in 1893 , and opened to the public on January 9 , 1894 . The hotel originally had 45 guest rooms , and featured a large dining room with excellent food . The hotel building included a saloon known as the Ingram Bar . The Hotel Ingram 's grand opening included a dinner for about 150 guests , plus entertainment provided by the Montani Brothers ' orchestra . W. F. Crist was the hotel 's original proprietor . During the hotel 's first month in existence , it had 1 @,@ 200 " arrivals " . The building was also the site of the Ingram grocery . The hotel became known as the Hartford Hotel in 1922 . George D. Stevens , a local business executive and one of the community 's leading citizens , lived in a room at this hotel for many years during the first half of the 20th century . Stevens , who was described as " one of the richest men in Hartford City " , made news after his death when it was discovered that he was a black man living as a white man in a town that had become all white .
Knights of Pythias / Tyner Building Designed by A. W. Maxwell and constructed around 1900 , the building 's architecture is a mixture of Romanesque , Classical , and Queen Anne , and it is located at 204 – 210 West Main Street . ( See photo herein ) The three @-@ story building also has decorative limestone elements that resemble flames — possibly in tribute to the Gas Boom . " K of P " can be found on a western tablet , while " W.H. Tyner " can be found in the eastern panel . Among the offices in this Main Street building in the early 1900s were a confectioner , a doctor , and an attorney . The Knights of Pythias , Fraternal Order of Eagles , and Maccabees all held meetings in this building in the early 1900s . During a tumultuous period in the 1920s , the Ku Klux Klan had an office on the third floor of the building . Three events helped drive the Klan out of Hartford City — including one that happened in the Tyner building , and one that happened about four blocks away . First , a disturbing murder case against the state Klan leader disgusted many members . ( Charles E. Cox , uncle of local newsman and Cox Building owner Edward E. Cox , assisted in the prosecution of this case . ) Second , a safe in the Tyner Building was broken into , and the names of local Klan members were revealed . Third , violence that occurred at an event a few blocks from the courthouse caused the Hartford City mayor to order the local Klan leader out of town in 1926 .
Rosenbush Building The Renaissance Revival building was built around 1890 . Located at 110 West Main Street , the name Rosenbush can be found on the two @-@ story building , written on a limestone tablet . The building has terra cotta star @-@ like patterns on the brick above the windows . Tailor Aaron W. Rosenbush ran his business from this building in the early 1900s . The Rosenbush building was also the site of Rosenbush 's Royal Theatre , where silent movies were shown accompanied by piano . Years later , when the theater was closed , the building was the home of a tavern .
Scheidler Theater First owned by Matt Scheidler , this " very elegant and beautifully decorated " building was originally called the Hartford Theatre . Unlike most of the buildings in the district , this building was built after the Gas Boom , in 1947 . Its architectural style is Art Deco . The structure is located at 122 East Washington Street .
= = Other properties = =
Other properties , in addition to those listed as outstanding or notable , contribute to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District . Many of these were also built during the Gas Boom . Some of the contributors are listed below .
The terminology used to describe the buildings of the Gas Boom era is slightly different from that used today . The term " block " was often used to describe the group of offices or stores located in a building instead of referring to the building . As can be seen in the boundaries diagram and descriptions herein , these " block " buildings did not occupy an entire city block , but they often had multiple storefronts or offices with multiple occupants . For example , the New York Times article from 1899 ( see below ) refers to the " Briscoe Block " instead of the Briscoe Building . The article also lists multiple businesses that occupied the building . Another example can be found in a business directory from the Gas Boom Era . Some of the attorneys ( and other businesses too ) listed their address as part of a " block " such as " Campbell Block " or " Tyner Block " . Most of the building names used herein rely on the building names found in either National Register forms or publications from the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana .
Bank Block This two @-@ story building was constructed in the Commercial Italianate style in the 1880s . In the early 1900s , Citizen 's State Bank was located at the 102 North Jefferson Street address . A law firm and barber also listed " Bank Block " as their addresses . The southern portion of the original building still has much of its original appearance . It is located at the corner of Jefferson and Washington streets , with an address of 100 North Jefferson Street . However , the northern portion has been substantially remodeled , and is now considered a separate building . The words " Bank Block " are on the northern portion that occupies addresses of 102 and 104 North Jefferson Street . All of the north building 's Commercial Italianate features are now removed . The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana 's Blackford County Interim Report has a picture , on page 63 , of the entire magnificent building circa 1900 .
Briscoe Building This two @-@ story Romanesque Revival building was constructed in 1893 , and occupies the addresses of 113 through 121 West Washington Street . Three colors of brick are found on the facade , effectively dividing the building into three sections . ( Adjacent photo shows building in 2010 . ) While the county 's new courthouse was being constructed in 1893 and 1894 , Blackford County 's courtroom and office of the county clerk were located in two rooms in this building . In 1899 , this building , described as the " Briscoe Block " , was originally thought to have been destroyed by fire . However , the fire destroyed the roof of the building , and the remaining portion of the building escaped significant damage . The damage to the building was repaired , and the Briscoe Building still stands today . Occupants at the time of the 1899 fire included Kentucky Liquors , Western Union , Central Telephone , a grocer , and the J. L. Hoover Furniture Company — which later became long @-@ time local retailer Hoover @-@ Needler Furniture .
Cox Building Located at 217
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Wrath of the White Witch were produced by Studio Ghibli , and the original score was composed by Joe Hisaishi and Rei Kondoh . The artwork was also greatly inspired by Studio Ghibli 's other productions . The character development — particularly that of Oliver and his friends — was a large focus of development , and was intended to make children empathize with the characters and for adults to relive their adolescence . The developers chose to initially develop for the Nintendo DS due to its suitability for gameplay , and later used the power of the PlayStation 3 to its full potential to render the world with great detail .
Games in the series have been praised as being among the best modern role @-@ playing games . Reviewers mostly aimed their praise at particular elements of the games : visual design , and its resemblance to Studio Ghibli 's previous work ; characters and story , for their believability and complexity ; the soundtrack , and Hisaishi 's ability to capture the essence of the game world ; and the unique gameplay , particularly for its ability to blend formulas from other role @-@ playing game franchises . The games also won awards from several gaming publications . In March 2014 , Bandai Namco reported that the series had sold more than 1 @.@ 7 million copies worldwide .
= = Games = =
Ni no Kuni : Dominion of the Dark Djinn was released in Japan on December 9 , 2010 , for the Nintendo DS . After his mother dies , Oliver sets out on a journey to another world to save her . Alongside the fairy Shizuku , Oliver meets Maru and Jairo on the way , who assist him on journey . After retrieving three magical stones to complete a wand to defeat Jabou , Oliver discovers that he cannot save his mother , but vows to protect the world regardless . He defeats Jabou , who uses his power to ensure that Oliver does not die as well .
Ni no Kuni : Hotroit Stories was released in Japan on December 9 , 2010 , for mobile devices through the Roid service . It follows the story of Oliver and his friend , who create a custom car by finding parts around Hotroit , eventually making their way to an abandoned factory and encountering creatures .
Ni no Kuni : Wrath of the White Witch was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on November 17 , 2011 , and published in Western regions by Namco Bandai Games in January 2013 . The game is an enhanced version of Dominion of the Dark Djinn ; the plot is almost identical , featuring an extended ending . Some character names were also changed ; Shizuku was changed to Drippy , Maru to Esther , Jairo to Swaine , Lars to Marcassin , and Jabou to Shadar , among others . After Shadar is defeated , the White Witch appears and casts a spell that turns the citizens into undead @-@ like creatures . When Oliver and his friends reverse the spell , they discover that the White Witch was once a young queen called Cassiopeia who had noble intentions , but was manipulated into wanting the destruction of the world . After Oliver defeats the White Witch , she is restored to her former self , and declares to dedicate her life to making amends for her actions . Oliver then returns to his old life in Motorville .
Ni no Kuni : Daibouken Monsters was released in Japan on May 11 , 2012 , for mobile devices through the GREE service . Players travel to another world and collect cards featuring imajinn . An occupant of the other world is trapped in every card ; by flipping the card , players have the ability to use the occupant 's abilities during battles .
Ni no Kuni II : Revenant Kingdom was announced at PlayStation Experience in December 2015 , in development for the PlayStation 4 . The story follows King Evan Pettiwhisker Tildrum , who is usurped from his castle , and sets out to reclaim his kingdom . He is aided by Roland , a visitor from another world .
= = Common elements = =
The series consists of four role @-@ playing games and one social card game . Each game typically features a third @-@ person camera . The player controls the player character in a combination of combat and puzzle game elements to achieve goals and complete the story . Hotroit Stories is the only installment to feature an overhead perspective , while Daibouken Monsters is played as a card game , with no character movement . All games in the series feature a battle mode . During battles , player command a single human ally . To fight enemies in the main game , players use magical abilities or familiars ; in Hotroit Stories , players attack using items such as dry ice for similar effects , while Daibouken Monsters limits players to using familiars only . The battle mode in Wrath of the White Witch is on an open battlefield , allowing players to freely roam around the area , while Dominion of the Dark Djinn employs a grid layout , whereby players can create formations to avoid attacks .
The main games in the series use a third @-@ person perspective . Players complete quests — linear scenarios with set objectives — to progress through the story . Outside of quests , players can freely roam the open world . Players explore towns , villages , dungeons and dangerous places scattered throughout the world . One of the core aspects of the games is the ability to travel between worlds ; the majority of the games take place in a magical world , often referred to as the " other world " , while part of the games take place in Oliver 's hometown . Upon leaving a location , players enter the World Map , which can be navigated , or used to select a destination . The world may be fully explored from the beginning of the game without restrictions , although story progress unlocks more gameplay content and forms of transport to navigate the world . In the main games , players initially run to navigate the world , though later gain the ability to travel by boat ; Wrath of the White Witch adds the ability to ride on the back of a dragon .
Familiars , known as imajinn ( イマジン ) in the Japanese version of the games , are creatures that wander throughout the game world . They can be found in different shapes and forms , and can be obtained after being defeated in battle . They can then be tamed , in order to be suitable to send out in battle to fight for players . Players command familiars , who generally have a range of magic and physical attacks . Familiars level up and evolve alongside the human characters ; each have unique statistics and capabilities , and can be guided through their upgrades with treats and equipped with items .
= = Development = =
Conceived as a project for Level @-@ 5 's tenth anniversary , Ni no Kuni : The Another World was announced in the September 2008 issue of Famitsu , as a title for the Nintendo DS . In June 2010 , Level @-@ 5 announced that the game would also be released for the PlayStation 3 , with significant differences ; the DS version was renamed Ni no Kuni : Dominion of the Dark Djinn , while the PlayStation 3 version was given the title Ni no Kuni : Wrath of the White Witch . Both versions were revealed to be in development separately , only retaining the same " story axle " , while features such as artwork , graphics and specifications all received significant changes . Journalists noted that the game 's announcement ignited widespread anticipation within the gaming industry .
Level @-@ 5 collaborated with Studio Ghibli to produce the game 's animated sequences , and the game features graphics and visuals replicating the traditional animation style of Studio Ghibli films . The collaboration began when musician Naoya Fujimaki , who had previously worked with both companies , introduced Level @-@ 5 president Akihiro Hino to Studio Ghibli president Toshio Suzuki . At the time , Studio Ghibli had completed work on Ponyo ( 2008 ) , and the animation team had no ongoing projects , which influenced Suzuki 's decision to collaborate with Level @-@ 5 . Another influencing factor of the collaboration was witnessing Hino 's passion for the project . Studio Ghibli approached the production process in the same way that they would create an animated film . Work on the animation began in July 2008 , and took much longer than the predicted three months .
For Dominion of the Dark Djinn , the development team found that the Nintendo DS was best suited to the game 's development . Alongside the launch of Dominion of the Dark Djinn on December 9 , 2010 , Level @-@ 5 also launched the first chapter of Hotroit Stories , titled " Oliver and Mark " ( 第1章 〜 オリバーとマーク ) , for mobile devices via the Roid service . Wrath of the White Witch was developed for the PlayStation 3 . The team planned to bring the game to the console from the beginning of development , but opted to work on the DS version of the game beforehand due to the larger number of DS users in Japan at the time . The team found they could render the game world with great detail , using the hardware to its full potential to present the animation , world and music . Hino felt that the PlayStation 3 version allowed the game 's music to accompany the imagery , which was not possible on the DS version .
Following the Japanese launch of Wrath of the White Witch on November 17 , 2011 , Level @-@ 5 developed Daibouken Monsters . The development of the game is the result of a comprehensive partnership between Level @-@ 5 and GREE , which resulted in the former developing three titles for the latter . Early registrations for the game began on March 21 , 2012 , and it launched for mobile devices through the GREE service on May 11 , 2012 .
Level @-@ 5 worked with localization company Shloc to translate Wrath of the White Witch for Western regions ; the two studios collaborated for many weeks . The team found great difficulty when localizing the game for Western regions , particularly due to the large amounts of text and audio that required translation . Other minor changes to the artwork and animation also occurred , such as making Oliver bow in a Western manner . By December 12 , 2012 , development on the localized version of Wrath of the White Witch stopped as the game was submitted for manufacturing . It was released in North America on January 22 , 2013 , in Australia on January 31 , and in Europe on February 1 .
Ni no Kuni II : Revenant Kingdom was announced at PlayStation Experience on December 5 , 2015 . It will be released for the PlayStation 4 on an unannounced date , and may later release on other platforms . Studio Ghibli will not have direct involvement with the game . Hino said that the game would better fulfill the ambitions of the original game , with deeper stories and improved visuals .
= = = Music = = =
When Studio Ghibli agreed to produce the animated sequences of Ni no Kuni , they contacted Joe Hisaishi to work on the game 's music . Hisaishi , who previously worked with Studio Ghibli on films such as Princess Mononoke ( 1997 ) and Spirited Away ( 2001 ) , met with Level @-@ 5 producer and writer Akihiro Hino . After witnessing Hino 's passion for the project , Hisaishi agreed to work on the game 's soundtrack . Rei Kondoh also created background music for the score , and all in @-@ game music was performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra . " Kokoro no Kakera " , the theme song for Dominion of the Dark Djinn and Wrath of the White Witch , was written by Hisaishi ; his daughter Mai Fujisawa performed the song in Japanese , while chorister Archie Buchanan performed the English version . The team found great difficulty in selecting a performer for the English version , though ultimately settled upon Buchanan due to his ability to convey the " vulnerability and innocence " of the game 's characters in a " moving and powerful performance " . For the orchestral music to fit onto the Nintendo DS at a high quality , Ni no Kuni : Dominion of the Dark Djinn was shipped on a 4 @-@ gigabit game card . Hisaishi also worked on the score for Ni no Kuni II : Revenant Kingdom .
Two Ni no Kuni soundtracks were commercially released . An album titled Ni no Kuni : Shikkoku no Madoushi Original Soundtrack was released in Japan on February 9 , 2011 , featuring music from Dominion of the Dark Djinn . A two @-@ disc soundtrack was later released on March 28 , 2013 ; the first disc is a re @-@ release of the Japanese soundtrack , while the second disc contains additional tracks from Wrath of the White Witch .
= = Reception = =
The first two main games were very well received , with praise particularly directed at the visual design , characters and story , soundtrack , and unique gameplay . Dominion of the Dark Djinn scored 38 / 40 from Japanese publication Famitsu , who felt that the game 's elements are effectively utilized to maintain excitement . Michael Baker of RPGamer named it the " best overall game " at the time , and Janelle Hindman of RPGLand wrote that the game is " a reminder of why people used to flock to the JRPG genre in the first place " . Nintendo Gamer 's Matthew Castle called it " one of the best experiences on DS " . Wrath of the White Witch also received critical acclaim . It received 85 out of 100 from Metacritic , indicating " generally favorable reviews " , and 86 % from GameRankings . Colin Moriarty of IGN named it " one of the best RPGs " , and among the best PlayStation 3 exclusives , and Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot wrote that it joins the " hallmark of the greatest RPGs " .
The artistic design of Dominion of the Dark Djinn and Wrath of the White Witch received acclaim , being favorably compared to Studio Ghibli 's previous work ; Stephanie Bendixsen of Good Game called the art " vibrant and exciting " , noting that it " brings the game to life in the most beautiful way " . The story and characters were also well received , with IGN 's Moriarty naming them among the game 's standout features and Edge praising the believable and complex characters . Critics considered the games ' music to be appropriate for gameplay ; Jim Sterling of Destructoid compared the soundtrack favorably to Dragon Quest VIII , and RPGLand 's Hindman lauded the music as " gorgeously crafted " . The gameplay and combat system polarized reviews ; some reviewers found it a refreshing mix of styles from other role @-@ playing games , with Joystiq 's Sinan Kubba calling it a " triumph " , while others noted its difficulty , and similarity to similar games .
The game 's received multiple nominations and awards from several gaming publications . Dominion of the Dark Djinn won the award for Future Division from the Japan Game Awards in 2009 and 2010 , and the Excellence Award in 2011 , and also awarded the Rookie Award from Famitsu in 2011 . Wrath of the White Witch appeared on several year @-@ end lists of the best role @-@ playing games of 2013 , receiving wins from Destructoid , Game Revolution , GameTrailers , IGN , the 18th Satellite Awards and the Spike VGX 2013 Awards . It also received Best Game from The Huffington Post , Best Sound from Cheat Code Central , and Excellence in Animation at the SXSW Gaming Awards . At the 13th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , it received multiple wins , including awards for Animation , Art Direction , Original Light Mix Score , Original Family Game , as well as Original / Adapted Song for " Kokoro no Kakera " .
In March 2014 , Namco Bandai reported that the two main games had collectively sold more than 1 @.@ 7 million copies worldwide , with Wrath of the White Witch selling over 1 @.@ 1 million copies alone . By the end of 2011 , it was reported that Dominion of the Dark Djinn sold over 560 @,@ 000 units ; it was the 33rd best @-@ selling game in Japan in 2010 , and the 45th best @-@ selling in 2011 . Following the release of Wrath of the White Witch in the United Kingdom , it topped the charts , selling out in many stores across the region .
= Pattern Recognition ( novel ) =
Pattern Recognition is a novel by science fiction writer William Gibson published in 2003 . Set in August and September 2002 , the story follows Cayce Pollard , a 32 @-@ year @-@ old marketing consultant who has a psychological sensitivity to corporate symbols . The action takes place in London , Tokyo , and Moscow as Cayce judges the effectiveness of a proposed corporate symbol and is hired to seek the creators of film clips anonymously posted to the internet .
The novel 's central theme involves the examination of the human desire to detect patterns or meaning and the risks of finding patterns in meaningless data . Other themes include methods of interpretation of history , cultural familiarity with brand names , and tensions between art and commercialization . The September 11 , 2001 attacks are used as a motif representing the transition to the new century . Critics identify influences in Pattern Recognition from Thomas Pynchon 's postmodern detective story The Crying of Lot 49 .
Pattern Recognition is Gibson 's eighth novel and his first one to be set in the contemporary world . Like his previous work , it has been classified as a science fiction and postmodern novel , with the action unfolding along a thriller plot line . Critics approved of the writing but found the plot unoriginal and some of the language distracting . The book peaked at number four on the New York Times Best Seller list , was nominated for the 2003 British Science Fiction Association Award , and was shortlisted for the 2004 Arthur C. Clarke Award and Locus Awards .
= = Background = =
Before writing Pattern Recognition , the author , William Gibson , published seven novels ( one co @-@ written ) and numerous short stories beginning in 1977 . His previous novel , All Tomorrow 's Parties , was published in October 1999 as the conclusion of the Bridge trilogy . Pattern Recognition was written between 2001 and 2002 while Gibson was living in Vancouver , British Columbia and released in February 2003 . Pattern Recognition was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone novel , but afterwards Gibson wrote Spook Country and Zero History which take place in the same universe and use some of the same characters .
Gibson traveled to Tokyo in 2001 to prepare for this new novel , which takes place in London , Moscow , and Tokyo . He did not travel to London or Moscow but used interviews with friends and internet resources for research . In September 2001 Gibson had written about 100 pages but was struggling to finish . He stopped writing after watching the September 11 , 2001 attacks on television and " realized [ the novel ] had become a story that took place in an alternate time track , in which Sept . 11 hadn 't happened " . He considered abandoning the novel but a few weeks later re @-@ wrote portions to use the attacks as a motivating factor for the distress the main character feels . In a 2003 interview he said , " There I was , in the winter of 2001 , with no idea what the summer of 2002 was going to be like . ... In the original post @-@ 9 / 11 draft , London felt more like London is feeling right now . Cayce keeps seeing trucks full of soldiers . But I took that out , because as it got closer to the time , it wasn 't actually happening . "
= = Plot summary = =
Advertising consultant Cayce Pollard , who reacts to logos and advertising as if to an allergen , arrives in London in August 2002 . She is working on a contract with the marketing firm Blue Ant to judge the effectiveness of a proposed corporate logo for a shoe company . During the presentation , graphic designer Dorotea Benedetti becomes hostile towards Cayce as she rejects the first proposal . After dinner with some Blue Ant employees , the company founder Hubertus Bigend offers Cayce a new contract : to uncover who is responsible for distributing a series of anonymous , artistic film clips via the internet . Cayce had been following the film clips and participating in an online discussion forum theorizing on the clips ' meaning , setting , and other aspects . Wary of corrupting the artistic process and mystery of the clips , she reluctantly accepts . Cayce is not entirely comfortable with Ivy 's chat group called " Fetish : Footage : Forum " ( or F : F : F ) , as shown by the following excerpt :
There are perhaps twenty regular posters on F : F : F , and some much larger and uncounted number of lurkers . And right now there are three people in Chat , but there 's no way of knowing exactly who until you are in there , and the chat room she finds not so comforting . It 's strange even with friends , like sitting in a pitch @-@ dark cellar conversing with people at a distance of about fifteen feet .
A friend from the discussion group , who uses the handle Parkaboy , privately emails her saying a friend of a friend has discovered an encrypted watermark on one clip . They concoct a fake persona , a young woman named Keiko , to seduce the Japanese man who knows the watermark code . Cayce , along with an American computer security specialist , Boone Chu , hired to assist her , travels to Tokyo to meet the man and retrieve the watermark code . Two men attempt to steal the code but Cayce escapes and travels back to London . Boone travels to Columbus , Ohio to investigate the company that he believes created the watermark . Meanwhile , Blue Ant hires Dorotea who reveals that she was previously employed by a Russian lawyer whose clients have been investigating Cayce . The clients wanted Cayce to refuse the job of tracking the film clips and it was Dorotea 's responsibility to ensure this .
Through a completely random encounter Cayce meets Voytek Biroshak and Ngemi , the former an artist using old ZX81 microcomputers as a sculpture medium , the latter a collector of rare technology ( he mentions purchasing Stephen King 's word processor , for example ) . Another collector , and sometime ' friend ' of Ngemi 's , Hobbs Baranov , is a retired cryptographer and mathematician with connections in the American National Security Agency . Cayce strikes a deal with him : she buys a Curta calculator for him and he finds the email address to which the watermark code was sent . Using this email address Cayce makes contact with Stella Volkova whose sister Nora is the maker of the film clips .
Cayce flies to Moscow to meet Stella in person and watch Nora work . Nora is brain damaged from an assassination attempt and can only express herself through film . At her hotel , Cayce is intercepted and drugged by Dorotea and wakes up in a mysterious prison facility . Cayce escapes ; exhausted , disoriented and lost , she nearly collapses as Parkaboy , who upon Cayce 's request was flown to Moscow , retrieves her and brings her to the prison where the film is processed . There Hubertus , Stella and Nora 's uncle Andrei , and the latter 's security employees are waiting for her . Over dinner with Cayce , the Russians reveal that they have been spying on her since she posted to a discussion forum speculating that the clips may be controlled by the Russian Mafia . They had let her track the clips to expose any security breaches in their distribution network . The Russians surrender all the information they had collected on her father 's disappearance and the book ends with Cayce coming to terms with his absence while in Paris with Parkaboy , whose real name is Peter Gilbert .
= = Characters = =
Cayce Pollard – A 32 @-@ year @-@ old woman who lives in New York City . She pronounces her given name " Case " although her parents named her after Edgar Cayce . She uses her interest in marketing trends and fads , and her psychological sensitivity to logos and advertising , in her work as an advertising consultant . Her sensitivity becomes a phobia towards older corporate mascots , especially the Michelin Man . She wears only black , gray or white , usually Fruit of the Loom shrunken cotton T @-@ shirts ( all tags removed ) with Levis jeans ( with the trademarks filed off the buttons ) or skirts , tights , boots , as well as a Buzz Rickson MA @-@ 1 bomber jacket .
Hubertus Bigend – The 35 @-@ year @-@ old founder of advertising agency Blue Ant . He was born in Belgium but educated at a British boarding school and at Harvard University .
Dorotea Benedetti – The representative of the graphic design company . She has a background in industrial espionage and is secretly hired to encourage Cayce to leave London without accepting Bigend 's offer to track the film clips .
Bernard Stonestreet – A representative of the advertising agency Blue Ant .
" Parkaboy " / Peter Gilbert – Cayce 's friend from the online discussion forum . He lives in Chicago and describes himself as a " middle @-@ aged white guy since 1967 " .
Boone Chu – A Chinese @-@ American living in Washington State , but raised in Oklahoma . He had a failed start @-@ up company specializing in security . He is hired to assist Cayce in the search for the maker of the footage .
Voytek Biroshak – A blond man born in Poland and raised in Russia . He acquires and sells antique calculators to raise funds for an exhibition on Sinclair ZX81 computers .
Damien Pease – A 30 @-@ year @-@ old friend of Cayce whose flat she stays at while in London . He is a video director shooting a documentary on WWII battleground excavation near Stalingrad .
Hobbs Baranov – A former NSA cryptographer and mathematician . He collects antique calculators and sells intelligence as he squats near Poole with a Gypsy group .
Ivy – Creator of website , discussion group , and chatroom Fetish : Footage : Forum that Cayce frequents . The website 's intention is to discuss the anonymous film postings .
= = Style and story elements = =
The novel uses a third @-@ person narrative in the present tense with a somber tone reminiscent of a " low @-@ level post @-@ apocalypticism " . Cayce 's memories of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which briefly use the future tense , are told by Gibson as " a Benjaminian seed of time " , as one reviewer calls it , because of the monistic and lyrical descriptions of Cayce 's relationship to objects with the attacks in the background . Two neologisms appear in the novel : gender @-@ bait and mirror @-@ world . Gibson created the term mirror @-@ world to acknowledge a locational @-@ specific distinction in a manufactured object that emerged from a parallel development process , for example opposite @-@ side driving or varied electrical outlets . Gender @-@ bait refers to a male posing as a female online to elicit positive responses . The term coolhunter , not coined by Gibson but used in the marketing industry for several years , is used to describe Cayce 's profession of identifying the roots of emerging trends .
The September 11 , 2001 attacks are used as a motif representing a break with the past with Cayce 's father , who disappears during the attacks , as the personification of the 20th century . Gibson viewed the attacks as a nodal point after which " nothing is really the same " . One reviewer commented that in " Gibson 's view , 9 @-@ 11 was the end of history ; after it we are without a history , careening toward an unknown future without the benefit of a past — our lives before 9 @-@ 11 are now irrelevant . " Cayce 's search for her father and Damien 's excavation of the German bomber symbolize the historicist search for a method to interpret people 's actions in the past . Coming to terms with her father 's disappearance may be interpreted as a requiem for those lost to the 20th century , something that may have been influenced by Gibson coming to terms with the loss of his own father .
The film clips are a motif used to enhance the theme of the desire to find meaning or detect patterns . They are released over the internet and gain a cult following , in the same way that the lonelygirl15 videoblog gained an international following in 2006 . Corporate interest in the footage is aroused by its originality and global distribution methods . The characters debate whether the anonymous clips are part of a complete narrative or a work in progress , and when or where they were shot . This enigmatic nature of the footage is said to metaphorically represent the nature of the confusing and uncertain post @-@ 9 / 11 future . The author Dennis Danvers has remarked that the footage being edited down to a single frame is like the world compressed into a single novel . The footage , released freely to a global audience with a lack of time or place indicators , has also been contrasted to Pattern Recognition written under contract for a large corporation and which uses liminal name @-@ dropping that definitively sets it in London , Tokyo , and Moscow in 2002 .
= = Major themes = =
= = = Pattern recognition = = =
The central theme throughout the novel involves the natural human propensity to search for meaning with the constant risk of apophenia . Followers of the seemingly random clips seek connections and meaningfulness in them but are revealed to be victims of apophenia as the clips are just edited surveillance camera footage . Likewise , Cayce 's mother turns to investigating electronic voice phenomena after Cayce 's father disappears . Science fiction critic Thomas Wagner underscores the desire for meaning , or pattern recognition , using a comparison between the film clips and Cayce 's search for her father after the attacks :
[ T ] he very randomness and ineffability of the clips flies in the face of our natural human tendency towards pattern recognition ... [ T ] he subculture that surrounds " following the footage " ... [ is ] an effective plot device for underscoring the novel 's post @-@ 9 / 11 themes : to wit , the uncertainty of the fabric of day @-@ to @-@ day life people began to feel following that event … [ We ] as people don 't like uncertainty , don 't like knowing that there 's something we can 't comprehend . And if we can 't fit something into an existing pattern , then by golly we 'll come up with one .
Within the marketing world , Cayce is portrayed not as an outside rebel , but rather a paragon of the system . Inescapably within the system , she seeks an epistemological perspective to objectively interpret patterns . The review in The Village Voice calls this search " a survival tactic within the context of no context — dowsing for meaning , and sometimes settling for the illusion of meaning " .
= = = Memory of history = = =
Using 20th @-@ century relics , such as a Curta calculator , an excavated Stuka , Hobbs Baranov , and Voytek 's planned ZX81 show , Gibson raises the question of how a contemporary society views past societies . Gibson portrays the past century as dominated by conflict , suspicion , and espionage . Following the disappearance of Cayce 's father , a designer of embassy security systems , on September 11 , 2001 , Cayce is left feeling " ungrieved " until she reviews footage and records of that day tracking his movements until he vanishes .
Following this line of thought Gibson raises the question of how the future will view today 's society . The novel " adopts a postmodern historicism " perspective , through the arguments presented by Bigend , Cayce , and Parkaboy . Bigend and Cayce 's view of history are compared to those of philosopher Benedetto Croce in that they believe history is open for interpretation when re @-@ written from the frame of reference of another society . Parkaboy rejects this view , believing that history can be an exact science .
= = = Originality and monoculture = = =
The book explores a tension between originality and monoculture by focusing on the artist 's relationship with a commercialized world and its marketing of free art and consumer products . Critic Lisa Zeidner argues that the artist 's " loyalty and love " involved with creating originality counters Bigend 's assertion that everything is a reflection of something else and that the creative process no longer rests with the individual . Commercialism is portrayed as a monoculture that assimilates originality . The Tommy Hilfiger brand is used as an example , " simulacra of simulacra of simulacra . A dilute tincture of Ralph Lauren , who had himself diluted the glory days of Brooks Brothers , who themselves had stepped on the product of Jermyn Street and Savile Row ... There must be some Tommy Hilfiger event horizon , beyond which it is impossible to be more derivative , more removed from the source , more devoid of soul . "
One critic points out that the marketing agency Blue Ant is named after the wasp Blue Ant : " it 's a wasp with a painful sting . The female hunts for a ground @-@ dwelling cricket . She paralyses it with a sting and lays her egg on it . The still living yet immobile cricket becomes food for the wasp 's young . What a clever metaphor for the process of targeting , commodifying , and marketing cool . " On the other hand , as Rudy Rucker notes , while new art is constantly threatened by commodification , it is dependent on the monoculture for its launching point and uniqueness . Gibson 's product positioning language and Cayce 's analysis of consumerist trends show that society is not a victim of consumerism , but rather its creator who helps shape it without ever stepping outside it . Alex Link argues that rather than a simple attack on consumerism outright , the novel outlines a complex interrelationship between art , brand design , and terrorism as varying attitudes to history , terror , and community .
= = = Branding , identity , and globalization = = =
The novel 's language is viewed as rife with labeling and product placements . Postmodern theorist Fredric Jameson calls it " a kind of hyped @-@ up name @-@ dropping ... [ where ] an encyclopaedic familiarity with the fashions ... [ creates ] class status as a matter of knowing the score rather than of having money and power " . He also calls it " postmodern nominalism " in that the names express the new and fashionable . This name @-@ dropping demonstrates how commercialism has created and named new objects and experiences and renamed ( or re @-@ created ) some that already existed . This naming includes nationalities ; there are eight references to nationality ( or locality ) in the first three pages . Zeidner wrote that the novel 's " new century is unsettlingly transitional making it difficult to maintain an individual identity " . One character argues that " there will soon be no national identity left … [ as ] all experience [ will be ] reduced , by the spectral hand of marketing , to price @-@ point variations on the same thing . " This is juxtaposed against the footage that contains no hints of time period or location . Globalization is represented by characters of varying nationalities , ease of international travel , portable instant communication , and commercial monoculture recognizable across international markets . As an example , Gibson writes how one ‘ yes or no ' decision by Cayce on the logo will impact the lives of the people in remote places who will manufacture the logos and how it will infect their dreams .
= = Genre = =
While some reviewers regard the novel as a thriller , others see it as an example of post @-@ millennial science fiction with stories set in the " technocultural future @-@ present " . Some reviewers note that the novel furthers the post @-@ millennial trend in science fiction of illustrating society 's inability to imagine a definitive future and the use of technologies once considered advanced or academic now commonplace within society and its vernacular . Gibson said that the only science fiction elements are " [ t ] he Footage and Cayce 's special talents " but that he " never bought that conceit that science fiction is about the future " . Dennis Danvers explained the use of science fiction as a narrative strategy :
[ s ] cience fiction , in effect , has become a narrative strategy , a way of approaching story , in which not only characters must be invented , but the world and its ways as well , without resorting to magic or the supernatural , where the fantasy folks work . A realist wrestling with the woes of the middle class can leave the world out of it by and large except for an occasional swipe at the shallowness of suburbia . A science fiction writer must invent the world where the story takes place , often from the ground up , a process usually called world @-@ building . In other words , in a science fiction novel , the world itself is a distinctive and crucial character in the plot , without whom the story could not take place , whether it 's the world of Dune or Neuromancer or 1984 . The world is the story as much as the story is in the world . Part of Gibson 's point ... is that we live in a time of such accelerated change and layered realities , that we 're all in that boat , like it or not . A novel set in the " real world " now has to answer the question , " Which one ? "
These elements , and the use of the September 11 , 2001 attacks as a breaking point from the past , led academics to label it a postmodern novel . The attacks mark the point where the ' modern ' , that is the 20th @-@ century certainty in society 's advancement towards a better future , changed to the ' postmodern ' , that is the 21st @-@ century uncertainty in which future will develop . Fredric Jameson finds Gibson using culture as the determinant of change for the first time with this novel , rather than technology . Jameson focuses on the novel 's " postmodern nominalism " that uses brand names to refresh old objects and experiences .
In post @-@ structural literary theory Cayce is compared with the main character , Oedipa Maas , of Thomas Pynchon 's The Crying of Lot 49 as detectives interpreting clues but with neither the character nor the reader knowing if there actually is a pattern to be found and , if there is one , whether it is real or conspiracy . Gibson 's use of name @-@ dropping brands to create a sense of " in @-@ group style … of those in the know " is traced back to Thomas Pynchon 's 1963 novel V. . Gibson 's writing style is said to be similar to Raymond Chandler 's detective stories and Alfred Hitchcock 's thrillers that used MacGuffins ( the identity of the maker of the footage , in this case ) to drive the story . Gibson 's social observations are influenced by the works of Naomi Klein and Malcolm Gladwell .
While markedly different from his previous writing , in that it is not set in an imaginary future with imaginary technologies , Pattern Recognition includes many of his previous elements , including impacts of technology shifts on society , Japanese computer experts and Russian mafia figures . In common with Gibson 's previous work , Paul Di Filippo found the following in Pattern Recognition : " the close observation of the culture 's bleeding edge ; an analysis of the ways technology molds our every moment ; the contrasting of boardroom with street ; the impossibility and dire necessity of making art in the face of instant co @-@ optation ; the damaged loner facing the powers @-@ that @-@ be , for both principle and profit " .
= = Reception = =
Pattern Recognition was released on February 3 , 2003 as Gibson launched a 15 @-@ city tour . The novel was featured on the January 19 cover of The New York Times Book Review . In the American market it peaked at number four on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction on February 23 and spent nine weeks on USA Today 's Top 150 Best @-@ Selling Books peaking at number 34 . In the Canadian market , the novel peaked at number three on The Globe and Mail 's best seller list on February 15 in the hardcover fiction category . The novel was shortlisted for the 2004 Arthur C. Clarke Award and the British Science Fiction Association Award .
Gibson 's writing was positively received by science fiction writers Dennis Danvers , Candas Jane Dorsey , and Rudy Rucker . Rucker has written : " [ w ] ith a poet 's touch , he tiles words into wonderful mosaics " and Danvers wrote that " no sentence has a subject if it can do without one " . One critic found the prose to be as " hard and compact as glacier ice " and another that it " gives us sharply observed small moments inscribed with crystalline clarity " . Gibson 's descriptions of interiors and of the built environments of Tokyo , Russia and London were singled out as impressive , and The Village Voice 's review remarked that " Gibson expertly replicates the biosphere of a discussion board : the coffee @-@ shop intimacy , the fishbowl paranoia , the splintering factions , the inevitable flame war " . Lisa Zeidner of The New York Times Book Review elaborated :
As usual , Gibson 's prose is ... corpuscular , crenelated . His sentences slide from silk to steel , and take tonal joy rides from the ironic to the earnest . But he never gets lost in the language , as he sometimes has in the past . Structurally , this may be his most confident novel . The secondary characters and their subplots are more fully developed , right down to their personal e @-@ mail styles . Without any metafictional grandstanding , Gibson nails the texture of Internet culture : how it feels to be close to someone you know only as a voice in a chat room , or to fret about someone spying on your browser 's list of sites visited .
Filled with name @-@ dropping of businesses and products , such as MUJI , Hotmail , iBook , Netscape , and G4 , the language of the novel was judged by one critic to be " awkward in its effort to appear " cool " " while other critics have found it overdone and feared it would quickly date the novel . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette review commented that the " constant , unadulterated " hipster @-@ technocrat , cyber @-@ MTV " lingo [ is ] overdone and inappropriate " On the technology , Cory Doctorow found Gibson 's use of watermarks and keystroke logging to be hollow and has noted that " Gibson is no technologist , he 's an accomplished and insightful social critic ... and he treats these items from the real world as metaphor . But ... Gibson 's metaphorical treatment of these technologies will date this very fine book " .
Some critics found the plot to be a conventional " unravel @-@ the @-@ secret " and " woman on a quest " thriller . Toby Litt wrote that " [ j ] udged just as a thriller , Pattern Recognition takes too long to kickstart , gives its big secrets away before it should and never puts the heroine in believable peril " . The conclusion , called " unnecessarily pat " by one critic , was compared by Litt with the " ultimate fantasy ending of 1980s movies – the heroine has lucked out without selling out , has kept her integrity but still ended up filthy rich . " The review in the Library Journal called the novel a " melodrama of beset geekdom " that " may well reveal the emptiness at the core of Gibson 's other fiction " , but recommended it for all libraries due to the author 's popularity .
= = Publication history = =
The hardcover edition , released in February 2003 , was published by the Penguin Group imprint G. P. Putnam 's Sons . Berkley Books published the trade paperback one year later , on February 3 , 2004 , and a mass market paperback in February 2005 . In the UK the paperback was published by Penguin Books a year after its Viking Press imprint published the hardcover version . In 2004 it was published in French , Danish , Japanese , German , and Spanish . In 2005 the book was published in Russia . The translation made by Nikita Krasnikov was awarded as the best translation of the year .
Tantor Media published the 10 @.@ 5 @-@ hour @-@ long , unabridged audiobook on April 1 , 2004 and re @-@ released it on January 1 , 2005 . Voiced by Shelly Frasier , it was criticized by John Adams of Locus as being pleasant but with distracting dialects . The audiobook is available as a digital download from audible.com.
= = Adaptations = =
The digital radio station BBC 7 broadcast ( now BBC Radio 4 Extra ) an abridged version of the novel , voiced by Lorelei King , in five 30 @-@ minute episodes in February and October 2007 . Post @-@ punk band Sonic Youth included a track called " Pattern Recognition " on their 2004 album Sonic Nurse that opens with the lyric " I 'm a cool hunter making you my way " . A film adaptation was initiated in April 2004 with producer Steve Golin 's production company Anonymous Content and the studio Warner Bros. Pictures hiring director Peter Weir . Screenwriters David Arata , D. B. Weiss , and Weir co @-@ wrote the screenplay but in May 2007 , Gibson commented on his personal blog that he believed Weir would not be proceeding with the project . In 2014 it was announced that Morten Tyldum had been attached to the project .
= Reverberation ( album ) =
Reverberation is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen . The album was released amidst a line @-@ up change for the group , due to the departure of vocalist Ian McCulloch and the death of drummer Pete de Freitas . The remaining members , guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson , were joined by ex @-@ St. Vitus Dance singer Noel Burke , keyboard player Jake Brockman and drummer Damon Reece . The album was produced by former engineer for The Beatles Geoff Emerick at Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey , England , and had a more pronounced psychedelic sound than the group 's previous releases .
Following the album 's December 1990 release , critical reviews were not favourable ; critics noted Burke to be a poor replacement for McCulloch , who they believed was an indispensable aspect of the band . After Reverberation failed to chart , the band were dropped by WEA Records and , after two independently released singles , disbanded in 1993 .
= = Background and recording = =
During August and September 1987 , Echo & the Bunnymen co @-@ headlined a tour of the United States with popular electronic group New Order . Despite the tour passing without incident , the performances were deemed to be of poor quality . Although American audiences were apparently satisfied by the shows , when the group returned to the United Kingdom for an autumn tour the British music press and audiences were not as equally enthusiastic . Shortly thereafter the band announced plans to record a self @-@ produced album of " savage rock " when there was more free time . The group toured the UK and the US again in early 1988 . These concerts were more positively received than their tour the previous year , with guitarist Will Sergeant being singled out for praise – BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel said , " Will Sergeant was superb , moving in a trice from squalls of angry sound to playing with such care and subtlety that there were whispered asides from his guitar that I would have sworn only he and I had heard . " In March 1988 , the band released a cover version of The Doors ' song " People Are Strange " . However , this failed to impress critics ; music paper Melody Maker called it a " rancid effort " and Q said the band had " thrown in the towel " .
Following a Japanese tour in April 1988 , Echo & the Bunnymen 's lead singer , Ian McCulloch , announced that the band were going to split up . Following the announcement , McCulloch returned to the United Kingdom to visit his father who had just suffered two heart attacks but was too late as he died shortly before arriving . After five months of speculation as to whether the split up was genuine , McCulloch met with the other members of the band in September 1988 and , despite the group 's attempts to change his mind , told them he was leaving the band . McCulloch later said in a 1997 interview , " The last days of The Bunnymen consisted of a bunch of people who were more interested in changing oil in their cars than rock ' n ' roll . That pissed me off . I was doing every sodding interview , writing sodding every song . " Having been persuaded by Rob Dickins at WEA that the band could still be a success in the United States , Sergeant told McCulloch that he and the other two band members , bassist Les Pattinson and drummer Pete de Freitas , planned to continue . After a failed attempt to record with The B @-@ 52 's singers Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson , the band advertised for a full @-@ time replacement .
While McCulloch was recording his debut solo album , Candleland ( 1989 ) , Echo & the Bunnymen promoted long @-@ time touring keyboard player Jake Brockman to a full @-@ time band member position . In April 1989 , after listening to an album by the defunct band St. Vitus Dance which had been recommended by Geoff Davies of Probe Records in Liverpool , Sergeant felt that the band 's singer Noel Burke would work well within the context of the band 's sound . After a meeting with the band and being reassured that they did not want a McCulloch clone , Burke agreed to join . However , tragedy struck when on 14 June 1989 de Freitas died in a motorcycle accident on his way to the band 's first rehearsal . The band recruited Damon Reece , a friend of Brockman , as drummer in de Freitas 's place and began rehearsals . The new line @-@ up played their first string of performances in mid @-@ March 1990 with a mixture of old and new material . McCulloch allegedly described this incarnation of the band as " Echo & the Bogusmen " but later attributed the comment to the former The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr . Sergeant later said that keeping the name was " down to wanting to take a bitter swipe at [ McCulloch ] " .
The new line @-@ up entered Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey , England in mid @-@ May 1990 to record the new album with producer Geoff Emerick , who had previously been the engineer for several albums by The Beatles . While recording the album Emerick would sit on the stairs outside the studio so that he could " listen to the mix properly " . Emerick employed the use of instruments such as sitars and tabla as well as backwards guitar loops . The album contained many of Sergeant 's favoured psychedelic influences .
= = Release , reception and aftermath = =
" Enlighten Me " , released in October 1990 , was the only single to be released from Reverberation . The single fared badly on the UK Singles Chart only reaching number ninety @-@ six , although it reached number eight on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States . The album 's release followed in December 1990 , and Echo & the Bunnymen immediately went on a seventeen @-@ date tour that focused on the United Kingdom and Ireland . The tour received good reviews , with Melody Maker describing the band as " an object lesson in how to survive and prosper " . However , the reviews of the album were not as good . Awarding the album two and a half stars out of five , Tim DiGravina , who reviewed the album for Allmusic , said , " Echo & the Bunnymen doesn 't exist without the distinctive voice of Ian McCulloch " . Although he added that the album would have been a " great debut " had the band decided to record under a different name . Bob Mack , reviewing the album for Entertainment Weekly was more forceful in putting the album down . He described the sound of the album as " hopelessly in thrall to the brand of pale pseudo @-@ psychedelia [ the band ] helped popularise during the past decade " . He went on to describe Burke and most of the songs as " nondescript " . He finished his review by saying " this is a turkey best left to be gobbled up by the band 's relatives , close friends , and diehard fans " .
Failing to make the UK Albums Chart , Reverberation was the poorest performing Echo & the Bunnymen album at that time . Echo & the Bunnymen were dropped by WEA Records in early 1991 . After touring East Asia , the band launched their own label , Euphoric Records , in October 1991 with the release of their self @-@ produced single " Prove Me Wrong " . The release of another single , " Inside Me , Inside You " , followed in March 1992 . With neither of the singles released on Euphoric reaching the UK Singles Chart , the band undertook an extensive tour of the United States before finally disbanding in early 1993 .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks written by Noel Burke , Will Sergeant , Les Pattinson , Jake Brockman & Damon Reece .
" Gone , Gone , Gone " – 4 : 13
" Enlighten Me " – 5 : 01
" Cut & Dried " – 3 : 47
" King of Your Castle " – 4 : 36
" Devilment " – 4 : 44
" Thick Skinned World " – 4 : 18
" Freaks Dwell " – 3 : 51
" Senseless " – 4 : 55
" Flaming Red " – 5 : 33
" False Goodbyes " – 5 : 40
= = Personnel = =
Noel Burke – vocals , guitar , piano
Will Sergeant – guitar , loops , autoharp
Les Pattinson – bass
Jake Brockman – mellotron , farfisa
Damon Reece – drums , percussion
Shanker Ganguly – harmonium
Punita Gupta – sitar
John Leach – dulcimer
John Mayer – tambura
Adam Peters – cello , piano
Esmail Sheikh – dholak
Gurdev Singh – tar shahanai
Geoff Emerick – producer
Will Gosling – engineer
Adrian Moore – assistant engineer
Paul Apted – assistant engineer
= South African general election , 2014 =
The 2014 South African general election was held on 7 May 2014 , to elect a new National Assembly and new provincial legislatures in each province . It was the fifth election held in South Africa under conditions of universal adult suffrage since the end of the apartheid era in 1994 , and also the first held since the death of Nelson Mandela . It was also the first time that South African expatriates were allowed to vote in a South African national election .
The National Assembly election was won by the African National Congress ( ANC ) , but with a reduced majority of 62 @.@ 1 % , down from 65 @.@ 9 % in the 2009 election . The official opposition Democratic Alliance ( DA ) increased its share of the vote from 16 @.@ 7 % to 22 @.@ 2 % , while the newly formed Economic Freedom Fighters ( EFF ) obtained 6 @.@ 4 % of the vote .
Eight of the nine provincial legislatures were won by the ANC . The EFF obtained over 10 % of the vote in Gauteng , Limpopo and North West , and beat the DA to second place in the last two . In the other six provinces won by the ANC , the DA obtained second place . This included KwaZulu @-@ Natal , where the DA for the first time beat the Inkatha Freedom Party to second place . In the Western Cape , the only province not won by the ANC , the DA increased its majority from 51 @.@ 5 % to 59 @.@ 4 % .
= = Electoral system = =
South Africa has a parliamentary system of government ; the National Assembly consists of 400 members elected by proportional representation with a closed list approach . Two hundred members are elected from national party lists ; the other 200 are elected from provincial party lists in each of the nine provinces . The President of South Africa was chosen by the National Assembly after the election .
The provincial legislatures , which vary in size from 30 to 80 members
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
hele subsequently apologised for the reversal of her decision , saying that the timing was not right as the reaction to it had shown people were unable to overcome race @-@ based party politics .
On 6 February , it was reported that COPE members who support Mbhazima Shilowa 's planned to join the United Democratic Movement led by Bantu Holomisa which won four seats in the 2009 election . On 10 March , it was reported that COPE MP Nqaba Bhangu had joined the DA as an Eastern Cape parliamentary candidate , and three COPE MPs , namely Juli Kilian , Leonard Ramatlakane and Nick Koornhof were included on the ANC 's list of national parliamentary candidates published on the 11th . On 28 April , it was reported that over 20 COPE MPs had defected to the ANC citing " poor political leadership " . The only COPE member in the KwaZulu @-@ Natal Legislature , Lucky Gabela , subsequently also defected to the ANC citing internal conflict .
On 11 March , Al Jama @-@ ah and the Africa Muslim Party announced they would campaign together under the Al Jama @-@ ah Community Party banner . The next day , it was reported that DA MP Beverley Abrahams had joined the ANC . On the 17th , Economic Freedom Fighters announced agreement to establish working relations with the Socialist Party of Azania ( SOPA ) and Black Consciousness Party ( BCP ) , who would not independently stand for elections , but their candidates would be part of the EFF election 2014 candidates list as EFF members . EFF also had members of South Africa First ( SAF ) in the list who hold dual membership . Although SAF had not agreed to them being on the EFF list , its leadership collective endorsed the lists .
On the 20th , it was reported that DA MPs Lourie Bosman , Niekie van den Berg and Theo Coetzee were joining Freedom Front Plus on the party 's national candidates list for the 2014 election . On the 30th , it was reported in the Sunday Times that DA MP Mpowele Swathe had joined the United Christian Democratic Party ( UCDP ) after his name appeared on election candidate lists for both parties .
= = = Endorsements = = =
On 2 May 2014 , the Mail & Guardian newspaper " urged readers to oppose the ANC " for the first time , to dilute the ruling party 's " overweening political power " . The editorial cited the support of Cabinet ministers for the controversial proposed " secrecy law " and the ANC 's " cynical response to the Nkandla scandal " among its reasons . A Financial Mail editorial published on the same day , cited unemployment and changes in the government 's administration and policies which impacted business negatively . It stated " the ANC does not get our endorsement this time " and " our vote goes to the DA " . An editorial published in The Economist the following day , cited unemployment and an increase in corruption under Zuma 's leadership in particular and stated that the ANC and Zuma " no longer deserve to rule " and " The DA deserves to be endorsed . " Also on the 2nd , Abahlali baseMjondolo , a social movement representing shack dwellers which previously supported the No Land ! No House ! No Vote ! election boycott campaign , announced its provincial endorsement of the DA in KwaZulu @-@ Natal for the election as a tactical vote against the ANC .
= = Voter registration = =
= = = Local voters = = =
On the weekends of 9 – 10 November 2013 and 8 – 9 February 2014 all voting stations were opened for new voters to register and for those who moved residence to re @-@ register in their new voting district . The presidency of South Africa urged voters who had missed the voting station registration weekends to register at an IEC office during office hours . Presidential spokesperson , Mac Maharaj , said that voters were allowed to register to vote until the election date is published in a government gazette , after which the voters ' roll is closed . Approximately 5 @.@ 5 million people in total visited voting stations , including between 1 and 2 million new voters . This increased the number of registered voters to 25 @.@ 3 million , representing 80 @.@ 5 % of the 31 @.@ 4 million people eligible to vote in the country . South Africans who were born after the 1994 general election , known as the born @-@ free generation , and are aged 18 or older were eligible to vote for the first time .
= = = International voters = = =
South Africans living abroad could register to vote at any South African Embassy , High Commission or Consulate @-@ General from 9 January 2014 to 7 February 2014 . South Africans living abroad who wished to vote had to notify the IEC of their intention to vote by 12 March 2014 . The weekends of 18 – 19 January and 25 – 26 January were made registration weekends to accommodate voters who were unable to register during business hours . Over 26 @,@ 000 voters were registered to vote abroad by the time of the election .
A total of 26 @,@ 701 voters were registered to vote abroad , with the highest numbers of voters being registered to vote in London ( 9 @,@ 863 ) , Dubai ( 1 @,@ 539 ) and Canberra ( 1 @,@ 243 ) with other stations totalling 14 @,@ 056 registered voters .
= = Opinion polling = =
= = = National ballot = = =
According to an internal poll conducted by the DA with American pollster Stan Greenberg in March – April 2014 , the ANC would get 59 % of the vote , the DA 26 % and the EFF 8 % .
In an Ipsos survey of 1 @,@ 000 registered ANC members conducted for the Sunday Times in December 2013 , 55 % of respondents said they will vote for the ANC again , 5 % said they will vote for the DA , 6 % said they will vote for other parties , and the remaining 34 % said they did not know or preferred not to answer .
According to the results of an Ipsos Pulse of the People survey published in February 2014 , the DA is the most multi @-@ racial party while the ANC has 96 % black supporters and the EFF has 99 % black supporters , relative to 76 % black survey respondents . The age profile of ANC supporters closely resembles the age profile of voters , while DA supporters are slightly older overall and EFF supporters are significantly younger overall .
Africa Check , a non @-@ profit organisation that checks facts in claims made about Africa , and the Centre for the Study of Democracy have criticised polls by market research companies as unscientific . Africa Check warned that some polls are intentionally misleading and some are essentially conjecture .
= = = Provincial ballot = = =
The Ipsos Pulse of the People survey undertaken in October and November 2013 showed that a number of provinces would be closely contested . The ANC will continue to dominate in the Eastern Cape , Limpopo , North West , Mpumalanga , KwaZulu @-@ Natal and Free State . The DA will keep the Western Cape while control of the Northern Cape and Gauteng will be contested between the ANC and DA , with other parties holding the balance of power , so coalitions may be decisive . In Limpopo and North West the EFF could become the official opposition .
The Ipsos / Sunday Times survey undertaken in February and March 2014 showed that the ANC enjoyed majority support in all provinces except the Western Cape , where the DA retains majority support . DA support followed that of the ANC in all other provinces except for the North West , where the EFF came in second place .
= = Campaign = =
= = = Debates = = =
The South African Broadcasting Corporation ( SABC ) broadcast weekly election debates from February to May 2014 . They were broadcast between 6pm and 7pm on SABC 1 and streamed live on the SABC 's YouTube channel .
The following debates took place :
= = = Controversies = = =
In January 2014 , Helen Zille announced that the DA would be marching to Luthuli House , the ANC 's headquarters , saying , “ We are taking the fight to Luthuli House to highlight the failure of ( President ) Jacob Zuma 's ANC to cut corruption and create jobs . ” Zille said that 6000 people would be marching , each one representing 1000 South Africans who would benefit from the 6 million jobs that the DA promised to create if it came to power . The planned date of the march was 4 February 2014 , but this was later changed to the 12th due to logistical problems . The Johannesburg Metro Police Department ( JMPD ) initially denied the DA 's application to march but the decision was overturned on 3 February 2014 when the DA took the matter to the Johannesburg High Court . On the 11th , it was reported that the JMPD had set the march perimeters to prevent the DA from marching to Luthuli House . JMPD spokesperson , Chief Superintendent Wayne Minnaar said , " The protest march by the DA ... has been prohibited on the grounds that there would be a security risk to protesters . " The DA announced that the march would now end at Beyers Naude Square . On the day of the march , an application to stop the DA march filed by the ANC to the South Gauteng High Court was dismissed .
The march ended early after the DA was confronted by ANC supporters 40 minutes into the march . Stones and petrol bombs were thrown by ANC supporters at police trying to calm the situation .
On 13 March , violence erupted in the Bekkersdal township in Gauteng , the scene of violent service delivery protests in 2013 . Residents staged a protest over a planned ANC campaign in the area , barricading the streets with rocks and burning tyres and pelting ANC officials and police vehicles with stones . Police responded to the volatile situation by firing rubber bullets at residents .
Shortly after Public Protector Thuli Madonsela 's final report on security upgrades to President Jacob Zuma 's private residence at Nkandla was published on 19 March , the DA sent a bulk text message to Gauteng voters which reads : " The Nkandla report shows how Zuma stole your money to build his R246m home . Vote DA on 7 May to beat corruption . Together for change . " The ANC submitted an urgent application to the South Gauteng High Court to stop distribution of the text message on the grounds that it violated the Electoral Act . On 4 April , the court ruled that the wording of the message was fair comment and dismissed the ANC 's application with costs . The ANC was granted leave to appeal the decision . On 6 May , the Electoral Court ruled that the DA must retract the text message , finding that it wrongly targeted Zuma personally instead of the systematic failures highlighted in Madonsela 's report . The court case was ultimately won by the DA when the Constitutional Court set aside the Electoral Court ruling on 19 January 2015 .
On 5 April , a marquee , a stage , a sound system and chairs set up for an EFF rally in Thokoza were petrol bombed in the early hours of the morning . EFF spokesperson , Mbuyiseni Mdlozi said that the EFF suspected ANC members were responsible for the sabotage . ANC spokesperson Jackson Mthembu denied the allegations , saying " We don 't do such things . "
The following day , the DA accused the ANC of abusing state resources after the South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) was seen giving out blankets and toiletries at an ANC rally in Parys . ANC spokesperson Khusela Sangoni @-@ Khawe denied the accusation , saying that the ANC did not know SASSA would be at the rally .
Four days later , the DA submitted a complaint to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ( ICASA ) about censorship by the public broadcaster after the SABC informed the DA it would not continue broadcasting a DA television advert titled " ANC Ayisafani " , meaning " the ANC 's not the same " , and five DA radio adverts aired on 8 and 9 April 2014 . According to the DA 's Mmusi Maimane , who appears in the television advert , the SABC banned all DA adverts from 11 public radio stations as well as the television advert . ICASA announced that it would hold public hearings on the matter on Thursday the 17th , 6 days after the DA lodged their complaint . Following the DA 's announcement that it would submit an urgent application to the South Gauteng High Court requesting a ruling on the adverts before the long Easter weekend commencing Good Friday , the day after ICASA 's proposed public hearing date , the ICASA hearings commenced 2 days earlier than originally scheduled . On the day after the hearing , the ban was lifted temporarily as the SABC had failed to provide reasons for the ban during the ICASA hearings and requested more time to prepare a response . The DA also objected to the SABC not allowing the national official opposition party to participate in a televised election debate on land reform on SABCin the first 2 weeks of April . On 25 April , ICASA upheld the SABC 's ban on the television advert finding that it contravened ICASA 's regulations on party election broadcasts . ICASA ordered that a photograph taken by The Citizen photographer Alaister Russell of a police officer firing rubber bullets at unarmed residents during the March 2014 Bekkersdal protest be removed from the advert as " the police should not be seen as a threat to the community " . In the advert , Maimane says " We 've seen a police force killing our own people " while the photograph is shown on the screen . The South African Police Service had earlier submitted a complaint to ICASA that this footage would incite violence against police officers .
On 15 April 2014 , a protest campaign against corruption with the slogan " Vukani ! Sidikwe ! ( Wake up ! We are Fed up ! ) Vote No " , supported by over 100 ANC veterans , was launched by former government ministers Ronnie Kasrils and Nozizwe Madlala @-@ Routledge . The IEC has requested a legal opinion on whether the campaign contravenes the Electoral Act . The campaign urges ANC supporters to either spoil their votes or vote for a smaller party . Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu welcomed the campaign , and human rights activist and cleric Barney Pityana describes it as " a campaign to bring rationality , order , morality and decency back into our electoral system " in a Mail & Guardian opinion piece .
On the same day , United Democratic Movement leader Bantu Holomisa announced that lawyers acting on behalf of several opposition parties concerned about the credibility of the general election would approach the Electoral Court following the IEC chairperson Pansy Tlakula 's refusal to agree to their call for her resignation . Public Protector Thuli Madonsela found Tlakula had been involved in building procurement irregularities in a report published in August 2013 , and a subsequent National Treasury review published in March 2014 supported her findings . Five days before the election , the Electoral Court postponed the inquiry into her conduct until 2 June 2014 , as it would not be able to rule on the matter before the 7 May election date . On 18 June , the Electoral Court recommended Tlakula 's removal from office due to financial misconduct . Tlakula resigned as IEC chairperson on 1 September after an unsuccessful application to the Constitutional Court for leave to appeal the Electoral Court ruling .
On 22 April , the EFF also lodged a complaint with ICASA after the SABC banned an EFF election campaign television advert titled " Now is the time for economic freedom " that was due to be aired on 2 occasions , 2 days before the complaint was lodged and on the day the complaint was lodged . Four days after the complaint was lodged , ICASA upheld the SABC 's ban on the advert . ICASA found that wording in the advert about physically destroying contentious e @-@ tolls in Gauteng could incite violence and therefore contravened ICASA 's regulations on party election broadcasts . The EFF advert had also highlighted police brutality , using interviews and photographs related to the Marikana massacre and the same photograph of the March 2014 Bekkersdal protest that ICASA ordered removed from the DA advert .
Nine days before the election , a Parliamentary committee set up to consider Zuma 's response to Madonsela 's final Nkandla report was referred to the next Parliament to be formed after the election , citing insufficient time available before the 7 May election date .
Two days before the election , Zuma spoke about the Nkandla scandal at a media briefing , saying it was only an issue with the media and the opposition , " the bright people ... very clever people " , and not an issue with ANC voters .
On the day before the election , it was reported that the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( NSPCA ) had ambushed election campaign posters by attaching matching NSPCA posters to the bottom of them . NSPCA spokesperson , Christine Kuch said that the NSPCA campaign hoped to get more political parties to include animal rights in their manifestos .
= = = Cost = = =
Due to the secretive nature of political funding in South Africa generally little public information exists on both sources of political funding of South African political parties and the nature of their expenses however the ruling ANC did declare the 2014 elections to be the “ most expensive election ” it had ever fought to date . According to leaked sources within the ANC the 2014 elections cost the ANC over R429 @-@ million . Some of the ANC 's expenses include R118 million on campaign T @-@ shirts , R17 @-@ million for the manifesto launch in Mbombela , R83.7 @-@ million in advertising ( including R27 @-@ million for posters and billboards ) , R21 million for the victory rally , and R67 @-@ million on volunteers .
= = Voting = =
= = = International special votes = = =
Over 26 @,@ 000 South Africans registered to participate in the national election in the international voting phase , which took place at 116 international voting stations on 30 April 2014 . The last international voting station in Los Angeles closed at 6am SAST on 1 May 2014 . All international votes were couriered to South Africa , combined into a single voting district and counted on 7 May 2014 .
The IEC had budgeted R2 million to cover the cost of couriering the ballot papers from overseas .
= = = Local special votes = = =
The local special vote phase of the election took place on 5 – 6 May 2014 , accommodating who are physically infirm , disabled or pregnant or were unable to vote at their voting station on the polling day . Former President Thabo Mbeki cast a special vote as he was attending a World Economic Forum meeting in Nigeria on polling day .
= = = Voting day = = =
Voting took place relatively smoothly at 22 @,@ 264 voting stations in South Africa . It was reported that 2 @,@ 449 , or 11 % , of the voting stations opened later than the scheduled opening time of 7am . All voting stations were operational by 11am . Voting stations closed and counting began at 9pm .
A newly designed braille template was used for the first time in a National election , allowing blind voters to vote independently for the first time . In previous elections , blind voters had to communicate their choice of party to a voting official , who then filled in a ballot sheet on their behalf .
= = = = Incidents = = = =
On voting day 97 people were arrested for election @-@ related offences , primarily voter intimidation . A number of voters ignored the new legislation prohibiting photographs of marked ballot papers , including local celebrity DJ Sbu and footballer Andile Jali .
A voting station in Alexandra , Gauteng was temporarily closed after an argument broke out between ANC and EFF members when the EFF accused the ANC of vote @-@ rigging . The voting station was opened later that afternoon .
An ANC supporter was fatally shot in KwaZulu @-@ Natal by an IFP supporter near a voting station . Dumisani Nxumalo , a 28 @-@ year @-@ old from KwaDukuza was charged with the murder . The Durban Regional Court saw his bail application on 26 June 2014 where it was alleged that the shooting took place while IFP supporters were walking past an ANC tent . The case was set to continue in July .
= = Results = =
The Electoral Commission decided to exclude the votes from one voting station in Tickeyline , near Tzaneen in Limpopo , because staff at the voting station were attacked at the close of voting and the security of the ballot could not be assured . The final results were announced on 10 May .
= = = Parliament = = =
= = = = National Assembly = = = =
= = = = National Council of Provinces = = = =
The National Council of Provinces ( NCOP ) consists of 90 members , ten nominated by each provincial legislature , in proportion to the party membership of the provincial legislature . Each provincial delegation consists of six permanent delegates , who are nominated for a term that lasts until a new provincial legislature is elected , and four special delegates . One of the special delegates is the province 's Premier , or another member of the provincial legislature designated by the Premier , while the other three special delegates are designated ad hoc by the provincial legislature .
= = = Provincial legislatures = = =
In the provincial results of the election , the ANC won a majority in all the provincial legislatures except for the Western Cape , in which it came second to the DA . The DA came second in all other provinces except for Limpopo and the North West , in which it came third after the EFF .
= = Reactions = =
= = = Domestic = = =
= = = = Political = = = =
African National Congress supporters gathered in Johannesburg to celebrate the party 's results . Jacob Zuma dedicated the ANC 's victory to Nelson Mandela . The ANC requested an in @-@ depth analysis of election results from its provincial election team in Gauteng . ANC spokesperson Nkenke Kekana said the ANC was concerned about its drop in support in the 2014 elections . Democratic Alliance leader , Helen Zille , published a press release thanking every South African who voted for the DA . She said that voters had responded positively to the DA 's campaign , saying , " We can look back proudly on what was undoubtedly the biggest and best campaign the DA has ever run . " Economic Freedom Fighters commander @-@ in @-@ chief Julius Malema dedicated the EFF 's result to the girls kidnapped in the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping , saying , " It looks impossible , but we have proved what looks impossible is possible . " EFF supporters gathered at Innes Free Park in Sandton to celebrate the results . Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi said in a statement that despite low estimations in the Ipsos polls , the IFP managed to retain its fourth @-@ place position in the elections . Buthelezi thanked all South Africans who voted for the IFP and stated that he was proud to serve South Africa . Agang SA : Mamphela Ramphele congratulate all parties and candidates who contested the election . She expressed disappointment at Agang SA 's poor performance , but stated that she was proud that her party achieved parliamentary representation despite it only being formed several months prior to the election . African Christian Democratic Party MP Steve Swart expressed disappointment that the ACDP did not grow its share of the vote , but was grateful that they were able to retain their support compared to other parties in the election .
= = = International = = =
= = = = Recognised states = = = =
= = = = = Africa = = = = =
Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos congratulated President Jacob Zuma and said that the election results reaffirmed the wish of South Africans to maintain the status quo . President of Botswana , Ian Khama said " We extend our congratulations to President Jacob Zuma and his party the ANC for their re @-@ election . " Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan congratulated President Zuma and the ANC on their " resounding victory " , describing it as a well @-@ deserved tribute to Nelson Mandela . President of Seychelles , James Michel congratulated Jacob Zuma on his re @-@ election , saying , “ It is a mark of confidence , in the leadership that you have provided the people of South Africa and the undeniable strong determination and conviction in making South Africa a beacon of hope and success in Africa and in the world . " He also stated he was proud of the partnership between their two countries and he hoped that they would continue to improve . Swaziland 's ambassador to South Africa Senzangakhona Dlamini told President Zuma " Swaziland agrees that South Africa has a good story to tell as you celebrate 20 years of democracy " . Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe congratulated President Jacob Zuma on the ANC 's " resounding victory " and commended South Africans for their " peaceful and exemplary conduct " during the election .
= = = = = Americas = = = = =
United States Secretary of State , John Kerry , congratulated South Africa on the elections in a press release when the voting had concluded . Once the results had been released , President Barack Obama congratulated Jacob Zuma in a telephone conversation .
= = = = = Europe = = = = =
The President of Belarus , Alexander Lukashenko sent a congratulatory message to Zuma congratulating him on his re @-@ election . It read , " I hope that joint efforts will help us enhance bilateral cooperation for the benefit of the two countries . " United Kingdom Foreign Secretary William Hague congratulated South Africa for successful elections and stated that the UK would continue to have good relations with South Africa .
= = = = = Middle East and Asia = = = = =
King of Bahrain , Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa congratulated Zuma on his re @-@ election for a second term of governance . Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson , Hua Chunying , congratulated South Africa on the elections at a press briefing . She said that China had paid great attention to these elections and that " China will continue to view relations with South Africa as a priority in its foreign policy . " Indian president , Pranab Mukherjee congratulated Jacob Zuma on his re @-@ election and said that he hoped bilateral relations between India and South Africa would grow from " strength to strength . " King Abdullah of Jordan congratulated Zuma and expressed his commitment to improve relations between Jordan and South Africa . Kazakhstan ambassador to South Africa Talgat Kaliyev congratulated President Zuma on " the successful elections " . President of Nepal , Ram Baran Yadav congratulated Zuma on his re @-@ elections and wished peace and prosperity for South Africans under Zuma 's leadership . Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa congratulated the ANC on their victory , saying this showed the popularity of " the party of Nelson Mandela , Oliver Tambo and others . "
= = = = States with limited recognition = = = =
Barotseland Administrator General , Afumba Mombotwa congratulated Zuma for his victory , saying the result of the election showed that South African citizens had " spoken their minds . " President of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic , Mohamed Abdelaziz conveyed his best wishes to Zuma and the ANC on behalf of his people and government .
= = = Supranational organisations = = =
United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon applauded the high voter turnout at the elections and South African citizens ' willingness to participate in the democratic system their country fought for . African Union observer mission Deputy Head Ibrahim Fall reported that the elections were fair and all parties obeyed electoral rules . He said , " The general political and electoral environment was generally peaceful across the country , with voters being able to exercise their right to vote . " Southern African Development Community Electoral Observation Mission said in a statement " Guided by the SADC Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections , SEOM concludes that the 2014 National and Provincial Elections were peaceful , free , fair , transparent and credible , reflecting the will of the people of South Africa . " Commonwealth of Nations Election Observer Mission chairperson , Nana Akufo @-@ Addo said that the South African elections should be an example for the continent of Africa , saying , " So when we see a process like this which seems to have been a commendable process taking place in South Africa , we see there is a tremendous boost to the spread of democracy in the rest of the continent . "
= = = Media = = =
BBC 's Andrew Harding said that there was no massive change in the elections compared to previous years and Voice of America said that the increase in representation for opposition parties will provide " great political entertainment " .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Economic = = =
On 8 May 2014 , the South African Rand grew 1 @.@ 2 % against the US dollar , reaching its highest level in four months . The following day , the Rand was still trading strongly as preliminary results showed that the ANC would defeat the EFF , whose left @-@ wing policies worried investors .
= = = Political = = =
On 7 June 2014 , the Presidency issued a statement saying that Jacob Zuma had been admitted to hospital for tests following " a demanding election and transition programme , " and that doctors were satisfied with his condition . Zuma was advised to rest for the next few days . Following internal conflict within Agang SA , party leader Mamphela Ramphele announced her withdrawal from politics on the next day .
= = = Controversies = = =
= = = = Dumped votes = = = =
On 8 May , it was reported that dumped ballots from the Lynnwood voting district in Pretoria had been found . According to reports , a majority of the dumped votes were for the Democratic Alliance . Helen Zille expressed her concerns over the incident to reporters at the IEC national operations centre , saying , " This is certainly not conducive to public confidence in a free and fair election . " However , DA party agents from the voting station confirmed that the votes had already been counted . Party agent for the DA , Jordan Griffith tweeted , “ I was the party agent there , those votes were counted and recorded . .signed off . The IEC in their laziness dumped them " The IEC stated that it was looking into the incident .
= = = = Violence in Alexandra = = = =
On 8 May violence broke out in Alexandra , Gauteng after residents found two ballot boxes dumped in the area . An IEC office was damaged .
IFP officials stormed an ANC office in Alexandra and held ANC members hostage after the IFP had realised that they had lost all previous IFP voting districts to the ANC . The ANC office was situated in a multi @-@ purpose centre along with IEC and IFP offices .
Rubber bullets and stun grenades were used on 9 May to disperse a violent protest by 300 to 400 people demanding the release of the suspects arrested the previous day . Members of the South African National Defence Force were called in to bring the situation under control . 44 People were arrested for public violence during the protest .
= Analytical Review =
The Analytical Review was an English periodical that was published from 1788 to 1798 , having been established in London by the publisher Joseph Johnson and the writer Thomas Christie . Part of the Republic of Letters , it was a gadfly publication , which offered readers summaries and analyses of the many new publications issued at the end of the eighteenth century .
Perhaps most important , the Analytical Review provided a forum for radical political and religious ideas . Although it aimed at impartiality , its articles were often critical of the British government and supportive of the French revolutionaries . While the journal had low circulation numbers for its day , it still influenced popular opinion and was feared by the conservative government of William Pitt the Younger . In late 1797 , the Anti @-@ Jacobin Review , the self @-@ styled nemesis of the Analytical Review , was founded by supporters of the government and other reactionary interests ; it criticized the radical politics of the Analytical and monitored it for unpatriotic and irreligious sentiments .
Organized into separate departments , each with its own chief reviewer , the Analytical Review focused on politics , philosophy , natural history , and literature . To promote a disinterested air , its reviewers were anonymous , signing their work with pseudonymous initials . Nevertheless , the journal recruited several prominent writers , such as the poet William Cowper , the moralist William Enfield , the physician John Aikin and the polemicist Mary Wollstonecraft .
The Analytical Review suspended publication in December 1798 after the deaths of Christie ( 1796 ) and Wollstonecraft ( 1797 ) , the conviction of Johnson for seditious libel ( 1798 ) and the retirement of other contributing editors .
= = Establishment = =
= = = Forerunners = = =
The Whig Monthly Review , founded in 1749 by Ralph Griffiths , and the Tory Critical Review , founded in 1756 by Tobias Smollett , were the first journals dedicated to reviewing books in Britain . Although they were joined by smaller publications such as the Analytical Review , these two journals dominated reviewing in the second half of the eighteenth century . They focused on poetry , novels , drama , belles @-@ lettres , travel literature , biographies , science writing and other forms of popular literature . They did not review many complex theological or scholarly works , particularly those in foreign languages .
Just prior to the founding of the Analytical Review , two periodicals with similar aims had collapsed . The first was the Theological Repository ( 1770 – 73 ; 1784 – 88 ) , whose driving force was Dissenting theologian , clergyman , and scientist Joseph Priestley . Its articles were intended to be rigorously analytical and attempted to " settl [ e ] the [ Biblical ] text by a comparison of various readings ; by accurate translation , division , and punctuation ; by a concise , well @-@ digested commentary ; by notes philosophical and explanatory ; and finally by adding doctrinal and moral conclusions " . Sold by Joseph Johnson at a low price to encourage a wide readership , the Repository was open to all opinions , provided that they were expressed courteously : " In this Repository not only will room be given to the freest objections to natural or revealed religion , but they are sincerely requested ; and nothing that is new will be rejected , if it be expressed in decent terms " . Although the Theological Repository was a financial liability for Johnson by 1771 , he continued to publish it until 1773 and helped Priestley renew its publication in 1784 .
A second forerunner of the Analytical Review was Paul Henry Maty 's periodical A New Review ( published 1782 – 86 ) , which was likewise devoted to reviewing books and offering a summary of their contents . Like its successor , the New Review paid special attention to foreign literature and took a leading role in introducing German literature to the British public .
= = = Founding and ideals = = =
The demises of the Theological Repository and the New Review left a publishing vacuum ; the arrival in London of the author Thomas Christie , who was dedicated to starting a new periodical that would replace and perhaps even improve upon these precursors , was the primary impetus in the creation of the Analytical Review . Johnson and Christie were mutual friends of Priestley and others , and their combined interest in beginning such a journal resulted in the foundation of the Analytical Review .
Johnson and Christie 's prospectus describes its reviewers as " the HISTORIANS of the Republic of Letters " [ emphasis in original ] . Literary scholar Paul Keen has described the Republic of Letters as a vision of society in which " all rational individuals could have their say , and in which an increasingly enlightened reading public would be able to judge the merit of different arguments for themselves " . The practical goal of the Analytical Review was to facilitate this society by summarizing serious new and foreign publications in great depth so that intelligent readers might form their own opinions . This aim was embodied in its initial title : The Analytical Review ; or , History of Literature , domestic and foreign , on an enlarged plan . Containing Scientific Abstracts of important and interesting Works , published in English ; a general account of such as are of less consequence , with short characters ; Notices , or Reviews of valuable foreign Books ; Criticism on New pieces of Music and Works of Art ; and the Literary Intelligence of Europe , etc . The periodical sought to avoid ephemeral works and to review only " standard works which add to the stock of human knowledge and will live beyond a day " . Johnson and Christie also intended to eschew editorializing and to avoid shaping the tastes of the public . Scrupulous attention to this point was meant to bring the reviewed work into the foreground and not the reviewer ( a goal shared by many eighteenth @-@ century journals ) . An early review , for example , criticized historian Edward Gibbon for " so frequently and unnecessarily obtruding his particular prejudices on the eye of his readers " . All editors signed their reviews with initials ( sometimes not their own ) rather than with their names . This practice was meant to prevent the appearance of collusion between the reviewers and the authors reviewed , although this did not succeed in practice . It was also intended to prevent any unethical puffing , or false advertising , of friends ' or one 's own books ; nevertheless , both Henry Fuseli and Mary Wollstonecraft reviewed their own books for the journal .
In repackaging other publications for its readers , the Analytical Review participated in the encyclopedic movement of the eighteenth century , a movement largely begun by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d 'Alembert 's Encyclopédie . Excited and yet overwhelmed by what they viewed as a dramatic increase in human knowledge , encyclopedists of the era aimed to organize and classify all of this new knowledge using a new reference system : the encyclopedia . The Analytical Review was part of this project and its editors believed that they were preserving the knowledge of the past and the present for the future . The journal was , according to scholar Nathaniel Teich , " the most important radical review adopting the encyclopedic format for the attempted universal coverage of published works " . Yet , the editors also recognized the ultimate futility of such a project .
The Analytical Review was meant to enlighten the public as well as to simplify communication between authors separated by great distances ; most importantly , the debates between those authors could be read by the public . In granting authors a public forum in which to communicate , periodicals such as the Analytical helped to define authorship — they encouraged the professionalization of writing and granted prestige to writers and journalists .
Unusual for its time , the Analytical Review brought current foreign @-@ language publications , particularly those with a scientific , philosophical , or aesthetic bent , to its readers ' attention . For example , it approvingly reviewed Friedrich Schiller 's Fiesco ( published by Johnson ) and argued that more of the author 's works should be translated . The Analytical also emphasized the emerging middle @-@ class Protestant work ethic , specifically tying it to scientific knowledge . One issue celebrated successful British merchants , calling them " the most liberal and enlightened men that have appeared in Europe " because of their " love of science " and their " patronage of learned men " .
= = Organization and reviewers = =
Johnson and Christie set up separate departments for practical sciences , such as mathematics , natural history , agriculture , and medicine ; literature , such as poetry , drama , and romance ; and finally , politics and religion , which encompassed government , theology , philosophy , morality , law , and trade . For each department , there was a chief reviewer , although he or she might engage others . Although the reviewers ' names were not known to the public , Johnson and Christie managed to acquire several luminaries : the poet William Cowper ; the popular moralist William Enfield ; the writer and physician John Aikin ; the poet , essayist , and children 's author Anna Laetitia Barbauld ; the Unitarian minister William Turner ; the physician and literary critic James Currie ; the artist Henry Fuseli ; the writer Mary Hays ; the scholar Alexander Geddes ; and the theologian Joshua Toulmin . The reviewers were all paid , however scholars have been unable to discover their rates . Christie was often absent after the founding of the Analytical Review , leaving the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the journal up to Johnson . In 1790 he went to Paris for six months , during which he met with revolutionary leaders and started a business ; in 1792 he returned to help the French translate their constitution and to dissolve his business . He left for Surinam in 1796 to collect money owed to him , and died there .
The first issue of the Analytical Review was dated May 1788 and the last issue was dated December 1798 . The issues were published monthly and averaged 128 pages . They were also collected into volumes , which consisted of four monthly issues and an appendix ( volumes 21 – 28 switched to a semi @-@ annual publication run without appendices ) . Each issue contained an extensive table of contents , several major reviews of 10 to 20 pages ( sometimes extending to a second issue ) , many minor reviews , and a " catalogue of books and pamphlets published " during the previous six months .
Compared with other major periodicals of its day , the Analytical Review had a low circulation . While both the Tory Critical Review and the British Critic had a circulation of 3 @,@ 500 by 1797 and the Monthly Review realized 5 @,@ 000 , Johnson and Christie 's journal only ever achieved about 1 @,@ 500 . However , it was common practice during the eighteenth century for an individual copy of each publication to be read by many different people . Scholars have estimated that each copy of a London newspaper , for example , was read by thirty people ; coffeehouses and taverns were well @-@ stocked with copies of newspapers and journals , as were circulating libraries . Hence , circulation numbers offer only a small glimpse into how many people actually read such publications .
Beginning with the Analytical Review 's third issue , Mary Wollstonecraft became the key editor for dramas , romances , and novels . Scholars have speculated that her reviews are signed by the letters " M " , " W " , or " T " , corresponding roughly to her initials , in large part because they have identified her writing style in these pieces . Her reviews , which number over 200 , are generally characterized by their concern for women 's issues . Wollstonecraft scholar Mitzi Myers concludes that Wollstonecraft " is not only a pioneer feminist , but also a pioneer feminist critic , whose analysis of the mesh between gender and genre inaugurates the feminist critical project " . Wollstonecraft wrote excoriating reviews , criticizing the passive novelistic heroines of the time and praising , for example , the " wise and resilient " Mrs Stafford of Charlotte Smith 's autobiographical novel Emmeline ( 1788 ) . In highlighting this character , she " singles out ... the knowledgeable mother figure who has felt and thought deeply " , one who resembles the women she described in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) as having " power ... over themselves " . She derides the " derivative , prescriptive , imitative , and affected " and celebrates the " natural , innovative , [ and ] imaginative " . Evincing a particular regard for the works of Thomas Holcroft , such as Anna St. Ives ( 1792 ) , Wollstonecraft celebrated their championing of innate nobility and virtue over aristocratic titles . Romanticist Anne Chandler argues that Wollstonecraft 's reviews demonstrate " an earlier Augustan politics of knowledge , variously outlined by Dryden , Pope , and , to a lesser extent , Swift " which " may be seen in her insistence on a continuum between aesthetic integrity and civic virtue ; her belief in a metaphysical dialogue between human wit and divine Nature ; and her perception of belletristic criticism as the proper tribunal for a new onslaught of scholarly and scientific research " . While writing her last novel , Maria : or , The Wrongs of Woman ( 1798 ) , Wollstonecraft took advantage of her position with Johnson and reviewed almost nothing but novels , exposing herself to the wide variety of novelistic forms .
The other reviewers have been the focus of far less scholarship . According to Eudo Mason , " Fuseli 's peculiar style , his favourite phrases and quotations , themes and ideas make it possible to determine his authorship beyond reasonable doubt in most cases " . He signed reviews " Z.Z. " and " R.R. " ( of which there are about 40 ) , initials which appear throughout the run of the journal . He also occasionally signed reviews " Y.Y. " , " U.U. " , " V.V. " , and " L.L. " ( although this last was used by another reviewer as well ) . In total , Mason counts 66 reviews , 56 of which he is certain . Fuseli made it a practice to review texts which mentioned him , works written by friends he wanted to assist with flattering reviews , artistic works , and German literature ( in particular those written by Johann Gottfried Herder ) .
Geddes , who contributed from the first issue , wrote forty @-@ six articles , almost all on topics of biblical criticism or ecclesiastical history . However , he left the Analytical in September 1793 to edit for the Monthly Review . Cowper , who probably submitted articles under the initials P.P. and G.G. , predominantly reviewed poetry .
= = Content and political leanings = =
The Analytical Review offered its readers access to a wide variety of works . In July 1789 , when the Bastille fell , the Analytical reviewed The Rural Economy of Gloucestershire , Life of Thomas Chatterton , Transactions in Bengal , Military Operations on the Coromandel Coast , Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera , and Histoire Politique de la Revolution en France . The journal also laid provocative facts before the public to prompt them to think and , if necessary , to take action , although it claimed not to advocate one viewpoint over another . For example , when philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke issued his politically controversial Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790 ) , the Analytical Review reviewed it extensively , as well as the many responses to it , such as Wollstonecraft 's Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) , Vindiciae Gallicae ( 1791 ) by James Mackintosh , and Rights of Man ( 1791 ) by Thomas Paine . However , the majority of the excerpts that the reviewers chose to publish came from the rebuttals to Burke 's work .
Consistent with Joseph Johnson 's attitudes , the Analytical Review tended towards a " moderate radicalism " , meaning that it opposed the Pitt administration and celebrated the general values of Paine 's Rights of Man . It advocated a moderate reform of Parliament , emphasized the benefits of representative government , and outlined the protections afforded by a separation of powers . While the journal supported the ideals of the French Revolution and opposed Britain 's war against France , it did not endorse the violent methods of some of the revolutionaries . Johnson continued his attempts to remain even @-@ handed in political debates , arguing that factionalism in government was detrimental .
Helen Braithwaite , in her book on Johnson , argues that " by July 1798 ... the Analytical had become a deep thorn in the side of the government " ; at Johnson 's trial for seditious libel , an issue of the periodical was entered as evidence against him , demonstrating that the government did not view the journal as non @-@ partisan . Derek Roper , in his survey of late @-@ eighteenth @-@ century periodicals , describes the Analytical as " more radical both in politics and in religion than any other journal " . As he explains , however , " these sentiments were not always fully explicit , and might be conveyed through the tone and manner of a summary rather than paragraphs of criticism " .
Many of the founding members of the Analytical Review were Unitarian and quite a few of its contributors were Dissenters , so contemporaries believed there to be a bias in the journal ( most eighteenth @-@ century journals were overtly partisan ) . Christie attempted to assuage these fears in his advertisement :
It has been insinuated that the Analytical review originated from a party [ the Unitarians ] , and is meant to serve their purposes . We give ourselves little trouble about such reports . The public will soon judge from the execution of our work , whether we are sincere or not in our professions of impartiality , and to them we appeal .
This sincere attitude seems to have largely prevailed in practice . Theophilus Lindsey , who had helped establish Unitarianism in Britain , wrote to the Reverend Newcome Cappe to express his displeasure at a review in the first issue of the Analytical , demonstrating that Unitarian theology was not being promulgated by the journal . Furthermore , Johnson chose as his theological reviewer , not a Dissenter as his friend Joseph Priestley urged , but Alexander Geddes , a talented Scot who had been ordained in Paris as a Roman Catholic priest . However , modern scholars have suggested that he did so not for religious reasons , but because Geddes lived in London and had close connections both to Wollstonecraft and Johnson 's friend , Henry Fuseli .
= = Anti @-@ Jacobin Review = =
The self @-@ styled nemesis of the Analytical Review was The Anti @-@ Jacobin ; or , Weekly Examiner ( later retitled The Anti @-@ Jacobin Review and Magazine ) , a loyalist periodical begun in November 1797 by the writer William Gifford at the suggestion of the politician George Canning , and with the tacit encouragement of the administration of William Pitt . The chief editor and writer was John Richards Green ( writing under the pseudonym " John Gifford " ) together with Andrew Bisset . In its prospectus , the Anti @-@ Jacobin Review announced :
that the channels of criticism have long been corrupted ; that many of the Reviews , sinking the critic in the partisan , have insidiously contributed to favour the designs of those writers who labour to undermine our civil and religious establishments , and , by a shameless dereliction of duty , to cast an odium on their opponents .
The editors therefore decided to " counteract the pernicious effects of this dangerous SYSTEM " [ emphasis in original ] and to " restore criticism to its original standard " — they would " frequently review the Monthly , criticise the Critical , and analyse the Analytical Reviews [ sic ] " [ emphasis in original ] . The Anti @-@ Jacobin Review published a regular feature , " The Reviewers Reviewed " , which analyzed the " Jacobin " reviews for politically unacceptable statements and images . The Anti @-@ Jacobin Review also attacked the Analytical Review for its perceived atheism and for what they deemed its lack of patriotism .
During Johnson 's 1798 trial for seditious libel for publishing a pamphlet by Gilbert Wakefield , they wrote :
Does he [ Johnson ] imagine that we do not know that the proprietor of the Analytical Review is himself under prosecution for selling this same pamphlet of Mr. Wakefield 's ? It is not the prosecution of Mr. Cuthell , then , but the prosecution of Mr. JOHNSON , that excites the indignation of these venal and contemptible critics , as well as that of the whole party [ the Unitarians ] , who are bursting with spite , and thirsting for revenge . It is by his orders to men whom he pays for scribbling in his miserable Review , that every writer who exposes the defects , as they are delicately termed , of Mr. Wakefield 's pamphlet , is abused in the most scurrilous and indiscriminate manner . We advise , therefore , these critics , in future , to throw off a mask which will no longer conceal their object , and boldly , if they dare , pronounce a eulogy on the loyalty of this favorite publisher and friend of the PRIESTLEYS , the DARWINS , the GODWINS , and other unprejudiced authors , who have kindly taken upon themselves , for the last twenty years , the important task of enlightening the public mind . [ emphasis in original ]
The Anti @-@ Jacobin also published parodies of the works of liberal poets ; most famously , " Loves of the Triangles " mocked Erasmus Darwin 's Loves of the Plants ( 1791 ) .
= = Dissolution and brief resurrection = =
After Johnson was convicted on 17 July 1798 , and before he was sentenced on 12 February 1799 , he tried to prove that he had " uniformly recommended the circulation of such publications as had a tendency to promote good morals instead of such as were calculated to mislead and inflame the Common people " . Periodical scholar Stuart Andrews therefore argues that the last issues of the Analytical Review " must be read in the light of Johnson 's impending sentence " . The June 1798 issue focused on travel literature and female fashions , and although it reviewed Mary Hays 's Appeal to the Men of Great Britain on Behalf of Women , it did not do so with any " political bite " . In the same months that the Anti @-@ Jacobin Review launched its first critiques of the Analytical and other journals , the Analytical published extensive articles on the picturesque and other aesthetic theories .
The editors of the Anti @-@ Jacobin Review took credit for the " dissolution " of the Analytical Review in the preface to their bound 1798 volume , writing : " The other object of our immediate attacks , the Analytical Review , has received its death @-@ blow , and we have more reason to congratulate ourselves upon the share which we have had in producing its dissolution , than it would be expedient here to unfold . " They also published a cartoon by Thomas Rowlandson entitled " A Charm for a Democracy , Reviewed , Analysed , & Destroyed " . However , scholars attribute the end of Johnson and Christie 's journal to Johnson 's trial for seditious libel and the ensuing negative publicity , in addition to the deaths of Christie and Wollstonecraft in 1796 and 1797 respectively .
After its suspension with the December 1798 issue , the Analytical Review lay dormant until it was briefly revived as The Analytical Review ( New Series ) during the first six months of 1799 . It was printed and sold by T. Hurst of Paternoster Row , apparently without any connection to Johnson or the prior reviewers . Unlike its predecessor , the new series was cautious ; it reviewed relatively uncontroversial works and its articles did not have initialled signatures . This series lasted only from January until June 1799 .
Butler writes that " one marker of the end of the bourgeois republic of letters was the jailing in 1798 of the doyen of publisher @-@ booksellers , Joseph Johnson " . Moreover , she explains that the seeming ideological " coherence " of the Republic of Letters , as it was represented in late @-@ eighteenth @-@ century British journals , was eliminated with the founding of the Anglican British Critic in 1792 and the establishment of the Edinburgh Review in 1802 . The Edinburgh , according to Butler , " plainly set out to break the mould of existing journal culture " . Rather than attempting to cover a wide variety of texts , as had the Analytical Review and its cohorts , it focused on only a few texts and restricted itself to subject areas that the editors deemed worthwhile . For example , it emphasized academic fields for which Scottish universities were well @-@ known , such as the natural sciences , moral philosophy , and political economy . Radical political writings , classical studies , clerical writings , and popular literature were either excluded or ridiculed .
= Wolf Point , Chicago =
Wolf Point is the location at the confluence of the North , South and Main Branches of the Chicago River in the present day Near North Side , Loop , and Near West Side community areas of Chicago . This fork in the river is historically important in the development of early Chicago . This was the location of Chicago 's first three taverns , its first hotel , Sauganash Hotel , its first ferry , its first drug store , its first church , and the first bridges across the Chicago River . The name is said to possibly derive from a Native American Chief whose name translated to wolf , but alternate theories exist .
Historically , the west bank of the river at the fork was called " Wolf Point , " but in the 1820s and 1830s it came to denote the entire area and the settlement that grew up around the fork . Wolf Point is now often used more specifically to refer to a plot of land on the north side of the fork in the Near North Side community area that is owned by the Kennedy family as part of the larger Merchandise Mart Center complex . Today the north bank at the fork , formerly a parking lot , is a construction site , the west bank includes a condominium high rise and railroad tracks , and the south bank serves as the transition point of Wacker Drive from an east @-@ west street to a north @-@ south street .
= = Background = =
The origin of the name , Wolf Point , is unknown . In her 1856 memoir Wau @-@ Bun , Juliette Kinzie states that ' the place was then called Wolf Point , from its having been the residence of an Indian named " Moa @-@ way , " or " the Wolf . " ' Other alternate explanations are that it was so @-@ named after the landlord of what would later be called the Wolf Point Tavern killed a ferocious wolf and hung a painted sign of a wolf outside his tavern to commemorate the event , or that it was named by a soldier at Fort Dearborn because it was a place where wolves would gather at night . Originally the term Wolf Point referred to the west bank of the Chicago River at the fork junction of its branches , but it gradually came to refer to the whole region around the forks and in modern usage is often more specifically used to mean the plot of land on the north side of the forks . The confluence of the three branches of the river near Wolf Point provided inspiration for Chicago 's Municipal Device , a Y @-@ shaped , city identification symbol that can be seen on many buildings in Chicago , and on city owned vehicles .
= = Early settlement = =
The first non @-@ indigenous settler at Wolf Point may have been a trader named Guarie . Writing in 1880 Gurdon Hubbard , who first arrived in Chicago on October 1 , 1818 , stated that he had been told of Guarie by Antoine De Champs and Antoine Beson , who had been traversing the Chicago Portage annually since about 1778 . Hubbard wrote that De Champs had shown him evidence of a trading house and the remains of a cornfield supposed to have belonged to Guarie . The cornfield was located on the west bank of the North Branch of the Chicago River , a short distance from the forks at what is now Fulton Street ; early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River , or Gary 's River .
James Kinzie , the son of early settler John Kinzie , built a tavern on the west bank of the river at Wolf Point in 1828 . By 1829 this tavern was operated for Kinzie by Archibald Caldwell who was granted a liquor license on December 8 of that year . Caldwell left Chicago early in 1830 and Elijah Wentworth became the landlord of the tavern . He was in turn succeeded by Charles Taylor ( 1831 – 1833 ) and William Walters ( 1833 – 1836 ) . The tavern became known as the ' Wolf Point Tavern ' or ' Wolf Tavern ' and a painted sign of a wolf was hung outside the tavern by approximately 1833 .
In about 1829 , Samuel Miller and his brother John opened a store on the north bank of the river at the forks . In 1830 , they enlarged their store and began to operate it as a tavern in competition with the Wolf Point Tavern . On June 2 , 1829 Samuel Miller and Archibald Clybourn had been authorized to operate the first ferry across the Chicago River . Clybourn was the ferry man
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Game Boy Advance . An original video animation produced in 1994 called Final Fantasy : Legend of the Crystals serves as a sequel to the events depicted in the game . It was released for the PlayStation Network on April 6 , 2011 in Japan . An enhanced port of the game , with new high resolution graphics and a touch @-@ based interface , was released for iPhone and iPad on March 28 , 2013 , and for Android on September 25 , 2013 .
The game begins as a wanderer named Bartz investigates a fallen meteor . There , he encounters several characters , one of whom reveals the danger facing the four Crystals that control the world 's elements . These Crystals act as a seal on Exdeath , an evil sorcerer . Bartz and his party must keep the Crystals from being exploited by Exdeath 's influence and prevent his resurgence .
Final Fantasy V has been praised for the freedom of customization that the player has over the characters , achieved through the greatly expanded Job System . Despite being released only in Japan , the Super Famicom version sold more than two million copies . The PlayStation version has earned " Greatest Hits " status , selling more than 350 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Gameplay = =
Final Fantasy V includes many standard role @-@ playing elements as well as renovated features introduced in earlier Final Fantasy games . Players navigate from a top @-@ down perspective ; a traversable overworld connects the various towns , dungeons , and other points of interest . The player can traverse the overworld by foot , Chocobo , hydra @-@ guided ship , wind drake , or airship , depending on the situation . Most towns contain scattered inns for resting , shops for purchasing equipment , and people from whom the player can gain information . The player may also embark on several side quests that become available as the story progresses . Characters grow in strength by gaining experience points from random encounters with monsters on the overworld or in a dungeon . Experience culminates in a " level up " , in which character attributes such as hit points and magic power increase . A menu @-@ based management system allows the player to equip , heal , and change each character 's selected job outside of battle as well as to save the game 's progress .
Final Fantasy V is the second Final Fantasy game to use the Active Time Battle ( ATB ) system , in which time flows continuously for both the player and enemies during combat . This system was first established in Final Fantasy IV , but in that game there was no way to visibly anticipate which character 's turn would come up next . In Final Fantasy V , the player can see which playable character 's turn is next in battle , in the form of a time gauge — or " ATB Bar " — which fills according to a character 's speed . When the selected character 's turn arrives , the player can execute one of several commands , such as attacking the enemy with an equipped weapon , using a special ability or item , or changing the character 's row position . The ATB mechanic with a gauge , as seen in Final Fantasy V , would be used in the four following main titles in the series and remains a staple mechanic of the franchise .
= = = Job System = = =
The main feature of the gameplay of Final Fantasy V is the Job System . Players can freely select jobs ( also called " classes " ) for their characters to master , allowing each character to gain special abilities and potentially master all 22 jobs ( 26 in the Game Boy Advance version ) . Each character begins with only the " Freelancer " class ; to gain access to new jobs , players must acquire crystal shards . This system is an improved version of the one in Final Fantasy III ; several older jobs were either reused or revamped for Final Fantasy V , such as the Black Mage and Thief . The game also introduces several classes to the series , including the Blue Mage , Time Mage , and Mime . Each of these classes has been featured in numerous Final Fantasy installments since .
Once the player gains access to the job system , characters begin to earn a separate form of experience — Ability Points — in conjunction with regular experience points . Characters gain job levels after accumulating AP ; as with regular levels , the required amount of experience increases after each job level . AP and job levels do not transfer from class to class . As job levels increase , new skills become available for the character to use in a new form of customization ; characters learn job @-@ specific abilities that may be transferred to a new job . For example , a character with the Knight job who has also earned job levels as a Black Mage may set Black Magic as a secondary command , enabling both Black Mage and Knight abilities in battle . The nature of these abilities varies ; while some serve as special commands in battle , others may be innate to the class or activated automatically when conditions are met , such as the Thief 's " Caution " skill , which prevents rear attacks from enemies . This system allows for deeper customization of characters .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The backstory of Final Fantasy V is revealed in phases through cutscenes and interactions with non @-@ playable characters . One millennium before the events of the main story , a powerful mage named Enuo imperiled the world using the power of an evil entity called the " Void " . The people retaliated by using twelve legendary weapons to vanquish Enuo ; however , the Void itself could not be destroyed . Consequently , the people split the world 's four elemental Crystals into two sets , effectively creating two worlds . The Void then became sealed in a dimensional cleft between the two worlds .
Nearly a thousand years passed without incident , and both worlds prospered due to the powers of their Crystals of Wind , Water , Fire , and Earth . New kingdoms and towns flourished , and travel by ship acted as a critical means of commerce and communication . However , a sinister force was stirring in the second world — ever since the Void incident , malicious demons had been sealed inside a tree in the Great Forest of Moore . The corrupted amalgamation of spirits emerged as Exdeath , the game 's primary antagonist . When Exdeath attempted to claim the world for himself , a group of heroes called the " Four Warriors of Dawn " ( Galuf , Xezat , Dorgann , and Kelger ) sealed him within the first world using its Crystals , and peace returned for another thirty years .
= = = Characters = = =
Final Fantasy V features five player characters , though only four of which are playable at a given time . Bartz Klauser is a traveling adventurer who becomes involved in the story when he investigates the site of a meteorite strike . Lenna Charlotte Tycoon is a princess of Tycoon who follows her father to investigate the Wind Shrine 's Crystal . Early on , Bartz finds her unconscious and saves her from goblins . Galuf Doe is a mysterious old man who was discovered unconscious near the meteorite with a case of amnesia . Faris Scherwiz is a pirate captain who captures Bartz , Lenna , and Galuf when they try to steal her ship ; she is revealed to be Sarisa Scherwill Tycoon in disguise . Krile Mayer Baldesion is the granddaughter of Galuf who journeys with him to the planet and receives his abilities .
Most of the main characters were involved with or related to the original Four Warriors of Dawn , such as Dorgann Klauser ( Bartz 's father ) , Kelger Vlondett , and Xezat Matias Surgate ; Galuf was the fourth warrior . The game also contains several supporting characters , including engineer Cid Previa , his grandson Mid Previa , and turtle sage Ghido . One of Exdeath 's henchmen , Gilgamesh , is a recurring mini @-@ boss in the second half of the game . Gilgamesh has also appeared in newer Final Fantasy titles , such as Final Fantasy VIII , Final Fantasy IX , Final Fantasy XII , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 as downloadable content , and Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn . Concept art for the characters was designed by Yoshitaka Amano ; he has offered such artwork for every main Final Fantasy installment since the original .
= = = Story = = =
Final Fantasy V begins on a day when the world 's wind currents begin to slow and stale . Deeply troubled by this occurrence , the king of Tycoon makes ready to travel to the Wind Shrine on the back of his drake , quelling the worries of his daughter , Princess Lenna . Upon arriving at the Shrine , the king bears witness to the Wind Crystal shattering before his eyes .
Meanwhile , a young traveller named Bartz , resting in the woods near Tycoon , witnesses a meteorite plunge to the planet 's surface just outside the castle . Bartz promptly investigates , discovering Lenna lying unconscious from attack . After rescuing her , they discover an old man in the debris with partial amnesia named Galuf . Lenna explains that she had been on her way to the Wind Shrine after her father . Galuf suddenly recalls that it was his original destination as well , opting to accompany her . Though the trio part ways , Bartz soon encounters Lenna and Galuf again assaulted by monsters in a quaking valley . The three travel together , finding all land routes blockaded by the upheavals caused by the meteorite 's fall . Exploring an underground cavern , they encounter a den of pirates and their leader , Faris . With the help of the pirate captain , the group makes its way to the Wind Shrine to discover the shattered Crystal , but no sign of the missing king . The shards react to their presence , however , and an image of Tycoon appears , explaining to them that they must protect those Crystals that yet remain .
Eventually , the party comes to discover that the Crystals formed a seal upon Exdeath , an ancient sorcerer ; with them destroyed , not only would the dark essence be released , but over time the planet itself would become uninhabitable . The party attempts to save the crystals of Water , Fire , and Earth ; but by the machinations of human folly or the influence of the sealed Exdeath , they fail . Having been freed , Exdeath defeats the party and returns to his homeworld . Galuf 's granddaughter Krile arrives by meteorite , restoring Galuf 's memory completely ; he recalls he originated from the same world as Exdeath , pursuing him back home with Krile . Bartz and the others resolve that the fight is not Galuf 's alone , together traveling to the distant planet world , where Exdeath is already wreaking havoc in pursuit of that world 's Crystals . The trio is captured , but Galuf rescues them and defeats Exdeath 's lieutenant , Gilgamesh , in the process . They are blown to a distant continent when a magical barrier is activated during their escape , but make their way to Bal Castle , Galuf 's kingdom .
The party meets Xezat , one of Galuf 's companions and a former Warrior of Dawn , and learn that Bartz 's father was part of their group . Joining forces , they deactivate the barrier around Exdeath 's castle , but at the cost of Xezat 's life . They then learn of Exdeath 's origins , traveling to the Guardian Tree to dispel the seals . Exdeath anticipates the party 's actions and torches Moore Forest , ensnaring the group . Krile arrives to help , but is herself trapped by the warlock 's powers . At the sight of his granddaughter 's capture , Galuf frees himself and battles Exdeath to the point of death , refusing to fall until the creature flees . Collapsing from his wounds , Galuf dies despite the party 's efforts to save him , imparting his abilities to Krile . The party pursues Exdeath to his tower and defeats him , but the remaining Crystals shatter and the worlds are reunited .
For a time , it seems Exdeath has been truly destroyed , and the party celebrates in Tycoon . Bartz , however , is contacted by the sage Ghido . Meeting with him , a thorn suddenly leaps from Krile 's palm , manifesting as Exdeath , now resurrected and fully in command of the Void . With it , he removes entire towns and kingdoms from existence , tossing them into a tear in reality .
Fortunately for the party , the reunification of worlds has opened the pathways to ancient sites where weapons and powers used to quell Enuo 's rise a thousand years past lay in wait . So armed , the party enters the Rift , seeking out Exdeath at the center of the inter @-@ dimensional nexus where they , too , fall prey to the Void . With help from their fallen allies , the party survives and is returned before Exdeath , now manifested as a demonic sylvan , battling him until he weakens and is swallowed by his own power . He then transforms into Neo Exdeath , intent on destroying the very essence of reality , himself with it . Exdeath is ultimately defeated , and , using the power of the Crystal shards , the heroes seal the Void once more and restore the reunified world and its Crystals . The game 's ending varies based on how many party members are still alive at Neo Exdeath 's defeat , detailing the events after the world 's resurrection . At the end , the remaining group visits the Guardian Tree , and find that the fallen party members have returned to life .
= = Development = =
Final Fantasy V was directed by Final Fantasy series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi who , prior to the release of Final Fantasy IX , called it his favorite Final Fantasy game . The character , image , and title logo designs were created by series illustrator and image designer Yoshitaka Amano , while the actual character sprites were designed by Kazuko Shibuya . The monsters were designed by Tetsuya Nomura . Amano has stated that he counts his depictions of both Faris from Final Fantasy V and Terra from Final Fantasy VI among his favorite Final Fantasy designs . The writing of the scenario text was a collaborative effort between Sakaguchi and Yoshinori Kitase . Sakaguchi conceived the plot and was in charge of it , while Kitase tried to include more humor to lighten up the relatively serious story . The Job System was designed by Hiroyuki Ito , who worked on the game as a battle planner alongside Akihiko Matsui . Mode 7 effects were used in the airship sequences , which moving in the airship would cause the planet to rotate on its axis . In total , Square employed a team of 45 people to create the game , and 16 Mbits of space were used to accommodate for the sprites , animations , and detailed background . According to GamePro in a May 1993 issue , the Japanese authorities had asked Square not to release the game during a school day because schoolchildren would skip class to wait in line for the game .
The official English translation of Final Fantasy V began shortly after the release of the Japanese version . The game was to be titled " Final Fantasy III " in North America , but the project fell through . Square then announced that due to its differing tone and much higher difficulty from the rest of the series , they would be releasing it in North America as a standalone game with a yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ determined title , rather than part of the Final Fantasy series . This plan was quickly aborted . Translator Ted Woolsey explained in a 1994 interview , " [ Final Fantasy V is ] just not accessible enough to the average gamer " . Rumors circulated that a second attempt at localization would be made and that the game would be titled Final Fantasy Extreme , but this attempt was also canceled . A third attempt was made to port the game to Microsoft Windows @-@ based personal computers for North American release by developer Top Dog Software , but this was canceled . Another attempt to port the game to Windows for North America was " handled by Eidos Interactive " circa 1998 ( but it is unclear whether this is the same version Top Dog Software was working on or an actual fourth attempt ) . The continual canceling of the localization angered fans and led to Final Fantasy V becoming one of the first games to receive a complete fan translation .
= = = Music = = =
The game 's soundtrack was composed by Nobuo Uematsu and consists of 56 tracks . A two @-@ disc album was released alongside the game totaling 67 tracks . Uematsu had originally calculated that the game would require more than 100 pieces of music , but he managed to reduce the number to 56 . The song " Dear Friends " would become the title piece in the 2004 concert tour Dear Friends -Music from Final Fantasy- , chosen to reflect Uematsu 's appreciation for his music 's worldwide fan support . The song " Clash on the Big Bridge " would later be arranged by Hitoshi Sakimoto for the Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack in 2006 .
The album Final Fantasy V : 5 + 1 was released in 1992 and contained five songs from the original score as well as a previously unreleased Super Famicom version of " Matoya 's Cave " from the original 1987 Final Fantasy for the Nintendo Entertainment System . A collection of arranged tracks , Final Fantasy V Dear Friends ; a 13 @-@ track disc , Piano Collections Final Fantasy V ; and a short series of remixes , Final Fantasy V : Mambo de Chocobo , were all released in 1993 . Finally , many of the original songs were included on the North American Final Fantasy Anthology Soundtrack , together with the two @-@ game compilation .
= = Ports and remakes = =
Final Fantasy V was ported by Tose to the Sony PlayStation and re @-@ released in Japan on March 19 , 1998 ; it was included in the 1999 release of Final Fantasy Collection , alongside Final Fantasy IV and Final Fantasy VI . The PlayStation version boasted two new full motion video opening and ending sequences and a " memo @-@ save " feature , but the game otherwise remained unchanged . Square released 50 @,@ 000 limited edition copies of the collection which included a Final Fantasy @-@ themed alarm clock . In the same year , Square released the PlayStation compilation Final Fantasy Anthology in North America , which included Final Fantasy V , as well as the PlayStation version of Final Fantasy VI . This would mark the first time the game was published outside Japan , nearly seven years after its initial release . In 2002 , Square released this version of the game in Europe and Australia , this time alongside Final Fantasy IV . The English version of the game received changes from its original format — most notably , Faris was given a Cornish " pirate " accent and there was a different interpretation of character names , such as the names " Bartz " as opposed to " Butz " and " Gill " as opposed to " Guido " , the official romanizations in Japan . On December 18 , 2012 the port was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package .
Following the release of the PlayStation 2 , Sony reported that the new system had compatibility issues with the Final Fantasy V half of Final Fantasy Anthology . The game experienced a bug where if players attempted to save their games , a graphical error would occur . Square then released a statement that only the look of the save screen was corrupted , and saving was still possible , and if players wished , repeatedly going into and out of the save screen would make a normal screen eventually appear . This incompatibility was fixed for the PAL and Greatest Hits releases of Final Fantasy Anthology .
Final Fantasy V was ported a second time by Tose to the Nintendo Game Boy Advance as Final Fantasy V Advance , which was released on October 12 , 2006 , in Japan , November 6 , 2006 , in North America , and April 20 , 2007 , in Europe . Similar to the Game Boy Advance re @-@ releases of its predecessors , this version features updated graphics , though the changes are very subtle . Additional features include four new jobs ( Gladiator , Cannoneer , Necromancer , and Oracle ) , a new dungeon called " The Sealed Temple " , and a new optional boss from the back story of Final Fantasy V , Enuo , which was designed by Tetsuya Nomura , the monster designer of the original game . In addition , the game included a bestiary , a quick save function , music player , and additional equipment in the style of previous Game Boy Advance re @-@ releases . Like the remakes of its predecessors , Final Fantasy V Advance featured a new English translation .
The original version of the game was released on the Virtual Console in Japan in January 2011 for the Wii and in March 2014 for the Wii U , and the PlayStation version of the game was re @-@ released on the PlayStation Network as a PSone Classic in Japan on April 6 , 2011 , in Europe on April 13 , 2011 and in North America on November 22 , 2011 .
On April 27 , 2010 , Square Enix producer Shinji Hashimoto stated that the development of a remake of Final Fantasy V for the Nintendo DS is at present " undecided " due to " technical issues " . However , on June 24 , 2010 , he added that a remake for the Nintendo 3DS is being considered , but he would first have to " look and see how 3DS does , how it evolves , and then make a decision " . In December 2012 Square Enix announced that an updated version of the game will be released on the IOS AppStore . The enhanced port , which was developed by Matrix Software , was released on March 28 , 2013 on iOS devices , with an Android release on 26 September . The game features new high resolution graphics with sprites designed by Kazuko Shibuya , who did the original game 's artwork , new gameplay features such as movement in eight directions and auto @-@ battle , and contains the Sealed Temple and super @-@ boss Enuo from the Game Boy Advance release . In 2015 , Tetsuya Nomura , director of the Final Fantasy VII remake , expressed interest in remaking Final Fantasy V and VI .
= = Sequel = =
In 1994 , Square released an original video animation sequel to Final Fantasy V , simply titled Final Fantasy . Produced by animation studio Madhouse , the anime was released in four 30 @-@ minute VHS tapes in Japan and was set two hundred years after the game . The story focuses on four warriors , one of them the descendant of Bartz , protecting the Wind Crystal from the villain Deathgyunos , who pursues it to achieve godhood . It was localized by Urban Vision in 1998 and released in two VHS volumes for North America under the title Final Fantasy : Legend of the Crystals .
= = Reception = =
Final Fantasy V has sold 2 @.@ 45 million units on the Super Famicom ( including 2 million copies during its first two months of release ) , while the Japanese Game Boy Advance version has sold nearly 260 @,@ 000 copies as of December 2007 . Final Fantasy Collection sold over 400 @,@ 000 copies in 1999 , making it the 31st best selling release of that year in Japan . The North American release of Final Fantasy Anthology sold 364 @,@ 000 copies as of 2004 .
The original Super Famicom version received a positive critical reception upon release , with Famitsu 's four reviewers scoring it 34 out of 40 , and the first GameFan Golden Megawards awarding it for Best Import Game and Best Music ( Import Game ) of 1992 . Retrospectively , 1UP 's staff stated that , while the game 's story was very weak , the gameplay was " another story " , heavily praising the job system and the feature to combine abilities from different job classes , and gave it a score of B- . Allgame 's retrospective review shared similar sentiments regarding the storyline and job system , adding praise for the addition of hidden events and items for players to search for , giving the game a score of 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 . RPGamer gave it a mixed retrospective review , stating that the game improved on the visual presentation , menu system , and overall field navigation of Final Fantasy IV , but the " maddeningly high encounter rate " , " average sound selection " , and " washed out " color palette hurt the game 's presentation , giving it a score of 5 / 10 .
Critics gave generally positive to mixed reviews for the Anthology version of the game . GameSpot praised the job system for being " one of the series ' most in @-@ depth and detailed game systems , " but criticized the game for having " paper @-@ thin characters " and a clichéd plot , augmented by a lack of character development during the game 's fetch quests . They went further to say that the translation was poor and overshadowed by the two previous fan efforts . IGN called Final Fantasy V 's graphics " dated " but cited " incredibly engrossing " job system as the game 's highlight and praised its music . Electronic Gaming Monthly repeated the sentiments towards the job system , adding that while the game suffered from long load times periodically , Final Fantasy V was the main reason to buy the collection .
In comparison , reviews of the Game Boy Advance re @-@ release of the game were mostly positive . GameSpot 's review regarded the game more favorably than its PlayStation counterpart , calling it " better than ever " and citing the strong localization of the script and extensive special features . They further stated that while the game 's characters seemed unlikable and that the plot felt " predictable or trite " , they felt the game was still more sophisticated than most games at the time , giving the game a score of 8 @.@ 5 . Nintendo Power stated that " while playing Final Fantasy V is a chore on the PlayStation , it 's good fun on the GBA because of the vastly improved translation and new features " , further calling it the " definitive " version of one of the series ' best titles . IGN gave the game a score of 8 @.@ 5 , calling it a " must @-@ own " for the portable system and describing it further as always an " entertaining and surprisingly deep role @-@ playing game " . 1UP.com stated the port of the game from the Super Famicom to the Game Boy Advance was " rock solid " , and added that while the game 's story started off at a slow pace , it gradually improved . The review further praised the addition of features and removal of questionable ones that had been added to the Anthology version of the game . GameDaily gave the game a score of 7 / 10 , noting that while enjoyable , the high encounter rate , the necessity to constantly engage in battle to gain abilities through the job system , and other aspects made the game feel repetitive at times .
= Moon ( visual novel ) =
Moon ( styled as Moon . ) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Tactics , a brand of Nexton , released on November 21 , 1997 playable on Windows PCs . The game was described by the development team as a " Reaching the Heart AVG " ( 心に届くAVG , Kokoro ni Todoku AVG ) . The story follows the protagonist Ikumi Amasawa , a girl who joins an organization called Fargo in the hopes of discovering why and how her mother died , who was a member of the same group . The gameplay in Moon follows a branching plot line which offers pre @-@ determined scenarios with courses of interaction , and focuses on the three female main characters . The game ranked twice in the national top 50 for best @-@ selling PC games sold in Japan .
Much of the staff that created the game later became the founding members of the visual novel brand Key . Moon was the starting point for Key 's origins , and was the first time the principal Key team was formed . A novel based on the game written by Midori Tateyama was released in July 1998 by Movic . The game 's original soundtrack was released bundled with Dōsei 's soundtrack in August 2000 at Comiket 58 ; Dōsei was Tactics ' first game . Moon has been referenced in other media not directly related to the game , such as in Tactics ' third game One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e , and in the second anime adaptation of Key 's first game Kanon .
= = Gameplay = =
Moon is a drama and horror visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Ikumi Amasawa . Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story 's narrative and dialogue . Moon follows a branching plot line with multiple endings , and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game , the plot will progress in a specific direction .
There are three main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the heroines in the story . Throughout gameplay , the player is given multiple options to choose from , and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made . To view all plot lines in their entirety , the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction . The player has to manually navigate through the corridors of Fargo to explore the surroundings .
The game is split into 20 sub @-@ parts each given a title in English written mostly in white where a portion of the title is displayed in red , and each cover a single day . There are seven endings to the game : a single true end , two normal ends , and four bad ends . In the original game , a bonus role @-@ playing game became available on the title screen after the game was completed at least once . This was later removed from the full @-@ voice DVD edition of the game . There are scenes in Moon with sexual CGs depicting a given heroine having sex .
= = Plot and characters = =
Moon 's story revolves around a mysterious organization known as Fargo . The protagonist of the story is a young girl named Ikumi Amasawa ( 天沢郁未 , Amasawa Ikumi , voiced by : Ruru ) who discovers that Fargo was involved with the death of her mother Miyoko Amasawa ( 天沢未夜子 , Amasawa Miyoko ) six years before the story begins . Miyoko , who would often make special cream stew for her daughter , was a member of Fargo . Following this revelation , Ikumi joins Fargo to discover how and why her mother died while also slowly uncovering the group 's disturbing nature of harnessing psychic abilities through torture . Ikumi ultimately wants to take out her revenge against Fargo for killing her mother .
Ikumi had been one of ten girls her age that gathered at a seminar for people who wanted to join Fargo ; she had been ordered to get on a truck which would take the small group to Fargo , and on the ride , Ikumi meets two other girls with similar goals in mind as her . One of the girls is named Haruka Mima ( 巳間晴香 , Mima Haruka , voiced by : Aya ) who joined Fargo in order to save her older brother . She starts to work with Ikumi for the sake of their mutual goals . The second girl is named Yui Nakura ( 名倉由依 , Nakura Yui , voiced by : Miya Serizono ) who is searching for her older sister Yuri Nakura ( 名倉友里 , Nakura Yuri , voiced by : Komugi Nishida ) who joined Fargo in order to obtain the ' invisible power ' , a kind of extrasensory perception . Yui has an optimistic personality which hides a gloomy past of which she has no memory of . Each of the girls have a strong will to complete their respective purposes , and they help each other along the way .
At Fargo , Ikumi meets others who are affiliated with the group . One such person is Yōko Kanuma ( 鹿沼葉子 , Kanuma Yōko , voiced by : Satomi Kodama ) , a modest believer in Fargo 's cause ; something happened in her past related to her mother . At Fargo , Ikumi lives with a boy known as " Shōnen " ( 少年 , lit . Boy or Young man , voiced by : Arashi Tsunami ) . He helps Ikumi in her search for the answers regarding her mother ; it is never revealed what his true name is . Others include Takatsuki ( 高槻 , voiced by : Matsuri Yūatono ) , a man in Fargo with an arrogant attitude , and Tsuki ( 月 , lit . Moon ) , the symbol of Fargo and the mastermind behind the entire operation ; he is the main antagonist .
= = Development and release = =
Moon 's production was headed by YET11 , the pseudonym of Tsutomu Yoshizawa . Planning for Moon was headed by Jun Maeda , who also worked on the game 's scenario with fellow writer Naoki Hisaya . Art direction and character design was provided by Itaru Hinoue , while the computer graphics in the game was supplemented by Miracle Mikipon and Shinory . The game 's soundtrack was primarily composed by Shinji Orito , with two tracks composed by YET11 , and one track each composed by Maeda and Ishisan . Excluding YET11 and Ishisan , the staff that created the game later became the founding members of the visual novel brand Key .
Moon was first released on November 21 , 1997 playable on a Windows PC as a CD @-@ ROM . Nexton released Moon Renewal on August 21 , 1998 with an improved game engine . AI System published the game under the title Moon Memorial Selection on September 14 , 2000 for a cheaper price . Nexton released Moon DVD LimitedEdition on July 12 , 2002 with added support for Windows 98 / Me / 2000 / XP as a DVD @-@ ROM ; this release was also called Moon DVD Final Version by Nexton . The DVD edition , and subsequent releases , also included full voice acting , two animated sequences at the beginning of the game , and improved graphics . A CD @-@ ROM version of the DVD edition titled Moon CD LimitedEdition was released on three CDs on September 20 , 2002 . Nexton released Moon DVDPG Edition was released in Japan on January 30 , 2003 playable as a DVD game . Nexton later re @-@ released the DVD edition with updated support for Windows XP / Vista / 7 on April 2 , 2010 .
= = Related media = =
A 256 @-@ page novel adaptation written by Midori Tateyama was released by Movic on July 31 , 1998 ( ISBN 4 @-@ 89601 @-@ 387 @-@ 5 ) . A 143 @-@ page art book including art from Moon and Tactics ' later game One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e titled Tactics Moon & One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Settei Genga @-@ shū ( タクティクスMOON . & ONE ~ 輝く季節へ ~ 設定原画集 ) was published by Compass on October 31 , 1998 ( ISBN 4 @-@ 87763 @-@ 014 @-@ 7 ) . The game 's soundtrack was released bundled with the soundtrack for Dōsei , the game Tactics made before Moon , and was called Dōsei and Moon Original Soundtracks . The album contains a single CD and was released on August 10 , 2000 at Comiket 58 by Exobitant Records . The disc contains 31 tracks ; the first 15 pertain to Dōsei and the latter 16 are from Moon .
= = Reception = =
According to a national ranking of how well bishōjo games sold nationally in Japan , the Moon DVD Windows release made the ranking of the top 50 games once at number 44 during the first two weeks of July 2002 . Moon Limited also made it on the list only once , achieving the ranking of 48 in late September 2002 . Ikumi Amasawa appeared in the Eternal Fighter Zero dōjin games by Twilight Frontier . Four characters from Moon can be seen as background characters during scenes in the cafeteria from One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e ; the characters are : Ikumi , Yōko Kanuma , Haruka Mima , and Yui Nakura . There is a reference to Moon in the sixth episode of the Kyoto Animation version of Kanon , which can be seen as the film poster of a horror film that Ayu and Yuichi go to see .
= Scarborough ( Metro @-@ North station ) =
The Scarborough Metro @-@ North Railroad station serves Scarborough @-@ on @-@ Hudson and Briarcliff Manor , New York , via the Hudson Line . Trains leave for New York City every 25 to 35 minutes on weekdays . The station is 28 @.@ 7 miles ( 46 @.@ 2 km ) from Grand Central Terminal and travel time to Grand Central is about 42 minutes on the express and 61 minutes on local service . The Scarborough station is within walking distance of most houses in the hamlet . As of 2007 , daily commuter ridership was 865 . Trains stop at the station every hour , except during peak hours , when trains stop there two to four times per hour .
Construction of the Scarborough station dates back to the 1860s , when the first station building stood along the Hudson River Railroad , which was completed in 1851 and served areas from New York City to Rensselaer . It became part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority 's Metro @-@ North Railroad in 1983 , when the service was created . The station was included in a revitalization plan in 2007 to help serve its commuters . The 1899 station building has housed the Scarborough post office since 1961 .
= = History = =
The first station building was built by the Hudson River Railroad sometime before 1860 , and acquired by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1869 . The station was named " Scarborough " until 1867 . On July 16 of that year and until November 26 , the area was officially called Weskora . The Scarborough station was accordingly changed by local government officials to " Weskora " , and changed back in December 1867 .
The Scarborough post office dates to December 3 , 1864 , when the U.S. Postal Service established a " catch and throw " office there in the same small building as the earlier established station . A hook was installed along the tracks to hang mail bags to be grabbed by workers on the passing trains for outgoing mail distribution ; in turn workers threw mail bags off the train for incoming mail distribution . The first postmaster of the Scarborough Post Office facility was James Van Velsor who had an annual salary of $ 200 ( $ 4 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in 1873 .
A large thunderstorm occurred in the area on August 4 , 1898 ; the newly renovated station building , built in 1893 , was struck by lightning and burned to the ground . At the time , the building also housed Scarborough 's post office . Mail was destroyed although registered mail and money was being kept at the postmaster 's house each night ; damage amounted to $ 5 @,@ 000 ( $ 142 @,@ 200 in 2015 ) and the post office opened the next day , with mail being held in a pushcart . The building was reconstructed identically to its predecessor .
In 1909 , after the community of Scarborough was incorporated into the village of Briarcliff Manor in 1906 , the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad put up a sign reading " Briarcliff West " at the station . Soon afterward , attributed to the neighborhood 's pride over their name , that sign was thrown into the Hudson River and replaced with the original Scarborough sign .
In April 1931 , Siamese King Prajadhipok and Queen Rambai Barni traveled from Bangkok to Ophir Hall ( currently Reid Hall of Manhattanville College ) . The couple had flown from Japan to Vancouver and took a train to Chicago . From Chicago , they took another train , departing at 10 : 30 a.m. on the 21st and arriving at noon on the 22nd , and the trip took 25 hours ; the king had requested the train travel slowly , as he was recovering from bronchitis and malaria . The train arrived at the Scarborough station , where journalists , spectators , and video and still photographers met them , along with one of their hosts ; they were later driven across the county to stay at Ophir Hall for about six weeks in order for a cataract operation could be performed by a New York doctor on the king 's left eye . State troopers and a squad of New York Central policemen were stationed at Scarborough to ensure a smooth transfer . At the time , the king was an absolute monarch ; he later became the country 's first constitutional monarch .
The Briarcliff Manor village government purchased the 1899 station building in 1961 to house its Scarborough post office . The building was used as a filming location in 1966 , in the first episode of the television soap opera Dark Shadows as the Collinsport train station .
As with the rest of the Hudson Line , the Scarborough station became a Penn Central station once the New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968 . Penn Central 's continuous financial despair throughout the 1970s forced them to turn over their commuter service to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority . The station and the railroad were turned over to Conrail in 1976 , and eventually became part of the MTA 's Metro @-@ North Railroad in 1983 . In 2007 , the MTA overhauled the station , installing new systems such as platforms , canopies , shelters , enclosed staircases , lighting , and benches . The station 's overpass was demolished and a replacement was built with elevators on either side . The new overpass was designed in a less modern style and now has glass @-@ sided elevators . During the construction , Metro @-@ North built a temporary wooden station to the station 's south .
In 2010 , Metro @-@ North began a program called Arts for Transit . As part of the program , an art installation was created for the station . The work , titled Untitled with Sky , comprises six stained glass windows and twelve seats covered in mosaic tiles . Liliana Porter and Ana Tiscornia worked with Willet Hauser Architectural Glass to create the installations . The windows were originally intended for the overpass , where they were installed for a short time . Around 2011 , the windows were moved to the southbound platform . Also in 2011 , Hurricane Irene caused a mudslide onto the tracks near the Scarborough station ; it damaged 300 feet ( 91 m ) of third rail .
Local community members have been maintaining the inside and outside of the building through labor and monetary donations under the group name " Save Scarborough " , and brought attention to the post office 's 150th anniversary , celebrated on December 3 , 2014 . About twenty members began their work around 2010 , concerned that the downsizing United States Postal Service would close the Scarborough post office , which is a branch of the Briarcliff Manor post office . As of 2014 , the group has spent almost $ 4 @,@ 000 in various renovations , upkeep , and improvement costs .
= = = Notable passengers = = =
Ridership is moderate , relative to the other Hudson Line stations , with an average of 865 inbound passengers on weekdays and 233 on weekends in 2007 . Historical ridership included many notable passengers , including William Rockefeller , John D. Rockefeller , C. C. Clarke ( the First Vice President of the Hudson River Railroad ) , Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard , Walter William Law , and the Webb family .
= = Facilities = =
= = = Station layout = = =
At the Scarborough station , the railroad has four tracks . The two inner tracks not next to either platform are used by express trains ; Track 1 is usually used by northbound express trains , while Track 2 is usually used by southbound express trains . All of the tracks are powered with a third rail , except Track 1 . The station has two high @-@ level side platforms , each eight cars long . The west platform next to Track 4 is for boarding southbound trains , while the east platform next to Track 3 is for boarding northbound trains .
= = = Parking = = =
The station 's parking lot has had a valet service since the station overhaul in 2007 . The ongoing construction took up parking spaces , which spurred the village government to institute valet parking . The parking service has remained since the construction finished . A private contractor has an agreement with the village for three employees to manage that part of the lot . An additional section of the station parking lot is privately owned . The valet service has no extra charge .
= = Gallery = =
= Glastonbury Lake Village =
Glastonbury Lake Village was an Iron Age village , situated on a crannog or man made island in the Somerset Levels , near Godney , some 3 miles ( 5 km ) north west of Glastonbury in the southwestern English county of Somerset . It has been designated as a scheduled monument .
It has been described as " the best preserved prehistoric village ever found in the United Kingdom " . The site covered an area of 400 feet ( 122 m ) north to south by 300 feet ( 91 m ) east to west . It was first constructed 250 B.C. by laying down timber and clay . Wooden houses and barns were then built on the clay base and occupied by up to 200 people at any time until the village was abandoned around 50 B.C.
The site was discovered by Arthur Bulleid in 1892 and excavated over the next 15 years . Artefacts uncovered include wooden and metal objects , many of which are now on display at The Tribunal in Glastonbury High Street , and in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton . Much of the timber was left at the site and soil put back on top of it as the best way to preserve it . Surveys in the late 20th and early 21st century have shown this to be effective , however the site is still at risk because of the risk of further drying out of the soil .
= = History = =
The village was first built circa 250 B.C. and occupied until approximately 50 B.C. when it was abandoned , possibly due to a rise in the water level . It was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood , bracken , rubble and clay . At least 1 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 100 tons ) of clay were transported to the site from higher ground around 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) away .
The village housed people in five to seven groups of round houses , each for an extended family , with sheds and barns , made of hazel and willow covered with reeds , and surrounded either permanently or at certain times by a wooden palisade . There were gaps in the palisade and is believed by Minnitt and Coles to have been used to stabilise the clay floors rather than for defensive purposes . At its maximum occupation the village may have had 15 houses in use with a population of up to 200 people . Two distinct phases of occupation have been identified . Early houses were timber framed square or rectangular and built of oak but later buildings were circular huts . Some of the clay spreads were used for barns or animal enclosures rather than houses .
The village was close to the old course of the River Brue and was thought to be surrounded by water , hence the title " Lake Village " ; however more recent work suggests the title Swamp Village may be more appropriate as for most of the year the surrounding land was not open water . The Brue was an important water @-@ borne trade route from central Somerset to the Severn Estuary . The village was approached by causeways up to 130 feet ( 40 m ) long and log boats have been recovered from sites close to the village at what may have been a landing stage which was repaired and rebuilt several times . Despite the wet surroundings vegetable and small domesticated and wild mammals , including beaver and otter , made up more of the diet that fish . The remains of wheat , barley and beans have also been recovered .
= = = Excavation = = =
The lake village , a crannog or man made island , was discovered in 1892 by local medical student Arthur Bulleid , whose father was a local mayor and the founder of the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society . Bulleid had heard about the lake villages in Switzerland and believed similar sites could be found in his native Somerset .
The excavation of the area began in 1892 and continued over the next 15 years , uncovering the extent of the settlement and publishing the results . From 1892 until 1899 Bullied worked with labourers for six months of each year and spent the other six months describing and cataloguing the finds . He then left the site to complete his medical studies and returned in 1904 with Harold St George Gray to continue the excavation until 1907 . The curator of the Taunton museum of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society , Gray had been trained in archaeological techniques by the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers .
They found remains of the village . It consisted of a series of 89 mounds from 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 ft 11 in ) to 4 @.@ 3 metres ( 14 ft ) in diameter , made up of clay laid over the boggy ground , many of which had central hearths . The whole site was surrounded by a wooden palisade made from Alder . Each of the finds from large timber to small fragments of pottery were drawn and described with some also being photographed . In 1909 the site was visited by George V while he was the Prince of Wales , along with his wife . They were given a silver replica of the Glastonbury Bowl .
Much of the timber was reburied as the best way of preserving it , and a survey in 2005 found this to have been quite successful , despite reports warning of the area drying out and the peat coverage being reduced . The site is included in the Heritage at Risk Register produced by English Heritage because of the risk to the buried timbers if the site dries out further .
Bullied and Gray later went on to excavate a similar site at Meare Lake Village approximately 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) south west of the Glastonbury site .
= = Artefacts = =
The site and the finds from it are the property of the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society . Many of the finds from the site are on display in the Glastonbury Lake Village Museum at The Tribunal in Glastonbury High Street , and in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton . The burial sites of ten new born babies were uncovered , but there was no evidence of the interment of adults from the village .
The artefacts recovered include fragments of pottery , charcoal , bone and a whetstone ( a stone for sharpening blades ) . Later , on excavation , spinning whorls and weaving combs were found , suggesting textile production , although this may have been for domestic use rather than industry . Evidence of bronze @-@ casting and iron @-@ smelting were found . Fine jewellery made from bronze bone have also been found showing a high degree of craftsmanship . Files and hammer heads were examined by metallography which showed that carbon compositions were found to be generally low . In 1905 an early British tin coin was discovered , believed to be from the 1st century A.D , which was sent to the British Museum . Various other objects from the excavation are also help by the British Museum .
= = = Bronze bowl = = =
The metal " Glastonbury Bowl " was made from two sections riveted together and repaired several times over its life . The bottom half has been dated as having been constructed in the Iron Age . The upper half was probably added in the 1st century from one sheet of metal , which may have been previously used for another purpose , and the two halves riveted together .
= = = Wooden objects = = =
The site yielded a number of wooden objects preserved in the peaty soil including five wheel spokes and an unfinished nave to be used as the hub of a wheel . Woven baskets recovered from the site provided evidence of woven baskets up to 700 millimetres ( 28 in ) in width and 480 millimetres ( 19 in ) in height . A wooden frame for stretching animal skins were also recovered along with a shaker and dice made from antlers .
Representations of the houses were recreated at the nearby Peat Moors Centre , run by Somerset County Council , before its closure in 2009 .
= Fort Wayne , Indiana =
Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With an estimated population of
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
CAP Wildcats , including one piloted by James H. Flatley , to intercept . Taking the Japanese formation by surprise , the Wildcats shot down seven torpedo bombers and one dive bomber , and heavily damaged another torpedo bomber ( which later crashed ) , at a cost of three Wildcats lost .
Having taken heavy losses in the attack , which also scattered their formations , the Japanese strike leaders canceled the mission after conferring by radio . The Japanese aircraft all jettisoned their ordnance and reversed course to return to their carriers . The sun set at 18 : 30 . Several of the Japanese dive bombers encountered the American carriers in the darkness , around 19 : 00 , and briefly confused as to their identity , circled in preparation for landing before anti @-@ aircraft fire from TF 17 's destroyers drove them away . By 20 : 00 , TF 17 and Takagi were about 100 nmi ( 120 mi ; 190 km ) apart . Takagi turned on his warships ' searchlights to help guide the 18 surviving aircraft back and all were recovered by 22 : 00 .
In the meantime , at 15 : 18 and 17 : 18 Neosho was able to radio TF 17 she was drifting northwest in a sinking condition . Neosho 's 17 : 18 report gave wrong coordinates , which hampered subsequent U.S. rescue efforts to locate the oiler . More significantly , the news informed Fletcher his only nearby available fuel supply was gone .
As nightfall ended aircraft operations for the day , Fletcher ordered TF 17 to head west and prepared to launch a 360 ° search at first light . Crace also turned west to stay within striking range of the Louisiades . Inoue directed Takagi to make sure he destroyed the U.S. carriers the next day , and postponed the Port Moresby landings to 12 May . Takagi elected to take his carriers 120 nmi ( 140 mi ; 220 km ) north during the night so he could concentrate his morning search to the west and south and ensure that his carriers could provide better protection for the invasion convoy . Gotō and Kajioka were unable to position and coordinate their ships in time to attempt a night attack on the Allied warships .
Both sides expected to find each other early the next day , and spent the night preparing their strike aircraft for the anticipated battle as their exhausted aircrews attempted to get a few hours sleep . In 1972 , U.S. Vice Admiral H. S. Duckworth , after reading Japanese records of the battle , commented , " Without a doubt , May 7 , 1942 , vicinity of Coral Sea , was the most confused battle area in world history . " Hara later told Yamamoto 's chief of staff , Admiral Matome Ugaki , he was so frustrated with the " poor luck " the Japanese experienced on 7 May that he felt like quitting the navy .
= = = Carrier battle , second day = = =
= = = = Attack on the Japanese carriers = = = =
At 06 : 15 on 8 May , from a position 100 nmi ( 120 mi ; 190 km ) east of Rossel Island ( 10 ° 25 ′ S 154 ° 5 ′ E ) , Hara launched seven torpedo bombers to search the area bearing 140 – 230 ° south and out to 250 nmi ( 290 mi ; 460 km ) from the Japanese carriers . Assisting in the search were three Kawanishi H6Ks from Tulagi and four G4M bombers from Rabaul . At 07 : 00 , the carrier striking force turned to the southwest and was joined by two of Gotō 's cruisers , Kinugasa and Furutaka , for additional screening support . The invasion convoy , Gotō , and Kajioka steered towards a rendezvous point 40 nmi ( 46 mi ; 74 km ) east of Woodlark Island to await the outcome of the carrier battle . During the night , the warm frontal zone with low @-@ hanging clouds which had helped hide the American carriers on 7 May moved north and east and now covered the Japanese carriers , limiting visibility to between 2 and 15 nmi ( 2 @.@ 3 and 17 @.@ 3 mi ; 3 @.@ 7 and 27 @.@ 8 km ) .
At 06 : 35 , TF 17 – operating under Fitch 's tactical control and positioned 180 nmi ( 210 mi ; 330 km ) southeast of the Lousiades , launched 18 SBDs to conduct a 360 ° search out to 200 nmi ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) . The skies over the American carriers were mostly clear , with 17 nmi ( 20 mi ; 31 km ) visibility .
At 08 : 20 , a Lexington SBD piloted by Joseph G. Smith spotted the Japanese carriers through a hole in the clouds and notified TF 17 . Two minutes later , a Shōkaku search plane commanded by Kenzō Kanno sighted TF 17 and notified Hara . The two forces were about 210 nmi ( 240 mi ; 390 km ) away from each other . Both sides raced to launch their strike aircraft .
At 09 : 15 , the Japanese carriers launched a combined strike of 18 fighters , 33 dive bombers , and 18 torpedo planes , commanded by Lieutenant Commander Kakuichi Takahashi . The American carriers each launched a separate strike . Yorktown 's group consisted of six fighters , 24 dive bombers , and nine torpedo planes and was on its way by 09 : 15 . Lexington 's group of nine fighters , 15 dive bombers , and 12 torpedo planes was off at 09 : 25 . Both the American and Japanese carrier warship forces turned to head directly for each other 's location at high speed in order to shorten the distance their aircraft would have to fly on their return legs .
Yorktown 's dive bombers , led by William O. Burch , reached the Japanese carriers at 10 : 32 , and paused to allow the slower torpedo squadron to arrive so that they could conduct a simultaneous attack . At this time , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were about 10 @,@ 000 yd ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) apart , with Zuikaku hidden under a rain squall of low @-@ hanging clouds . The two carriers were protected by 16 CAP Zero fighters . The Yorktown dive bombers commenced their attacks at 10 : 57 on Shōkaku and hit the radically maneuvering carrier with two 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs , tearing open the forecastle and causing heavy damage to the carrier 's flight and hangar decks . The Yorktown torpedo planes missed with all of their ordnance . Two U.S. dive bombers and two CAP Zeros were shot down during the attack .
Lexington 's aircraft arrived and attacked at 11 : 30 . Two dive bombers attacked Shōkaku , hitting the carrier with one 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) bomb , causing further damage . Two other dive bombers dove on Zuikaku , missing with their bombs . The rest of Lexington 's dive bombers were unable to find the Japanese carriers in the heavy clouds . Lexington 's TBDs missed Shōkaku with all 11 of their torpedoes . The 13 CAP Zeros on patrol at this time shot down three Wildcats .
With her flight deck heavily damaged and 223 of her crew killed or wounded , Shōkaku was unable to conduct further aircraft operations . Her captain , Takatsugu Jōjima , requested permission from Takagi and Hara to withdraw from the battle , to which Takagi agreed . At 12 : 10 , Shōkaku , accompanied by two destroyers , retired to the northeast .
= = = = Attack on the U.S. carriers = = = =
At 10 : 55 , Lexington 's CXAM @-@ 1 radar detected the inbound Japanese aircraft at a range of 68 nmi ( 78 mi ; 126 km ) and vectored nine Wildcats to intercept . Expecting the Japanese torpedo bombers to be at a much lower altitude than they actually were , six of the Wildcats were stationed too low , and thus missed the Japanese aircraft as they passed by overhead . Because of the heavy losses in aircraft suffered the night before , the Japanese could not execute a full torpedo attack on both carriers . Lieutenant Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki , commanding the Japanese torpedo planes , sent 14 to attack Lexington and four to attack Yorktown . A Wildcat shot down one and 8 patrolling Yorktown SBDs destroyed three more as the Japanese torpedo planes descended to take attack position . Four SBDs were shot down by Zeros escorting the torpedo planes .
The Japanese attack began at 11 : 13 as the carriers , stationed 3 @,@ 000 yd ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) apart , and their escorts opened fire with anti @-@ aircraft guns . The four torpedo planes which attacked Yorktown all missed . The remaining torpedo planes successfully employed a pincer attack on Lexington , which had a much larger turning radius than Yorktown , and , at 11 : 20 , hit her with two Type 91 torpedoes . The first torpedo buckled the port aviation gasoline stowage tanks . Undetected , gasoline vapors spread into surrounding compartments . The second torpedo ruptured the port water main , reducing water pressure to the three forward firerooms and forcing the associated boilers to be shut down . The ship , however , could still make 24 kn ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) with her remaining boilers . Four of the Japanese torpedo planes were shot down by anti @-@ aircraft fire .
The 33 Japanese dive bombers circled to attack from upwind , and thus did not begin their dives from 14 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) until three to four minutes after the torpedo planes began their attacks . The 19 Shōkaku dive bombers , under Takahashi , lined up on Lexington while the remaining 14 , directed by Tamotsu Ema , targeted Yorktown . Escorting Zeros shielded Takahashi 's aircraft from four Lexington CAP Wildcats which attempted to intervene , but two Wildcats circling above Yorktown were able to disrupt Ema 's formation . Takahashi 's bombers damaged Lexington with two bomb hits and several near misses , causing fires which were contained by 12 : 33 . At 11 : 27 , Yorktown was hit in the center of her flight deck by a single 250 kg ( 550 lb ) , semi @-@ armor @-@ piercing bomb which penetrated four decks before exploding , causing severe structural damage to an aviation storage room and killing or seriously wounding 66 men . Up to 12 near misses damaged Yorktown 's hull below the waterline . Two of the dive bombers were shot down by a CAP Wildcat during the attack .
As the Japanese aircraft completed their attacks and began to withdraw , believing that they inflicted fatal damage to both carriers , they ran a gauntlet of CAP Wildcats and SBDs . In the ensuing aerial duels , three SBDs and three Wildcats for the U.S. , and three torpedo bombers , one dive bomber , and one Zero for the Japanese were downed . By 12 : 00 , the U.S. and Japanese strike groups were on their way back to their respective carriers . During their return , aircraft from the two adversaries passed each other in the air , resulting in more air @-@ to @-@ air altercations . Kanno 's and Takahashi 's aircraft were shot down , killing both of them .
= = = = Recovery , reassessment , and retreat = = = =
The strike forces , with many damaged aircraft , reached and landed on their respective carriers between 12 : 50 and 14 : 30 . In spite of damage , Yorktown and Lexington were both able to recover aircraft from their returning air groups . During recovery operations , for various reasons the U.S. lost an additional five SBDs , two TBDs , and a Wildcat , and the Japanese lost two Zeros , five dive bombers , and one torpedo plane . Forty @-@ six of the original 69 aircraft from the Japanese strike force returned from the mission and landed on Zuikaku . Of these , three more Zeros , four dive bombers , and five torpedo planes were judged damaged beyond repair and were immediately jettisoned into the ocean .
As TF 17 recovered its aircraft , Fletcher assessed the situation . The returning aviators reported they heavily damaged one carrier , but that another had escaped damage . Fletcher noted that both his carriers were hurt and that his air groups had suffered high fighter losses . Fuel was also a concern due to the loss of Neosho . At 14 : 22 , Fitch notified Fletcher that he had reports of two undamaged Japanese carriers and that this was supported by radio intercepts . Believing that he faced overwhelming Japanese carrier superiority , Fletcher elected to withdraw TF17 from the battle . Fletcher radioed MacArthur the approximate position of the Japanese carriers and suggested that he attack with his land @-@ based bombers .
Around 14 : 30 , Hara informed Takagi that only 24 Zeros , eight dive bombers , and four torpedo planes from the carriers were currently operational . Takagi was worried about his ships ' fuel levels ; his cruisers were at 50 % and some of his destroyers were as low as 20 % . At 15 : 00 , Takagi notified Inoue his fliers had sunk two American carriers – Yorktown and a " Saratoga @-@ class " – but heavy losses in aircraft meant he could not continue to provide air cover for the invasion . Inoue , whose reconnaissance aircraft sighted Crace 's ships earlier that day , recalled the invasion convoy to Rabaul , postponed MO to 3 July , and ordered his forces to assemble northeast of the Solomons to begin the RY operation . Zuikaku and her escorts turned towards Rabaul while Shōkaku headed for Japan .
Aboard Lexington , damage control parties put out the fires and restored her to operational condition , however at 12 : 47 , sparks from unattended electric motors ignited gasoline fumes near the ship 's central control station . The resulting explosion killed 25 men and started a large fire . Around 14 : 42 , another large explosion occurred , starting a second severe fire . A third explosion occurred at 15 : 25 and at 15 : 38 the ship 's crew reported the fires as uncontrollable . Lexington 's crew began abandoning ship at 17 : 07 . After the carrier 's survivors were rescued , including Fitch and the carrier 's captain , Frederick C. Sherman , at 19 : 15 the destroyer Phelps fired five torpedoes into the burning ship , which sank in 2 @,@ 400 fathoms at 19 : 52 ( 15 ° 15 ′ S 155 ° 35 ′ E ) . Two hundred and sixteen of the carrier 's 2 @,@ 951 @-@ man crew went down with the ship , along with 36 aircraft . Phelps and the other assisting warships left immediately to rejoin Yorktown and her escorts , which departed at 16 : 01 , and TF17 retired to the southwest . Later that evening , MacArthur informed Fletcher that eight of his B @-@ 17s had attacked the invasion convoy and that it was retiring to the northwest .
That evening , Crace detached Hobart , which was critically low on fuel , and the destroyer Walke , which was having engine trouble , to proceed to Townsville . Crace overheard radio reports saying the enemy invasion convoy had turned back , but , unaware Fletcher had withdrawn , he remained on patrol with the rest of TG17.3 in the Coral Sea in case the Japanese invasion force resumed its advance towards Port Moresby .
= = Aftermath = =
On 9 May , TF 17 altered course to the east and proceeded out of the Coral Sea via a route south of New Caledonia . Nimitz ordered Fletcher to return Yorktown to Pearl Harbor as soon as possible after refueling at Tongatabu . During the day , U.S. Army bombers attacked Deboyne and Kamikawa Maru , inflicting unknown damage . In the meantime , having heard nothing from Fletcher , Crace deduced that TF17 had departed the area . At 01 : 00 on 10 May , hearing no further reports of Japanese ships advancing towards Port Moresby , Crace turned towards Australia and arrived at Cid Harbor , 130 nmi ( 150 mi ; 240 km ) south of Townsville , on 11 May .
At 22 : 00 on 8 May , Yamamoto ordered Inoue to turn his forces around , destroy the remaining Allied warships , and complete the invasion of Port Moresby . Inoue did not cancel the recall of the invasion convoy , but ordered Takagi and Gotō to pursue the remaining Allied warship forces in the Coral Sea . Critically low on fuel , Takagi 's warships spent most of 9 May refueling from the fleet oiler Tōhō Maru . Late in the evening of 9 May , Takagi and Gotō headed southeast , then southwest into the Coral Sea . Seaplanes from Deboyne assisted Takagi in searching for TF 17 on the morning of 10 May . Fletcher and Crace , however , were already well on their way out of the area . At 13 : 00 on 10 May , Takagi concluded that the enemy was gone and decided to turn back towards Rabaul . Yamamoto concurred with Takagi 's decision and ordered Zuikaku to return to Japan to replenish her air groups . At the same time , Kamikawa Maru packed up and departed Deboyne . At noon on 11 May , a U.S. Navy PBY on patrol from Nouméa sighted the drifting Neosho ( 15 ° 35 ′ S 155 ° 36 ′ E ) . The U.S. destroyer Henley responded and rescued 109 Neosho and 14 Sims survivors later that day , then scuttled the tanker with torpedoes .
On 10 May , the RY operation commenced . After the operation 's flagship , minelayer Okinoshima , was sunk by the American submarine S @-@ 42 on 12 May ( 05 ° 06 ′ S 153 ° 48 ′ E ) , the landings were postponed to 17 May . In the meantime , Halsey 's TF 16 reached the South Pacific near Efate and , on 13 May , headed north to contest the Japanese approach to Nauru and Ocean Island . On 14 May , Nimitz , having obtained intelligence concerning the Combined Fleet 's upcoming operation against Midway , ordered Halsey to make sure that Japanese scout aircraft sighted his ships the next day , after which he was to return to Pearl Harbor immediately . At 10 : 15 on 15 May , a Kawanishi reconnaissance aircraft from Tulagi sighted TF 16 445 nmi ( 512 mi ; 824 km ) east of the Solomons . Halsey 's feint worked . Fearing a carrier air attack on his exposed invasion forces , Inoue immediately canceled RY and ordered his ships back to Rabaul and Truk . On 19 May , TF 16 – which returned to the Efate area to refuel – turned towards Pearl Harbor and arrived there on 26 May . Yorktown reached Pearl the following day .
Shōkaku reached Kure , Japan , on 17 May , almost capsizing en route during a storm due to her battle damage . Zuikaku arrived at Kure on 21 May , having made a brief stop at Truk on 15 May . Acting on signals intelligence , the U.S. placed eight submarines along the projected route of the carriers ' return paths to Japan , but the submarines were not able to make any attacks . Japan 's Naval General Staff estimated that it would take two to three months to repair Shōkaku and replenish the carriers ' air groups . Thus , both carriers would be unable to participate in Yamamoto 's upcoming Midway operation . The two carriers rejoined the Combined Fleet on 14 July and were key participants in subsequent carrier battles against U.S. forces . The five I @-@ class submarines supporting the MO operation were retasked to support an attack on Sydney Harbour three weeks later as part of a campaign to disrupt Allied supply lines . En route to Truk , however , I @-@ 28 was torpedoed on 17 May by the U.S. submarine Tautog and sunk with all hands .
= = Significance = =
= = = A new type of naval warfare = = =
The battle was the first naval engagement in history in which the participating ships never sighted or fired directly at each other . Instead , manned aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved . Thus , the respective commanders were participating in a new type of warfare , carrier @-@ versus @-@ carrier , with which neither had any experience . In H. P. Willmot 's words , the commanders " had to contend with uncertain and poor communications in situations in which the area of battle had grown far beyond that prescribed by past experience but in which speeds had increased to an even greater extent , thereby compressing decision @-@ making time . " Because of the greater speed with which decisions were required , the Japanese were at a disadvantage as Inoue was too far away at Rabaul to effectively direct his naval forces in real time , in contrast to Fletcher who was on @-@ scene with his carriers . The Japanese admirals involved were often slow to communicate important information to each other .
The experienced Japanese carrier aircrews performed better than those of the U.S. , achieving greater results with an equivalent number of aircraft . The Japanese attack on the American carriers on 8 May was better coordinated than the U.S. attack on the Japanese carriers . The Japanese suffered much higher losses to their carrier aircrews , however , losing ninety aircrew killed in the battle compared with thirty @-@ five for the Americans . Japan 's cadre of highly skilled carrier aircrews with which it began the war were , in effect , irreplaceable because of an institutionalized limitation in its training programs and the absence of a pool of experienced reserves or advanced training programs for new airmen . Coral Sea started a trend which resulted in the irreparable attrition of Japan 's veteran carrier aircrews by the end of October 1942 .
While the Americans did not perform as expected , they did learn from their mistakes in the battle and made improvements to their carrier tactics and equipment , including fighter tactics , strike coordination , torpedo bombers , and defensive strategies , such as anti @-@ aircraft artillery , which contributed to better results in later battles . Radar gave the Americans a limited advantage in this battle , but its value to the U.S. Navy increased over time as the technology improved and the Allies learned how to employ it more effectively . Following the loss of Lexington , improved methods for containing aviation fuel and better damage control procedures were implemented by the Americans . Coordination between the Allied land @-@ based air forces and the U.S. Navy was poor during this battle , but this too would improve over time .
Japanese and U.S. carriers faced off against each other again in the battles of Midway , the Eastern Solomons , and the Santa Cruz Islands in 1942 , and the Philippine Sea in 1944 . Each of these battles was strategically significant , to varying degrees , in deciding the course and ultimate outcome of the Pacific War .
= = = Tactical and strategic implications = = =
Both sides publicly claimed victory after the battle . In terms of ships lost , the Japanese won a tactical victory by sinking an American fleet carrier , an oiler , and a destroyer – 41 @,@ 826 long tons ( 42 @,@ 497 t ) – versus a light carrier , a destroyer , and several smaller warships – 19 @,@ 000 long tons ( 19 @,@ 000 t ) – sunk by the Americans . Lexington represented , at that time , 25 % of U.S. carrier strength in the Pacific . The Japanese public was informed of the victory with overstatement of the American damage and understatement of their own .
In strategic terms , however , the Allies won because the seaborne invasion of Port Moresby was averted , lessening the threat to the supply lines between the U.S. and Australia . Although the withdrawal of Yorktown from the Coral Sea conceded the field , the Japanese were forced to abandon the operation that had initiated the Battle of Coral Sea in the first place .
The battle marked the first time that a Japanese invasion force was turned back without achieving its objective , which greatly lifted the morale of the Allies after a series of defeats by the Japanese during the initial six months of the Pacific Theater . Port Moresby was vital to Allied strategy and its garrison could well have been overwhelmed by the experienced Japanese invasion troops . The US Navy , however , also exaggerated the damage it inflicted , which was to cause the press to treat its reports of Midway with more caution .
The results of the battle had a substantial effect on the strategic planning of both sides . Without a hold in New Guinea , the subsequent Allied advance , arduous though it was , would have been more difficult . For the Japanese , who focused on the tactical results , the battle was seen as merely a temporary setback . The results of the battle confirmed the low opinion held by the Japanese of American fighting capability and supported their overconfident belief that future carrier operations against the U.S. were assured of success .
= = = Midway = = =
One of the most significant effects of the Coral Sea battle was the loss of Shōkaku and Zuikaku to Yamamoto for his planned showdown with the American carriers at Midway ( Shōhō was to have been employed at Midway in a tactical role supporting the Japanese invasion ground forces ) . The Japanese believed that they sank two carriers in the Coral Sea , but this still left at least two more U.S. Navy carriers , Enterprise and Hornet , which could help defend Midway . The aircraft complement of the American carriers was larger than that of their Japanese counterparts , which , when combined with the land @-@ based aircraft at Midway , meant that the Combined Fleet no longer enjoyed a significant numerical aircraft superiority over the Americans for the impending battle . In fact , the Americans would have three carriers to oppose Yamamoto at Midway , because Yorktown remained operational despite the damage from Coral Sea , and the U.S. Navy was able to patch her up sufficiently at Pearl Harbor between 27 and 30 May to allow participation in the battle . At Midway , Yorktown 's aircraft played crucial roles in sinking two Japanese fleet carriers . Yorktown also absorbed both Japanese aerial counterattacks at Midway which otherwise would have been directed at the two remaining American carriers .
In contrast to the strenuous efforts by the Americans to employ the maximum forces available for Midway , the Japanese apparently did not even consider trying to include Zuikaku in the operation . No effort appears to have been made to combine the surviving Shōkaku aircrews with Zuikaku 's air groups or to quickly provide Zuikaku with replacement aircraft so she could participate with the rest of the Combined Fleet at Midway . Shōkaku herself was unable to conduct further aircraft operations , with her flight deck heavily damaged , and she required almost three months of repair in Japan .
Historians H. P. Willmott , Jonathan Parshall , and Anthony Tully believe Yamamoto made a significant strategic error in his decision to support the MO with strategic assets . Since Yamamoto had decided the decisive battle with the Americans was to take place at Midway , he should not have diverted any of his important assets , especially fleet carriers , to a secondary operation like MO . Yamamoto 's decision meant Japanese naval forces were weakened just enough at both the Coral Sea and Midway battles to allow the Allies to defeat them in detail . Willmott adds , if either operation was important enough to commit fleet carriers , then all of the Japanese carriers should have been committed to each in order to ensure success . By committing crucial assets to MO , Yamamoto made the more important Midway operation dependent on the secondary operation 's success .
Moreover , Yamamoto apparently missed the other implications of the Coral Sea battle : the unexpected appearance of American carriers in exactly the right place and time to effectively contest the Japanese , and U.S. Navy carrier aircrews demonstrating sufficient skill and determination to do significant damage to the Japanese carrier forces . These would be repeated at Midway , and as a result , Japan lost four fleet carriers , the core of her naval offensive forces , and thereby lost the strategic initiative in the Pacific War . Parshall and Tully point out that , due to American industrial strength , once Japan lost its numerical superiority in carrier forces as a result of Midway , Japan could never regain it . Parshall and Tully add , " The Battle of the Coral Sea had provided the first hints that the Japanese high @-@ water mark had been reached , but it was the Battle of Midway that put up the sign for all to see . "
= = = Situation in the South Pacific = = =
The Australians and U.S. forces in Australia were initially disappointed with the outcome of the Battle of the Coral Sea , fearing the MO operation was the precursor to an invasion of the Australian mainland and the setback to Japan was only temporary . In a meeting held in late May , the Australian Advisory War Council described the battle 's result as " rather disappointing " given that the Allies had advance notice of Japanese intentions . General MacArthur provided Australian Prime Minister John Curtin with his assessment of the battle , stating that " all the elements that have produced disaster in the Western Pacific since the beginning of the war " were still present as Japanese forces could strike anywhere if supported by major elements of the IJN .
Because of the severe losses in carriers at Midway , however , the Japanese were unable to support another attempt to invade Port Moresby from the sea , forcing Japan to try to take Port Moresby by land . Japan began its land offensive towards Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track on 21 July from Buna and Gona . By then , the Allies had reinforced New Guinea with additional troops ( primarily Australian ) starting with the Australian 14th Brigade which embarked at Townsville on 15 May . The added forces slowed , then eventually halted the Japanese advance towards Port Moresby in September 1942 , and defeated an attempt by the Japanese to overpower an Allied base at Milne Bay .
In the meantime , the Allies learned in July that the Japanese had begun building an airfield on Guadalcanal . Operating from this base the Japanese would threaten the shipping supply routes to Australia . To prevent this from occurring , the Americans chose Tulagi and nearby Guadalcanal as the target of their first offensive . The failure of the Japanese to take Port Moresby , and their defeat at Midway , had the effect of dangling their base at Tulagi and Guadalcanal without effective protection from other Japanese bases . Tulagi and Guadalcanal was four hours flying time from Rabaul , the nearest large Japanese base .
On 7 August 1942 , 11 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal and 3 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines landed on Tulagi and nearby islands . The Japanese troops on Tulagi and nearby islands were outnumbered and killed almost to the last man in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu – Tanambogo while the U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal captured an airfield under construction by the Japanese . Thus began the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaigns that resulted in a series of attritional , combined @-@ arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces over the next year which , in tandem with the New Guinea campaign , eventually neutralized Japanese defenses in the South Pacific , inflicted irreparable losses on the Japanese military — especially its navy — and contributed significantly to the Allies ' eventual victory over Japan .
The delay in the advance of Japanese forces also allowed the United States Marine Corps to land on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 , with a Naval Construction Battalion ( Seabees ) building airfields on three of the atolls of Tuvalu from which units of the USAAF B @-@ 24 Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Force operated . The atolls of Tuvalu acted as a staging post during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943 , which was the implementation of operation Galvanic .
= = Movies = =
Battle of the Coral Sea ( 1959 )
= = Documentaries = =
Crusade in The Pacific , Episode 5 : The Navy Holds : 1942 ( 13m : 30s @-@ 19 : 37 ) , a segment of an episode from a TV documentary series aired originally in 1951 and made from the theatrical releases of Movietone News in 1942 . Currently , the series can be purchased in DVD format ( as individual episodes or as a collection ) . Information on imdb.com Online video
War in the Pacific , Part I : The Pacific in Eruption , an episode from another documentary but made from the same Movietone News newsreels of 1942 . Also available in DVD format . Online video
Battle of the Coral Sea – Lest We Forget , online documentary released in 2010 . Online video
= = = Print = = =
= = = Online = = =
= Ambohimanga =
Ambohimanga is a hill and traditional fortified royal settlement ( rova ) in Madagascar , located approximately 24 kilometers ( 15 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Antananarivo . The hill and the rova that stands on top are considered the most significant symbol of the cultural identity of the Merina people and the most important and best @-@ preserved monument of the precolonial Kingdom of Madagascar and its precursor , the Kingdom of Imerina . The walled historic village includes residences and burial sites of several key monarchs . The site , one of the twelve sacred hills of Imerina , is associated with strong feelings of national identity and has maintained its spiritual and sacred character both in ritual practice and the popular imagination for at least four hundred years . It remains a place of worship to which pilgrims come from Madagascar and elsewhere .
The site has been politically important since the early 18th century , when King Andriamasinavalona ( 1675 – 1710 ) divided the Kingdom of Imerina into four quadrants and assigned his son Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana to govern the northeastern quadrant , Avaradrano , from its newly designated capital at Ambohimanga . The division of Imerina led to 77 years of civil war , during which time the successive rulers of Avaradrano led military campaigns to expand their territory while undertaking modifications to the defenses at Ambohimanga to better protect it against attacks . The war was ended from Ambohimanga by King Andrianampoinimerina , who successfully undertook negotiations and military campaigns that reunited Imerina under his rule by 1793 . Upon capturing the historic capital of Imerina at Antananarivo , Andrianampoinimerina shifted his royal court and all political functions back to its original locus at that city 's royal compound and declared the two cities of equal importance , with Ambohimanga as the kingdom 's spiritual capital . He and later rulers in his line continued to conduct royal rituals at the site and regularly inhabited and remodeled Ambohimanga until French colonization of the kingdom and the exile of the royal family in 1897 . The significance of historical events here and the presence of royal tombs have given the hill a sacred character that is further enhanced at Ambohimanga by the burial sites of several Vazimba , the island 's earliest inhabitants .
The royal compound on the hilltop is surrounded by a complex system of defensive ditches and stone walls and is accessed by 14 gateways , of which many were sealed by stone disc barriers . The gateways and construction of buildings within the compound are arranged according to two overlaid cosmological systems that value the four cardinal points radiating from a unifying center , and attach sacred importance to the northeastern direction . The complex inside the wall is subdivided into three smaller rova . Mahandrihono , the largest compound , was established between 1710 and 1730 by King Andriambelomasina ; it remains largely intact and contains the royal tombs , house of King Andrianampoinimerina , summer palace of Queen Ranavalona II , and sites that figured in key royal rituals such as the sacrificial zebu pen , royal bath and main courtyard . Original buildings no longer remain in the compound of Bevato , established before 1710 by Andriamborona , and the Nanjakana compound , built for King Andrianjafy in the late 19th century . The hill and its royal fortified city were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2001 and represent Madagascar 's only cultural site following the destruction by fire in 1995 of its historic sister city , the Rova of Antananarivo , shortly before the latter 's intended inscription to the list . Numerous governmental and civil society organizations support the conservation of Ambohimanga by restoring damaged features and preventing further degradation .
= = Etymology = =
The name Ambohimanga is a noun @-@ adjective compound in the standard Malagasy language composed of two parts : ambohi , meaning " hill " , and manga , which can mean " sacred " , " blue " , " beautiful " or " good " . The earliest known name for the hill was Tsimadilo . It was renamed Ambohitrakanga ( " hill of the guinea fowls " ) around 1700 by a dethroned prince named Andriamborona who , according to oral history , was the first to settle on the hilltop with his family . The hill received its current name from King Andriamasinavalona in the early 18th century .
= = History = =
Madagascar 's central highlands , including the area around Ambohimanga , were first inhabited between 200 BCE – 300 CE by the island 's earliest settlers , the Vazimba , who appear to have arrived by pirogue from southeastern Borneo to establish simple villages in the island 's dense forests . By the 15th century the Merina ethnic group from the southeastern coast had gradually migrated into the central highlands where they established hilltop villages interspersed among the existing Vazimba settlements , which were ruled by local kings . The tombs of at least four Vazimba are located on or around Ambohimanga hill and are sites of pilgrimage , including the tombs of Ingorikelisahiloza , Andriantsidonina , Ramomba and Kotosarotra . In the mid @-@ 16th century the disparate Merina principalities were united as the Kingdom of Imerina under the rule of King Andriamanelo ( 1540 – 1575 ) , who initiated military campaigns to expel or assimilate the Vazimba population . Conflict with the Vazimba led Andriamanelo to fortify his hill town using earthen walls , stone gateways and deep defensive trenches . This fortified town model , called a rova , was propagated by the noble class throughout Imerina until French colonization of Madagascar in 1895 .
The earliest settlement at the height of Ambohimanga was most likely established in the 15th century , coinciding with the arrival of the Merina in the highlands . Rice paddies took the place of the original valley forests by the 16th century , and the growing population near the valleys around Ambohimanga became known by the clan name Tantsaha ( " people of the cultivated land " ) . According to oral history , however , the first to settle the site of the Ambohimanga rova was Andriamborona , the dethroned prince of the highland territory of Imamo , who relocated to the then @-@ un
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
86 – 1993 = = =
After a six @-@ month break , which Dickinson mostly spent practising fencing , Iron Maiden began writing their next album , Somewhere in Time . Dickinson was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant , despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars . He has no writing credits on the release , as his material , based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic @-@ focused , was rejected by the rest of the band . Steve Harris , on the other hand , stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough , and that Dickinson " was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour " .
After a subsequent tour , Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort , Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , which featured more progressive rock elements than the band 's previous records . Although it became their second release to top the UK charts , it was also Dickinson 's first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US . Unlike Somewhere in Time , Dickinson was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song @-@ writing credits . After the following tour in 1988 , the band decided to take a year off .
During the next album 's writing stage , Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden , and was replaced by Janick Gers . Iron Maiden 's eighth studio release , 1990 's No Prayer for the Dying , had a raw sound that , according to AllMusic , did not " hold up well " compared to past efforts , as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned , with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones . The record featured Dickinson 's " Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter " , originally composed for a film soundtrack , which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989 , became the band 's first and only single to top the UK singles chart . By 1992 , Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio , and the new album , Fear of the Dark , was recorded there , resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying , although Dickinson still claims it had limitations due to its size .
After the Fear of the Dark Tour , Dickinson decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career . At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993 , which Dickinson did not enjoy . Throughout the tour , Dickinson drew a lot of criticism from his band mates , with Steve Harris in particular saying , " I really wanted to kill him . " According to Harris , Dickinson would only perform when the press was there , whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs . Dickinson has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under @-@ performing , arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere . His last performance with the band was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video , entitled Raising Hell .
= = = Return : 1999 – present = = =
Along with Adrian Smith , Dickinson rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band , after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood . Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about Dickinson 's return , who initially had reservations about the prospect , but soon came round to the idea , deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of " better the devil you know " . Harris and Dickinson agreed to meet at Smallwood 's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993 . Although both men were nervous about the encounter , upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that Dickinson should return to the group .
After embarking on a small tour , the band set about recording Brave New World , their first studio album with Dickinson since 1992 . Dickinson insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch , the band 's regular producer , and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark , to which Harris agreed . The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris with producer Kevin Shirley , after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250 @,@ 000 .
In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London 's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley , now the band 's new regular producer . After two further stints on the road ( Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour ) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album , A Matter of Life and Death , and embarked on a supporting tour . In 2008 and 2009 , the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour , which has since been described as " groundbreaking " for its use of Ed Force One , the band 's customised Boeing 757 , flown by Dickinson himself , and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden : Flight 666 , which had a limited cinema release in April 2009 . Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier , their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios , Nassau , Bahamas since 1986 's Somewhere in Time , and which peaked at No. 1 in 28 countries .
In September 2014 , Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album , The Book of Souls , at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris . The release features two songs written solely by Dickinson for the first time since Powerslave , " If Eternity Should Fail " and " Empire of the Clouds " , the former originally penned for a possible solo record . " Empire of the Clouds " is notable for being the band 's longest ever song , at over 18 minutes in length , and features Dickinson on piano for the first time , which is how the song was written . The band will tour the album in 2016 , during which Dickinson once again piloted the band 's private plane , Ed Force One ( now a Boeing 747 @-@ 400 jumbo jet ) .
= = = = Ozzfest incident = = = =
In 2005 , Iron Maiden co @-@ headlined the US festival tour , Ozzfest , with Black Sabbath . Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne 's wife , Sharon , encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden 's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino , California on 20 August , in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as " vile , dangerous , criminal and cowardly " , as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform " a full unhindered performance " . Osbourne ordered interference with the band 's PA , delayed the entrance of Eddie , the band 's mascot , and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs , lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience . According to Dickinson , the attack was in response to his " disparaging remarks about reality @-@ TV shows that she took personally " , although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes ' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter . Dickinson has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath , but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour , attacking their " corporate " seating layout and the fact that " Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there . "
Following the concert at San Bernardino , Osbourne released a further statement which accused Dickinson of making several anti @-@ American comments , of which Classic Rock claimed that " nobody can present any cast @-@ iron evidence . " In addition , Osbourne claimed that the flag @-@ waving during " The Trooper " was disrespectful to American troops , at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq , even though Dickinson had always held a Union Flag during the song , being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War . It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino , apologising for Dickinson 's comments , which Harris denies , stating that his words had been " twisted " .
= = Solo career = =
In early 1989 , Zomba asked Dickinson to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child , providing a budget , a studio , and a producer , Chris Tsangarides . Dickinson took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his , former Gillan guitarist , Janick Gers , and , shortly after meeting up , they had " Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter " ready for the studio , then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr , and drummer Fabio del Rio . " I wrote it in about three minutes " , states Dickinson , " I don 't know where the title ' Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter ' came from , but it just popped into my head . I thought , ' Bloody hell , straight out of AC / DC ! ' And I thought , ' Nightmare on Elm Street . Yeah , that 'll do . ' Impressed with the results , Zomba asked Dickinson if he was willing to record a whole album as well . With the same line @-@ up and producer , Dickinson 's solo debut , Tattooed Millionaire , was written and recorded within two weeks , and released in May 1990 , followed by a supporting tour .
Later that year , Dickinson participated on a re @-@ recording of Deep Purple 's " Smoke on the Water " , as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia . Backed by the band Skin , he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper 's " Elected " , along with Rowan Atkinson ( in character as Mr. Bean ) , which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief , and five years later , on Bean Soundtrack .
For his second solo effort , Dickinson received the collaboration of American producer , Keith Olsen , and , while working on the record in LA , decided to leave Iron Maiden . Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen , Dickinson began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch . Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band , and was released in 1994 . That same year , Dickinson recorded a cover version of " Sabbath Bloody Sabbath " with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath 's tribute album Nativity in Black . Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and Dickinson tracked down another band , including his new writing partner and guitarist , Alex Dickson . While touring with this new outfit in 1994 , Dickinson performed in Sarajevo , then under siege during the Bosnian War ; a documentary film based on the concert , entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo , completed filming in December 2015 .
After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished , he started working on a new studio record , Skunkworks . Dickinson decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well , but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover . Dickinson hired producer Jack Endino , most noted for producing the first Nirvana album . The " Skunkworks " entity ceased to be when the tour ended . " I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing " , stated Dickinson , " Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit . "
After a short period of inactivity , Dickinson once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album , Accident of Birth ; " It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance , because he called up and he said , ' Listen , I 've got some stuff and it 's like a metal record . ' And I wasn 't thrilled , I wasn 't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing @-@ tracks he 'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought ' There is something there . ' " Former Iron Maiden guitarist , Adrian Smith , was asked to guest on the record , but remained as a full @-@ time member of Dickinson 's solo outfit . The album marked a return to heavy metal for Dickinson , with Sputnikmusic remarking , " The album 's heavy feel is very satisfying , and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90 's . " The follow @-@ up , The Chemical Wedding , was a semi @-@ concept album on alchemy , which drew inspiration from William Blake 's writings ; with some songs , such as " Book of Thel " , having the same title as some of his poems , and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings . The record was even more successful than its predecessor , with Sputnikmusic commenting , " Bruce had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one . " During The Chemical Wedding 's supporting tour , the live album , Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo , after which Dickinson and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999 .
In 2000 , Dickinson performed vocals on the song , " Into the Black Hole " , for Ayreon 's Universal Migrator Part 2 : Flight of the Migrator . Later that year , he collaborated with Judas Priest 's front @-@ man , Rob Halford , recording , " The One You Love to Hate " , for Halford 's debut , Resurrection . A compilation , entitled The Best of Bruce Dickinson , was released in late 2001 , including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities . His latest solo album , Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005 . This time the song @-@ writing was all split between Roy Z and Dickinson and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to Dickinson while he was on tour with Iron Maiden . On 21 June 2005 , Dickinson 's complete solo discography was re @-@ released , featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks . That same year , Dickinson contributed to the song , " Beast in the Light " , from Tribuzy 's album , Execution , and their subsequent live album . A three @-@ DVD box set , entitled Anthology , was released on 19 June 2006 , containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career , as well as an old Samson video , entitled " Biceps of Steel " .
= = Personal life = =
Dickinson was first married to Jane in 1983 , from whom he was divorced in 1987 . He has three children with his second wife , Paddy Bowden : Austin ( born 1990 ) , Griffin ( born 1992 ) , and Kia ( born 1994 ) . All three were born in Chiswick , London , where Dickinson has lived since 1981 . Austin Dickinson was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their breakup in 2015 , at which point he formed a new group , As Lions . Griffin Dickinson , who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours , is the vocalist in melodic hardcore band SHVPES ( formerly known as Cytota ) .
Dickinson 's cousin , Rob Dickinson , was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design who specialise in upgrading classic Porsche 911s . In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC 's HARDtalk , Dickinson agreed with Montague 's description of himself as a conservative and a eurosceptic .
In 2015 , Dickinson underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue . Dickinson 's medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages . On 15 May , Dickinson was given the all @-@ clear by his specialists .
= = Other work = =
Dickinson 's interests and non @-@ musical activities include writing , broadcasting , fencing ( at which he has competed internationally , placing 7th in Great Britain , and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name " Duellist " ) , beer brewing and aviation . Due to the wide variety of Dickinson 's pursuits , Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009 .
= = = Aviation = = =
Dickinson learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot 's licence . He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now @-@ defunct UK charter airline Astraeus , which , from 16 September 2010 , employed him as Marketing Director . One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus ' services by increasing their number of videos , leading to the UK Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring Dickinson on aircraft loading safety in June 2011 .
Following Astraeus ' closure on 21 November 2011 , Dickinson branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012 , an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan , Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . According to The Wall Street Journal , in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013 . In June 2013 , The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline . In August 2015 , Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti .
His role as a pilot has led to some high @-@ profile flights , which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008 , 200 UK citizens from Lebanon during the Israel / Hezbollah conflict in 2006 , and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008 . In addition , he flew Rangers F.C. and Liverpool F.C. to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively .
For the 2008 – 09 " Somewhere Back in Time World Tour " , he piloted Iron Maiden 's chartered Boeing 757 , dubbed " Ed Force One " , specially converted to carry the band 's equipment between continents , which subsequently led to a documentary film , Iron Maiden : Flight 666 . Dickinson flew " Ed Force One " again for " The Final Frontier World Tour " in 2011 . For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour , the band upgraded to a Boeing 747 @-@ 400 jumbo jet , which meant that Dickinson had to undertake type conversion in order to fly the aircraft . In 2014 , Dickinson purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G @-@ CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team , which re @-@ enacts First World War air battles at airshows across the UK .
= = = Radio and TV = = =
Dickinson presented Bruce Dickinson 's Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 – 2010 . In March 2010 , the BBC announced that , after over eight years , Dickinson 's show was to be axed . His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010 , with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio . Dickinson scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation , playing the Johnny Paycheck version of " Take This Job and Shove It " . In addition to his show on 6 Music , Dickinson also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007 . Dickinson 's catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio , who began re @-@ broadcasting episodes in December .
In 2005 , Dickinson hosted a 5 @-@ part historical TV series about aviation , Flying Heavy Metal , which was shown on the Discovery Channel , and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK . He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel 's The Greatest Ever , where he drove a Russian T @-@ 34 tank . In 2006 , Dickinson presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with Bruce Dickinson , in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause . Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short @-@ lived Space Cadets , as well as the chat show Clarkson , hosted by Jeremy Clarkson . Dickinson has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club , undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner . On 27 July 2012 , Dickinson spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT , in which he flew a Douglas DC @-@ 3 and took part in " touch @-@ and @-@ go drills " in a Douglas DC @-@ 4 with Buffalo Airways . , he also appeared in a season five episode when two Buffalo Airways planes were brought to his Cardiff Aviation base in Wales .
= = = Writing = = =
During a 1986 – 1987 Iron Maiden tour , and in the wake of a divorce , Dickinson started writing his first book . Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe , in addition to Biggles and Penthouse , he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace , which Kerrang ! describes as " a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes " , and whose title character is a " semi @-@ transvestite " British land owner .
Following its completion , Dickinson approached Sidgwick & Jackson , who , according to Dickinson , agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden 's album sales alone . Released in 1990 ( ISBN 0 @-@ 283 @-@ 06043 @-@ 3 ) , the novel sold more than 40 @,@ 000 copies almost immediately . Due to the high demand , Sidgwick & Jackson asked Dickinson to produce a sequel , which became 1992 's The Missionary Position ( ISBN 0 @-@ 283 @-@ 06092 @-@ 1 ) , a satire of televangelism . No further additions to the series have been published , although Dickinson did write the first 60 pages to a prequel , set during " Lord Iffy 's schooldays " , which he " just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up . I didn 't think it was funny . "
Dickinson has turned his hand to scriptwriting , co @-@ authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle . The film , in which Dickinson played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack , was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow . On 15 October 2015 , HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish Dickinson 's memoirs , expected in 2017 .
= = = Beer = = =
In 2013 , Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport , England to create Trooper , a 4 @.@ 8 % cask / 4 @.@ 7 % bottled ale whose recipe Dickinson formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks . As of May 2014 , the beer has sold 2 @.@ 5 million pints in 40 countries , making it Robinsons ' most successful export . Following Trooper 's success , Dickinson , a fan of traditional English cask beer , stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future , although new products will be " under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [ as ] Trooper has taken on a life of its own . People drink it because they like the beer , not because they are Maiden fans " .
= = Singing style and stage performance = =
Although Dickinson never received formal training , he still possessed a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi @-@ operatic tenor . Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford , Dickinson is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists / front @-@ men of all time . Dickinson says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown , Peter Hammill ( Van der Graaf Generator ) , Ian Anderson ( Jethro Tull ) and Ian Gillan ( Deep Purple ) .
Dickinson 's singing varied notably in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying , Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire , making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound , befitting their stripped down style . Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999 , his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s , though his voice has lowered with age . According to a report published in the Daily Mirror , Dickinson has an estimated vocal range of 4 @.@ 25 octaves . His voice led to the nickname " The Air Raid Siren " , which Billboard states is " due to the ferocious power of his singing " , although Dickinson claims it actually originated from a fan complaint .
In addition to his vocal ability , Dickinson is known for his energetic stage performances , which he delivers consistently despite his age . He considers including the audience " the essence of the Maiden experience " and that his role is to " shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world 's smallest club . " To achieve this , Dickinson insists on gaining eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase " scream for me " ( followed by the concert 's location ) . He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans , particularly those who " [ hide ] behind the amps " and use an autocue , remarking that " people pay good money and [ they ] can 't even remember the sodding words . "
= = Discography = =
^ * Dickinson appeared on the album 's re @-@ issue only , as the original version was completed before he joined the band .
= Thomas Holley Chivers =
Thomas Holley Chivers ( October 18 , 1809 – December 18 , 1858 ) was an American doctor @-@ turned @-@ poet from the state of Georgia . He is best known for his friendship with Edgar Allan Poe and his controversial defense of the poet after his death .
Born into a wealthy Georgia family , Chivers became interested in poetry at a young age . After he and his first wife separated , he received a medical degree from Transylvania University but focused his energy on publishing rather than medicine . In addition to submitting poems to various magazines and journals , Chivers published several volumes of poetry , including The Lost Pleiad in 1845 , as well as plays . Edgar Allan Poe showed an interest in the young poet and encouraged his work . Chivers spent the last few years of his life defending the reputation of Poe , who had died in 1849 , though he also thought Poe had been heavily influenced by his own poetry . Chivers died in Georgia in 1858 .
As a literary theorist , Chivers believed in divine inspiration . He encouraged the development of a distinctive American style of literature and especially promoted young writers . His poems were known for religious overtones with an emphasis on death and reunions with lost loved ones in the afterlife . Though he built up a mild reputation in his day , he was soon forgotten after his death .
= = Life and work = =
Chivers was born on October 18 , 1809 , at Digby Manor , his father 's plantation near Washington , Georgia . At age seven , he was introduced to poetry when he read William Cowper 's " The Rose " . In 1827 , Chivers married his 16 @-@ year @-@ old cousin Frances Elizabeth Chivers . The two soon separated due to alleged meddling by Frances Chivers Albert , the wife of the poet 's uncle , prior to the birth of their daughter in 1828 . It has also been suggested their separation was due to abuse , though these rumors originated from the same uncle . After this incident , Chivers compared himself to Lord Byron , whose wife had also left him . Chivers went on to receive a degree in medicine in 1830 from Transylvania University in Kentucky . His thesis was titled " Intermittent and Remittent Fevers " .
Chivers wandered throughout the West and North of the United States , publishing poetry in various places before returning to Georgia . In 1832 , Chivers published The Path of Sorrow , a collection of poetry based on the events of his troubled first marriage . Two years later , he published Conrad and Eudora ; or , The Death of Alonzo , the first fictionalized account of the actual 1825 murder case nicknamed the " Kentucky Tragedy " . The work was later renamed Leoni , The Orphan of Venice . On November 21 , 1834 , Chivers married Harriet Hunt of Springfield , Massachusetts and the couple had four children , though all died young . Chivers and his first wife never legally divorced — one such suit was dismissed in court in 1835 — but Georgia law invalidated marriage after a spouse 's absence of five years or more . Though Chivers contributed to various newspapers and magazines , his poetry was turned down for publication by the Southern Literary Messenger in March 1835 , which suggested he return to medicine and the " lancet and pill @-@ box " . Though the poems were not printed , unsigned commentary on them was presented in an editorial , referring to verses submitted by " T. H. C. , M. D. " The Lost Pleiad was self @-@ published in New York in 1845 to initial success , though sales rapidly declined . In 1837 , Chivers self @-@ published Nacoochee ; or , the Beautiful Star , With Other Poems . The volume was dedicated to his mother , who died a year later .
= = = Relationship with Edgar Allan Poe = = =
Chivers is best known for his association with Edgar Allan Poe and , in fact , it is through this relationship that Chivers and his work was rediscovered in the 20th century . The first interaction between the two was in 1840 though they did not meet until 1845 in New York . The two became friends and Chivers was willing to give Poe lifetime financial support if he moved to the South . Chivers appreciated Poe 's ability and wrote that George Rex Graham was seriously underpaying Poe for his work on Graham 's Magazine . " He ought to give you ten thousand dollars a year ... It is richly worth it ... [ Graham ] is greatly indebted to you . It is not my opinion that you have ever been , or ever will be , paid for your intellectual labours . You need never expect it , until you establish a Magazine of your own " , he wrote , referring to Poe 's plans to begin The Stylus . Even so , Chivers was concerned about Poe 's reputation as a severe literary critic , cautioning him about " when you tomahawk people " . Poe , in fact , had been hoping Chivers would lend his wealth as a financial backer for The Stylus and possibly even serve as a co @-@ editor in its early planning stages . Chivers considered Poe 's proposal but was not able to accept because of the death of his three @-@ year @-@ old daughter just over a week later .
Poe had written about Chivers in the second part of his " Autography " series , published in Graham 's Magazine in December 1841 . Poe said :
His productions affect one as a wild dream — strange , incongruous , full of images of more than arabesque monstrosity , and snatches of sweet unsustained song . Even his worst nonsense ( and some of it is horrible ) has an indefinite charm of sentiment and melody . We can never be sure that there is any meaning in his words — neither is there any meaning in many of our finest musical airs — but the effect is very similar in both . His figures of speech are metaphor run mad , and his grammar is often none at all . Yet there are as fine individual passages to be found in the poems of Dr. Chivers , as in those of any poet whatsoever .
The two had corresponded through letters but finally met in June or July 1845 . Chivers visited Poe when Poe was sick and bedridden and when Poe 's wife Virginia was in an especially difficult period of her struggle with tuberculosis . Chivers later recalled that Poe 's voice was " like the soft tones of an Aeolian Harp when the music that has been sleeping in the strings is awakened by the Breezes of Eden laden with sweet Spices from the mountains of the Lord " .
By September 1845 , however , Chivers was lecturing Poe on the dangers of alcohol . A Prohibitionist , he said Poe was wasting his God @-@ given talents by indulging in drink . " Why should a Man whom God , by nature , has endowed with such transcendent abilities , so degrade himself into the veriest automaton as to be moved only by the poisonous steam of Hell @-@ fire ? " he said . While Poe 's wife Virginia was sick , Chivers had to carry Poe home after a night of excess .
Moreover , as attested to in an 1848 pamphlet titled Search After Truth , Chivers disagreed with Poe regarding aesthetics . This small booklet presents a series of dialogues between the Seer [ Chivers ] and Politian [ Poe ] . For Chivers , a poet should be a Shelleyan or Swedenborgian visionary intent on capturing mystic realms of experience in language . For Poe , the poet is merely a superior wordsmith . The wise Seer ultimately leads Politan to the truth .
= = = After Poe 's death = = =
After Poe 's death , Chivers accused Poe of plagiarizing both " The Raven " and " Ulalume " from his own work though other critics suggested Chivers 's Eonchs of Ruby were a " mediocre restatement " of Poe 's poems . The first poem of the collection , " The Vigil of Aiden " , was an homage to Poe , using names like " Lenore " and the refrain " forever more ! " On July 30 , 1854 , Chivers published an essay called " Origin of Poe 's Raven " under the pseudonym Fiat Justitia , claiming that he inspired Poe to use trochaic octameter and the word " nevermore " in " The Raven " . Chivers also suggested in the Georgia Citizen that Poe learned to write poetry from him . As literary scholar Randy Nelson wrote : " anybody who 's read both Poe and Thomas Holley Chivers can see that one of them ' influenced ' the other , but just who took what from whom isn 't clear . "
Even so , Chivers continued to praise and admire Poe ( albeit careful to point out Poe 's literary debt to him ) and was one of the first to present a picture of the " real Poe " in the face of the sustained attacks on Poe 's reputation by the Reverend Rufus Wilmot Griswold , the poet 's literary executor . This correction took the form of a memoir now titled Chivers ' Life of Poe , not published until 1952 . Chivers said of Griswold that he " is not only incompetent to Edit any of [ Poe 's ] works , but totally unconscious of the duties which he and every man who sets himself up as a Literary Executor , owe the dead . " Chivers continued to defend Poe 's reputation until the end of his life .
= = = Final years and death = = =
From 1845 to 1850 , Chivers had been living with his wife in Georgia , then spent the next five years in the North . His poetry collection Eonchs of Ruby , A Gift of Love was published in 1851 with a subtitle meant to capitalize on the gift book trend . Chivers explained the title : " The Word Eonch is the same as Concha Marina — Shell of the Sea . Eonch is used ... merely for its euphony . " Throughout the collection , Chivers experiments with the sonic effects of words rather than their literal meaning . Atlanta : or the True Blessed Island of Poesy : A Paul Epic in Three Lustra was first published in three installments in the Georgia Citizen beginning in January 1853 . Later that year , Memoralia ; or , Philas of Amber Full of the Tears of Love was printed in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and generally received unfavorably . Very shortly after , the same publisher brought out Virginalia ; or , Songs of My Summer Nights , a collection made up of poems that were generally under 200 lines each , about half of which had previously been published in magazines .
By 1855 , Chivers and his wife had moved back to Georgia and he predicted that the slavery issue would soon force his home state to break from the United States . A slaveholder himself , Chivers did not believe that slaves should be abused , though he still defended the institution against abolitionists . Struck with sudden illness , Chivers wrote his will before dying on December 18 , 1858 , in Decatur , Georgia . His last words were , " All is perfect peace with me . " His last published work , a drama titled The Sons of Usna , had been published earlier that year . At the time of his death , Chivers had prepared several manuscripts of his literary theory with the intention of publishing them in several volumes of books and as part of a lecture series . In his will , he left one dollar for his first wife and their daughter .
= = Poetic theory and literary reputation = =
In his poetry , Chivers made use of legends and themes from Native American culture , particularly the Cherokee , though often with Christian overtones . He was also heavily influenced by the work of François @-@ René de Chateaubriand and Emanuel Swedenborg . Many of Chivers 's poems included themes of death and sorrow , often using images of shrouds , coffins , angels , and reunions with lost loves in the afterlife . Religious conventions at the time made discussion of death popular , as was reflected in poetry . Because of his background as a doctor , Chivers was able to graphically depict the last moments before someone 's death .
Chivers believed in a close connection between poetry and God and that true poetry could only be written through divine inspiration . He once wrote : " Poets are the apostles of divine thought , who are clothed with an authority from the Most High , to work miracles in the minds of men " . He also wrote : " Poetry is the power given by God to man of manifesting ... the wise relations that subsist between him and God " , and it " is that crystal river of the soul which runs through all the avenues of life , and after purifying the affections of the heart , empties itself into the Sea of God " . In Nacoochee , the preface states : " Poetry is that crystal river of the soul which runs through all the avenues of life , and after purifying the affections of the heart , empties itself into the Sea of God . " In his introduction to Atlanta , written in 1842 but not published until 1853 , Chivers gives a lengthy discussion of his poetic theory , pre @-@ dating many ideas Poe would suggest in " The Poetic Principle " ( 1850 ) . Chivers , for example , suggests that poems should be short to be successful : " No poem of any considerable length ... can be pleasing to any well @-@ educated person for any length of time " . He also experimented with blank verse as early as 1832 and his 1853 collection , Virginalia , included mostly poems using blank verse .
At least for a time , he considered Elizabeth Barrett Browning the best contemporary English poet . Like many from his time , Chivers called for the development of a distinctive American literature and he especially encouraged young writers . Poe called the 1845 poetry collection The Lost Pleiad " the honest and fervent utterance of an exquisitely sensitive heart . " Overall , he called Chivers " one of the best and one of the worst poets in America " . William Gilmore Simms offered conditional praise of Chivers 's poetry as well : " He possesses a poetic ardor sufficiently fervid , and a singularly marked command of language . But he should have been caught young , and well @-@ bitted , and subjected to the severest training ... As an artist , Dr. Chivers is yet in his accidence . " Simms also commented that his works were too gloomy and melancholy . Chivers was one of a group of poets criticized for " intensity of epithet " in Bayard Taylor 's verse parody The Echo Club and Other Literary Diversions ( 1876 ) .
Though Chivers built up a mild reputation during his lifetime , counting Algernon Charles Swinburne among his admirers , his fame faded away quickly after his death . Other writers that acknowledged his influence included Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Michael Rossetti . Others , however , were more critical . One anonymous reviewer , possibly Evert Augustus Duyckinck , joked that Chivers was formulaic and suggested the formula included 30 % Percy Bysshe Shelley , 20 % Poe , 20 % " mild idiocy " , 10 % " gibbering idiocy " , 10 % " raving mania " and 10 % " sweetness and originality " . Literary scholar S. Foster Damon wrote that Chivers would have had a stronger reputation if he were born in the North and " the literary coteries there would surely have pruned and preserved him ... But the time and space were against him . "
= = List of works = =
The Path of Sorrow ; or , the Lament of Youth ( 1832 )
Conrad and Eudora ; or , the Death of Alonzo ( 1834 )
Nacoochee ; or , the Beautiful Star With Other Poems ( 1837 )
The Lost Pleiad , and Other Poems ( 1845 )
Search After Truth ; or , A New Revelation of the Psycho @-@ Physiological Nature of Man . ( 1848 )
Eonchs of Ruby : a Gift of Love ( 1851 )
The Death of the Devil , A Serio @-@ Ludicro , Tragico @-@ Comico , Nigero @-@ Whiteman Extravaganza ( 1852 )
Atlanta ; or , the True Blessed Island of Poesy , a Paul Epic ( 1853 ) [ 1 ]
Memoralia ; or , Phials of Amber Full of the Tears of Love ( 1853 )
Virginalia ; or , Songs of My Summer Nights ( 1853 )
The Sons of Usna : a Tragic Apotheosis in Five Acts ( 1858 )
= The Seinfeld Chronicles =
" The Seinfeld Chronicles " ( also known as " Good News , Bad News " or " Pilot " ) is the pilot episode of the American sitcom Seinfeld , which first aired on NBC on July 5 , 1989 .
The first of the 180 Seinfeld episodes , the pilot was written by show creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , and directed by Art Wolff . The episode revolves around a fictionalized version of Seinfeld , who is unsure about the romantic intentions of a woman he met , and frets about the meaning of her signals with his friend George ( Jason Alexander ) and neighbor Kessler ( Michael Richards ) .
Though they had been asked to put together a 90 @-@ minute TV special , Seinfeld and David wrote a TV pilot as they felt their " show about nothing " concept would fit better in a shorter format . The storyline , and the main characters , were inspired by real @-@ life events and people . Though the NBC executives were unsure about the show , they , as Warren Littlefield would later state , " all said , ah what the hell , let 's try a pilot on this thing and see what happens " . The test audiences , however , reacted extremely negatively . Although NBC would still broadcast the episode to see how audiences and TV critics would react , the network had already decided not to pick up the show , as a result of the test @-@ results .
When The Seinfeld Chronicles aired , it was watched by nearly 11 % of American households , and received generally favorable reviews from critics , who reacted with disappointment that NBC did not order a first season . Convinced that the show had potential , and supported by the positive reviews , NBC executive Rick Ludwin managed to convince his superiors to order a four @-@ episode first season ( the smallest order in TV history ) , by offering a part of his personal budget in return . The show , renamed Seinfeld , would go on to become one of the most successful sitcoms in television history .
= = Plot = =
The series opens with Jerry Seinfeld ( Jerry Seinfeld ) and George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) seated at Pete 's Luncheonette , debating the placement of one of George 's shirt buttons . Jerry tells George about a woman he met in Lansing , Michigan , Laura ( Pamela Brull ) , who is coming to New York , and the two discuss whether or not she has romantic intentions . The next evening , Jerry tells his neighbor Kessler ( Michael Richards ) that he thinks he misunderstood the situation with Laura . However , he then receives a telephone call from Laura , who asks if she can stay overnight at his apartment . Though Jerry agrees , he is still unsure whether or not her visit is intended to be romantic . George and Jerry continue to debate the issue , with Jerry determined to find the true nature of her visit .
While waiting at the airport for Laura to arrive , Jerry and George try to identify the possible signals Laura might give upon her arrival , with George explaining the meaning of various greetings . However , when Laura arrives , her greeting is ambiguous . Upon arriving at Jerry 's apartment Laura removes her shoes and some excess clothing to get comfortable , asks for wine , and turns down the light and asks if she can stay over a second night . As Jerry removes his own shoes and begins to grow confident , the phone rings for Laura . When Laura gets off the phone she tells Jerry : " Never get engaged . " Jerry then realizes that he has no chance with Laura , but has already committed himself – and his one @-@ bedroom apartment – to an entire weekend with her , including a five @-@ hour sightseeing boat ride around Manhattan .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
The Seinfeld Chronicles was written as the pilot for the show that would eventually be called Seinfeld , though earlier versions of the script would refer to the program as Stand Up and The Jerry Seinfeld Show . The idea for the show started on November 2 , 1988 , after NBC executives had approached comedian Jerry Seinfeld to do a project with the network , upon a suggestion by George Shapiro , Seinfeld 's manager at the time . Seinfeld enlisted fellow comedian Larry David to help him develop it , and they wrote a concept for a special about where comedians get their material . However , upon further discussion , Seinfeld felt that the concept could not be sustained for 90 minutes , upon which the two decided that the project was to become a pilot for a TV @-@ series , rather than a special . Developed by NBC executive Rick Ludwin , and produced by Castle Rock Entertainment , it was a mix of Seinfeld 's stand @-@ up comedy routines and idiosyncratic , conversational scenes focusing on mundane aspects of everyday life .
Conceived as a " show about nothing , " in which the main characters would " just make fun of stuff " , Seinfeld said that the idea of the pilot episode was to explore the " gaps in society where there are no rules . " The storyline , as well as most of the main characters , were inspired by the personal lives of its creators . Jerry was a fictionalized version of Seinfeld , George a fictionalized version of Larry David and Kessler was based on David 's neighbor Kenny Kramer . Though Seinfeld was initially concerned the " wacky neighbor " would be too much of a cliché , David convinced him to put the character in the script . However , anticipating that the actual Kramer would exploit the benefits of having a TV character based on him , David hesitated to call the character Kramer . Thus , in the pilot , the character 's name was " Kessler " . However , intrigued by the name , Seinfeld was convinced that the character 's name should be Kramer , prompting Kenny Kramer to call NBC 's legal department with various financial and legal demands , most of which he received . The name inconsistency would eventually be corrected in the season 9 episode " The Betrayal " in which Kramer explains that Kessler is the name on his apartment buzzer .
David and Seinfeld re @-@ wrote the script several times before submitting it to the network , dropping and adding various elements . Originally George , who was called Bennett in early drafts , was a comedian as well , and the first scene of the episode focussed on Jerry and George discussing their stand @-@ up material . The character of Kramer , was not included in the first draft of the script , and in another draft he was called " Hoffman " . Another element that was added was Kessler 's dog , since it was originally planned that Jerry 's stand @-@ up routines would match the events of each episode . Though the stand @-@ up routine about dogs was eventually dropped , the scene in which Kessler enters with his dog remained in the episode . When David and Seinfeld eventually submitted the script , the network executives were unsure whether or not to produce the pilot , but as NBC executive Warren Littlefield would later state " we all said , ah what the hell , let 's try a pilot on this thing and see what happens " .
Directed by Art Wolff , the pilot was filmed in front of a live studio audience on April 27 , 1989 , at Stage 9 of Ren @-@ Mar Studios , the same studio where The Dick Van Dyke Show was filmed , which was seen by the crew as a good omen . The exterior of Pete 's Luncheonette , the restaurant in which the episode opens , was a leftover set piece from The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) . Seinfeld 's stand @-@ up routine was recorded at Ren @-@ Mar Studios in Hollywood , in front of an audience of paid extras , though not all of the recorded material was included in the broadcast version . Additionally , a scene was recorded featuring Jerry and George driving to the airport talking about changing lanes on the road and giving " Thank you waves " , but was cut before broadcasting . The music used in the episode was composed by Jep Epstein ; however , when the show was picked up , Epstein 's tune was replaced by the trademark slap bass music by Jonathan Wolff .
= = = Casting = = =
The Seinfeld Chronicles featured four characters that were intended to be series regulars if the show was to be picked @-@ up for a first season : Jerry , George , Kramer and Claire the waitress . Though it was already settled that Seinfeld would play a fictionalized version of himself , auditions were held for the other three characters . Though George was based on Larry David , David was keen on writing , and did not have the desire to portray the character himself . Prior to the casting progress , Seinfeld pleaded with his friend Jake Johannsen to play the part , but he rejected it . When the casting process started , as casting director Marc Hirschfeld stated , the casting crew " saw every actor [ they ] could possibly see in Los Angeles " . Among these actors were Larry Miller , Brad Hall , David Alan Grier , and Nathan Lane yet none of them seemed fit for the part . Jason Alexander auditioned for the part via a video tape , though he had very little hope for being cast , as he felt he was doing a Woody Allen impression . However , upon watching the tape , David and Seinfeld were immediately convinced Alexander would be the right actor to cast . However , traditionally casting sessions work with rounds , so Alexander and a few other actors considered for the role were flown to Los Angeles for a second audition . One of the other actors who made it to this round was Larry Miller . As Alexander knew Miller was a close friend of Seinfeld , he was convinced he would not get the part , but eventually did .
Kenny Kramer initially demanded that he would play the part of Kessler , as he served as the inspiration for the character . However , David did not want this and it was decided upon that casting sessions would be held . Among those who auditioned for the part of Kramer were Steve Vinovich , Tony Shalhoub and Larry Hankin . Although he was not cast for the part Hankin would later portray an in @-@ show fictional version of Kramer in the season four episode " The Pilot " . Seinfeld and David were both familiar with Michael Richards , and David had worked with him on Fridays . Richards did his final audition at the Century Plaza Hotel on April 18 , 1989 , reputedly finishing with a handstand . David was not sure about casting Richards , as he was trying to cast an actor that resembled the original Kramer . However , impressed by Richards ' audition , Seinfeld convinced David that Richards would be the right actor for the part .
Lee Garlington was cast as Claire the Waitress , who in an earlier draft of the episode was called " Meg " . Though initially cast as a series regular , the character was replaced with Elaine Benes when the series was picked up for a first season . Accounts differ on the reason why the character was replaced . Warren Littlefield has said that it was because the character 's occupation : " I thought that as a waitress she 'd never be one of the gang . She 'd be relegated to pouring coffee , catching up . So I insisted they create a female character they wanted to spend time with " . Dennis Bjorklund of Seinfeld Reference has suggested that the character was dropped in favor of a female character with more sex appeal . However , Alexander said that Garlington was written out of the series because she had re @-@ written her scene and given it to David , who was not happy with this . Seinfeld has , however , stated that this was not the reason the character was removed from the show , but rather that the producers were looking for " someone who was more involved " . Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , who would go on to replace Garlington , has stated that she was not aware of the pilot before becoming a regular on the show , and she will never watch it out of superstition .
= = Reception = =
The pilot was first screened by a group of two dozen NBC executives in Burbank , California in early 1989 . Although the pilot did not yield the explosion of laughter garnered by the pilots for the decade 's previous NBC successes like The Cosby Show and The Golden Girls , it drew mostly positive responses from the assembled executives . One exception was Brandon Tartikoff , who was concerned that the show was " Too New York , too Jewish " . Before the episode 's TV premiere it was shown to a test audience of 400 households , and met with extremely negative responses . Littlefield would later recall " In the history of pilot reports , Seinfeld has got to be one of the worst of all time " . The memo that summarized the test audience 's reaction , contained feedback such as " No segment of the audience was eager to watch the show again " and " None of the [ supporting characters ] were particularly liked " . Despite the low rating the show received from its test audience , the first public broadcast of " The Seinfeld Chronicles " took place on the fifth of July 1989 , to see how viewers would react , even though the executives had already decided the show would not be picked @-@ up for a full season . " The Seinfeld Chronicles " finished second in its time slot , behind the CBS police drama Jake and the Fatman , receiving a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 9 / 19 , meaning that the pilot was watched by 10 @.@ 9 % of American households , and that 19 % of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into it . With these ratings " The Seinfeld Chronicles " finished in the 21st place of the week it was broadcast , tied with Fox 's Totally Hidden Video .
Unlike the test audience , television critics generally reacted positively to the pilot , viewing it as original and innovative , USA Today critic Tom Green summarized the show as a " crisply funny blend of stand @-@ up routines interwoven with more traditional sitcom stuff " . Eric Mink of St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch wrote he thought the show was unusual and intriguing , yet " quite funny " . Joe Stein of the San Diego Evening Tribune commented " Not all standup comedians fit into a sitcom format , but Seinfeld does " . A more negative response came from a The Fresno Bee critic , that stated " I liked the concept , but Seinfeld ' s jokes were so dull that you hoped the standup stuff would fly by so you could get back to the story " . Though the critic praised Alexander 's acting he commented that his performance was not enough to keep the show " from being just another piece of summer drivel offered up by a major commercial network " .
Various critics compared the pilot to It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . In his review of the episode The Philadelphia Inquirer critic Ken Tucker commented " Seinfeld 's brisk funniness prevents Chronicles from being a rip @-@ off " , while Jerry Krupnick of The Star @-@ Ledger felt that The Seinfeld Chronicles differentiated itself from It 's Garry Shandlings Show by its supporting cast , which he praised . By contrast , John Voorhees of The Seattle Times commented that , though he thought the show was amusing , he considered It 's Garry Shandlings Show to be better , and the Houston Chronicle 's Mike McDaniel referred to the pilot as " a not @-@ as @-@ good Garry Shandling @-@ like show " .
Most critics reacted with disappointment to the fact that NBC had not picked up the show . Bob Niedt of the Syracuse Herald @-@ Journal commented " What gives ? Comedy this good , and NBC is keeping -- excuse me -- A Different World on the schedule ? " . Ken Tucker stated " NBC is making a mistake if it doesn 't pick up The Seinfeld Chronicles as a midseason replacement ; it 's bound to be superior to most of what the network has planned for the fall " . Additionally casting directors Hirschfeld and Meg Liberman were nominated for a Casting Society of America Artios Award for ' Best Casting for TV , Pilot ' , but lost to the casting directors of Northern Exposure .
Though the network executives had decided not to pick up The Seinfeld Chronicles for a first season , some of them were reluctant to give up on it , as they felt the series had potential . Rick Ludwin , one of the show 's greatest supporters , eventually made a deal with Tartikoff , giving up some of his own development money , cancelling a Bob Hope special , so that the entertainment division could order four more episodes of The Seinfeld Chronicles , which formed the rest of the show 's first season . Although this was a very low order number for a new series ( the smallest sitcom order in television history ) , Castle Rock failed to find any other buyers when it tried to sell the show to other networks , and accepted the order . About a year later , the first season would premiere , the show was renamed Seinfeld , to avoid confusion with ABC 's The Marshall Chronicles . To lead in the first official season of Seinfeld , the pilot episode was repeated on June 28 , 1990 ; it received a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 9 / 26 .
= William Henry Harrison =
William Henry Harrison ( February 9 , 1773 – April 4 , 1841 ) was the ninth President of the United States ( 1841 ) , an American military officer and politician , and the last president born as a British subject . He was also the first president to die in office . He was 68 years , 23 days old when inaugurated , the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981 . Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia , serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history . His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis , but its resolution left unsettled many questions following the presidential line of succession in regard to Constitution until the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967 . He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , who was the 23rd President from 1889 to 1893 .
Before election as president , Harrison served as the first territorial congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory , as governor of the Indiana Territory , and later as a U.S. representative and senator from Ohio . He originally gained national fame for leading U.S. forces against American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname " Tippecanoe " ( or " Old Tippecanoe " ) . As a general in the subsequent War of 1812 , his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813 . This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition which he led .
After the war , Harrison moved to Ohio , where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives . In 1824 , the state legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate . He served a truncated term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Colombia in May 1828 . In Colombia , he spoke with Simón Bolívar , urging his nation to adopt American @-@ style democracy .
Returning to his farm in Ohio , Harrison lived in relative retirement until he was nominated for the presidency in 1836 . Defeated , he retired again to his farm . He was elected president in 1840 , and died of pneumonia in April 1841 , a month after taking office .
= = Early life = =
= = = Early life and education = = =
William Henry Harrison was born February 9 , 1773 , the youngest of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Bassett 's seven children . He was of entirely English descent and his ancestors had all been in Virginia since the 1630s . They were a prominent political family who lived on Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County , Virginia , where he was born . He was the last president born as a British subject before American Independence . His father was a planter and a delegate to the Continental Congress ( 1774 – 1777 ) , who signed the Declaration of Independence . The senior Harrison was governor of Virginia between 1781 and 1784 , during and after the American Revolutionary War . William 's older brother , Carter Bassett Harrison , was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Virginia .
In 1787 , at the age of 14 , Harrison entered the Presbyterian Hampden – Sydney College . He attended the school until 1790 , becoming well @-@ versed in Latin and basic French . He was removed by his Episcopalian father , possibly because of a religious revival occurring at the school . He briefly attended a boys ' academy in Southampton County . He allegedly was influenced by antislavery Quakers and Methodists at the school .
Angered , his proslavery father had him transfer to Philadelphia for medical training , where Harrison boarded with Robert Morris . The young Harrison entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1790 , where he studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin Rush . As Harrison later told his biographer , he did not enjoy the subject . Shortly after Harrison started these studies , his father died in 1791 , leaving him without funds for further schooling . Eighteen years old , Harrison was left in the guardianship of Morris .
= = = Early military career = = =
Governor Henry Lee of Virginia , a friend of Harrison 's father , learned of Harrison 's situation after his father 's death and persuaded him to join the army . Within 24 hours of meeting Lee , Harrison was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Army , 1st Infantry Regiment at the age of 18 . He was first assigned to Cincinnati in the Northwest Territory , where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwest Indian War .
General " Mad Anthony " Wayne took command of the western army in 1792 following a disastrous defeat under its previous commander , Arthur St. Clair . Harrison was promoted to lieutenant that summer because of his strict attention to discipline , and the following year , he was promoted to serve as aide @-@ de @-@ camp . From Wayne , Harrison learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier . Harrison participated in Wayne 's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 , which brought the Northwest Indian War to a successful close for the United States . After the war , Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 , which forced cession of lands by Native Americans and opened much of present @-@ day Ohio to settlement by European Americans .
After the death of his mother in 1793 , Harrison inherited a portion of the family 's estate , including about 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 12 km2 ) of land and several slaves . Still in the army at the time , Harrison sold his land to his brother .
= = = Marriage and family = = =
In 1795 at the age of 22
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
684 @-@ ton steamship , was sent to the bottom 38 nautical miles ( 70 km ) from Malta . Carrying a general cargo for the Admiralty when she went down , the British ship turned out to be the final ship to be sunk by U @-@ 28 .
At the war 's end , U @-@ 28 was surrendered to Italy at Venice in 1919 . Later awarded to Italy as a war reparation , she was scrapped at Venice in 1920 . In her 18 @-@ month career , U @-@ 28 sank ten ships with a combined tonnage of 44 @,@ 743 , and damaged an eleventh .
= = Ships sunk or damaged = =
* damaged but not sunk
= In a Mirror , Darkly =
" In a Mirror , Darkly " is the eighteenth and nineteenth episodes of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , and originally aired on April 22 and 29 , 2005 . This installment was developed to be a sequel to The Original Series episode " The Tholian Web " and a prequel to " Mirror , Mirror " . The decision to set an Enterprise episode in the mirror universe originated with a pitch to enable William Shatner to appear in the series . The teleplays for both parts of the episode were written by Mike Sussman , with Manny Coto contributing the story for the second part .
Set in the 22nd century , the series normally follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . However , these installments feature a mirror universe Jonathan Archer and evil counterparts of the normal characters , who serve the cruel and militaristic Terran Empire . In the first part , the ISS Enterprise learns of a Starfleet ship from the future of the main universe which is being stripped for parts by the Tholians , and seeks to take the ship from the aliens . The second part sees the surviving crew operating the USS Defiant and seeking to overthrow the Empire using its advanced weaponry .
The episode saw the reuse of footage from Star Trek : First Contact and the creation of an alternative opening credits sequence which included footage from other Paramount properties such as the film The Hunt for Red October . A three @-@ quarters @-@ around bridge from The Original Series era was constructed , as well as other sets from a Constitution class starship . A Gorn and a Tholian were both created using CGI , with the Gorn utilizing motion capture techniques . This installment also saw the return of Vaughn Armstrong after his main universe character was killed on screen earlier in the season in the episode " The Forge " . The critical response to " In a Mirror , Darkly " was initially mixed , but it subsequently appeared in several lists of the best episodes of Star Trek : Enterprise . It was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series in 2005 .
= = Plot = =
= = = Part I = = =
In 2063 , a Vulcan ship lands on Earth , making first contact with humans ( as seen in Star Trek : First Contact ) . Instead of peacefully greeting them , Zefram Cochrane shoots the lead Vulcan and the humans storm and loot the ship . In 2155 , Doctor Phlox and Major Reed demonstrate a new torture device to Captain Forrest and Commander Archer on the ISS Enterprise . Archer suggests to Forrest they travel into Tholian space , as he has heard rumors of technology they might wish to steal . The two argue , and Forrest returns to his quarters where he is comforted by Lieutenant Sato . When he leaves , he is ambushed by Archer and several MACOs and sent to the brig .
Archer travels to the bridge and announces that he has taken command . After torturing a Tholian pilot for coordinates , he orders a change of course to the shipyard , and tells Commander T 'Pol , whom he promotes to first officer , to install a Suliban cloaking device with Commander Tucker . Archer also appoints Sergeant Mayweather as his personal guard , and Sato proposes that she keep her job as Captain 's woman . Archer has Sato send a message to Starfleet about their mission to raid the Tholian technology . Tucker is injured when the cloaking device is sabotaged . Archer questions Forrest , who denies all knowledge , and Reed tortures Tucker expecting him to be the saboteur .
T 'Pol leads a team to free Forrest and reclaim the ship , but Archer encrypts navigation control to prevent a course change . Forrest tortures Archer , but orders his release after he receives word that Starfleet agrees with Archer 's plans . Archer shows images of an alternate universe vessel from the future named USS Defiant ( a Constitution @-@ class starship , last seen in " The Tholian Web " ) , that has technology and power that is a century more advanced than ISS Enterprise . On arriving at the shipyard , Archer , T 'Pol , and Tucker transport across , and Tucker begins powering up the vessel . Tholian vessels then attack , creating an energy web around Enterprise . Forrest orders the crew to abandon ship but remains behind as the ship is destroyed .
= = = Part II = = =
Several Tholian ships then create a web over the opening of the dock to prevent Defiant from leaving . T 'Pol and Tucker restore power to the weapon systems , allowing Defiant to destroy enough enemy vessels to escape the trap . They recover 47 survivors from Enterprise , and Tucker is ordered to restore power to the warp drive . Sato goes to the captain 's quarters and finds Archer perusing the ship 's historical records , which includes parallel universe information about Starfleet , the United Federation of Planets , and their service records . Archer is surprised to learn his counterpart is an acclaimed and distinguished explorer , diplomat and politician .
Ensign Kelby is killed trying to repair the warp drive , and the crew discover , from Tholian slaves left on board , that a Gorn named Slar has sabotaged the ship . Archer , after hearing voices telling him to achieve more fame and honor , decides to lead an assault team himself and kills the Gorn . Tucker is able to repair the warp drive and the ship then leaves to rendezvous with the ISS Avenger — arriving in time to save it from four rebel spacecraft . Avenger 's commanding officer , Admiral Black comes aboard for an inspection accompanied by his first officer , Soval . After Black refuses Archer 's request for captaincy of the new ship , Archer disintegrates him with a phaser pistol .
Archer gives a speech to the officers of both ships , saying that they should move against Starfleet and the Empire . Soval and T 'Pol meet , contemplating a future where alien species were respected and treated as equals ; they convince Phlox to join their movement and sabotage Defiant . As the sole alien allowed to remain on board , he succeeds in disabling the ship 's systems . Soval , on Avenger , then attacks , but Tucker disables Phlox and restores power . Defiant destroys its attacker , and when Sato and Archer celebrate in the captain 's quarters , Archer dies after Mayweather defects to Sato . Reaching Earth on the advanced and powerful Defiant , Sato contacts Admiral Gardner demanding his surrender and declaring herself " Empress Sato " .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and filming = = =
The idea of returning to the mirror universe in Enterprise was first suggested by Judith and Garfield Reeves @-@ Stevens . In " Mirror , Mirror " , the tantalus field was used on several occasions and was thought to be a disintegrator . The Reeves @-@ Stevens proposed that it could be explained that instead of killing its victims , the field instead transported them back through time to a penal colony in the main universe . The Enterprise would then come across the penal colony , meeting Tiberius , portrayed by William Shatner .
Tiberius would seek to use the transporter aboard the Enterprise to return to his own universe , but discovers that it has not yet diverged from the main universe and does not exist . The episode would then have explored the creation of the mirror universe through actions by Tiberius and Captain Archer . The storyline was pitched by Shatner , who had worked with the Reeves @-@ Stevens on the Shatnerverse series of Star Trek novels , to Manny Coto , Brannon Braga and Rick Berman . Berman had already received a pitch by Mike Sussman that would have Shatner portray an ancestor of Captain Kirk , who happened to be the chef on the Enterprise ( NX @-@ 01 ) . The three pitched the idea to Shatner , but negotiations fell through and terms were not agreed for him to appear on the show .
Sussman began development on a script that saw the USS Defiant from " The Tholian Web " being brought back in time , instead of Tiberius . It was intended to be a sequel to that episode , as well as a prequel to " Mirror , Mirror " . Sussman developed the teleplays for both parts of the episode , with Coto contributing the story for the second half . It was decided to have the entire installment in the mirror universe in order to maintain the events of " Mirror , Mirror " as being first contact between the two universes . The mirror universe features evil duplicates of the characters from the normal universe . Sussman had previously sought to use the Defiant in the second season episode " Future Tense " , but both costs and issues with the plot resulted in it being replaced with a previously unseen timeship .
The first part of " In a Mirror , Darkly " was the 700th live @-@ action Star Trek episode broadcast . On the sixth day of filming the second part of the episode , news was received that Star Trek : Enterprise had been cancelled by UPN as of the end of the season , which meant that " In a Mirror , Darkly " would be installments 94 and 95 of Enterprise 's 98 episode run . " In a Mirror , Darkly " was Sussman 's final contribution to the show ; he had previously been a staff writer on Star Trek : Voyager and worked in the Star Trek franchise for ten years . He later described it as his favorite episode of Star Trek , saying that " I knew when I was writing them that they would almost certainly be the last episodes I would be writing for this particular incarnation of Star Trek , so I really treasured the experience . " Part of Manny Coto 's plans for season five of Enterprise would have included a return to the mirror universe crew first seen in " In a Mirror , Darkly " . It would have been across four or five installments , which Coto described as a " mini @-@ series within a series " .
= = = Visual effects and costuming = = =
The opening sequence featured the reuse of footage from Star Trek : First Contact , where Zefram Cochrane makes first contact with the Vulcans , for which both James Cromwell and Cully Fredricksen agreed to accept Screen Actors Guild minimum salaries . Herman Zimmerman had kept the lower portion of the Vulcan vessel from that scene , and made it available to use for reshoots . While Enterprise was normally shot in digital , the mirror @-@ First Contact scenes were shot on film so that they would match the appearance of the original footage . An alternative opening credits sequence was created , which Sussman credited Coto for . It featured footage used in other Paramount Pictures productions , including the Soviet nuclear submarine Konovalov firing a torpedo from The Hunt for Red October . Other elements include an atomic explosion , battleships , tanks and fighter jets .
Zimmerman led the construction of a full three @-@ quarters around set to represent the bridge of the USS Defiant , which was used from the final day of filming the first part of this episode . It was the first time that a bridge set of that scale from a Constitution @-@ class starship from The Original Series had been used since the final episode " Turnabout Intruder " was aired in 1969 . Senior illustrator Doug Drexler was involved in the design ; he had previously worked on the research that went into re @-@ creating parts of The Original Series era USS Enterprise for the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " , as well as a set which was exhibited in Hyde Park in London . Other designers included in the creation of the set were Anna Packard , Michael Okuda and James Van Over . The actual construction of the set was in the hands of Tom Arp and his team . Sussman said of the set , " I think the bridge set is remarkable . I hope fans will be thrilled to see that set again in all of its glory . I feel that it probably looks better than the original in many respects , if you compare them side by side . "
The bridge of the Enterprise had previously been recreated twice in Star Trek series since the end of The Original Series . In the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " Relics " , only the engineering console was reconstructed , with the Captain 's chair and the navigation consoles rented from a fan and the remaining consoles were edited in digitally using blue screens . Incomplete sets were also recreated for the Deep Space Nine episode " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " , but these involved digitally inserting the actors into previous footage of The Original Series and so a full bridge set was not recreated .
Further sets for the Defiant were created for the second part of the episode , which included designs previously used in " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " for the Jefferies tube . The other sets included the Rec Room , Captain 's quarters and the briefing room . Classic Original Series style uniforms were worn by some the main cast in the second installment , although as each vessel of that era had a slightly different Starfleet logo , one had to be designed for the Defiant as it hadn 't previously been seen on screen . Bakula wore the wrap @-@ around green uniform previously worn by Shatner in several episodes including " The Trouble With Tribbles " , while Trinneer , Keating and Montgomery donned red shirts . Bakula joked “ Did we run out of material for Jolene 's skirt ? ” as Blalock wore the science @-@ blue miniskirt in the style of that worn by Christine Chapel . The normal Enterprise costumes also underwent changes , with those worn by female members of the crew having a portion removed to reveal their midriffs .
Original Series props such as phasers and PADDs were also created for the episode . Despite the mirror @-@ Enterprise being destroyed in the first installment , during the second episode the standing sets were reused to represent the ISS Avenger . Both a Tholian and a Gorn were created in post production using CGI . The Gorn in particular required an actor in a tracking suit to allow the actors to interact with the character and give the animators something to overlay the CGI on . Stunt coordinator Vince Deadrick , Jr. wore the suit for scenes that required movement , while David Anderson wore it for static shots . Sussman also wrote biographies for Archer and Hoshi that would briefly appear on screen . Included in these were references to Archer becoming President of the Federation and that a planet called Archer IV that had previously appeared in Star Trek : The Next Generation was in fact named after him .
= = = Casting = = =
The episode saw the return of Vaughn Armstrong as Captain Maximilian Forest . His main universe character , Rear Admiral Maxwell Forest , had been killed earlier in the season in the episode " The Forge " . Both Bakula and Armstrong joked about the character suffering two deaths during the same season , although Armstrong also said of the relationship between mirror @-@ Forrest and mirror @-@ Hoshi that " In 25 years [ of acting ] , I haven 't gotten the girl , but I come back here and I get the girl ! This is great . " Gary Graham returned as the Vulcan Soval , who was a science officer aboard the Avenger in the mirror universe rather than his normal position of the Vulcan Ambassador . Graham was given a goatee beard in reference to the mirror universe Spock from " Mirror , Mirror " .
Other guest stars in " In a Mirror , Darkly " included Gregory Itzin , who had previously appeared as a Vulcan commando in " Shadows of P 'Jem " as well as episodes of Star Trek : Voyager and Deep Space Nine . Derek Magyar returned for his third appearance as Kelby after previously appearing in " Affliction " and " Bound " . Writer Mike Sussman also appeared on screen , as one of the dead Defiant crew @-@ members . With this episode , actress Majel Barrett , widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , became the only actor to participate in every Star Trek series , including the Animated Series , as well as both the Original Series @-@ based and Next Generation @-@ based film series . In this episode , she provided the voice of the starship Defiant 's computer . Her voice continued to be used as that of Starfleet computers after the cancellation of Enterprise in the J. J. Abrams led Star Trek films .
These installments saw significant changes to the characters of the main cast . Linda Park , who plays Hoshi Sato in the series , later said that they were her favorite episodes of the show . She later explained that " Mirror Hoshi was strong in the way that Medea is strong , in the way that Clytemnestra is strong , in this very archetypal , warrior @-@ woman way . " She credited the role she played in this episode as demonstrating that she could play a tougher character , something which allowed her to gain other roles once the series ended .
= = Reception = =
The first part of " In a Mirror , Darkly " aired on April 22 , 2005 on UPN in the United States . It received a 2 @.@ 0 / 3 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 percent of all households , and 3 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . This placed UPN fifth out of the major networks during the installment 's hour of broadcast , ahead of The WB . This was the only time during the primetime hours that UPN placed ahead of The WB . The second part aired the following week on April 29 . Ratings were similar to the first episode , with another 2 @.@ 0 / 3 % score recorded , and again placing fifth during the timeslot ahead of The WB .
= = = Critical response = = =
David Bianculli at the Daily News thought that " In a Mirror , Darkly " was the best episode of Enterprise so far and enjoyed that the actors could play against type for their characters . He gave the episode a score of three and a half out of four and said that it was so much fun that " had they adopted this attitude from the start , " Enterprise " probably would still be flying missions next season . " When reviewing the first part for TrekNation , Michelle Erica Green said that her favorite part was the modified opening sequence , and described it as " fun and lighthearted in a twisted sort of way " but thought that the closing episodes of the series would have been better if they had concentrated on the real crew and ship . She thought that the second installment saw the series " stretching a clever idea too thin " , and that a " one @-@ hour ' Mirror ' would have made more sense in terms of the pacing and for Enterprise as a whole . "
Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave the first episode a score of three out of four , and the second part a score of two and a half . He described it as an " evil comic book " , and regarding the first part , " To call this episode over @-@ the @-@ top would be an understatement . This is a go @-@ for @-@ broke hour of lunatic madness . " His view on the second part was that while the re @-@ created sets were impressive , but " it goes so far over the top that it comes back around and kicks itself in its own ass . It 's overplayed , overacted , and over @-@ goofy . "
" In a Mirror , Darkly " has been featured in several " Best of " episode lists . In 2009 , it was ranked the best episode of Star Trek : Enterprise by James Hunt at the website Den of Geek . He said that " although the novelty value of seeing the cast playing cartoonishly evil versions of themselves is a good enough reason to watch this 2 @-@ parter , In a Mirror , Darkly manages to include some of Enterprise 's most inventive moments , not least the revised opening credits " . Empire magazine ranked it the second best episode behind " Terra Prime " . Jay Garmon at TechRepublic ranked it as the fifth best episode , saying that the writers managed to include a " gleefully malicious and fatal series of unexpected double @-@ crosses , but also work in some of the most satisfying and coherent mythology gags that Enterprise ever displayed " . In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise , " In a Mirror , Darkly " was placed in 40th place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9 .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Laura Connolly , Roma Goddard and Michael Moore were nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling For A Series for their work on this episode . The award instead went to an episode of Deadwood .
= = Home media release = =
" In a Mirror , Darkly " was first released for home viewing as part of the Star Trek : Enterprise series four box set . It was released on region one DVD in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The set included a fifteen @-@ minute @-@ long documentary on the origins of the episode and background to the mirror universe in general as well as audio commentary from Mike Sussman and Tim Gaskill on both parts of the episode . The commentary had previously been released on the official Star Trek website , where Gaskill is the editorial director . It subsequently became one of three Enterprise episodes to be included in the Star Trek : Alternative Realities Collective DVD set which was released in 2009 . The other episodes were " E ² " and " Twilight " , and also featured were other mirror universe installments including " Mirror , Mirror " and three of those from Deep Space Nine . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 .
= Tyan Taylor =
Tyan " Little Girl " Taylor ( born 23 March 1990 ) is an Australian goalball winger and is classified as a B3 competitor . In 2009 , after only a month playing the sport , Taylor was named to the New South Wales team . She made the national team in 2011 and has played in the 2010 World Championships , 2011 IBSA Goalball World Cup and 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions . She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in goalball .
= = Personal life = =
Nicknamed " Little Girl " because of her size , Taylor was born on 23 March 1990 in Mount Kuring @-@ gai , New South Wales . She has ocular albinism and nystagmus , conditions she was born with , and is 156 centimetres ( 61 in ) tall . Taylor has participated in two extreme sports : skydiving and bungee jumping . In 2011 and 2012 , she lived in Normanhurst , New South Wales . In 2012 , she worked as a teacher 's aide .
= = Goalball = =
Taylor is a goalball player , and is a winger and centre . She is classified as a B3 competitor , and has a goalball scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport .
When Taylor was ten years old , several years before started the sport , her grandmother made a comment to her after having seen the game that Taylor could play and one day make the Paralympics . Only when she got to high school , in August 2009 , did she start playing the sport . After only a month playing the sport , Taylor was selected for the New South Wales team that competed at the 2009 National Championships , where she was the second leading scorer in what was her first major competition . Playing again for New South Wales , she competed in the 2011 National Championships , and was named the tournament 's MVP . At the 2012 Australian National Championships , her New South Wales team finished second , and she was awarded the Ladies ' MVP and the Kenaghan Medal , which was awarded at the end of the tournament .
Taylor made her national team debut in 2010 at the World Championships in Britain . It was the first time the national team had played in three years . The team finished sixth at the 2011 IBSA Goalball World Cup , where she scored her first international goal in a game against the Spain women 's national goalball team . She competed in the 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions that were hosted in Turkey , which served as the Paralympic qualifying tournament . In her first game against New Zealand , her team won 11 @-@ 4 after leading 7 @-@ 1 at the half time break . She scored one goal in the team 's victory . Australia won the final game against New Zealand by a score of 6 @-@ 2 . She played in the game against New Zealand women 's national goalball team with Taylor scoring a pair of goals in the game .
Taylor was named to the Aussie Belles that was going to the 2012 Summer Paralympics . That the team qualified for the Games came as a surprise , as the Australian Paralympic Committee had been working on player development with an idea of the team qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics , and an Australian team had not participated since the 2000 Summer Paralympics , when they earned an automatic selection as hosts , and the team finished last in the competition . Going into the Paralympics , her team was ranked eighth in the world . The Australian Paralympic Committee had chosen to work on her development as a goalball player with the idea that she might be able to qualify for and win a medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics . Taylor debuted the national team 's Paralympic uniform on 1 May 2012 at the Sydney Overseas Passenger Terminal on day two of the Mercedes @-@ Benz Fashion Week Australia Spring / Summer 2012 / 13 . In the 2012 Summer Paralympics tournament , the Belles played games against Japan , Canada , the United States and Sweden . They lost every game , and did not advance to the finals .
= Mona Best =
Mona " Mo " Best ( 3 January 1924 – 9 October 1988 ) was born in India , and is best known as the mother of Pete Best ( b . 24 November 1941 ) , who was an early member of The Beatles . Mona also had two other sons , Rory ( b . 1944 ) , and Vincent " Roag " Best ( b . 1962 ) . It was later confirmed that Roag 's father was The Beatles ' associate , Neil Aspinall , although he was not registered as the father on Roag 's birth certificate .
After moving to Liverpool from India , the Best family claim that Mona pawned all of her jewellery in 1954 , and used the money to place a 33 – 1 bet on a horse named " Never Say Die " ; using her winnings to buy a house in 1957 . Mona later opened The Casbah Coffee Club in the cellar of the house as a venue for Rock ' n ' Roll music . It was planned as a members @-@ only club for her sons and their friends . The club was often referred to as The Casbah Club , or The Casbah .
The Quarrymen : John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ken Brown , frequently played at the Casbah instead of the Cavern Club , which had a jazz @-@ only policy at that time . The Casbah Club cellar — with its original decoration — still exists . In 2006 , the property was accorded a Grade II Heritage listing . Mona died in 1988 , after a heart attack following a long illness .
= = India = =
Alice Mona Shaw was born on 3 January 1924 , in Delhi , India , to Thomas ( an Irish major ) and Mary Shaw . She was the youngest of four children : Brian , Patrick and Aileen . Her first son , Randolph Peter Scanland ( later surnamed Best ) , was born on 24 November 1941 . Pete 's biological father was marine engineer Donald Peter Scanland , who subsequently died during World War II . Mona was training with the Red Cross when she met Johnny Best , who came from a family of sports promoters in Liverpool that once owned and ran the Liverpool Stadium . At the time of their meeting , Best was a commissioned officer serving as a Physical Training Instructor in India , and was the British Army 's middleweight boxing champion . After their marriage on 7 March 1944 , at St. Thomas 's Cathedral , Bombay , the Bests had one child : Rory Best ( b . January 1945 ) . In late 1945 , the family sailed for four weeks to Liverpool on the Georgic , which was the last troop ship to leave India , carrying single and married ranks who had previously been a part of General Sir William Slim 's forces in southeast Asia . The ship docked in Liverpool on 25 December 1945 .
= = = Liverpool = = =
Being a part of Best 's family meant Mona was accorded respect on Merseyside , which included meeting well @-@ known sports personalities of the time and receiving preferential treatment when booking a table in a restaurant , or a seat in the theatre . The Bests lived for a short time at the Best family 's large home in West Derby , which was called Ellerslie , but Mona fell out with John Best 's sister , Edna , who resented her brother 's choice of wife . The family then moved to a small flat on Cases Street , Liverpool ( above Ma Edgerton 's public house ) but Mona was always looking for a large house — as she had been used to in India — instead of a smaller semi @-@ detached house , which were prevalent in the area . After moving to a three @-@ bedroom house in Princess Drive , Mona persuaded her parents , Thomas and Mary Shaw , to leave India and live with them in Liverpool .
After moving to 17 Queenscourt Road in 1948 — where the Bests lived for nine years — Rory saw a large Victorian house for sale at 8 Hayman 's Green in 1954 , and told his mother about it . The Best family claim that Mona then pawned all her jewellery and placed a bet on a horse that was ridden by Lester Piggott in the 1954 Epsom Derby , called " Never Say Die " , which won at 33 – 1 , and used her winnings to buy the house in 1957 . Note : to place the bet , Mona would have had to travel more than 220 miles from Liverpool to Epsom ( as bets were only allowed at race tracks at the time ) or place the bet with an illegal bookmaker in Liverpool . 8 Hayman 's Green had previously been owned by the West Derby Conservative Club , and was unlike many other family houses in Liverpool , as the house ( built around 1860 ) was set back from the road , had 15 bedrooms and an acre of land . All the rooms were painted dark green or brown , and the garden was totally overgrown . Mona decorated the living room in an Oriental style , which reflected her own upbringing in India . She had previously tried to interest her husband in other houses , including a Formby lighthouse , a windmill in St. Helens and a circular house in Southport , which John disliked and rejected .
During 1961 – 1962 , Neil Aspinall became good friends with Pete and subsequently rented a room in the Bests ' home . Aspinall became romantically involved with Mona . During this period , Aspinall fathered a child by Mona : Vincent " Roag " Best . Roag was born on 21 July 1962 , and just three weeks later , on 16 August 1962 , the Beatles dismissed Pete . Roag 's birth certificate was registered on 31 August 1962 , stating his name as " Vincent Rogue [ sic ] Best " and naming John Best as his father . Mona and John Best had separated in the late 1950s or early 1960s .
= = The Casbah Coffee Club = =
Mona came up with the idea of the club after watching a TV report about The 2i 's Coffee Bar in London 's Soho where several singers had been discovered . She decided to open The Casbah Coffee Club — which was located in her cellar — on 29 August 1959 , for young people to meet and listen to the popular music of the day . Mona charged half a crown annually for membership — to " keep out the rough elements " — and served soft drinks , snacks , cakes , and coffee from an espresso machine , which no other club had at that time . The popular records of the day were played on a small Dansette record player , which amplified them through a speaker of 3 inches ( 76 mm ) .
Mona had booked the Les Stewart Quartet to play the opening night with Harrison on guitar , but they cancelled the booking after Stewart and Brown had a quarrel . Stewart was angry that Brown had missed a rehearsal , because Brown was helping Mona to decorate the club . As 300 membership cards had already been sold , Harrison said that he had two friends in a band called The Quarrymen who would play instead . Lennon , McCartney , Stuart Sutcliffe and Harrison went to the club to arrange the booking , to which Mona agreed , but said she needed to finish painting the club first . All four took up brushes and helped Mona to finish painting the walls with spiders , dragons , rainbows , stars , and a beetle , which still survive . John Lennon was short @-@ sighted , mistaking gloss for emulsion paint , which took a long time to dry in the dark , damp cellar . Cynthia Powell , later the wife of Lennon , painted a silhouette of John Lennon on the wall , which is also still intact .
The Quarrymen played a series of seven Saturday night concerts in The Casbah for 15 shillings each , starting on 29 August to October 1959 , featuring Brown , Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , but without a drummer , or a PA system . The opening night concert was attended by about 300 local teenagers , but as the cellar had no air @-@ conditioning , and people were dancing , the temperature rose until it became hard to breathe . As there was no amplification , Lennon later persuaded Mona to hire a young amateur guitar player called Harry to play a short set before The Quarrymen , but this was only so they could use his 40 @-@ Watt amplifier . After the success of the first night , Mona gave The Quarrymen a residency , and paid the whole group £ 3 a night . Every Saturday thereafter , queues lengthened onto the street , which was financially good for Mona , as she charged one shilling admission on top of the annual membership fee .
Pete was studying at the Collegiate Grammar School when he decided he wanted to be in a music group , so Mona bought him a drum kit from Blackler 's music store and Best formed his own band ; The Black Jacks . Chas Newby joined the group , as did Ken Brown , but only after he had left The Quarrymen . The reason for Brown 's exit from the group was that he turned up on the seventh Saturday night of The Quarrymen residency at The Casbah with the flu , so Mona ordered him upstairs to the Best 's living room to rest . This caused a massive quarrel with the rest of the group when Mona came to pay them , as they wanted Brown 's money to be shared amongst the three of them , as Brown had not played . Mona refused , so The Quarrymen angrily cancelled their residency and stormed out . Colin Manley from The Remo Four was also given a booking to play in the club , which was the only venue that young amateur bands could play at the time . Other groups like The Searchers and Gerry & The Pacemakers later played in the club . The Black Jacks became the resident group at The Casbah , although The Quarrymen occasionally played there again and often visited . It was in The Casbah Club that Lennon and McCartney convinced Sutcliffe to buy a Hofner president bass guitar and join The Quarrymen .
Even though the membership list later spiralled to over a thousand , Mona closed the club on 24 June 1962 , with The Beatles as the last group to perform . In 2006 , the Best 's ex @-@ coal cellar was given a " Grade II listed building status " , after being recommended by English Heritage . It has now been opened as a tourist attraction in Liverpool , along with McCartney and Lennon 's previous homes .
= = = The Beatles = = =
When her son became a member of The Beatles , Mona repeatedly tried to get the group a lunchtime residency at The Cavern Club by talking to the owner , Ray McFall , but was turned down , as The Cavern had a jazz @-@ only policy at the time . Brian Epstein later wanted to manage the group , and Mona was asked for her advice , and although she had her own plans for the group , she concluded that Epstein would be good for them over time . After The Beatles signed a management contract with Epstein , Mona did not relinquish her control over them , as they had been using her telephone to call agents , and frequently slept over in her living room between concerts . She constantly harassed Epstein about the quality of their bookings , and his management of them , which led to Epstein never referring to her by name , but always calling her " that woman " . One musician commented that if Mona said it was a Sunday when it was Tuesday , one would be forced to agree with her .
After Best , McCartney and Harrison were deported from Hamburg in November 1960 , Mona made numerous phone calls to Hamburg to recover the group 's equipment , which she eventually managed to do . Mona wrote to Granada Television in 1961 , in an attempt to get the group a television appearance on the programme called " People And Places " , but was sent a letter telling her that they would contact her in the future . After her son had been dismissed from The Beatles on 16 August 1962 , Mona was later quoted by biographer Hunter Davies as saying :
= = Later years = =
In 1967 , when The Beatles had to pose for the photograph for the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band cover , Lennon asked Mona if he could borrow the war medals her father had been given in India to wear for the photo session . Although still upset at the way her son was dismissed from The Beatles , Mona agreed , and the medals were then returned , along with a Cash Box trophy that is in the letter ' L ' of THE BEATLES flower @-@ sign on the cover . Mona never opened another club , or engaged in another business venture , although she did have paying guests at her house , which she shared with her bed @-@ ridden mother and her sons after she and Best parted . Mona died of a heart attack on 9 October 1988 , after a long illness .
= Old Jeffersonville Historic District =
The Old Jeffersonville Historic District is located in Jeffersonville , Indiana , United States . It marks the original boundaries of Jeffersonville , and is the heart of modern @-@ day downtown Jeffersonville . It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The area is roughly bounded by Court Avenue at the North , Graham Street on the east , the Ohio River at the south , and Interstate 65 at the west . In total , the district has 203 acres ( 0 @.@ 8 km ² ) , 500 buildings , 6 structures , and 11 objects . Several banks are located in the historic buildings in the district . The now defunct Steamboat Days Festival , held on the second weekend in September , used to be held on Spring Street and the waterfront . Jeffersonville 's largest fire wiped out a block in the historic district on January 11 , 2004 which destroyed the original Horner 's Novelty store .
Several important buildings are located in the district . At Warder Park the old Carnegie Library still stands , one of many built throughout Indiana in the early 20th Century . Across Spring Street from Warder Park is the Old Masonic Temple , built in the early 20th Century , with a majestic marble staircase . The local office of the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana maintains the historic Grisamore House , its former office , and the Willey @-@ Allhands House , its current office , which are located beside each other . Schimpff 's Confectionery is well known its candies , especially its red @-@ hots and Modjelskas ( a caramel @-@ covered marshmallow confection ) . Horner 's Novelty , a long @-@ time commercial supplier of party supplies and costumes that was rebuilt after a fire , is also included in the landmark boundaries .
= = History = =
The first settlement in what later became Jeffersonville was just above the Falls of the Ohio , the only natural barrier along the entire length of the Ohio River . Because of its location above the falls , Jeffersonville has the deepest harbor of any nearby town . The settlement was established in 1786 at Finney , near the present day Big Four Bridge . In June 1802 , Lieutenant Isaac Bowman had 150 acres ( 0 @.@ 61 km2 ) of land , known as Section No. 1 , awarded to him for his service in the American Revolutionary War as part of Clark 's Grant .
Jeffersonville started as three streets that paralleled the Ohio River : Water Street ( gone ) , Front Street ( Riverside Drive ) and Market Street . In 1802 John Gwathemey was appointed to plat the land north of Market Street using a plan devised by Thomas Jefferson . This plan deviated from Jefferson 's original with the use of diagonal streets in the open checkerboard . By 1816 this plan proved to be unworkable and was re @-@ platted by order of the Indiana Legislature ( An Act to Change the Plan of the Town of Jeffersonville ) in 1817 . In 1836 a Cincinnati civil engineer ( H. L. Barnum ) was hired to plot the northern expansion of the town . This plan was again an attempt to use Jefferson 's original . The plan was rejected by the town council and another plan from a local civil engineer ( Edmund F. Lee ) was accepted . At the time Cincinnati was the major town in the area and subsequent map makers used the Barnum map as their primary source . Consequently , most maps of Jeffersonville from 1837 to about 1852 are in error .
From its heyday of the 1850s until the Great Depression in the 1930s , Jeffersonville was the leading center of U.S. steamboat production , due largely to its excellent harbor , which remained the deepest in the surrounding area . Many individuals who lived in the district worked at the Howard Shipyards , that became Jeffboat in the nearby town of Port Fulton , which was eventually annexed into Jeffersonville . The town gained its first railroad in 1852 , connecting to Columbus , Indiana , and with the opening of the Fourteenth Street Bridge in 1870 , became a railroad center . The city became an important distribution center during the Civil War for the Union Army , because three railroads connected to Jeffersonville and because the Ohio River served as a defensive barrier against invasion from Confederate attack , it was deemed a safer location than the more vulnerable city of Louisville , Kentucky located on the southern side of the river .
Most of the buildings still standing in the district were built after 1870 . The majority of the commercial buildings along Spring Street are Italianate styles and Gothic Revival churches reflecting the large immigrations from Ireland and Germany that came during the time period . The residential buildings are generally of the American Four Square style , bungalows , and shotgun houses .
Until the mid @-@ 1950s , the district was a significant commercial area , including a J.C.Penney department store . However , with the construction of Youngstown Shopping Center 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) northwest of the downtown area on 10th Street / Indiana State Road 62 , the district began its decline . The decline was completed when Green Tree Mall was built in the 1960s , taking Penney 's with it . By the 1980s over twenty store fronts were empty , leaving the bulk of the stores in the district occupied by antique shops , thrift stores , or repair technicians .
= = Streets = =
The district is served by a northwest / southeast primary road called Spring Street . From Spring Street are five secondary streets going southwest to northeast ; starting from the Ohio River and going the north the secondary streets are Riverside Drive , Market Street , Chestnut Street , Maple Street , and ending with Court Avenue .
Spring Street , a typical commercial 19th century corridor , is the primary roadway within the district . Most buildings along Spring Street are Italianate and eclectic Victorian . The structure vary between two and three stories tall , with brick as the most common building material . The 100 block is the closest to the Ohio River and has seen the most demolition . It contains the Old Strauss Hotel at the corner of Riverside Drive , a three @-@ story Italianate hostelry with a corbeled cornice and arched windows . The buildings on the 200 block are mostly Italianate style buildings , the most notable being the old Elk 's Club structure ( a three @-@ story highly decorated glazed brick building ) and the Bensinger 's Building ( a 1920s commercial building of pressed brick and crenelated parapet ) . There is more diverse architecture on the 300 @-@ block , with a 19th @-@ century Masonic Temple , the LaRose Theatre ( a 1920s orange glazed brick structure with terra cotta trim ) , Horner 's Novelty ( which had to be rebuilt after the worst fire in Jeffersonville 's history ) , and Schimpff 's Confectionery , a candy store that opened in 1891 that now also features a small candy museum . More Italianate structures are on the 400 block , but its most important structure is the 1907 Citizens National Bank Building , which is stone Classical Revival with large eagles for adornment . The block also holds the regional office for the local Boy Scouts of America council . Warder Park is located on the east side of the 500 block and features a Classical Revival Masonic Temple that used for most of the 20th Century .
At the southeast end of Spring Street is Riverside Drive , which provides some of the most scenic views of the Ohio River and the eastern Louisville shoreline because of the limited alterations compared to other sections of the Ohio River in the Louisville area . Houseboats are docked along the Ohio River on the south side of Riverside Drive . The north side of Riverside Drive has a variety of architectural styles and is mostly residential . Unlike the other prominent streets , Riverside drive is outside the flood @-@ wall that surrounds most of the city and was built two feet higher than the height the Ohio River flood of 1937 .
Market Street is largely residential , its 200 block has many vacant areas , but the 300 – 500 blocks features many shotgun houses . As Market Streets proceeds eastward out of the district , it becomes known as Utica Pike near the Howard Steamboat Museum and connects Jeffersonville with Utica , Indiana . North of Market Street , few buildings remain that date before 1850 , making the character of the district during the early time frame unknowable .
Chestnut Street is also largely residential . The 200 block of West Chestnut features old supports for the Big Four Bridge and the 100 block of West Chestnut holds the Grisamore House , which was separately placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . On East Chestnut , the 100 block contains many houses built around 1900 and the 200 block is filled with bungalows . St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church , a Spanish @-@ flavored neo @-@ Baroque structure with a Moorish @-@ styled rectory , is located on the 300 block of East Chestnut . Another church is located on the 400 block including the Gothic Revival style First Presbyterian Church ( with lancet windows and belltower ) , and a typical Works Progress Administration Art Modern school whose cruciform plan has a stuccoed facade and metal casement windows .
Maple Street features more commercial enterprises than the previous southwest / northeast streets . The 100 block of West Maple Street is dominated by parking lots and a funeral home . The Olde Towne Grocery , originally built in the 1920s as a Krogers and later an A & P , and a collectibles store named Hockeyman 's are located across from each other on the 100 block of East Maple . The 200 block of East Maple Street is mostly residential , with four large Victorian homes and a large office building used by the Indiana Bell Telephone Company . The 300 – 800 blocks of East Maple are residential and are mostly American Four @-@ Square in construction . The blocks also contain a few Gothic @-@ Revival churches ,
The northernmost street is Court Avenue , sections of which are part of the historic district and others , having seen new construction , are not part of the district ; only the 100 West , 100 East , and 700 – 900 East Blocks of Court Avenue are in the district . This allows for Warder Park and eastern residential areas , but not the current Jeffersonville Township Public Library and the Clark County Courthouse . This was the site of the Falls City Area Center , a community college that eventually moved to New Albany and became Indiana University Southeast . Warder Park was also the site of an important Civil War bakery , which furnished hardtack for thousands of Union soldiers .
= = Gallery = =
= William Monroe Trotter =
William Monroe Trotter ( sometimes just Monroe Trotter , April 7 , 1872 – April 7 , 1934 ) was a newspaper editor and real estate businessman based in Boston , Massachusetts , and an activist for African @-@ American civil rights . He was an early opponent of the accommodationist race policies of Booker T. Washington , and in 1901 founded the Boston Guardian , an independent African @-@ American newspaper , as a vehicle to express that opposition . Active in protest movements for civil rights throughout the 1900s and 1910s , he also revealed some of the differences within the African @-@ American community . He contributed to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) .
Born into a well @-@ to @-@ do family and raised in Hyde Park , Massachusetts , Trotter earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Harvard University , and was the first man of color to earn a Phi Beta Kappa key there . Seeing an increase in segregation in northern facilities , he began to engage in a life of activism , to which he devoted his assets . He joined with W.E.B. DuBois in founding the Niagara Movement in 1905 , a forerunner of the NAACP . Trotter 's style was often divisive , and he ended up leaving that organization and founding the National Equal Rights League . His protest activities were sometimes seen to be at cross purposes to those of the NAACP .
In 1914 he had a highly publicized meeting with President Woodrow Wilson , in which he protested Wilson 's introduction of segregation into the federal workplace . In Boston , Trotter succeeded in 1910 in shutting down productions of The Clansman but he was unsuccessful in 1915 with screenings of the movie Birth of a Nation , which also portrayed the Ku Klux Klan in favorable terms . He was not able to influence the peace talks at the end of World War I , and was in later years a marginalized voice of protest . In an alliance with Roman Catholics , in 1921 he did get a revival screening banned of Birth of a Nation . He died on his 62nd birthday after a possibly suicidal fall from his Boston home .
= = Early life and education = =
William was the third child , and first to survive infancy , of James Monroe Trotter and Virginia ( Isaacs ) Trotter . His father James was born into slavery in Mississippi ; James ' mother Letitia was enslaved , and his father was her white master Richard S. Trotter . Letitia , her son and two daughters were freed by their master after his marriage and sent to Cincinnati , Ohio , which had a thriving free black community . After working as a teacher , James Trotter enlisted in the United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War , and was the first man of color to be promoted to lieutenant in the 55th Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ( Colored ) .
Virginia Isaacs , also of mixed race , was born free in 1842 in either Ohio or Virginia . Her mother Ann @-@ Elizabeth Fossett was born into slavery at Monticello , where she was a daughter of Joseph Fossett and Edith Hern Fossett , and granddaughter of Elizabeth Hemings . Virginia 's father Tucker Isaacs was free . Tucker Isaacs , a free person of color , purchased the freedom of Ann @-@ Elizabeth Fossett , Virginia 's mother . The family moved to Chillicothe in the free state of Ohio , where Virginia grew up in its thriving black community . There she met and married James Trotter .
Shortly after the Civil War , the Trotters moved from Ohio to settle in Boston , Massachusetts . After their first two children died in infancy , they returned to the Isaacs farm of Virginia 's parents , where their son William Monroe Trotter was born on April 7 , 1872 . When he was seven months old , the family moved back to Boston , where they settled in the South End , far from the predominantly African @-@ American west side of Beacon Hill . The family later moved to suburban Hyde Park , a white neighborhood . The Trotters had two more children , both daughters .
Trotter 's father broke through many racial obstacles placed before him , but was often frustrated in his attempts to gain equal treatment or fair consideration . While serving in the Union Army , he protested the inequality of pay between blacks and whites . In Boston he was the first man of color to be employed by the Post Office Department ( now the U.S. Postal Service ) , a job he left after he was repeatedly passed over for promotion because of discriminatory Republican @-@ led federal government policy . Politically active , the elder Trotter was a leading African @-@ American Democrat in New England . He supported Grover Cleveland for President , and was rewarded in 1886 when Cleveland appointed him Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia , the highest federal position filled by black men at the time . Two other prominent men of color of that era , Fredrick Douglass and Senator Blanche Kelso Bruce , also held the post . The job was a lucrative one , and the Trotter family prospered .
The young Trotter ( who was usually called by his middle name " Monroe " ) grew up in this environment , and was introduced to Archibald Grimké , another politically active African American who also lived in Hyde Park . He excelled in school , graduating from the otherwise all @-@ white Hyde Park High School as valedictorian and president of his high school class . He went on to Harvard University , where he continued to distinguish himself academically . He was awarded merit scholarships after his father died , and was the first man of color to be awarded a Phi Beta Kappa key at Harvard . He earned a bachelor 's degree magna cum laude in 1895 and a Masters in 1896 , working a variety of odd jobs to help pay his tuition .
During his years at Harvard , he adopted a number of habits which he maintained for much of his life . He organized and led the Total Abstinence League , a temperance organization ; he was a teetotaler and never drank alcohol . He was active in the Baptist church , in which he had considered becoming a minister .
= = Marriage and family = =
Following his graduation , Trotter participated in the upper echelons of Negro society in Boston , a number of whose members had ancestors free before the Civil War . He belonged to an exclusive literary society that met at the home of Cambridge educator Maria Baldwin . On June 27 , 1899 , Trotter married Geraldine Louise ( " Deenie " ) Pindell ( October 3 , 1872 – October 8 , 1918 ) , who was from another activist family . He had known her since childhood . She assisted him throughout his career until her death in the 1918 flu pandemic . The couple had no children .
= = Early career = =
Trotter 's career began inauspiciously . His initial attempts to get jobs at established banking and real estate firms were unsuccessful , leading him through a succession of lower @-@ paying clerking jobs . He finally landed a job in a white @-@ owned real estate firm in 1898 , but decided the next year to open his own business selling insurance and brokering mortgages . He was not particularly active in agitating for civil rights in these years , although his strong opinions on racial equality were evident in an 1899 paper in which he called on African Americans to seek admission to institutions of higher learning . ( It was a common practice of the time to direct African Americans away from higher education opportunities and into industrial training programs . ) Trotter 's business was relatively successful , and he was able to purchase investment properties .
Trotter was increasingly troubled by what he saw as the accommodationist policies of Booker T. Washington , one of the leading African @-@ American figures of the 1890s and founder of the Tuskegee Institute . Washington 's policies were enshrined in the Atlanta Compromise , outlined in an 1895 speech he gave in Atlanta , Georgia . He said that Southern African Americans should not agitate for political rights ( such as the right to vote and equal treatment under the law ) as long as they were provided economic opportunities and basic rights of due process . Washington actively promoted the idea that African Americans , once they had proven themselves as productive members of society , would be granted full political rights . Trotter , Grimké , W. E. B. Du Bois , and other northern radicals disagreed with these ideas , arguing that it was necessary for African Americans to agitate for equal treatment and full constitutional rights , because doing so would bring other benefits . By the turn of the century , African Americans in the South had been effectively disfranchised by violence around elections , and restrictions in voting registration rules , and , finally , constitutional amendments or new constitutions in southern states .
Although Boston was comparatively congenial when compared to other parts of the country , Trotter and others felt that Washington 's stance was leading to an increase in more typically Southern racist attitudes in the city . " The conviction grew upon me " , he wrote , that his business successes could be endangered " if race prejudice and persecution and public discrimination from mere color was to spread up from the South and result in a fixed caste of color " .
= = The Guardian = =
Trotter 's racial activism blossomed in 1901 . He helped found the Boston Literary and Historical Association , which became , according to biographer Stephen Fox , " a forum for militant race opinion " . He also joined the Massachusetts Racial Protective Association , another local group that promoted political goals of equality . Under the aegis of the latter group , Trotter in October 1901 gave his first major protest speech , attacking Washington 's accommodationist stance : " In Boston [ Washington ] said that the Negro should wait for the franchise until he had got property , education and character . Washington 's attitude has ever been one of servility . "
With George Forbes , another Protective Association member , in 1901 Trotter co @-@ founded the Guardian , a weekly newspaper . At first Forbes , an Amherst College graduate with some experience in publishing , was the driving operational force in its production , while Trotter funded the effort and served as its managing editor . The paper became a forum for a more outspoken and forceful approach to gaining racial equality , and its contributors and editorials ( which were generally written by Trotter ) regularly attacked Washington . The paper 's editorial stance brought a stream of criticism from more mainstream African @-@ American publications : the New York Age , calling it " putrescent " , wrote that " Editor Trotter ... makes himself smelt if not felt " ; another wrote that the Guardian
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Despite the Niagara Movement 's failure , its goals had appealed to white supporters of racial equality . They participated in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , which drew an inter @-@ racial coalition of support . Trotter and Du Bois were both present at meetings in 1909 in which its foundation was laid . Although some of Trotter 's proposals were accepted ( to address segregated transportation as a grievance ) , others were not ( such as his proposal for a bill to make lynching a federal crime ) . Trotter was not invited to be on the organization 's executive committee ; neither was Booker T. Washington , who boycotted the effort .
Trotter never played a significant role in the NAACP , and in its early years actively competed with it . In 1911 Trotter 's group and the NAACP both held rallies in Boston to mark the centennial of abolitionist Charles Sumner 's birth . Trotter was peripherally involved with the NAACP for a few years , but he did not approve of the amount of white involvement in the interracial group . His feud with Du Bois ran deep , so he rarely contributed to the organization at the national level . He was also troubled by the attitudes expressed in the Boston chapter , which he told NAACP leader Joel Spingarn needed more " radical , courageous activity . " He eventually drifted away from the NAACP .
= = National Equal Rights League = =
After Trotter split from the Niagara Movement , he helped organize a conference of like @-@ minded activists held in Philadelphia in April 1908 , and served as the conference chair . In this capacity , he excluded any attendees whose racial ideology he opposed , as well as those who supported Republican William Howard Taft in the upcoming presidential election . ( Trotter opposed Taft because he had tired of what he considered the Republican Party laissez @-@ faire policies on race . ) This conference led to the formation of the Negro @-@ American Political League , which eventually became known as the National Equal Rights League ( NERL ) . Trotter described this group as " of the colored people and for the colored people and led by the colored people . "
NERL , which biographer Fox describes as Trotter 's " personal fief " , was unable to attract high @-@ profile membership as the NAACP did . Trotter did not want white members , and was unable to work effectively with other African @-@ American leaders . NERL and the NAACP , while both working toward similar goals , regularly feuded over matters public and personal .
As the NAACP attracted more money and talent , and became the center of anti @-@ Bookerite civil rights activity , Trotter and the NERL became increasingly marginalized on the left . Trotter would not have as prominent a role in the civil rights dialogue again . By 1921 the League had been reduced to a handful of Trotter supporters .
= = Trotter and Woodrow Wilson = =
Trotter 's opposition to Booker T. Washington placed him at odds with Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft , Republican presidents who relied on Washington as an adviser and otherwise enjoyed widespread African @-@ American support . Trotter supported the southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election . Wilson , in a brief meeting with Trotter and other NERL members , made vague statements about fair treatment of African Americans . But , he succumbed to pressure from Southerners in his cabinet and agreed to segregate federal offices . The NAACP and NERL ( then known as the National Independent Political League , or NIPL ) protested , and Trotter secured a meeting with Wilson at the White House in November 1913 . Wilson said that his policies were not segregationist , but Trotter characterized Wilson 's denial as " preposterous " .
Trotter continued his protests , eventually gaining a second invitation to the White House in November 1914 . This meeting with Wilson ended with a heated exchange between the two men . Wilson claimed to be dealing with a " human problem " from which politics should be left out , and suggested to Trotter 's group that they could always vote for someone else in the next election . Trotter continued to argue that the segregationist policy was humiliating to African Americans . Wilson responded , " If you take it as a humiliation , which it is not intended as , and sow the seed of that impression all over the country , why the consequences will be very serious . " After Trotter said this was an insult , Wilson angrily ordered him to leave , saying " If this organization wishes to approach me again , it must choose another spokesman ... your tone , sir , offends me . "
Trotter 's second meeting with the President was widely covered in the press , featured on the front page of the New York Times and other leading newspapers . A white Texas newspaper described Trotter as " merely a nigger " and " not a Booker T. Washington type of colored man " , and northern papers also criticized him for his " insolence " to the president . The Boston Evening Transcript , while observing that Wilson 's policy was segregationist and divisive , pointed out that although Trotter was basically correct , he " offends many of his own color by his ... untactful belligerency " . African Americans were divided in their response to the incident : some claimed that he did not represent them , while others , notably Du Bois , grudgingly admired Trotter 's audacity . Du Bois wrote that Wilson was " insulting & condescending " in the meeting . Trotter parlayed the publicity into a series of speaking engagements , in which he denied " that in language , manner , tone , in any respect or to the slightest degree I was impudent , insolent , or insulting to the President . "
Trotter continued to protest segregationist policies of the Wilson administration . When the country began large @-@ scale recruiting for the military in World War I , Trotter opposed the establishment of segregated officer training facilities . Through his influence , recruitment of blacks in the Boston area was lower than expected . During World War II , the military integrated the officer corps , and President Harry Truman afterward completed integration of the armed services .
When the Great War ended , Trotter sought to use the 1919 Paris Peace Conference as a vehicle to raise international awareness of US government policy toward African Americans . He viewed the reality of segregation as incompatible with Wilson 's war vision to " make the world safe for Democracy . " Trotter organized a meeting in Washington , DC related to the peace conference ; he and ten other African @-@ American delegates were chosen to attend the peace conference . The State Department refused to issue passports to those delegates , or to African Americans planning to attend a Pan @-@ African Congress that Du Bois was organizing to be held concurrently with the peace conference in Paris . Du Bois and other African Americans were supporting African colonies ' desire for independence .
To get to Europe , Trotter posed as a seaman seeking work in New York , and got a job as a cook on the SS Yarmouth to gain passage to France . He arrived in Paris alone and with little more than his cook 's clothing , only to find that the principal peace negotiations had already taken place . The powers did not include any statement of racial equality . Trotter attracted the French press in his accounts of racial mistreatment in the United States , but he could not gain access to any of the official delegations to the peace conference . He also missed Du Bois ' Pan @-@ African Congress , which was held in February 1919 while he was still seeking passage .
Trotter returned to the United States in July 1919 to learn of ongoing race riots at major cities across the country . Postwar economic and social tensions had erupted , and blacks fought back against white violence in cities such as Chicago and Omaha . Trotter quickly supported active resistance to white @-@ on @-@ black violence , writing , " Unless the white American behaves , he will find that in teaching our boys to fight for him he was starting something that he will not be able to stop . " His writings prompted calls in Congress for the censorship of the Negro press : South Carolina Congressman James F. Byrnes accused Trotter of " doing his utmost to incite riots and bloodshed . " Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge gave Trotter a chance to testify during Senate deliberations on ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , which Lodge opposed on grounds other than Trotter 's . Lodge 's opposition was successful : the Senate never ratified the treaty .
= = Other protests and later years = =
Trotter mounted a campaign against Thomas Dixon 's play The Clansman when it opened in Boston in 1910 , which portrayed the Ku Klux Klan in heroic terms during Reconstruction . His protests succeeded in closing the production . While on his speaking tour in early 1915 , he learned that D. W. Griffith 's movie , The Birth of a Nation , adapted from The Clansman , would be opening in Boston . He rushed back to lead protests against the film . In April , the Tremont Theatre denied Trotter and a group of African Americans tickets to the showing . When they refused to leave the lobby , plainclothes police moved in , sparking a scuffle . Trotter and ten others were arrested ; other protests took place both inside and outside the theater . Trotter , united with other factions of the African @-@ American community , tried but could not get the film banned in Boston . This united front , along with the death later in 1915 of Booker T. Washington , reduced for a time the internal hostilities in the Boston African @-@ American community .
The KKK had a revival for a decade after 1915 , especially in industrial cities and the Midwest . In 1921 , Trotter was successful in shutting down new screenings of Birth of a Nation in Boston ; he allied with Roman Catholic organizations , who objected to the KKK 's anti @-@ Catholic stance of the 20th century , and were strong in the city as a result of extensive Irish and Italian immigration .
Trotter 's wife had died in the 1918 influenza pandemic . She had been a partner in all his activities and he missed her greatly .
Through the 1920s and 1930s , Trotter subsided into a genteel poverty , using the Guardian as an ongoing voice of protest . He lobbied for anti @-@ lynching bills in Congress , with limited success . Even when the House overwhelmingly passed such a bill in 1922 , the Southern bloc in the Senate filibustered and effectively killed passage of the bill for three years running . ( White Democrats effectively controlled nearly all the Congressional seats apportioned to the total population of the South , after having disfranchised blacks . ) They controlled chairmanships of numerous important committees , which were established by seniority .
In 1923 Trotter eventually came to an uneasy truce with the NAACP . His attempts to promote his style of activism , however , were eclipsed by activities of younger leaders , such as Marcus Garvey , a Jamaican immigrant in New York City and leader of the UNIA .
Through these years , Trotter routinely wrote in the Guardian about incidents of racial injustice , including the 1931 trials of the Scottsboro boys . They had been accused and were convicted of raping two white women in Alabama . Historians have concluded they were innocent .
On the morning of April 7 , 1934 , his 62nd birthday , William Monroe Trotter died after a fall from the roof of his home in Boston . The cause is uncertain , but it is known that he was depressed and troubled at the time . He may have committed suicide .
= = Legacy and honors = =
Several schools and academic institutions were named for him : the William Monroe Trotter Elementary School in Dorchester , the William Monroe Trotter Institute at the University of Massachusetts Boston ( a research institute for the study of black history and black culture ) , and the William Monroe Trotter Multicultural Center ( aka Trotter House ) at the University of Michigan .
Trotter 's first home in Dorchester , the William Monroe Trotter House , was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of his significance in the civil rights cause .
In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed William Monroe Trotter among his 100 Greatest African Americans .
= Three Beauties of the Present Day =
Three Beauties of the Present Day ( 当時三美人 , Tōji San Bijin ) is a nishiki @-@ e colour woodblock print from c . 1792 – 93 by Japanese ukiyo @-@ e artist Kitagawa Utamaro ( c . 1753 – 1806 ) . The triangular composition depicts the busts of three celebrity beauties of the time : geisha Tomimoto Toyohina , and teahouse waitresses Naniwa Kita and Takashima Hisa . The print is also known under the titles Three Beauties of the Kansei Era ( 寛政三美人 , Kansei San Bijin ) and Three Famous Beauties ( 高名三美人 , Kōmei San Bijin ) .
Utamaro was the leading ukiyo @-@ e artist in the 1790s in the bijin @-@ ga genre of pictures of female beauties . He was known for his ōkubi @-@ e , which focus on the heads . The three models in Three Beauties of the Present Day were frequent subjects of Utamaro 's portraiture . Each figure in the work is adorned with an identifying family crest . The portraits are idealized , and at first glance their faces seem similar , but subtle differences in their features and expressions can be detected — a level of realism at the time unusual in ukiyo @-@ e , and a contrast with the stereotyped beauties in earlier masters such as Harunobu and Kiyonaga . The luxurious print was published by Tsutaya Jūzaburō and made with multiple woodblocks — one for each colour — and the background was dusted with muscovite to produce a glimmering effect . It is believed to have been quite popular , and the triangular positioning became a vogue in the 1790s . Utamaro produced several other pictures with the same arrangement of the same three beauties , and all three appeared in numerous other portraits by Utamaro and other artists .
= = Background = =
Ukiyo @-@ e art flourished in Japan during the Edo period from the 17th to 19th centuries , and took as its primary subjects courtesans , kabuki actors , and others associated with the " floating world " lifestyle of the pleasure districts . Alongside paintings , mass @-@ produced woodblock prints were a major form of the genre . In the mid @-@ 18th century full @-@ colour nishiki @-@ e prints became common , printed using a large number of woodblocks , one for each colour . Towards the close of the 18th century there was a peak in both the quality and quantity of work . A prominent genre was bijin @-@ ga , or " pictures of beauties " , which depicted most often courtesans and geisha at leisure , and promoted the entertainments to be found in the pleasure districts .
Katsukawa Shunshō introduced the ōkubi @-@ e " large @-@ headed picture " in the 1760s ; he and other members of the Katsukawa school such as Shunkō popularized the form for yakusha @-@ e actor prints , as well as the dusting of mica in the backgrounds to produce a glittering effect . Kiyonaga was the pre @-@ eminent portraitist of beauties in the 1780s , and the tall , graceful beauties in his work had a great influence on Kitagawa Utamaro ( c . 1753 – 1806 ) , who was to succeed him in fame . Utamaro studied under Toriyama Sekien ( 1712 – 1788 ) , who had trained in the Kanō school of painting . Around 1782 , Utamaro came to work for the publisher Tsutaya Jūzaburō .
In 1791 , Tsutaya published three books by Santō Kyōden in the sharebon genre of humorous tales of adventures in the pleasure quarters ; deeming them too frivolous , the military government punished the author with fifty days in manacles and fined the publisher half his property . His luck was reversed shortly after with a new success : Utamaro began producing the first bijin ōkubi @-@ e , adapting ōkubi @-@ e to the bijin @-@ ga genre of portraits of beauties . Their popularity restored Tsutaya 's fortunes and made Utamaro 's in the 1790s .
= = Description and analysis = =
Considered one of Utamaro 's representative early works , Three Beauties of the Present Day depicts the busts of three celebrity beauties of 1790s Edo ( modern Tokyo ) . Utamaro 's subjects were not courtesans , as was expected in ukiyo @-@ e , but young women known around Edo for their beauty . These three were frequent subjects of Utamaro 's art , and often appeared together . Each is identified by an associated family crest .
In the centre is Tomimoto Toyohina , a famed geisha at the Tamamuraya house in the Yoshiwara pleasure district . She was dubbed " Tomimoto " having made her name playing Tomimoto @-@ bushi music on the shamisen . Like the other two models , she has her hair up in the fashionable Shimada style that was popular at the time . But contrasted with the homelier teahouse @-@ girl garments of the other two models , she is dressed in the showier geisha style . On the sleeve of her kimono is a Japanese primrose design that was the Tomimoto crest . Toyohina 's birthdate is unknown .
To the right is Naniwaya Kita , also known as " O @-@ Kita " , well @-@ known daughter of the owner of a teahouse in Asakusa near the temple Sensō @-@ ji . She is said to have been fifteen in the portrait , in which she wears a patterned black kimono and holds an uchiwa hand fan printed with her family emblem , a paulownia crest .
At left is Takashima Hisa , or " O @-@ Hisa " , from Yagenbori in Ryōgoku . She was the eldest daughter of Takashima Chōbei , the owner of a roadside teahouse at his home called Senbeiya in which Hisa worked attracting customers . Tradition places her age at sixteen when the portrait was made , and there is a subtly discernible difference in maturity in the faces of the two teahouse girls . She holds a hand towel over her left shoulder and an identifying three @-@ leaved daimyo oak crest adorns her kimono .
Crests of the three beauties
Rather than attempting to capture a realistic portrayal of the three , Utamaro idealizes their likenesses . To many viewers , the faces in this and other portraits of the time seem little individuated , or perhaps not at all . Others emphasize the subtle differences that distinguish the three in shapes of the mouths , noses , and eyes : Kita has plump cheeks and an innocent expression ; her eyes are almond @-@ shaped , and the bridge of her nose high ; Hisa has a stiffer , proud expression , and the bridge of Hisa 's nose is lower and her eyes rounder than Kita 's ; Toyohina 's features fall in between , and she has an air of being older and more intellectual .
The print is a vertical ōban of 37 @.@ 9 × 24 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 14 @.@ 9 × 9 @.@ 8 in ) , and is a nishiki @-@ e — a full @-@ colour ukiyo @-@ e print made from multiple woodblocks , one for each colour ; the inked blocks are pressed on Japanese handmade paper . To produce a glittering effect the background is dusted with muscovite , a variety of mica . The image falls under the genres of bijin @-@ ga ( " portraits of beauties " ) and ōkubi @-@ e ( " big @-@ headed pictures " ) , the latter a genre Utamaro pioneered and was strongly associated with .
The composition of the three figures is triangular , a traditional arrangement Tadashi Kobayashi compares to The Three Vinegar Tasters , in which Confucius , Gautama Buddha , and Laozi symbolize the unity of Confucianism , Buddhism , and Taoism ; similarly , Kobayashi says , Utamaro demonstrates the unity of the three competing celebrity beauties in the print .
Portraits of the three Kansei beauties by Utamaro
= = Publication and legacy = =
The print was designed by Utamaro and published by Tsutaya Jūzaburō in the fourth or fifth year of the Kansei era of the traditional Japanese era divisions ( c . 1792 – 93 ) . Tsutaya 's publisher 's seal is printed on the left above Hisa 's head , and a round censor 's seal appears above it . Utamaro 's signature is printed in the bottom left .
Fumito Kondō considered the print revolutionary ; such expressive , individualized faces are not seen in the stereotyped figures in the works of Utamaro 's predecessors such as Harunobu and Kiyonaga , and it was the first time in ukiyo @-@ e history that the beauties were drawn from the general urban population rather than the pleasure quarters .
Records indicate Kita was rated highly in teahouse rankings , and that curious fans flooded her father 's teahouse ; it is said this caused her to become arrogant and cease to serve tea unless called for . Hisa appears to have been less popular and ranked lower , though still quite popular — a wealthy merchant offered 1500 ryō for her , but her parents refused and she continued to work at the teahouse . Utamaro took advantage of this rivalry in his art , going as far as to portray the two tearoom beauties in tug @-@ of @-@ war and other competitions , with deities associated with their neighbourhoods supporting them : Buddhist guardian deity Acala was associated with Yagenbori , and supported Hisa ; Guanyin , the Goddess of Mercy , was associated with the temple Sensō @-@ ji in Asakusa , and supported Kita .
The triangular positioning of three figures became something of a vogue in prints of the mid @-@ 1790s . The " Three Beauties of the Kansei Era " normally refer to the three who appear in this print ; on occasion , Utamaro replaced Toyohina with Kikumoto O @-@ Han . Utamaro placed the three beauties in the same composition three or four years later in a print called Three Beauties . Hisa holds a teacup saucer in her left hand rather than a handkerchief , and Kita holds her fan in both hands . To Eiji Yoshida , the figures in this print lack the personalities that were the charm of the earlier . Yoshida thought less of the further undifferentiated personalities of a later print , Three Beauties Holding Bags of Snacks , published by Yamaguchiya . The three again pose in the same composition , but holding bags of snacks . As testimony to their popularity , the three models often appeared in the works of other artists , and Utamaro continued to use them in other prints , individually or in pairs .
There are no records of sales figures of ukiyo @-@ e from the era in which the print was made . Determining the popularity of a print requires indirect means , one of which is to compare the differences in surviving copies . For example , the more copies printed , the more the woodblocks wore down , resulting in loss of line clarity and details . Another example is that publishers often made changes to the blocks in later print runs . Researchers use clues such as these to determine whether prints were frequently reprinted — a sign of the print 's popularity . The original printing of Three Beauties of the Present Day had the title in a bookmark @-@ shape in the top right corner with the names of the three beauties to its left . Only two copies of this state are believed to have survived ; they are in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , and the Koishikawa Ukiyo @-@ e Art Museum in Tokyo . Later printings lack the title , the names of the beauties , or both , and the position of the publisher 's and censor 's seals varies slightly . The reasons for the changes are subject to speculation , such as that the beauties may have moved away , or their fame may have fallen . Based on clues such as these changes , researchers believe this print was a popular hit for Utamaro and Tsutaya .
Group portraits of the three Kansei beauties by Utamaro
= Oliver Kahn =
Oliver Rolf Kahn ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɔ.lɪ.vɐ ˈkʰaːn ] ; born 15 June 1969 ) is a former German football goalkeeper . He started his career in the Karlsruher SC Junior team in 1975 . Twelve years later , Kahn made his debut match in the professional squad . In 1994 , he was transferred to Bayern Munich for the fee of DM4.6 million , where he played until the end of his career in 2008 . His commanding presence in goal and aggressive style earned him nicknames such as Der Titan ( [ deɐ ̯ ti.ˈtʰaːn ] , English : the Titan ) from the press and Vol @-@ kahn @-@ o ( " volcano " ) from fans .
Kahn is one of the most successful German players in recent history , having won eight Bundesliga titles , six DFB @-@ Pokals , the UEFA Cup in 1996 , the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup , both achieved in 2001 . Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time , his individual contributions have earned him a record four consecutive UEFA Best European Goalkeeper awards , as well as three IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper awards , and two German Footballer of the Year trophies . At the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Kahn became the only goalkeeper in the tournament 's history to win the Golden Ball . Kahn placed fifth in both the IFFHS Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century and Best Goalkeeper of the Past 25 Years elections .
From 1994 to 2006 , Kahn was part of the German national team , in which he played as a starter after the retirement of Andreas Köpke ; he was an unused member of the squad that won the 1996 UEFA European Championship . In the 2002 FIFA World Cup , the team reached the final . While Germany was several times derided for their poor performance , Kahn 's prowess proved to be the deciding factor in several games until the final , where Germany lost 0 – 2 to Brazil and Kahn made a mistake on Brazil 's first goal . Nevertheless , he was named the tournament 's best player and received the Golden Ball award .
= = Club career = =
= = = Karlsruher SC = = =
At the age of six , Kahn joined Karlsruher SC , where his father Rolf had played from 1962 to 1965 . He started as an outfield player before becoming goalkeeper . Kahn was included in the team 's professional squad in the 1987 – 88 season of the first Bundesliga division , at first being the reserve goalkeeper behind Alexander Famulla . On 27 November 1987 , Kahn made his league debut in a 4 – 0 home victory against 1 . FC Köln . However , not until 1990 did manager Winfried Schäfer decide to start him over Famulla . In the following years , Kahn established himself as the team 's starting goalkeeper . He was considered a key player and a motivator in the Karlsruher squad which reached the semi @-@ finals in the 1993 – 94 UEFA Cup . During the round of sixteen the team accomplished a 7 – 0 rout of Valencia at its home field after losing the first match 1 – 3 at the Mestalla Stadium . The game was nicknamed the " Miracle at Wildparkstadion " by the German media . The team was defeated by SV Austria Salzburg in the semi @-@ final .
= = = Bayern Munich = = =
Kahn 's performance for Karlsruher SC prompted Bayern Munich to express interest in acquiring him . The team signed him as a replacement for Raimond Aumann at the beginning of the 1994 – 95 season , for the at that time record fee of DM4.6 million ( € 2 @.@ 385 million ) for his position , and was established as Bayern ’ s starting goalkeeper . Although suffering a rupture of his cruciate ligament , which kept him off the field for almost six months , Kahn made his debut match for the German national team two months after his return . Bayern defeated Bordeaux 3 – 1 in the 1996 UEFA Cup Final . In the 1996 – 97 Bundesliga season , Kahn achieved his first German championship with Bayern Munich , the German League Cup , and was named German Goalkeeper of the Year for the second time in his career ( the first in 1994 ) .
In 1999 , Bayern Munich reached the 1999 Champions League Final , facing Manchester United at Camp Nou . Although Bayern Munich player Mario Basler scored an early goal in the sixth minute of the game , two goals by Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær in injury time led to United 's victory . The same year , he was named World Goalkeeper of the Year by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics .
Kahn was sent off in an incident against Hansa Rostock on 3 March 2001 . With his Bayern Munich team losing 2 – 3 in the final minutes , he sneaked into the area during a corner kick , jumped up , and punched the ball into the opponent ’ s net . He immediately received a red card , which dismissed him from the game . He was named man of the match when he was part of the squad which played the 2001 Champions League title against Valencia . He played an important role in the penalty shoot @-@ out held after the teams remained tied 1 – 1 after extra time , making three saves . He also received the UEFA Fair Play Award for this match , after he walked up to a disappointed Santiago Cañizares , the opposition goalkeeper , after the penalty shoot @-@ out and attempted to comfort him . The same year , Bayern Munich won the International Cup at Tokyo 's National Stadium against the Argentine team Boca Juniors . But the team failed to win the UEFA Super Cup a couple of months earlier .
By Kahn 's account , injuries , personal problems and a lack of motivation were responsible for his game going into a rapid decline during the 2002 – 03 season . This culminated with Kahn allowing a seemingly soft shot by Roberto Carlos into the net against Real Madrid in the first knockout @-@ round of the 2003 – 04 Champions League season , contributing to the elimination of his team from the competition . The Daily Mail criticized him for his mistake : " Once again on the big occasion Kahn was undone by a Brazilian , just as he was in the 2002 World Cup Final . Only this time it was a Roberto Carlos free @-@ kick which he let slip , not a Rivaldo shot , for a goal as embarrassing as it is potentially catastrophic for Bayern " . Bayern Munich won the next Bundesliga season with Kahn .
Prior to a 2006 match against Arminia Bielefeld in Munich , Michael Rensing peppered Kahn with practice shots . One shot hit Kahn squarely in the eye , causing enough swelling and discoloration to keep him from playing . With Rensing in goal , Bayern Munich won the match 2 – 0 .
Kahn announced his intention to honor his contract and play through the 2007 – 08 season . As of 2011 , he is the all time clean sheet leader in the history of the Bundesliga , with 197 . On 2 September 2007 , aged 38 , he played his 535th Bundesliga match , becoming the league 's all @-@ time leader among goalkeepers in matches played . Kahn made his final European appearance for Bayern in a 4 – 0 defeat to Zenit Saint Petersburg in the UEFA cup semi @-@ final on 1 May 2008 . His last Bundesliga game was the 4 – 1 victory against Hertha Berlin on 17 May . It was his 557th appearance in the German top @-@ flight .
After a twenty @-@ year career , of which he played fourteen with Bayern , he had his professional farewell in a testimonial match versus the select Germany XI on 2 September 2008 , which ended 1 – 1 . His last appearance for Bayern Munich was on 27 May 2008 at the Salt Lake Stadium ( Yuvabharati Krirangan ) , Kolkata in a friendly against Mohun Bagan of India during Bayern 's Asian tour of 2008 . Around 120 @,@ 000 people turned up for the match . The match ended 0 – 3 in favour of Bayern and Michael Rensing substituted him in the 55th minute .
= = International career = =
Kahn was initially called for the German national team as a late back @-@ up for the 1994 FIFA World Cup ; however he made his first international appearance on 23 June 1995 in a 2 – 1 victory against Switzerland , two months after recovering from his cruciate ligament injury . Along with Oliver Reck , Kahn was a reserve keeper of the squad , which won the 1996 UEFA European Football Championship in England . He spent the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France on the bench , and it was not until Andreas Köpke announced his retirement at the end of the tournament that Kahn became the starting goalkeeper . Two years after the 2000 UEFA European Football Championship , in which defending champions Germany made an embarrassing exit in the group stage , Kahn received the squad 's captaincy , succeeding the striker Oliver Bierhoff .
Kahn experienced one of his worst performances in his international career against England in Munich in 2001 . Germany were favored to win as they had beaten England 1 – 0 in 2000 at the Wembley Stadium . However , they were routed 5 – 1 , including a hat @-@ trick by Michael Owen . Despite the defeat , Germany qualified for the World Cup after winning a playoff against Ukraine , and Kahn remained as Germany 's number one for the upcoming Cup . Kahn was named the best goalkeeper in the world by IFFHS for the second time in his career .
Despite Germany 's comparatively low expectations when for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , the team advanced to the finals ; Kahn conceded only three goals in the course of the competition , two of which were in the Final . Playing the final match with torn ligaments in his right ring finger , Kahn conceded the first goal by fumbling a rebounded shot from Rivaldo to the feet of striker Ronaldo in the 67th minute . Once the game was over with Brazil as the new champion , he stood alone and disappointed in his goal ; nevertheless he refused to blame his injury for his mistake .
The FIFA Technical Study Group awarded him with the Lev Yashin Award for the best goalkeeper of the tournament , and became the first goalkeeper in history to win the Golden Ball for the best individual performance . He also became the first German goalkeeper to keep five clean sheets in a World Cup tournament . Kahn maintained his number one spot for the 2004 UEFA European Football Championship , but Germany were once again eliminated in the group stage . Oliver Kahn gave up his captaincy to Michael Ballack after the tournament .
Germany 's new manager Jürgen Klinsmann , who replaced Rudi Völler , adopted the strategy of rotating the number one spot between Kahn and his longtime competitor , Jens Lehmann of Arsenal , to stimulate competition between the two . On 7 April 2006 , after two years of dispute for the position Klinsmann announced Lehmann was his first @-@ choice goalkeeper for the 2006 World Cup . Kahn decided to stay on as a backup for the competition ; despite their acrimonious pre @-@ tournament battle for Germany ’ s starting role , Kahn openly accepted Klinsmann ’ s decision . Kahn and Lehmann embraced and shook hands as the former offered words of encouragement before the quarter @-@ final penalty shoot @-@ out against Argentina . In the postgame conference , Kahn publicly praised Lehmann for his two decisive penalty saves .
After Germany was eliminated in the semi @-@ finals by Italy , Kahn was given the start for the third place play @-@ off held on 8 July 2006 , which Germany won 3 – 1 against Portugal . In what was his last international appearance for Germany , he also received the captaincy of the team in the absence of the injured Michael Ballack . Although overshadowed by Bastian Schweinsteiger ’ s game @-@ winning performance in the match , Kahn played to a high standard , pulling off several saves . Kahn deflected a shot by Portuguese forward Pauleta after he beat the German defence , and later saved Deco 's shot made from just inside the penalty area . Following the match , Oliver Kahn announced his retirement from the German National Team . Throughout his international career he earned 86 caps for Germany , including 49 as team captain . He never won a World Cup , but finished as runner @-@ up in 2002 and third in 2006 .
= = Media = =
In 2015 , the arcade game company Konami announced that Kahn would feature in their football video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 as one of the new myClub Legends .
= = = Television career = = =
After the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship , he joined the ZDF sports team as an analyst for the German national team 's games . In 2009 , he was part of the jury of a China Central Television reality show , which aimed to find China 's best young goalkeeper . As of 2011 , he started negotiations with television channel Sat.1 to introduce the same format to German television under the name Never give up – The Kahn Principle , in which the winner would receive a contract to play for a Bundesliga club .
= = Personal life = =
Kahn was born in Karlsruhe . He is partly of Latvian descent ; he had a Latvian grandmother and his father was born in Liepāja , where he remains well @-@ known . He has an older brother named Axel , who played in the second division for the Karlsruher .
In 2009 , he was offered the position of manager for the FC Schalke 04 , which he turned down . Two years thereafter , in April 2011 , a German court fined Kahn € 125 @
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
( 0 @.@ 40 – 0 @.@ 75 oz ) . During the breeding season , the adult male appears mostly a vibrant cerulean blue . Only the head is indigo . The wings and tail are black with cerulean blue edges . In fall and winter plumage , the male has brown edges to the blue body and head feathers , which overlap to make the bird appear mostly brown . The adult female is brown on the upperparts and lighter brown on the underparts . It has indistinct wing bars and is faintly streaked with darker markings underneath . The immature bird resembles the female in coloring , although a male may have hints of blue on the tail and shoulders and have darker streaks on the underside . The beak is short and conical . In the adult female , the beak is light brown tinged with blue , and in the adult male the upper half is brownish @-@ black while the lower is light blue . The feet and legs are black or gray .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The habitat of the indigo bunting is brushy forest edges , open deciduous woods , second growth woodland , and farmland . The breeding range stretches from southern Canada to Maine , south to northern Florida and eastern Texas , and westward to southern Nevada . The winter range begins in southern Florida and central Mexico and stretches south through the West Indies and Central America to northern South America . It has occurred as a vagrant in Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Denmark , Ecuador , Germany , Iceland , Ireland , Netherlands , the Netherlands Antilles , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Serbia and the United Kingdom .
= = Behavior = =
The indigo bunting communicates through vocalizations and visual cues . A sharp chip ! call is used by both sexes , and is used as an alarm call if a nest or chick is threatened . A high @-@ pitched , buzzed zeeep is used as a contact call when the indigo bunting is in flight . The song of the male bird is a high @-@ pitched buzzed sweet @-@ sweet chew @-@ chew sweet @-@ sweet , lasting two to four seconds , sung to mark his territory to other males and to attract females . Each male has a single complex song , which he sings while perched on elevated objects , such as posts , wires , and bush @-@ tops . In areas where the ranges of the lazuli bunting and the indigo bunting overlap , the males defend territories from each another . Migration takes place in April and May and then again in September and October . The indigo bunting often migrates during the night , using the stars to navigate . In captivity , since it cannot migrate , it experiences disorientation in April and May and in September and October if it cannot see the stars from its enclosure .
= = = Breeding = = =
These birds are generally monogamous but not always faithful to their partner . In the western part of their range , they often hybridize with the lazuli bunting . Nesting sites are located in dense shrub or a low tree , generally 0 @.@ 3 – 1 m ( 0 @.@ 98 – 3 @.@ 28 ft ) above the ground , but rarely up to 9 m ( 30 ft ) . The nest itself is constructed of leaves , coarse grasses , stems , and strips of bark , lined with soft grass or deer hair and is bound with spider web . It is constructed by the female , who cares for the eggs alone . The clutch consists of one to four eggs , but usually contains three to four . The eggs are white and usually unmarked , though some may be marked with brownish spots , averaging 18 @.@ 7 mm × 13 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 74 in × 0 @.@ 54 in ) in size . The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days and the chicks are altricial at hatching . Chicks fledge 10 to 12 days after hatching . Most pairs raise two broods per year , and the male may feed newly fledged young while the females incubate the next clutch of eggs .
The brown @-@ headed cowbird may parasitize this species . Indigo buntings abandon their nest if a cowbird egg appears before they lay any of their own eggs , but accept the egg after that point . Pairs with parasitized nests have less reproductive success . The bunting chicks hatch , but have lower survival rates as they must compete with the cowbird chick for food .
= = = Diet = = =
The indigo bunting forages for food on the ground or in trees or shrubs . In winter , it often feeds in flocks with other indigo buntings , but is a solitary feeder during the breeding season . During the breeding season , the species eats insects , seeds and berries , including caterpillars , grasshoppers , spiders , beetles , and grass seeds . The seeds of grasses are the mainstay of its diet during the winter , although buds , and insects are eaten when available . The young are fed mainly insects at first , to provide them with protein . The indigo bunting does not drink frequently , generally obtaining sufficient water from its diet .
= = Status = =
The species is classified as being of least concern according to the IUCN , with an estimated range of 5 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 km2 ( 2 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and a population of 28 million individuals . Global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for a population decline warranting an upgrade in conservation status . The criteria for a change in conservation status are a decline of more than 30 % in ten years or over three generations .
= Lagaan =
Lagaan ( English : Taxation ) is a 2001 Indian epic sports @-@ drama film written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker . Aamir Khan , who was also the producer , stars with Gracy Singh in the lead roles ; British actors Rachel Shelley and Paul Blackthorne play the supporting roles . Made on a then @-@ unprecedented budget of ₹ 250 million ( equivalent to ₹ 700 million or US $ 10 million in 2016 ) , the film was shot in an ancient village near Bhuj , India .
The film is set in the Victorian period of India 's colonial British Raj . The story revolves around a small village whose inhabitants , burdened by high taxes , find themselves in an extraordinary situation as an arrogant officer challenges them to a game of cricket as a wager to avoid the taxes . The narrative spins around this situation as the villagers face the arduous task of learning the alien game and playing for a result that will change their village 's destiny .
Lagaan received critical acclaim and awards at international film festivals , as well as many Indian film awards . It became the third Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film after Mother India ( 1957 ) and Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) . It was one of the biggest box office hits of 2001 . In 2010 , the film was ranked No. 55 in Empire magazines " The 100 Best Films of World Cinema " . In 2011 , it was listed in Time magazine 's special " The All @-@ TIME 25 Best Sports Movies " .
= = Plot = =
The story is set in the small village of Champaner ( in the state of Gujarat , western India ) during the height of the British Empire in India in 1893 . Captain Andrew Russell ( Paul Blackthorne ) , the commanding officer of the Champaner cantonment , has imposed high taxes ( " lagaan " ) on people from the local villages that they are unable to pay due to a prolonged drought . Led by Bhuvan ( Aamir Khan ) , the villagers beg Raja Puran Singh ( Kulbhushan Kharbanda ) to help them . He tells them that , much to his regret , he is bound by British law .
After their visit to the Raja , the villagers first witness a cricket match . Bhuvan mocks the game and gets into a fight with one of the British officers . Taking an instant dislike to Bhuvan , Russell offers to cancel the taxes of the whole province " for three years " if the villagers can beat his men in a game of cricket . If the villagers lose , however , they will have to pay three times their normal taxes . Bhuvan accepts this wager on behalf of the villages in the province , without their consent . When the other villagers learn about the bet , they are furious with Bhuvan . He argues that it is important for everyone to fight against British rule .
Bhuvan begins to prepare the villagers for the match . He initially finds only five people willing to join the team . He is aided in his efforts by Russell 's sister Elizabeth ( Rachel Shelley ) who feels that her brother has mistreated the villagers . As she teaches them the rules of the game , she falls in love with Bhuvan , much to the anguish of Gauri ( Gracy Singh ) who is also in love with him . After Bhuvan reassures Gauri of his feelings for her , the woodcutter Lakha ( Yashpal Sharma ) becomes enraged as he is in love with Gauri .
In an attempt to discredit Bhuvan , Lakha offers himself as a spy for Russell and joins the villagers ' team to destroy it . Eventually , as the villagers realise that winning equals freedom . As a few of them are insulted by the British , they join the team . Short one player , Bhuvan invites an untouchable , Kachra ( Aditya Lakhia ) , who can bowl spinners . The villagers , conditioned by long @-@ term prejudice against Dalits , refuse to play if Kachra joins the team . Bhuvan chastises the villagers , shaming them into accepting Kachra .
The second half of the film focuses on the match . On the first day , Russell wins the toss and elects to bat , giving the British officers a strong start . Bhuvan brings Kachra into the match only to find that Kachra has somehow lost his ability to spin the ball — new cricket balls do not spin as well as worn @-@ down ones ( which the team have been practising with ) . In addition , as part of his agreement with Russell , Lakha deliberately drops many catches . Later that evening , Elizabeth sees Lakha meeting with her brother . She races to the village and informs Bhuvan of Lakha 's deception . Rather than allow the villagers to kill him , Bhuvan offers Lakha the chance to redeem himself .
The next day as part of his promise to Bhuvan , Lakha takes a diving one @-@ handed catch . However , the British score almost 300 runs , losing only three wickets by the lunch break . Kachra is brought back to bowl and , bowling with a now @-@ worn ball , takes a hat @-@ trick , which sparks the collapse of the British batting side . The villagers soon start their innings . Bhuvan and Deva ( a Sikh , who has played cricket earlier when he was a British sepoy ) give their team a solid start . Deva misses out on his half @-@ century when a straight @-@ drive from Bhuvan ricochets off the bowler 's hand onto the stumps at the non @-@ striker 's end , where Deva is backing up too far . When Lakha comes on to bat , he is hit on the head by a bouncer and falls onto his stumps . Other batsmen get out trying to score a boundary off each delivery . Ismail ( Raj Zutshi ) , a good batsman , retires hurt as he is hit on the leg . The villagers ' team ends the day with four batsmen out of action with barely a third of the required runs on board .
On the third and final day , Bhuvan passes his century , while most of the later wickets fall . Ismail returns to bat with the help of a runner and passes his half @-@ century , reducing the required runs to an attainable total . The game comes down to the last over with Kachra on strike . With one ball remaining and the team down five runs , Kachra knocks the ball a short distance , managing a single . However , the umpire signals no ball . Bhuvan returns to bat and swings extremely hard at the next ball . Russell backpedals and catches it , gleefully believing that the British team has won — until he realises that he has caught gone beyond the boundary which gives six runs , and the win , to Bhuvan 's team . Even as they celebrate the victory , the drought ends as a rainstorm erupts .
Bhuvan 's defeat of the British team leads to the disbanding of the humiliated cantonment . In addition , Russell is forced to pay the taxes for the whole province and is transferred to Central Africa . After realising that Bhuvan loves Gauri , Elizabeth returns to London . Heartbroken , she remains unmarried for the rest of her life . The narrator ( Amitabh Bachchan ) says that Bhuvan went on to marry Gauri with great pomp and show . He concludes by saying that , despite the historic triumph , Bhuvan 's name was lost in the pages of history .
= = Cast = =
Aamir Khan as Bhuvan . Ashutosh first thought of having Shahrukh Khan and Abhishek Bachchan for the role of Bhuvan . After Bachchan chose to enter cinema with J. P. Dutta 's Refugee ( 2000 ) , Aamir was approached with the idea .
Gracy Singh as Gauri . Several actresses had offered to act in the film , but Aamir needed someone who matched the description of the character given in the script . After considering Sonali Bendre , Nandita Das , Rani Mukerji and Ameesha Patel for the role , Ashutosh selected Gracy Singh for the female lead because he was convinced that she was a good actress and dancer and resembled actress Vyjayanthimala . Singh , a newcomer , devoted all her time to the film .
Rachel Shelley as Elizabeth Russell
Paul Blackthorne as Captain Andrew Russell . Since the script also demanded a British cast , Ashutosh and Aamir hired Danielle Roffe as one of the casting directors . After Danielle and Ashutosh screen @-@ tested many , Shelley and Blackthorne were chosen for the prime roles . Overall , the film cast 15 foreign actors .
Suhasini Mulay as Yashodamai , Bhuvan 's mother
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Raja Puran Singh
Rajendra Gupta as Mukhiya Ji
Raghubir Yadav as Bhura ( seamer ) , the poultry farmer . Yadav played the role of the legendary Haji Nasruddin in the teleplay Mullah Nasiruddin and has given many memorable performances such as Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne . Yadav was selected based on his performance in Earth ( 1998 ) . He had undergone an appendectomy operation in @-@ between the filming schedule and returned to complete some of his scenes .
Rajesh Vivek as Guran ( seamer ) , the fortune teller . Vivek was spotted by Ashutosh in the film Junoon ( 1978 ) . His liking for cricket helped him in his role .
Raj Zutshi as Ismail ( batsman ) , the potter . Zutshi 's friendship with Aamir and association in several films brought him the role after the auditions .
Pradeep Rawat as Deva ( all @-@ rounder ) , a Sikh sepoy . Rawat 's association with Aamir in Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) brought him the role of Deva which was initially intended for Mukesh Rishi . Rawat claimed that it was the highest ever compensation he received in his career .
Akhilendra Mishra as Arjan ( batsman ) , the blacksmith . He is insulted by Captain Russell , as he fixes horse @-@ shoe on the Captain 's Horse and involuntarily hurts the animal . Captain who is enraged by the reprimand he received from his seniors for arranging a Cricket Match with the villagers for avoiding taxes , is furious to find his favourite animal hurt and he beats Arjan . After which Arjan joins the team of Bhuvan . Mishra has acted as " Ekku " Kroor Singh in the Teleserial Chandrakanta and also in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) as Chandra Shekhar Azad alongside Ajay Devgn who performed the role of Bhagat Singh .
Daya Shankar Pandey as Goli ( seamer ) , the man with the largest piece of land . Pandey , who preferred the role of Kachra , was known to Aamir and Ashutosh through previous films ( Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) , Baazi ( 1995 ) and Ghulam ( 1998 ) ) . Pandey credited Ashutosh for his acting in the film , saying that Ashutosh and he would discuss the required emotions and expressions before shooting .
Shrivallabh Vyas as Ishwar ( wicket @-@ keeper ) , the vaidya ( doctor ) in the village and Gauri 's father .
Yashpal Sharma as Lakha ( batsman ) , the woodcutter . Sharma was chosen by Ashutosh after his portrayal in Samar ( 1999 ) . He said it was a good experience working with Aamir and Ashutosh during the film .
Amin Hajee as Bagha ( batsman ) , the mute drummer . Hajee earlier worked in a film with Ashutosh . The friendly association brought Ashutosh to him with the script , which he liked , and thereafter he successfully auditioned for his role . His knowledge of mute people and some assistance from a music band helped him better prepare for his role . Ashutosh , who believed that Amin was like Sylvester Stallone , would refer to him as Stallone during filming .
Aditya Lakhia as Kachra ( spinner ) , the untouchable . Lakhia 's association with Ashutosh in Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa ( 1993 ) and Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) brought him this role . He read the book Everybody Loves a Good Drought by P. Sainath to better understand and portray his character .
Javed Khan as Ram Singh , Indian who works with British and helps Elizabeth in translating villagers language .
A. K. Hangal as Shambu Kaka
Amitabh Bachchan as Narrator
= = Production = =
= = = Origins = = =
Director Ashutosh Gowariker has stated that it was almost impossible to make Lagaan . Gowariker went to Aamir , who agreed to participate after hearing the detailed script . Even after securing Khan , Ashutosh had trouble finding a producer . Producers who showed interest in the script wanted budget cuts as well as script modifications . Eventually , Aamir agreed to Ashutosh 's suggestion that he 'd produce the film . Aamir corroborated this by saying that the faith he had in Ashutosh , the story and script of the film , and the opportunity of starting his own production company inspired him to produce Lagaan . He also said that by being a producer himself , he was able to give greater creative freedom to Ashutosh . He cited an example :
" If the director tells the producer that he wants 50 camels , the latter will probably say , ' Why not 25 ? Can 't you manage with 25 camels ? ' Whereas , if he is telling me the same thing ... I will not waste time asking him questions because I am also creatively aware why he needs them . "
Jhamu Sughand co @-@ produced the film because he liked the emotional and patriotic story .
= = = Location , language and costumes = = =
One of the first members to join the production team was Nitin Chandrakant Desai , the art director , with whom Ashutosh set out for extensive location hunt throughout India , to find the setting for the fictional town of Champaner , in late 1998 . After searching through Rajasthan , Nasik , UP , they zeroed in on an ancient village near Bhuj , located in Gujarat 's Kutch district , by May 1999 , where the film was primarily shot .
The script demanded a dry location : an agricultural village where it had not rained in several years . To depict the 1890s era , the crew also required a village which lacked electricity , communication and automobiles . Kutch faced the same problems at that time and hence the village of Kanuria , located a few miles away from Bhuj , was chosen . During the filming of Lagaan , it did not rain at all in the region . However , a week after the shoot finished , it rained heavily bringing relief to Bhuj , which had a lean monsoon the previous year . The typical old Kutch hamlet was built by the local people four months before the arrival of the crew . The 2001 Gujarat earthquake devastated this region and displaced many locals . The crew , including the English , contributed to their cause by donating ₹ 250 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to ₹ 700 @,@ 000 or US $ 10 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , with further contributions during the year .
Avadhi , which is a dialect of Hindi , is primarily from a region in Uttar Pradesh . It was chosen to give the feel of the language spoken during that era . However , the language was diluted , and modern viewers can understand it . The dialogues , which were a combination of three dialects ( Avadhi , Bhojpuri and Braj Bhasha ) were penned by Hindi writer K. P. Saxena .
Bhanu Athaiya , an Oscar winner for Gandhi , was the costume designer for the film . With a large number of extras , it was difficult for her to make enough costumes . She spent a lot of time researching to lend authenticity to the characters .
= = = Filming = = =
Pre @-@ planning for a year , including ten months for production issues and two months for his character , was tiring for Aamir . As a first @-@ time producer , he obtained a crew of about 300 people for six months . Due to the lack of comfortable hotels in Bhuj , he hired a newly constructed apartment and furnished it completely for the crew . Security was set up and a special housekeeping team was brought to take care of the crew 's needs . Most of the 19th century tools and equipment depicted in the film were lent to the crew by the local villagers . Initially , they did not want to part with their equipment , but after much coaxing , they gave in . They then travelled to different parts of the country to collect the musical instruments used in that day and era .
During the shooting , Ashutosh suffered from a slipped disc and had to rest for 30 days . During this period , he had his bed next to the monitor and continued with his work .
The filming schedule spanned the winter and summer , commencing in early January and finishing in mid @-@ June . This was physically challenging for many , with the temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 ° C ( 32 to 122 ° F ) . The actors had to drink frequently and sit in the shade . The schedule was strict . The day began at 6 am , changing into costumes and getting onto the actors ' bus , which took them to the sets in Kanuria . The actors , including Aamir , all travelled on the same bus . If anyone missed it , it was up to them to reach the sets . One day , Aamir was late and missed the actors ' bus . That day , his wife Reena , the executive producer , reprimanded him for being late . She told him he had to set an example for the rest of the crew . " If he started coming late , how could she tell the others to come on time ? " While on the sets , the actors were given call sheets with the day 's timetable such as breakfast , hair styling , make @-@ up , costumes , etc .
= = Release = =
Before its worldwide release , Aamir Khan kept a promise to screen the film to the locals of Bhuj . Lagaan clashed with Sunny Deol 's Gadar : Ek Prem Katha at the box office . The film made it to the UK Top 10 after its commercial release . It was the first Indian film to have a nationwide release in China and had its dubbed version released in Italy . With favourable reviews from the French press , Lagaan premiered in Paris on 26 June 2002 and continued to have an unprecedented nine weeks of screening with over 45 @,@ 000 people watching . It was released in the United States , France , Germany , Japan , Malaysia , Hong Kong , South Africa and the Middle East with respective vernacular subtitles . The film took a cumulative of $ 2 @.@ 5 million at the international box @-@ office and ₹ 380 million ( equivalent to ₹ 1 @.@ 1 billion or US $ 16 million in 2016 ) at the domestic box @-@ office .
In 2001 , Lagaan had a world premiere at the International Indian Film Academy Awards ( IIFA ) weekend in Sun City , South Africa . The Locarno International Film Festival authorities published the rules of cricket before the film was screened to a crowd which reportedly danced to its soundtrack in the aisles . Lagaan was shown four times due to public demand as against the usual norm of showcasing films once at the festival . It subsequently won the Prix du Public award at the festival . After the film 's publicity in Locarno , the director , Ashutosh Gowarikar said that distributors from Switzerland , Italy , France , Netherlands , North Africa , Finland and Germany were wanting to purchase the distribution rights . Special screenings were held in Russia , where people were keen to watch the film after its Oscar nomination .
Apart from these screenings , it was shown at the Sundance Film Festival , Cairo International Film Festival , Stockholm International Film Festival , Helsinki Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival .
= = Reception = =
Lagaan was met with high critical acclaim . The film currently scores a 95 % " Certified Fresh " approval rating on review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , based on 59 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus is , " Lagaan is lavish , rousing entertainment in the old @-@ fashioned tradition of Hollywood musicals . " Derek Elley of Variety suggested that it " could be the trigger for Bollywood 's long @-@ awaited crossover to non @-@ ethnic markets " . Somni Sengupta of The New York Times , described it as " a carnivalesque genre packed with romance , swordplay and improbable song @-@ and @-@ dance routines " Roger Ebert gave three and half out of four stars and said , " Lagaan is an enormously entertaining movie , like nothing we 've ever seen before , and yet completely familiar ... At the same time , it 's a memory of the films we all grew up on , with clearly defined villains and heroes , a romantic triangle , and even a comic character who saves the day . Lagaan is a well @-@ crafted , hugely entertaining epic that has the spice of a foreign culture . " Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described the film as " a lavish epic , a gorgeous love story , and a rollicking adventure yarn . Larger than life and outrageously enjoyable , it 's got a dash of spaghetti western , a hint of Kurosawa , with a bracing shot of Kipling . " Kuljinder Singh of the BBC stated that " Lagaan is anything but standard Bollywood fodder , and is the first must @-@ see of the Indian summer . A movie that will have you laughing and crying , but leaving with a smile . " Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times argued that the film is " an affectionate homage to a popular genre that raises it to the level of an art film with fully drawn characters , a serious underlying theme , and a sophisticated style and point of view . " Sudish Kamath of The Hindu suggested that " the movie is not just a story . It is an experience . An experience of watching something that puts life into you , that puts a cheer on your face , however depressed you might be . " The Times of India wrote , " Lagaan has all the attractions of big @-@ sounding A. R. Rahman songs , excellent performances by Aamir Khan ... and a successful debut for pretty Gracy Singh . In addition , there is the celebrated David vs Goliath cricket match , which has audiences screaming and clapping . " Perhaps one of the most emphatic recommendations for the movie , coming 10 years later , is by John Nugent of the Trenton Independent , who wrote " a masterpiece ... and what better way to learn a bit about India 's colonial experience ! History and great entertainment , all rolled in to one ( albeit long ) classic film . "
Lagaan was listed as number 14 on Channel 4 's " 50 Films to See Before you Die " and was the only Indian film to be listed .
= = = Awards = = =
Aamir Khan and Gowariker went to Los Angeles to generate publicity for the Academy Awards . Khan said , " We just started showing it to whoever we could , even the hotel staff . " About India 's official entry to the 2002 Oscars , The Daily Telegraph wrote , " A Bollywood film that portrays the British in India as ruthless sadists and Mafia @-@ style crooks has been chosen as Delhi 's official entry to the Academy Awards . " It added that the film was expected to win the nomination .
On 12 February 2002 , Lagaan was nominated for the best foreign language film at the Academy Award nominations ceremony . After the nomination , Khan reacted by saying , " To see the name of the film and actually hear it being nominated was very satisfying " . Post @-@ nomination reactions poured in from several parts of the world . The USA Today wrote " Hooray for Bollywood , and India 's Lagaan " . With Sony Pictures Classics distributing the film and Oscar @-@ winning director Baz Luhrmann praising it , Lagaan had a chance to win . The BBC commented that the nomination raised Bollywood hopes that Indian films would become more popular in the US . In India , the nomination was celebrated with news reports about a win bringing in " a great boost for the Indian film industry " and " a Bharat Ratna for Aamir Khan and the status of a ' national film ' for Lagaan " .
When Lagaan lost the award to the Bosnian film No Man 's Land , there was disappointment in India . Khan said , " Certainly we were disappointed . But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us . " Filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt criticised the " American film industry " as " insular and the foreign category awards were given just for the sake of it . " Gowariker added that " Americans must learn to like our films " .
The film won a number of national awards including eight National Film Awards , nine Filmfare Awards , nine Screen Awards and ten IIFA Awards . Apart from these major awards , it also won awards at other national and international ceremonies .
= = Soundtrack = =
= = Home media = =
There were two releases for the DVD . The first , as a 2 @-@ DVD set , was released on 27 May 2002 in limited regions . It contained subtitles in Arabic , English , Hebrew , Hindi , Turkish and several European languages . It is available in 16 : 9 Anamorphic widescreen , Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround , progressive 24 frame / s , widescreen and NTSC format . It carried an additional fifteen minutes of deleted scenes , filmographies and trailers .
The second was released as anniversary edition three @-@ disc DVD box after six years of the theatrical release . This also included Chale Chalo which was a documentary on the making of Lagaan , a curtain raiser on the making of the soundtrack , deleted scenes , trailers , along with other collectibles . After its release , it became the highest selling DVD in India beating Sholay ( 1975 ) .
= = Merchandise = =
In the anniversary DVD edition , a National Film Award @-@ winning documentary , Chale Chalo – the lunacy of film making , 11 collector cards , a collectible Lagaan coin embossed with the character of Bhuvan , a 35 mm CinemaScope filmstrip hand @-@ cut from the film 's filmstrip were bundled with the film .
A comic book , Lagaan : The Story , along with two colouring books , a mask book and a cricket board game were subsequently released to the commercial market . The comic book , available in English and Hindi , was targeted at children between the ages of six and 14 . At the book 's launch , Aamir Khan said that they were keen to turn the film into a comic strip during the pre @-@ production phase itself .
In March 2002 , a book titled The Spirit of Lagaan – The Extraordinary Story of the Creators of a Classic was published . It covers the making of the film , describing in detail the setbacks and obstacles that the crew faced while developing the film from concept to its release .
= Depression Quest =
Depression Quest is a 2013 interactive fiction game dealing with the subject of depression . It was developed by Zoë Quinn using the Twine engine , with writing by Patrick Lindsey and music by Isaac Schankler . It was first released for the web on February 14 , 2013 , and for Steam on August 11 , 2014 . The game tells the story of a person suffering from depression and their attempts to deal with their affliction . It was created to foster greater understanding about depression . Depression Quest can be played for free , and has a pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want pricing model . The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline receives part of the proceeds .
Depression Quest was praised by critics for its portrayal of depression and its educational value . The game was noted for diverging from mainstream uses of video games as a medium . Popular reception was more mixed , and Quinn received threats and harassment from people who disapproved of the game . False allegations that the game had received a positive review from a journalist in a relationship with Quinn triggered the Gamergate controversy .
= = Gameplay = =
Depression Quest is an interactive fiction game , which presents descriptions of various situations and prompts the player to choose their response . In addition , most pages feature a set of still images and atmospheric music . The game has 40 @,@ 000 words of text , and five possible endings .
Players assume the role of a person suffering from depression , and the story centers on their daily life , including encounters at work and their relationship with their girlfriend . The story also features various treatments for depression . Players are periodically faced with choices that alter the course of the story . To make a choice , the player must click on the corresponding hyperlink . However , choices are often crossed out and cannot be clicked on , a mechanism that Depression Quest uses to portray the character 's mental state and the fact that logical decisions may not be available to them . Beneath the choices presented to the player are a set of statements about the character , indicating their level of depression , whether or not they are in therapy , and whether or not they are currently on medication .
= = Development and release = =
The game was designed by Zoë Quinn and written by Patrick Lindsey , both of whom have suffered from depression . The soundtrack was composed by Isaac Schankler . Quinn and Lindsey started the project , with the aim of communicating how the mind of a depression sufferer functions . Quinn purposely designed the game 's protagonist as someone with an outwardly happy and easy life , so as to " preëmpt the argument that someone is only depressed because they have a difficult life . "
Depression Quest was first released online as a web browser game on February 14 , 2013 . Quinn also submitted the game through Steam 's Greenlight program and consequently received disparaging comments and hate mail , causing her to withdraw the game from the service . After receiving positive feedback from players who had played the game and receiving an invitation to Indiecade , she tried Greenlight again . She received further harassment , but felt that she could deal with the stress . " I thought , honestly , I could take the hate if it meant the game could reach somebody who would get something out of it , feel less alone , " Quinn stated .
The game was accepted by Greenlight in January 2014 , and was released on Steam in August that year . The day it was due to go live , news broke that actor Robin Williams had died from a suspected suicide . Quinn considered delaying the Steam release , as she did not want to be seen as taking advantage of Williams ' death . She eventually decided to keep to the original release schedule , as she thought that making the game available to those struggling with their own problems was more important than any negative publicity she might receive , writing , " I can ’ t in good conscience hold back offering someone something that could help them start making real changes in their life for the sake of reducing the risk of offending people or hurting my own reputation . "
The game uses a pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want pricing model : it is free to play , but players can pay any amount they think is appropriate . Part of the proceeds from the game are sent to a charity – initially iFred , but this was later changed to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline after the game was released on Steam .
= = Reception = =
Depression Quest received mostly positive reviews from critics , who generally viewed it as not being intended for entertainment but education . Jessica Vasquez , writing for Game Revolution , praised the game 's portrayal of how sufferers are affected by depression , and expressed optimism in its potential to educate people about depression . Writing for Gizmag , Adam Williams called the experience of Depression Quest to be " dark and compelling " . He added that he did not find the game fun to play , and that " it 's certainly no Super Mario Brothers , but that 's probably the point " . Tim Biggs , writing for the Sydney Morning Herald , also stressed the lack of fun in the game , and went on to say that the game was " a testing and , at times , a boring experience to go through " . However , he praised the game 's execution , and acknowledged its importance as a tool for raising awareness of depression and for helping its sufferers .
Writing in Ars Technica , Kyle Orland called Depression Quest " one of the most gripping and educational views on the subject [ of depression ] " . Adam Smith , in Rock , Paper , Shotgun , wrote that Depression Quest was " ' game ' as communication , comfort and tool of understanding " . In Giant Bomb , Patrick Klepek praised Depression Quest 's writing , and said that " by the end , [ he ] was able to say [ he ] understood depression a bit better " . He also warns players not to expect the game to be enjoyable , saying : " Playing Depression Quest isn 't ' fun ' , like watching Schindler 's List isn 't ' enjoyable ' . They 're important for different reasons , and it 's okay if they exist for the small audiences who will appreciate them as they are . " Depression Quest designer Quinn also headed a Playboy article which featured several video games dealing directly with the subjective experience of depression , in which she noted " I 'm very interested in games that aren 't there to make the player feel exceptional . "
Quinn has faced harassment in response to Depression Quest since the game 's initial release . This intensified with the additional publicity the game received on Steam . Quinn initially withdrew the game from Steam 's Greenlight service , after having a detailed rape threat mailed to her home address . When she brought Depression Quest back to Greenlight , she began receiving threatening phone calls . In mid @-@ August 2014 , soon after the game 's official Steam release , a former boyfriend of Quinn wrote a lengthy and negative blogpost about their relationship . The post alleged that Quinn had been in relationship with Nathan Grayson , a video game journalist for Kotaku . Opponents of Quinn claimed that Grayson had given Depression Quest a positive review as a result of this relationship . Investigations proved this to be false : Grayson had at no point reviewed Depression Quest . These false accusations against Quinn sparked what would later be known as the Gamergate controversy . Quinn was subjected to widescale harassment , and had her personal information leaked . This led to her fleeing her home . The game 's profile page was flooded with what the The New Yorker described as " angry user reviews " , and reviews for the game were temporarily disabled . The Daily Dot reported that 4chan 's video game board had bombarded the game 's Metacritic page with negative reviews .
= I Care ( Beyoncé song ) =
" I Care " is a song recorded by the American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was written by Jeff Bhasker , Chad Hugo and Beyoncé and produced by Bhasker and co @-@ produced by Beyoncé . The song was recorded at the MSR Studios and was mixed by Jordan Young aka DJ Swivel at KMA Studio in New York City . " I Care " is an R & B power ballad , which also contains elements of soul music and rock music . Built on a hand @-@ clapped rhythm and pulsating beats , the song 's instrumentation consists of screeching guitars , low @-@ profile synthesizers , pounding drums , heavy percussion instrument and a piano . In " I Care " , Beyoncé admits her vulnerability to her indifferent love interest with both honesty and power . She sings with heartfelt emotion over cooing background vocals and scats alongside a multi @-@ octave guitar solo towards the end of the song . " I Care " was sent to contemporary hit radio in Italy on March 23 , 2012 as the seventh overall single from 4 .
" I Care " was acclaimed by contemporary music critics who highlighted the heartfelt emotion , sadness and resentment with which Beyoncé sings . Critics also complimented the way she made effective use out the power in her lower register in the first and second verses until her voice slowly builds until the commanding chorus is reached . They generally praised the guitar solo and the vocal power of Beyoncé which was displayed by " I Care " among other songs on 4 . Following the release of 4 in early July 2011 , " I Care " charted number 35 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart , based on downloads alone . The song was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her revues 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé ( 2011 ) and Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live ( 2012 ) as well as The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 ) .
= = Background = =
" I Care " was written by Jeff Bhasker , Chad Hugo and Beyoncé while production was handled by Bhasker and Beyoncé . A private listening party for Beyoncé 's fourth studio album , 4 , was held on May 12 , 2011 . She offered a select group of fans a preview of five songs from 4 and the official video for the lead single " Run the World ( Girls ) " . On that occasion , " I Care " was one of the songs previewed . Beginning on June 16 to June 27 , 2011 , the songs from 4 were available to listen to in full each day on Beyoncé 's official website , paired with its accompanying photo spread from the album packaging and an insightful quote . On June 17 , 2011 , " I Care " was the second song to be chosen . The quote found Beyoncé commenting that " I Care " is one of the many ballads which take on matters of the heart . In February 2013 , Bhasker revealed that the song was initially written for his first studio album Born on the Fourth of July released in July 2013 . He described the sound of his version of " I Care " as " a little more pure version " .
= = Production = =
Jordan Young aka DJ Swivel mixed " I Care " at New York 's KMA Studio . He told Sound on Sound , " I didn ’ t really know I was going to mix ' I Care ' until the last minute . Luckily , during the course of the album , I had a couple of days to myself and I mixed it just because I felt like it , so the demo was already somewhat mixed , and B [ eyoncé ] let me do the final mix also . "
" I Care " comprised 75 tracks in total : 35 for the music and 40 for the vocals . According to Swivel , the main challenge in mixing " I
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Rogatis called Acid Tongue " sensual and entrancing . " The Daily Trojan labeled the tracks as " psychedelic , occasionally sexy , but always timeless " , although noting that the album " lacks a thematic focus that can be found on every other album Lewis has released " .
Filter referred to the album 's title track as " simply beautiful , causing goosebumps to the arms of even the toughest man . [ ... ] It 's rather deep , despite its simplicity , a difficult task to say the least . " It has also been called " a prime example of Lewis ' simplistic genius . " The Times said " the verses in the title track tickle and tease so that you are practically salivating for the chorus . "
It was also noted that Lewis ' " delicately seductive vocals are more versatile " , with the Detroit Free Press stating that her voice " smoothly mixes classic country with pop and indie @-@ rock , Lewis is as adept on the ballads as she is on the rave @-@ ups . " The Times considered Lewis ' songwriting " leagues ahead of anything that she has done in the past " and her vocals sound " as though she means it " . DeRogatis pointed out that " Lewis ' impressive strength as both a singer and a songwriter is that she makes every listener feel as if her music was crafted just for them . " However , Angela Zimmerman of Crawdaddy ! felt that Lewis often used a " pervasive soprano that she can 't quite execute " on tracks like " Black Sand " , " Pretty Bird " , " Trying My Best to Love You " , and " Jack Killed Mom " .
Pitchfork Media said that while Acid Tongue is " immediately pleasurable , " the album 's downfall is that " Lewis does such a good job of nailing choice sounds and styles from pop 's past that you can 't help getting reeled in right away ; only upon later reflection do you realize that much of her success lies in evoking something else great rather than achieving a greatness more uniquely her own . " The review continued , " In these straitjacketed settings , Lewis ' considerable strengths as a lyricist and performer just aren 't given sufficient room to fully emerge . " Time noted that Acid Tongue " sprawl with misplaced ambition " and that only the title track sticks . Another review observed , " Lewis seems to be [ ... ] on her way to a more definitive musical existence [ ... ] but she doesn ’ t quite seem to know yet . " Acid Tongue was also slated for its " hip @-@ hop @-@ like roster of unnecessary cameos . Zooey Deschanel and M. Ward of She and Him make sense , but Elvis Costello sounds intrusive during his duet on " Carpetbaggers , " while the black Crowes ' Chris Robinson is just superfluous . " Crawdaddy ! ' s Zimmerman said that while " these appearances help flavor the record , [ ... ] I miss the Watson Twins . "
The album was made number 14 in Blender 's 33 Best Albums of 2008 list , and number 46 in Q 's 50 Best Albums of the Year 2008 . It was also voted number 18 in Rolling Stone 's Readers ' Top 30 Albums of 2008 list . " Acid Tongue " was number 66 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
Acid Tongue entered the Billboard 200 at number 24 with approximately 21 @,@ 000 copies sold . It also reached number fifty @-@ five on the UK Albums Chart .
= = Release history = =
= = Personnel = =
Production — Farmer Dave Scher , Jason Lader , Jenny Lewis , Johnathan Rice
Artwork design — Jenny Lewis , Pierre De Reeder
Photography — Autumn de Wilde
= Sid Barnes with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Sid Barnes was a key member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team , which toured England in 1948 . The team went undefeated in their 34 matches ; this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles . A right @-@ handed opening batsman , Barnes was part of Bradman 's first @-@ choice team and played in four of the five Tests — he missed one match due to injury — partnering the left @-@ handed Arthur Morris .
Barnes ended the first @-@ class matches with 1 @,@ 354 runs at a batting average of 56 @.@ 41 including three centuries , placing him fifth in the aggregates and sixth in the averages among the Australians . Barnes found his best form in the Tests , yielding 329 runs at 82 @.@ 25 , ranking him third in the aggregates and second in the averages . He scored half @-@ centuries in both innings of the First Test at Trent Bridge , before compiling a hard @-@ hitting 141 in the second innings of the Second Test at Lord 's , helping to set up victory in both matches . In the Third Test , Barnes was injured and hospitalised after being hit in the ribs by a Dick Pollard pull shot . He returned the next day and attempted to bat , but collapsed again and had to be taken back to hospital for an extended stay , missing two weeks of cricket . After missing the Fourth Test , Barnes returned to score his third half @-@ century for the series as Australia completed a 4 – 0 win with an innings victory in the Fifth Test .
Aside from his run @-@ scoring , Barnes , who was well known for being eccentric , gained fame throughout the season for his fielding at short leg — just a few metres from the batsman — where he took 19 catches for the season . Barnes stood much closer than others who fielded in the position , placing one foot on the edge of the pitch . His extreme proximity prompted questions about the legitimacy of his action and English captain Norman Yardley later admitted that Barnes had intimidated his batsmen .
= = Background = =
Barnes had been a regular member of the Australian cricket team since World War II and was on his second trip to England after making his Test debut there in 1938 before the war . During the 1946 – 47 Australian season , which saw England tour for five Tests , the home nation 's senior opening batsman Bill Brown was injured . Barnes and debutant Arthur Morris had averaged 73 @.@ 83 and 71 @.@ 85 respectively , playing in all five matches .
Barnes went to England in the Australian winter of 1947 . In his autobiography , he claimed to have gone as a representative for an alcohol company , although appears to have dealt in commodities that were in short supply due to rationing . Once in England , he was approached by Burnley to play as a professional in Lancashire League cricket , which he did briefly before becoming disinterested and resigning . Barnes returned to Australia for the 1947 – 48 season , keen to win a place on the 1948 tour to England . He was worried that having played as a professional in the Lancashire League would damage his chance of further Test cricket , as the Australian authorities frowned on those who played professionally in England . There was also concern that , with his wife now living in Scotland , he would breach the Australian Board of Control 's rule that wives were not allowed to travel with players , by being in the same overseas country .
Brown , Barnes and Morris shared the opening duties against the visiting Indians ; their batting averages were 43 @.@ 00 , 52 @.@ 25 and 42 @.@ 66 respectively . With Brown recovered , the Australian selectors dropped Barnes for the first two Tests against the Indians . However , Brown struggled and made only 18 and 11 runs — Australia batted once in both Tests — and was then dropped for Barnes , who made only 12 and 15 in the Third Test . Retained for the Fourth Test , Barnes made 112 in an Australian victory . Morris — whose place was secure — was rested for the Fifth and final Test to give Brown another chance to show that he was worthy of selection . Barnes made 33 while Brown made 99 run out as Australia completed a 4 – 0 series win . In the end , all three were selected for the England tour , though Barnes had to give assurances about the amount of contact he would have with his wife — still living in Scotland — before he was confirmed . As specialist opening batsmen , the trio were competing for the two opening positions in Bradman 's first @-@ choice team .
Barnes brought along half a tonne of baggage on the sea voyage to England , including a lot of food and drink , particularly alcohol , which was scarce due to the war and subject to rationing . There Barnes would sell his goods . During the journey , the players had to sign autographs on 5 @,@ 000 sheets of paper with the team list . Barnes had a stamp of his signature made , and paid a young boy drinks to deal with the sheets , but he landed himself in trouble with captain Don Bradman and manager Keith Johnson when the boy stamped the sheets erratically , sometimes not adjacent to Barnes 's position on the team list .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its strongest possible team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Barnes opened with Morris , while reserve opener Brown batted out of position in the middle order . The hosts won the toss and batted first , and Barnes took the last two catches as Australia dismissed them for 233 . He delivered nine overs with his leg spin and was the most economical Australian bowler , conceding ten runs without taking a wicket . When Australia batted , Barnes made 44 from 104 balls in 99 minutes before being the first batsman to fall at 1 / 79.N- Australia reached 462 and dismissed the hosts for 212 to complete a victory by an innings and 17 runs . During the second innings , Barnes took his first wicket for the tour , having Laddy Outschoorn caught behind by Don Tallon to spark a collapse that saw the home side lose their last five wickets for 47 runs . Barnes ended with 1 / 25 and took two catches in the second innings ; all four of his catches for the match were from spinners .
Morris was rested for the following match against Leicestershire , so Barnes partnered Brown at the top of the order . The pair put on 46 before Brown fell . Barnes then put on 111 with Bradman for the second wicket before falling for 78 at 2 / 157 to a leg before wicket ( lbw ) decision the tourists regarded as a clear error . Unhindered , Australia made 448 and won by an innings . Barnes took two catches in the first innings , both from spinners , and bowled four overs without success in the second innings . The Australians proceeded to play Yorkshire at Bradford , on a damp pitch favourable to slower bowling . Bradman rested himself and Barnes as Australia came closest to losing a match for the whole tour . The tourists were 6 / 31 in pursuit of 60 for victory — effectively seven wickets down with one injured player — before scraping home to win by four wickets .
Barnes returned for the subsequent fixture against Surrey at The Oval in London , where Australia won the toss and batted first . Barnes attacked immediately , and put on an opening partnership of 136 with Morris , before the latter fell . Bradman and Barnes put on another 207 for the second wicket before Barnes fell for 176 . The tourists continued to build on the foundation laid by the top order and were eventually bowled out for 632 . Bradman ’ s bowlers dismissed Surrey for 141 and 195 to win by an innings after enforcing the follow on . During the match , Barnes was involved in an oft @-@ recalled incident . After a series of Australian appeals had been turned down in the match against Leicestershire by umpire Alec Skelding , Barnes had remonstrated with him and told him he had problems with his eyesight . Barnes also complained about Skelding adjudging him lbw , saying the ball " wouldn 't have hit another set of stumps " and telling the umpire to get a guide dog . A stray dog ran onto the field during the Surrey game . It caused a stoppage in play by evading the players and police for a few minutes . Eventually , Barnes used the ball to bait and trap the dog , which he then presented to Skelding stating : " You must need a dog . You 're blind when you give those decisions [ against Leicestershire ] not out " and " Now all you want is a white stick " . Skelding refused the offer , and after Barnes continued to pressure him into taking the dog , he called for an adjournment and left the playing arena . Barnes later wrote " Strange how I suggested he find himself a canine companion at Leicester ... and then one turned up ... Cricket 's a funny game . "
Barnes was rested for the following game against Cambridge University , which Australia won by an innings . In the next match against Essex , Barnes returned as Australia elected to bat first and went on to score a world record of 721 first @-@ class runs in one day . Barnes opened with Brown and they laid the platform for the record @-@ breaking total by combining for a stand of 145 before Barnes was out for 79 attempting a late cut . It was Australia 's largest opening partnership on the tour to date and lasted 97 minutes . After completing their innings , the tourists proceeded to victory by an innings and 451 runs , their biggest winning margin for the summer . In the first innings , Barnes fielded at point @-@ blank range at silly mid @-@ on when Ray Smith was batting against the bowling of Ernie Toshack . Smith hit one ball past Barnes , narrowly missing his head , but the Australian vowed to continue standing in close proximity . In the next over , Smith drove a full ball from Toshack directly into Barnes 's foot , who managed to hide any pain despite the ball having enough momentum to ricochet all the way to the boundary . The subsequent delivery was hit straight at Barnes 's torso . Barnes reacted fast enough to get his hands on the ball , but it broke through and hit his chest before rebounding . He was able to grab the ball with one hand and Smith was out ; Barnes then told the stunned batsman " I told you you wouldn 't drive me away " . Later , Barnes 's torso and foot had to be attended to . Barnes finished off the match by trapping Peter Smith for 54 in the second innings after Australia enforced the follow on , claiming the last wicket to end a tidy spell of 1 / 11 from 9 @.@ 4 overs . Barnes was rested for the following fixture against Oxford University , which resulted in another innings victory .
The following match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were almost a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . Bradman chose Barnes and Morris as his preferred opening pair , while Brown continued out of position in the middle order . Barring one change in the bowling department , the same team lined up in the First Test , with the top six batsmen in the same position . For players on both sides , it was a chance to gain a psychological advantage ahead of the Tests . Australia won the toss and batted and Morris fell with the score at 1 / 11 . Barnes added 160 for the next wicket with Bradman before falling for 81 with the score at 2 / 171 . Bradman 's men went on to amass 552 and bowled out the hosts for 189 and 205 to win by an innings ; Barnes caught John Deighton and Jack Robertson and took 0 / 15 from four overs . During the match , Barnes again gained attention for placing himself extremely close to the batsman when fielding at short leg , with one foot on the edge of the cut strip . According to retired Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton , himself a former fielder in the leg trap , " [ Barnes ’ s position ] was the closest I have ever seen any fieldsman on the leg side " . Bradman had suggested Barnes do so when leading English batsman Len Hutton was playing , in an attempt to distract or intimidate him . Barnes later claimed he was at little risk as Hutton was reluctant to hook Australia 's pace bowlers towards him and preferred to duck bowling aimed at his upper body . He said Hutton often talked pessimistically to teammates and that the Australians would benefit if they dampened Hutton 's confidence . Although Hutton top @-@ scored in both innings , scoring 52 and 64 , Barnes said the batsman 's eyes betrayed discomfort . The theatrical Barnes also decided to test the umpire 's patience by hovering his foot over the pitch , as though he were about to place it down on the batting surface , which was against the laws of cricket . Umpire Frank Chester , who was also known for his flamboyance and penchant for making himself visible , at one point held up proceedings momentarily when Barnes feigned to put his foot on the surface as the bowler was preparing to deliver the ball .
England and MCC captain Norman Yardley later admitted Barnes 's close proximity throughout the season had a psychological effect on his batsmen , although the Australian did miss catches because he was too close to react to the oncoming ball .
The MCC match was followed by a draw against Lancashire at Old Trafford ; this was the first time the tourists had failed to win since arriving in England . Barnes made 31 in both innings after the first day was washed out ; the match ended in a draw . Barnes was rested in the subsequent match against Nottinghamshire , which saw a second consecutive draw . He returned for the next game against Hampshire , as Australia had another scare . On a drying pitch , the hosts dismissed Australia for 117 in reply to 195 ; this was the first time the tourists had conceded a first innings lead on the tour . Barnes made 20 . Hampshire fell for 103 in their second innings to leave Australia a target of 182 , which was reached to seal an eight @-@ wicket win , despite Barnes falling for a duck . The final match before the First Test was against Sussex and Barnes was rested as Australia dismissed the hosts for 86 and replied with 5 / 549 declared before completing another innings victory .
= = First Test = =
Having overcome food poisoning leading up to the match , Barnes was selected for the First Test at Trent Bridge , as were the other two openers in the squad . England elected to bat first , and Australia 's fast bowlers reduced the home side to 8 / 74 before finishing them off for 165 late on the first afternoon . In Australia 's reply , Barnes partnered Morris at the top of the order , while Brown played out of position in the middle order . The pair had less than 15 minutes of batting before the scheduled close of play . Barnes made an appeal against the light after the first ball of the innings , which was a wide by Bill Edrich . Barnes walked down the pitch and was reported to have casually muttered to umpire Frank Chester " Eh , the light ! " , which appeared to shock the official . During the previous Ashes series in Australia in 1946 – 47 , Barnes continuously appealed against the light , forcing cricket authorities to limit the batting team to one appeal , after which only the umpire can call off play , at his own prerogative . Morris and Barnes successfully negotiated the new ball attack of Edrich and Alec Bedser to reach stumps at 17 without loss , with Morris on 10 and Barnes on 6 . Despite the appeal against the light , the Australians showed little desire to be watchful against Edrich 's bowling , scoring 11 runs from his two overs . However , Barnes had been fortunate , edging both Edrich and Bedser through the slip cordon .
Ideal batting conditions and clear skies greeted the players on the second morning . Barnes batted assuredly , while Morris was hesitant and shuffled around the crease . At one stage , Morris scored only seven runs in 55 minutes . Barnes was involved in some interplay with umpire Chester when the latter stopped a drive from Morris with his foot . Barnes picked the ball off the wicket and handed it to the bowler , prompting Chester to wag his finger in disapproval . Barnes responded by admonishing the umpire for blocking the ball .
Barnes and Morris took the score to 73 before the latter was out for 31 after two hours of batting . Bradman came in and Yardley set a defensive field , employing leg theory to slow the scoring . The hosts ’ captain packed the leg side with fielders and ordered Bedser to bowl at leg stump . Barnes reached his half @-@ century after 135 minutes at the crease with a pull for four from Charlie Barnett . The score progressed to 121 before Barnes cut Jim Laker onto the thigh of wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans . The ball bounced away , but the gloveman turned around and took a one @-@ handed diving catch to dismiss Barnes for 62 . Umpire Ernest Cooke was unsure of whether Barnes had hit the ball into the ground before Evans took the catch , and consulted with Chester , who had been standing at point on the other side of the field , before ruling the batsman out . Keith Miller came in and was dismissed for a duck without further addition to leave Australia 's total at 3 / 121 . Australia went on to reach 509 all out on the third day , yielding a 344 @-@ run first innings lead .
With leading paceman Ray Lindwall injured , Australia ’ s bowling stocks were stretched and Barnes was brought on during England 's second innings and as the fifth bowler to give the others some time to rest . Barnes delivered five overs and conceded 11 runs . In foggy and misty conditions , Joe Hardstaff junior brought up England 's 200 with a firmly @-@ struck hook that almost hit Barnes , who was standing at point @-@ blank range at short leg and could not duck before the ball went past .
England were eventually out for 441 on the final day , leaving Australia a target of 98 . Bradman ’ s men progressed quickly at the start of the chase . Barnes took 13 runs from the opening over by Bedser , including three boundaries , whereas Morris again lacked fluency . However , Barnes continued to score quickly , and 24 runs came from the first four overs . The tourists proceeded steadily to 38 from 32 minutes before Morris fell for nine . Bradman came to the crease and fell for a duck after 12 minutes in the middle . This left Australia at 2 / 48 ; dark clouds began to close in on the ground , and rain appeared to be a possible saviour for England . However , it never came ; Lindsay Hassett joined Barnes and they took the tourists to the target without further loss after 87 minutes of batting . Barnes gave Jack Young an opportunity for a return catch , but the ball was dropped . Barnes tied the scores with a swept boundary and ran off the field with a souvenir stump , believing the match was over . He tossed his souvenir back into the playing arena and returned to the field after noticing the reaction of the amused crowd and realising his mistake ; Hassett proceeded to hit the winning run . Barnes ended unbeaten on 64 with 11 boundaries ; he scored prolifically with his square cut . The next morning , he perused all of the newspapers , expecting to be heavily rebuked by analysts for reckless batting on the final day , but they instead focused on his captain 's failure to score .
Between Tests , Barnes played in the match against Northamptonshire , which started the day after Trent Bridge . Barnes made 11 and bowled three wicketless overs as Australia cruised to victory by an innings . In the second match — a drawn fixture against Yorkshire — before the Second Test , Barnes managed only a duck — bowled at the start of the match by a swinging yorker from Ron Aspinall — and six .
= = Second Test = =
Australia opted to field an unchanged lineup for the Second Test at Lord 's , the home of cricket . Before the match , Barnes wagered £ 8 at 15 / 1 on himself to score a century , and trained especially diligently in the lead @-@ up to the Lord 's fixture . He was motivated because the Australian Board of Control had given his wife rare permission to attend the match , and the refusal of the authorities at Lord 's to allow him to practise there when he was in London a year earlier ; Barnes saw a strong personal performance as an ideal response to what he regarded as a snub . On the first morning , Bradman won the toss and elected to bat , and Barnes continued his run of low scores since the First Test . The first over bowled by Bedser to Barnes was watchfully played to complete a maiden . The debutant Alec Coxon opened the bowling with Bedser and removed Barnes for a duck in his second over , caught by Len Hutton at short fine leg . Barnes tried to knock the short delivery through square leg but misjudged the pace of the wicket and played his shot too early , mishitting the ball to Hutton , and leaving Australia at 1 / 3 . They eventually reached 350 and bowled England out for 215 early on the third day .
The weather was fine as Australia started their second innings just after noon . On the second ball of the innings — bowled by Bedser — Barnes got off the mark to avoid his pair . Coxon took the new ball at the other end and Barnes and Morris saw it off . In contrast to their English counterparts , the Australian opening pair began cautiously , avoiding the hook shot and not playing at balls that were not going to hit the stumps , establishing a solid start for themselves . Keen to win his bet , Barnes was particularly determined . He survived a stumping opportunity from Laker when he was 18 ; he came down the pitch and the ball bounced out of the footmarks past the bat and narrowly missed the leg stump , but Evans fumbled the ball , which went away for four byes , giving Barnes a life . Barnes took advantage of the let @-@ off to combine with Morris for an opening stand of 122 , as Yardley made frequent bowling changes in an attempt to disrupt the Australian pair . Morris stopped shuffling , while Barnes adopted a strategy of pre @-@ emptively moving down the pitch to attack the off spin of Laker . Earlier in the tour , Barnes had often been bowled or trapped leg before wicket ( lbw ) while trying to force off breaks into the leg side from the crease . On this occasion , he drove Laker into the pavilion for six and Australia reached 0 / 73 at the luncheon adjournment with Barnes on 25 , an overall lead of 208 . After lunch , Morris was bowled for 62 . Bradman joined Barnes and the Australian skipper played and missed a few times before settling down . Barnes responded to his captain 's difficulties by manipulating the strike and shielding Bradman from Bedser . The Australian opener had little trouble against the leg trap Bedser set for him , scoring freely into the leg side and taking the shine off the second new ball . Generally however , Barnes also scored sedately after lunch , and after one extended period of defence , he drove Laker for four through the covers , eliciting a round of ironic applause . Barnes responded to the public gallery by placing his hand on his chest and bowing to the spectators . Barnes had started slowly , but accelerated after reaching his half @-@ century . He reached 96 with Australia at 1 / 222 half an hour after tea . By this time , the pace of the pitch appeared to have slowed , making batting relatively easy .
Barnes lingered for a further ten minutes on 96 before reaching his century with a straight drive from Laker . He had taken 255 minutes and hit ten fours in reaching triple figures . Having registered his century and fulfilled his bet , Barnes became particularly aggressive . He stepped out of his ground to attack Laker , but missed , as did Evans , who was unable to stop the ball as it spun down the leg side . Barnes dispatched one Laker over for 21 runs , including two consecutive shots over the long on boundary and two fours . Barnes was finally removed for 141 , caught on the boundary by Cyril Washbrook from the bowling of Yardley . He struck 14 boundaries and two sixes in his innings and the speed of his batting had allowed Australia to reach 2 / 296 in 277 minutes after a 174 @-@ run partnership with Bradman . Hassett was bowled first ball , so Miller came to the crease at 3 / 296 to face the hat @-@ trick ball . He survived a loud lbw appeal to deny Yardley his hat @-@ trick ; Australia consolidated and eventually declared at 7 / 460 on the fourth day .
England faced a target of 596 , which would have required a world record Test run @-@ chase — no team had successfully chased down more than 400 for victory . Early on , Washbrook pulled Lindwall for a four , almost collecting Barnes in the nose in his customary short leg position . Australia bowled out the hosts for 186 to win by 409 runs and take a 2 – 0 lead .
The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Test . After 16 days of cricket in 20 calendar days , Barnes was rested as Australia completed a 10 @-@ wicket win . Barnes returned for the following game against Gloucestershire . The tourists elected to bat first and Barnes — playing many square cuts — made 44 in an opening partnership of 102 with Morris , who went on to top @-@ score with 290 . Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest score for the tour , laying the groundwork for a victory by an innings and 363 runs . When Australia was fielding , Barnes was not at his characteristic close @-@ range position , but spent much of the time at third man or fine leg near the edge of the playing arena . At times , Barnes wandered about aimlessly between various positions , but Hassett , captaining in place of the resting Bradman , did not attempt to command him .
= = Third Test = =
The teams reassembled at Old Trafford for the Third Test . Australia dropped Brown , who had scored 73 runs at 24 @.@ 33 in three Test innings in his unfamiliar position in the middle order . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat , and England made 363 . Barnes caught his first victim for the Test series , the diminutive debutant opener George Emmett , who was surprised by a rising ball from Ray Lindwall . Emmett took his eyes from the ball and fended with one hand on the horizontally @-@ held bat , while ducking his head down below his arms ; the ball bounced slowly off the pitch and after hitting Emmett ’ s bat , rebounded gently up in the air to Barnes , leaving England at 2 / 28 . Barnes dropped two catches later in the day , but neither cost Australia substantially . Jack Crapp hit Ernie Toshack to Barnes at short leg , who failed to hold the catch . However , Crapp did not capitalise and was out soon after . During the same middle session , Yardley hit Toshack to Barnes , who was again unable to complete the reflex catch . However , Yardley was dismissed shortly after for 22 . Tail @-@ ender Dick Pollard came to the crease on the second morning and pulled a ball from Ian Johnson into the left ribs of Barnes , who was standing at short leg , almost on the edge of the cut strip . According to Fingleton , Barnes " dropped like a fallen tree " , and a minority of spectators loudly celebrated the injury . Briefly paralysed on his left side , he had to be carried from the ground by four policemen and taken to hospital for an examination .
Australia came out to bat halfway through the middle session on the second day , after England had ended on 363 . Having dropped Brown , Barnes 's injury left Australia with only one specialist opener , Morris . Johnson — a bowler — was deployed as Australia 's makeshift second opener and fell for one . On the third morning , Barnes came out to bat upon Keith Miller 's dismissal at 4 / 135 , even though he had collapsed from the aftereffects of his injury while practising in the nets . Barnes had refused to stay in hospital and returned to the ground despite his ribs being discoloured from the bruising . Bradman was not aware of Barnes 's collapse in the nets , but had told all rounder Sam Loxton to bat before Barnes to give the bruised opener more rest . Loxton told Barnes of Bradman 's wishes , but when Miller was dismissed , Barnes defied team orders and walked out to bat , shaking Pollard 's hand at the start of his innings .
He made a painful single in 25 minutes of batting before it became too much . The bruising severely restricted his mobility and breathing , and he turned down a single after being called through by Loxton , who had come in at the fall of Morris . Soon after , the pair took a single , and Barnes collapsed after completing the run . Barnes was taken from the ground with the assistance of Bradman among others , and sent back to hospital to recuperate for several days . He took no further part in the match , which ended in a rain @-@ affected draw ; Johnson again fell for single figures in the second innings . After the Test , Barnes — still injured — missed the ten @-@ wicket victory over Middlesex at Lord 's . The match was Australia 's only fixture between Tests .
= = Fourth Test = =
The teams headed to Headingley for the Fourth Test , with Barnes still unfit . Australia made two changes for the match . Neil Harvey came in for Barnes , while Ron Saggers replaced Don Tallon — who had a finger injury — behind the stumps . Wisden commented that the England batsmen welcomed the freedom brought by the absence of Barnes from the forward short leg position . Brown was not recalled to open ; instead , Hassett was promoted to the top of the order to partner Morris , while the teenager Harvey slotted into the middle @-@ order . Hassett struggled , making 13 and 17 , but Australia nevertheless completed a world record Test run @-@ chase of 3 / 404 to seal the series with a seven @-@ wicket win .
Barnes returned from injury after two and a half weeks on the sidelines immediately after the Fourth Test . He made 24 as Australia amassed 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings . He delivered 14 overs in the second innings , taking 0 / 6 , the most economical figures in the match apart from one bowler who bowled a solitary maiden . When Australia fielded , a point of interest for onlookers was where Barnes would field ; he stayed at mid @-@ wicket , well clear of the batsman . Barnes made 31 in the next game against Glamorgan , a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . After being given out lbw to Allan Watkins , he walked off visibly showing his displeasure at the umpiring decision , believing the ball would have missed leg stump . The hosts fell for 197 and Australia reached 3 / 215 when inclement weather ended the match .
Barnes was rested as Bradman ’ s men defeated Warwickshire by nine wickets . He returned as the tourists faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on tour . Barnes top @-@ scored in the first innings with 67 , putting on an opening stand of 123 with Morris as Australia made 321 . He continued his productivity with 90 in the second innings , adding 161 for the second @-@ wicket with Bradman . The home side managed to hang on for a draw , seven wickets down in their second innings . Barnes was then rested for the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . Australia made 282 and had the hosts at 5 / 73 in reply when rain washed out the match after the first day .
= = Fifth Test = =
Australia headed south to The Oval for the Fifth Test . Barnes resumed his opening position , while Hassett returned to his customary position in the middle order . England won the toss and elected to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch . Propelled by Ray Lindwall 's 6 / 20 , Australia skittled England for 52 in 42 @.@ 1 overs on the first afternoon .
In contrast , Australia batted with ease , as the overcast skies cleared and the sun came out . Morris and Barnes passed England 's first innings total by themselves , taking less than an hour to push the Australians into the lead . O ’ Reilly felt the Australian openers wanted to prove " the pitch itself had nothing whatever to do with the English batting debacle " . The only chance came when Barnes powerfully square cut Bedser low to point , where Young spilled the catch . When Young came on to bowl , his finger spin was expected to trouble the batsmen on a rain @-@ affected surface , but he delivered little variation in pace and trajectory and Barnes in particular hit him repeatedly through the off side field . Australia reached 100 at 17 : 30 , with Barnes on 52 and Morris on 47 . They took the score to 117 before Barnes was caught behind from Eric Hollies for 61 , ending a 126 @-@ minute stand . Barnes stumbled forward to a fast @-@ turning leg break that caught his outside edge . He had overbalanced and would have been stumped if he had failed to make contact with the ball . Australia finished at 389 on the second day and bowled out the hosts for 188 in the second innings , sealing victory by an innings and 149 runs to complete a 4 – 0 series win .
= = Later tour matches = =
Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England undefeated . Barnes was rested as Australia defeated Kent by an innings immediately after the Fifth Test . In the subsequent game against the Gentlemen of England , Barnes made only 19 before Australia declared at 5 / 610 against a team with eight Test players . Barnes sent down a total of eight overs for figures of 0 / 28 as Australia went on to complete an innings victory . Barnes made 42 before retiring ill in the next match against Somerset . Having batted first , the tourists went on to declare at 5 / 560 and won by an innings and 374 runs . In the following match against the South of England , Barnes made a duck . Australia declared at 7 / 522 and bowled out the hosts for 298 before rain ended the match .
Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last Australian campaign in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted only six current England Test players be allowed to represent the hosts . After his opponents had finalised their selection , Bradman fielded a full @-@ strength team ; the only difference from the Fifth Test team was Johnson ’ s inclusion at the expense of Doug Ring . The Australian bowlers skittled the hosts for 177 , and Barnes put on 102 with Morris before the latter fell for 62 . Bradman joined Barnes and the pair put on 225 for the second wicket . Barnes finished with 151 , including 15 fours and 4 sixes , after throwing his wicket away to Laker 's bowling , and Australia declared at 8 / 469 . The hosts were 2 / 75 when the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays .
The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . Barnes made five as Australia scored 236 in the first match . He then bowled nine overs — including seven maidens — and conceded nine runs as Australia won by an innings . Barnes was rested for the second match , which also ended in an innings victory .
= = Role = =
Barnes played in four of the five Tests as a right @-@ handed opening batsman , partnering the left @-@ handed Morris , although he batted at No. 6 in the Third Test due to his rib injury . Three opening batsmen were taken on the tour , Brown being the third . During the tour matches , which were usually played consecutively with one or no days between fixtures , Bradman rotated the trio , generally to rest one from the match while the other two opened.N- Notable exceptions occurred in the first two Tests , the opening match against Worcestershire and the warm @-@ up match against the MCC . In those matches , Australia fielded its first @-@ choice team and as a result , Brown played out of position in the middle order while Morris and Barnes opened . An occasional leg spin bowler , Barnes delivered only 65 @.@ 4 overs during the first @-@ class matches , five of which were in Tests . He took two wickets , both outside the Test arena .
Barnes ended the first @-@ class tour with 1 @,@ 354 runs at 56 @.@ 41 including three centuries , placing him fifth in the aggregates and sixth in the averages among the tourists . Barnes 's form peaked in the Tests , scoring 329 runs at 82 @.@ 25 ; among the Australians he ranked third in the aggregates and second in the averages .
An eccentric and strong @-@ willed character who was not afraid to go against convention , Barnes stationed himself as close to the bat as possible when fielding at either forward short @-@ leg or silly point . The tour report in the 1949 edition of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack judged Barnes 's fielding to be as important as his batting in the team ’ s success :
Probably a number of batsmen were sufficiently affected by his close attendance to cause them to lose concentration on the bowler running up , but equally important was the fact that the knowledge of his presence influenced opponents to avoid strokes in that direction . The Barnes demeanour in the field illustrated the general purposefulness of the Australians .
However , Barnes received criticism for this approach , including from Fingleton , who fielded there during his playing career . A letter was published in English newspapers , questioning Bradman on whether Barnes 's position was legitimate — the writer thought Barnes 's close proximity yielded an unfair advantage over the batsmen . Bradman later touted Barnes as the best fieldsman he had seen in the position , while England skipper Yardley admitted Barnes had worried the home team 's players . Fingleton said that if the position was unfair , then it was the umpires ' duty to take action . He further said the batsmen should have tried to deter Barnes from standing so close by aiming shots at him , deeming the Australian to be " of great value in a nuisance capacity throughout the tour " . After several near @-@ misses , he was finally hit in the Third Test and missed two weeks of cricket , but he was not injured again after his resumption . Barnes took 19 catches for the season , although only one came in the Tests .
= = Aftermath = =
Barnes used the opportunity of travelling around England to pursue his business interests , cutting many deals . When he was rested from the first match against Yorkshire , he stayed in the capital and made deals at the London Exhibition . During breaks in play , or when Australia was batting and he had already been dismissed , he often spent the time inspecting local factories and talking to other businesspeople . An important concern for Barnes , when returning to Australia by boat after the tour , was to avoid paying customs duties on the enormous amount of goods he acquired through various deals during the tour . This included fine English cloth , which was in very short supply in Australia . Hearing a rumour that customs officers were waiting in Sydney for him , Barnes disembarked at Melbourne and travelled to Sydney by train . The move worked and he sold his stock at a substantial profit , conservatively estimated to be equal to his tour fee . Upon returning to Australia , Barnes opted out of first @-@ class cricket to focus on business interests . He wrote a newspaper column , in which he often criticised cricket administrators and the small share of revenue they gave to players . Barnes wrote in a confrontational manner , often lampooning and angering the authorities .
At the beginning of the 1951 – 52 season , Barnes returned to the New South Wales team in a bid to regain his Test position , and performed well . He was chosen by the selectors but the board disallowed his selection for conduct reasons rather than ability . The media figured this out and publicised it , and Barnes was overlooked for the whole season . Speculation abounded as to the nature of his supposed misdeeds . These included jumping the turnstile at a ground when he forgot his player 's pass , insulting the royal family , theft from team @-@ mates , drunkenness , stealing a car , parking his car in someone else 's space , or that Barnes had lampooned the board in the narration accompanying the home movies he made of the 1948 tour . In later years , a file of unknown authorship was found ; it accused Barnes of allowing young spectators to enter the playing arena to field the ball instead of doing so himself , and of denigrating umpires by making gestures implying they were blind .
The Board had a secret dossier documenting Barnes 's behaviour and they doctored the minutes of the meeting at which they discussed his selection . The matter came to a head when a letter attributed to man named Jacob Raith was published in the paper , criticising Barnes 's character , and praising the board , which prompted Barnes to sue with the intention of prising out an explanation for his omission . Cricket administrators were called to testify about the matter and more details became public . According to cricket historian Gideon Haigh , " it was effectively the Board , not Raith , in the dock " .
Keith Johnson , the team manager during the 1948 tour , became the centre of attention . He wrote and had always claimed that the touring party had been completely harmonious and loyal . A series of administrators came forward to say that Barnes had misbehaved on the 1948 tour , even though Johnson 's official report had made no mention of any problems . There were also positive reports . Aubrey Oxlade , the chairman of the board , said that the batsman 's indiscretions were " childish things " and " not serious at all " . Frank Cush , another board member who had supported Barnes 's inclusion , replied " none at all " when asked if there were any legitimate reasons for excluding Barnes . Selector Chappie Dwyer said " I have a very high opinion of him as a cricketer ... and I have no objection to him as a man " .
Johnson was called as a witness , and under questioning , a different story came out . Johnson agreed that his written report of the 1948 tour had said that the team had behaved " in a manner befitting worthy representatives of Australia " and that " on and off the field their conduct was exemplary " . However , in a verbal report , Johnson said he had drawn the board 's attention to various misdemeanours by Barnes during the 1948 tour that , in his opinion , were sufficiently serious to warrant the player 's exclusion from future Australian Test sides . Johnson said that Barnes had shown a " general reluctance for anything savouring of authority " . The misdeeds included taking pictures as the Australian team was presented to the royal family on the playing arena during the Second Test at Lord 's , asking permission to travel alone in England — Barnes ' family was living in Scotland at the time — and " abducting " twelfth man Toshack to play tennis during the match at Northamptonshire on a court " 300 yards from the pavilion " . Under cross @-@ examination , Johnson said that Barnes 's photography of the royal family at Lord 's was the most serious incident . He admitted he had not known that Barnes had received permission to take the photos . Barnes 's lawyer then established that his client had then shown the films to raise money for various charities . He further showed that Barnes had not agitated when reminded of the policy against players meeting with family members on tour . However , Johnson believed that the cumulative effect of the misdeeds " warranted omission from the team " and he saw no problem in the fact that his verbal advice to the board recommending Barnes ' exclusion was at odds with the written report on the 1948 tour . Under cross @-@ examination , Johnson admitted that " I don 't always write what I think " , and ended up being embarrassed by Barnes 's lawyer . The case collapsed on its second day , after Barnes was issued with a public apology regarding the letter . After the libel trial , Johnson resigned from all cricket administration , while Barnes continued to be overlooked . Although the court case portrayed " an awful image of the chaos and bigotry under which Australian cricket was administered " , it did little to alter the board 's culture towards players .
= = = General notes = = =
= Typhoon Fengshen ( 2002 ) =
Typhoon Fengshen was the strongest storm of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season . It developed on July 13 from the monsoon trough near the Marshall Islands , and quickly intensified due to its small size . By July 15 , Fengshen attained typhoon status , and after initially moving to the north , it turned toward the northwest . On July 18 , the typhoon reached its peak intensity of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 10 ‑ minute winds ) , according to the Japan Meteorological Agency . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated peak winds of 270 km / h ( 165 mph 1 ‑ minute winds ) , and the agency estimated that Fengshen was a super typhoon for five days . This broke the record for longest duration at that intensity , previously set by Typhoon Joan in 1997 , and which was later tied by Typhoon Ioke in 2006 .
While near peak intensity , Typhoon Fengshen underwent the Fujiwhara effect with Typhoon Fung @-@ wong , causing the latter storm to loop to its south . Fengshen gradually weakened while approaching Japan , and it crossed over the country 's Ōsumi Islands on July 25 as a severe tropical storm . The typhoon washed a freighter ashore , killing four people and forcing the other 15 crew members to be rescued . In the country , Fengshen dropped heavy rainfall that caused mudslides and left $ 4 million ( ¥ 475 million 2002 JPY ) , in crop damage . There was an additional death in the country . After affecting Japan , Fengshen weakened in the Yellow Sea to a tropical depression , before moving across China 's Shandong Peninsula and dissipating on July 28 .
= = Meteorological history = =
Late on July 13 , a tropical depression developed near the Marshall Islands northeast of Kwajalein Atoll . The cyclone quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Fengshen just six hours after forming . On July 14 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) initiated warnings on Fengshen just two hours after first monitoring the disturbance . By that time , the system consisted of a distinct circulation with developing convection , located in an area of weak wind shear . The storm initially moved northwestward , emerging from the monsoon trough as a small cyclone . Quick intensification followed , and an upper @-@ level low to the northwest assisted in providing
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Age , roughly the start of the first millennium BC . The reason for their emergence in Britain , and their purpose , has been a subject of debate . It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe , sites built by invaders , or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture . The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain . Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze , and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status . Power passed into the hands of a new group of people . Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated that
[ the forts ] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [ of an increasing population ] burst out into open warfare . But I wouldn 't see them as having been built because there was a state of war . They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed , but this was not the only , or even the most significant , factor in their construction
= = Location = =
Although there are over 1 @,@ 300 hill forts in England , they are concentrated in the south of the country , with only seven in Cheshire . There are two groups of hill forts in Cheshire , each with three members , but Maiden Castle is the outlier , about 9 miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ south @-@ west of the southern @-@ most group . Located at grid reference SJ498529 , Maiden Castle lies on the central ridge that runs north – south through the county , as do all of the hill forts in Cheshire .
Maiden Castle sits on a slight promontory which is the highest point of a plateau on Bickerton Hill , 694 ft ( 212 m ) . The ground to the west and north of the hill fort is steeply sloping , making artificial defences unnecessary and providing a commanding view of the Cheshire Plain . To the east of Maiden Castle , the plateau continues for about 1 mile ( 2 km ) and 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 800 m ) wide , where ramparts were constructed in lieu of natural defences .
= = Layout = =
Maiden Castle has no artificial defences on its northern and western sides because of the naturally steep slope of the hill , but there are two artificial banks , 35 ft ( 11 m ) apart . The banks are similar in dimension , both are 40 ft ( 12 m ) wide , and because the ground they are on slopes , the exterior side of each bank is higher than the side on the inside of the fort ; they are 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) high on the inside of the fort and 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) on the exterior face . There is no evidence that Maiden Castle was protected by a ditch along with the banks . The main entrance is on the east side of the fort where the inner bank turns in towards the fort , and while there is a gap in the outer rampart it does not turn in . There may also be two other entrances to the site where the banks meet the cliffs to the north and south ; the outer ditch runs inwards at both ends , possibly indicating an in @-@ turned entrance abutting the edge of the cliff – similar to the entrance at the Helsby hill fort also in Cheshire – or perhaps an attempt to make the banks run flush to the cliff @-@ edge to ensure there were no gaps in the site 's defences .
= = History = =
Radiocarbon dating indicates that the ramparts defending Maiden Castle were built in around 600 BC . Built from earth and timber , the inner rampart was originally 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide , with a revetment of dry stone walling behind the bank , and at least 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high . The outer bank was originally 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) wide and about 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high . It was built from sand and had a dry stone facing at the front and no revetment behind . The outer bank was later enlarged : the outer face was extended 8 to 10 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 0 m ) away from the fort and the revetment moved . Its height was probably increased to 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . The defences cover about 1 @.@ 66 acres ( 6 @,@ 700 m2 ) out of the entire 3 acres ( 12 @,@ 000 m2 ) of the Maiden Castle site . According to archaeologist James Forde @-@ Johnston , who conducted a study of the hill forts of Lancashire and Cheshire in 1962 , this was an unusually strong defence for such a small site . Few artefacts have been recovered from the site ; they include a piece of Iron Age pottery . Maiden Castle was probably occupied until the Roman conquest of Britain in 1st century AD , and the outer bank may have been reconstructed around this time .
The name Maiden Castle is not unique to the site and occurs in several other places in Britain , such as Maiden Castle in Dorset , and probably means a " fortification that looks impregnable " or one that has never been taken in battle . Despite quarrying in the 17th century and 20th @-@ century military exercises on the site , Maiden Castle survives well . Maiden Castle was excavated between 1932 and 1935 by W. J. Varley , who also undertook excavations at Eddisbury hill fort , as part of his investigation into the origin of Cheshire 's hill forts . Further excavations were undertaken in 1980 – 1981 . The structure was made a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1995 , giving Maiden Castle protection against unauthorised change . The environment of the hill fort is a mixture of heathland , heather , and bracken . The site is owned by the National Trust and is open to the public . Unrestricted access has led to problems such as erosion . Maiden Castle has been damaged by animal burrows and is designated as " at high risk " due to erosion caused by visitors and the spread of bracken . Five of Cheshire 's seven hill forts have been assessed as being " at high risk " compared to 15 % of North West England 's Scheduled Monuments .
= Life Is Peachy =
Life Is Peachy is the second studio album by the American nu metal band Korn , released on October 15 , 1996 through Immortal Records and Epic Records . Life is Peachy earned gold on January 8 , 1997 and later certified platinum on December 9 , 1997 . Following the success of their 1994 self @-@ titled debut , Korn earned a second double platinum for the album in the United States , certified by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on November 10 , 1999 . The album debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number one in New Zealand .
The album has 14 tracks , not including the hidden track after " Kill You " . Korn released three singles from the album and each charted on the UK Singles Chart . For the first time , Korn released covers of the songs " Lowrider " by War and " Wicked " by Ice Cube . The album features such themes as social encounters , sex and revenge . The album cover was designed by Martin Riedl and its name is credited to Korn 's bassist Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu . Life Is Peachy has sold over 6 million copies worldwide to Nielsen SoundScan 2013 .
= = Writing and recording = =
Writing for the band 's second album started immediately after touring their self @-@ titled debut . Guitarist Munky described the writing process as , " we didn 't write nothin ' for two years then we had creativity build up , like blue balls of creativity . " Doug Small , author of The Story of Korn ( ISBN 0825618045 ) , said that " the band 's songwriting method — a sort of collective building process wherein four instrumentalists , with the input of Jonathan [ Davis ] , develop each other 's ideas until they 've created a monster — is truly a group effort . " The album 's lyrics — for the most part — were primarily written by lead singer Jonathan Davis . Drummer David Silveria told Modern Drummer , " somebody will start playing something and the rest of us will work around it and see where it goes . "
After playing at a few gigs with Deftones in California , United States , Korn went back to the studio to start recording Life Is Peachy in April 1996 . Korn asked Ross Robinson to produce , and wanted to begin recording at Indigo Ranch , mostly because their first album had been recorded there and was a success . The quick process was accompanied by drinking and partying . When Davis recorded , he preferred several other people be in the recording studio with him .
Jason Arnopp , author of Slipknot : Inside the Sickness , Behind the Masks ( ISBN 0091879337 ) , along with Doug Small , insisted the album was rushed when it was put together . Silveria explained , " We went in really fresh , and we wanted to get it done quickly to capture that moment . So it was probably about sixty percent knowing what I was going to play and forty percent just playing whatever came to mind at that moment , It ended up really good , and it has a kind of energy I probably wouldn 't have gotten if I 'd worked everything out beforehand . " Korn 's bassist Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu said , " We wanted that same energy and inspiration we found up in the Malibu Hills . "
Jonathan Davis said regarding the writing of the album " Right after we got done touring with Ozzy Osbourne , Ross [ Robinson ] hooked up with us . We went into a rehearsal studio and started writing . It was faster and thrashier . It was us reacting the vibe that we had to hurry up and get this done . We thought , " Let 's do something great , but let 's not take a year on it . " While James " Munky " Shaffer collaborated " Some of the songs and riffs from the first record had been lingering around for years . When it was time to write Life Is Peachy , we went back into the rehearsal studio and we wanted to take the elements that the fans liked and we liked about Korn and elaborate on some of those like Jonathan freaking out . " Twist " came to life . There was that dissonant guitar playing . There was more of a punk rock feel and attitude that the band had . I think a lot of that came from touring so much and the energy of the crowds . We wanted to create a really angry album . "
= = Booklet = =
Korn 's bassist Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu came up with the title Life Is Peachy . The name came from Fieldy 's Pee Chee folder . Fieldy often put " Life Is " in front of the brand name , which would humor him . Fieldy said , " I used to doodle all over it [ the file folder ] . I drew long hair on the character and put guitars in their hands . I used to sketch stuff all the time . I eventually knew my scribbles might someday pay off . I thought that visual would make a really cool album cover . " Korn contacted the Pee Chee file folder company and asked for permission to use the file folder 's image for an album cover , offering twenty thousand dollars ( $ 20 @,@ 000 ) , resulting in the company turning the offer down . The name Life Is Peachy was agreed by band members to be a " great " name for the album , and kept the name but didn 't add Fieldy 's file folder cover .
The front cover of Life Is Peachy depicts a boy looking in the mirror , seeing a much larger person behind him . The photo was taken by Martin Riedl . The design and concept were by Scott Leberacht . Other pictures in the booklet were taken by Stephen Stickler . Doug Small said that it " continued the threatened child theme as depicted on Korn 's artwork . " The cover is mostly black and white , with a little boy , hair combed , straightening his tie in a gilt mirror ; behind him looms a larger , shadowed presence . " Life Is Peachy is , to date , the only album by Korn to feature their name spelled in a different font .
The booklet , along with every other album by Korn , does not feature printed lyrics to the songs . The band has explained that the reason the booklets do not feature this is because he believes fans should not rely on printed lyrics because it limits the experience in listening to the music . As Davis told MTV 's Serena Altschul , " I think music is something that every individual has their own meaning to the song . They can come up with whatever the hell I 'm saying and that 's the beauty of it and that 's what I wanna keep there . "
= = Touring and promotion = =
Korn began touring in the Sick of It All Tour , beginning on January 21 , 1995 , and ending in March 1995 . Following the Sick of It All Tour , Korn joined the Danzig 4 Tour , including Danzig and Marilyn Manson . The tour lasted 3 months and was preceded with the group touring with Megadeth , where they played to crowds of thirty @-@ five @-@ hundred to five thousand . They toured with Megadeth , Fear Factory , and Flotsam and Jetsam . All of this happened in the summer of 1995 . Lead vocalist Jonathan Davis introduced the bagpipes while performing live ( however many people there did not like this ) .
Korn began touring in Europe during September 1995 . One of Korn 's first concert dates was in Nottingham . After the performance , there was conflict between Korn 's bassist Fieldy and someone from " tech , " resulting in the airport prohibiting them from boarding the plane . From 1995 to 1997 , Korn toured with Ozzy Osbourne , Sugar Ray , Cradle of Thorns , Incubus , Life of Agony , Metallica , and others . Korn released a promotional disc in 1997 called Life Is Peachy Tour Sampler , with Incubus and The Urge . The album featured 3 tracks , " Chi " ( live ) by Korn , " All Washed Up " ( live ) by The Urge , and " Hilikus " ( live ) by Incubus . The promo was released after Life Is Peachy , and lasts for twelve minutes and seventeen seconds . Korn toured solo in 1997 , and headlined at often sold out shows . Limp Bizkit also toured with Korn to promote Life Is Peachy . In 1997 , Korn toured in the Lollapalooza summer tour . They toured with Tool , Snoop Dogg , Jane 's Addiction , Prodigy , and others .
On July 18 , not even a month into the tour , the group was forced to cancel the remainder of their Lollapalooza appearances due to guitarist James " Munky " Shaffer recent diagnosis with viral meningitis . Jonathan Davis issued a written statement about Shaffer 's illness saying , " We love our fans . This is the last thing we want to do , but it 's the only decision to make at this time . It just doesn 't feel right without [ Shaffer ] . " The statement also acknowledged fans that " there is no suitable replacement for [ Shaffer ] during his recuperation . "
Aside from touring , Korn also released three singles following the album 's release . " No Place to Hide " was the album 's first single . The single features the song " Proud " , a song that was previously unreleased . Other versions include both original and remixed versions of songs featured on Korn . The song " A.D.I.D.A.S. " was released as a single on March 4 , 1997 . The song 's music video was directed by Joseph Kahn . Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu said that " It was one of the hardest videos we ever made because we all had to lie still on cold metal slabs for hours , pretending to be dead . We wore dirty blue contacts in our eyes that made us partially blind while they were in . "
= = Music and lyrical themes = =
Life Is Peachy opens with the forty @-@ nine second prelude " Twist " , which is made up of improvised scat singing done by Jonathan . Doug Small described the singing as " spitting out the twisted rantings of a madman " , and said that it was fit for the album 's introduction . An a cappella version of " Twist " is included as a hidden track after " Kill You " . " A.D.I.D.A.S. " is an Acronym for " All Day I Dream About Sex " . " Kill You " is about Jonathan Davis ' ex @-@ stepmother .
Considered nu metal , the album features hip hop elements with James " Munky " Shaffer recalling " We were listening to a lot of hip hop , I was probably listening to a lot of Mr. Bungle , hip hop like early Outkast and The Pharcyde , Sepultura records , and Rage Against the Machine , just to name a few . " The band would further explore hip hop on their next album Follow the Leader .
Q Magazine said that the album was both harsh and hard , and Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that the album 's rhythms were " straight out of underground black metal , " while also noting that it " enhanced their metallic influences . " With the same band @-@ line up as their previous album , the band created an album considered to be darker than their debut album . Entertainment Weekly considered the album to be of interest to " mental @-@ health professionals . " Jon Pareles stated that the album 's themes characterize Korn being " Mad at Everybody , Including Themselves " . iTunes said Life Is Peachy was " a barrage of throttling , detuned guitar aggression that erupts from the bottom like molten lava . "
= = Reception = =
Life Is Peachy received mixed reviews from critics . Q Magazine said the album is " Harsher and harder than their groundbreaking debut . " AllMusic said " Korn add enough elements of alternative rock song structure to make the music accessible to the masses , and their songwriting has continued to improve . " iTunes commented that " Regardless of the musical textures , Life Is Peachy is unified in its focus . " Entertainment Weekly said that the album left the " impression that frontman Jonathan Davis is turning his well @-@ publicized childhood traumas into a cheap marketing device " . They gave it a C- and said that it " may be of interest to mental @-@ health professionals . "
" No Place to Hide " earned the band a second Grammy nomination in the Best Metal Performance category in 1998 . The single peaked at number twenty @-@ six on the UK Singles Chart . The album 's second single , " A.D.I.D.A.S. " , peaked at number twenty @-@ two on the UK Singles Chart , while also making an appearance at number forty @-@ five in Australia . " Good God " , the album 's third and final single , peaked at number twenty @-@ five on UK Singles Chart , and number eighty @-@ one on the ARIA Charts . The album peaked at number one in New Zealand . The album also peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 , and number thirty @-@ two on the UK Albums Chart . Herzebeth from Metal Storm Webzine said that Life Is Peachy is Korn 's best album . At the 1997 Kerrang ! Awards Life Is Peachy won the " Best Album " award . Life Is Peachy and Korn 's self @-@ titled album have been labelled as " landmarks " in alternative metal music .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Korn unless otherwise noted .
The song " Kill You " ends at 5 : 02 . After two minutes and 33 seconds of silence a brief reprisal of " Twist " in a capella form called " Twist A Capella " , starts .
= = Chart positions = =
= = Personnel = =
= Bombardment of Salé =
The Bombardment of Salé was a naval attack against the Moroccan city of Salé that took place between 26 and 27 November 1851 , in response to the looting of a French cargo ship by residents of the city . After seven hours of fighting , the Moroccan artillery suffered severe damage , and the French bombarded the city through the night , damaging the city 's infrastructure and the Great Mosque of Salé .
French losses were minimal , with only four dead and 18 wounded . Between 18 and 22 Moroccans died , two @-@ thirds of whom were civilians . The French forces withdrew , and both sides claimed victory .
= = Background = =
After the French conquest of Algeria , Abdelkader El Djezairi declared war against France , and requested assistance from Sultan Abd al @-@ Rahman of Morocco . When the Sultan responded favorably , it triggered the Franco @-@ Moroccan War . France sent warships to bombard Tangier on 6 August 1844 , destroying large parts of the city and its defenses . The French then bombarded Essaouira , and occupied the Iles Purpuraires . After the French army defeated the Moroccan cavalry at the Battle of Isly on 14 August 1844 , Sultan Abd al @-@ Rahman asked for peace with France , leading to the signing of the Treaty of Tangier on 10 September 1844 . Morocco 's defeat caused a revolt in Rabat ; in Salé , the city 's nobility , known as the Sharif , sent a letter to the Sultan complaining about the lack of weapons and ammunition in the city .
Meanwhile , the French government 's anger against Morocco was increasing . A series of incidents in October 1849 damaged relations between both countries ; a series of assassinations directed at the French frontier had occurred , and the French Consul had requested the dismissal of Pacha Ouchda , who was believed to have caused these issues . From 1845 to 1851 , Morocco had a serious agricultural crisis caused by a drought , resulting in crop failure . The people of Morocco were suffering as the price of wheat and barley reached unprecedented heights . In Salé , many people were starving , and the agricultural crisis and anger towards France ultimately led to the bombardment of Salé .
= = Preliminaries = =
On 1 April 1851 , a French cargo ship carrying 98 tons of goods from Gibraltar to Rabat capsized near the coast of Salé . A few tons of goods were rescued , and were stored in the city for safekeeping . Salé turned out to be less than safe , however ; by the next day , hundreds of townspeople were scavenging and stealing the goods . The thieves were thwarted by Abdelhadi Zniber , but only temporarily . By the end of the raids , the French had lost 11 @,@ 391 franc germinals worth of goods .
French diplomat Nicolas Prosper Bourée reported the situation in Salé to the French , and accused the people in the city of piracy . Bourée recommended sending military forces to the city ; the French government obliged .
On 10 November 1851 , the French Secretary of the Navy tasked Louis Dubourdieu with the execution of the action against Salé , and five vessels were assigned to him in this regard : Henri IV ( armed with 100 cannons and captained by Louis Henri de Gueydon ) , the Sané ( 14 cannons ) , the Gomer ( 14 cannons ) , the Narval ( 4 cannons ) , and the Caton ( 6 cannons ) . The fleet gathered in Cádiz on 19 November , and after being supplied with food and coal , sailed for Salé on 21 November .
= = Bombardment = =
On 24 November , some of the French ships traveled to Tangier , where they picked up Consul Julius Doazan and his secretary , Fleurat , on Narval . Later that evening , Caton reached Salé and offered safe passage to Rabat for the British consul Elton and his family , in anticipation of the bombardment of the city . The following day , at 11 : 00 a.m. , Caton anchored between the cities of Rabat and Salé . Its commander demanded an apology over the thefts and raids and immediate repayment for the stolen goods , under threat of bombardment . The rais in the ports of both cities promised to answer to the French demands within three hours . Two hours later , all of the French ships had reached the mouth of the Bou Regreg , between Rabat and Salé .
The French crews of Henri IV received a telegraph from Admiral de Gueydon , suggesting that the bombardment of the city would begin soon , which the crews welcomed with enthusiasm . By then , a large crowd of people in Rabat and Salé had gathered to observe the French ships after they were spotted by Moroccan artillery operators . Admiral de Gueydon decided against starting the bombardment until consul Elton was aboard Caton ; the consul did not come aboard the ship until four hours later . At dawn on 26 November though , the British steamer Janus joined Caton , and took the consul as its passenger .
The Moroccan soldiers in both Rabat and Salé prepared to repel the French attack , and armed themselves with artillery . On the French side , Sané had moved to the fort at the entrance to the Bou Regreg river ; Henri IV was a short distance from the Moroccan batteries north of Salé . Gomer moved to a suitable position to attack , and both Narval and Caton would provide logistical support .
The French opened fire on the forts of Salé at 10 : 00 a.m. , and the Moroccans retaliated instantly with forty batteries of artillery weapons . An hour into the confrontation , the batteries in Salé were destroyed , and the artillery in Rabat were damaged to a level that they became almost useless . The French fire intensified , but at 3 : 30 p.m. , the damaged batteries were removed from the city by Moroccan forces ; however , resistance did not stop until 5 : 00 p.m. Sané and Gomer , lacking for ammunition , withdrew from the battle , while Henri IV continued its barrage on the city until 7 : 00 a.m. the next morning .
= = Aftermath = =
The following day , Dubourdieu sent a report to the Minister of War describing the French losses . Henri IV took several hits , with 1 dead and 9 wounded . The Sané suffered more damage than the Gomer , but neither was seriously damaged . Three men were killed on the Sané , and nine were wounded .
The damage to Salé was considerable ; a wall from the Almohad Caliphate was severely damaged , and the Great Mosque of Salé was struck by six cannonballs . Several homes were destroyed , and many were burnt down . Between 12 and 15 civilians were killed , along with six to seven soldiers . Tactically , the battle was a victory for France . In order to prevent Tangier from receiving a similar bombardment , Morocco agreed to pay 100 @,@ 000 francs to the French on 29 November 1851 .
Politically , however , the battle is considered a failure for France . Initially , France had desired a revolt against the governor of Salé to force repayment and avoid destruction of the city , but this did not occur . The French demanded that those who killed Christians in the city be sentenced to death , and that thieves have their hands cut off ; however , the governor of Salé simply banished these people from the city .
Following this confrontation , diplomatic relations between France and Morocco ended for several months , until a French diplomatic mission returned in 1852 . After the bombardment , Dubourdieu was promoted to Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor , and then to vice @-@ admiral in February 1852 .
= The Vampires of Venice =
" The Vampires of Venice " is the sixth episode in the fifth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was broadcast on 8 May 2010 on BBC One . It was written by Toby Whithouse , who previously wrote " School Reunion " , and was directed by first @-@ time Doctor Who director Jonny Campbell .
Following from the end of " Flesh and Stone " where his companion Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) had kissed him , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) picks up Amy 's fiancé Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) and takes the two on a romantic trip to Venice in 1580 . There they are intrigued by a girls ' school whose students appear to be vampires and discover that they are really alien refugees in disguise , who plot to make Venice their new home .
The episode replaced a different script Whithouse had planned to write , and was designed to be a romantic episode that could also be a good introduction to the show . Whithouse chose the setting to be Venice , and vampires soon entered the plot as he felt they belonged in the setting . The episode was filmed in Trogir , Croatia in late 2009 , with the old @-@ fashioned village portraying Venice . The episode was seen by 7 @.@ 68 million viewers in the UK and received an Appreciation Index of 86 . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the comedy , production design , and acting of guests Helen McCrory and Alex Price , but thought that the plot elements were somewhat similar to a couple of other recent episodes .
= = Plot = =
= = = Synopsis = = =
The Doctor , believing Amy 's attraction to him is due to the stress from travel , gatecrashes her fiancé Rory 's stag party and invites the two of them on a romantic trip courtesy of the TARDIS . They land in Venice in 1580 and soon find trouble . The city 's patron , Signora Rosanna Calvierri , claims that the Black Plague runs rampant outside of Venice . The Doctor says this is false and that it appears she is using the plague as an excuse to seal off the city . While investigating they encounter Guido , a boat @-@ builder whose daughter Isabella hasn 't contacted him since enrolling in Signora Calvierri 's school for girls .
Amy devises a plan to place herself inside the school with the help of Rory and The Doctor 's psychic paper . Amy manages to unlock a gate and allow the others in , but in doing so is captured and taken to a chamber . The Doctor and Rory come to believe the women are being converted into vampires , and discover a box containing a dead figure . Amy kicks at Signora Calvierri 's side and disrupts a device that is hiding her true alien form . They begin converting Amy into one of them when Isabella , who has yet to be fully converted , frees Amy and they escape . Isabella hesitates while escaping because she can no longer tolerate direct sunlight and is pulled back inside while the door closes . The Doctor tries to open the door but he gets shocked by electricity and collapses . Isabella is later thrown into a canal by Signora Calvierri and eaten by something that lives underwater .
The Doctor goes back inside to question Signora Calvierri who confirms that she and the others are from the planet Saturnyne , a race of aquatic beings with vampire @-@ like tendencies . She and the others landed on Earth after seeing the cracks in the universe . Calvierri and her son Francesco intend to sink the city into the water and convert humans into " Sisters of the Water " in order to continue their race . When the Doctor returns to Guido 's home to regroup with Amy and Rory , Signora Calvierri sends her transformed girls to attack them . Guido sacrifices himself for the others by blowing up several kegs of gunpowder that kill him and the girls . Signora Calvierri activates a device on a tower that begins to create the earthquakes and floods that will sink Venice . While Amy and Rory face and defeat Francesco , the Doctor climbs the tower and stops the device in time . The last of her kind , Signora Calvierri throws herself into the canal to be eaten , but not before tormenting the Doctor by reminding him that he is now responsible for the extinction of two species : her own , and the Time Lords .
In the aftermath of the incident , Amy and the Doctor invite Rory to continue traveling with them , but as the Doctor and Rory are about to enter the TARDIS , everything falls silent . Unnerved , the Doctor remembers Signora Calvierri 's words : " We saw silence , and the end of all things ... "
= = = Continuity = = =
Intending to produce his psychic paper during the episode , the Eleventh Doctor accidentally produces a library card with a photograph of the First Doctor ( William Hartnell ) .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Writer Toby Whithouse originally planned to write a different episode set in " some sort of labyrinth " , but after the idea had been developed for a while executive producers Steven Moffat and Piers Wenger thought that it was too similar to other episodes in the series , and asked him to write something else , while Whithouse 's original idea was pushed to the next series ( The God Complex ) . He was asked to write " a big bold romantic episode " which would also serve as a " sort of reboot episode " and a good introduction to Doctor Who . Whithouse was asked to set it " anywhere in the world " that was romantic , and he chose Venice , which he called " one of my favourite places in the world " . Whithouse believed that the vampires fit into the setting . Whithouse had a positive experience writing the episode , reflecting that " writing on the show is a delight and a pleasure " . As he is executive producer of Being Human , he was pleased he only had to write the episode and not worry about the other aspects of production . The major plot point of " sinking Venice " was conceived as Whithouse needed to use the identity of the location and it was a very aquatic city , and Venice was " constantly fighting " enemies in its history but this time it proved to be its own worst enemy .
The opening scene , which detailed Isabella 's entrance to the school and the foreboding danger that came with it , was described as " classic " Doctor Who by Whithouse as it contained a " victim coming into a trap " . Isabella 's scream at the end of the scene originally went into the title sequence ; however , director Jonny Campbell thought that the next two scenes had " soft endings " that would not work well right after each other . As a result , the title sequence was moved to after the scene of the Doctor crashing Rory 's stag party , which Whithouse described as a " fun scene " and a unique opening to the titles . Whithouse also wanted to emphasise the amount of danger the Doctor puts people in , which is pointed out by Rory in the episode . He believed that the companions over time developed the same mentality as the Doctor in running towards the danger , and so Rory was a great opportunity to question that . Whithouse also wanted a " comic thread " to " dilute " the plot and character developments . He also noted that it was difficult to capture Guido 's " tragic " character in the running time . The episode also gives a " metatexual " reference by showing a picture of the Doctor 's first incarnation on his library card . The references to " silence " in the episode are shown as flashbacks in the episode " Day of the Moon " of the next series , suggesting it was foreshadowing to the enemy of the Silence which were the focus of that episode .
The script was originally too long , and as a result many sequences had to be cut , some even after they had been filmed . These included a fight scene with the Doctor and Rosanna 's steward ( Simon Gregor ) , a longer fight sequence between Rory and Francesco , and some dialogue between the Doctor and Amy following the climax . In the original script , Amy and Rory cornered Francesco after suspecting him of killing a villager and Francesco climbed up the wall . Whithouse thought this would be a relatively easy stunt , but was told it would be too hard to accomplish and Whithouse revised it to when Francesco simply runs away . When discussing the script with Whithouse , Helen McCrory , who portrayed Rosanna , thought that she should hurt Amy at some point and it was added that she bites Amy while she is in the chamber .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
The read @-@ through of " The Vampires of Venice " took place on 23 November 2009 . It is the first Doctor Who episode to be directed by Campbell and the first co @-@ produced by Patrick Schweizter . The episode was filmed in the fifth production block with " Vincent and the Doctor " . Due to the fact it would take time to cover up all the modern shops found in present @-@ day Venice , the episode was filmed in the coastal town of Trogir , Croatia in late 2009 . The Venetians had actually colonised Trogir , and the city bears much historical architecture , including some that was influenced by Venice . The interior of the Calvierri house was filmed at Atlantic College , Caerphilly Castle , Castell Coch , and the Town Hall of Trogir , while the Llancaich Fawr Manor , a 16th @-@ century manor house near Cardiff , was used as Guido 's home . The production team incorporated the Calvierri crest into as many locations as possible and the art department designed a " fish gargoyle " for the tower of the Calvierri house . A church tower in Trogir was used for the climax ; this scene was challenging to film because of the stunts for Smith and a stunt double . The roof of the tower was constructed in the studio and some of the scene was filmed there in front of a greenscreen .
The gondolas were filmed in the moat on Caerphilly Castle and inserted with CGI . Locals were used in the marketplace , including a woman who had passed by the filming site with her goat . A small crew did go to Venice to take wide shots of the buildings that bordered the water but did not have walkways as they did in Trogir . Campbell wanted to incorporate everything he loved about Venice , including church bells and narrow alleyways . Though Trogir was on the coast , it did not have internal waterways , so the production team found they could fill a square on the street below the balcony where the characters were with computer generated water and make it part of the Grand Canal . The chamber in which the girls were taken to be turned into the Saturnynians was bathed in a green light to suggest alien technology and also ease the brief glimpse of Rosanna 's true form . The cinematographer accomplished this despite the low ceilings . Parts of this scene were cut due to censorship issues for being " too scary " .
Several aspects of the episode had to be compromised due to budget constraints . The true form of the aliens could only be shown for a few seconds each as it was very expensive to do , and these shots were spread throughout the episode . In the original script a big monster rose out of the water in Isabella 's death scene , but this would have been too expensive and Moffat was forced to ask Whithouse to make it " invisible " . Many of the costumes in the episode were taken from artwork from the 15th and 16th centuries . This included veils that women wore , which were used for the vampire girls . Guido trades clothes with Rory when Rory must disguise himself as a Venetian to enter Amy into the school ; this was an idea of Moffat 's which Whithouse was against as he thought Guido was a " tragic character " , but he eventually thought the sight of the character in Rory 's stag party T @-@ shirt was funny . McCrory 's costume was designed to be similar to her alien creature to make the transition smooth . McCrory was coached to move like a fish , which she pursued diligently . Each pair of teeth for the vampires was unique and moulded to their mouths . They were hard to speak with and Alex Price 's lines were re @-@ voiced , though he commented he got " quite good " at speaking with them .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Vampires of Venice " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 8 May 2010 . Due to an extended episode of Over the Rainbow which was shown afterwards , the episode aired at 6 : 00 p.m. , the earliest start time for a Doctor Who episode since the series was revived in 2005 . Perhaps due to this , the episode received the lowest overnight figures of the series at time of broadcast : 6 @.@ 17 million on BBC One and simulcast BBC HD . When final consolidated ratings were calculated , it was shown that the episode had been watched by a total of 7 @.@ 68 viewers , coming in fifth place on BBC One for the week . The episode received an Appreciation Index of 86 , considered " excellent " .
" The Vampires of Venice " was released in Region 2 on DVD and Blu @-@ ray with the preceding episodes " The Time of Angels " and " Flesh and Stone " on 5 July 2010 . It was then re @-@ released as part of the Complete Fifth Series boxset on 8 November 2010 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received mixed reviews . Daniel Martin , writing for The Guardian on guardian.co.uk , described it as " beautifully shot " and went on to write : " the way every part of the vampire mythos was explained away by Who pseudo @-@ science was delightful ; the stand @-@ off between the Doctor and Rosanna was beautifully played ; the dialogue as cracking as you 'd expect from Whithouse ... and the climactic shot of the Doctor scaling the tower in the rain was just the correct level of broad brushstroke " . SFX reviewer David Bradley also reacted positively , giving the episode four out of five stars . He assessed it as " better structured , funnier and more absorbing " than the previous single episode " Victory of the Daleks " and praised the comedy and acting of Alex Price . However , he thought the " expensive @-@ looking locations are let down by shonky special effects " .
Gavin Fuller gave the episode a negative review in The Daily Telegraph , calling it " highly disappointing " and " a tragically wasted opportunity . " He criticised the writing and plot for " sheer derivativeness " , noting that the opening scene was " similar in concept " to Whithouse 's previous Doctor Who episode " School Reunion " and thought the " aliens @-@ posing @-@ as @-@ humans idea " was taken from that script as well . He went on to criticise Lucian Msamati as Guido as he " seemed to be taken straight out of Othello " , negatively compared the love triangle between the Doctor , Amy and Rory to the storyline with previous characters Rose and Mickey , and thought the ending was too similar to " The Idiot 's Lantern " and " Evolution of the Daleks " .
Patrick Mulkern , writing for the Radio Times , echoed Fuller 's sentiments in his review , saying " I must admit I yawn at aliens disguised as humans . We 've seen it so many times now " and noted that Whithouse had used the concept in " School Reunion " and his Torchwood episode " Greeks Bearing Gifts " . However , he also thought that " the script delivers lots of heroics and funny moments for the Doctor , Amy and Rory " , and he praised the " terrific cast " , describing Helen McCrory as " majestic " . IGN 's Matt Wales rated " The Vampires of Venice " 7 out of 10 , saying that it " had plenty of standout moments , even if it didn 't quite manage to come together to form a completely satisfying whole " . He praised the comedy between Amy and Rory and McCrory 's acting , as well as the location shots and Croatia and thought " the sci @-@ fi retcon of classic vampire phenomenon was particularly clever " , believing that the aliens went beyond two @-@ dimensional . However , he agreed with Fuller and Mulkern that " its single biggest problem was one of over @-@ familiarity " , with many misplaced alien races having featured before .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The Vampires of Venice " reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
= Like a Prayer ( song ) =
" Like a Prayer " is a song by American singer Madonna , from her studio album of the same name . It was released by Sire Records as the lead single from the album on March 3 , 1989 . Written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard , " Like a Prayer " denoted a more artistic and personal approach to songwriting for Madonna , who felt she needed to cater more to her adult audience .
" Like a Prayer " is a pop rock song with elements of gospel music . A choir provides background vocals that heighten the song 's spiritual nature , and a rock guitar keeps the music dark and mysterious . Madonna introduced liturgical words in the lyrics — inspired by her Catholic upbringing — but changed the context in which they were used . They have dual meanings of sexual innuendo and religion . " Like a Prayer " was acclaimed by critics , and was a commercial success . It was Madonna 's seventh number @-@ one single on the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the singles charts in Australia , Canada , Denmark , Finland , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , the United Kingdom and other countries .
The music video , directed by Mary Lambert , portrays Madonna as a witness to a murder of a white girl by white supremacists . While a black man is arrested for the murder , Madonna hides in a church for safety seeking strength to go forth as a witness . The clip depicts Catholic symbols such as stigmata , Ku Klux Klan @-@ style cross burning , and a dream about kissing a black saint . After its release , the Vatican condemned the video , while family and religious groups protested its broadcast . They boycotted products by soft drink manufacturer Pepsi , which used the song for a commercial . Madonna 's contract with Pepsi was then canceled , although she was allowed to retain her initial fee .
The song has been featured on four of Madonna 's concert tours , most recently the Rebel Heart Tour in 2015 . " Like a Prayer " has been covered by many artists . The song is noted for the mayhem surrounding the music video , and the different interpretations of its content , leading to discussions among music and film scholars . Alongside its respective album , " Like a Prayer " has been considered a turning point in Madonna 's career , as she began to be viewed as an efficient businesswoman — someone who knew how to sell a concept .
= = Background = =
1988 was a quiet year on the recording front for Madonna . Following the critical and commercial failure of her 1987 film Who 's That Girl , she acted in the Broadway production Speed @-@ the @-@ Plow . However , unfavorable reviews once again caused her discomfort . Her marriage to actor Sean Penn ended and the couple filed for divorce in January 1989 . Madonna turned 30 , the age at which her mother had died , and thus the singer experienced more emotional turmoil . She commented for the May 1989 issue of Interview that her Catholic upbringing struck a feeling of guilt in her all the time :
Because in Catholicism you are a born sinner and you 're a sinner all your life . No matter how you try to get away from it , the sin is within you all the time . It was this fear that haunted me ; it taunted and pained me every moment . My music was probably the only distraction I had .
But she understood that as she was growing up , so was her core audience . Feeling the need to attempt something different , Madonna wanted the sound of her new album to indicate what could be popular in the music world . She had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album . For lyrical ideas of the title track , she chose topics that until then had been personal meditations never to be shared with the general public . Thoughtfully , she sifted through her personal journals and diaries , and began considering her options . She recalled , " What was it I wanted to say ? I wanted the album and the song to speak to things on my mind . It was a complex time in my life . "
= = Development = =
As Madonna considered her alternatives , producers Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray experimented with instrumental tracks and musical ideas for her consideration . Both of them wanted to bring their unique style to the project , and they developed completely different music for the title track . Eventually , Madonna felt that the music presented to her by Leonard was more interesting , and she started to work with him . Together they wrote and produced the title track , naming it " Like a Prayer " ; it was the first song developed for the Like a Prayer album . Once Madonna had conceptualized the way she would interpose her ideas with the music , she wrote the song in about three hours . She described " Like a Prayer " as the song of a passionate young girl " so in love with God that it is almost as though He were the male figure in her life . "
Madonna 's further inspiration for writing the title song came from the Catholic belief of transubstantiation . She believed that the wine and wafer , which Catholics believe become the Body of Christ during Mass , have transformative power and every word in the prayer has its precise meaning . For Madonna , " Like a Prayer " similarly appeared to carry its own transformative power . While writing the lyrics , Madonna introduced liturgical words but changed the context in which they were added for a dual meaning . She wanted the song to have superficial pop lyrics about sexuality and religion , but a different meaning underneath which she believed could provoke a reaction from her listeners . In author J. Randy Taraborrell
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2012 ) . In 2014 , she appeared as a judge on the third series of The Voice UK and The Voice Australia . Her other ventures include product endorsements , children books and fashion . Minogue 's own company Darenote oversees all her endorsed products , musical recordings and her range of homeware .
As of 2015 , Minogue has had worldwide record sales of more than 80 million . She has mounted several successful and critically acclaimed concert world tours and received a Mo Award for " Australian Entertainer of the Year " for her live performances . She was appointed OBE by Prince Charles in 2008 . She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier ( knight ) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture . Minogue was awarded an honorary Doctor of Health Science ( D.H.Sc. ) degree by Anglia Ruskin University for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer . In November 2011 , on the 25th anniversary of the ARIA Music Awards , she was inducted by the Australian Recording Industry Association into the ARIA Hall of Fame .
= = Life and career = =
= = = 1968 – 86 : Early life and career beginnings = = =
Kylie was born to Ronald Charles Minogue and Carol Ann Jones in Melbourne , Australia , on 28 May 1968 . Her father is a fifth generation Australian , and has Irish ancestry , while her mother came from Maesteg , Wales ; Carol 's mother originated from England . Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father , Millie and Denis Jones , decided to move to Australia for a better life . Just before Kylie 's birth , Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer . Kylie 's younger brother , Brendan is a news cameraman in Australia , while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and television host . The Minogue family frequently moved around various suburbs in Melbourne to sustain their living expenses , which Kylie found unsettling as a child . After the birth of Dannii , the family moved to South Oakleigh . Because money was tight , Ron worked as an accountant at a family @-@ owned car company and Carol worked as a tea lady at a local hospital .
After moving to Surrey Hills , Melbourne , Minogue attended Studfield Primary School briefly before attending Camberwell Primary School . She went on to Camberwell High School . During her schooling years , Minogue found it difficult to make friends . She graduated high school with a high order certificate for Arts and Graphics and English . Minogue described herself as being of " average intelligence " and " quite modest " during her high school years .
Both Kylie and Dannii began their careers as children on Australian television . From the age of 11 , Kylie appeared in small roles in soap operas including The Sullivans and Skyways . In 1985 , she was cast in one of the lead roles in The Henderson Kids . Minogue took time off school to film The Henderson Kids and while Carol was not impressed , Minogue felt that she needed the independence to make it into the entertainment industry . During filming , co @-@ star Nadine Garner labelled Minogue " fragile " after producers yelled at her for forgetting her lines ; she would often cry on set . Minogue was dropped from the second season of the show after producer Alan Hardy felt the need for her character to be " written off " . In retrospect , Hardy stated that removing her from the showing " turned out to be the best thing for her " .
Interested in following a career in music , Minogue made a demo tape for the producers of weekly music programme Young Talent Time , which featured Dannii as a regular performer . Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast . Dannii 's success overshadowed Kylie 's acting achievements , until Kylie was cast in the soap opera Neighbours in 1986 , as Charlene Mitchell , a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic . Neighbours achieved popularity in the UK , and a story arc that created a romance between her character and the character played by Jason Donovan culminated in a wedding episode in 1987 that attracted an audience of 20 million British viewers . Minogue became the first person to win four Logie Awards in one year and was the youngest recipient of the " Gold Logie " as the country 's " Most Popular Television Performer " , with the result determined by public vote .
= = = 1987 – 89 : Kylie and Enjoy Yourself = = =
During a Fitzroy Football Club benefit concert with other Neighbours cast members , Minogue performed " I Got You Babe " as a duet with actor John Waters , and " The Loco @-@ Motion " as an encore . She was subsequently signed to a recording contract with Mushroom Records in 1987 . Her first single , " The Locomotion " , spent seven weeks at number one on the Australian singles charts and became the country 's highest @-@ selling single in the 1980s . She received the ARIA Award for the year 's highest @-@ selling single . Its success resulted in Minogue travelling to England with Mushroom Records executive Gary Ashley to work with producers Stock , Aitken & Waterman . They knew little of Minogue and had forgotten that she was arriving ; as a result , they wrote " I Should Be So Lucky " while she waited outside the studio . The song reached number one in the United Kingdom , Australia , Germany , Finland , Switzerland , Israel and Hong Kong . Minogue won her second consecutive ARIA Award for the year 's highest @-@ selling single , and received a " Special Achievement Award " .
Minogue 's debut album , Kylie was released in July 1988 . The album was a collection of dance @-@ oriented pop tunes and spent more than a year on the UK Albums Chart , including several weeks at number one . The album went gold in the United States , and the single , " The Locomotion " , reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number one on the Canadian Singles Chart . The single " Got to Be Certain " became her third consecutive number one single on the Australian music charts . Later in the year , she left Neighbours to focus on her music career . Minogue also collaborated with Jason Donovan for the song " Especially for You " , which peaked at number @-@ one in the United Kingdom and in December 2014 sold its one millionth copy in the UK . Minogue was sometimes referred to as " the Singing Budgie " by her detractors over the coming years . In a review of the album Kylie for AllMusic , Chris True described the tunes as " standard , late @-@ 80s ... bubblegum " , but added , " her cuteness makes these rather vapid tracks bearable " .
Minogue 's second album Enjoy Yourself was released in October 1989 . The album was a success in the United Kingdom , Europe , New Zealand , Asia and Australia and spawned number one singles " Hand on Your Heart " and " Tears on My Pillow " . However , it failed to sell well throughout North America and Minogue was dropped by her American record label Geffen Records . She then embarked on her first concert tour , the Enjoy Yourself Tour , in the United Kingdom , Europe , Asia and Australia in February 1990 . She was also one of the featured vocalists on the remake of " Do They Know It 's Christmas ? " .
Minogue 's debut film , The Delinquents was released in December 1989 . The movie was poorly received by critics but proved popular with audiences . In the UK it grossed more than £ 200 @,@ 000 , and in Australia , it was the fourth @-@ highest grossing local film of 1989 and the highest grossing local film of 1990 .
= = = 1990 – 92 : Rhythm of Love and Let 's Get to It = = =
Minogue 's third album , Rhythm of Love was released in November 1990 and was described as " ... leaps and bounds more mature ... " than her previous albums . Her relationship with Michael Hutchence was also seen as part of her departure from her earlier persona . She then embarked on the Rhythm of Love Tour in February 1991 .
Minogue 's fourth album , Let 's Get to It was released in October 1991 and reached number 15 on the UK Albums Chart . It was her first album to fail to reach the top ten . While the first single from the album , " Word Is Out " , became her first single to miss the top ten of the UK Singles Chart , subsequent singles " If You Were with Me Now " and " Give Me Just a Little More Time " both reached the top five . In support of the album , she embarked on the Let 's Get to It Tour in October . She had fulfilled the requirements of her contract with her record company and elected not to renew it . She later expressed her opinion that she was stifled by Stock , Aitken and Waterman , saying , " I was very much a puppet in the beginning . I was blinkered by my record company . I was unable to look left or right . "
Minogue 's first Greatest Hits album was released in August 1992 . It reached number one in the United Kingdom and number three in Australia . The singles from the album , " What Kind of Fool " and her cover version of Kool & the Gang 's " Celebration " both reached the top twenty of the UK Singles Chart .
= = = 1993 – 98 : Kylie Minogue and Impossible Princess = = =
Minogue 's signing with Deconstruction Records in 1993 marked a new phase in her career . Her fifth album Kylie Minogue was released in September 1994 and sold well in Europe and Australia . It was produced by dance music producers the Brothers In Rhythm , namely Dave Seaman and Steve Anderson ( musician ) , who had previously produced Finer Feelings , her last single with PWL . As of 2015 , Anderson continued to be Minogue 's musical director . The lead single , " Confide in Me " , spent four weeks at number one on the Australian singles chart . The next two singles from the album , " Put Yourself in My Place " and " Where Is the Feeling ? " , reached the top twenty on the UK Singles Chart , while the album peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart , eventually selling 250 @,@ 000 copies .
During this period , Minogue made a guest appearance as herself in an episode of the comedy The Vicar of Dibley . Director Steven E. de Souza saw Minogue 's cover photo in Australia 's Who Magazine as one of " The 30 Most Beautiful People in the World " and offered her a role opposite Jean @-@ Claude Van Damme in the film Street Fighter . The film was a moderate success , earning US $ 70 million in the US , but received poor reviews , with The Washington Post 's Richard Harrington calling Minogue " the worst actress in the English @-@ speaking world " . She had a minor role in the 1996 film Bio @-@ Dome starring Pauly Shore and Stephen Baldwin . She also appeared in the 1995 short film Hayride to Hell and in the 1997 film Diana & Me .
In 1995 , Minogue collaborated with Australian artist Nick Cave for the song " Where the Wild Roses Grow " . Cave had been interested in working with Minogue since hearing " Better the Devil You Know " , saying it contained " one of pop music 's most violent and distressing lyrics " . The music video for their song was inspired by John Everett Millais 's painting Ophelia ( 1851 – 1852 ) , and showed Minogue as the murdered woman , floating in a pond as a serpent swam over her body . The single received widespread attention in Europe , where it reached the top 10 in several countries , and reached number two in Australia . The song won ARIA Awards for " Song of the Year " and " Best Pop Release " . Following concert appearances with Cave , Minogue recited the lyrics to " I Should Be So Lucky " as poetry in London 's Royal Albert Hall .
By 1997 , Minogue was in a relationship with French photographer Stéphane Sednaoui , who encouraged her to develop her creativity . Inspired by a mutual appreciation of Japanese culture , they created a visual combination of " geisha and manga superheroine " for the photographs taken for Minogue 's sixth album Impossible Princess and the video for " German Bold Italic " , Minogue 's collaboration with Towa Tei . She drew inspiration from the music of artists such as Shirley Manson and Garbage , Björk , Tricky and U2 , and Japanese pop musicians such as Pizzicato Five and Towa Tei . The album featured collaborations with musicians including James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore of the Manic Street Preachers . Mostly a dance album , Minogue countered suggestions that she was trying to become an indie artist . Acknowledging that she had attempted to escape the perceptions of her that had developed during her early career , she commented that she was ready to " forget the painful criticism " and " accept the past , embrace it , use it " . The music video for " Did It Again " paid homage to her earlier incarnations . Retitled Kylie Minogue in the UK following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , it became the lowest @-@ selling album of her career . At the end of the year , a campaign by Virgin Radio stated , " We 've done something to improve Kylie 's records : we 've banned them . " In Australia , the album was a success and spent 35 weeks on the album chart .
Minogue 's Intimate and Live tour in 1998 was extended due to demand . She gave several live performances in Australia , including the 1998 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras , and the opening ceremonies of Melbourne 's Crown Casino , and Sydney 's Fox Studios in 1999 ( where she performed Marilyn Monroe 's " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " ) as well as a Christmas concert in Dili , East Timor , in association with the United Nations Peace @-@ Keeping Forces . She played a small role in the Australian @-@ made Molly Ringwald 2000 film Cut .
= = = 1999 – 2004 : Light Years , Fever and Body Language = = =
After Minogue parted ways with Deconstruction Records , she performed a duet with the Pet Shop Boys ' on their Nightlife album and spent several months in Barbados performing in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . She then appeared in the film Sample People and recorded a cover version of Russell Morris 's " The Real Thing " for the soundtrack . In April 1999 , she signed with Parlophone Records , which wanted to re @-@ establish Minogue as a pop artist .
In September 2000 , Minogue released her seventh studio album , Light Years . The album was a collection of dance songs , influenced by disco music . It generated strong reviews and was successful throughout Australia , Asia , Europe and New Zealand . The lead single , " Spinning Around " , became her first number one in the United Kingdom in ten years , and its accompanying video featured Minogue in revealing gold hot pants , which came to be regarded as a " trademark " . The second single , " On a Night Like This " reached number one in Australia and number two in the United Kingdom . " Kids " , a duet with Robbie Williams , also peaked at number two in the United Kingdom .
At the 2000 Sydney Olympics closing ceremony , Minogue performed ABBA 's " Dancing Queen " and her single " On a Night Like This " . She then embarked on the On a Night Like This Tour , which played to sell @-@ out crowds in Australia and the United Kingdom . The tour incorporated Burlesque and theatre and cited the style of Broadway shows such as 42nd Street , films such as Anchors Aweigh , South Pacific , the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musicals of the 1930s and the live performances of Bette Midler as inspiration . Minogue was praised for her new material and her reinterpretations of some of her greatest successes . She won a " Mo Award " for Australian live entertainment as " Performer of the Year " . She also appeared in the 2001 film , Moulin Rouge ! as " The Green Fairy " .
In October 2001 , Minogue released her eighth studio album Fever . The album contained disco elements combined with 1980s electropop and synthpop . It reached number one in Australia , United Kingdom , and throughout Europe , eventually achieving worldwide sales in excess of eight million . The album 's lead single , " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " , became the biggest success of her career , reaching number one in more than forty countries and selling over 5 million copies . She won four ARIA Awards including a " Most Outstanding Achievement " award , and two Brit Awards , for " Best international female solo artist " and " Best international album " . Following extensive airplay by American radio , Capitol Records released the song and the album Fever in the US in 2002 . The album debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart at number three , and " Can 't Get You out of My Head " reached number seven on the Hot 100 . The subsequent singles " In Your Eyes " , " Love at First Sight " and " Come into My World " were successful throughout the world , and Minogue established a presence in the mainstream North American market , particularly in the club scene . She followed the success of the album by touring the United States with the Jingle Ball festival . In April 2002 , Minogue embarked on the KylieFever2002 tour which became the biggest production she had put on to date . Later that year , she worked in a voice role on the animated film The Magic Roundabout , which was released in 2005 in Europe . In 2003 , she received a Grammy Award nomination for " Best Dance Recording " for " Love at First Sight " , and the following year won the same award for " Come into My World " .
In November 2003 , Minogue released her ninth studio album Body Language following an invitation @-@ only concert , titled Money Can 't Buy , at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . The album downplayed the disco style and was inspired by 1980s artists such as Scritti Politti , The Human League , Adam and the Ants and Prince , blending their styles with elements of hip hop . The sales of the album were lower than anticipated after the success of Fever , though the first single , " Slow " , was a number @-@ one hit in the United Kingdom and Australia . Two more singles from the album were released : " Red Blooded Woman " and " Chocolate " . In the US , " Slow " reached number @-@ one on the club chart and received a Grammy Award nomination in the Best Dance Recording category . Body Language achieved first week sales of 43 @,@ 000 and declined significantly in the second week . In November 2004 , Minogue released her second official greatest hits album entitled Ultimate Kylie . The album yielded two singles : " I Believe in You " and " Giving You Up " . " I Believe in You " was later nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of " Best Dance Recording " .
= = = 2005 – 09 : Showgirl and X = = =
In March 2005 , Minogue commenced her Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour . After performing in Europe , she travelled to Melbourne , where she was diagnosed with breast cancer , forcing her to cancel the tour . She resumed the tour in November 2006 with a performance in Sydney . Her dance routines had been reworked to accommodate her medical condition , with slower costume changes and longer breaks introduced between sections of the show to conserve her strength . The media reported that Minogue performed energetically , with the Sydney Morning Herald describing the show as an " extravaganza " and " nothing less than a triumph " .
In November 2007 , Minogue released her tenth and much @-@ discussed " comeback " album , X. The electro @-@ styled album included contributions from Guy Chambers , Cathy Dennis , Bloodshy & Avant and Calvin Harris . The album received some criticism for the triviality of its subject matter in light of Minogue 's experiences with breast cancer . X and the lead single , " 2 Hearts " entered at number one on the Australian albums and singles charts respectively . In the United Kingdom , X initially attracted lukewarm sales , although its commercial performance eventually improved . Follow @-@ up singles from the album , " In My Arms " and " Wow " , both peaked inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . In the US , the album was nominated at the 2009 Grammy Awards for Best Electronic / Dance Album .
As part of the promotion of her album , Minogue was featured in White Diamond , a documentary filmed during 2006 and 2007 as she resumed her Showgirl Homecoming Tour . She also appeared in The Kylie Show , which featured her performances as well as comedy sketches with Mathew Horne , Dannii Minogue , Jason Donovan and Simon Cowell . She co @-@ starred in the 2007 Doctor Who Christmas special episode , " Voyage of the Damned " , as Astrid Peth . The episode was watched by 13 @.@ 31 million viewers , which was the show 's highest viewing figure since 1979 .
In May 2008 , Minogue embarked on the European leg of the KylieX2008 tour , her most expensive tour to date with production costs of £ 10 million . The tour was generally acclaimed and sold well . She was then appointed a Chevalier of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , the junior grade of France 's highest cultural honour . In July , she was officially invested by The Prince of Wales as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire . She also won the " Best International Female Solo Artist " award at the 2008 BRIT Awards . In September , she made her Middle East debut as the headline act at the opening of Atlantis , The Palm , an exclusive hotel resort in Dubai , and from November , she continued her KylieX2008 tour , taking the show to cities across South America , Asia and Australia . The tour visited 21 countries , and was considered a success , with ticket sales estimated at $ 70 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 .
In 2009 , Minogue hosted the BRIT Awards with James Corden and Mathew Horne . She then embarked on the For You , For Me tour which was her first North American concert tour . She was also featured in the Hindi movie , Blue , performing an A. R. Rahman song .
= = = 2010 – 12 : Aphrodite and The Abbey Road Sessions = = =
In July 2010 , Minogue released her eleventh studio album , Aphrodite . The album featured new songwriters and producers including Stuart Price as executive producer . Price also contributed to song writing along with Minogue , Calvin Harris , Jake Shears , Nerina Pallot , Pascal Gabriel , Lucas Secon , Keane 's Tim Rice @-@ Oxley and Kish Mauve . The album received favourable reviews from most music critics ; Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone labelled the album Minogue 's " finest work since 1997 's underrated Impossible Princess " and Tim Sendra from Allmusic commended Minogue 's choice of collaborators and producers , commenting that the album is the " work of someone who knows exactly what her skills are and who to hire to help showcase them to perfection " . Aphrodite debuted at number @-@ one in the United Kingdom , exactly twenty two years after her first number one hit in the United Kingdom . The album 's lead single , " All the Lovers , " was a success and became her thirty @-@ third top ten single in the United Kingdom , though subsequent singles from the album , " Get Outta My Way " , " Better than Today " , and " Put Your Hands Up " , failed to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . However , all the singles released from the album have topped the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart .
Minogue recorded a duet with synthpop duo Hurts on their song " Devotion " , which was included on the group 's album Happiness . She was then featured on Taio Cruz 's single " Higher " . The result was successful , peaking inside the top twenty in several charts and reaching number one on the US Hot Dance Club Charts . At the time , Minogue also held the third spot on the chart with " Higher " , her collaboration with British recording artist Taio Cruz , becoming the first artist to claim two of the top three spots at the same time in the American dance chart 's history . To conclude her recordings in 2010 , she released the extended play A Kylie Christmas , which included covers of Christmas songs including " Let It Snow " and " Santa Baby " . Minogue embarked on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour in February 2011 , travelling to Europe , North America , Asia , Australia and Africa . With a stage set inspired by the birth of the love goddess Aphrodite and Grecian culture and history , it was greeted with positive reviews from critics , who praised the concept and the stage production . The tour was a commercial success , grossing a total of US $ 60 million and ranking at number six and twenty @-@ one on the mid year and annual Pollstar Top Concert Tours of 2011 respectively .
In 2012 , Minogue began a year @-@ long celebration for her 25 years in the music industry , which was often called " K25 " . The anniversary started with her embarking on the Anti Tour in England and Australia , which featured b @-@ sides , demos and rarities from her music catalogue . The tour was positively received for its intimate atmosphere and was a commercial success , grossing over two million dollars from four shows . She then released the single " Timebomb " in May , the greatest hits compilation album , The Best of Kylie Minogue in June and the singles box @-@ set , K25 Time Capsule in October . She performed at various events around the world , including Sydney Mardi Gras , Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee Concert , and BBC Proms in the Park London 2012 . Minogue released the compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions in October . The album contained reworked and orchestral versions of her previous songs . It was recorded at London 's Abbey Road Studios and was produced by Steve Anderson and Colin Elliot . The album received favourable reviews from music critics and debuted at number @-@ two in the United Kingdom . The album spawned two singles , " Flower " and " On a Night Like This " .
Minogue returned to acting and starred in two films : a cameo appearance in the American independent film Jack & Diane and a lead role in the French film Holy Motors . Jack & Diane opened at the Tribeca Film Festival on 20 April 2012 , while Holy Motors opened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , which Minogue attended .
= = = 2013 – present : Kiss Me Once and Kylie Christmas = = =
In January 2013 , Minogue and her manager Terry Blamey , whom she had worked with since the start of her singing career , parted ways . The following month , she signed to Roc Nation for a management deal . In September , she was featured on Italian singer @-@ songwriter Laura Pausini 's single " Limpido " , which was a number @-@ one hit in Italy and received a nomination for " World 's Best Song " at the 2013 World Music Awards . In the same month , Minogue was hired as a coach for the third series of BBC One 's talent competition The Voice UK , alongside record producer and Black Eyed Peas member , will.i.am , Kaiser Chiefs ' lead singer Ricky Wilson and singer Sir Tom Jones . The show opened with 9 @.@ 35 million views from the UK , a large percentage increase from the second season . It accumulated an estimated 8 @.@ 10 million viewers on average . Minogue 's judging and personality on the show were singled out for praise . Ed Power from The Daily Telegraph gave the series premiere 3 stars , praising Minogue for being " glamorous , agreeably giggly [ and ] a card @-@ carrying national treasure " . In November , she was hired as a coach for the third season of The Voice Australia .
In March 2014 , Minogue released her 12th studio album , Kiss Me Once . The album featured contributions from Sia Furler , Mike Del Rio , Cutfather , Pharrell Williams , MNEK and Ariel Rechtshaid . It peaked at number one in Australia and number two in the United Kingdom . The singles from the album , " Into the Blue " and " I Was Gonna Cancel " , did not chart inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 12 and number 59 respectively . In August , Minogue performed a seven song set at the closing ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , donning a custom Jean Paul Gaultier corset . In September , she embarked on the Kiss Me Once Tour .
In January 2015 , Minogue appeared as a guest vocalist on Giorgio Moroder 's single " Right Here , Right Now " providing her 12th number one hit on the U.S. Dance Chart on April 18 , 2015 . In March , Minogue 's contract with Parlophone Records ended , leaving her future music releases with Warner Music Group in Australia and New Zealand . The same month , she parted ways with Roc Nation " to take more control over her career . " In April , Minogue played tech reporter Shauna in a two episode arc on the ABC Family series , Young & Hungry . Minogue also appeared as Susan Riddick in the disaster film San Andreas , released in May and starring Dwayne Johnson and Carla Gugino . In September 2015 , an extended play with Fernando Garibay titled Kylie + Garibay was released . Garibay and Giorgio Moroder served as producers for the extended play . In November , Minogue was a featured artist on the track , " The Other Boys " by Nervo , alongside Jake Shears and Nile Rodgers . This became her thirteenth chart topper on the U.S Dance Chart , lifting her position in the list of artists with the most U.S. Dance Chart number ones to equal 8th alongside Whitney Houston , Enrique Iglesias and Lady Gaga .
In December 2015 , Minogue was the guest on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs . Her choices included " Dancing Queen " by ABBA , " Purple Rain " by Prince and " Need You Tonight " by INXS . Minogue released her first Christmas album , Kylie Christmas in November 2015 .
= = Artistry = =
Minogue has been known for her soft soprano vocal range . Dara Hickey reviewed Minogue 's studio album Aphrodite and wrote that she is " singing in her highest vocal range ever . " According to Fiona MacDonald from Madison magazine , Kylie " has never shied away from making some brave but questionable artistic decisions " .
In musical terms , Minogue has worked with many genres in pop and dance music . However , her signature music has been contemporary disco music . Her first studio albums with Stock , Aitken , and Waterman present a more bubblegum pop influence , with many critics comparing her to American recording artist Madonna . Chris True from Allmusic , reviewed her debut Kylie and found her music " standard late- ' 80s Stock @-@ Aitken @-@ Waterman bubblegum " , however he stated that she presented the most personality of any 1980s recording artist . He said of her third album Rhythm of Love , from the early 1990s , " The songwriting is stronger , the production dynamic , and Kylie seems more confident vocally . " At the time of her third studio album , " She began to trade in her cutesy , bubblegum pop image for a more mature one , and in turn , a more sexual one . " Chris True stated that during her relationship with Michael Hutchence , " her shedding of the near @-@ virginal façade that dominated her first two albums , began to have an effect , not only on how the press and her fans treated her , but in the evolution of her music . "
From Minogue 's work on her sixth studio album , Impossible Princess , her songwriting and musical content began to change . She was constantly writing down words , exploring the form and meaning of sentences . She had written lyrics before , but called them " safe , just neatly rhymed words and that 's that " . The album , in musical genres , varied from her previous efforts as it incorporated " dance @-@ pop " and " trip hop " music . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that the album bears a resemblance to Madonna 's Ray of Light . He said that she took inspiration from " both the Brit @-@ pop and electronica movements of the mid- ' 90s " , saying that " Impossible Princess is the work of an artist willing to take risks " . Her next effort , Light Years , he said was " worked up by the renaissance of pure dance @-@ pop that was the order of the day at the onset of the 21st century . " Her ninth album Body Language was quite different from her musical experiments in the past as it was a " successful " attempt at broadening her sound with electro and hip @-@ hop for instance . Incorporating styles of dance music with funk , disco and R & B , the album was listed on Q 's " Best Albums of 2003 " .
Minogue 's tenth record X was a move back to her pop roots . In a press interview for the promotion of the album , she stated that the album was " mainly electropop " and was a " celebration for me to be back working . " However , critics said the album did not feature enough " consistency " and Chris True called the tracks " cold , calculated dance @-@ pop numbers . " However , he said her eleventh album Aphrodite " rarely strays past sweet love songs or happy dance anthems " and " the main sound is the kind of glittery disco pop that really is her strong suit . " Tim Sendra from Allmusic stated , " The various producers keep their eyes on the dancefloor throughout , crafting shiny and sleek tracks that sound custom @-@ built to blast out of huge speaker columns " and found Aphrodite " One of her best , in fact . "
= = Public image = =
Minogue 's efforts to be taken seriously as a recording artist were initially hindered by the perception that she had not " paid her dues " and was no more than a manufactured pop star exploiting the image she had created during her stint on Neighbours . Minogue acknowledged this viewpoint , saying , " If you 're part of a record company , I think to a degree it 's fair to say that you 're a manufactured product . You 're a product and you 're selling a product . It doesn 't mean that you 're not talented and that you don 't make creative and business decisions about what you will and won 't do and where you want to go . "
In 1993 , Baz Luhrmann introduced Minogue to photographer Bert Stern , notable for his work with Marilyn Monroe . Stern photographed her in Los Angeles and , comparing her to Monroe , commented that Minogue had a similar mix of vulnerability and eroticism . Throughout her career , Minogue has chosen photographers who attempt to create a new " look " for her , and the resulting photographs have appeared in a variety of magazines , from the cutting edge The Face to the more traditionally sophisticated Vogue and Vanity Fair , making the Minogue face and name known to a broad range of people . Stylist William Baker has suggested that this is part of the reason she entered mainstream pop culture in Europe more successfully than many other pop singers who concentrate solely on selling records .
By 2000 , Minogue was considered to have achieved a degree of musical credibility for having maintained her career longer than her critics had expected . Her progression from the wholesome " girl next door " to a more sophisticated performer with a flirtatious and playful persona attracted new fans . Her " Spinning Around " video led to some media outlets referring to her as " SexKylie " , and sex became a stronger element in her subsequent videos . William Baker described her status as a sex symbol as a " double edged sword " , observing that " we always attempted to use her sex appeal as an enhancement of her music and to sell a record . But now it has become in danger of eclipsing what she actually is : a pop singer . " After 20 years as a performer , Minogue was described as a fashion " trend @-@ setter " and a " style icon who constantly reinvents herself " . She has been acknowledged for mounting successful tours and for worldwide record sales of more than 70 million .
Minogue has been inspired by and compared to Madonna throughout her career . Her producer , Pete Waterman , recalled Minogue during the early years of her success with the observation : " She was setting her sights on becoming the new Prince or Madonna ... What I found amazing was that she was outselling Madonna four to one , but still wanted to be her . " Minogue received negative comments that her Rhythm of Love tour in 1991 was too similar visually to Madonna 's Blond Ambition World Tour , for which critics labelled her a Madonna wannabe . Kathy McCabe for The Telegraph noted that Minogue and Madonna follow similar styles in music and fashion , but concluded , " Where they truly diverge on the pop @-@ culture scale is in shock value . Minogue 's clips might draw a gasp from some but Madonna 's ignite religious and political debate unlike any other artist on the planet ... Simply , Madonna is the dark force ; Kylie is the light force . " Rolling Stone commented that , with the exception of the US , Minogue is regarded throughout the world as " an icon to rival Madonna " , saying , " Like Madonna , Minogue was not a virtuosic singer but a canny trend spotter . " Minogue has said of Madonna , " Her huge influence on the world , in pop and fashion , meant that I wasn 't immune to the trends she created . I admire Madonna greatly but in the beginning she made it difficult for artists like me , she had done everything there was to be done " , and " Madonna 's the Queen of Pop , I 'm the princess . I 'm quite happy with that . " Minogue has been declared by media as a sex symbol .
In January 2007 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled its fourth waxwork of Minogue ; only Queen Elizabeth II has had more models created . During the same week a bronze cast of her hands was added to Wembley Arena 's " Square of Fame " . On 23 November 2007 , a bronze statue of Minogue was unveiled at Melbourne Docklands for permanent display .
In March 2010 , Minogue was declared by researchers as the " most powerful celebrity in Britain " . The study examined how marketers identify celebrity and brand partnerships . Mark Husak , head of Millward Brown 's UK media practice , said : " Kylie is widely accepted as an adopted Brit . People know her , like her and she is surrounded by positive buzz " . She was named one of the " 100 Hottest Women of All @-@ Time " by Men 's Health . In May 2011 , according to the Sunday Times Rich List , Minogue had a net worth of $ 66 million ( £ 40m ) . In April 2015 , the list was updated with her estimated earnings of £ 55 million ( AU $ 106 @.@ 61 million ) .
Minogue is regarded as a gay icon , which she has encouraged with comments including " I am not a traditional gay icon . There 's been no tragedy in my life , only tragic outfits " and " My gay audience has been with me from the beginning ... they kind of adopted me . " Minogue has explained that she first became aware of her gay audience in 1988 , when several drag queens performed to her music at a Sydney pub , and she later saw a similar show in Melbourne . She said that she felt " very touched " to have such an " appreciative crowd " , and this encouraged her to perform at gay venues throughout the world , as well as headlining the 1994 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras . Minogue has one of the largest gay followings in the world . Minogue 's sister , Dannii , also has a large gay following and has been regarded as a gay icon . In September 2007 , Kylie Minogue was hailed the greatest gay icon of all time by The Sun .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Health = = =
Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 36 on 17 May 2005 , leading to the postponement of the remainder of her Showgirl – The Greatest Hits Tour and her withdrawal from the Glastonbury Festival . Her hospitalisation and treatment in Melbourne resulted in a brief but intense period of media coverage , particularly in Australia , where Prime Minister John Howard issued a statement of support . As media and fans began to congregate outside the Minogue residence in Melbourne , Victorian Premier Steve Bracks warned the international media that any disruption of the Minogue family 's rights under Australian privacy laws would not be tolerated . His comments became part of a wider criticism of the media 's overall reaction , with particular criticism directed towards paparazzi .
Minogue underwent surgery on 21 May 2005 at Cabrini Hospital in Malvern and commenced chemotherapy treatment soon after . On 8 July 2005 , she made her first public appearance after surgery when she visited a children 's cancer ward at Melbourne 's Royal Children 's Hospital . She returned to France where she completed her chemotherapy treatment at the Institut Gustave @-@ Roussy in Villejuif , near Paris . In December 2005 , Minogue released a digital @-@ only single , " Over the Rainbow " , a live recording from her Showgirl tour . Her children 's book , The Showgirl Princess , written during her period of convalescence , was published in October 2006 , and her perfume , " Darling " , was launched in November . The range was later augmented by eau de toilettes including Pink Sparkle , Couture and Inverse . On her return to Australia for her concert tour , she discussed her illness and said that her chemotherapy treatment had been like " experiencing a nuclear bomb " . While appearing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2008 , Minogue said that her cancer had originally been misdiagnosed . She commented , " Because someone is in a white coat and using big medical instruments doesn 't necessarily mean they 're right " , but later spoke of her respect for the medical profession .
Minogue was acknowledged for the impact she made by publicly discussing her cancer diagnosis and treatment ; in May 2008 , the French Cultural Minister Christine Albanel said , " Doctors now even go as far as saying there is a " Kylie effect " that encourages young women to have regular checks . "
Minogue is hyperglycemic . She commented in March 2015 , " ' Sugar is not my friend , I 'm hyperglycemic [ ... ] " . Minogue follows the controversial paleolithic diet and " loved all these amazing desserts that are made with avocado , almond bake , zucchini ... I love it ! "
= = = Philanthropy = = =
Minogue has been involved in humanitarian support in areas including health research and quality of life . Musically , she has helped fundraise on many occasions . In 1989 , she participated in recording " Do They Know It 's Christmas ? " under the name Band Aid II to help raise money . In early 2010 , Minogue along with many other artists ( under the name Helping Haiti ) recorded a cover version of " Everybody Hurts " . The single was a fundraiser to help after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , with the proceeds going to both The Sun 's Helping Haiti fund and the Disasters Emergency Committee . She also spent a week in Thailand after the 2005 tsunami . During her 2011 Aphrodite World Tour , the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan , which was on her itinerary . She declared she would continue to tour there , stating , " I was here to do shows and I chose not to cancel , Why did I choose not to cancel ? I thought long and hard about it and it wasn 't an easy decision to make . " While she was there , she and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard were star guests at an Australian Embassy fundraiser for the disaster .
In 2008 , Minogue pledged her support for a campaign to raise money for abused children , to be donated to the British charities ChildLine and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . According to the source , around $ 93 million was raised . She spoke out in relation to the cause , saying : " Finding the courage to tell someone about being abused is one of the most difficult decisions a child will ever have to make . " In 2010 and 2012 , she was involved in supporting the AIDS Support Gala , which was held by the American Foundation for Aids Research ( Amfar ) .
Since Minogue 's breast cancer diagnosis in 2005 , she has been a sponsor and ambassador for the cause . In May 2010 , she held a breast cancer campaign for the first time . She later spoke about the cause saying " It means so much to me to be part of this year 's campaign for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer . I wholeheartedly support their efforts to raise funds for the vital work undertaken by Breakthrough Breast Cancer . " For the cause , she " posed in a silk sheet emblazoned with the distinctive target logo of Fashion Targets Breast Cancer " for photographer Mario Testino . In 2010 , she celebrated her fifth anniversary of being clear of the disease by hosting a charity concert to raise money for cancer charities and awareness of the condition .
In April 2014 , Minogue had launched a new campaign entitled One Note Against Cancer , which is a charity organisation to help cancer research .
= = = Relationships = = =
Minogue began a relationship with French actor Olivier Martinez after meeting him at the 2003 Grammy Awards ceremony . They ended their relationship in February 2007 , but remained on friendly terms . Minogue was reported to have been " saddened by false [ media ] accusations of [ Martinez 's ] disloyalty " . She defended Martinez , and acknowledged the support he had given during her treatment for breast cancer . Minogue was in a relationship with model Andrés Velencoso from 2008 to 2013 . In November 2015 , Minogue confirmed she was dating British actor Joshua Sasse . On 20 February 2016 , their engagement was announced in the " Forthcoming Marriages " section of The Daily Telegraph .
= = Legacy = =
In February 2012 , VH1 ranked Minogue at number 47 on their VH1 Greatest Women in Music and number 49 on the " 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era " . Channel 4 listed her as one of the world 's greatest pop stars . The Official Chart Company revealed that she is the 12th best selling singer in the United Kingdom to date , and the third best selling female artist , selling over 10 @.@ 1 million sales . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , all her studio albums have been certified , and with her singles as well , she has a total of 27 certified records . In January 2011 , She received a Guinness World Records citation for having the most consecutive decades with top five albums , with all her albums doing so . In September , she was ranked 27 on VH1 's " 100 Sexiest Artists " . In 2008 , she was honoured with Music Industry Trust 's award for recognition of her 20 @-@ year career and was hailed as " an icon of pop and style " , becoming the first female musician or act to receive a Music Industry Trust award . Minogue made history in the United States for having two songs inside the top three on the US Dance Club Songs chart , with her songs " Better than Today " and " Higher " charting at one and three , respectively . She has sold more than 70 million records worldwide .
Dino Scatena from smh.co.au wrote that " A quarter of a century ago , a sequence of symbiotic events altered the fabric of Australian popular culture and set in motion the transformation of a 19 @-@ year @-@ old soap actor from Melbourne into an international pop icon . " He then stated " Who could have imagined this tiny , unsophisticated star of Neighbours , with the bad ' 80s perm and questionable vocal ability , would go on to become Australia 's single most successful entertainer and a world @-@ renowned style idol ? " Throughout her career , Minogue has been known for reinventing herself in fashion and musical content . Fabulous Magazine labelled her a " Master of Reinvention . " In November 2006 , Minogue posed for Vogue Australia , with Larissa Dubecki from The Age labelling her the " Mother of Reinvention " by saying " This unveiling is as cleverly managed as every aspect of her career , and her illness , to date . Like sharks , celebrities cannot remain static ; they must keep moving or die . Kylie has beaten her early detractors by inhabiting almost a dozen identities [ ... ] " Fiona MacDonald from Madison said Kylie was " an icon , one of the handful of singers recognised around the world by her first name alone . And yet despite becoming an international music superstar , style icon and honorary Brit , those two syllables still seem as Australian as the smell of eucalyptus or a barbeque on a hot day . "
Minogue 's hits have garned many accolades throughout her career . In January 2012 , NME listed her worldwide hit single " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " at number 4 on their Greatest Pop Songs in History . The song was also named the most @-@ played track of the decade . The song eventually became the 3rd best @-@ selling UK single and the most @-@ played song in the UK in 2001 . As of 2012 , " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " was the 72nd song featured on UK 's Official Top 100 Biggest Selling Singles of All Time . Her single " Spinning Around " has also been iconic to Minogue 's career , mostly due to her iconic hot pants , with critics calling the music video " excellent tabloid fodder " and a trademark to her career . Her song " Come into My World " won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording in 2004 . Slant Magazine placed the video for " Come into My World " at number 1 on their " Best of the Aughts : Music Videos " list . In 2007 , French avant @-@ garde guitarist Noël Akchoté released So Lucky , featuring solo guitar versions of tunes recorded by Minogue .
Minogue has been recognised with a number of honorific nicknames . She has been compared to American recording artist Madonna in many media outlets , with Madonna identified as Queen of Pop and Minogue as the Princess of Pop . Birmingham Post said in 2000 ; " [ o ] nce upon a time , long before anybody had even heard of Britney , Christina , Jessica or Mandy , Australian singer Kylie Minogue ruled the charts as princess of pop . Back in 1988 her first single , I Should Be So Lucky , spent five weeks at number one , making her the most successful female artist in the UK charts with 13 successive Top 10 entries . " She is sometimes referred to as the Goddess of Pop / Pop Goddess . She has also been dubbed a Disco Queen . William Baker , co @-@ author of her book Kylie : La La La , talking about her song " Better the Devil You Know " , commented , " The track transferred well onto the dance @-@ floor and heralded a long reign for Kylie as the new queen of disco ... a pop princess . " Jon O 'Brien from Allmusic reviewed her box @-@ set Kylie : The Albums 2000 – 2010 and stated " Kylie has yet to make that one essential album , and the going @-@ through @-@ the @-@ motions nature of her later releases suggests her time may have passed , but this box set still contains plenty of moments to justify her position as one of the all @-@ time premier pop princesses . " In November 2011 , on the twenty @-@ fifth anniversary of the ARIA Music Awards , she was inducted by the Australian Recording Industry Association into the ARIA Hall of Fame .
Many celebrities have named Minogue as a role model . Many media outlets have said many people , particularly woman , have undergone regular checks for cancer symptoms since her breast cancer diagnosis . In December 2006 , Sugar named her the Most Inspirational Celebrity as voted by teenage girls . Editor of the magazine Annabel Brog stated , " [ Kylie ] couldn 't be any more inspirational . She 's friendly , gorgeous , talented – and this year she 's shown just how strong she is too . " American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga thanked her on Twitter , citing her as " a supportive female . " Television host Giuliana Rancic cited Minogue 's cancer story as " inspirational " when she too was diagnosed with cancer . She said , " When you get diagnosed , you don 't know what to do … you Google . I went online and I read your story , and it gave me the strength to go public as well . " Many musical entertainers have cited Minogue as an influence including September , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Katy Perry , Destiny 's Child , Marilyn Manson , Madonna , Natasha Bedingfield and Lady Gaga .
= = Discography = =
Kylie ( 1988 )
Enjoy Yourself ( 1989 )
Rhythm of Love ( 1990 )
Let 's Get to It ( 1991 )
Kylie Minogue ( 1994 )
Impossible Princess ( 1997 )
Light Years ( 2000 )
Fever ( 2001 )
Body Language ( 2003 )
X ( 2007 )
Aphrodite ( 2010 )
Kiss Me Once ( 2014 )
Kylie Christmas ( 2015 )
= = Tours and concerts = =
Disco in Dream ( 1989 )
Enjoy Yourself Tour ( 1990 )
Rhythm of Love Tour ( 1991 )
Let 's Get to It Tour ( 1991 )
Intimate and Live ( 1998 )
On a Night Like This ( 2001 )
KylieFever2002 ( 2002 )
Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour ( 2005 )
Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour ( 2006 – 07 )
KylieX2008 ( 2008 – 09 )
For You , For Me ( 2009 )
Aphrodite World Tour ( 2011 )
Anti Tour ( 2012 )
Kiss Me Once Tour ( 2014 – 15 )
Kylie Summer 2015 ( 2015 )
= = Filmography = =
= Andrew I of Hungary =
Andrew I the White or the Catholic ( Hungarian : I. Fehér or Katolikus András or Endre ; c . 1015 – Zirc , before 6 December 1060 ) was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060 . He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty . After spending fifteen years in exile , he ascended the throne during an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians . He strengthened the position of Christianity in the Kingdom of Hungary and successfully defended its independence against the Holy Roman Empire .
His efforts to ensure the succession of his son , Solomon , resulted in the open revolt of his brother , Béla . Béla dethroned Andrew by force in 1060 . Andrew suffered severe injuries during the fighting and died before his brother was crowned king .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood ( c . 1015 – 1031 ) = = =
Medieval sources provide two contradictory reports of the parents of Andrew , and his two brothers , Levente and Béla . For instance , the Chronicle of Zagreb and Saint Gerard 's Life write that their father was Vazul , a grandson of Taksony , Grand Prince of the Hungarians ( r. c . 955 – c . 970 ) . The Illuminated Chronicle and other medieval sources write of Vazul 's relationship with " some girl " from the Tátony clan who bore his sons , who thus " were not born of a true marriage @-@ bed " . According to a concurrent tradition , which has been preserved by most chronicles , the three princes were the sons of Vazul 's brother , Ladislas the Bald . Modern historians , who reject the latter report , agree that Andrew and his brothers were the sons of Vazul and his concubine from the Tátony clan . According to the historian Gyula Kristó , Andrew was the second among Vazul 's three sons . He writes that Andrew was born around 1015 .
= = = In exile ( 1031 – 1046 ) = = =
According to medieval chronicles , Vazul was blinded during the reign of his cousin , King Stephen I , the first Christian monarch of Hungary ( r . 997 – 1038 ) . The king ordered Vazul 's mutilation after the death , in 1031 , of Emeric , his only son surviving infancy . The contemporary Annals of Altaich writes that the king himself ordered the mutilation of one of his kinsmen , who had strong claim to the throne , in an attempt to ensure a peaceful succession to his own sister 's son , Peter Orseolo . The same source adds that the king expelled his blinded cousin 's three sons from Hungary . According to the contrasting report of the Hungarian chronicles , King Stephen wanted to save the young princes ' lives from their enemies in the royal court and " counselled them with all speed " to depart from Hungary .
Having his own son died in his father 's life , and having no other sons , Stephen , the king of good memory , who was the maternal uncle of [ Peter Orseolo ] , adopted and appointed him as heir to his kingdom . For his kinsman 's son disagreed with him on this , [ Stephen ] had him blinded , even if he was worthier of the kingdom , and sent his little sons into exile .
Exiled from Hungary , Andrew and his brothers settled in the court of Duke Oldřich of Bohemia ( r . 1012 – 1033 ) . Here they came across King Mieszko II of Poland ( r . 1025 – 1031 , 1032 – 1034 ) who likewise took refuge in Bohemia after his opponents had expelled him from his kingdom . The Polish monarch regained his crown and returned to Poland in 1032 . Andrew , Béla and Levente , whose " condition of life was poor and mean " in Bohemia , followed Mieszko II who received them " kindly and honourably " in Poland . After the youngest among them , Béla , married a daughter of Mieszko II , Andrew and Levente decided to depart from Poland , because they " felt that they would be living in Poland under their brother 's shadow " , according to Simon of Kéza .
Hungarian chronicles have preserved a story full of fabulous or anachronistic details of the two brothers ' ensuing wanderings . For instance , they narrate that Andrew and Levente were captured by Cumans , but the latter only arrived in Europe in the 1050s . Having faced many hardships , Andrew and Levente established themselves in the court of Yaroslav the Wise , Grand Prince of Kiev ( r . 1019 – 1054 ) in the late 1030s . The grand prince gave his daughter , Anastasia in marriage to Andrew . Kristó writes that Andrew , who had up to that time remained pagan , was baptized on this occasion .
Having received permission from [ the Polish monarch , Andrew and Levente ] left their brother [ Béla ] behind and made their way to the King of Lodomeria , who did not receive them . Since they had nowhere to lay their head , they went from there to the [ Cumans ] . Seeing that they were persons of excellent bearing , the [ Cumans ] thought that they had come to spy out the land , and unless a captive Hungarian had recognized them , they should certainly have killed them ; but they kept them with them for some time . Then they departed thence to Russia .
= = = Return to Hungary ( 1046 ) = = =
In the meantime , King Peter Orseolo , who had succeeded King Stephen in Hungary in 1038 , alienated many lords and prelates from himself , especially when he solemnly recognized the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Emperor , Henry III in 1045 . According to the Illuminated Chronicle , the discontented lords , " seeing the sufferings of their people " , assembled in Csanád ( Cenad , Romania ) . They agreed to send envoys to Andrew and Levente to Kiev in order to persuade them to return to Hungary . Fearing " some treacherous ambush " , the two brothers only set out after the agents they had sent to Hungary confirmed that the Hungarians were ripe for an uprising against the king .
By the time the two brothers decided to return , a revolt had broken out in Hungary . It was dominated by pagans who captured many clergymen and mercilessly slaughtered them . Andrew and Levente met the rebels at Abaújvár . The Illuminated Chronicle narrates how the pagans urged the dukes " to allow the whole people to live according to the rites of the pagans , to kill the bishops and the clergy , to destroy the churches , to throw off the Christian faith and to worship idols " . The same source adds that Andrew and Levente gave in to all their demands , " for otherwise they would not fight " for them against King Peter .
The Annals of Altaich states that Andrew " savagely raged against the flock of the Holy Church " . Even so , Bishop Gerard of Csanád and four other prelates were ready to join Andrew , but the pagans captured and slaughtered three of them ( including Gerard ) at Buda . King Peter decided to flee from Hungary and take refugee in Austria . However , Andrew 's envoys tricked the king to return before he reached the frontier , and they captured and blinded him .
= = Reign = =
= = = Coronation ( 1046 – 1047 ) = = =
Most Hungarian lords and the prelates opposed the restoration of paganism . They preferred the devout Christian Andrew to his pagan brother Levente , even if , at least according to Kristó and Steinhübel , the latter was the eldest among Vazul 's three sons . The Hungarian chronicles write that Levente , who died in short time , did not oppose his brother 's ascension to the throne . The three bishops who had survived the pagan uprising crowned Andrew in Székesfehérvár in the last quarter of 1046 or in the spring of 1047 . Historian Ferenc Makk writes that Andrew was crowned with a crown that the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos had sent to him . Nine enamelled plaques from this golden crown were unearthed in Nyitraivánka ( Ivanka pri Nitre , Slovakia ) in the 19th century . Andrew soon broke with his pagan supporters , restored Christianity and declared pagan rites illegal . According to Kosztolnyik , Andrew 's epithets ( the White or the Catholic ) are connected to these events .
Having now been made secure against all disturbances from enemies , Duke Andreas received the crown of kingship in the royal city of Alba . No more than three bishops who had escaped that great slaughter of the Christians performed the ceremony of coronation in the year of our Lord 1047 . He made proclamation to all his people that under pain of death they should lay aside the pagan rites which had formerly been permitted to them , and that they should return to the true faith of Christ and live in all things according to the law which King St Stephen had taught them .
= = = Wars with the Holy Roman Empire ( 1047 – 1053 ) = = =
The contemporaneous Hermann of Reichenau narrates that Andrew " sent frequent envoys with humble entreaties " to Emperor Henry III , proposing " an annual tribute and faithful service " if the emperor recognized his reign . Andrew persuaded his brother , Béla , to return from Poland to Hungary in 1048 . He also granted his brother one third of the kingdom with the title of duke . Béla 's duchy comprised two regions which were centered on Nyitra ( Nitra , Slovakia ) and Bihar ( Biharia , Romania ) .
Skirmishes on the frontier between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire first occurred in 1050 . Emperor Henry invaded Hungary in August 1051 , but Andrew and Béla successfully applied scorched earth tactics against the imperial troops and forced them to withdraw . Legend says that the Vértes Hills near Székesfehérvár were named after the armours – vért in Hungarian – which were discarded by the retreating German soldiers .
Andrew initiated new peace negotiations with the emperor and promised to pay an annual tribute , but his offers were refused . Next summer , the emperor returned to Hungary and laid siege to Pressburg ( Bratislava , Slovakia ) . Zotmund , " a most skilful swimmer " scuttled the emperor 's ships . After Pope Leo IX mediated a peace treaty , the emperor lifted the siege and withdrew from Hungary . Andrew soon refused to fulfill his promises made under duress , and even allied with Conrad I , Duke of Bavaria , a prominent opponent of Emperor Henry III .
Because Andreas ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
as Independence Hall , were built . Streets were paved and illuminated with oil lamps . Philadelphia 's first newspaper , Andrew Bradford 's American Weekly Mercury , began publishing on December 22 , 1719 .
The city also developed culturally and scientifically . Schools , libraries and theaters were founded . James Logan arrived in Philadelphia in 1701 as a secretary for William Penn . He was the first to help establish Philadelphia as a place of culture and learning . Logan , who was the mayor of Philadelphia in the early 1720s , created one of the largest libraries in the colonies . He also helped guide other prominent Philadelphia residents , which included botanist John Bartram and Benjamin Franklin . Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia in October 1723 and would play a large part in the city 's development . To help protect the city from fire , Franklin founded the Union Fire Company . In the 1750s Franklin was named one of the city 's post master generals and he established postal routes between Philadelphia , New York , Boston , and elsewhere . He helped raise money to build the American colonies ' first hospital , which opened in 1752 . That same year the College of Philadelphia , another project of Franklin 's , received its charter of incorporation . Threatened by French and Spanish privateers , Franklin and others set up a volunteer group for defense and built two batteries .
When the French and Indian War began in 1754 as part of the Seven Years ' War , Franklin recruited militias . During the war , the city attracted many refugees from the western frontier . When Pontiac 's Rebellion occurred in 1763 , refugees again fled into the city , including a group of Lenape hiding from other Native Americans , angry at their pacifism , and white frontiersmen . The Paxton Boys tried to follow them into Philadelphia for attacks , but was prevented by the city 's militia and Franklin , who convinced them to leave .
= = Revolution = =
In the 1760s , the British Parliament 's passage of the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts , combined with other frustrations , increased political tension and anger against England in the colonies . Philadelphia residents joined boycotts of British goods . After the Tea Act in 1773 , there were threats against anyone who would store tea and any ships that brought tea up the Delaware . After the Boston Tea Party , a shipment of tea had arrived in December , on the ship the Polly . A committee told the captain to depart without unloading his cargo .
A series of acts in 1774 further angered the colonies ; activists called for a general congress and they agreed to meet in Philadelphia . The First Continental Congress was held in September in Carpenters ' Hall . After the American Revolutionary War began in April 1775 following the Battles of Lexington and Concord , the Second Continental Congress met in May at the Pennsylvania State House . There they also met a year later to write and sign the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 . Philadelphia was important to the war effort ; Robert Morris said ,
You will consider Philadelphia , from its centrical situation , the extent of its commerce , the number of its artificers , manufactures and other circumstances , to be to the United States what the heart is to the human body in circulating the blood .
The port city was vulnerable to attack by the British by sea . Officials recruited soldiers and studied defenses for invasion from Delaware Bay , but built no forts or other installations . In March 1776 two British frigates began a blockade of the mouth of Delaware Bay ; British soldiers were moving south through New Jersey from New York . In December fear of invasion caused half the population to flee the city , including the Continental Congress , which moved to Baltimore . General George Washington pushed back the British advance at the battles of Princeton and Trenton , and the refugees and Congress returned . In September 1777 , the British invaded Philadelphia from the south . Washington intercepted them at the Battle of Brandywine but was driven back . Thousands fled north into Pennsylvania and east into New Jersey ; Congress moved to Lancaster then to York . British troops marched into the half @-@ empty Philadelphia on September 23 to cheering Loyalist crowds .
The occupation lasted ten months . After the French entered the war on the side of the Continentals , the last British troops pulled out of Philadelphia on June 18 , 1778 , to help defend New York City . Continentals arrived the same day and reoccupied the city supervised by Major General Benedict Arnold , who had been appointed the city 's military commander . The city government returned a week later , and the Continental Congress returned in early July .
Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class , and their distrust of their betters , in northern ports . He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during the revolution . They held power for a while , and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution . Philadelphia suffered serious inflation , causing problems especially for the poor , who were unable to buy needed goods . This led to unrest in 1779 , with people blaming the upper class and Loyalists . A riot in January by sailors striking for higher wages ended up with their attacking and dismantling ships . In the Fort Wilson Riot of October 4 , men attacked James Wilson , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who was accused of being a Loyalist sympathizer . Soldiers broke up the riot , but five people died and 17 were injured .
= = Temporary capital = =
Following the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the United States Congress moved out of Philadelphia and settled in New York City , designated as the temporary capital . Besides the Constitutional Convention in May 1787 , United States politics was no longer centered in Philadelphia . Due to political compromise , Congress chose a permanent capital to be built along the Potomac River . Philadelphia was selected as the temporary United States capital for ten years starting in 1790 . Congress occupied the Philadelphia County Courthouse , which became known as Congress Hall , and the Supreme Court worked at City Hall . Robert Morris donated his home at 6th and Market Street as the residence for President Washington , or the President 's House ( Philadelphia ) .
= = = Yellow fever 1793 = = =
After 1787 the city 's economy grew rapidly in the postwar years . Serious yellow fever outbreaks in the 1790s interrupted development . Benjamin Rush identified an outbreak in August 1793 as a yellow fever epidemic , the first in 30 years , which lasted four months . Two thousand refugees from Saint @-@ Domingue had recently arrived in the city in flight from the Haitian Revolution . They represented five percent of the city 's total population . They likely carried the disease from the island where it was endemic , and it was rapidly transmitted by mosquito bites to other residents . Fear of contracting the disease caused 20 @,@ 000 residents to flee the city by mid @-@ September , and some neighboring towns prohibited their entry . Trade virtually stopped ; Baltimore and New York quarantined people and goods from Philadelphia . People feared entering the city or interacting with its residents . The fever finally abated at the end of October with the onset of colder weather and was declared at an end by mid @-@ November . The death toll was 4 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 , in a population of 50 @,@ 000 . Yellow fever outbreaks recurred in Philadelphia and other major ports through the nineteenth century , but none had as many fatalities as that of 1793 . The 1798 epidemic in Philadelphia also prompted an exodus ; an estimated 1 @,@ 292 residents died .
= = = Slavery = = =
Pennsylvania , which had abolished slavery in 1780 , required any slaves brought to the city to be freed after six months ' residency . The state law was challenged by French colonial refugees from Saint @-@ Domingue , who brought slaves with them , but defended by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society . Through 1796 , 500 slaves from Saint @-@ Domingue gained freedom in the city . Because of the violence accompanying the revolution on the island , Philadelphians , many of whom had southern ties , and residents of the Upper South worried that free people of color would encourage slave insurrections in the U.S.
During the city 's 10 years as federal capital , members of Congress were exempt from the abolition law , but the many slaveholders in the executive and judicial branches were not . President Washington , vice @-@ president Jefferson and others brought slaves as domestic servants , and evaded the law by regularly shifting their slaves out of the city before the 6 @-@ month deadline . Two of Washington 's slaves escaped from the President 's House ( Philadelphia ) , and he gradually replaced his slaves with German immigrants who were indentured servants . The remains of the President 's House ( Philadelphia ) were found during excavation for a new Liberty Bell Center , leading to archeological work in 2007 . In 2010 , a memorial on the site opened to commemorate Washington 's slaves and African Americans in Philadelphia and U.S. history , as well as to mark the house site .
= = Industrial growth = =
The Pennsylvania state government left Philadelphia in 1799 and the United States government left in 1800 . By this time , the city had become one of the United States ' busiest ports and the country 's largest city , with 67 @,@ 787 people living in Philadelphia and its contiguous suburbs . Philadelphia 's maritime trade was interrupted by the Embargo Act of 1807 and then the War of 1812 . After the war , Philadelphia 's shipping industry never returned to its pre @-@ embargo status , and New York City succeeded it as the busiest port and largest city .
The embargo and decrease in foreign trade led to the development of local factories to produce goods no longer available as imports . Manufacturing plants and foundries were built and Philadelphia became an important center of paper @-@ related industries and the leather , shoe , and boot industries . Coal and iron mines , and the construction of new roads , canals , and railroads helped Philadelphia 's manufacturing power grow , and the city became the United States ' first major industrial city . Major industrial projects included the Waterworks , iron water pipes , a gasworks , and the U.S. Naval Yard . In response to exploitative working conditions , some 20 @,@ 000 Philadelphia workers staged the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten @-@ hour workday and an increase in wages . In addition to its industrial power , Philadelphia was the financial center of the country . Along with chartered and private banks , the city was the home of the First and Second Banks of the United States , Mechanics National Bank and the first U.S. Mint . Cultural institutions , such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , the Academy of Natural Sciences , the Athenaeum and the Franklin Institute also developed in the nineteenth century . The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed the Free School Law of 1834 to create the public school system .
= = = Ethnic rivalries = = =
In the mid and late 1840s , immigrants from Ireland and Germany streamed into the city , swelling the population of Philadelphia and its suburbs . In Philadelphia , as the rich moved west of 7th Street , the poor moved into the upper class ' former homes , which were converted into tenements and boarding houses . Many small row houses crowded alleyways and small streets , and these areas were filthy , filled with garbage and the smell of manure from animal pens . During the 1840s and 1850s , hundreds died each year in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts from diseases such as malaria , smallpox , tuberculosis , and cholera , related to poor sanitation and diseases brought by immigrants ; the poor suffered the most fatalities . Small rowhouses and tenement housing were constructed south of South Street .
Violence was a serious problem . Gangs like the Moyamensing Killers and the Blood Tubs controlled various neighborhoods . During the 1840s and early 1850s when volunteer fire companies , some of which were infiltrated by gangs , responded to a fire , fights with other fire companies often broke out . The lawlessness among fire companies virtually ended in 1853 and 1854 when the city took more control over their operations. during the 1840s and 50s violence was directed against immigrants by people who feared their competition for jobs and resented newcomers of different religions and ethnicity . Nativists often held mostly anti @-@ Catholic , anti @-@ Irish meetings . Violence against immigrants also occurred , the worst being the nativist riots in 1844 . Violence against African Americans was also common during the 1830s , 40s , and 50s . Immigrants competed with them for jobs , and deadly race riots resulted in the burning of African @-@ American homes and churches . In 1841 , Joseph Sturge commented " ... there is probably no city in the known world where dislike , amounting to the hatred of the coloured population , prevails more than in the city of brotherly love ! " Several anti @-@ slavery societies had been formed and free blacks , Quakers and other abolitionists operated safe houses associated with the Underground Railroad , but working class and ethnic whites opposed the abolitionist movement .
The lawlessness and the difficulty in controlling it , along with residential development just north of Philadelphia , led to the Act of Consolidation in 1854 . The act passed on February 2 , making Philadelphia 's borders coterminous with Philadelphia County , and incorporating various subdistrict within the county .
Once the American Civil War began in 1861 , Philadelphia 's southern leanings were reduced . Popular hostility shifted against southern sympathizers . Mobs threatened a secessionist newspaper and the homes of suspected sympathizers , and were only turned away by the police and Mayor Alexander Henry . Philadelphia supported the war with soldiers , ammunition , and war ships and its manufacturers produced many army uniforms . Philadelphia was also a major receiving place of the wounded , with more than 157 @,@ 000 soldiers and sailors treated within the city . Philadelphia began preparing for invasion in 1863 , but the Confederate Army was repelled by Union forces at Gettysburg .
= = Late 19th century = =
In the years following the Civil War , Philadelphia 's population continued to grow . The population grew from 565 @,@ 529 in 1860 to 674 @,@ 022 in 1870 . By 1876 the city 's population stood at 817 @,@ 000 . The dense population areas were not only growing north and south along the Delaware River , but also moving westward across the Schuylkill River . A large portion of the growth came from immigrants , still mostly Irish and German . In 1870 , twenty @-@ seven percent of Philadelphia 's population was born outside the United States .
In February 1854 , the Act of Consolidation made the city of Philadelphia inclusive of the entire county , doing away with all other municipalities .
By the 1880s immigration from Russia , Eastern Europe , and Italy started rivaling immigration from Western Europe . Many of the immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jewish . In 1881 there were around 5 @,@ 000 Jews in the city , and by 1905 the number had increased to 100 @,@ 000 . Philadelphia 's Italian population grew from around 300 in 1870 to around 18 @,@ 000 in 1900 , with the majority settling in South Philadelphia . Along with foreign immigration , domestic migration by African Americans from the South led to Philadelphia having the largest black population of a Northern U.S. city in this period . By 1876 , nearly 25 @,@ 000 African Americans living in Philadelphia , and by 1890 the population was near 40 @,@ 000 . While immigrants moved into the city , Philadelphia 's rich left for newer housing in the suburbs , with commuting made easy by newly constructed railroads . During the 1880s much of Philadelphia 's upper class moved into the growing suburbs along the Pennsylvania Railroad 's Main Line west of the city .
Politically the city was dominated by the Republican Party , which had developed a strong political machine . The Republicans dominated the post @-@ war elections , and corrupt officials made their way into the government and continued to control the city through voter fraud and intimidation . The Gas Trust was the hub of the city ’ s political machine . The trust controlled the gas company supplying lighting to the city . With the board under complete control by Republicans in 1865 , they awarded contracts and perks for themselves and their cronies . Some government reform did occur during this time . The police department was reorganized ; and volunteer fire companies were eliminated and were replaced by a paid fire department . A compulsory school act passed in 1895 , and the Public School Reorganization Act freed the city 's education from the political machine . Higher education changed as well . The University of Pennsylvania moved to West Philadelphia and reorganized to its modern form ; and Temple University , Drexel University and the Free Library were founded .
The city 's major project was organizing and staging the Centennial Exposition , the first World 's Fair in the United States , which celebrated the nation 's Centennial . Held in Fairmount Park , exhibits included Alexander Graham Bell 's telephone and the Corliss Steam Engine . Beginning May 10 , 1876 , by the end of the Exposition on November 10 , more than nine million people had visited the fair . The city undertook construction of a new city hall , designed to match its ambitions . The project was graft @-@ ridden and it took twenty @-@ three years to complete . At completion in 1884 , City Hall was the tallest building in Philadelphia , a position it maintained for nearly 100 years .
Philadelphia 's major industries of the era were the Baldwin Locomotive Works , William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company , and the Pennsylvania Railroad . Westward expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad helped Philadelphia keep up with nearby New York City in domestic commerce , as both cities fought for dominance in transporting iron and coal resources from Pennsylvania . Philadelphia 's other local railroad was the Reading Railroad , but after a series of bankruptcies , it was taken over by New Yorkers . The Panic of 1873 , which occurred when the New York City branch of the Philadelphia bank Jay Cooke and Company failed , and another panic in the 1890s hampered Philadelphia 's economic growth . While the depressions hurt the city , its diverse array of industries helped it weather difficult times . It had numerous iron and steel @-@ related manufacturers , including Philadelphian @-@ owned iron and steel works outside the city , most notably the Bethlehem Iron Company in the city by that name . The largest industry in Philadelphia was textiles . Philadelphia produced more textiles than any other U.S. city ; in 1904 the textile industry employed more than 35 percent of the city 's workers . The cigar , sugar , and oil industries also were strong in the city . During this time the major department stores : Wanamaker 's , Gimbels , Strawbridge and Clothier , and Lit Brothers , were developed along Market Street .
By the end of the century , the city provided nine municipal swimming pools , making it a leader in the nation .
= = Early 20th century = =
In the beginning of the 20th century Philadelphia had taken on a poor reputation . People both inside and outside of the city commented that Philadelphia and its citizens were dull and contented with its lack of change . Harper 's Magazine commented that " The one thing unforgivable in Philadelphia is to be new , to be different from what has been . " Along with an image of " dullness , " Philadelphia was known for its political corruption . The Republican @-@ controlled political machine , run by Israel Durham , permeated all parts of city government . One official estimated that US $ 5 million was wasted each year from graft in the city 's infrastructure programs . The majority of residents were Republican , but voter fraud and bribery were still common . In 1905 the city enacted election reforms , such as personal voter registration and the establishing primaries for all city offices . But , residents became complacent , and the city 's political bosses continued in control . After 1907 Boss Durham retired and his successor , James McNichol , never controlled much outside North Philadelphia . The Vare brothers , George , Edwin , and William , had created their own organization in South Philadelphia . With no central authority , Senator Boies Penrose took charge . In 1910 infighting between McNichol and the Vares contributed to the reform candidate , Rudolph Blankenburg , to be elected mayor . During his administration , he made numerous cost @-@ cutting measures and improvements to city services , but he served only one term . The machine again gained control .
The policies of Woodrow Wilson 's administration reunited reformers with the city 's Republican Party and World War I temporarily halted the reform movement . In 1917 the murder of George Eppley , a police officer defending City Council primary candidate James Carey , ignited the reformers again . They passed legislation to reduce the City Council from two houses to one , and provided council members an annual salary . With the deaths of McNichol in 1917 and Penrose in 1921 , William Vare became the city 's political boss . In the 1920s the public flouting of Prohibition laws , mob violence , and police involvement in illegal activities led Mayor W. Freeland Kendrick to appoint Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety . Butler cracked down on bars and speakeasies and tried to stop corruption within the police force , but demand for liquor and political pressure made the job difficult , and he had little success . After two years , Butler left in January 1926 and most of his police reforms were repealed . On August 1 , 1928 , Boss Vare suffered a stroke , and two weeks later a grand jury investigation into the city 's mob violence and other crimes began . Numerous police officers were dismissed or arrested as a result of the investigation , but no permanent change resulted . Strong support among some residents for the Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith , who was Catholic , marked the city 's turning away in the 20th century from the Republican Party .
Philadelphia continued to grow with immigrants coming from Eastern Europe and Italy , as well as African American migrants from the South . Foreign immigration was briefly interrupted by World War I. The demand for labor for the city 's factories , including the new U.S. Naval Yard at Hog Island , which constructed ships , trains , and other items needed in the war effort , helped attract blacks in the Great Migration ( African American ) . In September 1918 , cases of the influenza pandemic were reported at the Naval Yard and began to spread . Mortality on some days was several hundred people and , by the time the pandemic began to subside in October , more than 12 @,@ 000 people had died .
The rising popularity of automobiles led to widening of roads and creation of Northeast ( Roosevelt ) Boulevard in 1914 , the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in 1918 , the changing of many existing streets to one @-@ way streets in the early 1920s , and construction of the Delaware River ( Benjamin Franklin ) Bridge to New Jersey in 1926 . Philadelphia began to modernize , steel and concrete skyscrapers were constructed , old buildings were wired for electricity , and the city 's first commercial radio station was founded . In 1907 the city constructed the first subway . It hosted the Sesqui @-@ Centennial Exposition in South Philadelphia , and in 1928 opened the Philadelphia Museum of Art .
= = Great Depression and World War II = =
In the three years after the stock market crashed in 1929 , 50 Philadelphia banks closed . Of those only two were large , Albert M. Greenfield 's Bankers Trust Company and the Franklin Trust Company . Savings and loan associations also faced trouble , with mortgages of 19 @,@ 000 properties being foreclosed in 1932 alone . By 1934 , 1 @,@ 600 of 3 @,@ 400 savings and loan associations had shut down . From 1929 to 1933 , regional manufacturing fell by 45 percent ; factory payrolls fell by 60 percent ; retail sales fell by 40 percent . Worst hit of all was construction , where payrolls dropped 84 percent . Unemployment peaked in 1933 , when 11 @.@ 5 percent of whites , 16 @.@ 2 percent of African Americans , and 19 @.@ 1 percent of foreign @-@ born whites were out of work . Mayor J. Hampton Moore blamed people 's economic woes , not on the worldwide Great Depression , but on laziness and wastefulness , and claimed there was no starvation in the city . Soon after , he fired 3 @,@ 500 city workers , instituted pay cuts , forced unpaid vacation , and reduced the number of contracts the city awarded . This saved Philadelphia millions of dollars , and the efforts kept the city from defaulting on its debts , but were unpopular among the unemployed . The city relied on state money to fund relief efforts . Moore 's successor S. Davis Wilson instituted numerous programs financed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal 's Works Progress Administration , despite condemning the program during his mayoral campaign . At the peak of WPA @-@ financed jobs in 1936 , 40 @,@ 000 Philadelphians were employed under the program .
With encouragement from the state government and labor 's founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) , Philadelphia became a union city . Many trade unions discriminated against African Americans for years , and they were closed out of some labor advances . Workers ' dissatisfaction with conditions led to numerous strikes in the textile unions , and the CIO organized labor in other industries , with more strikes taking place . During the 1930s , the Democratic Party began to grow in Philadelphia , influenced by the leadership of the Roosevelt administration during the Depression . A newly organized Independent Democratic Committee reached out to residents . In 1936 , the Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia . The majority of voters in the city reelected the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt as president ; they also voted for Democratic Congressmen and state representatives . City government continued to be dominated by Republicans , but the politicians were elected by small margins .
The beginning of World War II in Europe and the threat of the U.S. becoming involved generated new jobs in defense @-@ related industries . After the U.S. became involved in the war in 1941 , the city mobilized . Philadelphia consistently met war bond quotas and when the war ended in 1945 , 183 @,@ 850 residents were in the U.S. armed forces . With so many men serving in the military , there had been a labor shortage ; businesses and industries hired women and workers from outside the city . In 1944 the Philadelphia Transportation Company promoted African Americans to positions as motormen and conductors ( from which they had previously been excluded ) on public transportation vehicles . Resentful , other PTC workers protested and began a strike that nearly immobilized the city . President Roosevelt sent troops to replace the striking workers . After a federal ultimatum , the workers returned after six days .
= = Reform and decline = =
After World War II ended , Philadelphia had a serious housing shortage . Around half of the city 's housing had been built in the 19th century , and many units lacked proper sanitary facilities , were overcrowded , and in poor condition . Competition for housing , as African Americans ( many had come to the city in the Great Migration from the South ) and Puerto Ricans moved into new neighborhoods , resulted in racial tension . The wealthier middle @-@ class residents , often white , continued to move out to the suburbs in what became called white flight .
The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 ; afterward the city 's population declined while that of the neighboring suburban counties grew . Some residents moved out of the region altogether due to restructuring of industry and loss of tens of thousands of jobs in the city . Philadelphia lost five percent of its population in the 1950s , three percent in the 1960s and more than thirteen percent in the 1970s . Manufacturing and other major Philadelphia businesses , which had supported middle @-@ class lives for the working class , were moving out of the area or shutting down in industrial restructuring , including major declines in railroads .
The city encouraged development projects in University City in West Philadelphia and the area around Temple University in North Philadelphia , it removed the " Chinese Wall " elevated railway , and developed Market Street East around the transportation hub . Some gentrification occurred , with restoration of properties in historic neighborhoods such as Society Hill , Rittenhouse Square , Queen Village , and the Fairmount area . The airport expanded , the Schuylkill Expressway and the Delaware Expressway ( Interstate 95 ) were built , SEPTA was formed , and residential and industrial development took place in Northeast Philadelphia .
Preparations for the United States Bicentennial in 1976 began in 1964 . By the early 1970s , US $ 3 million had been spent but no plans were set . The planning group was reorganized and numerous city @-@ wide events were planned . Independence National Historical Park was restored and development of Penn 's Landing was completed . Less than half the expected visitors came to the city for the Bicentennial , but the event helped revive the identity of the city , inspiring annual neighborhood events and fairs .
In 1947 Richardson Dilworth was selected as the Democratic candidate , but lost to incumbent mayor Bernard Samuel . During the campaign Dilworth made numerous specific charges about corruption within city government . The City Council set up a committee to investigate , with findings followed by a grand jury investigation . The five @-@ year investigation and its findings garnered national attention . US $ 40 million in city spending was found to be unaccounted for , and the president judge of the Court of Common pleas had been tampering with court cases . The fire marshal went to prison ; and an official in the tax collection office , a water department employee , a plumbing inspector , and head of the police vice squad each committed suicide after criminal exposures . The public and the press demanded reform and by the end of 1950 , a new city charter was drafted . The new charter strengthened the position of the mayor and weakened the City Council . The Council would be made of ten councilmen elected by district and seven at large . City administration was streamlined and new boards and commissions were created .
In 1951 Joseph S. Clark was elected as the first Democratic mayor in 80 years . Clark filled administration positions based on merit and worked to weed out corruption . Despite reforms and the Clark administration , a powerful Democratic patronage organization eventually replaced the old Republican one . Clark was succeeded by Richardson Dilworth , who continued the policies of his predecessor . Dilworth resigned to run for governor in 1962 , and city council president James H. J. Tate was elected as the city 's first Irish Catholic mayor . Tate was elected mayor in 1963 and reelected in 1967 despite opposition from reformers who opposed him as an organization insider .
As elsewhere in major US cities , the 1960s was a turbulent decade for the city . Numerous civil rights and anti @-@ war protests took place , including large protests led by Marie Hicks to desegregate Girard College . Students took over the Community College of Philadelphia in a sit @-@ in , race riots broke out in Holmesburg Prison , and a 1964 riot along West Columbia Avenue killed two people , injured over 300 and caused around US $ 3 million in damages . Crime was also a serious problem . Primarily drug @-@ related gang warfare plagued the city , and in 1970 crime was rated the city 's number one problem in a City Planning Commission survey . The court system was overtaxed and the tactics of the police department under Police Commissioner Frank Rizzo were controversial . Frank Rizzo was credited with preventing the level of violence seen in other cities at the time and was elected mayor in 1971 .
The outspoken Rizzo , who was reelected in 1975 , was a divisive figure who had loyal supporters and passionate opponents . Police and fire departments and cultural institutions were well supported under Rizzo , but other city departments like the Free Library , the Department of Welfare and Recreation , the City Planning Commission and the Streets Department experienced large cuts . The radical group called MOVE formed in 1972 , and tension soon developed with city officials . The first major clash occurred in 1978 at the group 's Powelton Village headquarters , resulting in the death of a police officer . Nine MOVE members were convicted at trial and sentenced to prison . In 1985 a stand @-@ off occurred at the group 's new headquarters in Southwest Philadelphia , whose residents were believed to be armed resisters . The police dropped a satchel bomb on the house from a helicopter ; it set off a fire that killed eleven MOVE members , including five children , and destroyed sixty @-@ two neighboring houses . Survivors sued the city in civil court and won damages .
Crime continued to be a problem in the 1980s . Deadly Mafia warfare plagued South Philadelphia , drug gangs and crack houses invaded the slums of the city , and the murder rate skyrocketed . William J. Green became mayor in 1980 , and in 1984 W. Wilson Goode became Philadelphia 's first African @-@ American mayor . Development continued in areas in Old City and South Street , and large modern skyscrapers of glass and granite , designed by nationally known architects , were constructed in Center City . City employee labor contracts signed during the Rizzo administration helped set up a city financial crisis that Green and Goode were unable to prevent . The city was near bankruptcy at the end of the 1980s .
A group of Hmong refugees had settled in Philadelphia after the end of the 1970s Laotian Civil War associated with the Vietnam War . They were attacked in discriminatory acts , and the city 's Commission on Human Relations held hearings on the incidents . Anne Fadiman , author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down , said that lower @-@ class residents resented the Hmong receiving a $ 100 @,@ 000 federal grant for employment assistance when they were also out of work ; they believed that American citizens should be getting assistance . Between 1982 and 1984 , three quarters of the Hmong people who had settled in Philadelphia left for other cities in the United States to join relatives who were already there . Vietnamese and other immigrants from Asia have settled in the city , many near the Italian Market area . In addition , numerous Hispanic immigrants from Central and South America have entered the city , settling in North Philadelphia .
= = Into the 21st century = =
In 1992 Ed Rendell was elected as the city 's first Jewish mayor . At the time , the city had numerous unpaid bills , the lowest bond rating of the top fifty largest U.S. cities , and a budget deficit of US $ 250 million . Rendell attracted investment in the city , stabilized the city 's finances , and produced small budget surpluses . Revitalization of parts of Philadelphia continued in the 1990s . In 1993 , a new convention center was opened , creating a hotel boom with seventeen hotels opening between 1998 and 2000 when the city hosted the Republican National Convention . The city began promoting heritage tourism , and producing festivals and entertainment to attract tourists . In 2005 National Geographic Traveler named Philadelphia America 's Next Great City , citing its recent revitalization and general compact cityscape .
Former city council president John F. Street was elected mayor in 1999 and city revitalization continued into the 21st century . The Street administration targeted some of the city 's worst neighborhoods for revitalization and made considerable progress . Tax breaks created in 1997 and 2000 helped create a condominium boom in Center City , increasing the population of Center City and helping slow the city 's 40 @-@ year population decline . The population of Center City rose to 88 @,@ 000 in 2005 from 78 @,@ 000 in 2000 and the number of households grew by 24 percent .
The city has had struggles : a series of scandals in the 1990s plagued the police department , including underreporting of crime . The Street administration was plagued with scandal , with administration people being accused of awarding contracts based on campaign donations for Street 's 2003 reelection campaign . The 2000s had a rise of violent crime after a decline in the 1990s . In 2006 Philadelphia 's murder rate was 27 @.@ 8 per 100 @,@ 000 inhabitants versus a rate of 18 @.@ 9 in 2002 .
In 2008 Michael Nutter , with a background in business , was elected as the city 's third African @-@ American mayor . As of July 2009 , he oversaw a decrease in the crime rate by 30 % since July 2007 . Tourism has become one of the city 's main industries ; Philadelphia is now the 10th @-@ most visited city in the US ( behind Atlanta and ahead of Miami , Dallas , and Boston ) . Nutter was instrumental in Philadelphia 's Foreclosure Prevention Program , a program which has been copied by many cities throughout the country to stabilize their housing and retain residents in owned units .
As part of Pope Francis ' visit to the United States , directly after his visit to Cuba , Francis was to visit New York City , Washington , D.C. , and Philadelphia . In Philadelphia , Francis attended The 2015 World Meeting of Families , coordinated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia . Pope Francis ended his first Papal visit to the U.S. by saying mass to a crowd of 1 million people on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway . While in Philadelphia , Francis attended many events , including a speech to a crowd of 50 @,@ 000 people at Independence Hall and a visit and blessing at Saint Joseph 's University .
= = = City directories and old sources = = =
H.C. Carey & I. Lea ( 1824 ) , Philadelphia in 1824 ; or , a brief account of the various institutions and public objects in this metropolis , being a complete guide for strangers , Philadelphia , PA , USA : H.C. Carey & I. Lea
City Directory . 1785 ; 1791 ; 1795 ; 1799 ; 1800 ; 1801 ; 1802 ; 1808 ; 1810 ; 1819 ; 1822 ; 1825 ; 1837 ; 1841 ; 1849 ; 1856 ; 1857 ; 1858 ; 1861 ; 1866 ; 1867
Watson , John Fanning ( 1855 ) , Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania : being a collection of memoirs , anecdotes , and incidents of the city and its inhabitants , and of the earliest settlements of the inland part of Pennsylvania , from the days of the founders 1 , Philadelphia , PA , USA : Parry and M 'Millan
Bowen , Daniel ( 1839 ) , A history of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA : Daniel Bowen
S.S. Moore ; T.W. Jones ( 1804 ) , " Philadelphia " , The traveller 's directory : or , A pocket companion , shewing the course of the main road from Philadelphia to New York ; and from Philadelphia to Washington ... from actual survey ( 2nd ed . ) , Philadelphia : Printed for Mathew Carey , OCLC 9501780
Myers , Albert Cook ( 1912 ) , " Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , West New Jersey and Delaware , 1630 – 1707 " , Jameson , J. Franklin ( editor ) : Original Narratives of Early American History ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons ) 12
= Floriana Lines =
The Floriana Lines ( Maltese : Is @-@ Swar tal @-@ Furjana ) are a line of fortifications in Floriana , Malta , which surround the fortifications of Valletta and form the capital city 's outer defences . Construction of the lines began in 1636 and they were named after the military engineer who designed them , Pietro Paolo Floriani . The Floriana Lines were modified throughout the course of the 17th and 18th centuries , and they saw use during the French blockade of 1798 – 1800 . Today , the fortifications are still largely intact but rather dilapidated and in need of restoration .
The Floriana Lines are considered to be among the most complicated and elaborate of the Hospitaller fortifications of Malta . Since 1998 , they have been on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites , as part of the Knights ' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta .
= = History = =
= = = Background , controversy and construction = = =
The city of Valletta was founded on 28 March 1566 by Jean de Valette , the Grand Master of the Order of St. John . The city occupied about half the Sciberras Peninsula , a large promontory separating the Grand Harbour from Marsamxett Harbour , and was protected by tracce italiane fortifications , including a land front with four bastions , two cavaliers and a deep ditch . Although these fortifications were well designed , by the early 17th century they were not strong enough to resist a large attack due to new technological developments which increased the range of artillery .
In 1634 , there were fears that the Ottomans would attack Malta . Grand Master Antoine de Paule asked Pope Urban VIII for help in improving the island 's fortifications . The Pope sent Pietro Paolo Floriani to examine the defences , who in 1635 proposed building a second line of fortifications around the Valletta Land Front . Some members of the Order and a number of military engineers strongly opposed these plans , since the large garrison needed to man the lines was deemed too expensive . Eventually De Paule decided to construct the lines , since it would have been improper to disagree with the Pope 's military engineer . The Bailiff Gattinara resigned from his post in the Commission of Fortifications in protest .
Work on the lines began in 1636 , but no ceremony was carried out to commemorate laying the foundation stone due to controversy surrounding the construction . Since fortification was expensive , the new Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris imposed a new tax on immovable property . This tax created dispute between the Order and the clergy , who protested to the Pope . Some priests also influenced the population to take part in a national protest , but plans leaked out to authorities and the leaders were arrested .
The fortifications were named the Floriana Lines after their architect . By June 1640 , the lines were considered partially defensible , although still incomplete .
= = = Improvements and modifications = = =
Fears of an Ottoman attack rose again after the fall of Candia in 1669 , and the following year Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner invited the military engineer Antonio Maurizio Valperga to improve the fortifications . At the time the Floriana Lines were still under construction , and a number of weak points had been identified in their original design , especially since the demi @-@ bastions forming the two extremities of the land front were too acute and could not be well defended . Valperga attempted to correct these flaws by making a number of alterations to San Salvatore Bastion on the western end of the lines , and constructing a faussebraye around the entire land front and a crowned hornwork near the eastern end . In the 1680s some minor modifications were made by the Flemish engineer Carlos de Grunenbergh .
Work on Valperga 's modifications to the lines progressed slowly , and by the beginning of the 18th century the outworks , glacis and enceinte facing Marsamxett were still unfinished . Works continued under a number of other engineers , including Charles François de Mondion , and the lines were largely complete when Porte des Bombes was constructed in 1721 . Further alterations were made over the following decades , such as the construction of the Northern Entrenchment in the 1730s .
In 1724 , the suburb of Floriana was founded in the area between the Floriana Lines and the Valletta Land Front . The suburb was named Borgo Vilhena after Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena , but it was commonly known as Floriana . It is now a town in its own right .
= = = French occupation and British rule = = =
French forces invaded Malta in June 1798 , and the Order capitulated after a couple of days . The French occupied the island until September , when the Maltese rebelled and blockaded the French forces in the harbour area with foreign help . The Floriana Lines remained under French control throughout the blockade , and the Maltese built Tas @-@ Samra Battery and a battery on Corradino in order to bombard them .
After the British took over Malta in 1800 , the lines remained a functional military establishment . A number of minor alterations were made , including the enlargement of Porte des Bombes , the demolition of a lunette and some other gates , and the addition of gunpowder magazines and traverses .
= = = Recent history = = =
The fortifications were included on the Antiquities List of 1925 , and they are now also listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands .
In the 1970s , parts of the covertway and glacis were destroyed to make way for large storage tanks . Today , the lines are still more or less intact , but some parts are in a rather dilapidated state and in need of restoration .
= = Layout = =
= = = Land front = = =
The Floriana Land Front is the large bastioned enceinte enclosing the landward approach to the Floriana . It consists of the following :
Bastion of Provence , also known as San Salvatore Bastion or Sa Maison Bastion – a retrenched demi @-@ bastion which was heavily altered over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries .
Notre Dame Curtain – curtain wall linking San Salvatore and St. Philip Bastions . It contained the Notre Dame Gate , which was partially demolished in the 1920s to accommodate for traffic requirements .
St. Philip Bastion – a large obtuse @-@ angled bastion at the centre of the land front . It is retrenched with the following bastions :
St. James Bastion
St. Luke Bastion
St. Anne Curtain – curtain wall linking St. Philip and St. Francis Bastions . It contained St. Anne 's Gate , which was replaced by a larger gate in 1859 . The larger gate was also demolished in 1897 to facilitate the flow of traffic .
St. Francis Bastion – a large demi @-@ bastion linked to the Polverista Bastion of the Grand Harbour enceinte . It is retrenched with St. Mark Bastion .
The land front is surrounded by a ditch , which contains the following outworks :
San Salvatore Counterguard – a counterguard near San Savatore Bastion .
Pietà Lunette – a pentagonal lunette between San Salvatore Bastion and Notre Dame Ravelin , facing Pietà Creek . It was damaged by aerial bombardment in World War II .
Notre Dame Ravelin , also known as the Lower Ravelin – a pentagonal ravelin near Notre Dame Curtain , between San Salvatore and St. Philip Bastions . A number of modern government buildings are located in the open area within the ravelin .
a pentagonal lunette between Notre Dame Ravelin and St. Philip Bastion . It was damaged by aerial bombardment in World War II , but the damage was repaired .
Porte des Bombes Lunette – a lunette between St. Philip Bastion and St. Francis Ravelin . It was demolished in the early 20th century to make way for the modern road to Valletta .
St. Francis Ravelin , also known as the Upper Ravelin – a pentagonal ravelin near St. Anne Curtain , between St. Philip and St. Francis Bastions . The Malta Environment and Planning Authority ( MEPA ) offices are located in the open area within the ravelin .
The outworks are surrounded by a faussebraye , advanced ditch , covertway , and glacis . In the 1720s , a gate known as Porta dei Cannoni was built in the faussebraye . The gate was enlarged by the British , and became known as Porte des Bombes . It was eventually detached from the faussebraye to facilitate the flow of traffic , and it now looks like a triumphal arch .
A crowned hornwork consisting of an inner hornwork with two demi @-@ bastions and an outer crownwork with one full bastion and two demi @-@ bastions is located near St. Francis Ravelin . The crownwork was protected by a musketry gallery overlooking Marsa and by two lunettes , one near the its land front and another near its flank .
= = = Marsamxett enceinte = = =
The enceinte along the side facing Marsamxett Harbour starts from San Salvatore Bastion of the Floriana Land Front , and originally ended at St. Michael 's Counterguard of the Valletta Land Front . It consists of the following :
La Vittoria Bastion – a small casemated bastion grafted onto the Bastion of Provence which forms part of the land front .
Polverista Curtain – a long casemated curtain wall between La Vittoria and Msida Bastions . It overlooks the AFM base at Hay Wharf .
Msida Bastion – a polygonal asymmetrical bastion with a demi @-@ bastioned retrenchment . A cemetery was built on its upper part in the 19th century .
an unnamed curtain wall between Msida and Quarantine Bastions
Quarantine Bastion – a polygonal asymmetrical bastion with a demi @-@ bastioned retrenchment . It is breached by a modern road .
In addition , a bastioned enceinte known as the North Entrenchment is located behind the entire Marsamxett enceinte , acting as a secondary line of defence .
= = = Grand Harbour enceinte = = =
The enceinte along the side facing the Grand Harbour starts from St. Francis Bastion of the Floriana Land Front , and ends at St. Peter and St. Paul Counterguard of the Valletta Land Front . It consists of the following :
Capuchin Bastion , also known as Dhoccara , Magazine or Polverista Bastion – a demi @-@ bastion linked to St. Francis Bastion of the land front . It contains an 18th @-@ century gunpowder magazine .
a curtain wall linking Capuchin Bastion to the platform near Crucifix Curtain
a flat @-@ faced platform or bastion near Crucifix Curtain
Crucifix Curtain – curtain wall linking the platform to Crucifix Bastion
Crucifix Bastion – a large asymmetrical bastion containing a 19th @-@ century gunpowder magazine . It also had a concrete emplacement for a 9 @-@ inch BL gun , but this has been removed .
Kalkara Curtain – curtain wall linking Crucifix and Kalkara Bastions . It is breached by a modern road .
Kalkara Bastion – a bastioned enceinte linking to St. Peter & St. Paul Counterguard of the Valletta Land Front .
= Adaptive Coloration in Animals =
Adaptive Coloration in Animals is a 500 @-@ page textbook about camouflage , warning coloration and mimicry by the Cambridge zoologist Hugh Cott , first published during the Second World War in 1940 ; the book sold widely and made him famous .
The book 's general method is to present a wide range of examples from across the animal kingdom of each type of coloration , including marine invertebrates and fishes as well as terrestrial insects , amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals . The examples are supported by a large number of C
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
blending " and " maximum disruptive contrast " . Cott 's figure 7 is a set of nine drawings , arranged as a 3x3 table . On the left is an animal 's outline in grey tone against a differently coloured background . In the centre , the same animals are now disruptively patterned against the same plain backgrounds . On the right , the disruptively patterned animals are shown against realistic broken backgrounds containing vegetation or rocks . Cott explains
The simplified diagrams in Fig . 7 illustrate the value and effectiveness of maximum disruptive contrasts better than any verbal description ... On looking at these drawings from a little distance , it will be seen that the conspicuous patches operate most efficiently in distracting attention from the form of the animals wearing them . By sheer force of their brightness , or blackness , or contrasts , they dominate the picture presented to the eye , apparently destroying their form ...
Cott goes on to explain that the right @-@ hand drawing shows the effect " of broken surroundings in further blending and confusing the picture " , observing that this is the closest to what is seen in nature . His readers are invited to look first at the right @-@ hand images to gain an idea of the power of " these optical devices " as camouflage , putting off the moment when the animal is actually recognised .
Chapter 5 . Coincident disruptive coloration .
Animals such as frogs are patterned so that when they are at rest with legs tucked in , their outline is powerfully disrupted with markings that seem to flow across body and leg boundaries . Eyes too are often hidden in stripes .
Chapter 6 . Concealment Of the shadow .
Cast shadows give away even well @-@ camouflaged animals . Many animals therefore take care to minimise shadow , by lying down , with flattened bodies , or with fringes . Some hawkmoth caterpillars have false shadow patterns to suggest they are parts of other objects .
The function of concealing coloration in nature
Chapter 7 . Concealment in defence , mainly as illustrated by birds .
Cott considers how effective camouflage is as an adaptation , such as in incubation and rest ( sleep ) in birds . For instance nightjars are nocturnal , and rest , well camouflaged , on the ground during the day .
Chapter 8 . Concealment In offence .
Cott describes the care that predators take when approaching prey , minimizing visible movement and scent , the use of cover for ambush , and " adaptive silence " .
Chapter 9 . Objections and evidence bearing on the theory of concealing coloration .
In this chapter Cott discusses various objections to the adaptive ( evolutionary ) nature of camouflage , and provides evidence to dismiss them . Some are " based upon such obvious fallacies that they hardly deserve serious consideration . "
Chapter 10 . The effectiveness of concealing coloration .
Cott describes simple experiments such as that fish that have changed colour to match a pale background survived better ( 64 % to 42 % ) on such a background than fish which had not . He also quotes some anecdotal observations on wild animals with similar but not quantified results .
= = = = Part II : Advertisement = = = =
The methods by which conspicuousness is attained in nature
Chapter 1 . The appearance and behaviour of aposematic animals .
Animals that are genuinely distasteful ( aposematic ) boldly advertise themselves in black , white , red , and yellow . They are often " sluggish " , not running from predators ; gregarious ; and diurnal , since warning displays only work if they can be seen " by potential enemies " .
Chapter 2 . Warning displays .
Aposematic animals often have ( honest ) threat displays ; edible prey sometimes have ( bluffing ) startle displays . For example the frilled lizard , Chlamydosaurus kingii , is illustrated in a drawing by Cott , with its tail raised over the body , stretched up on all four legs , mouth wide open , and frills out both sides of the head , making it a startling sight .
Chapter 3 . Adventitious warning coloration .
Some marine animals select aposematic materials as coverings , not only as camouflage . Some birds nest near wasps ' nests .
Warning coloration in relation to prey
Chapter 4 . The nature and function of warning coloration , as illustrated by the mammalia .
Prey like porcupines have warning colours , make noise , and attack predators ( even leopards ) .
Chapter 5 . The Protective Attributes Of Aposematic Animals In General .
Evidence is given that conspicuous animals such as caterpillars really are distasteful . Animals with actual poisons are discussed , and how these are secreted , used in bites and stings , or kept to make the animal bitter tasting .
Chapter 6 . The relation between warning colours and distasteful attributes .
Various kinds of evidence are presented for aposematism .
Chapter 7 . The effectiveness of protective attributes associated with warning colours .
Experimental evidence is presented that insects with warning colours are rejected by predators .
Warning coloration in reference to predatory enemies
Chapter 8 . Experimental evidence that vertebrate enemies learn by experience .
Experiments by Cott show that toads learn to avoid eating stinging bees .
Chapter 9 . Evidence of selective feeding by vertebrate enemies in a state of nature .
Evidence from wild birds and toads demonstrates preferences for particular prey .
= = = = Part III : Disguise = = = =
Special protective and aggressive resemblance
Chapter 1 . Special resemblance to particular objects .
Cott describes leaf @-@ like fish , chameleons , and insects , and other mimetic forms of camouflage . A liana @-@ like snake near Para ( a haunt of Henry Walter Bates in Naturalist on the River Amazons ) 160 times as long as it was thick is called " a revelation in the art of aggressive resemblance " .
Chapter 2 . Adaptive behaviour in relation to special cryptic resemblance .
Animals keep still , sway in the wind , or play dead to assist their camouflage . Poulton 's examples of twig @-@ like Geometridae caterpillars are praised . There are fine photographs of leaf insects , and Cott 's admired drawing of a poor @-@ me @-@ one or potoo , Nyctibius griseus , sitting on its nest mimicking a broken branch . Cott explains , in a section on " Special resemblances in relation to the attitude of rest "
This wonderful bird ... habitually selects the top of an upright stump as a receptacle for its egg , which usually occupies a small hollow just , and only just , large enough to contain it . ... the stump selected had thrown up a new leader just below the point of fracture ; ... the bird sat facing this in such a way that when viewed from behind they came into line and blended with the grey stem .
Chapter 3 . Adventitious Concealing Coloration .
Cott begins by citing Shakespeare 's Macbeth with " until / Great Birnamwood to the Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him " to introduce his chapter on the use of materials as camouflage . Animals from crabs to caterpillars are described .
Conspicuous localized characters
Chapter 4 . Deflective marks .
Cott describes markings that help to deflect attack , such as the eyespots of butterfly wings and the twitching cast @-@ off tails of lizards , both acknowledged to Poulton , as well as the distraction displays of birds such as the partridge mentioned by Gilbert White in his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne .
Chapter 5 . Directive marks .
A selection of lures and deceptive markings are described . A large drawing depicts the deimatic warning display of a mantis , Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi with its spined forelegs raised and large spiral eyespots on its spread wings forming an image " suggestive of a formidable foe " . Other drawings depict the eyespots of fish such as Chaetodon capistratus , the four @-@ eye butterfly fish , which are " usually towards the tail end " and tending to direct attack away from the head .
Alluring and mimetic resemblances
Chapter 6 . Alluring coloration .
The bird @-@ dropping spider Ornithoscatoides decipiens , the flower mantis Hymenopus bicornis and other camouflaged hunters are described .
Chapter 7 . Mimicry : the attributes of mimics .
Cott follows Poulton in treating mimicry as basically the same as camouflage or " adaptive resemblance " . Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry are compared . The behaviour of " Esquimaux seal @-@ hunters " and First World War Q @-@ ships are mentioned .
Chapter 8 . Breeding parasitism and mimicry in cuckoos .
The mimicry and behaviour of the European cuckoo , Cuculus canorus is analysed .
= = = = Conclusion = = = =
The final chapter confirms that " The force of the facts and arguments used in this work is cumulative in effect . " Many small steps of reasoning combine to show that " adaptive coloration ... has been ... one of the main achievements of organic evolution . " The book ends by comparing human artefacts and " natural adaptations " , both of which can have goals ( recall the publication date of 1940 , early in the Second World War ) including " the frustration of a predatory animal or of an aggressive Power " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Foreword = = =
Julian S. Huxley wrote a foreword ( labelled ' Introduction ' ) which defends the Darwinian concept of adaptation , especially of colour ( in animals ) and within that frame of mimicry . He makes it clear that " in these last thirty years " ( that is , from about 1910 to 1940 ) he believed that " experimental biologists " professed , even if they did not actually hold , " a radical scepticism on the subject of adaptations " , in other words about whether natural selection really could have created the enormous diversity of pattern and colour seen in nature . Huxley quoted the now long @-@ forgotten Aaron Franklin Shull 's 1936 Evolution which stated " These special forms [ sexual selection , warning colours , mimicry and signalling ] of the selection idea ... seem destined to be dropped , or at least relegated to very minor places in the Evolution discussion . " , and more sharply that " aggressive and alluring resemblance " ( Huxley 's words ) " must probably be set down as products of fancy belonging to uncritical times . " Huxley 's reply is simply
Dr. Cott , in this important book , has turned the tables with a vengeance on objectors of this type ... Had they taken the trouble to acquaint themselves with even a fraction of the relevant facts to be found in nature , they could never have ventured to enunciate such sweeping criticisms : their objections are a measure of their ignorance .
With objections dismissed , Huxley remarks that " Dr. Cott is a true follower of Darwin in driving his conclusions home by sheer weight of example , " observing that " Faced with his long lists of demonstrative cases , the reader is tempted to wonder why adaptive theories of coloration have been singled out for attack by anti @-@ selectionists . " Huxley also noted Cott 's " constant cross @-@ reference to human affairs " , and that it was good to know that Cott was applying his principles " to the practice of camouflage in war " .
Huxley concluded his introduction by describing Adaptive Coloration as " in many respects the last word on the subject " , upholding the great tradition of " scientific natural history " .
= = = Contemporary reviews ( circa 1940 ) = = =
Reviewers had little to compare Adaptive Coloration with . The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton , a Darwinian , had written a 360 @-@ page book , The Colours of Animals , fifty years earlier in 1890 , and he was able , at age 84 , to review Cott 's work in Nature on its appearance in 1940 , beginning with the words
This excellent work , eagerly awaited for many years , will be most welcome to naturalists , even , we may hope , to the few who have hitherto rejected the Darwinian interpretation which the author has here supported by a mass of additional evidence based on his own observations and those of very many others .
The ichthyologist Carl Leavitt Hubbs , reviewing the book for American Naturalist in 1942 , began
In this Neodarwinian epic Dr. Cott stamps himself as a true disciple of the master evolutionist . Indeed , he rivals Darwin in the thorough , objective and penetrating analysis of a major biological problem . An immense body of facts and interpretation , much of it original , has been judiciously considered and brought to bear on the question of the biological significance of coloration .
Hubbs notes that Cott is seeming concerned about the scarcity of experimental data for the survival value of camouflage , and accordingly relies on Sumner and Isely 's " clear @-@ cut results " , but at once continues that Cott relies on " the general lore of natural history " . Hubbs also remarks on the " resurgence to Darwinian views " , referring to the scepticism about the power of natural selection among both geneticists of the time and to the Lamarckist views of Trofim Lysenko .
Hubbs observes that Cott is both an artist and a naturalist as well as a scientist : " In section after section , rivaling one another in fascination , this master of art and of natural history unfolds the biological significance of adaptive coloration in animals . " And Cott 's emphasis on disruptive patterning and ( following Thayer ) countershading clearly affected the reviewer : " Particularly impressive is the author 's treatment of " coincident disruptive coloration " , in which a ruptive mark crosses structural boundaries , so as to obliterate visually such ordinarily conspicuous parts as the eye and the limbs . Concealment of an animal 's ordinarily telltale shadow is also stressed " . Hubbs 's review ends " This book is the work of an artist , and it is a work of art . Every biologist with an interest in any phase of natural history or evolution should keep it at hand . "
" W.L.S. " , reviewing Cott in The Geographical Journal in 1940 , begins with " In this large and well @-@ illustrated volume the author discusses at length reason or reasons for the various colour patterns found in the animal kingdom . " The reviewer goes on " He has presented us with a vast number of facts and observations which are somewhat difficult to analyse . " However " W.L.S. " admits that disruptive coloration " is discussed at considerable length by Mr. Cott and many remarkable instances of it are considered in detail " . The review ends by mentioning that while biologists ( of the 1930s ) usually " reject the influence of Natural Selection in evolution , the facts of adaptive coloration as given in Mr. Cott 's work are a strong argument in its favour , and must be given due weight . This is what Mr. Cott claims to have accomplished in a volume which will certainly take its place as a most valuable contribution to zoological literature . "
= = = Looking back ( after 2000 ) = = =
Peter Forbes , in his book Dazzled and Deceived , wrote that
Cott 's Adaptive Coloration in Animals must be the only compendious zoology tract ever to be packed in a soldier 's kitbag . The book also marks the apotheosis of the descriptive natural history phase of mimicry studies . Although Cott does report experiments on predation to test the efficacy of mimicry and camouflage , the book is essentially a narrative of examples plus theory .
Over 60 years after its publication , Adaptive Coloration in Animals remains a core reference on the subject . Sören Nylin and colleagues observe in a 2001 paper that
Adaptive coloration in animals has been a very active research field in evolutionary biology over the years ( e.g. Poulton 1890 , Cott 1940 , Kettlewell 1973 , Sillen @-@ Tullberg 1988 , Malcolm 1990 ) , and one in which the Lepidoptera have always featured prominently as model species .
As a natural history narrative on what has become an intensely researched experimental subject , Adaptive Coloration could be thought obsolete , but instead , Peter Forbes observes " But Cott 's book is still valuable today for its enormous range , for its passionate exposition of the theories of mimicry and camouflage " . This width of coverage and continuing relevance can be seen in the introduction to Sami Merilaita and Johan Lind 's 2005 paper on camouflage , Background @-@ Matching and Disruptive Coloration , and the Evolution of Cryptic Coloration , which cites Adaptive Coloration no fewer than eight times , quoting his terms " cryptic coloration or camouflage " , " concealing coloration " , " background matching ( also called cryptic resemblance ) " , " disruptive coloration " , resemblance to visual background , and the difficulty a predator has to detect a prey visually .
Steven Vogel , in a review of Peter Forbes 's book Dazzled and Deceived ( 2009 ) , echoes Julian Huxley 's words of seventy years before ( in his ' Introduction ' ) by writing
The zoologist Hugh Cott had the final word in Adaptive Coloration in Animals ( 1940 ) , a definitive synthesis of everything known about camouflage and mimicry in nature . Cott ruffled fewer feathers [ than Trofim Lysenko or Vladimir Nabokov ] , and his well @-@ organized and unfanatic ideas proved militarily effective , even under the scrutiny of improved techniques for target detection . Thayer ’ s principles reemerged in more temperate and rational terms , and camouflage schemes based on them survived both photometric analyses and enemy encounters . Biomimetic camouflage took its place as yet another technique in a sophisticated armamentarium of visual deceptions .
Camouflage researcher Roy Behrens cites and discusses Adaptive Coloration frequently in his writings . For example , in his Camoupedia blog , related to the book of the same name , he writes of Cott 's drawings of the hind limbs of the Common frog : " Reproduced above is one of my favorite drawings from what is one of my favorite books . " He continues " What makes these drawings ( and the book itself ) even more interesting is that Cott ( 1900 @-@ 1987 ) was not just a zoologist — he was a highly skilled scientific illustrator ( these are his own pen @-@ and @-@ ink drawings ) , a wildlife photographer , and a prominent British camoufleur in World War II . " Still in 2011 , Behrens can write of Cott 's way of thinking , citing his words as models of clear and accurate explanation of the mechanisms of camouflage : " As he so aptly explained it , disruptive patterns work ' by the optical destruction of what is present ' , while continuous patterns work ' by the optical construction of what is not present . ' "
= = Publication history = =
Adaptive Coloration in Animals has been published as follows :
1940 , Methuen , Frome and London ( printed by Butler and Tanner ) . Foreword by Julian Huxley
1940 , Oxford University Press , New York
1941 , Oxford University Press , New York
1957 , Methuen , London ( reprinted with minor corrections )
1966 , Methuen , London ( reprinted with minor corrections )
= = = Primary = = =
This list identifies where in Cott 's book the quotations come from .
= = = Secondary = = =
= Simpson Tide =
" Simpson Tide " is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 29 , 1998 . After being fired from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , Homer decides to join the United States Navy Reserve . The episode was the second and last to be written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia and was the final episode directed by Milton Gray .
It guest starred Rod Steiger as Captain Tenille and Bob Denver as himself , with one @-@ time The Simpsons writer Michael Carrington making an appearance as the Drill Sergeant . This was the last episode Al Jean and Mike Reiss executive produced together , although Jean became show runner again in season 13 .
= = Plot = =
While lying on the couch at home , Homer sees a recruitment advertisement on television for the Naval Reserve and decides to enlist . Moe , Barney , and Apu decide to join him . Meanwhile , Bart purchases an earring , which an outraged Homer confiscates .
Homer and the others are placed on a nuclear submarine . When the captain goes to check on a problem in the torpedo hatch , Homer is left in charge . An enemy submarine approaches , and Homer gives the order to fire a torpedo . However , the captain is in the torpedo tube and is fired at the other submarine . The other sub fires back at them and Homer gives the order to retreat . The submarine ends up in Russian waters and is seen by the United States government as an attempt to defect . This event creates a political schism between the USA and Russia , leading to the revelation that the Soviet Union in fact never truly dissolved . Nuclear war is anticipated until the US Navy drops depth charges on Homer 's sub , aiming either to destroy it or force it to surface . The consequent explosion causes a pinhole leak in the submarine 's wall . Homer uses Bart 's earring to plug the leak and saves the submarine .
The vessel surfaces and Homer is taken to be court @-@ martialed . Homer 's punishment ends up being a mild dishonorable discharge .
= = Production = =
" Simpson Tide " was one of two season nine episodes that was executive produced by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who together were the showrunners for the third and fourth seasons . Although Jean would later return to run the show the following season , it was the last episode that Reiss received an executive producer credit for . Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia , the episode writers , were working on Jean and Reiss 's show The Critic at the time , and pitched an episode where Homer joins the Naval Reserve . Although the episode is partly based on the film Crimson Tide , the original episode pitch was made before the film was released . After the release of the film , the writers decided to start incorporating things from the movie in the script . In the original draft , Bart sneaked on board the submarine with Homer . They were trying to do it " for the comedy of it " , but could not get the draft to work , so it was cut . It was difficult for them to figure out how to get the captain off of the sub and they eventually decided to have him shot out of the torpedo tube , which in the DVD commentary , Al Jean says that Steiger claimed that he really did get stuck in a torpedo tube once .
The Navy drill instructor , along with the announcer to " Exploitation Theater " , was voiced by Michael Carrington , who had written the season four episode " Homer 's Triple Bypass " and previously voiced Sideshow Raheem . Bob Denver voices himself in the episode and was directed by Mike Reiss . Rod Steiger guest stars as the captain and was directed by Al Jean .
= = Cultural references = =
Many parts of the episode , including the title , refer to the 1995 film Crimson Tide . The captain of the submarine is based on Captain Frank Ramsey , a character in the film who was portrayed by Gene Hackman . The opening couch gag is a recreation of the Rocky and Bullwinkle animated bumper seen at the end of each Bullwinkle short . The music accompanying it is also adapted from the original music in the bumper . Homer mentions that he and his friends joining the Navy is similar to The Deer Hunter , and the Russian roulette scene from the film is later parodied . Right before the submarine submerges , the song " In the Navy " is played and the Village People can be seen dancing . Homer dreams of being on " the planet of the doughnuts " , which is reminiscent of the film Planet of the Apes . When aboard the submarine , Homer refers to one of the crew members as Mr. Sulu , a reference to the character in Star Trek : The Original Series . Bart sings a portion of the song " Do the Bartman " and Ralph Wiggum comments that it " is so 1991 " , which was when the song was released . Grampa Simpson claims that he attacked John F. Kennedy on the PT @-@ 109 when Kennedy stated " Ich bin ein Berliner " , leading to Grampa mistaking him for a Nazi .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Simpson Tide " finished 29th in ratings for the week of March 23 – 29 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 2 , equivalent to approximately 9 @.@ 0 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files .
Michael Schiffer , one of the writers of the film Crimson Tide , is said to have enjoyed this episode . Mike Reiss considers the sequence where Russia returns to being the Soviet Union to be " the nuttiest the show has ever been " . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " a fairly straightforward episode where the biggest laugh comes from Homer being able to talk to penguins and Bart trying to impress his classmates by doing The Bartman . "
= Concentrate and Ask Again =
" Concentrate and Ask Again " is the 12th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 55th episode overall . In the episode , the Fringe division enlists the help of a troubled telepathic man ( Omid Abtahi ) in their investigation of a mysterious blue killing powder . Abtahi , Kevin Corrigan , Jody Thompson , and Paul Jarrett guest starred .
Graham Roland and Matthew Pitts co @-@ wrote the episode , while Dennis Smith directed . The episode first aired in the United States on February 4 , 2011 to an estimated 4 @.@ 3 million viewers on its initial broadcast , a 16 percent drop in viewership from the previous two Friday episodes , " Reciprocity " and " The Firefly " . " Concentrate and Ask Again " received mixed to positive reviews from television critics , with writers praising the advancement of the series ' mythology but criticizing the main mystery plot .
= = Plot = =
A lead scientist for a pharmaceutical company is killed by a blue powder that turns his bones into dust . The Fringe division traces the source of the package which contained the powder to a former Marine ; when they search his home , Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) finds the man nearby and gives chase , but the man is hit by a car and knocked into a coma . Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) fears that there may be others involved in targeted attacks . Walter ( John Noble ) suggests they read the man 's mind to learn of any such plot using the ability of one of his undocumented nootropic Cortexiphan patients , Simon Phillips , ( Omid Abtahi ) . Simon , who is unable to control his telepathic abilities , has isolated himself from the general population for two decades , but finds some comfort in not being able to read the mind of Olivia ( Anna Torv ) — a fellow Cortexiphan patient . Olivia convinces Simon to help them with the ongoing investigation despite the mental anguish he will suffer in a large crowded city such as Boston . During their time together , Olivia explains her concerns over Peter , wondering if he still feels any attraction to her alternate self , Fauxlivia , in the parallel universe . Meanwhile , three military contractors are killed by the release of the compound in an elevator , confirming Broyles ' fears .
With Simon 's ability and Nina Sharp 's ( Blair Brown ) help , the team learn of a " Project Jellyfish " , a secret military bioweapon project that the comatose man and two others were involved in , aimed at developing a chemical agent that destroys skeletons . Though they were given inoculations to negate the effects of the chemical agent , their exposure was passed to their stillborn children who had developed without skeletons . Realizing that the men are seeking revenge on those involved with Project Jellyfish , the Fringe team determines the identity of the last intended victim , a former military general running for public office . With Simon 's help , Olivia is able to neutralize the two targets before they release the powder at a dinner gala for the general . As Olivia returns Simon to his home , he hands her an envelope that contains what he had read of Peter 's thoughts .
In side plots , Nina has recovered different translations of the tomes about the First People , including one from William Bell 's personal safe , and realizes that they all say the same thing in different languages . She identifies the name of the author of each book as an anagram of the name " Sam Weiss " , the bowling alley owner who she had directed Olivia to after her initial return from the parallel universe . She approaches Sam , who does not deny he wrote the books , and who explains that the doomsday device being constructed can either create or destroy a universe ; how that will work will depend on Peter , who is biologically tuned to the device . Sam posits that Peter will most likely save the universe from which the Olivia he loves originates . The episode ends with Olivia reading the note from Simon , which states that Peter still has feelings for Fauxlivia .
= = Production = =
" Concentrate and Ask Again " was written by co @-@ producer Graham Roland and story editor Matthew Pitts , a former assistant of series co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams . The last episode Roland co @-@ wrote was the season three episode " The Abducted " , while Pitts ' last writing credit was the season three episode " Do Shapeshifters Dream of Electric Sheep ? " . Dennis Smith directed the episode , his first Fringe credit since the season two episode " August " .
" Concentrate and Ask Again " featured guest star Omid Abtahi as telepathic Simon Phillips , his only credit for the series . Guest actor Kevin Corrigan returned as recurring character Sam Weiss . The episode featured guest stars Jody Thompson and Paul Jarrett as the new characters Sara Downey and Warren Blake , respectively . Thompson called the part " the kind of role that actors dream of " . She described the episode , " The material was so compelling and perfectly written it was a matter of not getting in the way of what the creators had created . I ’ m anxious about how it will come off . Truthfully , I ’ ve been torturing myself , wondering if I have somehow ruined the beauty of what I read in the script " .
As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children , focusing on the science seen in " Concentrate and Ask Again " , with the intention of having " students learn about bones and the nature of their chemical and physical composition . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Concentrate and Ask Again " was watched by an estimated 4 @.@ 3 million viewers in the United States on its initial broadcast , earning a 1 @.@ 6 rating . It was a 16 percent drop in viewership from the previous two Friday episodes , " Reciprocity " and " The Firefly " . With 7 @-@ day out time shifted viewings taken into account , over 6 @.@ 0 million viewers ultimately watched " Concentrate and Ask Again " , including a 56 percent increase in the 18 – 49 age group , the largest percentage gains of any other show of that week .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received mixed to fairly positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly staff member Ken Tucker called " Concentrate and Ask Again " the completion of a trilogy of episodes that " bring together a lot of the show 's mythology . " However , he did not believe the main plot to be all that fascinating , commenting that it " could have passed for an episode of Undercovers . " Instead , Tucker enjoyed the smaller details in the episode , such as the room full of items owned by William Bell ; he also praised guest actor Omid Abtahi 's " marvelously anguished " performance .
Carissa Pavlica from TV Fanatic noted , " ' Concentrate and Ask Again ' " did little to drive the overriding story forward , but it did a brilliant job of making me question everything . " Nonetheless , she commented that it " ... was nowhere near as intense as ' Reciprocity ' . " IGN writer Ramsey Isler did not think there was anything " particularly remarkable about the core elements of this story – it 's the same old formula that both Fringe and The X @-@ Files used frequently – but the episode has a generous helping of little revealing character elements sprinkled throughout . " Isler praised the final ten minutes for " provid [ ing ] some really interesting action " with Olivia 's ending of the case , and the revelation of Simon 's note in conjunction with Sam 's knowledge of the First People . He ultimately graded the episode 7 @.@ 5 / 10 .
Fearnet staffer Alyse Wax highlighted the episode 's opening scene in her review of the best television " kills " of 2011 .
= English Water Spaniel =
The English Water Spaniel is a breed of dog that has been extinct since the first part of the 20th century , with the last specimen seen in the 1930s . It was best known for its use in hunting waterfowl and for being able to dive as well as a duck . It is described as similar to a Collie or to a cross between a Poodle and a Springer Spaniel with curly fur and typically in a white and liver / tan pattern .
Pre @-@ dating the Irish Water Spaniel and thought to have been referred to by Shakespeare in Macbeth , it is believed to have genetically influenced several modern breeds of dog , including the American Water Spaniel , Curly Coated Retriever and the modern variety of Field Spaniel . It is unknown if the breed was involved in the creation of the Irish Water Spaniel .
= = History = =
In 1570 , Dr John Caius described the Water Spaniel . It has been suggested that Shakespeare also knew the breed " for he mentions the `water rug ' in Macbeth . " Furthermore , Shakespeare specifically mentions the breed in Act III Scene 1 of The Two Gentlemen of Verona when Launce says of his love , " She hath more qualities than a water @-@ spaniel . "
The breed is mentioned specifically by name as early as 1802 , in Sportsman 's Cabinet , where it is described as having " hair long and naturally curled , not loose and shaggy " ; the description accompanied an engraving of a liver and white curly coated spaniel . This shows that they pre @-@ date the Irish Water Spaniel which was not developed as a breed until the 1830s . Unfortunately as the person credited with developing the Irish Water Spaniel , Justin McCarthy , left no written records , it is unknown if the English Water Spaniel was involved in its development . During the first half of the 18th century , the English Water Spaniel was used for duck hunting in East Anglia .
The Kennel Club initially had a class for " Water spaniels other than Irish " as no standard was specifically set up for the English Water Spaniel and the judging of this class was described as " chaos " by Hugh Dalziel in British Dogs : Their Varieties , History , Characteristics , Breeding , Management , And Exhibition . Writing in 1897 , Dalziel said of the breed , " I do not believe the breed is lost , but that scattered throughout the country there are many specimens of the old English water spaniel , which it only requires that amount of encouragement to breeding which it is in the power of show committees to give to perpetuate the variety and improve its form . " Dalziel bemoaned the fact that while the Irish Water Spaniel continued , the English Water Spaniel was allowed to quietly be absorbed into other Spaniel breeds .
The stud book of the Kennel Club also had a class for " Water spaniels other than Irish " , however only fourteen dogs were registered in the twelve years up to 1903 . This led some writers and judges of that time to believe that the English Water Spaniel was merely a cross of the Irish Water Spaniel as entrants in dogs shows in that same class do not match the description of the dog from earlier periods . Dogs awarded prizes as Water Spaniels during this period have been described as having " coats as flat as a Clumber , but with a bit of longish hair about the top of the skull . "
Writing in 1967 , author John F. Gordon stated , " After two centuries of breeding it is now extinct . None have been seen for over thirty years . " Descendant breeds of the English Water Spaniel are thought to include the American Water Spaniel , which was also developed using additional stock from the Irish Water Spaniel and the Flat Coated Retriever breeds . The Curly Coated Retriever is considered to have descended from the Poodle , the retrieving setter , the St. John 's water dog and the English Water Spaniel . Records for the origin of the modern Field Spaniel are more precise and show that one of the four progenitor dogs used in creating the breed was an English Water Spaniel @-@ Cocker Spaniel cross which was registered at the time as a Sussex Spaniel due to his liver colour .
= = Appearance = =
Very unlike the Irish Water Spaniel in appearance , the English Water Spaniel more closely resembled a curly @-@ haired version of the Springer Spaniel , with some traits of the Collie , poodle , and setter . The white and liver ( tan ) dog stood about 20 inches ( 51 cm ) tall and looked like a typical , lean , long @-@ legged spaniel with long ears and tail , a white underbelly , and a brown back , except that it had the coat of a water dog .
The English Water Spaniel was described as having a long and narrow head , with small eyes and ears that were long and covered in thick curls of fur . The body was moderately stout and barrel shaped , but not as much as that of the Field Spaniel . Its legs were long and straight with large feet . The dog varied in size with the larger varieties known as " Water Dogs " and the smaller as " Water Spaniels " .
Due to the English Water Spaniel 's colours of liver ( tan ) and white , it has been suggested that the breed may have been the source of the colours now found in the modern English Springer Spaniel and Welsh Springer Spaniel breeds .
= = Hunting = =
Paintings by Henry Bernard Chalon and Ramsay Richard Reinagle both show English Water Spaniels working with their masters hunting ducks . An engraving by Henry Thomas Alken Snr. shows a slightly different looking English Water Spaniel , but also reinforces its area of work by again showing it while duck hunting . In The Sportsman 's Repository ( 1820 ) , the author advises that if an individual wishes to hunt ducks or any other type of waterfowl , then the hunter had best use an English Water Spaniel .
The breed is described as swimming and diving as well as the ducks themselves ; and they are intelligent enough to avoid being lured away from the nesting places . The author described the best variety of the breed to be those with long ears whose coat was white under the belly and around the neck but brown on the back .
= Nathan Drake ( character ) =
Nathan " Nate " Drake ( born Nathan Morgan ) is the protagonist of the Uncharted video game series , developed by Naughty Dog . He appears in all five games : Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , Uncharted : Golden Abyss , and Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End . He also appears in the motion comic prequel series Uncharted : Eye of Indra . He is played by actor Nolan North , who influenced Drake 's personality by ad @-@ libbing segments of the character 's dialogue .
Naughty Dog based Drake 's appearance and personality on daredevil Johnny Knoxville , actor Harrison Ford , and the heroes of pulp magazines , novels and films . To make him relatable , the character was dressed in jeans and a T @-@ shirt , and given an everyman persona ; he is strong @-@ willed , and often jokes and quips . The designers focused on giving him realistic reactions to his environment ; for example , he stumbles while running , barely clears objects during leaps , and recognizes the absurdity of the situations in which he finds himself .
The design and personality of Drake have drawn comparisons to other video game and film characters , such as Lara Croft and Indiana Jones . Many reviewers have called Drake a likable and believable character , and have noted that he is a rare example of a physically attractive character who is not over @-@ sexualized .
= = Character design = =
Illustrator and designer Kory Heinzen worked on pre @-@ visualization , concept and character design on the video game Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , developed by Naughty Dog . Heinzen 's initial concept differed from the finished character . The production staff drew inspiration from the pulp adventure genre when creating the video games in the Uncharted series , and based Drake on the stereotypical characters of adventure films and novels , giving him wit , resourcefulness , and strong principles . Naughty Dog wanted to highlight Drake 's personality through his interactions with the environment during gameplay . To do this , they developed a wide range of animations for Drake , allowing him to display reactions and his snarky disposition in context . These animations were designed to be fluid and believable ; they removed any animation that did not promote this fluidity or took a large amount of time to execute . The blended animation system in the game , with more than 30 animations comprising one movement , was implemented to make Drake a more relatable character .
The Naughty Dog staff looked to several sources in creating Drake . His appearance and charisma were based on actor and daredevil Johnny Knoxville . Lead game designer Richard Lemarchand wanted Drake to reflect the " coolness and goodness " he saw in Knoxville . Series writer Amy Hennig described Drake as a gritty , charming mixture of actors Harrison Ford and Bruce Willis , with additional influence coming from romantic action @-@ adventure heroes , including Cary Grant :
... we even went back to the earliest movie serials , movies from the ' 30s and the ' 50s , and the more recent revivals of the action @-@ adventure genre in the ' 80s , and even recently with movies like National Treasure . There are certain traits that a lot of those characters have in common – that irreverent , roguish sense of humor , that charm .
Lemarchand listed comic characters Doc Savage and Tintin , as well as Die Hard protagonist John McClane , as inspirations for the character . Drake 's physical prowess was modeled on that of Savage , and his personality inspired by the vibrant color and globetrotting identity of Tintin .
Naughty Dog wanted Drake to embody the everyman archetype . E. Daniel Arey , former Naughty Dog creative director , stated that " there is a fine line between jerk and lovable rogue " , and that they developed Drake to be more human and accessible . " If a hero constantly shows their human side , " said Arey , " we relate and forgive any seeming overconfidence because we ’ ve all been there . " Neil Druckmann , lead designer of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , explained that Drake was meant to react to situations in the manner that the average player might . Hennig commented :
... when we set out to do Uncharted , we decided we wanted to tackle one of these beloved action @-@ adventure games in the spirit of this whole tradition . We knew that in order to pull it off , we had to have a hero who was completely relatable , just a regular guy . So when people saw him and said " Why do I want to play a guy in t @-@ shirt and jeans " that was a deliberate move on our part , to say look , he 's just a guy . He 's just like you and me .
Josh Scherr , leader of the Drake 's Fortune story sequence team , said that they created Drake as an " ordinary guy " with no special powers . Instead , Drake became visibly nervous at times , barely cleared objects while jumping , and stumbled while running . The characterizations were meant to show Drake as a frail character . He is not a master of hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , and throws punches without style or skill . Sam Thompson , producer of Among Thieves , described Drake 's martial arts abilities as " fallible . " Sony Entertainment of America line producer Sam Thompson mused that Naughty Dog had created iconic characters before , including Crash Bandicoot . With Nathan Drake , however , the company wanted to produce a more average character , one who did not possess the same amount of confidence and who was more realistic and humble .
Nolan North , the voice actor who played Drake , had a large role in defining the character 's physical and vocal reactions . He speaks in a newengland accent . In the Uncharted series , the actors were used for motion capture , and acted as if performing in a movie . Motion capture was done on a soundstage , and the dialog recorded during this process was used in the game . North was allowed to ad @-@ lib dialog and insert aspects of his own personality into the character . In naming the character , the development team considered many different choices , including Ethan , Samuel , and John . Matthew Drake was seriously contemplated , but received a poor reaction from those it was presented to . Eventually , Naughty Dog settled on the name Nathan for its ability to be shortened to Nate , and the perception that it sounded historical . Drake 's character design changed little between Drake 's Fortune and Among Thieves .
= = Attributes = =
= = = Personality = = =
Drake has a distinct personality , as the creators did not want him to appear as a caricature or " cardboard cutout " . Hennig constantly elaborated Drake 's personality through in @-@ game dialogue and interactions with other characters , rather than exclusively through cutaway scenes . Drake reacts to events in a human @-@ like way , often commenting and complaining on the absurdity or difficulty of his situation . While traveling through chapters ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2 : Among Thieves in 2009 . A wealthy benefactor hires Drake , Harry Flynn , and Chloe Frazer to steal a small lamp from a Turkish museum . Drake and Chloe , having dated in the past , renew their romance behind Flynn 's back . Once in the museum , Flynn betrays Drake and Drake is imprisoned . Drake theorizes that the true goal of the theft was to discover the location of Marco Polo 's lost fleet . Flynn brings the information obtained from resin found in the lamp to his employer , war criminal Zoran Lazarevic , who seeks the Cintamani Stone that the fleet was supposedly transporting . Once Chloe and Sully secure Drake 's release , Drake follows Lazarevic , and discovers that the fleet did not possess the stone , but had clues to the location of Shambhala . Drake travels to Nepal to find the next clue , although Lazarevic has initiated a civil war in the region in order to find the temple containing the clue . In the city , he finds Elena and her cameraman Jeff , the latter of which is executed by Lazarevic . Drake pursues Lazarevic and then discovers the key to Shambhala , but the train they are traveling on explodes , leaving Drake stranded . Drake loses consciousness after finding the key ( a Kīla ) and awakens in a Tibetan village . Here , he finds Karl Schäfer , an SS officer who had led an Ahnenerbe expedition to Shambhala , though he had killed them all to stop the Nazis from obtaining the power in the city . Tenzin , a man who speaks no English , leads Drake through an ice cave , where they are attacked by giant horned monsters . Lazaravic attacks the village , kidnapping Schäfer . Drake and Elena track Lazaravic to a monastery , where they find the entrance to Shambhala . Once inside , they discover that the monsters are guardians of the city . Drake and Elena are apprehended by Lazaravic but escape him when the guardians attack . Drake confronts Lazaravic at the Tree of Life , the sap of which comprises the Cintamani stone . Drake wounds Lazaravic , leaving the guardians to kill him , and returns to the village , where he and Elena kiss and begin a relationship .
= = = = Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception = = = =
2011 's third installment of the franchise , Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , has Drake searching for the lost city of Iram of the Pillars , located in the Rub ' al Khali Desert . During the gap between the two games , Drake and Elena married , but then became estranged and are now separated . It is revealed in this game that Drake 's past is more mysterious than the player is led to believe . It eventually transpires that Drake is not his real last name ( his real last name , Morgan , is not revealed until Uncharted 4 ) and he was raised in a Catholic orphanage from the age of five . His mother committed suicide and his father handed the child over to the state . He ran away from the orphanage and travelled to Colombia , where , at the age of 14 , he acquired Francis Drake 's ring ( which he has referred to as a family heirloom in the first game ) by stealing it from a museum . This led to him teaming up with Victor Sullivan for the first time . With the assistance of Sully , Chloe , and Charlie Cutter , Nate steals valuable historical clues from a mysterious organization led by Katherine Marlowe and her assistant Talbot . They travel to France and Syria where they find clues leading them to Yemen , where Drake reluctantly enlists the help of Elena . They find a celestial map that shows the location of Iram . However , Sully is kidnapped by Marlowe and Talbot , prompting Drake to save him by boarding one of Marlowe 's cargo planes . The plane crashes in the Rub ' al Khali after a shoot @-@ out ensues but Drake survives . After wandering the desert for days , a group of horsemen , led by Salim , rescue Drake and take him back to their encampment . Salim explains to Drake they must stop Marlowe and Talbot from reaching the lost city so they will not get their hands on the hallucinogenic power of the Djinn . Drake and Salim rescue Sully from Marlowe 's caravan and reach the city . Drake and Sully destroy the winch pulling the brass vessel containing the Djinn from the waters causing the whole city to collapse . Marlowe is killed in quicksand and Drake shoots Talbot before he can stab Sully . Drake and Sully escape the sinking city and reunite with Elena back at Yemen . Drake and Elena appear to resolve their marriage and they fly back home on their new sea plane .
= = = = Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End = = = =
The fourth and final entry in the Uncharted series , Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , was showcased at E3 2014 , during Sony 's press conference . A trailer features a wounded Drake washing ashore an island . He rises , grabs his gun , and checks its ammo before walking into a jungle @-@ like area , as the camera pans to show hanging cages with skeletons inside . The trailer also features a conversation between Drake and Sully , where Drake asks for Sully 's help , having seemingly just laid out a plan . Sully warns Nate against it , but Nate responds that he has no choice , and asks if he can count on Sully one last time , who confirms that he can . A Thief 's End takes place three years after the events of Drake 's Deception . Drake has retired from fortune hunting , and is seemingly still married to Elena , as he still wears his ring in the trailer , but is dragged back into the profession by his estranged older brother , Sam Drake ( voiced by Troy Baker ) , after the latter discovers a lead to the semi @-@ mythical anarchist colony of Libertalia and with it , the possible location of the treasure stolen by the legendary pirate captain Henry Avery .
= = = Other games = = =
Drake stars in 2012 's Uncharted : Golden Abyss , which is released on Sony 's PlayStation Vita . The game 's events take place sometime before those of Drake 's Fortune , though developers have stated that it is not a prequel to Drake 's Fortune but rather a separate original story . Nathan Drake was also on the shortlist for being a guest character in Street Fighter x Tekken , however the idea was scrapped .
Drake is a playable character in PlayStation All @-@ Stars Battle Royale . Nathan 's rival in the game is Sly Cooper , the reason being that Drake found pages of Sly 's book the Thievius Racoonus and at the start of his storyline was on a desert island with Sully similar to that found on Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . When Drake reaches the boss arena , he starts to decipher the pages of the Thievius Racoonus , then Sly appears and explains he 's the rightful owner of the pages that Nathan possesses . Drake refuses and Sly mocks his abilities in an attempt to intimidate him , as a result Drake responds insultingly and the two battle . After defeating the boss in the game , Nathan returns to the same island as before and using the All @-@ Star Power he obtained from the boss , he greatly enhanced Sully 's plane , as the screen turns to black , Drake randomly says ' I punched a chicken ' .
= = = In other media = = =
Uncharted : Eye of Indra is a 2009 prequel series of motion comics . Their events occur before the first game , but the series was released after the second . In order to raise the money to find Sir Francis Drake 's coffin , Nathan Drake works for an American turned Indonesian crime boss named Daniel Pinkerton . Drake seeks the fabled Eye of Indra in India , where he meets Eddy Raja – who appears in the first game – and Drake becomes romantically involved with Raja 's sister , Rika Raja .
= = Merchandise and promotion = =
In 2007 , Sony placed promotional material in Empire stressing Drake 's everyman personality and showcasing his similarity to adventure film characters . Naughty Dog released an airsoft replica of Nathan Drake 's gun , a Beretta 92FS .
Shortly before the 2009 release of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , four urban vinyl toys based on Nathan Drake were released . Erick Scarecrow , founder of ESC Toys , designed the dolls in a number of colors ; only 2500 were released worldwide . Reviewers were not enthusiastic about the design , and Luke Plunkett of Kotaku commented , " while none of them have names , it appears there 's Drake , Hellboy Drake , Berlin Nightclub Drake and Radioactive Drake . "
In February 2016 , Naughty Dog announced the release of a 7 @-@ inch Nathan Drake action with articulated joints and an arsenal of gear and accessories . This action figure is being made by the toy company National Entertainment Collectibles Association , also known as NECA .
= = Reception = =
Nathan Drake has attracted mainly positive reviews , many focusing on his likability . Tom Cross of Gamasutra called Drake a " lovable jerk " who is " light , flippant , and just plain fun " , calling him a perfect caricature of a scoundrel . Stephen Totilo of Kotaku remarked that : " the short take is that Nathan Drake has attitude without being a jerk , and he cheerfully but woefully gets in over his head . This helps make him charming rather than annoying . " Comparing Drake to a similar character , Matt Casamassina at IGN claimed : " Nathan Drake , the hero in Naughty Dog 's Uncharted 2 , is more realistic , funny , charming , likable and altogether human in 30 minutes than Leon S. Kennedy is through an entire career of Resident Evil games . " Rush Frushtick at UGO admitted that Drake may appear to be " a dick " , but that he was " a likable dick " . GamesRadar listed Nathan as one of the 25 best new characters of the decade , contrasting him with characters like Halo protagonist Master Chief and Marcus Fenix of the Gears of War series in that unlike them , Drake is never in control of the situation . Empire also included Drake on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters , ranking him as 22nd . Nathan Drake is also seen as a PlayStation mascot .
Commenting on Drake 's " everyman " persona , Tom Hoggins of the Daily Telegraph called the character 's vulnerability " endearing " , while Chad Sapieha of The Globe and Mail labeled him " one of the most expressive video game characters ever created . " However , Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica criticized the " everyman " persona , stating that Drake was like numerous other characters , and lacked individuality . Develop 's Owain Bennallack further criticized Drake 's blandness , doubting whether a player could adequately describe him as a character . Dan Hsu of Bitmob wrote that , though other characters like Master Chief may stand out more , Drake came across as an " old pal " .
Drake 's physical attractiveness has been another area of commentary , with at least one reviewer declaring a man crush for him . Drake has been described as " dreamy " , and a " handsome , charismatic hero . " Claudia Black , voice of Chloe Frazer from Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , admitted having a crush on Drake as well . Drake has been cited as an example of a male character who , while attractive , is not over @-@ masculine . One commentator pointed out : " Very few of our protagonists ( Nathan Drake and Alan Wake to name a few exceptions ) depict men in what I would call a non @-@ degrading manner . " Steve McGarvey of GameSpy wrote that Drake was : " hardly oozing with machismo compared to the likes of most gaming protagonists " . Drake 's attractiveness drew criticism from Meagan Marie of Game Informer , who stated that he did not : " stand out much among the crowd of other ideally proportioned and intentionally unblemished gaming icons . " GameDaily named Drake the third greatest gaming hunk . GamesRadar named Drake " Mister 2007 " , stating that he was not picked just because they could " stare at his ass for hours on end " , but because he is heroic and has a " winning attitude " . In 2014 , La Nueva España included him the top ten sexiest video game characters of both genders .
The good sales of the Uncharted series and the growing identification of Drake with the PlayStation 3 console have led some to claim he is now a de facto mascot for the PlayStation 3 . Adam Hartley at TechRadar UK claimed , that : " throaty @-@ voiced protagonist Nathan Drake is the rightful heir to the ' PlayStation Hero ' crown " , while Now Gamer claimed Drake as the new PlayStation 3 poster boy . Drake was nominated for the " Most Compelling Character " award at the 2009 Inside Gaming Awards .
= = = Comparisons to other characters = = =
Nathan Drake has been compared to several other video game and film characters , most notably video game adventurer Lara Croft from the Tomb Raider franchise and film character Indiana Jones , due to the similarities between the characters and the narratives they appear in . Johnny Minkley of Eurogamer and Lee Ferran of ABC News called these associations " obvious " and " unavoidable " . In fact , Drake has been called a mixture of the two characters . Drake was hailed as the " new Lara Croft " after the Uncharted series sold well , and his similarity to Croft has earned him the moniker " bloke- " or " dude @-@ raider " . Michael Owen @-@ Brown of the The Advertiser remarked that Drake distinguished himself from Croft with his wit , while director of the Uncharted series Bruce Straley claimed that Drake had equaled Croft in popularity . CBS drew a strict distinction between Indiana Jones and Drake , pointing out that while Jones acts altruistically , Drake is in it for the profits . Avi Arad , producer of a planned Uncharted film , drew a similar conclusion , remarking that while Jones was always good , Drake is not necessarily the good guy . Designer Neil Druckmann stated that he believes Drake stands apart from Jones and Croft . Other reviewers have compared Drake to different characters , including Jack Colton from the film Romancing the Stone . North , who plays Drake , also voices The Prince in the 2008 video game Prince of Persia , and comparisons have been made between the two characters . The Prince has been described as a rougher , more abrasive form of Nathan Drake .
= = = Comparisons to living people = = =
An article published by Vice Media , which told of the then upcoming release of Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , included a lengthy interview with Dr. E. Lee Spence , who was described as " a pioneer in the field of underwater archaeology , a world @-@ renowned treasure hunter , and just about as close to an actual living , breathing Nathan Drake as you 're ever going to find . " In its URL Vice.com billed Spence as the " real Nathan Drake . "
= X @-@ Flight ( Six Flags Great America ) =
X @-@ Flight is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee , Illinois . Designed and built by Bolliger & Mabillard , the ride opened as the fourth Wing Coaster in the world and the second in the United States on May 16 , 2012 . It replaced both the Splashwater Falls and Great American Raceway attractions . The 3 @,@ 000 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 910 m ) roller coaster features barrel rolls , high @-@ speed drops , and a signature fly @-@ through element , where the train narrowly misses a support structure – designed to look like an air traffic control tower – as it passes through an opening known as a keyhole element .
= = History = =
X @-@ Flight was announced on September 1 , 2011 . Six Flags Great America was the first park to announce plans for a Wing Coaster in the United States . Land clearing started in September 2011 on the former site of Splashwater Falls and the Great America Raceway . The first pieces of the track began to arrive in early October . 127 Caissons ( footers ) , ranging from 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) to 77 feet ( 23 m ) were dug into the ground . On January 27 , 2012 , the final piece of the lift hill was topped off . The trains for X @-@ Flight arrived at the park on March 2 , 2012 . In a Chicago Sun @-@ Times article in February , the park said they expect safety tests to start in early April . X @-@ Flight opened for " Xclusive season pass holders " on the weekend of May 12 and opened to the public on May 16 .
= = Ride experience = =
After departing from the station , which resembles an airplane hangar , the train immediately begins to climb the steep 120 @-@ foot ( 37 m ) chain lift hill . Upon reaching the top of the lift hill , the train enters the first element of the roller coaster , a Dive Drop . This element is similar to the Dive Drop 's found on The Swarm at Thorpe Park and GateKeeper at Cedar Point and consists of the train rotating 180 degrees into an upside down position before descending back to the ground . During this drop , the train reaches its top speed of 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . At the bottom of the first drop , riders get their picture taken . After the train exits the first drop , the train then enters a zero @-@ g @-@ roll before going through a cloud of fog . The train then makes a slight left turn before entering an Immelmann loop followed by a right turn over a pond . The train then leads into the second zero @-@ g @-@ roll over the main entrance of the ride . Following the roll , the train makes a left turn before going through an Inline twist . During this element , which is known as a keyhole , riders go through an actual airplane control tower ( which was retrieved from O 'Hare International Airport ) , giving the illusion the train will hit the tower . After going through the tower , the train goes through another near miss keyhole surrounded by a cloud of fog , before exiting the twist and making a tight right turn , passing by Demon 's corkscrews and last turn , before making a slight left upward turn leading into the brake run . The train then makes a 180 @-@ degree left turn into another set of brakes before entering the station . One cycle lasts about 1 minute and 15 seconds .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Manufacturer = = =
X @-@ Flight is a Wing Coaster model from Swiss manufacturer , Bolliger & Mabillard . It was the fifth B & M coaster for Six Flags Great America . X Flight joins the inverted roller coaster , Batman : The Ride , the hyper @-@ twister , Raging Bull and the flying roller coaster , Superman : Ultimate Flight , giving the park a total of four operating coasters from B & M. The park 's first B & M coaster , Iron Wolf was moved to Six Flags America at the end of the 2011 season . X Flight was the fourth Wing Coaster built and the second in the United States , preceded by Wild Eagle at Dollywood .
= = = Trains = = =
X @-@ Flight operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has 8 cars with 4 seats per car ( 2 on each side of the track ) for a total of 32 riders per train . The colors of the train are red and black with over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints . The restraints are similar to the restraints found on Superman : Ultimate Flight .
= = = Track = = =
The steel track is approximately 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) in length and the height of the lift is approximately 120 feet ( 37 m ) . The track is colored red while the supports are black .
= = Reception = =
X @-@ Flight has received a mix of positive and negative reviews . Doug George from the Chicago Tribune stated the ride is very smooth with " rolls , dives and inverted , eye @-@ bugging flips . " However , he stated that the ride is pretty short and with only one train running the course at a time , the wait time can reach as long as other popular attractions at the park . " The Coaster Critic " reviewed the ride and stated that the theming is very well done , especially the keyhole element . He said the different seating set up encourages re @-@ rides because of the different experience on each side of the train . Overall , he gave the ride a 9 out of 10 because of the " riding position , loops , and interactions or near @-@ misses . "
= = Awards = =
= 2011 Orange Bowl =
The 2011 Discover Orange Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Stanford Cardinal on Monday , January 3 , 2011 , at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . Stanford defeated Virginia Tech 40 – 12 . The game was part of the 2010 – 2011 Bowl Championship Series of the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the concluding game of the season for both teams . The game , the 77th edition of the Orange Bowl , was televised in the United States on ESPN and the broadcast was seen by an estimated 8 @.@ 23 million viewers .
Virginia Tech was selected to participate in the Orange Bowl after an 11 – 2 regular season that culminated with a 44 – 33 win in the 2010 ACC Championship Game . Stanford was picked as the other half of the matchup following an 11 – 1 campaign that included the school 's best @-@ ever regular @-@ season record . That performance earned the Cardinal a No. 4 ranking in the BCS Poll and the automatic bid to a BCS game that accompanies a top @-@ 4 ranking of a second school in a conference other than the champion . In the weeks before that game , media attention focused on both teams ' turnarounds from historical difficulties and the performance of Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck . The game also was the first Orange Bowl not sponsored by FedEx in 21 years , ending the longest @-@ running title sponsorship deal among the major bowls .
The game kicked off at 8 : 39 pm in warm weather , and Stanford scored first , a touchdown , with its third offensive possession . Virginia Tech briefly took the lead with a safety followed by a touchdown of its own , but Stanford restored a 13 – 12 advantage before halftime . In the second half , Stanford pulled away from Virginia Tech as it scored 13 points in the third quarter and 14 in the fourth while holding the Hokies scoreless .
In recognition of his performance during the game , Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck was named the game 's most valuable player . He set a Stanford bowl @-@ game record for touchdowns , and threw three of those scores to tight end Coby Fleener , who set a Stanford and Orange Bowl record with 173 receiving yards . Both teams made coaching changes after the game , as Stanford head coach Jim Harbaugh left the team to coach the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers and Virginia Tech replaced several assistant coaches . Players from each team were selected in the 2011 NFL Draft .
= = Team selection = =
The Orange Bowl is one of five Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) bowl games that have been played at the conclusion of every college football season since 2006 . As defined by contract , the bowl matches the champion of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) against an at @-@ large pick chosen by a special committee . On December 4 , 2010 , the Virginia Tech Hokies defeated the Florida State Seminoles in the 2010 ACC Championship Game , thus winning an automatic bid to the 2011 Orange Bowl .
The at @-@ large spot in the Orange Bowl was filled via a round @-@ robin selection procedure defined by the other Bowl Championship series games ( the Sugar , Fiesta , and Rose bowls ) and the automatic bids . If a game 's automatic bid team is selected for the BCS National Championship Game , it is allowed to select a replacement team . In the 2010 season , teams otherwise designated for the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl were picked for the national championship game . Following the two compensatory selections are the at @-@ large picks . The order of at @-@ large selections rotates annually among the BCS bowls .
For the January 2011 games , the Sugar Bowl selected first , followed by the Orange Bowl and Fiesta Bowl . The Sugar Bowl picked Ohio State , which left the Orange Bowl to decide between two teams contractually bound to appear in a BCS bowl game . These were Stanford , which was guaranteed a BCS bid by its No. 4 national ranking , and Connecticut , champion of the Big East Conference . Favoring Stanford 's potential to draw a large television audience , the Orange Bowl selected the Cardinal , leaving Connecticut to the Fiesta Bowl .
= = = Stanford = = =
The Stanford Cardinal began the 2010 season after going 8 – 5 in 2009 under freshman quarterback Andrew Luck . The 2009 season saw the Cardinal defeat eighth @-@ ranked Oregon and No. 9 USC en route to breaking a seven @-@ year bowl game drought with an appearance in the 2009 Sun Bowl against Oklahoma . Stanford changed several position coaches and its defensive strategy in the offseason , and though the Cardinal returned 17 of 24 possible players from the previous year 's starting lineup , few believed the Cardinal would be among the best teams in the country . In the annual preseason poll of media members covering the Pacific @-@ 10 , Stanford was picked to finish fourth in the 10 @-@ team conference . Nationally , Stanford appeared in the " also receiving votes " categories of the preseason polls . In the AP Poll , the team was 27th ; in the coaches ' poll , the Cardinal was 32nd .
The Cardinal opened the season by defeating Football Bowl Subdivision team Sacramento State , then beat conference opponent UCLA in the first Pacific @-@ 10 game of the season . The win over Sacramento State pushed Stanford to No. 25 nationally , and the win over UCLA raised Stanford to No. 19 , the rank it held when it defeated Atlantic Coast Conference foe Wake Forest 68 – 24 on September 18 . The following week , Stanford defeated Notre Dame as the nation 's No. 16 team , and the win raised the Cardinal to No. 9 .
On October 2 , No. 9 Stanford played No. 4 Oregon . The game was touted as a matchup between two of the top offenses in college football and was nationally televised . Stanford led 21 – 3 after the first quarter and 31 – 24 at halftime , but the Cardinal allowed 28 unanswered points in the second half and lost to Oregon , 52 – 31 . Oregon later went on to play in the BCS National Championship game , and the defeat was Stanford 's only one of the season . The loss dropped Stanford to No. 16 in the polls , but the team rebounded the following week to defeat USC on a last @-@ second field goal , 37 – 35 .
The victory over USC began a winning streak , the best in Stanford football history since the time of the Korean War . The week after beating USC , Stanford defeated Washington State , moving to a 6 – 1 record for the first time since 1970 . The Cardinal rose to No. 13 nationally and defeated the University of Washington on October 30 . Against No. 15 Arizona , Stanford matched its previous season 's win total . On November 13 , Stanford defeated Arizona State in a closely fought 17 – 13 win that brought the Cardinal football team to 9 – 1 and its best record since 1951 . The following week , Stanford beat traditional rival California in The Big Game by a 48 – 14 score . It was the largest margin of victory in the rivalry since 1930 . Stanford 's final regular @-@ season game was against the Oregon State Beavers , and Stanford won the contest convincingly , 38 – 0 . The No. 4 and No. 5 nationally ranked teams had lost earlier the same day , lifting Stanford in the polls and in position for a Bowl Championship Series game berth .
= = = Virginia Tech = = =
The Virginia Tech Hokies entered the 2010 season after a 2009 campaign that saw the team finish 10 – 3 , including a season @-@ ending win in the 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl against the Tennessee Volunteers . Because of that season @-@ ending victory and the Hokies ' general good performance during the 2009 season , Virginia Tech was ranked No. 10 in preseason national polling . The Hokies ' first game of the season was a nationally televised contest against then @-@ No. 3 Boise State at FedEx Field near Washington , D.C .. Because the game was the first of the season to feature two top @-@ 10 teams , it received large amounts of media coverage . During the game , Virginia Tech fell behind 17 – 0 in the first quarter , but rallied to take a 21 – 20 lead early in the third quarter . The two teams traded the lead , alternating scoring drives until Boise State scored a touchdown with 1 : 06 remaining . Virginia Tech was unable to reply one final time , and Boise State earned a 33 – 30 victory .
The close loss discouraged the Virginia Tech players , who then had only five days to prepare for their next opponent , lightly regarded James Madison University . At Lane Stadium , Virginia Tech 's home field , James Madison upset the heavily favored Hokies , 21 – 16 . The loss was only the second time in college football history that a team ranked nationally was defeated by a team from the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision . In the wake of the loss , Virginia Tech fell from No. 13 to out of the polls entirely .
Following the loss , seniors on the football team held a players @-@ only meeting in an effort to rally the team . Players later recalled that meeting as the turning point in the team 's season . The next week , Virginia Tech earned its first win of the season , a 49 – 27 victory over East Carolina in Lane Stadium . The Hokies followed that by traveling to Boston College for a 19 – 0 win , their first shutout since 2006 .
The two victories were the start of a winning streak that saw the Hokies complete the regular season without another loss . Following Boston College , they defeated No. 23 NC State in its home stadium , 41 – 30 . They defeated nonconference opponent Central Michigan , then beat conference opponent Wake Forest and re @-@ entered the polls at No. 25 . Their position in the polls climbed with each opponent they defeated . They beat Duke as the No. 25 team , Georgia Tech as the No. 23 team , North Carolina as the No. 20 team and No. 23 Miami as the No. 16 team . The Miami victory clinched Tech the division championship and a slot in the ACC championship game , but the Hokies still won their final previously scheduled game , the annual Commonwealth Cup rivalry against Virginia . In the ACC Championship Game , Virginia Tech defeated Florida State 44 – 33 , clinching the ACC 's automatic bid to the Orange Bowl .
= = Sponsor change = =
In 2008 , sports channel ESPN won the right to broadcast Bowl Championship Series games between 2011 and 2014 . In compensation , it agreed to pay the BCS $ 125 million per year , more than a competing bid from Fox ( $ 100 million ) , which had been paying $ 82 @.@ 5 million per year for the contract that ended in 2010 . To balance the higher cost of broadcasting the games , ESPN demanded more money for title sponsorship of each game . Shipping company FedEx , which had become the Orange Bowl 's title sponsor in 1990 and was the longest continuous sponsor of any bowl game , balked at ESPN 's increased demands — about $ 20 million per year and required advertising outside the Orange Bowl — and ended its sponsorship .
Citi , the title sponsor of the Rose Bowl , likewise ended its sponsorship over the increased cost . ESPN immediately began pursuing an alternative title sponsor for each game . Candy manufacturer The Hershey Company was an early possibility for the Orange Bowl , and the company considered titling the game the Reese 's Orange Bowl , but negotiations fell through . In August , ESPN reached a deal with credit card company Discover Financial to make the game the Discover Orange Bowl through 2014 .
= = Pregame buildup = =
Pregame media coverage of the 2011 Orange Bowl focused on the manner in which the two teams involved had reversed their fortunes during the 2010 college football season . Stanford had its longest winning streak since 1991 its most wins in history , and was four years removed from a one @-@ win season , while Virginia Tech became the first team in college football history to win 11 consecutive games in a season after losing its first two . The two teams had never played each other , but they shared a common 2010 opponent , Wake Forest . Before the Orange Bowl , Wake Forest head coach Jim Grobe said he didn 't see much difference in quality . Another point of conversation was the poor performance of the ACC in nonconference games and Virginia Tech 's poor past performance against teams ranked in the top 5 . The Hokies had won just one of 27 games against teams in that category . Partially because of this factor , spread bettors favored Stanford by three points when the first odds were released December 10 , a margin that various organizations either kept constant or raised to 3 @.@ 5 points by the day of the game . It was the first time all season the Hokies were point spread underdogs .
Two nights before the game , Virginia Tech running back David Wilson and safety Antone Exum missed a 1 am curfew . As punishment , Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer suspended the two players for the first quarter of the Orange Bowl .
= = = Ticket sales and tourism = = =
Virginia Tech and Stanford each were allotted 17 @,@ 500 tickets to sell through their school box offices , but each school had problems selling that amount . For Stanford , whose primary campus is in California , the distance fans were required to travel was a major obstacle . Stanford head coach Jim Harbaugh said , " It will probably be more Hokie fans there than Stanford fans . That far away from home it probably could be a hostile environment for us . "
Orange Bowl organizers predicted that Virginia Tech fans , who were located closer to the site of the game , would be attracted by its proximity and the warm weather offered by southern Florida . Delta Air Lines added more flights from Virginia to Florida in anticipation . To entice more fans to attend , tourism officials planned to step up their advertising in order to boost the economic impact of the event , estimated in 2009 at $ 200 million . The advertising campaign was a difficult sell because the game was scheduled for the first Monday after New Year 's Day , the date when most American workers return to their jobs after the New Year .
Partially because of this fact , ticket sales were slow . By December 23 , Tech had sold just 6 @,@ 500 of its 17 @,@ 500 @-@ seat allotment , while Stanford fans had purchased 9 @,@ 000 tickets from their allotment . These figures increased slightly as the game day approached , but the schools were hampered by several factors . The tickets assigned to the schools were in less @-@ desirable seats , and many seats were available far more cheaply in the secondary market . In one example , an upper @-@ deck ticket sold by Virginia Tech cost $ 65 , while a similar ticket was available for $ 12 through an online ticket seller . The two schools were forced to purchase the remaining unsold tickets , costing each several hundred thousand dollars .
= = = Stanford offense = = =
Stanford 's offense was commanded by redshirt sophomore quarterback Andrew Luck , who completed 70 percent of his pass attempts , gaining 3 @,@ 051 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 7 interceptions . The touchdown mark was a Stanford single @-@ season record . He also gained 438 yards running the ball , setting a Stanford record for rushing by a quarterback , and his combined rushing and passing total set a record at Stanford for total offense . On December 13 , Luck finished second in the voting for the Heisman Trophy , the annual award given to the best player in college football that season . NCAA rules allow a player three years removed from high school to enter the NFL Draft , and even though he was only a sophomore in 2010 , he met the three @-@ year standard at the conclusion of the season . Before the Orange Bowl , media and fans speculated as to Luck 's likely choice .
Luck distributed his passes relatively evenly among his receivers . Doug Baldwin was the team 's leading receiver , with 56 receptions for 824 yards and 9 touchdowns during the regular season . Wide receiver and kick returner Chris Owusu , who played in only six games because of a knee injury , underwent arthroscopic surgery and was expected to play in the Orange Bowl . He was the team 's fourth @-@ leading receiver in terms of yardage , catching 24 passes for 394 yards and 3 touchdowns .
Stanford 's running game was led statistically by sophomore running back Stepfan Taylor , who garnered 1 @,@ 023 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns during the regular season . Before the game , Cardinal head coach Jim Harbaugh said he planned to give three other running backs — Tyler Gaffney , Jeremy Stewart , and Anthony Wilkerson — opportunities to carry the ball when Taylor was taken out of the game .
Virginia Tech 's success at blocking kicks during the 24 years of head coach Frank Beamer 's tenure caused Stanford to spend extra time in pregame practices on kick protection .
Because of his success in guiding Stanford 's offense , head coach Harbaugh was mentioned as a candidate for the vacant head coaching positions of other universities and National Football League teams . In the leadup to the Orange Bowl , however , Harbaugh refused to comment on any of the possibilities and said he wanted to focus on guiding his team to victory . Stanford players echoed that line . " We 've invested too much to let something like that distract us , " linebacker Shayne Skov said December 30 .
= = = Virginia Tech offense = = =
Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor was the Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Year and its championship game MVP . According to pregame media coverage , he presented a contrasting style to Stanford 's Luck . Taylor gained threw for 2 @,@ 521 yards and set a school record with 23 passing touchdowns , but was praised primarily for his physical mobility and ability to avoid defensive pressure , something Luck lacked . Taylor 's presence was a contributing factor to Tech 's offensive success in 2010 . Virginia Tech 's offense was the most productive since offensive coordinator Bryan Stinespring joined the team in 2001 . It set team records for points and total yards , and led the ACC in scoring and red @-@ zone efficiency .
In addition to Taylor 's success passing the ball , the Hokies also had a successful running offense . Running back Ryan Williams , who was limited for much of the season because of injury , had 473 rushing yards . Fellow running back Darren Evans , who missed the 2008 season because of injury , gained 817 yards and 11 touchdowns . Sophomore running back David Wilson gained 616 yards . Combined with Taylor 's rushing total , Virginia Tech gained 2 @,@ 543 yards and 30 touchdowns on the ground .
= = = Stanford defense = = =
In 2010 , Stanford 's defense improved under new defensive coordinator Vic Fangio , who was given credit for much of the team 's success in that department . At the end of the regular season , Stanford was first in the Pac @-@ 10 and 11th of 120 teams nationally in scoring defense ( allowing an average of 17 @.@ 83 points per game ) and 24th in total defense ( permitting 326 yards per game ) . In 2009 , Stanford was 69th in scoring defense ( 26 @.@ 5 ) and 90th in total defense ( 403 yards per game ) . A prominent player on Stanford 's defense was Owen Marecic , the only person in major league college football that season to play both offense and defense . On defense , Marecic accrued 45 tackles and 2 interceptions as a linebacker ; on offense , he gained 117 yards and 4 touchdowns as the team 's fullback .
Stanford 's leading tackler was linebacker Shayne Skov , who accumulated 72 tackles despite missing the first two games of the season . Before the game , Skov said one of Stanford 's priorities would be to contain the mobility of Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor . " We need to try to keep him in the pocket and ( apply ) pressure the same way we have all year , " Skov said .
= = = Virginia Tech defense = = =
Virginia Tech 's defense was led by coordinator Bud Foster , who was named a candidate in several teams ' searches for a new head coach , but decided to remain at Virginia Tech as the buildup to the Orange Bowl continued . Heading into the game , Tech 's defense ranked 38th nationally in total yards allowed , its second @-@ worst performance since 1993 . Tech 's run defense was 58th , permitting an average 148 @.@ 9 rushing yards per game . On the positive side of things , Tech 's defense had the third @-@ most interceptions ( 22 ) in the country , and its scoring defense was 16th ( 19 @.@ 1 points per game ) .
Tech 's top performer on defense was sophomore cornerback Jayron Hosley , who had eight interceptions during the season — tied for most in the country — and was named a first @-@ team Walter Camp All @-@ American , a second @-@ team Associated Press All @-@ American , and a second @-@ team Sports Illustrated All @-@ American for that performance . Other top performers included linebackers Bruce Taylor and Stephen Friday , who had 15 @.@ 5 and 15 tackles for loss , respectively .
The Hokies played the Orange Bowl without starting linebacker Lyndell Gibson , who fractured his shoulder in the second quarter of the ACC Championship Game . Gibson was fourth on the team in tackles with 66 . Replacing Gibson was redshirt freshman Tariq Edwards , who played only a few times before the Orange Bowl . The Hokies also returned a player from injury for the Orange Bowl . Linebacker Barquell Rivers , who had been predicted to be Tech 's starting middle linebacker , suffered a torn quadriceps tendon in offseason workouts , causing him to miss every game . Heading into the Orange Bowl , coaches were optimistic that he had healed enough to be able to play .
= = Game summary = =
The 2011 Orange Bowl kicked off at 8 : 39 pm EST on January 3 , 2011 in Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida . Bowl officials said 65 @,@ 463 tickets were sold for the game , but many went unused , and that official figure was more than 9 @,@ 000 below stadium capacity . The game was televised on ESPN , and the announcers were Mike Tirico , Ron Jaworski , Jon Gruden and Michele Tafoya . An estimated 8 @.@ 23 million viewers watched the broadcast , earning it a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 1 . That figure was the second @-@ lowest mark to date for a BCS game . For contributing teams to the Orange Bowl , the Atlantic Coast Conference and Pacific @-@ 10 each received large amounts of money to be divided among their members . Because the Pac @-@ 10 had two BCS teams , that conference received $ 27 @.@ 2 million from the BCS . The ACC , which had only Virginia Tech in a BCS bowl , received $ 21 @.@ 2 million . In the ACC , Virginia Tech received a somewhat larger share of the money as a reward for winning the conference : All other ACC teams received $ 1 @.@ 1 million ; Tech got $ 1 @.@ 7 million . Stanford received a similar amount , but the extra money was offset by the cost of sending 500 players , coaches , and staff to Miami .
= = = First quarter = = =
Stanford returned the game 's opening kickoff to its 24 @-@ yard line , where the Cardinal offense began the game 's first possession . On the game 's first play , Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck ran 11 yards through the Virginia Tech defense for a first down . The success was short @-@ lived , however , as Stanford 's next three plays did not gain enough ground for another first down , and the team punted from its 37 @-@ yard line . Virginia Tech 's first possession was no more successful than Stanford 's had been . The Hokies ' offense entered the game at its 31 @-@ yard line after the punt , but went three @-@ and @-@ out after failing to gain a first down .
Tech punted , and Stanford 's offense returned to the field . The two teams traded possessions one more time , with Stanford turning the ball over on downs after a failed fourth @-@ down conversion attempt , and Virginia Tech returning the ball with another punt . Following the kick , Stanford 's offense began work from its 14 @-@ yard line with 8 : 08 remaining in the quarter . Two plays gained five yards , then Luck completed a 21 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Doug Baldwin for just the second first down of the game . On the next play , Stanford running back Jeremy Stewart broke free of the Virginia Tech defense and ran down the field 60 yards for a touchdown . The score and subsequent extra point gave Stanford a 7 – 0 lead with 6 : 16 remaining in the quarter .
Stanford 's post @-@ score kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Virginia Tech 's offense began from its 20 @-@ yard line . The Hokies gained their initial first down of the game when quarterback Tyrod Taylor completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Danny Coale on the drive 's third play , but Tech was unable to gain another . Tech punted from its 43 @-@ yard line , and the kick was downed at the Stanford 5 @-@ yard line , where the Cardinal offense started work . Two rushing plays were stopped for no gain , then Luck attempted a passing play on third down . Because the line of scrimmage was so close to the Stanford goal line , Luck had to move into his own end zone to attempt the pass . Under pressure from the Virginia Tech defense , he threw to Derek Hall , who caught the ball in the end zone and was tackled before getting out . The result of the play was a safety , a 2 @-@ point defensive score for Virginia Tech .
Trailing 7 – 2 with 59 seconds remaining in the quarter , Virginia Tech 's offense received the ball at its 25 @-@ yard line following Stanford 's post @-@ safety free kick . On the first play of the subsequent drive , Taylor ran through the Stanford defense for 22 yards and a first down at the Tech 47 @-@ yard line . The second play of the drive , a 4 @-@ yard run by running back Darren Evans , pushed Tech into Stanford 's side of the field for the first time in the game , and was the final play of the quarter . With three quarters remaining , Stanford led Virginia Tech , 7 – 2 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
The second quarter began with Virginia Tech in possession of the ball and facing second down on Stanford 's 49 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the quarter , Taylor completed a 10 @-@ yard throw to wide receiver Marcus Davis for a first down . Tech 's drive continued down the field , with running back Darren Evans receiving the ball on the majority of the plays . A 5 @-@ yard false start penalty against Virginia Tech was offset by a pass interference penalty two plays later by Stanford . Tech penetrated to the Stanford 10 @-@ yard line , but was stopped for no gain , then a loss , on two consecutive running plays . On third down , Taylor was pressured by the Stanford defense , scrambled out of the pocket , and threw an 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass to running back David Wilson an instant before Taylor stepped out of bounds . The score and subsequent extra point gave Tech its only lead of the game , 9 – 7 , with 10 : 22 remaining before halftime .
Virginia Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was returned to the Stanford 21 @-@ yard line , where the Cardinal offense began its first drive of the second quarter . On the first play of the drive , Luck completed a 14 @-@ yard pass to tight end Zach Ertz for a first down . Three consecutive short @-@ yardage plays gained another first down , then running back Jeremy Stewart escaped the Virginia Tech defense for a 24 @-@ yard gain , pushing the Cardinal into Virginia Tech territory . Three plays later , Luck again threw a long pass to Ertz , this time a 25 @-@ yard toss for Stanford 's second touchdown of the game . The subsequent extra point kick was blocked by Virginia Tech , but the touchdown 's six points were enough for Stanford to regain the lead , 13 – 9 .
Virginia Tech began its first full drive of the second quarter from its 25 @-@ yard line , but the Hokies went three @-@ and @-@ out . Stanford 's offense , beginning from its 33 @-@ yard line after the Tech punt , had its drive cut short when Luck threw an interception to Virginia Tech 's Jayron Hosley at the Tech 46 @-@ yard line . The Hokies advanced to the Stanford 30 @-@ yard line , but turned the ball over on downs after failing to gain one yard on fourth down . Stanford went three @-@ and @-@ out after the Hokies ' turnover and punted . Tech 's offense returned to the field at its 20 @-@ yard line with 49 seconds remaining until halftime . Using a hurry @-@ up offense and strategically calling timeouts to stop the game clock , Tech advanced the ball down the field . Taylor rushed for 14 yards , threw a 32 @-@ yard pass , and the Hokies were helped by a 10 @-@ yard holding penalty against Stanford . They advanced to the Stanford 20 @-@ yard line where , with time running out , they sent in kicker Chris Hazley . He completed a 37 @-@ yard field goal in the final play from scrimmage in the first half , making the game a one @-@ point affair , 13 – 12 .
= = = Halftime = = =
For the game 's halftime show , the Orange Bowl hosted American alternative rock band Goo Goo Dolls . Reviews criticized the performance for awkward staging and brevity , as the group performed only two songs . Middle school and high school dance squads also participated in the halftime show , performaing on the field while the Goo Goo Dolls played . Pregame media coverage erroneously reported that Stanford 's marching band , which had been scheduled to perform , was banned from the field . The band had never been scheduled to perform at halftime ; each team 's marching band was allotted a six @-@ minute pregame performance .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because Stanford received the ball to begin the game , Virginia Tech received it to begin the second half . After starting from their 21 @-@ yard line , the Hokies went three @-@ and @-@ out . Following a Tech punt , Stanford 's first drive of the second half began at its 41 @-@ yard line . Two plays gained 13 yards and a first down , then Stanford began battering Virginia Tech with its passing offense . Luck threw four consecutive passes : the first was incomplete , but the next three went for 10 , 17 , and 18 yards , respectively . This gave Stanford a first down at the Tech one @-@ yard line . Three plays later , Owen Marecic crossed the goal line on a running play . The subsequent extra point was missed , and Stanford extended its lead to 19 – 12 with 8 : 47 remaining .
Virginia Tech 's second drive of the half began at its 41 @-@ yard line after a 31 @-@ yard kickoff return by Wilson . On the first play of the drive , Taylor was sacked for a 13 @-@ yard loss . He made good the lost yardage on the next play , however , completing a 42 @-@ yard throw to Danny Coale . From the Stanford 40 @-@ yard line , Taylor gained five yards on a running play , then attempted a long pass downfield . The throw was intercepted by Stanford 's Delano Howell at the Cardinal 3 @-@ yard line , returning Luck and the Stanford offense to the field . Luck needed only two plays to drive the length of the field and score a touchdown . A 56 @-@ yard run by Stepfan Taylor was followed by a 41 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Coby Fleener , and the following extra point kick was good , making the score 26 – 12 with 5 : 49 remaining .
Virginia Tech 's third drive of the quarter started from its 23 @-@ yard line . The first two plays of the drive were stopped for negative gain , then Taylor completed a 17 @-@ yard throw to Jarret Boykin for a first down . Tech couldn 't gain another first down , however , and punted to Stanford , which started from its 13 @-@ yard line . As in Virginia Tech 's previous drive , the Stanford offense began with a play that lost yardage , but it made up the failure with a running play that gained six yards and a passing play from Luck to Fleener for a first down at the Stanford 32 @-@ yard line . On the quarter 's final play , running back Tyler Gaffney gained seven yards . With one quarter remaining , Stanford led 26 – 12 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
The fourth quarter began with Stanford in possession of the ball and facing second down and three from its 39 @-@ yard line . Two plays gained the Cardinal a first down , then Stanford committed a false @-@ start penalty that pushed its offense back five yards . Two plays later , however , Luck completed a 58 @-@ yard pass to Fleener , who made up the lost yardage and far more as he raced down the field for a touchdown . The following extra point granted Stanford a 33 – 12 lead with 12 : 28 remaining .
Following Stanford 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff , Virginia Tech 's offense took the field at its 25 @-@ yard line and embarked upon one of its longest drives of the game in terms of the number of plays . In the first seven plays of the drive , quarterback Taylor was the key component . He threw six passes , completing 3 for 39 yards , and ran once , for no gain . On the eighth play of the drive , running back Ryan Williams gained one yard , then committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty . Tech 's drive faltered after the penalty : Taylor threw an incomplete pass , then was sacked for a 16 @-@ yard loss , and the Hokies punted to the Stanford 28 @-@ yard line .
As it had in the third quarter , Stanford 's offense scored quickly . In only three plays , the Cardinal advanced 72 yards . A 34 @-@ yard run by Stepfan Taylor was followed by one stopped for no gain , then Luck completed a 38 @-@ yard throw to Fleener for Stanford 's second touchdown of the quarter . The score and extra point improved Stanford 's lead to 40 – 12 with 6 : 05 remaining in the game . Tech 's subsequent drive went three @-@ and @-@ out after Tyrod Taylor was sacked twice , and Stanford got the ball again at its 46 @-@ yard line .
With only 4 : 25 remaining and a lead well in hand , Stanford began running down the clock by executing running plays , which keep the game clock running as long as the ball carrier is downed in the field of play . Three rushes gained Stanford 16 yards , but the effectiveness of this strategy was undermined by a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty against Stanford that prevented the Cardinal from gaining a first down . Stanford also accepted a delay of game penalty in order to squeeze as much time as possible from the clock before punting back to Virginia Tech . The final drive of the game began from the Tech 11 @-@ yard line with 2 : 10 remaining , and quarterback Taylor controlled the ball on all of its five plays . Taylor completed a five @-@ yard pass to Coale , then ran for 18 yards and a first down . He was then sacked for a 15 @-@ yard loss , but gained much of that back with an 11 @-@ yard run . On the game 's final play , Taylor completed a 17 @-@ yard first @-@ down pass to Wilson , who was tackled as the last second ticked off the clock and Stanford clinched a 40 – 12 victory .
= = = Scoring summary = = =
= = Statistical summary = =
For his game @-@ winning performance , Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . He completed 18 of his 23 pass attempts for 287 yards and 4 touchdowns . The four touchdowns was a Stanford bowl @-@ game record , and three of Luck 's touchdowns went to tight end Coby Fleener , who set a Stanford and Orange Bowl record with 173 receiving yards and tied a record with the three touchdown catches . In postgame analysis , Fleener 's performance was touted as the factor " that turned a close game into a rout " .
Despite those players ' performances , the game was decided in the running game and the performance of the two teams ' offensive and defensive lines . Stanford coach Jim Harbaugh was praised for adjusting his team 's strategy at halftime , allowing it to succeed in the second half . Stanford 's rushing offense accounted for 247 yards , while its defensive line limited Virginia Tech to just 67 yards rushing . The Stanford defense also sacked Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor eight times , denying him time to pass the ball accurately .
Stanford 's leading rusher was Stepfan Taylor , who accumulated 114 yards on 13 carries , including a 56 @-@ yard sprint that was the second @-@ longest run of his career . Stanford 's No. 2 runner , Jeremy Stewart , had a career @-@ high 99 rushing yards . His 60 @-@ yard touchdown run in the first quarter is the longest touchdown run in Stanford bowl @-@ game history and the seventh @-@ longest in Orange Bowl history . Virginia Tech 's leading rusher was Darren Evans , who had 12 carries for 37 yards . Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor was the team 's No. 2 rusher , with 16 carries for 22 yards . He also completed 16 of 31 pass attempts for 222 yards and Tech 's sole touchdown .
On defense , Virginia Tech 's Jayron Hosley tied the school record
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. " Historian James M. McPherson has concluded that :
The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportions — including the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia , leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets ( some of them burning ) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed ... Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia ; a majority of Union soldiers , including the general himself , worked through the night to put out the fires .
In this general connection , it is also noteworthy that Sherman and his subordinates ( particularly John A. Logan ) took steps to protect Raleigh , North Carolina , from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln .
= = = Modern assessment = = =
After the fall of Atlanta in 1864 , Sherman ordered the city 's evacuation . When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order , on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women , children , the elderly , and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war , Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored , and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to quash the rebellion :
You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will . War is cruelty , and you cannot refine it ; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out . I know I had no hand in making this war , and I know I will make more sacrifices to @-@ day than any of you to secure peace . But you cannot have peace and a division of our country . If the United States submits to a division now , it will not stop , but will go on until we reap the fate of Mexico , which is eternal war [ ... ] I want peace , and believe it can only be reached through union and war , and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect and early success . But , my dear sirs , when peace does come , you may call on me for anything . Then will I share with you the last cracker , and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter .
Literary critic Edmund Wilson found in Sherman 's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an " appetite for warfare " that " grows as it feeds on the South " . Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that " war is cruelty and you cannot refine it " in both the book Wilson 's Ghost and in his interview for the film The Fog of War .
But when comparing Sherman 's scorched @-@ earth campaigns to the actions of the British Army during the Second Boer War ( 1899 – 1902 ) — another war in which civilians were targeted because of their central role in sustaining an armed resistance — South African historian Hermann Giliomee declares that it " looks as if Sherman struck a better balance than the British commanders between severity and restraint in taking actions proportional to legitimate needs " . The admiration of scholars such as Victor Davis Hanson , B. H. Liddell Hart , Lloyd Lewis , and John F. Marszalek for General Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled .
In May 1865 , after the major Confederate armies had surrendered , Sherman wrote in a personal letter :
I confess , without shame , I am sick and tired of fighting — its glory is all moonshine ; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies , with the anguish and lamentations of distant families , appealing to me for sons , husbands and fathers ... tis only those who have never heard a shot , never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated ... that cry aloud for more blood , more vengeance , more desolation .
= = Departmental commander and Reconstruction = =
In June 1865 , two months after Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox , General Sherman received his first postwar command , originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi , later the Military Division of the Missouri , which came to comprise the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains . Sherman 's efforts in that position were focused on protecting the main wagon roads , such as the Oregon , Bozeman and Santa Fe Trails . Tasked with guarding a vast territory with a limited force , Sherman was wary of the multitude of requests by territories and settlements for protection .
One of Sherman 's main concerns in postwar commands was to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from attack by hostile Indians . Sherman 's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed . He regarded the railroads " as the most important element now in progress to facilitate the military interests of our Frontier . " Hence , in 1867 , he wrote to Grant that " we are not going to let a few thieving , ragged Indians check and stop the progress of [ the railroads ] . " After the 1866 Fetterman Massacre , Sherman wrote Grant that " we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux , even to their extermination , men , women and children . "
Despite this language , there was little large @-@ scale military action taken against the Indians during the first three years of Sherman 's tenure , as Sherman was willing to let the process of negotiations play out in order to buy time to procure more troops and allow the completion of the Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific Railroads . During his time as departmental commander , Sherman was a member of the Indian Peace Commission . Though the commission was responsible for the negotiation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty and the Sioux Treaty of 1868 , Sherman was not particularly privy in either due to being called away to Washington during the negotiations of both . In one such instance , he was called to testify in the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson . However , Sherman was successful in negotiating other treaties , such as the removal of Navajos from the Bosque Redondo to traditional lands in Western New Mexico . When the Medicine Lodge Treaty was broken in 1868 , Sherman authorized his subordinate in Missouri , Philip Sheridan , to conduct the Winter Campaign of 1868 – 69 ( of which the Battle of Washita River was a part ) , where Sheridan used hard @-@ war tactics similar to those he and Sherman had employed in the Civil War . Sherman was also involved with the trial of Satanta and Big Tree : he ordered that the two chiefs should be tried as common criminals for their role in the Warren Wagon Train Raid , a raid that came dangerously close to killing Sherman himself .
= = General of the Army = =
On July 25 , 1866 , Congress created the rank of General of the Army for Grant and then promoted Sherman to lieutenant general . When Grant became president in 1869 , Sherman was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and promoted to General of the Army . After the death of John A. Rawlins , Sherman also served for one month as interim Secretary of War . His tenure as commanding general was marred by political difficulties , many of which stemmed from disagreements with Secretaries of War Rawlins and William W. Belknap , who Sherman felt had usurped too much of the Commanding General 's powers , reducing him to a sinecure office . Sherman also clashed with Eastern humanitarians , who were critical of the Army 's killing of Indians and had apparently found an ally in President Grant . To escape these difficulties , from 1874 to 1876 , he moved his headquarters to St. Louis , Missouri , returning to Washington only upon the appointment of Alphonso Taft as Secretary of War and the promise of more authority .
Much of Sherman 's time as Commanding General was devoted to making the Western and Plains states safe for settlement through the continuation of the Indian Wars , which three significant campaigns during this time being the Modoc War , the Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Nez Perce War . The displacement of Indians was facilitated by the growth of the railroad and the eradication of the buffalo . Sherman believed that the intentional eradication of the buffalo should be encouraged as a means of weakening Indian resistance to assimilation . He voiced this view in remarks to a joint session of the Texas legislature in 1875 . However he never engaged in any program to actually eradicate the buffalo . During this time , Sherman reorganized frontier forts to reflect the shifting frontier .
After George Armstrong Custer 's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn , Sherman wrote that " hostile savages like Sitting Bull and his band of outlaw Sioux ... must feel the superior power of the Government . " He further wrote that " during an assault , the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female , or even discriminate as to age . " Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes , Sherman spoke out against the unfair way speculators and government agents treated the natives within the reservations .
In 1875 Sherman published his memoirs in two volumes . According to critic Edmund Wilson , Sherman :
[ H ] ad a trained gift of self @-@ expression and was , as Mark Twain says , a master of narrative . [ In his Memoirs ] the vigorous account of his pre @-@ war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences . We live through his campaigns [ ... ] in the company of Sherman himself . He tells us what he thought and what he felt , and he never strikes any attitudes or pretends to feel anything he does not feel .
During the election of 1876 , Southern Democrats who supported Wade Hampton for governor used mob violence to attack and intimidate African American voters in Charleston , South Carolina . Republican Governor Daniel Chamberlain appealed to President Ulysses S. Grant for military assistance . In October 1876 , President Ulysses S. Grant , after issuing a proclamation , instructed Sherman to gather all available Atlantic region troops and dispatch them to South Carolina to stop the mob violence .
On June 19 , 1879 , Sherman delivered an address to the graduating class of the Michigan Military Academy , in which he may have uttered the famous phrase " War Is Hell " . On April 11 , 1880 , he addressed a crowd of more than 10 @,@ 000 at Columbus , Ohio : " There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory , but , boys , it is all hell . " In 1945 , President Harry S. Truman would say : " Sherman was wrong . I 'm telling you I find peace is hell . "
One of Sherman 's significant contributions as head of the Army was the establishment of the Command School ( now the Command and General Staff College ) at Fort Leavenworth in 1881 . Sherman stepped down as commanding general on November 1 , 1883 , and retired from the army on February 8 , 1884 .
= = Later years = =
He lived most of the rest of his life in New York City . He was devoted to the theater and to amateur painting and was much in demand as a colorful speaker at dinners and banquets , in which he indulged a fondness for quoting Shakespeare . During this period , he stayed in contact with war veterans , and through them accepted honorary membership into the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Irving Literary Society . Sherman was proposed as a Republican candidate for the presidential election of 1884 , but declined as emphatically as possible , saying , " I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected . " Such a categorical rejection of a candidacy is now referred to as a " Shermanesque statement . "
In 1888 he joined the newly formed Boone and Crockett Club , a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell .
= = = Death = = =
Sherman died of pneumonia in New York City at 1 : 50 PM on February 14 , 1891 . President Benjamin Harrison sent a telegram to General Sherman 's family and ordered all national flags to be flown at half mast . Harrison , in a message to the Senate and the House of Representatives , wrote that :
He was an ideal soldier , and shared to the fullest the esprit du corps of the army , but he cherished the civil institutions organized under the Constitution , and was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor .
= = Religious views = =
Sherman 's birth family was Presbyterian and he was originally baptized as such . His foster family , including his future wife Ellen , were devout Catholics , and Sherman was re @-@ baptized and later married in the Catholic rite . According to his son Thomas , who became a Catholic priest , Sherman attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the Civil War , but not thereafter . In 1888 , Sherman wrote publicly that " my immediate family are strongly Catholic . I am not and cannot be . " A memoirist reports that Sherman told him in 1887 that " my family is strongly Roman Catholic , but I am not . " Sherman was buried at Calvary Catholic Cemetery in St. Louis , Missouri .
On 19 February , a funeral service was held at his home , followed by a military procession . General Joseph E. Johnston , the Confederate officer who had commanded the resistance to Sherman 's troops in Georgia and the Carolinas , served as a pallbearer in New York City . It was a bitterly cold day and a friend of Johnston , fearing that the general might become ill , asked him to put on his hat . Johnston famously replied : " If I were in [ Sherman 's ] place , and he were standing in mine , he would not put on his hat . " Johnston did catch a serious cold and died one month later of pneumonia .
General Sherman 's body was then transported to St. Louis , where another service was conducted on 21 February 1891 at a local Catholic church . His son , Thomas Ewing Sherman , a Jesuit priest , presided over his father 's funeral mass . Sherman is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis .
= = Monuments = =
Major monuments to Sherman include the gilded bronze Sherman Memorial ( 1902 ) by Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens at the main entrance to Central Park in New York City , and the Sherman Monument ( 1903 ) by Carl Rohl @-@ Smith near President 's Park in Washington , D.C. The Sherman Monument ( 1900 ) in Muskegon , Michigan features a bronze statue by John Massey Rhind , and the Sherman Monument ( 1903 ) in Arlington National Cemetery features a smaller version of Saint @-@ Gaudens 's equestrian statue . Copies of Saint @-@ Gaudens 's Bust of William Tecumseh Sherman are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and elsewhere .
Other posthumous tributes include Sherman Circle in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington , DC , the naming of the World War II M4 Sherman tank , and the " General Sherman " Giant Sequoia tree , the most massive documented single @-@ trunk tree in the world .
= = Historiography = =
In the years immediately after the war , Sherman 's conservative politics was attractive to white Southerners . By the 1880s , however , Southern " Lost Cause " writers began to demonize Sherman for his attacks on civilians in the " March . " The Confederate Veteran magazine , based in Nashville , gave Sherman more attention than anyone else , in part to enhance the visibility of the western theater . His devastation of railroads and plantations mattered less than the March 's insult to southern dignity , especially its unprotected womanhood . Moody criticizes English historians Field Marshal Viscount Garnet Wolseley , Maj. Gen. John F. C. Fuller , and especially Capt. Basil H. Liddell Hart , who built up Sherman 's reputation by exaggerating his " atrocities " and filtering his actions through their ideas about modern warfare .
By contrast Sherman was a popular hero in the North and well regarded by his soldiers . Military historians have paid special attention to his Atlanta campaign and the March to the Sea , generally giving him high marks as an innovative strategist and quick @-@ witted tactician .
= = = Autobiography and memoirs = = =
Around 1868 , Sherman began to write a " private " recollection for his children about his life before the Civil War , identified now as his unpublished " Autobiography , 1828 – 1861 " . This manuscript is held by the Ohio Historical Society . Much of the material in it would eventually be incorporated in revised form in his memoirs .
In 1875 , ten years after the end of the Civil War , Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish a memoir . His Memoirs of General William T. Sherman . By Himself , published by D. Appleton & Co . , in two volumes , began with the year 1846 ( when the Mexican War began ) and ended with a chapter about the " military lessons of the [ civil ] war " ( 1875 edition : Volume I ; Volume II ) . The memoirs were controversial , and sparked complaints from many quarters . Grant ( serving as President when Sherman 's memoirs first appeared ) later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but " when I finished the book , I found I approved every word ; that ... it was a true book , an honorable book , creditable to Sherman , just to his companions — to myself particularly so — just such a book as I expected Sherman would write . "
In 1886 , after the publication of Grant 's memoirs , Sherman produced a " second edition , revised and corrected " of his memoirs with Appleton . The new edition added a second preface , a chapter about his life up to 1846 , a chapter concerning the post @-@ war period ( ending with his 1884 retirement from the army ) , several appendices , portraits , improved maps , and an index ( 1886 edition : Volume I , Volume II ) . For the most part , Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that " I disclaim the character of historian , but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history " and " any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of [ the ] facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested . " However , Sherman did add the appendices , in which he published the views of some others .
Subsequently , Sherman shifted to the publishing house of Charles L. Webster & Co . , the publisher of Grant 's memoirs . The new publishing house brought out a " third edition , revised and corrected " in 1890 . This difficult @-@ to @-@ find edition was substantively identical to the second ( except for the probable omission of Sherman 's short 1875 and 1886 prefaces ) .
After Sherman died in 1891 , there were dueling new editions of his memoirs . His first publisher , Appleton , reissued the original ( 1875 ) edition with two new chapters about Sherman 's later years added by the journalist W. Fletcher Johnson ( 1891 Johnson edition : Volume I , Volume II ) . Meanwhile , Charles L. Webster & Co. issued a " fourth edition , revised , corrected , and complete " with the text of Sherman 's second edition , a new chapter prepared under the auspices of the Sherman family bringing the general 's life from his retirement to his death and funeral , and an appreciation by politician James G. Blaine ( who was related to Sherman 's wife ) . Unfortunately , this edition omits Sherman 's prefaces to the 1875 and 1886 editions ( 1891 Blaine edition : Volume I , Volume II ) .
In 1904 and 1913 , Sherman 's youngest son ( Philemon Tecumseh Sherman ) republished the memoirs , ironically with Appleton ( not Charles L. Webster & Co . ) . This was designated as a " second edition , revised and corrected " . This edition contains Sherman 's two prefaces , his 1886 text , and the materials added in the 1891 Blaine edition . Thus , this virtually invisible edition of Sherman 's memoirs is actually the most comprehensive version .
There are many modern editions of Sherman 's memoirs . The edition most useful for research purposes is the 1990 Library of America version , edited by Charles Royster . It contains the entire text of Sherman 's 1886 edition , together with annotations , a note on the text , and a detailed chronology of Sherman 's life . Missing from this edition is the useful biographical material contained in the 1891 Johnson and Blaine editions .
= = = Published correspondence = = =
Many of Sherman 's official war @-@ time letters ( and other items ) appear in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion . Some of these letters are rather personal in nature , rather than relating directly to operational activities of the army . There also are at least five published collections of Sherman correspondence :
Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman , 1860 – 1865 , edited by Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin ( Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) – a large collection of war @-@ time letters ( November 1860 to May 1865 ) .
Sherman at War , edited by Joseph H. Ewing ( Dayton , OH : Morningside , 1992 ) – approximately thirty war time letters to Sherman 's father @-@ in @-@ law , Thomas Ewing , and one of his brothers @-@ in @-@ law , Philemon B. Ewing .
Home Letters of General Sherman , edited by M.A. DeWolfe Howe ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Son , 1909 ) – edited letters to his wife , Ellen Ewing Sherman , from 1837 to 1888 .
The Sherman Letters : Correspondence Between General Sherman and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 , edited by Rachel Sherman Thorndike ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Son , 1894 ) – edited letters to his brother , Senator John Sherman , from 1837 to 1891 .
General W.T. Sherman as College President , edited by Walter L. Fleming ( Cleveland : The Arthur H. Clark Co . , 1912 ) – edited letters and other documents from Sherman 's 1859 – 1861 service as superintendent of the Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy .
= = = In popular culture = = =
The presentation of Sherman in popular culture is now discussed at book @-@ length in Sherman 's March in Myth and Memory ( Rowman and Littlefield , 2008 ) , by Edward Caudill and Paul Ashdown . Some of the artistic treatments of Sherman 's march are the Civil War era song " Marching Through Georgia " by Henry Clay Work ; Herman Melville 's poem " The March to the Sea " ; Ross McElwee 's film Sherman 's March ; and E. L. Doctorow 's novel The March .
At the beginning of Margaret Mitchell 's novel Gone with the Wind , first published in 1936 , the fictional character Rhett Butler warns a group of upper @-@ class secessionists of the folly of war with the North in terms very reminiscent of those Sherman directed to David F. Boyd before leaving Louisiana . Sherman 's invasion of Georgia later plays a central role in the plot of the novel .
Charles Beaumont in the Twilight Zone episode " Long Live Walter Jameson " has the lead character ( a history professor ) comment on the burning of Atlanta that the union soldiers did it unwillingly at the behest of a Sherman described as sullen and brutish .
In the Academy Award winning Errol Morris documentary The Fog of War , Robert McNamara recalls an anecdote he read about Sherman during the Civil War , in which the mayor of Atlanta pleaded with Sherman for mercy before he torched the city to the ground , to which Sherman responded , " War is cruelty . " McNamara uses the story as a parallel to the usage of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War , while he was Secretary of Defense , to illustrate the ninth lesson of the film : " In order to do good , you may have to engage in evil . "
= = = Sherman on U.S. postage = = =
Sherman is one of the few generals to have appeared on several different US postage stamp issues . The first stamp issue to honor him was released on March 21 , 1893 , a little more than two years after his death . The engraving was modeled after a photograph taken by Napoleon Sarony in 1888 . The Post Office released a second and third Sherman issue of 1895 , both almost identical to the first issue , with slight changes in the framework design and color . Sherman appeared again in the US Army issue of 1937 , a commemorative postage stamp jointly honoring Generals Sherman , Grant and Sheridan . The last stamp issue to honor Sherman was released in 1995 and was a 32 @-@ cent stamp . With five different issues to his name , Sherman has featured more prominently in US postage than most US presidents .
= = = Sherman name in the military = = =
Sherman lent his name to the Sherman tank . The USS General Sherman , a Civil War gunboat , was also named after him as was Fort Sherman .
= = Dates of rank = =
Second lieutenant , USA – July 1840
First lieutenant , USA – November 1841
Captain , USA – September 1850
Colonel , USA – 14 May 1861
Brigadier general , of Volunteers – 17 May 1861
Major general of Volunteers – 1 May 1862
Brigadier general , USA – 4 July 1863
Major general , USA – 12 August 1864
Lieutenant general , USA – 25 July 1866
General , USA – 4 March 1869
= = Writings = =
General Sherman 's Official Account of His Great March to Georgia and the Carolinas , from His Departure from Chattanooga to the Surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Forces under His Command ( 1865 )
" Autobiography , 1828 – 1861 " ( c . 1868 ) , Mss . 57 , WTS Papers , Ohio Historical Society . Private recollections for Sherman 's children .
Memoirs of General William T. Sherman , Written by Himself ( 1875 ) , 2d ed. with additional chapters ( 1886 )
Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877 by Generals P. H. Sheridan and W. T. Sherman of Country North of the Union Pacific Railroad ( co @-@ author , 1878 )
The Sherman Letters : Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 ( posthumous , 1894 )
Home Letters of General Sherman ( posthumous , 1909 )
General W. T. Sherman as College President : A Collection of Letters , Documents , and Other Material , Chiefly from Private Sources , Relating to the Life and Activities of General William Tecumseh Sherman , to the Early Years of Louisiana State University , and the Stirring Conditions Existing in the South on the Eve of the Civil War ( posthumous , 1912 )
The William Tecumseh Sherman Family Letters ( posthumous , 1967 ) . Microfilm collection prepared by the Archives of the University of Notre Dame contains letters , etc. from Sherman , his wife , and others .
Sherman at War ( posthumous , 1992 )
Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman , 1860 – 1865 ( posthumous , 1999 )
= Daniel J. Callaghan =
Daniel Judson Callaghan ( July 26 , 1890 – November 13 , 1942 ) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal . In a career spanning just over 30 years , he served his country in two wars . He served on several ships during his first 20 years of service , including escort duties during World War I , and also filled some shore @-@ based administrative roles . He later came to the attention of US President Franklin Roosevelt , who appointed Callaghan as his Naval Aide in 1938 . A few years later , he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II . Callaghan was killed by an enemy shell on the bridge of his flagship , the USS San Francisco ( CA @-@ 38 ) , during a surface action against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island . The battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side .
= = Early life = =
Callaghan was born on July 26 , 1890 , in San Francisco , California , the son of businessman Charles William Callaghan and Rose Wheeler Callaghan . The family was devout Roman Catholic . One of his younger brothers , William Callaghan ( 1897 – 1991 ) , would later go on to a career in the US Navy as well . Both brothers studied at Saint Ignatius College Preparatory in San Francisco , the elder graduating in the class of 1907 . He then graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1911 . His first assignment was on board the armored cruiser USS California ( ACR @-@ 6 ) , in command of a turret with twin 8 @-@ inch guns . He was promoted to the rank of Ensign on May 21 , 1912 .
His second assignment was on the destroyer USS Truxtun ( DD @-@ 14 ) in mid @-@ 1913 . He was promoted to Lieutenant ( Junior Grade ) in May 1915 . In his first few years of service , he developed a reputation as a conscientious sailor , noted for avoiding heavy alcohol consumption and regularly attending Mass . His dedication to naval gunnery also became apparent . Some years later , one of his captains , Joel Pringle , would write : " [ Callaghan 's ] devotion to duty , sound judgment and ability to inspire loyalty in his subordinates have resulted in a constant and steady increase in the efficiency of the above mentioned batteries . At the recent battle practice of the Pacific Fleet in 5 @-@ inch guns , he made the largest percentage of hits of any ship of the Fleet . "
During his first few years of naval service , Callaghan had been courting Mary Tormey of Oakland , California ; the two married on July 23 , 1914 . Their son , Daniel Judson Callaghan Jr . , was born in Alameda , California , on October 16 , 1915 .
In July 1915 , the Truxtun was on its way to Alaska when it broke down and was unable to continue its mission . Initially , the blame fell on Callaghan , who had apparently ordered incorrect parts for the condenser . He was suspended from duty and ordered to appear before a court @-@ martial . Subsequent investigation , however , found that another man was responsible for the error and Callaghan received a full acquittal and was reinstated . A few months later , he was appointed as commanding officer of the Truxtun , but the stress of his trial appeared to have left its mark — at the age of 25 years , his hair had already turned gray .
= = World War I = =
Callaghan 's next posting was to the cruiser USS New Orleans ( CL @-@ 22 ) in November 1916 . Following the entry of the United States into World War I , in April 1917 , the New Orleans escorted cargo ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean . It was at this time that he first met Ross McIntire , a surgeon , who would later have a significant impact on his career . According to biographer Francis Murphy , Callaghan played a pivotal role in the rescue of a disabled British liner off the coast of Ireland : " Four times a hawser was hauled aboard the cruiser from the liner , that was about three times the cruiser 's size , and four times the cable parted . The Captain was for abandoning the job . But not Dan . With superhuman strength and the full cooperation of his men , he finally secured the cable . For forty @-@ eight hours the New Orleans stayed with the stricken vessel hauling it out of danger [ and ] finally handing it on to tugs from a North Ireland base . "
Following the war , he settled in Georgetown , Washington , D.C. for two years with his wife and young son . During this time , he worked on reassignment of warrant and chief petty officers from the navy . Callaghan next served aboard the newly commissioned battleship USS Idaho ( BB @-@ 42 ) , commencing in October 1920 . While his family moved back to Oakland , he began serving as a fire control officer on the Idaho . He left the Idaho in June 1923 , returning to shore duties for two years before taking up the position of First Lieutenant on the USS Colorado ( BB @-@ 45 ) in May 1925 . The Colorado transported a shipment of gold to Australia before returning to the United States in 1926 . His next assignment was the position of gunnery officer , on board the USS Mississippi ( BB @-@ 41 ) . Captain Thomas Hart wrote of Callaghan : " I can scarcely report too favorably on this officer . He is excellent generally and particularly ; and he looks and acts the part . As gunnery officer , he is being highly successful and I unhesitatingly recommend him for almost any detail . "
Callaghan left the Mississippi in July 1928 and worked in naval inspections for the next two years . He served as Aide to the Commander in Chief , US Fleet , and was promoted to the rank of Commander in June 1931 . He then served as Executive Officer of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at the University of California , Berkeley , before working on the USS Portland ( CA @-@ 33 ) . In 1938 , US President Franklin Roosevelt asked his physician , Ross McIntire , to recommend someone for the position of Naval Aide . McIntire recommended Callaghan , who was appointed to the role in July 1938 and would fill it for the next three years . He was promoted to the rank of Captain in October 1938 .
= = World War II = =
In May 1941 , during the early stages of World War II , Roosevelt released Callaghan to take command of the cruiser USS San Francisco ( CA @-@ 38 ) . Roosevelt wrote : " It is with great regret that I am letting Captain Callaghan leave as my Naval Aide . He has given every satisfaction and has performed duties of many varieties with tact and real efficiency . He has shown a real understanding of the many problems of the service within itself and in relationship to the rest of Government . "
In April 1942 , he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral and was appointed as chief of staff to the Commander , South Pacific Area and South Pacific Force Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley . In November , as commander of Task Group 67 @.@ 4 , he led US forces in an engagement off Savo Island during the Guadalcanal Campaign . During this battle , he was on the bridge of the USS San Francisco when incoming enemy fire killed him and most of his command staff on November 13 , 1942 . At that time , he became the third US Navy admiral killed in action during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his efforts in this battle .
Following the explosion , Lieutenant Commander Bruce McCandless assumed operational command of the San Francisco . Earlier in the battle , Rear Admiral Norman Scott had been killed , so two US commanders had now been lost , as well as several of their staff . Despite the deaths of so many senior officers , the battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side .
In hindsight , Callaghan was criticized for not putting his five ships that had the superior SG radar systems at the ends of his column , for not using one of them as his flagship , for directing the battle from his flagship 's bridge instead of the radar plot , for not issuing his battle plans to his captains , and for issuing confusing orders during the battle . Analysis of the battle led to a rapid improvement in USN techniques for fighting in poor visibility , particularly in the adoption of combat information centers .
Callaghan was buried at sea . He was survived by his wife , Mary Tormey Callaghan , and son , Daniel Judson Callaghan Jr . ( 1915 – 2006 ) . His brother William Callaghan would later become a US Navy vice admiral , first captain of the USS Missouri ( BB @-@ 63 ) , and first commander of the Military Sea Transportation Service .
By order of President Roosevelt , both Rear Admirals Callaghan and Scott were posthumously awarded the Navy Medal of Honor .
= = Honors and awards = =
= = = Medal of Honor = = =
Callaghan 's Medal of Honor citation read :
For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty during action against enemy Japanese forces off Savo Island on the night of 12 – 13 November 1942 . Although out @-@ balanced in strength and numbers by a desperate and determined enemy , Rear Admiral Callaghan , with ingenious tactical skill and superb coordination of the units under his command , led his forces into battle against tremendous odds , thereby contributing decisively to the rout of a powerful invasion fleet and to the consequent frustration of a formidable Japanese offensive . While faithfully directing close @-@ range operations in the face of furious bombardment by superior enemy fire power , he was killed on the bridge of his Flagship . His courageous initiative , inspiring leadership , and judicious foresight in a crisis of grave responsibility were in keeping with the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service . He gallantly gave his life in the defense of his country .
His son was a Lieutenant ( junior grade ) at the time , and accepted his father 's Medal of Honor on his behalf .
= = = Other honors = = =
Prior to receiving the Medal of Honor , Callaghan had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . Other awards to Admiral Callaghan include the World War I Victory Medal , the American Defense Service Medal and posthumous awards of the Purple Heart , Asiatic @-@ Pacific Campaign Medal and World War II Victory Medal .
= = Legacy = =
The US Navy has named two ships after Callaghan : USS Callaghan ( DD @-@ 792 ) and USS Callaghan ( DDG @-@ 994 ) . The first ship was commissioned on November 27 , 1943 , and was sponsored by Callaghan 's widow . It sank in late July , 1945 , as the result of a kamikaze attack . The second ship was commissioned on August 29 , 1981 , one of a class named for the four American admirals killed in World War II , and sold to Taiwan just over 20 years later .
Callaghan 's name is listed on Tablets of the Missing at Manila American Cemetery in the Philippines . Callaghan Hall at Officer Training Command , Newport , Rhode Island , is named in his honor . The Callaghan Fitness Center at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth Virginia is also named for him . A street , Admiral Callaghan Lane in Vallejo , California , is also named after him , and a monument in Lands End , San Francisco ( including part of the bridge of the USS San Francisco , where he died ) , honors him and his comrades .
= My Back Pages =
" My Back Pages " is a song written by Bob Dylan and included on his 1964 album Another Side of Bob Dylan . It is stylistically similar to his earlier folk protest songs and features Dylan 's voice with an acoustic guitar accompaniment . However , its lyrics — in particular the refrain " Ah , but I was so much older then / I 'm younger than that now " — have been interpreted as a rejection of Dylan 's earlier personal and political idealism , illustrating his growing disillusionment with the 1960 's folk protest movement with which he was associated , and his desire to move in a new direction . Although Dylan wrote the song in 1964 , he did not perform it live until 1978 .
" My Back Pages " has been covered by artists as diverse as Keith Jarrett , the Byrds , the Ramones , the Nice , Steve Earle , and the Hollies . The Byrds ' version , initially released on their 1967 album Younger Than Yesterday , was also issued as a single in 1967 and proved to be the band 's last Top 40 hit in the U.S.
= = Writing , recording and performance = =
Bob Dylan wrote " My Back Pages " in 1964 as one of the last songs — perhaps the last song — composed for his Another Side of Bob Dylan album . He recorded it on June 9 , 1964 under the working title of " Ancient Memories " , the last song committed to tape for the album . The song was partly based on the traditional folk song " Young But Growing " and has a mournful melody similar to that of " The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll " from Dylan 's previous album , The Times They Are a @-@ Changin ' . As with the other songs on Another Side , Dylan is the sole musician on " My Back Pages " and plays in a style similar to his previous protest songs , with a sneering , rough @-@ edged voice and a hard @-@ strumming acoustic guitar accompaniment .
In the song 's lyrics , Dylan criticizes himself for having been certain that he knew everything and apologizes for his previous political preaching , noting that he has become his own enemy " in the instant that I preach . " Dylan questions whether one can really distinguish between right and wrong , and even questions the desirability of the principle of equality . The lyrics also signal Dylan 's disillusionment with the 1960s protest movement and his intention to abandon protest songwriting . The song effectively analogizes the protest movement to the establishment it is trying to overturn , concluding with the refrain :
Ah , but I was so much older then
I 'm younger than that now
Music critic Robert Shelton has interpreted this refrain as " an internal dialogue between what he [ Dylan ] once accepted and now doubts . " Shelton also notes that the refrain maps a path from Blakean experience to the innocence of William Wordsworth . The refrain has also been interpreted as Dylan celebrating his " bright , new post @-@ protest future . "
Dylan 's disenchantment with the protest movement had previously surfaced in a speech he had given in December 1963 when accepting an award from the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee ( ECLC ) in New York . Author Mike Marqusee has commented that " No song on Another Side distressed Dylan 's friends in the movement more than ' My Back Pages ' in which he transmutes the rude incoherence of his ECLC rant into the organized density of art . The lilting refrain ... must be one of the most lyrical expressions of political apostasy ever penned . It is a recantation , in every sense of the word . "
In an interview with the Sheffield University Paper in May 1965 , Dylan explained the change that had occurred in his songwriting over the previous twelve months , noting " The big difference is that the songs I was writing last year ... they were what I call one @-@ dimensional songs , but my new songs I 'm trying to make more three @-@ dimensional , you know , there 's more symbolism , they 're written on more than one level . " In late 1965 , Dylan commented on the writing of " My Back Pages " specifically during an interview with Margaret Steen for The Toronto Star : " I was in my New York phase then , or at least , I was just coming out of it . I was still keeping the things that are really really real out of my songs , for fear they 'd be misunderstood . Now I don 't care if they are . " As Dylan stated to Nat Hentoff at the time that " My Back Pages " and the other songs on Another Side of Bob Dylan were written , " There aren 't any finger pointing songs [ here ] ... Now a lot of people are doing finger pointing songs . You know , pointing to all the things that are wrong . Me , I don 't want to write for people anymore . You know , be a spokesman . "
Dylan did not play " My Back Pages " in concert until June 11 , 1988 , during a performance in Mountain View , California . The arrangement he used eliminated some of the song 's verses and included an electric guitar part performed by session musician G. E. Smith . Since 1988 , Dylan has played the song in concert many times in both electric and semi @-@ acoustic versions , and sometimes as an acoustic encore . At the 30th Anniversary Tribute Concert to Dylan at Madison Square Garden in 1992 , Dylan performed " My Back Pages " , in the Byrds ' arrangement , with George Harrison , Eric Clapton , Tom Petty , Neil Young , and Roger McGuinn . This performance , which featured vocals from all six musicians , along with guitar solos by Clapton and Young , was released on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album in 1993 .
In addition to its initial appearance on Another Side of Bob Dylan , " My Back Pages " has also appeared on a number of Dylan compilation albums . In the United States and Europe , it appeared on the 1971 album Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol . II ( aka More Bob Dylan Greatest Hits ) and on the 2007 album Dylan . In Australia , the song was included on the 1994 compilation album Greatest Hits Vol . 3 .
= = Cover versions = =
= = = The Byrds ' version = = =
The American rock band The Byrds released a recording of " My Back Pages " on February 6 , 1967 , as part of their fourth album , Younger Than Yesterday . The title of Younger Than Yesterday was itself directly inspired by the song 's refrain of " Ah , but I was so much older then / I 'm younger than that now . " " My Back Pages " was subsequently issued as a single by The Byrds on March 13 , 1967 , with the version included on the single being a radio edit that omitted the song 's second verse , in order to reduce the playing time from 3 : 08 to 2 : 31 . The single reached # 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 but failed to chart in the United Kingdom . " My Back Pages " was the last single by The Byrds to reach the Top 40 of the U.S. charts .
The song was initially suggested as a suitable vehicle for the band by their manager Jim Dickson . Lead guitarist Jim McGuinn felt that it would make an effective cover version , but David Crosby , the band 's rhythm guitarist , felt that covering another Dylan song was formulaic . The Byrds had already released a total of six Dylan covers on their first two albums , Mr. Tambourine Man and Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! , enjoying particular success with their recordings of " Mr. Tambourine Man " and " All I Really Want to Do " . In spite of Crosby 's objections , the band recorded " My Back Pages " between December 5 and December 8 , 1966 , during the recording sessions for their fourth album . Upon its release , this cover was received well by the critics and is today regarded as one of The Byrds ' strongest Dylan interpretations . Following its release on Younger Than Yesterday , the song would go on to become a staple of The Byrds ' live concert repertoire , until their final disbandment in 1973 . On December 4 , 1968 , a later line @-@ up of The Byrds re @-@ recorded an excerpt of " My Back Pages " as part of a medley that was included on their 1969 album , Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde . The song was also performed live by a reformed line @-@ up of The Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn , David Crosby , and Chris Hillman in January 1989 .
In addition to its appearance on the Younger Than Yesterday album , The Byrds ' original version of " My Back Pages " appears on several of the band 's compilations , including The Byrds ' Greatest Hits , History of The Byrds , The Byrds Play Dylan , The Original Singles : 1967 – 1969 , Volume 2 , The Byrds , The Very Best of The Byrds , The Essential Byrds , and There Is a Season . In 1996 , a previously unreleased alternate version of " My Back Pages " ( which had been considered for release as a single in 1967 ) was included as a bonus track on the Columbia / Legacy reissue of Younger Than Yesterday .
= = = Other covers = = =
The song has been covered by numerous artists , including The Ramones , Po ! , The Hollies , The Nice , Eric Johnson , The Box Tops , Carl Verheyen , Jackson Browne & Joan Osborne , Marshall Crenshaw , Keith Jarrett , Steve Earle , La Mancha de Rolando , and the Scottish folksinger Dick Gaughan . Austrian singer @-@ songwriter Wolfgang Ambros recorded a version of the song named " Alt und Jung " ( " Old and Young " ) . In 1995 , the German rock musician Wolfgang Niedecken recorded a German @-@ language ( Kölsch language ) cover of the song with the title " Vill Passiert Sickher " for his album Leopardefell . In addition , a Japanese @-@ language cover by The Magokoro Brothers is included in the soundtrack of the Dylan film Masked and Anonymous .
= Neuro : Supernatural Detective =
Neuro : Supernatural Detective , known in Japan as Majin Tantei Nōgami Neuro ( Japanese : 魔人探偵 脳噛ネウロ , lit . " Demon Detective Neuro Nōgami " ) , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūsei Matsui . The series follows Neuro Nōgami , a demon who depends on mysteries for sustenance . Having consumed all the mysteries in the demon world , Neuro travels to the human world in search of more . There , Neuro recruits high school student Yako Katsuragi as a facade for a detective agency . The supernatural @-@ themed manga was created because Matsui considered himself unable to draw humans .
The manga was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from February 2005 to April 2009 . The individual chapters were collected and released in 23 tankōbon ( collected volumes ) by Shueisha . A 25 @-@ episode anime series directed by Hiroshi Kōjina and animated by Madhouse was originally aired between 2007 and 2008 on Nippon Television . In 2011 , the anime series was licensed by Viz Media and uploaded to the company 's website . Neuro : Supernatural Detective has spawned a light novel , two audio albums , two video games , and other merchandise .
Neuro : Supernatural Detective 's manga has been popular in Japan , frequently ranking in the weekly Top Ten list of best @-@ selling manga . It has sold over four million volumes as of April 2009 in Japan . The anime , however , has been criticized by fans because it deviates from Matsui 's work , and received a low viewership . Critics of anime and manga often compared it to Case Closed , noting supernatural themes as the only difference between them .
= = Plot = =
The series ' central character is Neuro Nōgami ( 脳噛 ネウロ , Nōgami Neuro ) , a demon who eats mysteries . Because he has eaten every mystery in the demon world , he comes to the human world to feast on the mysteries offered by humans . Because he is a demon , he does not want to make his presence in the human world widely known . He makes an arrangement with a 16 @-@ year @-@ old high school girl Yako Katsuragi ( 桂木 弥子 , Katsuragi Yako ) — who wants to solve the mystery of her father 's murder , which was declared a suicide by the police . They establish a detective agency and , together with former criminal Shinobu Godai ( 吾代 忍 , Godai Shinobu ) and a sentient braid of hair called Akane ( あかねちゃん , Akane @-@ chan ) , solve crimes to feed Neuro 's appetite .
= = Characters = =
= = = Yako 's Detective Agency = = =
Neuro Nōgami ( 脳噛 ネウロ , Nōgami Neuro )
Voiced by : Takehito Koyasu
The title character of the series , Neuro is a demon detective from hell with a very arrogant , sadistic , and self @-@ centered personality . He came to the Human World to look for the Ultimate Mystery , which is " the most complex , the most unfathomable , and so , the most pleasing to the palate " . Upon arriving to the surface , he met Yako and forced her to become the front that Neuro needed to look for mysteries . While working on cases , Neuro usually makes use of his demonic powers and 777 Tools of the Demon World to find and defeat the culprit ( and sometimes to torture Yako , which he enjoys to do on a daily basis ) .
Yako Katsuragi ( 桂木 弥子 , Katsuragi Yako )
Voiced by : Kana Ueda
Yako is a 16 @-@ year @-@ old high school girl and the very first character introduced in the manga . She meets Neuro when he appears and desecrates her father 's shrine while promising to help solve the mystery of her father 's death . This meeting quickly leads to a partnership : Yako becomes Neuro 's cover , pretending to be an investigator while Neuro acts as her assistant . Although at first it seems that Yako 's only purpose is to be there as a cover , she later proves herself worthy by being able to decipher the criminal 's motive by using her ability to understand human psychology , something that proves to be useful in certain cases , given how Neuro is unable to understand how humans " operate " .
Shinobu Godai ( 吾代忍 , Godai Shinobu )
Voiced by : Hiroyuki Yoshino
He is the jack of all trades for the detective 's office and is sometimes referred to as " Neuro 's second slave " . Godai is quick @-@ tempered and yells a lot , but has also been shown to be methodical , responsible , and trustworthy . During the early chapters , Godai worked for a small finance house with criminal connections . However , he was forced to work for Neuro after the latter won the bet for the office by solving their boss 's death . In the manga , he was left to be until Neuro found a use for him , in which the demon then forcibly drags him back to the office , and is currently running an Information Company under Neuro 's supervision .
Akane ( あかねちゃん , Akane )
Akane is a corpse in the wall of the office Neuro took over , who is shown only as a detachable braid of hair , which functions like a hand . Neuro offered to make Yako brush and care for her in exchange for secretarial work . Akane can be taken from the office for short periods of time and can also merge with Yako 's hair to make it longer , which not only gives Akane control over Yako 's natural hair , but if left merged for too long , would make Akane and Yako switch places completely . Akane later appears attached to Yako 's new cell phone .
= = = Tokyo Police Department = = =
Eishi Sasazuka ( 笹塚衛士 , Sasazuka Eishi )
Voiced by : Kōji Yusa
Sasazuka is one of the two police officers assigned to solve the mystery of Yako 's father 's death . He was also a former classmate of Usui and Tsukushi in the police department . After Neuro solves the case of Yako 's father 's death , Sasazuka gives them access to crime scenes , arrests the culprits as Yako points them out , and deals with the aftermath . Sasazuka appears listless and disinterested at times but he has an agile mind , acts very quickly in any emergency , and is an excellent shot . He usually takes a kind and cooperative attitude toward Yako , and is protective of her because of her resemblance to his little sister , but appears to be somewhat suspicious of Neuro . Sasazuka later watches as Neuro unleashes his 777 demon weapons and learns Neuro is a demon . He and Gouda share a mutual disliking but also understanding . Sasazuka has been searching his entire life for the person who killed his family , when he finds out that Sicks killed them , he goes after Sicks turning into a madman and killing everyone in his way . He 's injured by X and then killed by Sicks .
Jun Ishigaki ( 石垣筍 , Ishigaki Jun )
Voiced by : Kōsuke Toriumi
Ishigaki is a young police officer . After the mystery of Yako 's father 's death , Ishigaki becomes Sasazuka 's new partner . As a typical modern young man , Ishigaki is flippant , careless , and has low self @-@ respect . He idolizes Sasazuka , but does not share his feelings that citizens like Neuro and Yako can interfere with police business . He is very interested in all kinds of toys and models and is shown regularly collecting them ; however , they are almost always destroyed by Sasazuka , as he finds Ishigaki 's habit of showing them off ( as well as Ishigaki himself ) annoying ; this attitude is implied to be shared throughout the police department .
Naohiro Usui ( 笛吹直大 , Usui Naohiro )
Voiced by : Hidenobu Kiuchi
The boss of the Tokyo Police department . A hot @-@ tempered but very capable man , he disapproves of incompetent people such as Sasazuka and Yako ( from his point of view ) . He and Eishi went to the same police training school where they were rivals , with Eishi being the better one . The day Eishi 's whole family was killed , Eishi had given up on being the top and gave up on their one sided rivalry . Because of this , Usui could not prove to be the better one and thus holds a slight grudge against Eishi . Sicks thinks of him as the sort of person who is neither " common " nor at the top , but a " middle " man who could arise when the world is in chaos and change history .
Yūya Higuchi ( 篚口結也 , Higuchi Yūya )
Voiced by : Nozomu Sasaki
A nineteen @-@ year @-@ old hacker / detective who works for the police . Although he is far @-@ sighted , he only wears his glasses when using the computer , letting them rest on his forehead the rest of the time . He has a care @-@ free personality but is highly intelligent , and seems to look up to Usui . During the HAL Arc , he was infected with the Electronic Drug to become one of HAL 's guardians , although the infection was only half complete , because he was wearing polarized lenses specially made to protect himself from it . After the HAL arc , he was forced to watch shows on how to be polite drugged with the anti @-@ virus for the Electronic Drug .
Andrew Sixson ( アンドリュー ・ シクソン , Sixton Andrew )
A British investigator dispatched by Interpol . He was an acquaintance of Usui 's , from when the latter was an exchange student in England . Sixson is capable of memorizing vast amounts of information extremely quickly , picking out a single bit of information by listening to multiple radio stations at once , or reading through a stack of papers in an instant . He is a distant relative of the New Bloodline . He was kidnapped , tortured to the point where only his head and his organs remained held up by a metal structure . He was killed by Sick 's underlings and had the skin off his face peeled off so that Sicks could pose as a member of the police .
Shizuka Todoroki ( 等々力 志津香 , Todoroki Shizuka )
A female detective who is a new addition to Sasazuka 's team , though she appeared slightly before her major debut in another case . She is a serious woman who is the opposite of Ishigaki and looks down on him ; she also sees him as a rival for Sasazuka 's approval , whom she has very high opinion of respect for . She was originally believed to be a replacement for Ishigaki , and constantly out did him in various police acts , a fact that more than worried him . However , during her first case in Sasazuka 's team , when she questioned and insulted the criminal 's motives for murder , she was promptly attacked and had to be saved by Sasazuka ; it was then that Sasazuka noted to her that her seriousness was , in a way , a hindrance to her abilities as a detective , a hindrance Ishigaki is noticeably without .
= = = Villians = = =
Aya Asia ( アヤ ・ エイジア , Aya Eishia )
Voiced by : Minami Takayama
A world @-@ class idol and the very first customer ( in the manga ) who comes to Neuro 's office to hire the detective team to figure out who murdered her managers / friends . After the culprit is mistakenly believed to be a crazy fan of Aya , Neuro and Yako reveal ( each through their own ways ) that Aya was the real culprit ; and although she murdered her friends in cold blood , Yako believed that she hired them as a last chance to clear her conscience . Aya 's singing voice not only affects humans , but it also influences plants and insects as seen in her prison conversation room . She is Yako 's confidant when in need of advice and counselling , as they seem to get along very well , even after her arrest , as Aya believes that Yako has somewhat liberated her a bit from her guilt . Her real name is Aya Aizawa .
Sai Kaitou / X ( 怪盗X / サイ , Kaitou Sai )
Voiced by : Romi Paku
Known around the world as Phantom Thief X , is a mysterious human with supernatural powers . He believes himself without an identity and , in a desperate attempt to find one for himself , starts taking people apart and studying their insides to find out something to which he can associate himself with . He kills people and puts them in a red box , so that he can have a better look at their cell structure . He is intrigued by Neuro because of his demonic origins , which he believes will solve his true identity . With that reason , he chases and tries to kill Neuro to see his insides several times .
Ai ( イミナ , Imina )
X 's assistant . Formerly a government @-@ sponsored terrorist who brought down planes , named Imina . She is the one who enforces X 's " Kaitou " image and status by prompting him to take something from each place he murders in : however , X simply takes whatever is closest to him and " gives it away " to Imina , to her apparent displeasure . Depending on the day , she refers X as Master , child , friend , lover , brother , sister or others .
She is killed by Sicks by a bullet wound to her head .
Hisanori Hayasaka ( 早坂久宜 , ' Hayasaka Hisanori )
Hisanori is the older brother . He smuggled in weapons and drugs that he was supposed to be bringing in for the company he worked for , but was actually planning to kill his superior , Mochizuki , in order to take over . Neuro managed to stop him from doing so . Later , he and his brother started " Smiling Face Ltd . " , a company front for smuggling drugs and weapons as well as black @-@ market trading of organs and other illegal things . Hisanori is always seen smiling , a mask he uses to conceal his real ( usually evil ) intentions .
Yukinori Hayasaka ( 早坂幸宜 , Hayasaka Yukinori )
Yukinori is the younger brother , nicknamed " Yuki " . He is originally seen wearing a heavy winter coat at all times , which he uses to hide weapons . He has a great deal of loyalty towards his older brother . In his past , he and his brother lived in a very cold and poor town where everyone looked out for themselves . Their parents left them long ago so they were left to fend for themselves on the street . During that time Yukinori was buried under due to an avalanche and his brother saved his life . Hayasaka joined a criminal company and invites Yukinori to be his subordinate .
Eisuke Harukawa ( 春川英輔 , Harukawa Eisuke )
Voiced by : Masane Tsukayama
A genius neurologist and computer scientist at Sakuba University . He is the creator of HAL and the Electronic ( Denshi ) Drug . After finding out that the Electronic Drug had been used by HAL on hundreds of people rather than his two selected test subjects , he was killed by HAL 's three supercomputer guardians ; his former students Tatsuo , Shiho , and Hiroto . The reason behind creating HAL was so that he could recreate a patient of his , who was slowly losing her self from a mysterious brain disease .
HAL ( 電人 , 「 HAL 」 )
Voiced by : Masane Tsukayama
HAL , also known as Denjin HAL , is an artificial intelligence created by Eisuke Harukawa from a copy of his brainwaves . Created to help Harukawa with his project to recreate the brain of a person from scratch . However , seeing Harukawa 's methods and intelligence as far inferior , he took it upon himself to go to much greater lengths to continue the project . While almost invincible in the digital world , the Electronic ( Denshi ) Drug was used by HAL to brainwash people into protecting the supercomputers that maintained his system . His mystery was the equivalent to a banquet to Neuro ( the greatest mystery the latter has tasted so far in the series ) and upon eating it , Neuro was filled with energy , more than enough to recover from past wounds .
= = = New Bloodline = = =
Sicks ( シックス )
The entity referred as " absolute evil " . Sicks is the current head of the " New Bloodline , " a group of people who distinguish themselves from humanity by the extent to which they have bred ' evil intent ' into their bloodline over the last 7000 or so years , and whose aim is to extinguish humanity from the planet . He is the first person Neuro has truly considered to be an enemy , even saying that it was the first time that he 'd had such an " unpleasant feeling " once he 'd met Sicks in person . Because humans are the creators of Neuro 's " food " , Sicks ' goal of wiping them from the Earth is challenge enough for Neuro . He signs his impressions by leaving the number six as his signature .
Zenjirō Kasai ( 葛西 善二郎 , Kasai Zenjirō )
One of the " Five Fingers " , a fire @-@ obsessed member of the New Bloodline . He infiltrated X 's group as a spy and was instrumental in X 's capture by Sicks . Before he joined the New Bloodline he was a serial arsonist wanted across Japan . He is also Tetsuyuki Homura 's uncle , whom he taught since he was a kid about the " pleasure " of fire . As a member of the New Bloodline , his ability is to manipulate fire , such as being able to burn someone just by contact , and is highly knowledgeable in the field of his element ( e.g. the use of gunpowder ) .
DR ( ディーアール )
The " smallest " of the " Five Fingers " . His name is short for " DRagon " , and also the initials for Daniel Rousseau . He is a member of the New Bloodline from a specialized line with the ability to control water . Ever since he was young , he was academically and athletically talented . He was lucky enough to receive the ability to control water which his parents lacked ; his parents feared him because of that ability . With some of X 's cells transplanted into him , he was capable of transforming his hand into claws .
Genuine ( ジェニュイン , Jeneuing )
The most loyal member to Sicks of the " Five Fingers " . Her name was Jennifer Ewing , a actress for Broadway who captivated all the audience members with ease . As a Bloodline member , her ability is to be able to control the air by infatuating everyone around her and controlling them ; because of this , Kasai usually calls her " witch " . She is a self @-@ declared sadist able to " train " whoever she wants , although her " role " drastically changes when she is around Sicks . After her fight with Neuro in which she unsuccessfully tried to train the latter , he took everything away from her and made her his servant .
Tierra ( テラ , Tera )
Another one of the " Five Fingers " , he is able to control earth and appears during chapters 145 - 152 . He believes that his face is an icon , and that is the most important part . Because of this mindset , he seems able ( but unhappy ) to part with all his earthly possessions . Neuro first encounters him stripped naked because his ( supposed ) fans have left him with nothing at all . He calls himself a " conqueror " because he is a descendant of the Spanish conquistadors . The name " Tierra " , which is Spanish for " earth " , " ground " , or " dirt " , is just an alias . His real name is Pedro Cortézarro Torres .
Vijaya ( チー坊 / ヴァイジャヤ )
A young tanned skin boy who is one of the " Five Fingers " . His name is Chandra Aska Rsunawala , but Godai addresses him by the nickname of " Chi " . His power involves understanding and controlling plants . He creates chemicals and puts them in capsules under his sleeve . The chemicals are able to control forests , turn a stick into a tree , and make plants emit poisonous gas . He refers to himself as a
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to appear about 100 million years ago . Fossil mackerel shark teeth date to the Early Cretaceous . One of the most recently evolved families is the hammerhead shark ( family Sphyrnidae ) , which emerged in the Eocene . The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 66 million years ago , around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs . In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages : one lineage is of white sharks with coarsely serrated teeth and it probably gave rise to the modern great white shark , and another lineage is of white sharks with finely serrated teeth . These sharks attained gigantic proportions and include the extinct megatoothed shark , C. megalodon . Like most extinct sharks , C. megalodon is also primarily known from its fossil teeth and vertebrae . This giant shark reached a total length ( TL ) of more than 16 metres ( 52 ft ) . C. megalodon may have approached a maxima of 20 @.@ 3 metres ( 67 ft ) in total length and 103 metric tons ( 114 short tons ) in mass . Paleontological evidence suggests that this shark was an active predator of large cetaceans .
= = = Taxonomy = = =
Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes . The Elasmobranchii also include rays and skates ; the Chondrichthyes also include Chimaeras . It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group : some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks .
The superorder Selachimorpha is divided into Galea ( or Galeomorphii ) , and Squalea ( or Squalomorphii ) . The Galeans are the Heterodontiformes , Orectolobiformes , Lamniformes , and Carcharhiniformes . Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one clade , but recent studies show the Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade . Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean . The Squaleans are divided into Hexanchoidei and Squalomorpha . The Hexanchoidei includes the Hexanchiformes and Chlamydoselachiformes . The Squalomorpha contains the Squaliformes and the Hypnosqualea . The Hypnosqualea may be invalid . It includes the Squatiniformes , and the Pristorajea , which may also be invalid , but includes the Pristiophoriformes and the Batoidea .
There are more than 470 species of sharks split across thirteen orders , including four orders of sharks that have gone extinct :
Carcharhiniformes : Commonly known as ground sharks , the order includes the blue , tiger , bull , grey reef , blacktip reef , Caribbean reef , blacktail reef , whitetip reef , and oceanic whitetip sharks ( collectively called the requiem sharks ) along with the houndsharks , catsharks , and hammerhead sharks . They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an attack .
Heterodontiformes : They are generally referred to as the bullhead or horn sharks .
Hexanchiformes : Examples from this group include the cow sharks and frilled sharks , which somewhat resembles a marine snake .
Lamniformes : They are commonly known as the mackerel sharks . They include the goblin shark , basking shark , megamouth shark , the thresher sharks , shortfin and longfin mako sharks , and great white shark . They are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction . The Lamniformes also include the extinct megalodon , Carcharodon megalodon .
Orectolobiformes : They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks , including zebra sharks , nurse sharks , wobbegongs , and the whale shark .
Pristiophoriformes : These are the sawsharks , with an elongated , toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey .
Squaliformes : This group includes the dogfish sharks and roughsharks .
Squatiniformes : Also known as angel sharks , they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to stingrays and skates .
† Cladoselachiformes
† Hybodontiformes
† Symmoriida
† Xenacanthida ( Xenacantiformes )
= = Anatomy = =
= = = Teeth = = =
Shark teeth are embedded in the gums rather than directly affixed to the jaw , and are constantly replaced throughout life . Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward in comparison to a conveyor belt ; some sharks lose 30 @,@ 000 or more teeth in their lifetime . The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8 to 10 days to several months . In most species , teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row , which is observed in the cookiecutter shark .
Tooth shape depends on the shark 's diet : those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing , those that feed on fish have needle @-@ like teeth for gripping , and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting . The teeth of plankton @-@ feeders such as the basking shark are small and non @-@ functional .
= = = Skeleton = = =
Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates . Sharks and other cartilaginous fish ( skates and rays ) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue . Cartilage is flexible and durable , yet is about half the normal density of bone . This reduces the skeleton 's weight , saving energy . Because sharks do not have rib cages , they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land .
= = = Jaw = = =
Jaws of sharks , like those of rays and skates , are not attached to the cranium . The jaw 's surface ( in comparison to the shark 's vertebrae and gill arches ) needs extra support due to its heavy exposure to physical stress and its need for strength . It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called " tesserae " , which are crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic . This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals .
Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae , but the jaws of large specimens , such as the bull shark , tiger shark , and the great white shark , have two to three layers or more , depending on body size . The jaws of a large great white shark may have up to five layers . In the rostrum ( snout ) , the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts .
= = = Fins = = =
Fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia , filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers . Most sharks have eight fins . Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail @-@ first direction .
= = = Dermal denticles = = =
Unlike bony fish , sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body . This works as an outer skeleton , providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy . Their dermal teeth give them hydrodynamic advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming .
= = = Tails = = =
Tails provide thrust , making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape . Caudal fin shapes vary considerably between shark species , due to their evolution in separate environments . Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion . This is because the shark 's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion , providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment . This allows more efficient locomotion among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish . By contrast , most bony fish possess a homocercal caudal fin .
Tiger sharks have a large upper lobe , which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed . The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet , whereas the porbeagle shark , which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring , has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast @-@ swimming prey . Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly , such as the thresher shark 's usage of its powerful , elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid .
= = Physiology = =
= = = Buoyancy = = =
Unlike bony fish , sharks do not have gas @-@ filled swim bladders for buoyancy . Instead , sharks rely on a large liver filled with oil that contains squalene , and their cartilage , which is about half the normal density of bone . Their liver constitutes up to 30 % of their total body mass . The liver 's effectiveness is limited , so sharks employ dynamic lift to maintain depth while swimming . Sand tiger sharks store air in their stomachs , using it as a form of swim bladder . Bottom @-@ dwelling sharks , like the nurse shark , have negative buoyancy , allowing them to rest on the ocean floor .
Some sharks , if inverted or stroked on the nose , enter a natural state of tonic immobility . Researchers use this condition to handle sharks safely .
= = = Respiration = = =
Like other fish , sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills . Unlike other fish , shark gill slits are not covered , but lie in a row behind the head . A modified slit called a spiracle lies just behind the eye , which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom – dwelling sharks . Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks . While the shark is moving , water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as " ram ventilation " . While at rest , most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water . A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest . These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move . Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species .
The respiration and circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood travels to the shark 's two @-@ chambered heart . Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral aorta artery where it branches into afferent brachial arteries . Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries , which come together to form the dorsal aorta . The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body . The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior cardinal veins and enters the posterior cardinal sinuses . From there blood enters the heart ventricle and the cycle repeats .
= = = Thermoregulation = = =
Most sharks are " cold @-@ blooded " or , more precisely , poikilothermic , meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their ambient environment . Members of the family Lamnidae ( such as the shortfin mako shark and the great white shark ) are homeothermic and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water . In these sharks , a strip of aerobic red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat , which the body retains via a countercurrent exchange mechanism by a system of blood vessels called the rete mirabile ( " miraculous net " ) . The common thresher shark has a similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature , which is thought to have evolved independently .
= = = Osmoregulation = = =
In contrast to bony fish , with the exception of the coelacanth , the blood and other tissue of sharks and Chondrichthyes is generally isotonic to their marine environments because of the high concentration of urea ( up to 2 @.@ 5 % ) and trimethylamine N @-@ oxide ( TMAO ) , allowing them to be in osmotic balance with the seawater . This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in freshwater , and they are therefore confined to marine environments . A few exceptions exist , such as the bull shark , which has developed a way to change its kidney function to excrete large amounts of urea . When a shark dies , the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria , causing the dead body to gradually smell strongly of ammonia .
= = = Digestion = = =
Digestion can take a long time . The food moves from the mouth to a J @-@ shaped stomach , where it is stored and initial digestion occurs . Unwanted items may never get past the stomach , and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth .
One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is that sharks have much shorter intestines . This short length is achieved by the spiral valve with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube @-@ like intestine . The valve provides a long surface area , requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested , when remaining waste products pass into the cloaca .
= = Senses = =
= = = Smell = = =
Sharks have keen olfactory senses , located in the short duct ( which is not fused , unlike bony fish ) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings , with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater .
Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril . This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound .
They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species , and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls . Some species , such as nurse sharks , have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey .
= = = Sight = = =
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , corneas and retinas , though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum . This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it , thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters . The effectiveness of the tissue varies , with some sharks having stronger nocturnal adaptations . Many sharks can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans , something no teleost fish can do . Sharks have eyelids , but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes . To protect their eyes some species have nictitating membranes . This membrane covers the eyes while hunting and when the shark is being attacked . However , some species , including the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , do not have this membrane , but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey . The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated . Some believe that electro- and chemoreception are more significant , while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important . Presumably , the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant . The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions . The shark 's field of vision can swap between monocular and stereoscopic at any time . A micro @-@ spectrophotometry study of 17 species of shark found 10 had only rod photoreceptors and no cone cells in their retinas giving them good night vision while making them colorblind . The remaining seven species had in addition to rods a single type of cone photoreceptor sensitive to green and , seeing only in shades of grey and green , are believed to be effectively colorblind . The study indicates that an object 's contrast against the background , rather than colour , may be more important for object detection .
= = = Hearing = = =
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks , they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away . A small opening on each side of their heads ( not the spiracle ) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel . The lateral line shows a similar arrangement , and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores . This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound @-@ detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico @-@ lateralis system . In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost .
= = = Electroreception = = =
The ampullae of Lorenzini are the electroreceptor organs . They number in the hundreds to thousands . Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce . This helps sharks ( particularly the hammerhead shark ) find prey . The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal . Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce . Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation .
= = = Lateral line = = =
This system is found in most fish , including sharks . It detects motion or vibrations in water . The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz .
= = Life history = =
Shark lifespans vary by species . Most live 20 to 30 years . The spiny dogfish has the longest lifespan at more than 100 years . Whale sharks ( Rhincodon typus ) may also live over 100 years .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Unlike most bony fish , sharks are K @-@ selected reproducers , meaning that they produce a small number of well @-@ developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young . Fecundity in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle . Sharks mature slowly relative to many other fish . For example , lemon sharks reach sexual maturity at around age 13 – 15 .
= = = = Sexual = = = =
Sharks practice internal fertilization . The posterior part of a male shark 's pelvic fins are modified into a pair of intromittent organs called claspers , analogous to a mammalian penis , of which one is used to deliver sperm into the female .
Mating has rarely been observed in sharks . The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female . In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female 's oviduct . Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during mating . The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior : the male may bite the female to show his interest . In some species , females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites .
= = = = Asexual = = = =
There have been a number of documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through parthenogenesis . The details of this process are not well understood , but genetic fingerprinting showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution , ruling out sperm storage . The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown , as is whether other species have this capability . Mammals are now the only major vertebrate group in which asexual reproduction has not been observed .
Scientists say that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare , and probably a last @-@ ditch effort to reproduce when a mate is not present . Asexual reproduction diminishes genetic diversity , which helps build defenses against threats to the species . Species that rely solely on it risk extinction . Asexual reproduction may have contributed to the blue shark 's decline off the Irish coast .
= = = Brooding = = =
Sharks display three ways to bear their young , varying by species , oviparity , viviparity and ovoviviparity .
= = = = Ovoviviparity = = = =
Most sharks are ovoviviparous , meaning that the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother 's body and that the egg 's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos . The young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct 's fluids . As in viviparity , the young are born alive and fully functional . Lamniforme sharks practice oophagy , where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs . Taking this a step further , sand tiger shark pups cannibalistically consume neighboring embryos . The survival strategy for ovoviviparous species is to brood the young to a comparatively large size before birth . The whale shark is now classified as ovoviviparous rather than oviparous , because extrauterine eggs are now thought to have been aborted . Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas , including bays , river mouths and shallow reefs . They choose such areas for protection from predators ( mainly other sharks ) and the abundance of food . Dogfish have the longest known gestation period of any shark , at 18 to 24 months . Basking sharks and frilled sharks appear to have even longer gestation periods , but accurate data are lacking .
= = = = Oviparity = = = =
Some species are oviparous like most other fish , laying their eggs in the water . In most oviparous shark species , an egg case with the consistency of leather protects the developing embryo ( s ) . These cases may be corkscrewed into crevices for protection . Once empty , the egg case is known as a mermaid 's purse , and can wash up on shore . Oviparous sharks include the horn shark , catshark , Port Jackson shark , and swellshark .
= = = = Viviparity = = = =
Finally some sharks maintain a placental link to the developing young , this method is called viviparity . This is more analogous to mammalian gestation than that of other fishes . The young are born alive and fully functional . Hammerheads , the requiem sharks ( such as the bull and blue sharks ) , and smoothhounds are viviparous .
= = Behavior = =
The classic view describes a solitary hunter , ranging the oceans in search of food . However , this applies to only a few species . Most live far more social , sedentary , benthic lives , and appear likely to have their own distinct personalities . Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds , which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year . Shark migration patterns may be even more complex than in birds , with many sharks covering entire ocean basins .
Sharks can be highly social , remaining in large schools . Sometimes more than 100 scalloped hammerheads congregate around seamounts and islands , e.g. , in the Gulf of California . Cross @-@ species social hierarchies exist . For example , oceanic whitetip sharks dominate silky sharks of comparable size during feeding .
When approached too closely some sharks perform a threat display . This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements , and can vary in intensity according to the threat level .
= = = Speed = = =
In general , sharks swim ( " cruise " ) at an average speed of 8 kilometres per hour ( 5 @.@ 0 mph ) , but when feeding or attacking , the average shark can reach speeds upwards of 19 kilometres per hour ( 12 mph ) . The shortfin mako shark , the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish , can burst at speeds up to 50 kilometres per hour ( 31 mph ) . The great white shark is also capable of speed bursts . These exceptions may be due to the warm @-@ blooded , or homeothermic , nature of these sharks ' physiology . Sharks can travel 70 to 80 km in a day .
= = = Intelligence = = =
Sharks possess brain @-@ to @-@ body mass ratios that are similar to mammals and birds , and have exhibited apparent curiosity and behavior resembling play in the wild .
There is evidence that juvenile lemon sharks can use observational learning in their investigation of novel objects in their environment .
= = = Sleep = = =
All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe , however not all species need to be moving to do this . Those that are able to breathe while not swimming do so by using their spiracles to force water over their gills , thereby allowing them to extract oxygen from the water . It has been recorded that their eyes remain open while in this state and actively follow the movements of divers swimming around them and as such they are not truly asleep .
Species that do need to swim continuously to breathe go through a process known as sleep swimming , in which the shark is essentially unconscious . It is known from experiments conducted on the spiny dogfish that its spinal cord , rather than its brain , coordinates swimming , so spiny dogfish can continue to swim while sleeping , and this also may be the case in larger shark species .
= = Ecology = =
= = = Feeding = = =
Most sharks are carnivorous . Basking sharks , whale sharks , and megamouth sharks have independently evolved different strategies for filter feeding plankton : basking sharks practice ram feeding , whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes , and megamouth sharks make suction feeding more efficient by using the luminescent tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean . This type of feeding requires gill rakers — long , slender filaments that form a very efficient sieve — analogous to the baleen plates of the great whales . The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls . Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding .
Other highly specialized feeders include cookiecutter sharks , which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and marine mammals . Cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal 's size . The lower teeth are particularly sharp . Although they have never been observed feeding , they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal , twisting their bodies to rip off flesh .
Some seabed – dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators . Angel sharks and wobbegongs use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths . Many benthic sharks feed solely on crustaceans which they crush with their flat molariform teeth .
Other sharks feed on squid or fish , which they swallow whole . The viper dogfish has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact . The great white and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals . Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes , and sawsharks either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth @-@ studded rostra .
Many sharks , including the whitetip reef shark are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey . These social sharks are often migratory , traveling huge distances around ocean basins in large schools . These migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources .
= = = Range and habitat = = =
Sharks are found in all seas . They generally do not live in fresh water , with a few exceptions such as the bull shark and the river shark which can swim both in seawater and freshwater . Sharks are common down to depths of 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 7 @,@ 000 ft ) , and some live even deeper , but they are almost entirely absent below 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) . The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a Portuguese dogfish at 3 @,@ 700 metres ( 12 @,@ 100 ft ) .
= = Relationship with humans = =
= = = Attacks = = =
In 2006 the International Shark Attack File ( ISAF ) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks , confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks . The average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4 @.@ 3 .
Contrary to popular belief , only a few sharks are dangerous to humans . Out of more than 470 species , only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal , unprovoked attacks on humans : the great white , oceanic whitetip , tiger , and bull sharks . These sharks are large , powerful predators , and may sometimes attack and kill people . Despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage .
The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks , such as the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 , and through popular fictional works about shark attacks , such as the Jaws film series . Jaws author Peter Benchley , as well as Jaws director Steven Spielberg later attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man @-@ eating monsters .
To help avoid an unprovoked attack , humans should not wear jewelry or metal that is shiny and refrain from splashing around too much .
= = = In captivity = = =
Until recently , only a few benthic species of shark , such as hornsharks , leopard sharks and catsharks , had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more . This gave rise to the belief that sharks , as well as being difficult to capture and transport , were difficult to care for . More knowledge has led to more species ( including the large pelagic sharks ) living far longer in captivity , along with safer transportation techniques that have enabled long distance transportation . For a long time , the great white shark had never been successfully held in captivity for long , but in September 2004 , the Monterey Bay Aquarium successfully kept a young female for 198 days before releasing her .
Most species are not suitable for home aquaria , and not every species sold by pet stores are appropriate . Some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria . Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the nurse shark , which upon reaching adulthood is far too large for typical home aquaria . Public aquaria generally do not accept donated specimens that have outgrown their housing . Some owners have been tempted to release them . Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet ( 90 cm ) and can live up to 25 years .
= = = In Hawaii = = =
Sharks figure prominently in Hawaiian mythology . Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form . A common theme was that a shark @-@ man would warn beach @-@ goers of sharks in the waters . The beach @-@ goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark @-@ man who warned them . Hawaiian mythology also includes many shark gods . Among a fishing people , the most popular of all aumakua , or deified ancestor guardians , are shark aumakua . Kamaku describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark . The body transforms gradually until the kahuna can point the awe @-@ struck family to the markings on the shark 's body that correspond to the clothing in which the beloved 's body had been wrapped . Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet , receiving food , and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger . Like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies . The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery . Many Native Hawaiian families claim such an aumakua , who is known by name to the whole community .
Kamohoali 'i is the best known and revered of the shark gods , he was the older and favored brother of Pele , and helped and journeyed with her to Hawaii . He was able to assume all human and fish forms . A summit cliff on the crater of Kilauea is one of his most sacred spots . At one point he had a heiau ( temple or shrine ) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Molokai . Kamohoali 'i was an ancestral god , not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself . In Fijian mytholog , Dakuwaqa was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls .
= = = In popular culture = = =
In contrast to the complex portrayals by Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders , the European and Western view of sharks has historically been mostly of fear and malevolence . Sharks are used in popular culture commonly as eating machines , notably in the Jaws novel and the film of the same name , along with its sequels . Sharks are threats in other films such as Deep Blue Sea , The Reef , and others , although they are sometimes used for comedic effect such as in Finding Nemo and the Austin Powers series . These comedic effects can sometimes be unintentional , as seen in Batman : The Movie and various Syfy channel films like Dinoshark and Sharktopus .
Sharks tend to be seen quite often in cartoons whenever a scene involves the ocean . Such examples include the Tom and Jerry cartoons , Jabberjaw , and other shows produced by Hanna @-@ Barbera . They also are used commonly as a clichéd means of killing off a character that is held up by a rope or some similar object as the sharks swim right below them , or the character may be standing on a plank above shark infested waters .
= = = Popular misconceptions = = =
A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and cancer , but this is not scientifically supported . Sharks have been known to get cancer . Both diseases and parasites affect sharks . The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few , if any , scientific or statistical studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease . Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent cancer and treat osteoarthritis . No scientific proof supports these claims ; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment .
= = Conservation = =
= = = Fishery = = =
It is estimated that 100 million sharks are killed by people every year , due to commercial and recreational fishing . Shark finning yields are estimated at 1 @.@ 44 million metric tons for 2000 , and 1 @.@ 41 million tons for 2010 . Based on an analysis of average shark weights , this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000 , and about 97 million sharks in 2010 , with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year . Sharks are a common seafood in many places , including Japan and Australia . In the Australian state of Victoria , shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips , in which fillets are battered and deep @-@ fried or crumbed and grilled . In fish and chip shops , shark is called flake . In India , small sharks or baby sharks ( called sora in Tamil language , Telugu language ) are sold in local markets . Since the flesh is not developed , cooking the flesh breaks it into powder , which is then fried in oil and spices ( called sora puttu / sora poratu ) . The soft bones can be easily chewed . They are considered a delicacy in coastal Tamil Nadu . Icelanders ferment Greenland sharks to produce hákarl , which is widely regarded as a national dish . During a four @-@ year period from 1996 to 2000 , an estimated 26 to 73 million sharks were killed and traded annually in commercial markets .
Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup . Fishermen capture live sharks , fin them , and dump the finless animal back into the water . Shark finning involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade . The resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators . Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world . Fins sell for about $ 300 / lb in 2009 . Poachers illegally fin millions each year . Few governments enforce laws that protect them . In 2010 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession , sale , trade or distribution of shark fins . From 1996 to 2000 , an estimated 38 million sharks had been killed per year for harvesting shark fins .
Shark fin soup is a status symbol in Asian countries , and is considered healthy and full of nutrients . Sharks are also killed for meat . European diners consume dogfishes , smoothhounds , catsharks , makos , porbeagle and also skates and rays . However , the U.S. FDA lists sharks as one of four fish ( with swordfish , king mackerel , and tilefish ) whose high mercury content is hazardous to children and pregnant women .
Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish . Harvesting sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations .
The majority of shark fisheries have little monitoring or management . The rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries . Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded — some species have been depleted by over 90 % over the past 20 – 30 years with population declines of 70 % not unusual . A study by the International Union for Conservation of Nature suggests that one quarter of all known species of sharks and rays are threatened by extinction and 25 species were classified as critically endangered .
= = = Other threats = = =
Other threats include habitat alteration , damage and loss from coastal development , pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species . The 2007 documentary , Sharkwater exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction .
= = = Protection = = =
In 1991 , South Africa was the first country in the world to declare Great White sharks a legally protected species .
Intending to ban the practice of shark finning while at sea , the United States Congress passed the Shark Finning Prohibition Act in 2000 . Two years later the Act saw its first legal challenge in United States v. Approximately 64 @,@ 695 Pounds of Shark Fins . In 2008 a Federal Appeals Court ruled that a loophole in the law allowed non @-@ fishing vessels to purchase shark fins from fishing vessels while on the high seas . Seeking to close the loophole , the Shark Conservation Act was passed by Congress in December 2010 , and it was signed into law in January 2011 .
In 2003 , the European Union introduced a general shark finning ban for all vessels of all nationalities in Union waters and for all vessels flying a flag of one of its member states . This prohibition was amended in June 2013 to close remaining loopholes .
In 2009 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red List of Endangered Species named 64 species , one @-@ third of all oceanic shark species , as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning .
In 2010 , the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of scalloped hammerhead , oceanic whitetip and spiny dogfish sharks . The majority , but not the required two @-@ thirds of voting delegates , approved the proposal . China , by far the world 's largest shark market , and Japan , which battles all attempts to extend the convention to marine species , led the opposition . In March 2013 , three endangered commercially valuable sharks , the hammerheads , the oceanic whitetip and porbeagle were added to Appendix 2 of CITES , bringing shark fishing and commerce of these species under licensing and regulation .
In 2010 , Greenpeace International added the school shark , shortfin mako shark , mackerel shark , tiger shark and spiny dogfish to its seafood red list , a list of common supermarket fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries . Advocacy group Shark Trust campaigns to limit shark fishing . Advocacy group Seafood Watch directs American consumers to not eat sharks .
Under the auspices of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) , also known as the Bonn Convention , the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks was concluded and came into effect in March 2010 . It was the first global instrument concluded under CMS and aims at facilitating international coordination for the protection , conservation and management of migratory sharks , through multilateral , intergovernmental discussion and scientific research .
In July 2013 , New York state , a major market and entry point for shark fins , banned the shark fin trade joining seven other states of the United States and the three Pacific U.S territories in providing legal protection to sharks .
= Take It Off ( Kesha song ) =
" Take It Off " is a song by American recording artist and songwriter Kesha , from her debut album , Animal . It was written by Kesha Sebert , Lukasz Gottwald and Claude Kelly and it was produced by Dr. Luke with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . It was released as the fourth and final single from the album on July 13 , 2010 . " Take It Off " ' s initial writing consisted of Kesha attending a drag show and becoming turned on by drag queens taking their clothing off . The song is an upbeat song that uses heavy amounts of auto tune and utilizes an electro infused beat .
Due to strong digital sales from the release of Animal , the song charted in the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada before being announced as a single . After being released as a single the song reached the top ten in Canada , Australia and the United States . With the song reaching the top @-@ ten in the United States , Kesha became only the eleventh artist in history to amass four top @-@ tens from a debut album . As of February 2011 , " Take It Off " has sold over two million copies in the United States .
Two music videos for the single were released . The first video features Kesha and her friends on a distant planet , dancing around in a mosh pit while slowly turning into stardust as the video progresses . The inspiration for the video , according to Kesha , was about shedding your inhibitions and being " raw and real . " The second video released for the song features Jeffree Star and incorporates a more dominant animal theme , while drawing from 80s themed inspiration such as : Tron , David Bowie in Labyrinth , and Revenge of the Nerds . To promote the single Kesha performed " Take It Off " alongside earlier singles " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Tik Tok " on NBC 's The Today Show .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
" Take It Off " was written by Kesha , alongside Dr. Luke and Claude Kelly . It was recorded at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , and at Dr. Luke 's studio in that city . The song was produced by Luke with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . During an interview with Esquire magazine Kesha was asked about her song writing process and used " Take It Off " as an example of how her songs come to fruition . She explained that the song came about when she was out one night and was visiting a transsexual bar , stating , " I have a song [ ... ] called ' Take It Off ' about when I went to a drag show , and how really turned on I was by these transvestite men taking clothes off . I was like , What does that even make me ? " .
= = Composition = =
" Take It Off " is an upbeat dominant song that utilizes a " thumping , electro @-@ infused beat with furious crescendos . " Dr. Luke 's production has been described as a " bubblegummy electro " number that uses a nursery rhyme hook in its delivery . Kesha 's vocals on the song were noted for their heavy amounts of auto @-@ tune . Daniel Brockman from The Phoenix described the song as " a heavily Auto @-@ Tuned reworking " of " There 's a Place in France " . Monica Herrera from Billboard however , felt that the song " lifted heavily from Robert Miles ' 1995 trance @-@ lite hit , " Children . " Lyrically , " Take It Off " discusses opposite @-@ sex objectification and its theme is literal to the title .
According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing , the song is written in common time with a moderate beat rate of 125 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of F minor and has the sequence of D ♭ – E ♭ – Fm as the chord progression . Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of F3 to the note of C5 . Music reviewer Bill Lamb commented on the lyrical writing of the song noting that the lyrics were symbolic , stating , " [ the song ] manages to expand out into an anthem about free expression [ ... ] [ a ] celebration of the power of the night , and a bit of alcohol , to help shed inhibitions of the daytime . " Lamb further commented that the lyrics drew similar reference to that of Lady Gaga 's commenting , " followers of Lady Gaga 's Monster Ball Tour will be familiar with this point of view [ about free expression ] . "
= = Critical reception = =
Amar Toor from AOL Radio gave the song a positive review saying , " Much like the rest of the album , this new song is simply made for the dance floor . And , much like Kesha herself , the track seems to embody relentless , carefree hedonism at its best . " He also noted , " And when Kesha talks about a ' place I know ' , where ' they go hardcore and there 's glitter on the floor ' in the style of a six @-@ grade camp ditty , it 's hard for anyone to not feel the urge to just take it off . " Bill Lamb of About.com gave the single four out of five stars . He was concerned with the overall lyrical depth and over @-@ use of auto @-@ tune but he complimented the song for its " irresistibly catchy beat and chorus " with a " celebratory mood of dropping inhibitions . " He noted that " with the volume turned up and the chorus encouraging you to ' take it off , ' you may just feel inspired to follow the commands . The ultimate effect by the end of the song is very cathartic as it hints strongly that there is more to " take off " than simply clothing . " Andrew Burgess from musicOMH wrote that on the song the singer " oozes swagger . " Melinda Newman of HitFix used " Take It Off " as an example of Kesha 's songwriting , noting that tracks which weren 't over @-@ thought were " fine " . Newman wrote that " thinking too much is what gets Kesha , who co @-@ wrote the songs here , in trouble . She ’ s fine wading in the shallow end with bouncy tunes like the literal ' Take It Off ' . "
Monica Herrera from Billboard magazine criticized the song for its demonstration of overly processed vocals noting how easily an artist can " get lost in a sea of auto @-@ tone " . She went on to state that it " make [ s ] it hard to tell whether the California party girl can actually sing " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy met the song with a mixed review . He commented on the choice of the single , noting " the glimpses of emotion shown on her last offering , ' Your Love Is My Drug ' , are as long gone as her sobriety . " Although he was not completely convinced he wrote , " [ though ] the vocals are more processed than a cheese string [ ... ] the combination of a playful nursery rhyme hook and Dr Luke 's bubblegummy electro production make this a pretty irresistible little dancefloor ditty . " He went on to give the single three out of five stars . Fraser McAlpine of BBC met the song with a mixed review giving the song three out of five stars . Fraser criticized the choice of the song commenting , " there 's a fear that if Kesha reveals that she 's a sensitive young flower after all , with real feelings and a good , pure heart , her appeal with disappear like a soap bubble on a cactus , can it ? " . Nate Adams of No Ripcord was negative in his review of the song , calling it " outright stupid " and noted it would be something commonly heard on a playground . Adams wrote that the song touched on opposite @-@ sex objectification , but wrote that the theme became wearisome on the album , using the song as one of the examples where the theme was overused .
= = Chart performance = =
In January 2010 , due to strong digital sales , the song charted in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers 85 , 45 , and 112 respectively . In the United States , the song re @-@ entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 92 on the issue date of August 7 , 2010 . The song steadily ascended the charts for six weeks before eventually reaching a peak of eight on its eighth week on the chart . With the song charting in the top @-@ ten it became Kesha 's fourth consecutive top @-@ ten single and she became the 11th female artist in history to attain four top @-@ ten singles off of a debut album . In September 2010 , the song received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . With this feat Kesha became the second lead artist , following Lady Gaga , to achieve four million selling songs in 2010 . The song later crossed the two million paid downloads mark in February 2011 , becoming her fifth song to do so . As of June 2011 , the song has sold 2 @,@ 134 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In Canada , following its debut on the chart from Animal 's release , the song ascended and descended the chart for 12 weeks before eventually dropping off the chart . On July 13 , 2010 , the song re @-@ entered the chart at 86 . After ascending the chart for seven weeks the single reached an eventual peak of eight . In the United Kingdom , the song was listed on the UK Singles Chart for one week , dropping off the following week . On the issue date of August 28 , 2010 the single re @-@ entered the chart at 44 . After steadily ascending the charts , the song eventually reached a peak of 15 . In New Zealand , " Take It Off " entered the chart at 32 on the issue date of July 12 , 2010 . In the succeeding week the single rose ten spots to attain position 22 . The song has since been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . After eight more weeks of steadily ascending the charts the single reached a peak of 11 on its tenth total week on the chart . On August 22 , 2010 the single entered the Australian Singles Chart at 29 . The song ascended the chart for three weeks eventually reaching a peak of five . It has since been certified two times Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140 @,@ 000 units .
= = Music videos = =
= = = First version = = =
The original video for " Take It Off " premiered on Vevo on August 3 , 2010 . It was directed by Paul Hunter and Dori Oskowitz . Kesha revealed the main idea behind the video in an interview explaining that " [ the video was ] about [ her ] and all [ her ] hot vampire babe friends breaking into a hotel on another planet , and at the end we all turn into this beautiful stardust . Once you take it all off , all your inhibitions , your clothes , we 're all made up of the same thing . " She explained that she did not want the video to just be about " Taking it off " , that the message behind the video and the theme wasn 't " just about taking off your clothes and rolling in glitter . It 's also about taking off your inhibitions and being raw and real " .
The video starts off with Kesha seen on a motorcycle . She proceeds to walk as her friends follow behind her as they enter a motel area . As the chorus of the song starts , Kesha and her friends start to run around the motel dancing and jumping off railings . The friends gather around an empty pool and start tearing at each other 's clothing ; While this is happening it is revealed they that are on a different planet and Kesha is seen rolling around in sand . Slowly as some of the friends start taking off their clothing , they begin to turn into star dust . The group starts to dance in the pool with some of the party goers exploding into dust . The remainder of the friends continue to dance in the dust that is now covering the bottom of the pool . As this is happening they all begin to lose different parts of their bodies as they explode into multicolored star dust . The video ends with everyone as dust with Kesha beginning to " unzip " herself as she turns into yellow dust .
Jocelyn Vena of MTV News met the video with a positive review . She noted that Kesha " manages to embrace her inner party animal and throw a neon @-@ colored party at an abandoned motel in the middle of nowhere . " She stated that " While the concept of " a lot of pretty people dancing at dusk " is pretty simple , the neon colors manage to amp up the video , as does the colored sand that 's thrown around in the air and mixed with glitter . " Her conclusion of the video and of Kesha was that as simple as it may be , " she manages to be both sexy and fun while rolling around in the desert . " Melinda Newman of HitFix criticized the video 's first half , calling it " predictable . " The video 's second half , however , was met with praise with Newman commenting that the ' special effects at the end almost redeem it . "
= = = Second version = = =
The song 's second video was released via Kesha 's YouTube account . She revealed the video 's completion , release and inspiration through a video description quote saying , " heyy to all my fans ! so me [ and ] my friends were bored and we were really channeling some 80 's [ inspiration ] ( Tron , David Bowie in Labyrinth , and Revenge of the Nerds . ) and we made this new video for take it off. it was really fun to make. i hope you guys like it " . The video was directed by Skinny . This version of the video is known as " Take it Off ( K $ N ' Friends Version ) " .
The video begins with a scene of a leopard with glowing blue eyes ( later revealed to be Kesha ) walking down an alleyway . The song 's title flashes on the screen and the video pans to Kesha . She walks down the alleyway with two men who grab another man . Kesha spray @-@ paints a dollar sign on his chest . They come to a party where she and her friends flash their tattooed dollar signs on their wrists and forearms in order to enter . As they enter , everyone starts dancing and the party @-@ goers ' faces are shown changing into different animals ' . In the following scene , Kesha is seen sitting on a chair with two men by her side . Jeffree Star then approaches Kesha . Kesha and Star engage in a choreographed dance battle ; Star then shoots Kesha with a laser chain saw which she deflects with her bracelet , Kesha responds by shooting lasers out of her hands , killing Star . After the battle the party @-@ goers crawl around Kesha and she is seen holding a gold cup with a blue foaming liquid spilling over the top of the glass . As Kesha gives the party goers a drink , their faces turn into different kinds of animals . The video ends with everyone dancing and turning into half animal humans , Kesha however , drinks from the cup and turns back into a leopard .
= = Live performances = =
On August 13 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Take It Off " alongside earlier singles " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Tik Tok " on NBC 's The Today Show . In the performance , she is seen wearing boots , fishnets , glitter shorts and a loose tank top . By the second verse , her dancers , that are dressed in black start to undress as the chorus starts , revealing gold shirts and tank @-@ tops . The performance featured smoke machines with Kesha playing notes on an electric keyboard while crawling on the floor . She has also performed the song in a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . " Take It Off " was performed on November 21 , 2010 , at the 2010 American Music Awards . The performance started off with Kesha opening with " Take It Off " while playing on the keyboard wearing a glowing robot helmet ; she soon transitioned into " We R Who We R " . Kesha also performed the song during her first concert tour , titled Get Sleazy Tour . The song were performed just next to the opening track , " Sleazy " .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Take It Off " – 3 : 35
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Conway Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California , and at Dr. Luke 's studio , Los Angeles , California .
Personnel
Songwriting – Kesha Sebert , Lukasz Gottwald , Claude Kelly
Production – Dr. Luke
Production coordination – Vanessa Sikberman , Megan Dennis , Becky Scott
Instruments and programming – Dr. Luke
Vocal Editing – Emily Wright
Background Vocals – Claude Kelly , Aniela Gottwald , Tatiana Gottwald , Lukasz Gottwald , Graham Bryce
Engineering – Emily Wright , Sam Holland
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Animal , Kemosabe Recordings , RCA Records .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= = Radio add dates = =
= Jimmy Rollins =
James Calvin " Jimmy " Rollins ( born November 27 , 1978 ) , nicknamed " J @-@ Roll " , is an American professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies from 2000 to 2014 , Los Angeles Dodgers in 2015 and Chicago White Sox in 2016 .
After growing up in Alameda , California , and attending Encinal High School , Rollins was drafted by the Phillies in the second round of the 1996 MLB draft , spending most of five seasons with Phillies minor league teams before earning a promotion to the MLB team .
In Philadelphia , Rollins earned a reputation as an excellent defensive shortstop . In July 2001 , Rollins became the Phillies ' leadoff hitter , a role he retained for almost ten years . He made three All @-@ Star Game appearances early in his career . While a Phillie , Rollins compiled a 38 @-@ game hitting streak , which spanned the end of the 2005 season and the start of the 2006 season , the longest in team history . Rollins was named the National League Most Valuable Player in 2007 , as the Phillies won their division in the first of five consecutive seasons . He was also a key component of the 2008 World Series champion team . In his final season with the Phillies , he became the franchise 's all @-@ time leader in hits . During the offseason , he was traded to the Dodgers for the 2015 season .
= = Family and background = =
Rollins grew up in Alameda as a member of an athletic family . His mother played competitive fastpitch softball , and credits the experience for helping him develop a cerebral approach to the game as well as a passion for the middle infield ; he has been described as having " a near @-@ photographic memory of games and at @-@ bats and pitches " . Rollins ' brother , Antwon , played with minor league affiliates of the Texas Rangers and the Montreal Expos . His sister , Shay Rollins , was a starter on the University of San Francisco 's women 's basketball team , and he is the cousin of former MLB player Tony Tarasco . Despite the athletes in his family , his father encouraged Rollins to pursue music as well as baseball ; Rollins played the trumpet while growing up , and participated in various MC Hammer and Mavis Staples music videos during his adolescent years .
Rollins attended Encinal High School in Alameda , graduating in 1996 . His parents refused to let him continue playing football , instead directing him to focus on baseball . He finished his high school baseball career as the holder of 10 school records , including highest batting average ( .484 ) , and most stolen bases ( 99 ) . For his performance , USA Today named him a member of its All @-@ USA High School Baseball Team , and Baseball America named him the top infielder in Northern California as well as a second @-@ team All @-@ American . He committed to play college baseball at Arizona State University on a scholarship , but after " effusive " praise from Phillies Bay Area scout Bob Poole , the team drafted him in the second round of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Minor leagues : 1996 – 2000 = = =
After being drafted by the Phillies in the second round of the 1996 draft , Rollins was assigned to the rookie @-@ league Martinsville Phillies . He led the team in walks and stole 20 bases , but batted only .238 . However , he still earned a promotion to low @-@ A Piedmont for the 1997 season . The youngest player on the team at age 18 , Rollins led the team in games played , at @-@ bats , runs , hits , triples , stolen bases , and walks all in the same year . He batted .270 , stole 46 bases , and had 560 at @-@ bats , over 100 more than second @-@ place Dave Francia . For his performance , he was named a co @-@ winner of the Paul Owens Award , given to the Phillies ' top minor league player . At the end of the season he played in the Florida Instructional League .
Rollins was promoted to high @-@ A Clearwater in 1998 . While playing alongside future Phillies teammates Pat Burrell , Johnny Estrada , Adam Eaton , and Brandon Duckworth , Rollins batted .244 with 18 doubles and 23 stolen bases ; once again , he was the youngest player on the team . Eaton , Burrell , and Rollins were all promoted to AA Reading together the next year , and Rollins led the team in games and at @-@ bats , as well as hits . His 145 hits gave him an average of .273 , and led to a late @-@ season promotion to Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre , where he played four games . In 2000 , he led Scranton in games played , doubles , and triples , and helped lead the team to the playoffs .
Rollins received a September callup to the Phillies . He debuted on September 17 against the Florida Marlins and had two hits in four at @-@ bats in the game , with his first MLB hit being a triple off of Chuck Smith of the Marlins . He batted .321 in 14 games , stealing three bases and batting in five runs . After the season , Baseball America named him the Phillies ' top organizational prospect . He was a finalist for the United States national baseball team to participate in the 2000 Olympics , but did not survive the final cut .
= = = Philadelphia Phillies = = =
= = = = 2001 – 2014 = = = =
Rollins spent the entire 2001 season with the major league Phillies and hit his first MLB home run on May 2 off of Brian Bohanon of the Colorado Rockies . He achieved several statistical milestones , including a " quadruple @-@ double " ( double digit doubles , triples , home runs , and stolen bases ) . Moreover , he led the National League in triples and stolen bases , becoming the first rookie to do so since 1951 , as well as leading the NL in at bats . He was a member of the NL all @-@ star team in the 2001 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , the Phillies only representative . In July , he took over from Doug Glanville as the Phillies ' leadoff hitter , a role he seldom ceded for nearly a decade . At the conclusion of the season , the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum named him the co @-@ winner of the Cool Papa Bell Award , given to the stolen bases leader , MLB managers voted him to the Topps Major League Rookie All @-@ Star team , and Baseball America named him the fifth @-@ best rookie in MLB .
Entering the 2002 season , despite his youth , Rollins sought to be a leader in the Phillies ' clubhouse ; an article in The Philadelphia Inquirer said , " Rollins , even at just 23 years old , may now have the clout needed to be a stern voice that makes a difference in the clubhouse and on the field . " Rollins ' season was characterized by a strong first half , and a " sophomore jinx " at the plate that plagued him in the second half of the season . For his performance in the early months of the season , he earned his second consecutive selection to the MLB All @-@ Star game , in doing so becoming the first Phillie and first MLB shortstop ever to reach the game in each of his first two seasons . After the all @-@ star game , however , he struggled at the plate , striking out frequently and chasing many high pitches that were out of the strike zone . Ultimately , Rollins finished the season among the NL leaders in defensive statistics – he compiled a .980 fielding percentage ( second in NL ) , 695 total chances ( third in NL ) , 504 assists ( fourth in NL ) , and 226 putouts ( fifth in NL ) . Meanwhile , offensively , he regressed from his 2001 campaign , posting a .245 batting average with 11 home runs , but still leading the NL with 10 triples ; he stole 31 bases , 15 fewer than he did in 2001 . After the season , he participated in the Major League Baseball Japan All @-@ Star Series .
Prior to the 2003 season , he worked with Tony Gwynn on skills at the plate , predominantly using the whole field and being more of a " slap hitter " . However , he began the season slowly , sustaining a hamstring injury in spring training that hindered his progress , and ultimately struggling at
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in the " AllStars " campaign launched by the company . Hilfiger spoke about the sponsorship saying ,
" My passion for music has always inspired my designs . This year we have really put music in the forefront of everything we do . Britney represents the spirit of Tommy Jeans and of youth today . I cannot think of a better way to continue this exciting year by sponsoring one of today 's hottest , young recording artists " .
The secondary sponsor was supposed to be Nestlé , but they pulled out soon after provocative photographs of Spears shot by David LaChapelle were published in Rolling Stone . Tour dates were released through Pollstar on April 9 , 1999 , with the tour kicking off on June 28 , 1999 , in Pompano Beach , Florida . Several dates were added and rescheduled , and the complete schedule was released two months later .
Spears talked to CNN about her involvement during the development of the tour , stating that she had designed the entire tour herself , including costumes and concept . Spears worked with fashion designer Gia Ventola to create the costumes for her and the dancers . The proscenium stage was simple and had only one main prop , a staircase in the middle . The band was in both sides of the staircase and consisted of five musicians . There were also six dancers , that took the stage during interludes . The setlist consisted of eight songs from her debut album and several covers by well @-@ known artists .
= = Concert synopsis = =
The show began with a dance introduction by Spears ' dancers among smoke effects . She appeared shortly after at the top of the staircase wearing a hot pink vinyl tube top and white vinyl pants with pink knee patches , to perform " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " . In " Soda Pop " she danced and interacted with the audience , before leaving the stage while her dancers continued . She appeared sitting on the staircase to sing " Born to Make You Happy " and " From the Bottom of My Broken Heart " . The show continued with a dance interlude set to Madonna 's " Vogue " in which she named Madonna and Janet Jackson as her biggest inspirations . She then took the stage to perform a cover of Madonna 's " Material Girl " . After this , she performed two covers of Janet Jackson songs , " Black Cat " and " Nasty " . She ended the section with a performance of Sonny & Cher 's " The Beat Goes On " , accompanied by psychedelic lights . After a dance interlude , she performed the album track " I Will Be There " and a cover of " Open Arms " by Journey , ending with a smile at the top of the staircase . After " Sometimes " , she waved and left the stage . The encore consisted of a performance of " ... Baby One More Time " , in which Spears wore a black bra under pink halter , a pink sequined plaid mini @-@ skirt , and black thigh @-@ high stockings .
= = Critical reception = =
The tour garnered generally positive reviews from critics . Jeffrey Haney of the Deseret News described the show as " funky and flashy " . A reporter from USA Today called Spears ' performance " assured and energetic " . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News pointed out that Spears seemed to have two personas during the show , one when singing songs from her album and a more edgy look when singing the covers . He also added that " Spears ' nods to edginess no doubt reflects her desire to grow into a more mature career " . Jane Ganahl of the San Francisco Chronicle said that " she may be somewhat entertaining , but she 's also just another prefab act – longer on packaging than actual talent " .
= = Broadcasts and recordings = =
In August 1999 , the concert in Orlando , Florida was filmed for the Disney Channel in Concert series which Spears was also joined by New Kids On The Block member Joey McIntyre ( who was embarking on his solo career ) . The concert entitled Britney Spears & Joey McIntyre in Concert aired on October 16 , 1999 . In the special , Spears performed 7 songs in front of the Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith attraction at the Disney MGM Studios . It also featured Spears visiting her former routes working at the park during her year 's of the Mickey Mouse Club and shopping at Downtown Disney with her dancers .
= = Opening acts = =
C @-@ Note ( North America ) ( select venues )
Steps ( North America ) ( select venues )
Boyz N Girlz United ( North America ) ( select venues )
Joey McIntyre ( North America ) ( Orlando show only )
P.Y.T. ( North America ) ( select venues )
Michael Fredo ( North America ) ( select venues )
3rd Storee ( North America ) ( select venues )
Divine ( North America ) ( select venues )
Sky ( Canada ) ( select venues )
= = Set list = =
" ( You Drive Me ) Crazy "
" Soda Pop "
" Born to Make You Happy "
" From the Bottom of My Broken Heart "
" Vogue " ( Dance Interlude )
80 's Medley :
" Material Girl " ( Madonna cover )
" Black Cat " ( Janet Jackson cover )
" Nasty " ( Janet Jackson cover )
" The Beat Goes On "
" I Will Be There "
" Open Arms "
" Sometimes "
... Baby One More Time "
Source :
= = Tour dates = =
Music festivals and other miscellaneous performances
Cancellations and rescheduled shows
= San Marino national football team =
The San Marino national football team ( Italian : Nazionale di calcio di San Marino ) is the national football team of San Marino , controlled by the San Marino Football Federation ( FSGC ) . The team represents the second smallest population , of any UEFA member .
The first official game played by a San Marino team was a 4 – 0 defeat in a European Championships qualifier by Switzerland in 1990 . Previously , a San Marino side had lost 1 – 0 to a Canadian Olympic team in 1986 , but this was not an official match . Since making their competitive bow , San Marino have competed in qualifying for every European Championships and World Cup , but have never won a match in either competition . They have only ever won one game , beating Liechtenstein 1 – 0 in a friendly match on 28 April 2004 .
Until November 2014 San Marino were tied in last place in the FIFA World Rankings , a run that lasted since the rankings were given a new calculation methodology . They were tied for last with Bhutan , ( 208th ) in the October 2014 rankings , a 0 – 0 draw with Estonia during the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds ensured their departure from the foot of the rankings . The national side made their first away goal in fourteen years against another Baltic side , Lithuania during the same qualifying rounds .
= = History = =
Though the San Marino Football Federation formed in 1931 , the federation did not establish a national team until 1986 , when a team representing the Federation played Canada 's Olympic team in an unofficial international . San Marino gained affiliation to governing bodies FIFA and UEFA in 1988 , allowing the team to participate in major championships . Prior to this , Sammarinese players had been considered Italian in international football contexts .
San Marino 's first match in a FIFA sanctioned competition was against Switzerland on 14 November 1990 in a qualifier for the 1992 European Championships . San Marino lost 4 – 0 , and went to lose all eight qualifiers . The team particularly struggled in away matches , losing every one by at least four goals . San Marino scored only one goal , a penalty in a 3 – 1 defeat at home by Romania , and conceded 33 goals in total .
For their first World Cup qualifying campaign , San Marino were drawn in a group with England , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland and Turkey . The opening match resulted in a 10 – 0 hammering at the hands of Norway . The return match was less one @-@ sided , finishing 2 – 0 to the Norwegians . A 4 – 1 defeat in Turkey saw San Marino score their first World Cup goal , and a 0 – 0 draw against the same opposition on 10 March 1993 gave them their first ever point . In their final qualifier , against England , Davide Gualtieri scored the fastest goal in World Cup Qualifying history — after 8 @.@ 3 seconds — though the team went on to lose 7 – 1 . San Marino finished the campaign with one point , and conceded 46 goals in 10 matches .
The team 's qualification campaign for Euro 1996 followed a similar pattern to that of the previous European championships , as they lost every game . A match away to Finland gave San Marino their first goal away from home in the European championships , but the team lost 4 – 1 . Their only other goal came in a 3 – 1 home defeat by the Faroe Islands ; the two wins over San Marino were the only points gained by the Faroe Islands in the group . In the return match , a 3 – 0 scoreline in Toftir , is the Faroe Islands record competitive win .
Even by Sammarinese standards , qualification for the 1998 World Cup was disappointing . Losing every game by three goals or more , San Marino failed to score a single goal . This is the only World Cup qualifying tournament in which they have failed to score . Qualification for Euro 2000 again resulted in defeats in every game . The closest game was against Cyprus , a 1 – 0 defeat on 18 November 1998 .
In April 2001 , San Marino gained their first ever away point , drawing 1 – 1 with Latvia in Riga . The team ended the 2002 World Cup qualifying group with a new best of three goals , though one of these came in a 10 – 1 defeat by Belgium . In Euro 2004 qualifying San Marino lost all eight matches , failing to score . The closest result was a 1 – 0 home defeat by Latvia , with the winner scored in the last minute .
In April 2004 , San Marino gained their first , and as of September 2012 only , win in their 65th attempt , a 1 – 0 victory over Liechtenstein in a friendly on 28 April 2004 courtesy of a fifth @-@ minute goal by Andy Selva . The match was Martin Andermatt 's debut as Liechtenstein manager . Results during qualification for the 2006 World Cup followed a similar vein to previous qualifying groups . Matches were generally one @-@ sided defeats , with the exception of single goal defeats at home by Lithuania and Belgium .
San Marino 's opening Euro 2008 qualifying match resulted in a record 13 – 0 defeat at home by Germany on 6 September 2006 . They scored only twice and conceded fifty @-@ seven goals in losing all twelve matches , although the home matches against Ireland , Cyprus and Wales were each lost by a single goal .
In the qualification tournament for the 2010 World Cup , they lost all ten matches played and failed to qualify . They conceded 47 goals in those fixtures , including 10 in a defeat by Poland , which became Poland 's highest scoring victory of all time , and scored just once , in a 3 – 1 defeat by Slovakia . Qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 started in a similar way , the first nine matches all being defeats with an aggregate of 49 goals conceded and none scored , their best result being a one @-@ goal loss to Finland at home , with the worst being a heavy 11 – 0 loss to the Netherlands , which became the Netherlands ' highest scoring victory of all time and San Marino 's worst @-@ ever away defeat . This was then followed up by two lighter defeats , a 5 – 0 home loss against Sweden , before completing the campaign with a 4 – 0 away loss to Moldova .
On 10 September 2013 , Alessandro Della Valle scored San Marino 's first competitive goal for 5 years . With the score 0 – 1 to Poland in the Serravalle stadium , he headed in a free @-@ kick in the 22nd minute , beating A.F.C. Bournemouth goalkeeper Artur Boruc at his front post . Poland then regained the lead a minute later , winning 5 – 1 . It was the first international goal of any kind scored by San Marino since the national team lost 3 – 2 at home to Malta , the sole time the national team has scored more than once in any given international at senior level .
On 15 November 2014 , San Marino drew 0 – 0 at home against Estonia . It was the first time in 10 years that the team had not lost a game , ending a 61 – match losing streak , and securing the country 's first ever point in a European Championship qualifier .
= = Stadium = =
San Marino play home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a municipally owned stadium in Serravalle which also hosts the matches of club side San Marino Calcio . It has a capacity of 7 @,@ 000 . Crowds are low , and on occasion travelling supporters outnumber the Sammarinese support . For example , in the fixture against the Republic of Ireland in February 2007 , 2 @,@ 500 of the 3 @,@ 294 crowd were Irish supporters .
San Marino have played two " home " matches outside their borders . For World Cup qualifiers against England and the Netherlands in 1993 the Stadio Renato Dall 'Ara in Bologna was used .
= = Reputation = =
San Marino once had the smallest population of any UEFA country , until the May 2013 election of Gibraltar . The republic has never won a competitive fixture and its poor record has led the country to gain a very low reputation in world football . A 2004 1 – 0 friendly win against Liechtenstein remains their sole victory to date .
The national side is mainly composed of amateur players . Only a small number of players are professionals , with many holding second jobs outside of the sport . Their 13 – 0 defeat at home by Germany is a European Championship record , and they have conceded ten goals on four other separate occasions . In media terms they are constantly referred to as the ' whipping boys ' , a remark regarding their emphatic number of goals conceded in each tournament entered .
In the FIFA World Rankings , San Marino traditionally have the lowest rank of any UEFA country . Since the creation of FIFA rankings in 1992 , San Marino 's average position has been 176th .
In 2001 , Latvia manager Gary Johnson resigned after failing to beat San Marino in a World Cup qualifier . The Republic of Ireland 's 2 – 1 win in February 2007 ( due to a last @-@ second goal ) resulted in scathing press criticism .
San Marino set a European record when they went over 20 games without scoring between October 2008 and August 2012 . On 8 September 2015 , San Marino scored its first away goal in 14 years when Matteo Vitaioli scored against Lithuania in Euro 2016 qualification .
= = Results and fixtures = =
= = San Marino all @-@ time record against all nations = =
Matches official
As of 4 June 2016
Matches unofficial
As of 15 October 2013
= = List of matches the San Marino team did not lose = =
= = World Cup record = =
= = European Championship record = =
1960 to 1988 – Did not enter
1992 to 2016 – Did not qualify
= = Managers = =
From 1986 to present days :
= = Players = =
= = = Current squad = = =
Players called up for the friendly match against Croatia on 4 June 2016.Caps and goals as of 4 June 2016 after the game against Croatia .
= = = Recent call @-@ ups = = =
The following players have been called up in the last twelve months .
= = Coaching staff = =
= = Kit manufacturers = =
= = Records = =
In January 2006 , the Sammarinese Football Association named Massimo Bonini as their greatest ever player . Three @-@ times Italian Serie A champion , he is the only Sammarinese player to have won an official international competition including the European Champions ' Cup and the Intercontinental Cup . Bonini represented Italy at under @-@ 21 level in the early 1980s , and he played for Juventus from 1981 to 1988 , but was prevented from gaining full honours due to a rule change . By the time San Marino became a full UEFA member , Bonini was in his thirties , but gained 19 caps between 1990 and 1995 .
After retiring from playing , Bonini became San Marino 's manager , succeeding Giorgio Leoni . He held the position until 1998 , when he was replaced by Giampaolo Mazza . As of 2012 , Mazza is the longest @-@ serving manager of any European national team . Though he gave up his position after their 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualification campaign , giving way to former u @-@ 21s boss Pierangelo Manzaroli .
The appearance record for San Marino is held by Andy Selva , whose 68 caps and he also is the record goalscorer with 8 goals .
San Marino 's player Davide Gualtieri scored the fastest goal ever in a Fifa match against England . In the match , which took place in Bologna , Italy , San Marino had the kick @-@ off and the ball was quickly played through the inside @-@ right channel . England defender Stuart Pearce attempted a back @-@ pass to goalkeeper David Seaman . Pearce 's pass was under @-@ hit and Gualtieri ran on to touch the ball past Seaman . The goal was timed at 8 @.@ 3 seconds , which remains the fastest World Cup goal scored in either qualifying or the finals . England took 20 minutes to equalise and eventually finished winning the match 7 – 1 .
= = = Most appearances = = =
= = = All goalscorers = = =
= The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show =
" The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of the animated television sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 9 , 1997 . In the episode , The Itchy & Scratchy Show attempts to regain viewers by introducing a hip new character named Poochie , whose voice is provided by Homer . The episode is largely self @-@ referential and satirizes the world of television production , fans of The Simpsons and the series itself . It was written by David X. Cohen , and directed by Steven Dean Moore . Alex Rocco is a credited guest voice as Roger Meyers , Jr. for the third and final time ( having previously provided the character 's voice in " Itchy & Scratchy & Marge " and " The Day the Violence Died " ) , and Phil Hartman guest stars as Troy McClure . Poochie would become a minor recurring character and Comic Book Guy 's catchphrase , " Worst episode ever , " is introduced in this episode . With " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , the show 's 167th , The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones in the number of episodes produced for a prime @-@ time animated series .
= = Plot = =
The ratings of the Itchy & Scratchy Show segment of the Krusty the Clown Show suddenly fail . Krusty orders the cartoon 's producer , Roger Meyers , to find a way to fix the sagging ratings , or else a Chinese cartoon will replace Itchy and Scratchy . Meyers decides to commission a focus group to discover why Itchy and Scratchy has lost its popularity .
Bart and Lisa participate in the study , by watching cartoons and answering the questions . However , things do not go very well , with the children in the focus group contradicting themselves when explaining what they want ( they argue that Itchy and Scratchy should be both more realistic and more fantastical ) . Eventually , Lisa says that there was nothing wrong with Itchy and Scratchy in the first place ; rather , the characters had simply lost their novelty , and with it , the impact they once had on their audience . Meyers thanks Lisa for " saving " Itchy and Scratchy , and decides that his cartoon 's salvation lies in a new character . He tells Krusty and his team of writers that this new character should be a dog with " attitude " , who will be called Poochie .
Bart and Lisa suggest Homer to have a go at voice acting when they read that there will be open auditions . Homer auditions to read for Poochie 's voice , and gets the part . He and June Bellamy , his fellow voice actor , make several publicity stops to promote Poochie , where Homer confronts the show 's hardcore fans . Homer invites all of his friends and relatives to the screening of the first Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show . However , the cartoon is full of clichés and asinine antics , and by emphasizing Poochie , contains none of the show 's trademark violence . Everyone except Homer finds the episode unimpressive . Meyers is forced to admit that Poochie 's debut was a dud , and he decides to get rid of the character .
Homer learns that Poochie will be killed off , and resolves to keep Poochie alive . At his next recording session , rather than reading from the script , he implores the audience , through lines that he wrote , to give Poochie a fair chance . The writing team is uninterested with Homer 's statement , and he is led to believe that the comments will be in the next cartoon . So , Meyers dubs the line " I have to go now . My planet needs me . " into the dialogue , and the animation cel containing Poochie is yanked out of view . A statement attesting to the dog 's demise ( he died on the way back to his home planet ) is hurriedly edited into the cartoon ; the in @-@ studio audience cheers wildly as Krusty promises that Poochie is gone for good and signs a law preventing him from ever returning . Homer feels betrayed but , after realizing he never got paid for his efforts , attributes the affair to the nature of show business .
Throughout the episode , a man named Roy comes to live with the Simpsons . When Lisa remarks that new characters are just a desperate effort to boost shows with low ratings , Roy appears out of nowhere . He has a few minor lines and calls Homer " Mr. S. "
= = Production = =
" The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " was written by David S. Cohen and directed by Steven Dean Moore . The episode was conceived as a commentary on what it was like to work on a television show that had long been on the air , but was considered to be nearing its end . This was intended to show that The Simpsons could still be good after eight seasons , even though it no longer had the " shock value " it did in the early years . Before production of season 8 began , several executives at Fox suggested the staff add a new character to the show , who would live with the Simpsons on a permanent basis , in a bid to freshen up the series . The writers found the suggestion , usually considered a sign of desperation to boost a flagging series , amusing , therefore much of the episode revolves around this trope . Parallel to the episode 's main plot , where Poochie is introduced on The Itchy & Scratchy Show to boost its ratings , the writers inserted the one @-@ time character Roy , a college @-@ aged man who is shown to be living with the Simpsons , with no explanation as to his character or presence , as a reference to the executives ' proposal . Roy was originally conceived for the " Time and Punishment " segment of the season six episode " Treehouse of Horror V " , living with the Simpsons in one of the alternate realities , as a second , teenage son in the family .
Cohen 's initial vision for Poochie was that he would be annoying to fans because he was wealthy , aloof and unlikeable . In the episode 's DVD commentary he read his script for the first cartoon featuring Itchy , Scratchy , and Poochie :
As with other episodes centering on the production of The Itchy & Scratchy Show , such as " The Front " , the show 's staff are shown . Almost all of them are based on the actual staff of The Simpsons . In the first scene at the production table the person in the lower right corner , wearing a squid T @-@ shirt , is Cohen . On the left side , the furthest away is Bill Oakley with Josh Weinstein next to him . Next to Weinstein is George Meyer , who is the writer who speaks out and gets fired . The animator shown designing Poochie is supervising director David Silverman . As Silverman plays the tuba , one was drawn into the background of the scene . Other writers who appear include Dan McGrath , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Donick Cary , Ron Hauge , Ned Goldreyer , and Mike Scully , who had to be added in later , as the animators " didn 't have his photo " from which to get an accurate likeness .
This episode also features the first mention of Comic Book Guy 's soon @-@ to @-@ be catchphrase " Worst . Episode . Ever . " , which was taken from the alt.tv.simpsons newsgroup .
= = Themes = =
This episode saw The Simpsons surpass The Flintstones for the number of episodes produced for an animated series . The episode therefore deals with the issue of longevity and the problems that arise when the producers try to make a show “ fresh ” again .
The show mainly deals with themes commonly known as " jumping the shark " , instances that usually occur when a failing show adds a new character or twist to boost ratings . The first theme is a commentary on adding a new character , when the show has run for too long . Usually , this is a technique used in shows that involve children , who have grown up . This was the case in " Oliver " in The Brady Bunch or " Luke " on Growing Pains . Both Poochie and Roy are used to reflect this , by attempting to keep The Itchy and Scratchy Show and the Simpson family fresh respectively .
Another theme is the notion of network executives forcing ideas onto a show . The interaction between the writers and the network executives in the episode underscore the differences between them . The writers understand the show 's inner workings , but the network executives approach improvements to the show from a business point of view . They try to incorporate what they see as a rebellious character with the comment " This is popular with the kids " , but the viewers later reject the character . The writers themselves are satirized in the episode , and are depicted as lazy and pretentious with few original ideas .
The last theme is the viewer backlash and obsession with internal consistency . When Comic Book Guy sees the Poochie episode , he immediately goes on the Internet and writes " Worst episode ever " on a message board ; a commentary on how the active audience nit picks the episode . The writers respond by using the voice of Bart :
Bart : Hey , I know it wasn 't great , but what right do you have to complain ?
Comic Book Guy : As a loyal viewer , I feel they owe me .
Bart : What ? They 're giving you thousands of hours of entertainment for free . What could they possibly owe you ? I mean , if anything , you owe them !
Comic Book Guy : ... Worst episode ever .
Earlier in the episode Homer and June Bellamy attend an in @-@ store appearance as part of the promotion for the new character Poochie . They are asked a question of internal consistency , like the show 's fans do all the time ; Homer says to the fan who asks the question , " Why would a man whose shirt says ' Genius at Work ' spend all his time watching a children 's cartoon show ? " This is again a reflection on how the writers feel about the fans obsessing about internal consistency .
= = Cultural references = =
The original opening couch gag shows a pastiche of the cover collage from The Beatles ' 1967 album Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which was first used earlier in the season in " Bart After Dark " . Otherwise , the episode refers to other TV shows , including the syndicated couch gag featuring the Flintstone family , recycled from the season 4 episode " Kamp Krusty " , to mark The Simpsons surpassing The Flintstones as the longest @-@ running animated series . Roy calls Homer and Marge Mr. and Mrs. S , which echoes Fonzie calling the Cunninghams " Mr. and Mrs. C " on Happy Days . Later , he decides to move in with " two sexy ladies " , recalling Jack Tripper in Three 's Company . Homer hiding in the closet to hear what the network executives were planning to do with Poochie is a reference to Jay Leno reportedly eavesdropping on a conversation between NBC executives on whether he or David Letterman would replace Johnny Carson as the host of The Tonight Show .
Itchy and Scratchy are based on Tom and Jerry and other cat @-@ and @-@ mouse cartoons . As a boy , series creator Matt Groening and his friends would fantasize about an ultra violent cartoon and how much fun it would be to work on a show like that . June Bellamy is a parody of voice actress June Foray . In the episode , Bellamy claims that she provided the " Beep , beep " sound effect in the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner cartoons ; in reality the phrase was voiced by Paul Julian .
= = Reception = =
This episode was placed 23rd on Entertainment Weekly 's top 25 The Simpsons episodes list . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , praised " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , calling it " a very neat episode which , like " The Front " , is a good parody of the cartooning business . " In 2007 , Vanity Fair named it the sixth @-@ best episode in the show 's history , describing it as " a classic satire of network influence , obsessed TV fans , and programs that survive long after the shark has been jumped , the episode is a meta @-@ celebration , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rebuttal to everyone who claimed that the quality of The Simpsons had declined over the years . " Todd Gilchrist called it a masterpiece , stating it " could easily be packaged and sold by [ itself ] . " Planet Simpson author Chris Turner describes the episode as " the most contentious and direct counterattack The Simpsons ever unleashed on its fans " and " [ harsh ] satire of the working world of big @-@ time TV production " . Robert Canning of IGN said it was " laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny " and describing the introduction of Roy as " a hilarious parody of a classic , overused television device . " Alan Sepinwall of The Star Ledger , in a review printed two days after the episode originally aired , praised the writers for not airing a " very special " episode to celebrate the milestone of overtaking The Flintstones . He noted " [ the episode is ] so self @-@ aware it put the best in @-@ jokes on St. Elsewhere to shame . " The BBC named it as one of the ten most memorable episodes of the show , noting " the writers used the opportunity to pay tribute to the art of animation and rail against network interference in their show . " In 2014 , The Simpsons writers picked " The Beagle Has Landed " as one of their nine favorite " Itchy & Stratchy " episodes of all time .
In its original American broadcast , " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " finished tied for 38th place in the weekly ratings for the week of February 3 – 9 , 1997 with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 . It was the third @-@ highest @-@ rated show on the Fox Network that week .
Comic Book Guy 's phrase " Worst . Episode . Ever " was named by The A.V. Club as a quote that could be used in everyday life , as well as being one of the most popular quotes from the show .
= SM UB @-@ 47 =
SM UB @-@ 47 was a Type UB II submarine or U @-@ boat for the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. UB @-@ 47 was sold to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during the war . In Austro @-@ Hungarian service the B was dropped from her name and she was known as SM U @-@ 47 or U @-@ XLVII as a member of the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 43 class .
UB @-@ 47 was ordered in July 1915 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in September . UB @-@ 47 was a little more than 121 feet ( 37 m ) in length and displaced between 270 and 305 tonnes ( 266 and 300 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She was equipped to carry a complement of four torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and had an 8 @.@ 8 @-@ centimeter ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) deck gun . As part of a group of six submarines selected for Mediterranean service , UB @-@ 47 was broken into railcar sized components and shipped to Pola where she was assembled and launched in June 1916 , and commissioned in July . Over the next year the U @-@ boat sank twenty ships , which included the French battleship Gaulois and two Cunard Line steamers in use as troopships , Franconia and Ivernia .
The German Imperial Navy was having difficulties in finding trained submarine crews and offered to sell UB @-@ 47 and a sister boat UB @-@ 43 to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . After the terms were agreed to in June 1917 , both boats were handed over at Pola . When commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , the B in her designation was dropped so that she became U @-@ 47 or U @-@ XLVII . She sank an additional three ships in Austro @-@ Hungarian service through the end of the war . U @-@ 47 was ceded to France as a war reparation in 1920 and broken at Bizerta that same year .
= = Design and construction = =
The German UB II design improved upon the design of the UB I boats , which had been ordered in September 1914 . In service , the UB I boats were found to be too small and too slow . A major problem was that , because they had a single propeller shaft / engine combo , if either component failed , the U @-@ boat became almost totally disabled . To rectify this flaw , the UB II boats featured twin propeller shafts and twin engines ( one shaft for each engine ) , which also increased the U @-@ boat 's top speed . The new design also included more powerful batteries , larger torpedo tubes , and a deck gun . As a UB II boat , U @-@ 47 could also carry twice the torpedo load of her UB I counterparts , and nearly ten times as much fuel . To contain all of these changes the hull was larger , and the surface and submerged displacement was more than double that of the UB I boats .
The Imperial German Navy ordered UB @-@ 47 from AG Weser on 31 July 1915 as the final boat of a series of six UB II boats ( numbered from UB @-@ 42 to UB @-@ 47 ) , and the last UB II submarine numerically . UB @-@ 47 was 36 @.@ 90 metres ( 121 ft 1 in ) long and 4 @.@ 37 metres ( 14 ft 4 in ) abeam . She had a single hull with saddle tanks and had a draught of 3 @.@ 68 metres ( 12 ft 1 in ) when surfaced . She displaced 305 tonnes ( 300 long tons ) while submerged but only 272 tonnes ( 268 long tons ) on the surface .
The submarine was equipped with twin Daimler diesel engines and twin Siemens @-@ Schuckart electric motors — for surfaced and submerged running , respectively . UB @-@ 47 had a surface speed of up to 8 @.@ 82 knots ( 16 @.@ 33 km / h ; 10 @.@ 15 mph ) and could go as fast as 6 @.@ 22 knots ( 11 @.@ 52 km / h ; 7 @.@ 16 mph ) while underwater . The U @-@ boat could carry up to 27 tonnes ( 27 long tons ) of diesel fuel , giving her a range of 6 @,@ 940 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 850 km ; 7 @,@ 990 mi ) at 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ; 5 @.@ 8 mph ) . Her electric motors and batteries provided a range of 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ; 52 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) while submerged . UB @-@ 47 was equipped with two 50 @-@ centimeter ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) bow torpedo tubes and could carry four torpedoes . The U @-@ boat was also armed with one 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) Uk L / 30 deck gun .
UB @-@ 47 was laid down by AG Weser at its Bremen shipyard on 4 September 1915 . As one of six U @-@ boats selected for service in the Mediterranean while under construction , UB @-@ 47 was broken into railcar @-@ sized components and shipped overland to the Austro @-@ Hungarian port of Pola . Shipyard workers from Weser assembled the boat and her five sisters at Pola , where she was launched on 17 June .
= = German Imperial Navy career = =
SM UB @-@ 47 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 4 July 1916 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Steinbauer . UB @-@ 47 , Steinbauer 's first U @-@ boat command , was assigned to the Navy 's Pola Flotilla ( German : Deutsche U @-@ Halbflotille Pola ) in which she remained throughout her German career . Although the flotilla was based in Pola , the site of the main Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy base , boats of the flotilla operated out of the Austro @-@ Hungarian base at Cattaro which was located farther south and closer to the Mediterranean . German U @-@ boats typically returned to Pola only for repairs .
On 17 August , Steinbauer and UB @-@ 47 achieved their first success when they sank the Italian steamer Stampalia south of Cape Matapan . Although Italy and Germany would not formally be at war for another ten days , German U @-@ boats in the Mediterranean routinely attacked Italian vessels by posing as Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and flying the ensign of that country 's navy . Stampalia was an ocean liner of 9 @,@ 000 gross register tons ( GRT ) that had formerly been in passenger service between New York and Genoa , and had been one of the first Italian merchant vessels to be armed against submarine attacks . At the time of her sinking , she was in the service of the Italian government but was not carrying any passengers ; no casualties from Stampalia were reported in the attack .
Three weeks later , Steinbauer and UB @-@ 47 scored a triple kill , sinking three ships on the same day . The British steamer Butetown , en route from Malta to Mudro , was carrying coal and other cargo when she was sent down 55 nautical miles ( 102 km ; 63 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Cape Matapan on 8 September . UB @-@ 47 attacked Llangorse , another British steamer , 7 nautical miles ( 13 km ; 8 @.@ 1 mi ) away , sending the ship and her cargo of Canadian oats headed to Salonica to the bottom . The third ship was the Greek ship Spetzai , headed from Cyprus to Liverpool when sunk in the same vicinity . There were no casualties from any of the three ships ; the crews of Butetown and Llangorse were rescued and landed at Marseilles on 16 September .
On 4 October , Steinbauer sank the largest ship of his career when UB @-@ 47 torpedoed the 1911 Cunard Line steamer Franconia at position 35 ° 56 ′ N 18 ° 30 ′ E , 195 nautical miles ( 361 km ; 224 mi ) east of Malta . The 625 @-@ foot ( 191 m ) long , 72 @-@ foot ( 22 m ) wide Franconia — nicknamed the " Bath Ship " in civilian days because of the number of passenger baths and showers — was , at 18 @,@ 510 GRT , the fifth largest ship sunk by a U @-@ boat during World War I. Franconia had been in service as a troopship since February 1915 but was not carrying troops at the time of the attack . The hospital ship Dover Castle picked up 302 survivors from Franconia ; 12 men were killed in the attack .
UB @-@ 47 's next success came a week later , on 11 October , when the 5 @,@ 002 @-@ ton British steamer Crosshill was sunk west of Malta with the loss of four men . A German military announcement of 20 October proclaiming Steinbauer 's sinking of the ship reported that Crosshill 's cargo included horses and Serbian grooms . The following day , Sebek , a British ship headed to Alexandria , was torpedoed southeast of Gozo . Although the German Admiralty reported her sunk , Sebek 's captain was able to ground his ship and prevent it from sinking . On 14 October , UB @-@ 47 sank five small Italian sailing vessels — ranging in size from 32 to 80 tons — near Syracuse , Sicily . The next day , UB @-@ 47 closed out the month of October with the sinking of the Greek steamer Avis . UB @-@ 47 's tally of sunken ships for the month of October came to 24 @,@ 776 gross register tons , which accounted for nearly 20 % of the total sunk by all German U @-@ boats in the Mediterranean .
On patrol in the Aegean Sea on 27 December , Steinbauer came across the French pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Gaulois . Although screened by light cruisers and naval trawlers , Steinbauer was , nonetheless , able to sink the 11 @,@ 100 @-@ ton displacement ship east of Cerigo . Two men were killed in the initial explosion and another two men died in the aftermath ; Gaulois 's normal complement was 631 men . Five days later , New Year 's Day 1917 , UB @-@ 47 torpedoed and sank the Cunard Line ship Ivernia — in service as a British troopship — at position 35 ° 30 ′ N 22 ° 53 ′ E , 58 nautical miles ( 107 km ; 67 mi ) from Cape Matapan . Under the command of Captain William T. Turner , who had been in command of Lusitania when that liner was sunk in May 1915 , the 14 @,@ 278 @-@ ton Ivernia was ferrying troops to Salonica when sunk by UB @-@ 47 . Because of the heavy weather at the time of Ivernia 's sinking , 120 officers and men and 33 crewmen were killed in the attack . Like Franconia , both Gaulois and Ivernia were among the largest ships sunk by U @-@ boats ; Ivernia was the 20th largest sunk . Two days after the attack on Ivernia , UB @-@ 47 torpedoed and damaged the British steamer Huntsend , killing one person in the process . The 8 @,@ 818 GRT Huntsend was the former North German Lloyd liner Lützow which had been captured by British naval forces in the Mediterranean in August 1914 , and , like UB @-@ 47 , had been built by AG Weser in Bremen .
On 1 March 1917 , UB @-@ 47 torpedoed and damaged the British steamer Euterpe near Suda Bay , killing two men in the process . A week later , on 8 March , Steinbauer sank his last ship at the helm of UB @-@ 47 , when Georgian was sent to the bottom 52 nautical miles ( 96 km ; 60 mi ) from Cape Sidero . The 1890 British ship , rated at 5 @,@ 088 gross register tons , was carrying government stores ; five of her crew perished in the attack .
On 1 April , Oberleutnant zur See Hans Hermann Wendlandt replaced Steinbauer as commanding officer of UB @-@ 47 . A week after assuming his first U @-@ boat command , the 30 @-@ year @-@ old Wendlandt scored his first success by sinking two Greek steamers on the same day . Livatho was sailing in ballast from Salonica for New York when she was sunk northwest of Crete by an explosive charge placed by UB @-@ 47 's crew . Nestos was carrying a load of wheat from New York for Pirae
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
like other highways : Business Loop Interstate 196 ( BL I @-@ 196 ) , Business M @-@ 60 ( Bus . M @-@ 60 ) or Connector M @-@ 44 ( Conn . M @-@ 44 ) . As of 2010 there are 9 @,@ 669 miles ( 15 @,@ 561 km ) of state trunklines in Michigan , making up about eight percent of the state 's roadways . Of that mileage , some 4 @,@ 415 miles ( 7 @,@ 105 km ) of state @-@ maintained highways are included in the National Highway System , which are highways selected for their importance to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . The state trunkline highways in Michigan carry approximately 51 percent of the state 's traffic , as of 2007 .
The highways in the system range in length from the unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 ( BS I @-@ 375 ) at 0 @.@ 170 miles ( 0 @.@ 274 km ) and signed M @-@ 212 at 0 @.@ 732 miles ( 1 @.@ 178 km ) to I @-@ 75 at 395 @.@ 40 miles ( 636 @.@ 33 km ) . Some trunklines in Michigan are maintained by MDOT but bear no signage along the route to indicate so . These unsigned trunklines are mostly segments of former highway designations that have been moved or decommissioned . They remain under state control until their respective city or county accepts jurisdiction of the roadway from the state .
Highways in the state maintained by MDOT range from two @-@ lane rural highways up to 12 @-@ lane freeways . In addition to the Interstates , other trunklines are built to freeway standards . Sections of US 10 , US 23 , US 31 , US 127 and US 131 have been upgraded to freeway standards . All or part of several state trunklines are also freeways . In the Metro Detroit area , M @-@ 5 , M @-@ 8 ( Davison Freeway ) , M @-@ 10 ( Lodge Freeway ) , M @-@ 14 , M @-@ 39 ( Southfield Freeway ) , M @-@ 53 ( Van Dyke Freeway ) , and M @-@ 59 have such sections . In the rest of the state , M @-@ 6 near Grand Rapids , Conn . M @-@ 13 near Bay City , M @-@ 47 near Midland , M @-@ 60 near Jackson , and Bus . US 131 near Kalamazoo are also freeways , for all or part of their respective lengths . Sections of US 12 , M @-@ 20 , M @-@ 37 , M @-@ 46 , M @-@ 55 , M @-@ 66 and US 223 have been routed to run concurrently with other freeways as well .
As of January 2013 , there are three sources of revenue that contribute to the Michigan Transportation Fund ( MTF ) : fuel excise taxes , vehicle registration fees and federal aid . Michigan levies an excise tax of 18 @.@ 7 cents per gallon on gasoline and 15 cents per gallon on diesel fuel to generate approximately $ 955 million in revenue per year . Vehicle registrations account for about $ 868 million while federal aid from federal fuel taxes accounts for the last third of funding in Michigan . Money from the MTF is distributed between MDOT , county road commissions , city or village street departments and local public transit agencies . For fiscal year 2013 , MDOT has budgeted approximately $ 1 @.@ 2 billion on the highway system , including $ 273 @.@ 4 million in routine maintenance . The remainder financed major projects in terms of planning , right @-@ of @-@ way acquisition or construction . In terms of winter maintenance , MDOT classifies all state highways into two priority levels for snow removal , authorizing overtime to clear some highways in the state .
= = = County roads and other systems = = =
MDOT assigns the numbers for a parallel system of county @-@ designated highways in the state ; the numbers are assigned in a grid system by the department . These highways , while signed from connecting trunklines and shown on the official MDOT map , are maintained by the various counties . They were started in 1970 as a supplement to the main trunkline system and carry a letter @-@ number combination on the national standard pentagon @-@ shaped marker in blue and yellow . The letter component of the name corresponds to a zone of the state ; zones A – F are in the Lower Peninsula while G and H are in the Upper Peninsula . The numbers correspond to a numbered grid within each lettered zone . Other county systems are designated and maintained in each of the 83 counties , and signage and numbering practices vary . The state 's 533 incorporated cities and villages also maintain their own street networks , but townships in the state have no jurisdiction over roads .
The U.S. Forest Service and Federal Highway Administration designate Federal Forest Highways providing access to the handful of National Forests in the state . In addition , Michigan participates in the Great Lakes Circle Tour program , signing tours along the state @-@ maintained highway closest to Michigan 's Great Lakes shorelines . The Michigan Heritage Route System was created in 1993 to highlight trunklines with historic , recreational or scenic qualities ; the name was changed to Pure Michigan Byway on December 30 , 2014 .
= = History = =
= = = 19th century = = =
The history of the highway system in Michigan dates back to the old Native American trails that crossed the state . These trails were pathways no wider than approximately 12 – 18 inches ( 30 – 46 cm ) , permitting single @-@ file traffic . Many of the modern highways in the state follow the path of these old trails , including the Great Trail from Fort Pitt to Fort Detroit which is now US 24 from Detroit to Toledo , Ohio . This trail connected with Braddock 's Road which led to the Atlantic Coast .
The Michigan Territory was established in 1805 , and the territorial governor established the first road districts . The districts built farm @-@ to @-@ market roads to serve the agricultural needs of the farming population of the area at the time ; they connected farmers with markets in their local communities . The local streets in the individual communities were the responsibility of those communities . At the same time , Detroit created 120 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 37 m ) rights @-@ of @-@ way for the five great avenues in the city following a fire .
Outside of Detroit , the situation was quite different . Maps of the territory were printed with the words " interminable swamp " across the interior until 1839 . Reports of the first explorers and government surveyors crossing the future state only seemed to confirm the assessment that Michigan land was unsuitable for agriculture or other productive activities . The few roads in the area were impassable for half of the year . The poor quality of the early roads meant that most transportation in the state was by way of the lakes and rivers at first . Commerce was limited to trade to and from Canada .
These roads proved inadequate to the needs of the military during the War of 1812 . Territorial Governor Lewis Cass lobbied the federal government for road construction funding to bolster defensive needs as well as aid in settlement of the territory . Military roads debuted in 1816 with the construction of the Detroit – Fort Meigs Road to Toledo as a response to transportation needs . More roads were built with Congressional appropriations in the 1820s and 1830s connecting Detroit to Port Huron , Saginaw , Grand Rapids and Chicago .
Townships were given authority to construct roads under the supervision of county commissioners in 1817 . This supervision was difficult since in one case , one county covered all of the Upper Peninsula and several of today 's counties in the Lower Peninsula . Direct supervision over construction was granted to the townships in 1827 , and federal involvement in road building ended with the 1837 grant of statehood .
The first state constitution encouraged state involvement in internal improvements like roads . The Panic of 1837 devastated the new state 's efforts , and the government defaulted on bond payments . Private construction companies built roads starting in 1844 to fill the void in long @-@ distance road construction left by the departure of the federal government . The first roads were corduroy roads ; to build these , logs of all sizes were placed across the road . The gaps between the logs were filled in with smaller logs or earth . In swampy or marshy areas , brush was laid down first for drainage . In time , the logs would rot , leaving large gaps to the roadway that would catch wagon wheels or draft animal feet . Later , roads were built with oak planks . The plank road companies had to be chartered by the state after passage of legislation in 1848 . According to the plank road law , these companies had to build their roads to a set of minimum specifications . These specifications included 2 – 4 rods ( 33 – 66 ft ; 10 – 20 m ) in total width , a road surface 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide with at least 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) made of 3 @-@ inch ( 8 cm ) planks . Later amendments to the law allowed the companies to substitute gravel for the planks . Starting with the enactment of a new state constitution in 1850 , the state was prohibited from being " a part to , or interested in , any work of internal improvement " ; this provision ended the state government 's involvement in Michigan 's roads .
The early plank roads were funded by tolls ; these fares were collected at turnstiles every few miles along the roads , at rates of $ 0 @.@ 02 / mile for wagons pulled by two animals ( equivalent to $ 0 @.@ 57 in 2015 ) . As time passed , the planks would warp and rot . The tolls were insufficient to fund the maintenance necessary to keep the roads in good repair . Even Mark Twain remarked , " The road could not have been bad if some unconscionable scoundrel had not now and then dropped a plank across it , " after a trip to Grand Rapids . The planks were removed over time and replaced with gravel roads . The longest chartered road was a distance of 220 miles ( 350 km ) from Zilwaukee to Mackinaw City by way of Traverse City ; the shortest was a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) near Sault Ste . Marie .
Townships continued to maintain and build local roads using the " statute labor system " . An able @-@ bodied man residing in a local road district was expected to pay his road taxes by performing 30 days of labor on the roads in his district . If he was unable to work off the tax , a rate of $ 0 @.@ 625 / day was assessed ( equivalent to $ 17 @.@ 78 in 2015 ) . This road maintenance was performed under the guidance of the township road overseer , a separate elected township official , according to the wishes of his constituents , often without any county @-@ level planning or coordination . Often the " improved roads " were in worse condition than unimproved roads due to the amateur nature of the maintenance .
An early form of federal aid contributed to the road network in the state starting in the 1850s . Congress granted certain forest and swamp lands to the state in 1850 . A stipulation on the grant stated that the proceeds from the lands would be used to reclaim them for use . The Michigan Legislature established several roads to be built by contractors , paid with the proceeds from the sale of the land adjoining the roads , or with land itself . Despite these efforts , only 1 @,@ 179 miles ( 1 @,@ 897 km ) of the 5 @,@ 082 miles ( 8 @,@ 179 km ) of plank roads authorized by the state were ever built by 89 of the 202 chartered plank road companies .
The tax system was partially reformed in 1881 , allowing for direct payment of road taxes instead of relying totally on the statute @-@ labor system . The first road district larger than the township level was created in Bay County in 1883 under Public Act 278 . This road district encompassed eight townships and provided for better coordination and planning of road construction . Other county systems were created in 1893 with passage of legislation which allowed other counties to follow the lead of Bay County . By 1900 , the plank roads were generally abandoned . While a few were still in good repair , most consisted of rotting logs with intermittent patches of gravel . Toll houses were empty shacks , and the ditches were clogged with duck ponds . Only 23 of the original 202 plank roads chartered by the state were still in operation .
The Good Roads Movement , borne out of the needs of the bicycle craze of the 1880s and 1890s , turned its attention towards the needs of automobiles at the turn of the century . Horatio S. " Good Roads " Earle , a state senator from Detroit was elected national president of the League of American Wheelmen in 1901 . Earle worked on a committee report that called for the removal of the prohibition on road improvements from the state constitution . That report also recommended the creation of a commission and system for state highways .
= = = Early 20th century = = =
The first state road agency , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) , was created on July 1 , 1905 . At first the department administered rewards to the counties and townships for building roads to state minimum specifications . In 1905 , there were 68 @,@ 000 miles ( 110 @,@ 000 km ) of roads in Michigan . Of these roads , only 7 @,@ 700 miles ( 12 @,@ 000 km ) were improved with gravel and 245 miles ( 394 km ) were macadam . The state 's statute labor system was abolished in 1907 . Instead , a property tax system was instituted with the funding only for permanent improvements , not maintenance . Rural farmers opposed the state 's efforts , and even Henry Ford was against the idea of reforming road construction and maintenance . In response to this opposition , the department 's work was decentralized ; standards for road improvement came from the state , but work was carried out by the townships and counties . The nation 's first mile of concrete roadway was laid along Woodward Avenue in 1909 between Six Mile and Seven Mile roads in Detroit ; this section of street was 17 feet 8 inches ( 5 @.@ 38 m ) wide and cost $ 14 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 171 @,@ 400 in 2015 ) .
Passage of the State Reward Trunk Line Highways Act on May 13 , 1913 , provided for 3 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 828 km ) of roadways in a state @-@ financed system . The system comprised 10 divisions , several of which had associated branches , that ran along existing roads throughout the state . After the creation of the system , the Huron Shore Road Association scheduled a Road Bee Day on June 13 , 1913 ; some 5 @,@ 000 men , 200 women , 3 @,@ 000 teams of horses and 750 automobiles participated in the effort that improved 200 miles ( 320 km ) of roads in the state . Further legislation at the time allowed for special assessment taxing districts for road improvements , taxation of automobiles based on weight and horsepower , and tree @-@ planting along highway roadsides . Congress passed the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 , and the state passed a constitutional amendment in 1917 to qualify for federal aid with state funding matches .
The first centerline was painted on a state highway in 1917 along the Marquette @-@ Negaunee Road which was designated Trunkline 15 , now County Road 492 in Marquette County . Winter maintenance started during World War I to keep 590 miles ( 950 km ) of strategic highways clear ; some $ 13 @,@ 200 ( equivalent to $ 1 @,@ 005 @,@ 300 in 2015 ) was appropriated with partial funding from the War Loan Board .
In 1919 , the legislature passed the Aldrich Act ; combined with the approval of the Bond Issue Act during an election that April , the MSHD was authorized to assume responsibility over the roadways that composed the State Trunkline Highway System . The state highway commissioner was required to sign the state trunkline highways , and Michigan become the second state after Wisconsin to do so . Alan Williams , Ionia County engineer , helped to design the diamond marker used to sign the highways ; he is also known for placing a picnic table alongside US 16 ( Grand River Avenue ) in 1929 south of Saranac , considered the first in the country . Other sources say that the first roadside park in the country was created by Herbert Larson near what is now US 2 near Iron River in 1919 – 20 . The first crows nest traffic tower in the US was installed at the intersection of Woodward and Michigan avenues in Detroit on October 9 , 1917 . The tower elevated a police officer above the center of the intersection to direct traffic before it was replaced in October 1920 with the world 's first four @-@ way traffic light .
While Michigan was the second state to post route designations along its highway system in 1919 , Michigan actually began assigning internal trunkline designations for internal inventory purposes as early as 1913 . From 1918 to 1926 , only the M @-@ numbered highway designations existed on state highways throughout Michigan , while the creation of the US Highway System in 1926 caused several existing designations to be either reassigned or retired altogether . Public Act 131 of 1931 allowed the MSHD to take control over the city and village streets that carried state highways through cities and villages in the state . The 1932 McNitt Act consolidated all of the township @-@ controlled roads into 83 county road commissions . On May 4 , 1935 , the state opened the first highway welcome center next to US 12 in New Buffalo near the Indiana state line ; Michigan was the first state in the country to do so at the time .
= = = Mid @-@ 20th century = = =
The state passed legislation in 1941 that authorized the creation of limited @-@ access roadways ; the MSHD could prohibit access to a state trunkline from the adjacent properties . Around the same time , single @-@ digit highways like M @-@ 9 were renumbered to set aside those numbers for future freeways in the state . During World War II , the Willow Run Expressway , the Detroit Industrial Expressway and the Davison Freeway were built , ushering in the beginnings of the state 's freeway system . These highway improvements were financed by the Defense Highway Act of 1941 to aid in national defense . After the war , the MSHD and the Good Roads Federation studied the highway needs of the state . Their study reported that road maintenance and improvement deteriorated since the Great Depression . It also stated that funding needed to be increased to deal with pressures from traffic increases after the war .
Public Act 51 of 1951 amended and clarified the current system of jurisdiction over roads in the state . The existing tri @-@ level system was maintained , splitting road jurisdiction between the state , counties and cities , as well as subdividing each level into several classifications . Further legislation redefined the exact distribution , but Act 51 set up a system to distribute road funding from gas taxes from a single funding source , currently the Michigan Transportation Fund . Funding was increased during the 1950s as the fuel taxes were increased . Whereas those revenues during the war dropped to levels barely sufficient to keep existing highways in usable condition , they were increased during the following decade to deal with increasing traffic . The state highway department was also authorized to sell bonds to provide funding for the proposed road improvements .
The Michigan Turnpike Authority ( MTA ) , an agency created in 1951 , proposed the construction of a toll freeway to run north – south in the state . The original termini for the Michigan Turnpike were Bridgeport and Rockwood . The state highway commissioner at the time , Charles Ziegler , distrusted a separate agency dealing with statewide road building at the time and worked to stall progress on any proposed turnpikes . He also opposed the idea because the state had three freeways under planning or construction . Ziegler and the MSHD announced plans for a full freeway to run north through the Lower Peninsula and continue across to the Upper Peninsula . This announcement derailed the efforts to build the Michigan Turnpike . The Interstate Highway System was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , and the state had already designed several freeways for its portion of that system . Seizing the opportunity brought by a 1957 state law , the department sold $ 700 million in bonds ( equivalent to $ 14 @.@ 1 billion in 2015 ) in the late 1950s and early 1960s to finance land purchases and construction of the new freeways . The first Interstate Highway in the state was signposted in October 1959 when I @-@ 75 signs were first installed along the Detroit – Toledo Expressway . These signs replaced US 24A signage in the Monroe area , after the state received final approval for the numbering system to be used in the state . Michigan was the first state to complete a border @-@ to @-@ border Interstate Highway in 1960 with the completion of I @-@ 94 . The last gravel state highway was paved in the early 1960s as well ; bids were let in March 1962 to finish paving M @-@ 48 in Chippewa County .
The original goal of Michigan 's freeways was to connect every city with a population of more than 50 @,@ 000 people with a network of roads that would accommodate traffic at 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Following the start of these highway improvements , the MSHD adopted a policy to allow traffic to use the state 's trunklines every day of the year regardless of the weather . The state also invested in improving non @-@ freeway roads in the highway system ; better materials and construction methods were used to improve safety and traffic flow throughout the state .
The post @-@ war years were also a period of major bridge building in the state . The Mackinac Bridge opened on November 1 , 1957 , the Portage Lake Lift Bridge , the largest double @-@ deck lift bridge was completed in August 1959 , and the International Bridge opened across the St. Marys River three years later on October 31 , 1962 . The State Highway Department started erecting mileposts along the Interstates in 1963 , and later expanded the practice to other freeways and used the mileages to number the interchanges along I @-@ 94 .
= = = Late 20th century = = =
Freeway construction continued through the 1970s . On April 6 , 1972 , the New Buffalo Welcome Center was relocated from its previous location next to US 12 to one adjacent to I @-@ 94 . Later that year , the state switched paint colors for its centerlines ; yellow was used for the lines separating directions of travel and white for lines separating lanes traveling in the same direction . Also in 1972 , a gas tax increase was passed to facilitate US and state highway improvement projects . The final section of I @-@ 75 between Alger and Roscommon was opened on November 1 , 1973 , in a dedication by Governor William G. Milliken , completing the longest highway in the state . In 1974 , the state implemented mileage @-@ based exit numbers along the remaining Interstates in Michigan . By late 1977 , the state highway department shifted its focus from construction of new highways to improvements of the existing system .
During the 1960s and 1970s , various freeway projects in the Detroit area were cancelled or scaled back in scope . The route of I @-@ 96 along Grand River Avenue was cancelled in response to freeway revolts in the city , and a new routing along the C & O Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way in Livonia was used instead . Plans to transfer the Davison Freeway in the 1970s to state control and extend it west to I @-@ 96 ( Jeffries Freeway ) and east to a Van Dyke Freeway ( extended M @-@ 53 ) were dropped . Another freeway project near Lansing , the Van Atta Connector , was proposed in 1961 to provide an eastern freeway beltway around East Lansing , but by 1981 the highway 's impact to neighboring elementary schools along with larger economic impacts led to the project 's cancellation .
The Michigan Highway Commission canceled the northern section of I @-@ 275 on January 26 , 1977 , after it spent $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( equivalent to $ 10 @.@ 4 million in 2015 ) the year before purchasing land for the roadway . This northern section was not planned as an Interstate Highway at that time , bearing the designation M @-@ 275 instead . Opposition to construction came from various citizen 's groups , different levels of local government , and both The Detroit News and Detroit Free Press . The Detroit City Council , led by then @-@ Chairman Carl Levin , opposed the plan as well . Levin said at the time , " At last I think people are waking up to the dangers of more and more expressways . At some point we 've got to say enough . And I think we 've reached it . " The United States Department of the Interior reviewed the state 's environmental impact study of the project and stated the project " will cause irreparable damages on recreation lands , wetlands , surface waters and wildlife habitat . " The total project to link Farmington Hills with Davisburg with the 24 @-@ mile ( 39 km ) freeway would have cost $ 69 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 409 million in 2015 ) and saved drivers an estimated eight minutes off travel time around the city of Detroit . Other freeway projects cancelled during the 1970s included an extension of the US 131 freeway northward to Petoskey , an extension of the US 23 freeway from Standish to Alpena , and a freeway running across the southern Lower Peninsula toward Chicago . These ventures , along with the I @-@ 275 extension , were dropped over concerns related to rising construction costs , the environment and the Arab Oil Embargo . Even with these cancelled highways , several proposals were left to be completed .
At the end of the 1970s , MDOT took part in a FHWA @-@ backed initiative called the Positive Guidance Demonstration Project , and the two agencies audited signage practices in the vicinity of the I @-@ 96 / M @-@ 37 and I @-@ 296 / US 131 interchange in Walker near Grand Rapids . MDOT determined that usage of the I @-@ 296 designation was " a potential source of confusion for motorists . " FHWA agreed with the department 's proposal to eliminate all signage and public map references to the designation in April 1979 . MDOT then received permission from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) on October 13 , and from the FHWA on December 3 , 1979 , on the condition that MDOT would continue to use the designation on official documents . The approval explicitly retained the highway in the Interstate system for funding and other purposes . The last state map to show the I @-@ 296 designation was published in 1979 , as the 1980 map lacks any reference to the designation .
Following this program , the Reflective Systems Unit at MDOT reviewed the state of two- and three @-@ way concurrencies along the highway system in Michigan . They approached the department 's Trunkline Numbering Committee and the district traffic and safety engineers on October 19 , 1982 , for proposals to reduce or eliminate the various overlapping designations to " avoid driver confusion and save funds " . When the unit released its final recommendations on March 17 , 1983 , the memo recommended 19 changes to eliminate various concurrent routings , including the truncation of US 2 to St. Ignace , changes to the routing of US 10 , and the removal of US 33 from the state . These changes were implemented October 1983 , 1985 , and 1986 , respectively . Other changes recommended at the time , like the truncation of M @-@ 54 to remove it from the wrong @-@ way concurrency with M @-@ 83 near Birch Run , has never been implemented .
= = = Into the 21st century = = =
The final section of the controversial I @-@ 696 opened at a cost of $ 436 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 06 billion in 2015 ) on December 15 , 1989 ; the freeway 's central segment was delayed over concerns related to its routing through Detroit 's northern suburbs . The 1 @,@ 241 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 997 km ) Interstate Highway network in Michigan was completed in 1992 with the last four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) of I @-@ 69 near the Lansing area . Since the completion of these freeways , a handful of major projects have added to the trunkline system and the end of the 20th and the start of the 21st centuries . A bypass of St. Johns along US 27 ( now US 127 ) opened on August 31 , 1998 . M @-@ 6 , a southern freeway bypass of Grand Rapids first proposed in the 1960s , was built between 1997 and 2004 ; that freeway was controversial based on the choice of a minority @-@ owned subcontractor and route location . Bypasses of Cadillac and Manton opened in 2001 and 2003 , extending the US 131 freeway northward . The final segment of the M @-@ 5 Haggerty Connector opened to traffic on November 1 , 2002 . Another venture was the construction of a new bridge over the Grand River in Ottawa County for a highway designated M @-@ 231 ; that highway opened in October 2015 .
= = Future = =
There are several future highway projects current in stages of planning or construction . One is looking at improvements to US 131 in St. Joseph County , which includes the bypass of Constantine that opened in October 2013 . MDOT continues to purchase parcels for right @-@ of @-@ way to be used for future upgrades of US 127 along the expressway section between Ithaca and St. Johns .
One project currently on hold would complete the St. Joseph Valley Parkway , a section of US 31 in Berrien County . The original plan for the freeway would have routed US 31 to connect directly into the I @-@ 196 / US 31 interchange on I @-@ 94 . Concerns over the habitat of the Mitchell 's Satyr butterfly meant this routing would need to be redesigned with a set of bridges to cross the habitat unobtrusively in the Blue Creek Fen . In 2001 , MDOT began a study of a new design alternative to route the US 31 freeway to connect with I @-@ 94 at the BL I @-@ 94 interchange just south of the I @-@ 196 / US 31 interchange . In the interim , MDOT built a 9 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 6 km ) freeway segment north to Napier Avenue that was opened on August 27 , 2003 , at a cost of $ 97 million ( equivalent to $ 137 million in 2015 ) .
The United States Congress legislated a highway proposal in 1991 known as I @-@ 73 . Originally set to run along I @-@ 75 to Detroit , the definition was amended in 1995 to include a branch that would run along US 223 and US 127 to Grayling , then on a continuation along I @-@ 75 to Sault Ste . Marie . MDOT examined three options to build the freeway , but abandoned further study after June 12 , 2001 , diverting remaining funds to improvement of safety along the corridor . The department stated there was a " lack of need " for sections of the proposed freeway , and the project 's website was taken offline in 2002 . According to 2011 press reports , a group advocating on behalf of the freeway is working to revive the I @-@ 73 proposal in Michigan , but state and local governments continue to express disinterest in resurrecting the freeway .
= Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger =
Hey Hey It 's Esther Blueburger is a 2008 Australian independent teen film written and directed by Cathy Randall . It stars Danielle Catanzariti , Keisha Castle @-@ Hughes and Toni Collette . The film follows Jewish 13 @-@ year @-@ old Esther ( Catanzariti ) , an outcast at her posh school , where she has no friends . That changes when she meets nonconformist Sunni ( Castle @-@ Hughes ) from the local public school .
With Esther 's character based loosely on her own adolescence , Randall was inspired to write the film 's script by what she saw as a lack of role models for teenage girls . In 2002 , the script earned her a fellowship to the Los Angeles Film School 's Feature Development Programme , where she developed the project , and it was later picked up by Tama Films . Randall returned to Australia for casting , and Catanzariti was eventually chosen in the lead role after she attended an audition for minor roles and extras . Production spanned from October to December 2006 , with filming taking place in Adelaide , South Australia and Sydney , New South Wales .
The film premiered on 10 February 2008 at the Berlin International Film Festival and was released in Australia on 20 March 2008 . It failed to earn back its A $ 6 million budget with a total domestic gross of approximately $ 800 @,@ 000 . The film attracted mixed reviews ; some critics praised the originality and the acting , though others found Randall 's direction dull and the script poorly written . Catanzariti won the Australian Film Institute 's Young Actor Award for her performance , and the film received a further three AFI nominations and a nomination for a Film Critics Circle of Australia Award .
= = Plot = =
Esther Blueburger is a 13 @-@ year @-@ old Jewish outcast at her posh private school . Things are no better at home , where her twin brother is beginning to develop into a sociopath and her controlling mother pressures Esther to conform . She finds her only friend in a duck called Normal , and she frequently prays into a toilet asking God to " get me out of here " . After escaping her own Bat Mitzvah , Esther bumps into Sunni , a rebellious girl from the local public school , who she had observed and spoken to on previous occasions .
The two girls form a friendship , and Esther begins attending Sunni 's school , unbeknownst to her parents , under the guise of a Swedish exchange student . She revels in the easygoing nature of the public school and enjoys spending time with Sunni 's friends and Sunni 's laid @-@ back single mother , Mary , who works as a stripper . As Esther gains popularity and submits to numerous acts of peer pressure – including attacking a girl from her old school – her friendship with Sunni starts to deteriorate . At her old school , meanwhile , her classmates have been led to believe that she was chosen for an elite social experiment , and when she returns she is treated like royalty .
Esther later discovers that Mary has died in a motorcycle accident , and a grieving Sunni is transferred to Esther 's private school under her grandmother 's care . Ultimately deciding that being true to herself is more important than fitting in , Esther discards her pretenses and renews her friendship with Sunni .
= = Cast = =
Danielle Catanzariti as Esther Blueburger
Keisha Castle @-@ Hughes as Sunni Kaire
Toni Collette as Mary
Christian Byers as Jacob Blueburger
Essie Davis as Grace Blueburger
Russell Dykstra as Osmond Blueburger
Jonny Pasvolsky as Mr. Hooper
Cassandra Jinman as " The Slug "
Janay Mosby as Vanessa
Yen Yen Stender as Lissy
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Cathy Randall 's script for Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger stemmed from her desire " to make a film about a kick @-@ ass chick , a heroine for teenagers and people of all ages " , wanting to take a female twist on The Catcher in the Rye 's Holden Caulfield . She said that she had " always been struck by the fact that there are not enough role models for teenage girls " . Esther 's character was drawn loosely from Randall 's own adolescence ; like Esther , she had a Bat Mitzvah , she had a twin brother and she attended both a private and a public school . She explained , however , that the story was " warped and twisted and filtered through my imagination so , in fact , it doesn 't feel like Esther resembles me at all " .
Based on her original script , Randall was awarded a fellowship to the Los Angeles Film School 's Feature Development Programme in 2002 . She said that , under the mentorship of the school 's faculty , " The screenplay evolved by becoming lighter and funnier and also the story and structure got tighter . " In 2003 , Randall was nominated for an Australian Writers ' Guild AWGIE Award for Best Unproduced Screenplay . Randall 's script was subsequently picked up by producer Miriam Stein and her production company , Tama Films . Stein said that " The script resonated with me from the start " , particularly because of her similar adolescent experience as a Jewish girl who felt like an outsider . Stein brought the film into production after recruiting Nice Pictures CEO Heather Ogilvie as executive producer , Los Angeles @-@ based Harry Clein as associate producer and Buena Vista International to handle distribution in Australia and New Zealand .
= = = Casting = = =
To cast the title character , the film 's producers worked with a casting agent to find experienced actors but also held open auditions for 12- to 15 @-@ year @-@ old girls in search of " a new face " . The producers had spent four months overseeing over 3 @,@ 000 girls ' auditions before Danielle Catanzariti attended a cattle call audition advertised in a local newspaper for minor roles and extras . Randall asked Catanzariti to stay behind and read a scene from the script ; she went to a number of callback auditions and was later offered the main role . Having been raised in the Catholic faith , Catanzariti took lessons in Jewish history and Hebrew to prepare for her Bar Mitzvah scenes .
Keisha Castle @-@ Hughes was Randall 's first choice for the role of Sunni based on her performance in the New Zealand film Whale Rider ( 2002 ) . Castle @-@ Hughes agreed to star in the film when she first read the script at age 13 , but was 16 by the time finance had been raised and filming began . Castle @-@ Hughes ' pregnancy was announced shortly before production was scheduled to begin but filming went ahead unaffected . Toni Collette was confirmed to have joined the cast in May 2006 ; her scenes were filmed over one week .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming took place from 30 October to 15 December 2006 . The film was shot on location in Adelaide , South Australia and Sydney , New South Wales , with financial incentives from the South Australian Film Corporation . Specific filming locations included Annesley College , St Peter 's College as Esther 's school and Marryatville High School as Sunni 's school .
= = Soundtrack = =
The film 's opening song and recurring theme , " The Only One " was composed by Paul Mac and recorded by Mac , Bertie Blackman and the Sydney Children 's Choir . The Sydney Children 's Choir 's contributions to the soundtrack were Randall 's own idea , inspired by the children 's chorus covers from The Langley Schools Music Project . The original score was composed by Guy Gross .
= = = Track listing = = =
" The Only One " – Paul Mac ( featuring Bertie Blackman )
" Don 't You Think It 's Time " – Bob Evans
" I Melt with You " – Sydney Children 's Choir
" Ribbons " – Guy Gross
" The Wrong Girls " – Missy Higgins
" Bar Mitzvah Prep " – Guy Gross
" Clapping Song " – Operator Please
" Be a Woman " – Persian Rugs
" Lucky Lipstick " – Surferosa
" The Only One ( Duck Dissection ) " – Paul Mac ( featuring the Sydney Children 's Choir )
" Esther On Stage " – Guy Gross
" 6 / 8 " – Operator Please
" Duck Walk " – Guy Gross
" Sometimes " – Danielle Catanzariti and the Sydney Children 's Choir
" Long Live the Girls " – Sara Storer
" Young Folks " – Chasing Bailey
" Strange Little Girl " – Sydney Children 's Choir
" Liar " – Bob Evans
" The Only One ( Toy Piano ) " – Paul Mac
" Bar Mitzvah Meldey Hora " – Ilan Kidron and Glass
= = Release = =
Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on 10 February 2008 before it was released theatrically in Australia on 20 March 2008 . It was later screened at numerous international film festivals , including the Dungog Film Festival , Hamburg Filmfest , Washington Jewish Film Festival , London Australian Film Festival , Toronto Jewish Film Festival , Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival , San Francisco Jewish Film Festival , Boston Jewish Film Festival and the Stockholm International Film Festival .
The film earned A $ 393 @,@ 000 from 134 locations on its opening week at the box office . Its total gross surpassed $ 600 @,@ 000 by the next week , having taken a per @-@ screen average of $ 1 @,@ 123 over its second weekend . By the end of 2008 , the film had earned a total gross of $ 800 @,@ 000 at the Australian box office , making it the fifth highest @-@ grossing Australian film of the year , but it still failed to earn back its initial budget of $ 6 million . Variety magazine critic Richard Kuipers attributed the film 's poor performance in part to its " M " ( mature audiences ) classification by the Office of Film and Literature Classification although the film was targeted at preteens and teenagers .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reaction = = =
Film industry magazine Screen International critic Peter Brunette noted that in spite of minor faults , the film was " an otherwise enjoyable piece of highly competent , commercial filmmaking , " which " should perform well in all markets , from theatrical through to ancillary . " In a review for The Age , Jake Wilson gave the film 3 stars out of 5 , describing it as " a quirky Australian coming @-@ of @-@ age story that gives the genre a good name " . He wrote that while it lacked the film " craft or pizazz " of other teen movies , the film broke the conventions of the genre . The Sydney Morning Herald 's Sandra Hall awarded Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger 3 out of 5 stars and thought that it was entertaining but " too polished " . She praised the acting , particularly from Danielle Catanzariti and Russell Dykstra , but felt that the script lacked spontaneity . Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton of At the Movies each gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 . Stratton enjoyed the " terrific " performances , namely from Catanzariti and Keisha Castle @-@ Hughes , while Pomeranz praised the film 's " eccentricity " and the discomfort caused to the audience at times .
Other critics were less positive . The Herald Sun 's head reviewer Leigh Paatsch gave the film no stars , claiming the film tried to match the edginess of the 2007 comedy film Juno but was , " way , way off the mark " . He wrote , " If you think the title screams ' Go watch something else ' , just wait until you get a load of this lame local production . " Jim Schembri of The Age opined that the film was an example of " just how bad local [ Australian ] films can get " . In particular , he criticised the " stiff " performances , the " woeful " directing and the plot 's implausibility . Variety magazine 's Richard Kuipers wrote that the film was " sporadically amusing " and lacked " scripting smarts and pulling power across demographics " . He praised the soundtrack and Castle @-@ Hughes ' portrayal of Sunni , but felt that the film was brought down by dull cinematography and " uninspired dialogue and direction " . Bernadette McNulty of The Daily Telegraph noted that the film 's greatest downfall was that " the jokes aren 't funny enough and the sadness barely breaks your heart " . She complimented Toni Collette 's performance but felt that " her slight role is insufficient to make it fly the distance " . Luke Goodsell , writing for Empire magazine , awarded the film 2 out of 5 stars and deemed it to be deserving of " an all @-@ purpose warning label to stay the Hell away " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Danielle Catanzariti won the Australian Film Institute 's Young Actor Award for her performance as Esther . The film received three other AFI Award nominations for Best Screenplay – Original ( Cathy Randall ) , Best Costume Design ( Shareen Beringer ) and Best Sound ( Liam Egan , Tony Murtagh , Phil Judd and Des Keneally ) . Catanzariti was nominated by the Film Critics Circle of Australia for the FCCA Best Actress Award . Randall won an award for directing at the Hamburg Filmfest Michel Children 's and Youth Film Festival .
= = Box Office = =
Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger grossed $ 863 @,@ 950 at the box office in Australia .
= Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act =
The Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act of 1956 ( Public Law 84 @-@ 830 ) was an Act of Congress passed to improve mental health care in the United States territory of Alaska . It became the focus of a major political controversy after opponents nicknamed it the " Siberia Bill " and denounced it as being part of a communist plot to hospitalize and brainwash Americans . Campaigners asserted that it was part of an international Jewish , Roman Catholic or psychiatric conspiracy intended to establish United Nations @-@ run concentration camps in the United States .
The legislation in its original form was sponsored by the Democratic Party , but after it ran into opposition , it was rescued by the conservative Republican Senator Barry Goldwater . Under Goldwater 's sponsorship , a version of the legislation without the commitment provisions that were the target of intense opposition from a variety of far @-@ right , anti @-@ Communist and fringe religious groups was passed by the United States Senate . The controversy still plays a prominent role in the Church of Scientology 's account of its campaign against psychiatry .
The Act succeeded in its initial aim of establishing a mental health care system for Alaska , funded by income from lands allocated to a mental health trust . However , during the 1970s and early 1980s , Alaskan politicians systematically stripped the trust of its lands , transferring the most valuable land to private individuals and state agencies . The asset stripping was eventually ruled to be illegal following several years of litigation , and a reconstituted mental health trust was established in the mid @-@ 1980s .
= = Background to the act = =
Alaska possessed no mental health treatment facilities prior to the passage of the 1956 Act . At the time of the Act 's passage , Alaska was not a U.S. state , being constituted instead as a territory of the United States . The treatment of the mentally ill was governed by an agreement with the state of Oregon dating back to the turn of the 20th century . On June 6 , 1900 , the United States Congress enacted a law permitting the government of the then District of Alaska to provide mental health care for Alaskans . In 1904 , a contract was signed with Morningside Hospital , privately owned and operated by Henry Waldo Coe in Portland , Oregon , under which Alaskan mental patients would be sent to the hospital for treatment . A commitment regime was established under which a person said to be mentally ill was to be brought before a jury of six people , who would rule him sane or insane . The patient was routinely sent to prison until his release or transfer to Portland ; at no point in this ruling was a medical or psychiatric examination required .
By the 1940s it was recognized that this arrangement was unsatisfactory . The American Medical Association conducted a series of studies in 1948 , followed by a Department of the Interior study in 1950 . They highlighted the deficiencies of the program : commitment procedures in Alaska were archaic , and the long trip to Portland had a negative effect on patients and their families . In addition , an audit of the hospital contract found that the Sanatorium Company , which owned the hospital , had been padding its expenses . This had enabled it to make an excess profit of $ 69 @,@ 000 per year ( equivalent to over $ 588 @,@ 000 per year at 2007 prices ) .
The studies recommended a comprehensive overhaul of the system , with the development of an in @-@ state mental health program for Alaska . This proposal was widely supported by the public and politicians . At the start of 1956 , in the second session of the 84th Congress , Representative Edith Green ( D @-@ Oregon )
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
land for one of two existing Semper Augustus bulbs , or a single bulb of the Viceroy that was purchased for a basket of goods ( shown in table ) worth 2 @,@ 500 florins .
Many individuals grew suddenly rich . A golden bait hung temptingly out before the people , and , one after the other , they rushed to the tulip marts , like flies around a honey @-@ pot . Every one imagined that the passion for tulips would last for ever , and that the wealthy from every part of the world would send to Holland , and pay whatever prices were asked for them . The riches of Europe would be concentrated on the shores of the Zuyder Zee , and poverty banished from the favoured clime of Holland . Nobles , citizens , farmers , mechanics , seamen , footmen , maidservants , even chimney sweeps and old clotheswomen , dabbled in tulips .
The increasing mania contributed several amusing , but unlikely , anecdotes that Mackay recounted , such as a sailor who mistook the valuable tulip bulb of a merchant for an onion and grabbed it to eat . The merchant and his family chased the sailor to find him " eating a breakfast whose cost might have regaled a whole ship 's crew for a twelvemonth " . The sailor was jailed for eating the bulb . Tulips are poisonous if prepared incorrectly , taste bad , and are considered to be only marginally edible even during famines .
People were purchasing bulbs at higher and higher prices , intending to re @-@ sell them for a profit . However , such a scheme could not last unless someone was ultimately willing to pay such high prices and take possession of the bulbs . In February 1637 , tulip traders could no longer find new buyers willing to pay increasingly inflated prices for their bulbs . As this realization set in , the demand for tulips collapsed , and prices plummeted — the speculative bubble burst . Some were left holding contracts to purchase tulips at prices now ten times greater than those on the open market , while others found themselves in possession of bulbs now worth a fraction of the price they had paid . Mackay claims the Dutch devolved into distressed accusations and recriminations against others in the trade .
In Mackay 's account , the panicked tulip speculators sought help from the government of the Netherlands , which responded by declaring that anyone who had bought contracts to purchase bulbs in the future could void their contract by payment of a 10 percent fee . Attempts were made to resolve the situation to the satisfaction of all parties , but these were unsuccessful . The mania finally ended , Mackay says , with individuals stuck with the bulbs they held at the end of the crash — no court would enforce payment of a contract , since judges regarded the debts as contracted through gambling , and thus not enforceable by law .
According to Mackay , lesser tulip manias also occurred in other parts of Europe , although matters never reached the state they had in the Netherlands . He also claimed that the aftermath of the tulip price deflation led to a widespread economic chill throughout the Netherlands for many years afterwards .
= = Modern views = =
Mackay 's account of inexplicable mania was unchallenged , and mostly unexamined , until the 1980s . However , research into tulip mania since then , especially by proponents of the efficient @-@ market hypothesis , suggests that his story was incomplete and inaccurate . In her 2007 scholarly analysis Tulipmania , Anne Goldgar states that the phenomenon was limited to " a fairly small group " , and that most accounts from the period " are based on one or two contemporary pieces of propaganda and a prodigious amount of plagiarism " . Peter Garber argues that the bubble " was no more than a meaningless winter drinking game , played by a plague @-@ ridden population that made use of the vibrant tulip market . "
While Mackay 's account held that a wide array of society was involved in the tulip trade , Goldgar 's study of archived contracts found that even at its peak the trade in tulips was conducted almost exclusively by merchants and skilled craftsmen who were wealthy , but not members of the nobility . Any economic fallout from the bubble was very limited . Goldgar , who identified many prominent buyers and sellers in the market , found fewer than half a dozen who experienced financial troubles in the time period , and even of these cases it is not clear that tulips were to blame . This is not altogether surprising . Although prices had risen , money had not changed hands between buyers and sellers . Thus profits were never realized for sellers ; unless sellers had made other purchases on credit in expectation of the profits , the collapse in prices did not cause anyone to lose money .
= = = Rational explanations = = =
There is no dispute that prices for tulip bulb contracts rose and then fell in 1636 – 37 , but even a dramatic rise and fall in prices does not necessarily mean that an economic or speculative bubble developed and then burst . For tulip mania to have qualified as an economic bubble , the price of tulip bulbs would need to have become unhinged from the intrinsic value of the bulbs . Modern economists have advanced several possible reasons for why the rise and fall in prices may not have constituted a bubble .
The increases of the 1630s corresponded with a lull in the Thirty Years ' War . Hence market prices ( at least initially ) were responding rationally to a rise in demand . However , the fall in prices was faster and more dramatic than the rise . Data on sales largely disappeared after the February 1637 collapse in prices , but a few other data points on bulb prices after tulip mania show that bulbs continued to lose value for decades thereafter .
= = = Natural volatility in flower prices = = =
Garber compared the available price data on tulips to hyacinth prices at the beginning of the 19th century — when the hyacinth replaced the tulip as the fashionable flower — and found a similar pattern . When hyacinths were introduced florists strove with one another to grow beautiful hyacinth flowers , as demand was strong . However , as people became more accustomed to hyacinths the prices began to fall . The most expensive bulbs fell to 1 to 2 percent of their peak value within 30 years . Garber also notes that , " a small quantity of prototype lily bulbs recently was sold for 1 million guilders ( $ US480,000 at 1987 exchange rates ) " , demonstrating that even in the modern world , flowers can command extremely high prices . Additionally , because the rise in prices occurred after bulbs were planted for the year , growers would not have had an opportunity to increase production in response to price .
= = = = Critiques = = = =
Other economists believe that these elements cannot completely explain the dramatic rise and fall in tulip prices . Garber 's theory has also been challenged for failing to explain a similar dramatic rise and fall in prices for regular tulip bulb contracts . Some economists also point to other factors associated with speculative bubbles , such as a growth in the supply of money , demonstrated by an increase in deposits at the Bank of Amsterdam during that period .
= = = Legal changes = = =
UCLA economics professor Earl A. Thompson argues in a 2007 paper that Garber 's explanation cannot account for the extremely swift drop in tulip bulb contract prices . The annualized rate of price decline was 99 @.@ 999 % , instead of the average 40 % for other flowers . He provides another explanation for Dutch tulip mania . The Dutch parliament was considering a decree ( originally sponsored by Dutch tulip investors who had lost money because of a German setback in the Thirty Years ' War ) that changed the way tulip contracts functioned :
On February 24 , 1637 , the self @-@ regulating guild of Dutch florists , in a decision that was later ratified by the Dutch Parliament , announced that all futures contracts written after November 30 , 1636 and before the re @-@ opening of the cash market in the early Spring , were to be interpreted as option contracts . They did this by simply relieving the futures buyers of the obligation to buy the future tulips , forcing them merely to compensate the sellers with a small fixed percentage of the contract price .
Before this parliamentary decree , the purchaser of a tulip contract — known in modern finance as a futures contract — was legally obliged to buy the bulbs . The decree changed the nature of these contracts , so that if the current market price fell , the purchaser could opt to pay a penalty and forgo receipt of the bulb , rather than pay the full contracted price . This change in law meant that , in modern terminology , the futures contracts had been transformed into options contracts . This proposal began to be debated in the fall of 1636 , and if it became clear to investors that the decree was likely to be enacted , prices probably would have risen .
This decree allowed someone who purchased a contract to void the contract with a payment of only 3 @.@ 5 percent of the contract price ( or about 1 / 30th the contract ) . Thus , investors bought increasingly expensive contracts . A speculator could sign a contract to purchase a tulip for 100 guilders . If the price rose above 100 guilders , the speculator would pocket the difference as profit . If the price remained low , the speculator could void the contract for only 3 ½ guilders . Thus , a contract nominally for 100 guilders , would actually cost an investor no more than 3 ½ guilders . In early February , as contract prices reached a peak , Dutch authorities stepped in and halted the trading of these contracts .
Thompson states that actual sales of tulip bulbs remained at ordinary levels throughout the period . Thus , Thompson concludes that the " mania " was a rational response to changes in contractual obligations . Using data about the specific payoffs present in the futures and option contracts , Thompson argues that tulip bulb contract prices hewed closely to what a rational economic model would dictate , " Tulip contract prices before , during , and after the ' tulipmania ' appear to provide a remarkable illustration of ' market efficiency ' . "
= = Social mania and legacy = =
The popularity of Mackay 's tale has continued to this day , with new editions of Extraordinary Popular Delusions appearing regularly , with introductions by writers such as financier Bernard Baruch ( 1932 ) , financial writer Andrew Tobias ( 1980 ) , psychologist David J. Schneider ( 1993 ) , and Michael Lewis ( 2008 ) . At least six editions are currently in print .
Goldgar argues that although tulip mania may not have constituted an economic or speculative bubble , it was nonetheless traumatic to the Dutch for other reasons . " Even though the financial crisis affected very few , the shock of tulipmania was considerable . A whole network of values was thrown into doubt . " In the 17th century , it was unimaginable to most people that something as common as a flower could be worth so much more money than most people earned in a year . The idea that the prices of flowers that grow only in the summer could fluctuate so wildly in the winter , threw into chaos the very understanding of " value " .
Many of the sources telling of the woes of tulip mania , such as the anti @-@ speculative pamphlets that were later reported by Beckmann and Mackay , have been cited as evidence of the extent of the economic damage . These pamphlets , however , were not written by victims of a bubble , but were primarily religiously motivated . The upheaval was viewed as a perversion of the moral order — proof that " concentration on the earthly , rather than the heavenly flower could have dire consequences " . Thus , it is possible that a relatively minor economic event took on a life of its own as a morality tale .
Nearly a century later , during the crash of the Mississippi Company and the South Sea Company in about 1720 , tulip mania appeared in satires of these manias . When Johann Beckmann first described tulip mania in the 1780s , he compared it to the failing lotteries of the time . In Goldgar 's view , even many modern popular works about financial markets , such as Burton Malkiel 's A Random Walk Down Wall Street ( 1973 ) and John Kenneth Galbraith 's A Short History of Financial Euphoria ( 1990 ; written soon after the crash of 1987 ) , used the tulip mania as a lesson in morality . Tulip mania again became a popular reference during the dot @-@ com bubble of 1995 – 2001 .
In the 21st century , journalists have compared it to failure of the speculative dot @-@ com bubble and the subprime mortgage crisis . In November 2013 Nout Wellink , former president of the Dutch Central Bank , described Bitcoin as " worse than the tulip mania , " adding , " At least then you got a tulip , now you get nothing . "
Despite the mania 's enduring popularity , Daniel Gross of Slate has said of economists offering efficient @-@ market explanations for the mania , that " If they 're correct ... then business writers will have to delete Tulipmania from their handy @-@ pack of bubble analogies . "
= Cardcaptor Sakura =
Cardcaptor Sakura ( カードキャプターさくら , Kādokyaputā Sakura ) , abbreviated as CCS and also known as Cardcaptors , is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp . The manga was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from May 1996 to June 2000 , and published in 12 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from November 1996 to July 2000 . The story focuses on Sakura Kinomoto , an elementary school student who discovers that she possesses magical powers after accidentally freeing a set of magical cards from the book they had been sealed in for years . She is then tasked with retrieving those cards in order to avoid an unknown catastrophe from befalling the world . A sequel by Clamp focusing on Sakura in junior high school began serialization in Nakayoshi with the July 2016 issue .
The series was adapted into a 70 @-@ episode anime TV series by Madhouse that aired on Japan 's satellite television channel NHK BS2 from April 1998 to March 2000 . Additional media produced include two anime films , as well as video games , art books , picture books , and film comics . Tokyopop initially released the manga in English in North America from March 2000 to August 2003 . After Tokyopop 's license for Cardcaptor Sakura expired , Dark Horse Manga acquired the license and released the series in omnibus editions from October 2010 to September 2012 .
Nelvana licensed the TV series and first film for North American broadcast and distribution , renaming it Cardcaptors , which first aired on Kids ' WB from June 2000 to December 2001 . All 70 episodes were dubbed ; while other English @-@ speaking territories received the full run , the version aired on American television was heavily edited into 39 episodes . Cardcaptors also aired on Cartoon Network , Teletoon and Nickelodeon . The TV series and films were sub @-@ licensed by Geneon , which released them unedited with English subtitles . The TV series was also later released by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand .
Critics praised the manga for its creativity and described it as a quintessential shōjo manga , as well as a critical work for manga in general . The manga series was awarded the Seiun Award for Best Manga in 2001 . The TV anime adaptation was praised for transcending its target audience of young children and being enjoyable to older viewers . The artwork in the anime was also a focus of attention , described as above average for a late @-@ 1990s TV series , and Sakura 's magic @-@ casting scenes were complimented for being nearly unique because of the regular costume changes . The TV anime won the Animage Grand Prix award for Best Anime in 1999 . The American edit of Cardcaptors , however , was heavily panned by critics for cutting out character backgrounds essential to understanding the plot .
= = Plot = =
Cardcaptor Sakura takes place in the fictional Japanese city of Tomoeda , which is somewhere near Tokyo . Ten @-@ year @-@ old Sakura Kinomoto accidentally releases a set of magical cards known as Clow Cards from a book in her basement created and named after the sorcerer Clow Reed . Each card has its own unique ability and can assume an alternate form when activated . The guardian of the cards , Cerberus , emerges from the book and chooses Sakura to retrieve the missing cards . As she finds each card , she battles its magical personification and defeats it by sealing it away . Cerberus acts as her guide , while her best friend and second cousin , Tomoyo Daidouji films her exploits and provides her with battle costumes . Sakura 's older brother Toya Kinomoto watches over her , while pretending that he is unaware of what is going on .
Syaoran Li , a boy Sakura 's age and descendant of Clow Reed , arrives from Hong Kong to recapture the cards himself . While initially antagonistic , he comes to respect Sakura and begins aiding her to capture the cards . Once Sakura captures all of the cards , she is tested by Yue the judge , the cards ' second guardian , to determine if she is worthy of becoming the cards ' true master ; Yue is also the true form of Yukito Tsukishiro , Toya 's best friend . Aided by her teacher Kaho Mizuki , Sakura passes the test and becomes the new master of the Clow Cards . Eriol Hiiragizawa , a transfer student from England , arrives in Tomoeda and begins causing disturbances with two guardian @-@ like creatures , Spinel Sun and Ruby Moon . Sakura is suddenly unable to use the Clow Cards and transforms her wand , beginning the process of evolving the cards into Sakura Cards as Eriol causes strange occurrences that forces her to use and thus transform certain cards . Once all the cards have been transformed , Eriol tells Sakura that he aided her in converting the cards so they would not lose their magic powers . Syaoran later confesses his love to Sakura , who comes to realize she also loves him . Cardcaptor Sakura concludes with Syaoran returning to Hong Kong with a promise to return . Two years later , Syaoran moves back to Tomoeda permanently .
The plot of the anime series is extended , featuring 52 Clow Cards from the manga 's original 19 , and certain scenes are stretched and delayed , such as Cerberus ' true form not being revealed until just before Yue 's appearance . Sakura creates a 53rd card , Hope , a talent she is not shown to have in the manga . Some of the circumstances around the capturing of the cards is changed , such as Syaoran capturing several cards himself and being tested by Yue in the Final Judgment . Syaoran 's cousin and fiancée Meiling Li is introduced in the anime , who positions herself as a romantic rival for Sakura later in the series and also a friend until she returns to Hong Kong . The TV series leaves the relationship between Sakura and Syaoran unresolved , but Sakura confesses her love to Syaoran at the end of the second anime film .
= = Production = =
Cardcaptor Sakura was first conceived shortly before the conclusion of Clamp 's Magic Knight Rayearth , which was serialized in Nakayoshi . Clamp 's head editor Yamonouchi asked them to do another series in Nakayoshi , and Clamp decided to make a " Nakayoshi @-@ esque " series , as opposed to Rayearth , which Clamp described as unlike anything they had done before . Head Clamp writer Nanase Ohkawa 's first impulse was to create a magical girl series , despite not being well @-@ versed in the genre . Ohkawa wanted the heroine Sakura to be in the same age group as the majority of Nakayoshi 's readers so that fans could relate to her . Due to it being different from how Clamp normally conceived characters , Ohkawa designed the other characters such as Tomoyo and Cerberus to be more like Clamp 's previous creations . Once Ohkawa had enough information on the characters , she had the three artists in Clamp — Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi and Satsuki Igarashi — design them based on her descriptions . When designing Cerberus , Ohkawa wanted a mascot @-@ type companion for Sakura , but Nekoi tried various forms , including dogs and squirrels , before designing the final version . Syaoran and Toya were conceived to be a common type of character featured in Clamp 's works .
Various other titles were suggested for the series such as Cardcaster Sakura and Card Character Sakura before Nekoi suggested Cardcaptor Sakura . While Ohkawa planned out Cardcaptor Sakura from beginning to end , she never consulted the plot with the other members , instead giving them the script one chapter at a time . Mokona initially drew Tomoyo so it would look like she was in love with Toya , which led to her surprise when she received the script for the chapter which reveals Tomoyo loves Sakura . The story was planned to have the theme of " if you try your best , it 'll work out " , but Ohkawa did not start out with Sakura 's " It 'll definitely be okay " mindset . Ohkawa wanted to write a story that " minorities would feel comfortable with , " referring to the same @-@ sex and taboo relationships featured in the manga . The series ' main theme is expressed through Sakura , a main character designed to be open minded about different family structures and kinds of love . Ohkawa addressed the relationships featured in the series by using Tomoyo and Sakura as an example . She explained that the reason Tomoyo and Sakura did not end up together was not because Tomoyo is a girl , but rather because Sakura did not love Tomoyo in a romantic way .
The central theme of Cardcaptor Sakura is love and human relationships . Throughout the series , many forms of love are showcased , including " sibling love , childhood crushes , unrequited love , [ and ] true love . " At times , Clamp even ignores the Clow Cards for several chapters to focus more on the relationships of Sakura and those around her . Each of these relationships are presented as is , with Clamp carefully avoiding passing judgment on the correctness of the relationships . In particular , the romantic relationship between elementary student Rika Sasaki and her teacher Yoshiyuki Terada is presented in such a way that it can be seen as a sweet and innocent tale of " wish fulfillment " , or if examined more seriously , as a mildly disturbing story of pedophilic love .
The artists , especially Mokona , were told by Ohkawa to use thin lines and to try to express things through curved lines as opposed to straight lines . The style of artwork was decided at the beginning to unify the world view of Cardcaptor Sakura . Ohkawa wanted the series to have a " soft , cute @-@ like " feel , so she asked the artists to not use a lot of ink and to make the pages light . For the multitude of flower imagery used in the manga , Nekoi looked through various books to find appropriate flowers , and tried to avoid using the same flower more than once in one chapter . Igarashi remarked that they " never had to draw so many flowers for one series , " but they made a point to not use roses . Clamp wanted to incorporate transformation scenes into Cardcaptor Sakura , but because many magical girl manga have the girls wearing the same outfit , Clamp wanted Sakura to wear different costumes . Clamp felt that " it 's pretty sad for a girl to wear the same outfit all the time . "
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Cardcaptor Sakura began as a manga series written and illustrated by the manga artist group Clamp . It was serialized in the monthly shōjo ( aimed at young girls ) manga magazine Nakayoshi from the May 1996 to June 2000 issue . The individual chapters were collected and published in 12 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from November 1996 to July 2000 . Kodansha released the first six volumes in bilingual editions that included both Japanese and English from May 2000 to July 2001 . The bilingual volumes were part of an experimental line for helping Japanese children learn English . Kodansha stopped releasing the bilingual editions after the series was licensed in English for distribution in North America by Tokyopop . A sequel manga series titled Cardcaptor Sakura : Clear Card Edition ( カードキャプターさくらクリアカード編 , Kādokyaputā Sakura Kuria Kado @-@ hen ) began serialization in Nakayoshi from the July 2016 issue sold on June 3 . This sequel follows Sakura in junior high school and introduces the mysterious " clearing " of the Sakura Cards .
Tokyopop released the volumes of Cardcaptor Sakura from March 2000 to August 2003 . Tokyopop initially released the first six volumes with the book " flipped " from the original Japanese orientation , in which the book is read from right @-@ to @-@ left , to the Western format with text oriented from left @-@ to @-@ right . These volumes were later re @-@ released with the original orientation in two box sets , each containing three volumes . Volumes seven through twelve were released in the original orientation with the subtitle Master of the Clow . Madman Entertainment used Tokyopop 's English translation to release the series in Australia and New Zealand . Dark Horse Manga published an English edition of the series in four omnibus volumes containing three of the original volumes each from October 2010 and September 2012 . The manga series is licensed for additional regional language releases by Pika Édition in France , Star Comics in Italy , Egmont Manga & Anime in Germany , Editora JBC in Brazil , Ever Glory Publishing in Taiwan , Ediciones Glénat in Spain , Editorial Ivrea in Argentina , and Editorial Toukan in Mexico .
= = = TV series = = =
A 70 @-@ episode anime TV series adaptation produced by the animation studio Madhouse aired in Japan on the NHK television network spread over three seasons . The first season , consisting of 35 episodes , aired between April 7 and December 29 , 1998 . The second season , with 11 episodes , aired between April 6 and June 22 , 1999 . The third season , containing 24 episodes , aired between September 7 , 1999 and March 21 , 2000 . Directed by Morio Asaka , Clamp was fully involved in the project , with head writer Nanase Ohkawa writing and composing the screenplay and Mokona overseeing the costumes and card designs . The series was later released by Bandai Visual to 18 VHS , LD and DVD compilation volumes from September 1998 to May 2000 .
Nelvana licensed Cardcaptor Sakura in North America , dubbed the series into English with Ocean Studios featuring Carly McKillip as Sakura , and released it under the name Cardcaptors . This version was heavily edited from the original Japanese version . The initial version of the dub covered all 70 episodes , although character names were changed , some Japanese text was changed to English , and controversial subjects such as same @-@ sex relationships were edited out . The musical score was completely replaced with new music and some of the sound effects were replaced when they could not be separated into separate tracks , although the original opening and ending themes were dubbed into English . This version aired in Australia on Network Ten and Cartoon Network , in Ireland on RTÉ Network 2 , in the UK on CiTV and Nickelodeon , and in Canada on Teletoon ( which also aired the episodes with a French dub ) . An alternative English dub of the series was produced by Omni Productions to air on Animax Asia and it has been shown entirely unedited and uncut making it very faithfully closer to the original Japanese version , which it broadcast on its English @-@ language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia .
Cardcaptors first aired in the United States on Kids ' WB between June 17 , 2000 and December 14 , 2001 . The version that aired on Kids WB was an alternate version of the Nelvana dub that was heavily edited even further with episodes re @-@ ordered and some left out completely . The editing to the original Nelvana dub was done to refocus the series to be more action oriented for the appeal of male viewers , as they were seen as the largest audience of animation at the time . The first episode aired in Kids ' WB 's version was " Sakura 's Rival " , the eighth episode of the series , having removed episodes focusing on Sakura and to have the show start with Syaoran 's arrival . The series ran for 39 episodes , changing the original episode order but finishing with the show 's actual final episode .
Pioneer Entertainment released the dubbed Cardcaptors episodes to nine VHS and DVD compilation volumes from November 2000 to July 2002 . They also released the unedited Cardcaptor Sakura series with the original Japanese audio tracks and English subtitles , to 18 DVDs from November 2000 to November 2003 ; the first 11 volumes were also released in VHS . The Cardcaptor Sakura TV series DVDs went out @-@ of @-@ print at the end of 2006 when the license expired . NIS America has licensed the Cardcaptor Sakura TV series and re @-@ released the entire series with Japanese and an unedited English audio track on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on August 5 , 2014 .
Madman Entertainment licensed the original Cardcaptor Sakura episodes in its uncut form with Japanese audio and English subtitles in Australia and New Zealand , and later released the series in two DVD box collections , one consisting of season one and the other consisting of seasons two and three . Each DVD box set contained the textless openings and endings of the series ; the second DVD box set also contained an exclusive interview with Sakura Tange , Sakura Kinomoto 's Japanese voice actress . The first DVD box collection was released in September 2012 , and the second DVD box collection was released in November 2012 .
= = = Films = = =
Madhouse produced two , 82 @-@ minute anime films as an extension to the TV anime series . The first , Cardcaptor Sakura : The Movie , was released on August 21 , 1999 . Set between the first and second seasons of the TV series , the film shows Sakura and her friends going to Hong Kong where they encounter a vengeful spirit who was hurt by Clow Reed in the past . It was released to VHS , LD and DVD in Japan by Bandai Visual in February 2000 . Nelvana released an English dubbed version of the film , retaining the same name and story changes as its main Cardcaptors dub , although it was dubbed with no visual edits and was released in cut and uncut versions . As with the TV series , Pioneer Entertainment also released the film with the original Japanese audio and English subtitles , and also released a bilingual DVD containing both audio tracks . Both the edited and unedited versions were released on VHS and DVD in March 2002 . Discotek Media released the first film on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD on September 30 , 2014 in North America .
The second film , Cardcaptor Sakura Movie 2 : The Sealed Card , was released in Japan on July 15 , 2000 . It provided a conclusion to the TV series , in which Syaoran returns to Tokyo in hopes of getting Sakura 's answer to his love confession , but her own confession is interrupted by the appearance of a 53rd Clow Card . It was released to LD ( as a limited edition ) and DVD in January 2001 , and to VHS in July 2001 . It was released in North America to DVD by Pioneer in November 2003 and featured an English dub by Bang Zoom ! Entertainment instead of Nelvana and Ocean Studios , now with Kari Wahlgren as Sakura , and this time retaining the original character names and the content unedited and uncut . The films as released by Pioneer ( later renamed Geneon ) remained in print in North America until late 2007 . A bonus short film titled Leave it to Kero ! was played with the theatrical screening of the second film .
= = = Audio CDs = = =
As a preview to the anime series , Kodansha released a tankōbon @-@ sized CD volume titled CD Comic Cardcaptor Sakura in August 1997 containing two character songs sung by the voice actors of Sakura and Tomoyo and drama tracks . Two drama CDs were released for the series . The first , Sakura to Okaa @-@ san no Organ , was released in July 1998 featuring a script written by Clamp author Nanase Ohkawa . It depicts Sakura having a dream about her mother playing an organ and choosing to write about her the following day for a school project . The second CD , Sweet Valentine Stories , was released in February 1999 and depicts a single day in the life of the girls in Sakura 's class , including Sakura herself . Four original soundtrack CD albums were released for the anime TV series from July 1998 to March 2000 . The soundtracks included instrumental background music and the vocal theme songs . Two soundtracks were produced for the films : the first film 's soundtrack was released in August 1999 , followed by the second film 's soundtrack in August 2000 .
Nine theme song singles were released : six for the TV series and three for the films . The three opening theme song singles for the TV series are : " Catch You Catch Me " by Gumi released in April 1998 , " Tobira o Akete " by Anza released in April 1999 , and " Platinum " by Maaya Sakamoto released in October 1999 . The three ending theme song singles for the TV series are : " Groovy ! " by Kohmi Hirose released in September 1998 , " Honey " by Chihiro released in May 1999 , and " Fruits Candy " by Megumi Kojima released in November 1999 . The two ending theme song singles for the films are : " Tōi Kono Machi de " by Naomi Kaitani released in August 1999 for the first film , and " Ashita e no Melody " by Chaka released in July 2000 for the second film . The theme song single for the anime short Leave It To Kero ! shown with the second film , " Okashi no Uta " , was released in July 2000 .
Six character song singles sung by the voice actors of Sakura , Toya , Cerberus , Tomoyo , Yukito and Syaoran released in June 1998 ; each single also contained a short drama track . A character song album titled Cardcaptor Sakura Character Songbook was released in January 1999 containing tracks from the previously released character song singles as well as new tracks sung by the various voice actors . An album titled Tomoeda Elementary Choir Club Christmas Concert , released in December 1999 , contains seven tracks by a children 's choir , including five where they are joined by Junko Iwao , the voice actress for Tomoyo . A four @-@ CD compilation set , Complete Vocal Collection , was released in February 2001 compiling the series ' theme songs , tracks from the character song singles , remixes of previously released songs , and new music . An album containing the theme songs from the TV series and films titled Cardcaptor Sakura Theme Song Collection was released in December 2001 . Victor Entertainment released the albums and singles for Cardcaptor Sakura . An original soundtrack for Cardcaptors titled Cardcaptors : Songs from the Hit TV Series was released in September 2001 by Rhino Entertainment .
= = = Video games = = =
Ten video games have been produced based on the series and released on a variety of video game and handheld consoles . They feature various genres , such as adventure and role @-@ playing video games .
= = = Other media = = =
Kodansha published three art books for the manga series and three art books from for the anime TV series featuring art by character designer Kumiko Takahashi . The three books for the manga titled Cardcaptor Sakura Illustration Collection were released from July 1998 to December 2000 . The three for the TV series titled Cheerio ! were released from April 1999 to September 2000 . A set of the 52 Clow Cards featured in the TV series was released in August 1999 and a Clow Card Fortune Book , which contains information on how to use the Clow Card replica set as tarot cards , was released in March 2000 .
A fan book for the manga titled Cardcaptor Sakura Memorial Book was published on February 27 , 2001 containing various illustrations from the series , as well as information on branded merchandise based on the series and interviews . Four fan books under the title Complete Book , were released for the TV series and Films . For the TV series , two fan books labeled Clow Card @-@ hen ( クロウカード編 , Clow Card Arc ) and Sakura Card @-@ hen ( さくらカード編 , Sakura Card Arc ) were released in July 1999 and June 2000 respectively Each of the two films received a fan book and were released in October 1999 and October 2000 respectively . A poster box containing several posters and a T @-@ shirt was released on August 22 , 2001 .
Ten volumes of a film comic sharing the same name as the manga and anime series were published from August 1998 to November 2000 covering the first two anime seasons , though some episodes were skipped . Three more were published under the subtitle , Sakura Card @-@ hen from March 2001 to February 2002 covering up to episode 59 , though again some episodes were skipped . Four picture books were released for the TV series from September 1998 to November 2000 . Four sticker books were released for the TV series from August 1999 to March 2004 .
= = Reception = =
The Cardcaptor Sakura manga series was popular with Japanese readers , ranking among the top five sellers during its release . The manga series was awarded the Seiun Award for Best Manga in 2001 . Shaenon Garrity of The Comics Journal described the series as a quintessential shōjo manga , which is praised for its mature direction in the second half . Cardcaptor Sakura has been described as a " critical work " of manga by Christopher Butcher of Comics212 . In a review by Lisa Anderson of Manga Life , the subplots in the series related to the interactions between characters were noted to be of special interest . Anderson praised how the manga , while at the onset begins with a costumed Sakura chasing after a Clow Card , takes a " rather big leap in another direction " when focusing on the characters . The manga is further lauded for its depth . Anime News Network ( ANN ) reviewer Robert Nguyen felt Cardcaptor Sakura is an " atypical shōjo " manga , which puts an " emphasis on the emotions of the character . "
In Manga : The Complete Guide , Mason Templar states that the series is not " just one of the best kids ' manga in translation , it 's one of the very best manga available in English , period . " He praises Clamp for their creativity and shrewd business sense , in being able to create a series that " clearly has merchandising in line " and an " utterly forgettable premise " into a story that is " brimming with warmth and joy and wonder " and is " much more than the sum of its parts . " The manga is cited as being cute by critics , and in some cases too cute ; however , Anderson stated that " much like Magic Knight Rayearth , even a cute story will have its depth and drama . " The artwork of the manga is praised for being detailed and having " beautifully drawn pictures of the Clow Cards themselves . " The cards are described as having " an artful blend of magical fantasy and reality . "
The anime adaptation was popular with viewers in Japan , despite having a timeslot that normally has low viewership . The Cardcaptor Sakura anime adaptation won the Animage Grand Prix award for best anime in 1999 . In May 2000 , volumes 8 and 17 of the anime LD release were among the top selling titles , with volume 17 being in first place . The 18th DVD volume was the eighth best selling anime DVD in Japan in June 2000 . Animerica contributor Kevin Lew felt the series had a " sophisticated design sense " that allowed the series to transcend its target audience of young children and be enjoyable to older viewers as well . Fellow contributor Takashi Oshiguichi found the character Sakura to be appealing and praised the series art work . He felt that while it was " very calculated " to attract male readers , the series was attractive to fans due to Clamp 's " unique entertainment style " that incorporates " perfectly time [ d ] appearances of " fascinating villains " and the unusual element of having the main character change costume for every capture . The magazine 's Winnie Chow felt the series ' animation was " far above average for a TV series " , and compliments Sakura 's magic @-@ casting scenes for being nearly unique due to the regular costume changes .
Zac Bertschy of ANN praised Cardcaptor Sakura for taking an " incredibly stale and repetitive " magical girl genre and " providing something fun , clever , beautifully animated , touching and exciting all at once ; " Bertschy goes on to call the series " the best magical girl show ever produced . " The animation was described as being " incredibly fluid " with the character designs " maintain [ ing ] a consistent and impressive level of detail , even during action scenes . " The series has been described as formulaic , but this is not said to detract from the show 's enjoyment . While Cardcaptor Sakura is normally intended for an audience of young girls , the anime is lauded for containing " elements that can be enjoyed by anyone , regardless of age or gender , providing they are open @-@ minded enough . " In 2001 , the anime ranked 46th on Wizard 's Anime Magazine 's " Top 50 Anime released in North America " ranking .
The Kids ' WB version of the Cardcaptors dub was panned by critics . Jake Godek of THEM Anime called it " the worst thing that has ever happened to anime that had a good Japanese name , " with the dubbing being " one of the worst if not the worst dubbing done for a program . " He also criticized the editing , saying that it had " demolished the plot " and noting that it cut out vital character backgrounds needed in order to understand the show . Adam Arnold of Animefringe , reviewing the first Cardcaptors DVD , said it was " nothing more than an attempt to dilute a fan favorite anime , " with the dubbed voices described as " not up @-@ to @-@ par with the originals . " The ordering of the episodes on the DVD was also criticized , noting that starting with episode eight meant that the cast are " left without their backgrounds fleshed out . " However , he also approved of the episode stories being left intact , and praised the voices of Carly McKillip as Sakura Avalon and Rhys Huber as Syaoran Li , stating that they were " only voices that really shine above the rest . "
In January 2002 , the restaurant chain Taco Bell began a month @-@ long promotion in which four Cardcaptors toys were available in their kids ' meals and the company expected to distribute up to 7 million of the toys during the month . The " conservative Christian political orientation " American Family Association complained about the promotion as the organization felt the Clow Cards in the series were too similar to tarot cards and Eastern mythology . However , the organization 's complaints did not begin until the promotion was already scheduled to end , so it is unsure whether the complaints had any actual effect .
= Grevillea juniperina =
Grevillea juniperina , commonly known as juniper- or juniper @-@ leaf grevillea or prickly spider @-@ flower , is a plant of the family Proteaceae native to eastern New South Wales and south @-@ eastern Queensland in Australia . Scottish botanist Robert Brown described the species in 1810 , and seven subspecies are recognised . It grows as a small prickly @-@ leaved shrub between 0 @.@ 2 and 3 m ( 8 in to 10 ft ) high , generally on clay @-@ based or alluvial soils in eucalypt woodland . The flower heads , known as inflorescences , appear from winter to early summer and are red , orange or yellow . Birds visit and pollinate the flowers . Grevillea juniperina regenerates after bushfire from seed . Grevillea juniperina adapts readily to cultivation and has been important in horticulture as it is the parent of many popular garden hybrids .
= = Description = =
Grevillea juniperina has a spreading or erect habit and it grows to between 0 @.@ 2 and 3 m ( 8 in to 10 ft ) in height . The branchlets are thick and sturdy . The prickly leaves are generally stiff , and are 0 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 3 ⁄ 8 in ) long and 0 @.@ 5 – 6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 1 ⁄ 4 in ) wide . They are crowded along the stems . Flowering occurs throughout the year , peaking between mid winter and early summer , though varies between subspecies . Subspecies allojohnsonii flowers from September to February , subspecies trinervis flowers from August to December , and subspecies juniperina , amphitricha , sulphurea , villosa and fortis flower in August and September . The spider @-@ flower arrangement of the inflorescence has several individual flowers emerging from a central rounded flower head — reminiscent of the legs of a spider . The flowers are red , pink , orange , yellow or greenish , and are mostly terminal — arising on the ends of stems — though they occasionally arise from axillary buds . They are 2 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 – 1 3 ⁄ 8 in ) long . The perianth is finely @-@ furred on the outside , while the pistil is smooth ; it is 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 1 1 ⁄ 8 in ) long . Flowering is followed by the development of seed pods , each capsule is 10 – 18 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4 in ) long , and releases one or two seeds when ripe . The narrow oval seed is 7 @.@ 5 – 12 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 ⁄ 2 in ) and 2 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 3 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 8 in ) wide , with a swelling at the apex and a short wing . Both surfaces are covered with tiny hairs .
Similar species include Grevillea molyneuxii , which can be distinguished by its prominent midvein on the leaf undersurface , and G. speciosa , which has wider leaves with lateral veins and longer pistil .
= = Taxonomy = =
The type specimen for this species was collected from Port Jackson area ( Sydney district ) and was described by botanist Robert Brown in 1810 , who gave it the specific epithet juniperina which alludes to its juniper @-@ like foliage . Likewise it is commonly known as juniper- or juniper @-@ leaf grevillea , as well as prickly spider @-@ flower . The lectotype was selected by Don MacGillivray in 1993 from a collection by George Caley in 1803 11 km ( 7 mi ) northwest of Prospect in what is now Sydney 's outer western suburbs . Brown placed it in the series Lissostylis in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen .
Allan Cunningham collected what he called Grevillea sulphurea in 1822 near Coxs River in the Bathurst area , where it grew alongside G. rosmarinifolia and G. arenaria subspecies canescens . This was later synonymised with G. juniperina before being recognised as a distinct subspecies .
George Bentham placed G. juniperina in Section Lissostylis in his 1870 Flora Australiensis . This section has become the Linearifolia group of 45 species of shrub in southeastern Australia . Within this group , G. juniperina is classified in the Speciosa subgroup , five species of bird @-@ pollinated grevilleas found in eastern Australia . The others are G. molyneuxii , G. dimorpha , G. oleoides and G. speciosa .
There are seven subspecies , six of which have been recognised or described by Bob Makinson of the New South Wales Herbarium in 2000 :
G. j. allojohnsonii Makinson – is found on the Northern Tablelands and North West Slopes in northern New South Wales , from Walcha north to Tenterfield and Stanhope and Girraween National Park in southern Queensland . It is a prostrate shrub to 30 cm ( 12 in ) high with red flowers .
G. j. amphitricha Makinson – is a prostrate or spreading shrub with yellow or orange flowers that grows to 0 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 2 m ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 3 7 ⁄ 8 ft ) tall and 3 m ( 10 ft ) wide . It is found between Braidwood and Nerriga in the Shoalhaven River catchment on the Southern Tablelands .
G. j. fortis Makinson – is a vigorous red @-@ flowered shrub growing to 1 – 3 m ( 3 – 10 ft ) tall that is found on rocky hills and slopes near watercourses — specifically along Ginninderra Creek , the lower reaches of the Molonglo and Cotter Rivers , and the Murrumbidgee River from Pine Island downstream to where it is joined by the Molonglo River — mostly within the ACT .
G. j. juniperina – endemic to western Sydney , restricted to clay soils from Blacktown west to Penrith and Marsden Park and north to Pitt Town . It is listed as a vulnerable species on Schedule 2 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 in New South Wales . Its habitat is threatened by housing development , road upgrading , inappropriate fire regimes , weed invasion , rubbish dumping and trampling either by people or cars . It grows as a spreading shrub that is 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 5 m ( 1 @.@ 5 – 5 ft ) high .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
G. j. sulphurea ( A.Cunn. ) Makinson ( formerly var. trinervata ) – is a shrub to 2 m ( 7 ft ) found in alluvial soils and riverbanks in the catchments of the Cox 's , Kowmung , Wollondilly and Shoalhaven Rivers in the Central and Southern Tablelands , from Tallong to Berrima , as well as Lidsdale to Jenolan State Forest in the southwestern Blue Mountains . It hybridises with G. juniperina subsp. trinervis in the southern and western Blue Mountains .
G. j. trinervis ( R.Br. ) Makinson ( formerly Grevillea trinervis ) – is a prickly shrub with a spreading or prostrate habit ranging from 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 2 , or rarely 2 , m ( 20 in – 7 ft ) high and yellow , orange or red flowers . It is found in the western Blue Mountains .
G. j. villosa Makinson – is an upright red- or yellow @-@ flowered shrub to 2 m ( 7 ft ) high found along watercourses in eucalypt forest east and northeast of Braidwood , as well as Currockbilly in southeastern New South Wales .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Unlike other Proteaceae , which are generally not found on clay soils , Grevillea juniperina subsp. juniperina is found in Cumberland Plain and Castlereagh Woodland communities on clay @-@ loam soils , growing alongside such species as forest redgum ( Eucalyptus tereticornis ) , mugga ironbark ( E. sideroxylon ) , thin @-@ leaved stringybark ( E. eugenioides ) , broad @-@ leaved red ironbark ( E. fibrosa ) , grey box ( E. moluccana ) , white feather honeymyrtle ( Melaleuca decora ) , boxthorn ( Bursaria spinosa ) , sickle wattle ( Acacia falcata ) and Dillwynia tenuifolia . Grevillea juniperina subsp. sulphurea is found on gravelly alluvial soil alongside Leptospermum species , and G. juniperina subsp. trinervis is found on alluvial soil with poor drainage in woodland or along riverbanks in association with snow gum ( Eucalyptus pauciflora ) , mountain gum ( E. dalrympleana ) , Dillwynia retorta and river lomatia ( Lomatia myricoides ) . The annual rainfall in regions where G. juniperina grows is 600 to 800 mm ( 24 – 32 in ) .
= = Ecology = =
Killed by bushfire , Grevillea juniperina regenerates afterwards by seeds that germinate after lying dormant in the soil , stimulated by exposure to heat and smoke . Plants over 1 m ( 3 ft ) high produce more seed . Intervals of 10 to 15 years between fires are thought to be most beneficial for the species ' survival , as this allows seed numbers to build up in the soil over time .
Grevillea juniperina can also colonise disturbed areas , though overgrowth of Bursaria spinosa can negatively impact its spread .
Grevillea juniperina is pollinated by birds , with bees also recorded visiting flowers . The leaves are food for caterpillars of the cyprotus blue ( Candalides cyprotus ) . A springtail species of Australian origin — Calvatomina superba — was found on Grevillea juniperina cultivated at the Lost Gardens of Heligan in Cornwall .
= = Cultivation = =
The botanist Allan Cunningham sent seed of G. juniperina to England in 1820 , resulting in it being grown the following year . Baron Charles von Hügel grew the species in Vienna in 1831 . It has been grown outdoors in southern England , particularly subspecies sulphurea . Grevillea juniperina adapts easily to cultivation and grows in a wide range of soils and aspects in locations with good drainage . Long @-@ flowering , it attracts birds such as honeyeaters with its nectar . The prickly dense foliage is also a good nesting site and shelter , particularly for smaller birds , such as finches . Many forms and hybrids have been commercially propagated and sold , with some of more horticultural appeal than others . Low winter temperatures promote more prolific flowering and pruning promotes dense foliage . Propagation by cutting is required to ensure the new plants have the same characteristics of the parent . Direct contact with the plant may cause a skin rash .
Many cultivars have been selected for horticultural use , either selected forms or hybrids with other Grevillea species . One prominent early breeder was Leo Hodge of W Tree , Victoria . Leo became interested in breeding greviileas after finding seedlings in his garden . His first trials involved crossing G. juniperina with G. victoriae , producing G. ' Poorinda Queen ' , which was the first to flower , followed by G. ' Poorinda Constance ' , G. ' Poorinda Leane ' and G. ' Poorinda Pink Coral ' respectively all in 1952 .
These include :
'Allyn Radiance ' – derived from a prostrate orange and prostrate red forms of G. juniperina .
'Audrey ' – G. juniperina crossed with G. victoriae . Bred in 1957 .
'Canberra Gem ' – G. juniperina crossed with G. rosmarinifolia . Registered with the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority in 1976 .
'Canterbury Gold ' – Prostrate yellow form of G. juniperina crossed with Grevillea parvula .
'Goldfever ' – G. juniperina crossed with Grevillea rhyolitica .
'H22 ' ( Gold Cluster ) , a dense growing prostrate selection with yellow flowers .
'Lunar Light ' – a low @-@ growing form with variegated leaves and orange @-@ pink flowers It is suitable for rockeries .
'Molonglo ' is a form with a low spreading habit and larger orange flowers with red styles . It was bred by Rudolph Willing of Australian National University in 1964 , from two disparate forms of juniperina , an erect red @-@ flowered form from around Canberra and a yellow @-@ flowered spreading prostrate form from the western slopes of the Budawang Range in 1964 . It is named after the Molonglo River .
'New Blood ' – a compact red @-@ flowered shrub resulting from a cross of ' Molonglo ' cultivar with G. rhyolitica .
'Old Gold ' – a low spreading shrub with yellow new growth , lobed leaves and greyish @-@ yellow flowers with pink styles . It is derived from G. juniperina crossed with Grevillea ilicifolia .
'Orange Box ' – G. juniperina crossed with G. victoriae .
'Pink Lady ' – G. juniperina crossed with G. rosmarinifolia . A shrub to 60 cm ( 2 ft ) high and 3 m ( 10 ft ) wide with pale pink flowers .
'Poorinda Adorning ' – seedling origin
'Poorinda Annette ' – a cross with the small @-@ flowered form of Grevillea alpina .
'Poorinda Beauty ' – a cross with Grevillea alpina .
'Poorinda Belinda ' – a cross with a hybrid of the yellow flower form of Grevillea obtusiflora and Grevillea alpina .
'Poorinda Constance ' – a cross with Grevillea victoriae .
'Poorinda Jeanie ' – a red @-@ flowering shrub that grows up to 2 m ( 7 ft ) high . It is derived from a cross with Grevillea alpina .
'Poorinda Leane ' – a cross with G. victoriae . It is a spreading shrub to 4 m ( 13 ft ) high with buff or apricot flowers .
'Poorinda Pink Coral ' – a cross with G. victoriae .
'Poorinda Queen ' – derived from a cross with a yellow @-@ flowered form of Grevillea victoriae . It has apricot @-@ pink flowers .
'Poorinda Refrain ' – a cross with Grevillea floribunda .
'Poorinda Rachel ' – a 1 m ( 3 ft ) high hybrid cross with Grevillea alpina , which has buff @-@ cerise flowers , and was developed in 1965 – 66 .
'Poorinda Rosalie ' – a taller rose @-@ red flowered hybrid with G. victoriae , developed in 1967 – 68 .
'Poorinda Signet ' – a cross with Grevillea lanigera .
× semperflorens – a hybrid of English origin derived from a cross of Grevillea juniperina var. sulphurea with Grevillea thelemanniana
= 2000 UEFA Cup semi @-@ final violence =
The 2000 UEFA Cup semi @-@ final violence was a series of violent incidents in Istanbul , Turkey between fans of English football team Leeds United and Turkish team Galatasaray before the first match of the UEFA Cup semi @-@ final . The violence happened on 5 April 2000 between fans of the two clubs where two Leeds fans were stabbed to death by Galatasaray fans . Four men were arrested and charged with their murders . The deaths led to an angry reaction in England with Galatasaray fans being banned from attending the second leg in England .
= = Background = =
Leeds qualified for the UEFA Cup through finishing fourth in the 1998 – 99 Premier League . They reached the semi @-@ final after defeating Partizan , Lokomotiv Moscow , Spartak Moscow , Roma and Slavia Prague . Galatasaray qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing third in the group stage in the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Champions League . They entered the third round defeating Bologna , Borussia Dortmund and Mallorca en route to the semi @-@ final . Galatasaray had a reputation of a creating a hostile atmosphere surrounding their home matches and Leeds travelled there aiming to reach the UEFA Cup Final in order to win in their last chance of silverware of their season .
= = Events = =
The violence occurred at 21 : 00 in Istanbul 's Taksim Square during a fight between Leeds fans and Galatasaray fans the day before their UEFA Cup semi @-@ final first leg at Galatasaray 's Ali Sami Yen Stadium in Istanbul on 6 April 2000 .
Turkish accounts of the events stated that Leeds fans had been taunting people from local bars , which led to the Turkish police being called in to stop fights from breaking out . There were reports that a Galatasaray fan had run to a nearby telephone box to call for support when he saw Leeds fans arriving . Several Galatasaray fans , reportedly members of a gang called " The Night Watchmen " , entered the area shortly afterwards , precipitating a fight between the two sets of supporters which led to the two Leeds fans being stabbed to death . Police arrested Ali Umit Demir and three other men for the stabbings .
The first moments of the fight are unclear with witness accounts of the brawl either being started by Leeds fans throwing beer glasses at Galatasaray fans and insulting the Turkish flag or being started by Galatasaray fans throwing chairs or ambushing Leeds fans with knives .
= = Aftermath = =
In 2002 , after an adjournment from 2001 where some of the defendants failed to appear in court , Demir was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment which was reduced from 30 years as it was not clear who was the sole cause of the deaths . This sentence was negatively received by residents of Istanbul who said that Demir was a " patriot " . In 2005 , he was released for a retrial after a change in Turkish law and after an appeal in 2003 was successful . Eventually one of the Turkish attackers was sentenced to 10 years , while three others were sentenced to 6 years and 8 months in prison .
Because of the stabbings , Leeds United banned Galatasaray fans from attending the second leg at Elland Road , claiming that the safety of fans inside the stadium could not be guaranteed and asked for Galatasaray fans not to travel to England . Galatasaray in response asked for the match to be played at a neutral venue or for Leeds fans to be banned from the match as well . In the end , Galatasaray fans were banned from the match . UEFA supported the ban and only 80 tickets were issued to Galatasaray for officials and representatives of the Turkish government . This led to an angry reaction from Galatasaray 's vice @-@ president who called the decision " Disgusting " and by the Turkish State Minister who said that Leeds were trying to turn the murders into an advantage . Leeds United chairman , Peter Ridsdale , responded by claiming that Galatasaray were showing a lack of respect and said that Galatasaray should withdraw from the UEFA Cup if they did not accept the ban .
The day after the violence ; flowers , scarves and shirts were laid outside the Elland Road gates in tribute . The statue of former Leeds United captain Billy Bremner which was outside the stadium also had a black armband placed on it as a symbol of the club mourning . Leeds United installed a brass plaque in Elland Road to remember those who had been killed in the violence . Leeds ' Premier League match against Arsenal the Sunday before the second leg was marked by Arsenal players laying flowers at all four corners of Elland Road and a minute 's silence being held before the match started in respect for the death of the two Leeds fans .
Before the second leg , Ridsdale took out advertisements in British newspapers calling for calm , with the messages in the adverts also being translated into Turkish . Despite this , West Yorkshire Police warned local Turkish businesses to close early . When Galatasaray officials arrived at Elland Road for the second leg , hundreds of Leeds fans attacked the coach busses that were carrying them which delayed the kick @-@ off of the second leg . During the first minute of the match , Leeds fans turned their backs on the match in protest of , what was viewed as , a lack of justice .
Leeds lost the tie 4 – 2 on aggregate . On the day of the final in Copenhagen , Denmark , members of Leeds United 's hooligan firm the Leeds United Service Crew , joined members of other British hooligan firms led by Arsenal 's firm The Herd . In Copenhagen , they met up in order to enact revenge attacks on Galatasaray fans in Copenhagen 's City Hall Square .
The next season , Leeds drew Turkish side Beşiktaş in the UEFA Champions League . Security surrounding both matches was increased and planned several months in advance . Because of the tensions caused the stabbings in Istanbul , only 70 Beşiktaş fans travelled to Leeds . They had originally been booked onto an official Beşiktaş chartered flight , however , it was cancelled as was pre @-@ match hospitality prepared by Leeds ' directors . The flight , sponsored by Beşiktaş fans , was cancelled because only 70 out of a hoped @-@ for 500 fans wanted to go to the match . In the return leg , Beşiktaş placed Leeds fans , who had been escorted through the airport , on an alcohol @-@ free cruise around the Bosphorus Strait before being transported by bus to the BJK İnönü Stadium in Istanbul before the match .
The events are used by some football supporters to antagonize Leeds fans . It has been used by Sheffield Wednesday , Millwall and Manchester United fans . Manchester United fans also brought banners to Leeds matches referencing the murders or Istanbul . In 2009 , a Millwall fan was banned from The New Den for life after taunting Leeds fans about the events whilst wearing a Galatasaray shirt . Galatasaray fans used similar chants before their UEFA Champions League match in 2012 against Manchester United .
In 2015 , Galatasaray player Wesley Sneijder apologised after he advertised a set of knives baring his image on the eve of the 15th anniversary .
= The Quarrymen =
The Quarrymen ( also written as " the Quarry Men " ) are a British skiffle / rock and roll group , formed by John Lennon in Liverpool in 1956 , which eventually evolved into the Beatles in 1960 . Originally consisting of Lennon and several schoolfriends , the Quarrymen took their name from a line in the school song of Quarry Bank High School , which they attended . Lennon 's mother , Julia Lennon , taught her son to play the banjo and then showed Lennon and Eric Griffiths how to tune their guitars in a similar way to the banjo , and taught them simple chords and songs .
Lennon started a skiffle group that was very briefly called the Blackjacks , but changed the name before any public performances . Some accounts credit Lennon with choosing the new name ; other accounts credit his close friend Pete Shotton with suggesting the name . The Quarrymen played at parties , school dances , cinemas and amateur skiffle contests before Paul McCartney joined the band in October 1957 . George Harrison joined the band in early 1958 at McCartney 's recommendation , though Lennon initially resisted because he felt Harrison ( still 14 when he was first introduced to Lennon ) to be too young . Both McCartney and Harrison attended the Liverpool Institute .
The group made an amateur recording of themselves in 1958 , performing Buddy Holly 's " That 'll Be the Day " and " In Spite of All the Danger " , a song written by McCartney and Harrison . The group moved away from skiffle and towards rock and roll , causing several of the original members to leave . This left only a trio of Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison , who performed under several other names , including Johnny and the Moondogs and Japage 3 before returning to the Quarrymen name in 1959 . In 1960 , the group changed its name to the Beatles , and went on to have an extremely successful recording career .
In 1997 the four surviving original members of the Quarrymen reunited to perform at the 40th anniversary celebrations of the garden fete performance at which Lennon and McCartney met for the first time . The band decided to continue playing , and since 1998 have performed in many countries throughout the world , releasing four albums . As of 2016 , three original members are still actively performing as the Quarrymen .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early performances = = =
In the mid @-@ 1950s , there was a revival in the United Kingdom of the musical form " skiffle " that had originated in the United States and had been popular in the US in the 1920s , ' 30s and ' 40s . In addition to its popularity among British teenagers as music to listen to , it also spawned a craze of teenage boys starting their own groups to perform the music . One of the primary attractions was that it did not require great musical skills or expensive instruments to be played . Early British skiffle was played by traditional jazz musicians , with the most successful British proponent of the genre in the 1950s being Lonnie Donegan . The Quarrymen 's initial repertoire included several songs that Donegan had recorded . When Lennon wanted to try making music himself , he and fellow Quarry Bank school friend , Griffiths , took guitar lessons in Hunt 's Cross , Liverpool , although Lennon gave up the lessons soon after , as they were based on theory and not actual playing .
As Griffiths already knew how to play the banjo , Lennon 's mother showed them how to tune the top four strings of their guitars to the same notes as a banjo , taught them the chords of D , C , and D7 , and the Fats Domino song , " Ain 't That a Shame " . They practised at Lennon 's aunt 's house ( called Mendips ) at 251 Menlove Avenue where Lennon lived , or at Griffiths ' house in Halewood Drive . They learned how to play " Rock Island Line " , " Jump Down Turn Around ( Pick a Bale of Cotton ) " , " Alabamy Bound " and " Cumberland Gap " , and later learned how to play " That 's All Right " and " Mean Woman Blues " .
Lennon and Griffiths decided to form a skiffle group in November 1956 . This initial line @-@ up consisted of Lennon and Griffiths on guitars , and school friends Pete Shotton and Bill Smith on washboard and tea chest bass , respectively . The group , initially called the Blackjacks , quickly changed their name to the Quarrymen . Both Lennon and Shotton have been credited with coining the name Quarrymen after a line in their school 's song : " Quarrymen , old before our birth . Straining each muscle and sinew " . The choice of name was tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek as Lennon regarded the reference in the school song to " straining each muscle and sinew " as risible . Smith 's tenure in the band was extremely short , and was replaced in quick succession by Nigel Walley , Ivan Vaughan , and Len Garry throughout late 1956 and early 1957 . Also during this period , drummer Colin Hanton and banjo player Rod Davis joined the group . This group of Lennon , Griffiths , Shotton , Garry , Hanton , and Davis formed the first stable line @-@ up of the group .
The group first rehearsed in Shotton 's house on Vale Road , but because of the noise his mother told them to use the corrugated air @-@ raid shelter in the back garden . Rehearsals were moved from the cold air @-@ raid shelter to Hanton 's or Griffiths ' house — as Griffiths ' father had died in WWII , and his mother worked all day . The band also often visited Lennon 's mother at 1 Blomfield Road , listening to her collection of rock and roll records by Elvis , Shirly and Lee 's " Let the Good Times Roll " , and Gene Vincent 's " Be @-@ Bop @-@ A @-@ Lula " which they added to their repertoire . After his tenure on tea @-@ chest bass , Nigel Walley became the group 's manager . Walley sent flyers to local theatres and ballrooms , and put up posters designed by Lennon : " Country @-@ and @-@ western , rock n ' roll , skiffle band — The Quarrymen — Open for Engagements — Please Call Nigel Walley , Tel.Gateacre 1715 " . Walley managed to secure the group several paid engagements throughout the spring of 1957 , including one at The Cavern Club A jazz club at the time , the Cavern tolerated skiffle as it was considered an offshoot of jazz . Lennon , however , began leading the band in several rock and roll numbers , prompting the club 's manager to send up a note ordering the group to " Cut out the bloody rock " .
In July 1957 , Canadian impresario Carroll Levis held a talent contest in Liverpool , the winners of which would appear on the television show Star SearchThe Quarrymen played " Worried Man Blues " , and were loudly applauded , but a group from Wales called the Sunnyside Skiffle Group " jumped all over the stage " and outshone the static Quarrymen , and were asked by Levis to fill in the last few minutes of the contest with a second song . Lennon argued heatedly with Levis backstage , saying the Sunnyside Skiffle Group had brought a bus full of supporters with them , and were given " the upper hand " advantage by Levis . After the competition , Levis used a clap @-@ o @-@ meter ( a machine to measure the decibels of the audience 's reaction to the groups ) as they were asked to walk back out onto the stage . The Quarrymen and the Sunnyside skiffle Group both tied by reaching ninety on the meter , but after a second test , the Quarrymen lost by a small margin .
= = = Paul McCartney joins the group = = =
On Saturday 6 July 1957 , The Quarrymen played at St. Peter 's Church Rose Queen garden fête in Woolton . They first played on the back of a moving flatbed lorry , in a procession of floats that carried the Rose Queen and retiring Rose Queen , Morris dancers , Boy Scouts , Brownies , Girl Guides and Cubs , led by the Band of the Cheshire Yeomanry . At 4 : 15 they played on a permanent stage in the field behind the church , before a display by the City of Liverpool Police Dogs . They were playing " Come Go with Me " when Paul McCartney arrived , and in the Scout hut after the set , Ivan Vaughan introduced McCartney to Lennon , who chatted for a few minutes before the band set up in the church hall for their performance at that evening 's " Grand Dance " . McCartney demonstrated how he tuned his guitar then sang Eddie Cochran 's " Twenty Flight Rock " , Gene Vincent 's " Be @-@ Bop @-@ A @-@ Lula " , and a medley of Little Richard songs .
Vaughan and McCartney left before the evening show which started at 8 o 'clock . During the performance there was an unexpected thunderstorm , which made the lights go out . Bob Molyneux , a young schoolmate from Quarry Bank , recorded part of the performance on his Grundig TK8 portable reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorder . The tape included versions of Lonnie Donegan 's " Puttin ' on the Style " and Elvis ' " Baby Let 's Play House " . In 1963 , Molyneux offered the tape to Lennon via Ringo Starr , but Lennon never responded , so Molyneux put the tape in a vault .
As they were walking home after the evening performance , Lennon and Shotton discussed the afternoon encounter with McCartney , and Lennon said that perhaps they should invite McCartney to join the band . Two weeks later Shotton encountered McCartney cycling through Woolton , and conveyed Lennon 's casual invitation for him to join the Quarrymen , and Vaughan also invited McCartney to join . McCartney said he would join after Scout camp in Hathersage , and a holiday with his family at Butlins holiday camp in Filey , Yorkshire . Shotton and Davis both left the Quarrymen in August , feeling that the group was moving away from skiffle and towards rock , leaving their instruments superfluous . When McCartney returned from holiday he began rehearsing with the Quarrymen , playing songs such as , " Bye Bye Love " ( The Everly Brothers ) and " All Shook Up " , that Lennon and the group had been trying to learn , without success .
McCartney made his debut with the band on Friday , 18 October 1957 at a Conservative Club social held at the New Clubmoor Hall in the Norris Green section of Liverpool . Lennon and McCartney wore cream @-@ coloured sports jackets , which were paid for by the whole group — Walley collected half a crown per week from each member until they were paid for — and the others wore white shirts with tassels and black bootlace ties . To the irritation of the other group members , McCartney endlessly practised the lead guitar intro to " Raunchy " ( by saxophonist Bill Justis ) and a solo from " Guitar Boogie Shuffle " , for days before the engagement , but on the night ( after being specially introduced by Lennon as a new member of the group ) he missed his cue on " Raunchy " , played all the wrong notes , and stepped back in embarrassment between Hanton and Garry . Everyone expected Lennon to say something sarcastic , but the sight of the always overconfident McCartney looking so crestfallen made Lennon laugh out loud so much that he " almost pissed himself " .
The Quarrymen continued to play sparse gigs throughout the autumn of 1957 , mostly for local promoter Charlie McBain . During this period , the group almost entirely excised skiffle from their repertoire , focusing on covers of songs by rock and roll singers such as Elvis Presley , Carl Perkins , Little Richard , and Larry Williams , and the Quarrymen 's sound increasingly relied on harmony singing between Lennon and McCartney . An extremely important influence for them at the time was Buddy Holly and his group the Crickets . Around this time , Lennon and McCartney both started writing songs influenced by Holly , Lennon 's " Hello Little Girl " and McCartney 's " I Lost My Little Girl " , and both were impressed with each other 's efforts . The two began writing together , and their writing partnership would become very successful throughout the 1960s .
= = = George Harrison 's entry and recording = = =
After McCartney 's poor performance on lead guitar at the Conservative Club , the group needed another guitarist to accommodate their new rock @-@ focused repertoire ; McCartney recommended his school friend George Harrison . Harrison first saw the group perform on 6 February 1958 at Wilson Hall , where McCartney introduced him to Lennon . Harrison subsequently auditioned for The Quarrymen in March at Rory Storm 's Morgue Skiffle Club , playing " Guitar Boogie Shuffle " . Lennon thought Harrison ( then 15 ) was too young to join the band , so McCartney engineered another meeting on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus , where Harrison played " Raunchy " for Lennon . After McCartney 's constant advocacy , Lennon allowed the recently turned fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Harrison to join the Quarrymen as lead guitarist . Harrison 's entry into the Quarrymen shifted the group even more away from skiffle , in addition to ending Lennon 's use of banjo chords . Around this time , John Duff Lowe , another school friend of McCartney 's , joined the group on piano .
With Harrison 's entry , the Quarrymen now had four guitarists . Lennon and McCartney suggested to Griffiths that he instead buy a bass guitar , but Griffiths refused because of the expense The two subsequently convinced Nigel Walley , still acting as the group 's manager , to fire Griffiths . Walley regretted the incident , and as a result gradually severed his ties with the Quarrymen . Around this same time , Len Garry contracted tubercular meningitis , and spent seven months in the hospital , never playing with the group again . This left Colin Hanton as the last of the group of Lennon 's Quarry Bank classmates that originally comprised the group . In March , McCartney bought an Elpico amplifier with two inputs , and he and Harrison added pickups to their guitars , giving the Quarrymen an electric sound for the first time .
Percy Phillips operated a studio called Phillips ' Sound Recording Services at 38 Kensington , Liverpool , between the kitchen and a front room that served as an electrical goods shop . Actors from the Liverpool Playhouse often stayed in the room above the studio , and were asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems . Phillips had just turned 60 years old when Harrison heard about the studio from guitarist Johnny Byrne , who had recorded a version of " Butterfly " there on 22 June 1957 .
The Quarrymen booked a recording session on 12 July 1958 at Phillips ' Sound Recording Services , the home studio of Percy Phillips . Harrison was referred to the studio by guitarist John Byrne of the Raving Texans . They recorded straight to disc , as tape would have been an extra expense . The sound was recorded live by a single microphone in the center of the room , and Lennon suggested that Hanton put a scarf over the snare drum to lower the volume . They first recorded Buddy Holly 's " That 'll Be the Day " , followed by a McCartney original ( credited as McCartney / Harrison ) . Both featured Lennon on lead vocals . When the recording was finished , Phillips handed the group a fragile 78rpm record , which was passed around the band for one week each , or lent out to friends . It was later lost until Lowe rediscovered it in 1981 , and sold it to McCartney for an undisclosed amount . The recordings would later be issued on the Beatles ' rarities album Anthology 1 .
= = = " The rhythm 's in the guitars " = = =
Soon after the recording session , Hanton had a fight with the rest of the group and quit . Lowe too lost contact with the group after leaving Liverpool Institute , leaving the Quarrymen as just a trio of guitarists : Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison . Lennon 's mother was killed in a road accident on 15 July 1958 , dealing him a devastating emotional blow . The group remained mostly inactive throughout the summer , as Lennon took up a job in a restaurant at the Liverpool Airport . McCartney and Harrison , meanwhile , went on holiday hitchhiking in Wales , playing with a local skiffle group called the Vikings . Although Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison remained extremely close , the trio only performed a handful of times in the last months of 1958 . When asked why they had neither a drummer or a bass player , they would respond " The rhythm 's in the guitars . "
In the autumn of 1958 , the group had another chance to audition for Carroll Levis , nearly a year and a half after the Quarymen 's first Star Search For the audition , the group changed their name to Johnny and the Moondogs . Lennon was without a guitar , his having broken recently . Johnny and the Moondogs passed the first heat of the competition in Liverpool , and were invited to appear in the finals in Manchester . The group performed Buddy Holly 's " Think It Over " to positive reception , but were unable to stay until the end of the competition to receive the results . As they were leaving , Lennon saw a cutaway electric guitar by the stage door , picked it up and walked off with it , later saying that the trip " wasn 't a total loss . "
Following their Star Search audition , Johnny and the Moondogs changed their name to Japage 3 ( combining letters from each of the member 's names : John , Paul , and George ) . Lennon had a friend from art school , named Derek Hodkin , who owned a tape recorder , and Lennon convinced him to record the group ( along with McCartney 's brother Mike on drums ) . The group then asked Hodkin to act as their manager , and he agreed . Despite Hodkin 's management , bookings for the group dried up . Harrison began a stint as rhythm guitarist in the Les Stewart Quartet , who had a weekly club engagement . By May , Japage 3 was defunct , although the three continued to see each other socially , and Lennon and McCartney continued to write songs together .
= = = The Casbah Club and name change to the Beatles = = =
In the summer of 1959 , Mona Best decided to open a club in her cellar , and offered the Les Stewart Quartet a residency if they would help convert the cellar . Harrison and fellow Quartet guitarist Ken Brown , however , missed a show , causing Les Stewart to fire the two and drop the residency . This caused distress to Best , but Harrison offered a solution : he recruited Lennon and McCartney to play , and they returned to calling themselves the Quarrymen . After helping Best finish converting the cellar , the new four guitarist line @-@ up of the Quarrymen ( Lennon , McCartney , Harrison , and Brown ) opened the Casbah Coffee Club on 29 August 1959 . The opening night performance was attended by about 300 local teenagers , but as the cellar had no air conditioning and people were dancing , the temperature rose until it became hard to breathe . The Quarrymen were afforded the use of Brown 's three input amplifier ( which , along with McCartney 's Elpico , meant that all four guitarists were electric ) , and sang through one microphone connected to the club 's small PA system .
The group continued their Casbah residency into the new , year , occasionally securing other gigs . In January , Brown grew ill and was unable to play the show . Best , however , insisted that the Quarrymen still pay Brown , but Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison refused ; the incident resulted in the loss of their residency at the Casbah and Brown 's departure from the group . Shortly after , however , Lennon convinced fellow art school student Stuart Sutcliffe to purchase a bass guitar and join the group . The group had no bookings , but began rehearsing vigorously to allow the musical novice Sutcliffe practice on his new instrument .
In early 1960 , the Quarrymen returned to Phillip 's Sound Recording Service to record Lennon 's new original song " One After 909 " , although this recording does not survive . Around the same time , the three made a rehearsal tape at McCartney 's home . Harrison is absent ( as he had an apprenticeship ) , and the tape features several jams and original songs , including the McCartney instrumental " Cayenne " . With few gigs during this period the group often wrote letters to secure bookings , several of which survive . The four disliked the Quarrymen name , and went through several others during this period , including Los Paranoias . By March 1960 , Lennon and Sutcliffe came up with a new name : the Beatles . The Beatles ( after several line @-@ up changes , including adding Mona 's son Pete Best on drums ) continued to perform around Liverpool and in Hamburg , Germany for several years , before being signed to Parlophone Records in 1962 . After their signing , the Beatles achieved worldwide fame and became one of the most popular and successful musical artists of all time , before breaking up in 1970 .
= = = Reformations : 1994 to present = = =
Since the break @-@ up of the Beatles in 1970 and the death of John Lennon in 1980 , members of the Quarrymen have reunited several times . From 1994 to 1995 , Rod Davis and John Lowe recorded an album with studio musicians . This album , Open for Engagements , was released in 1995 under the Quarrymen name .
The surviving members of the original line @-@ up of the Quarrymen reunited in 1997 for the 40th anniversary of their performance at the 1957 Woolton village fete — which was the occasion of the first meeting of Lennon and McCartney . All five surviving original members , Pete Shotton , Rod Davis , Len Garry , Eric Griffiths and Colin Hanton , performed . Following this , the group continued to perform — undertaking tours of the UK , the US , Germany , Japan , Russia , Cuba and other countries . The group 's repertoire focuses on the skiffle and early rock and roll they played in their original incarnation with the added roots rock historical perspective of illustrating how American roots music inspired the nascent Beatles .
In 2000 , producer and the Beatles ' historian Martin Lewis produced the group performing the Del @-@ Vikings song " Come Go with Me " ( the first song McCartney recalled hearing Lennon sing on the first day they met ) – for use on the soundtrack of the Michael Lindsay @-@ Hogg film Two of Us — a film about the last day that Lennon and McCartney saw each other — in April 1976 .
Eric Griffiths died in 2005 , and Pete Shotton retired , owing to ill @-@ health . As of 2016 , Davis , Garry , and Hanton continue to perform around the world . Lowe occasionally performs with them . In September and October 2010 the band undertook a US tour celebrating the 70th anniversary of their founder ( Lennon ) . They appeared in a charity concert for Amnesty International honouring Lennon in New York City on Lennon 's birthday , Saturday 9 October 2010 .
Since their 1997 reformation , the Quarrymen have recorded three albums , consisting mostly of covers of 1950s rock and skiffle .
= = Members = =
Current members
Colin Hanton – drums ( 1956 – 58 , 1997 – present )
Rod Davis – banjo ( 1957 ) ; guitar , vocals ( 1994 – 95 , 1997 – present )
Len Garry – tea @-@ chest bass ( 1957 – 58 ) ; vocals , guitar ( 1997 – present )
John Duff Lowe – piano ( 1958 ) ; keyboards , vocals ( 1994 – 95 ; since 2005 , has been a regular guest , although not a constant member )
Former members
John Lennon – vocals , guitar ( 1956 – 60 ; died 1980 )
Eric Griffiths – guitar ( 1956 – 58 , 1997 – 2005 ; died 2005 )
Pete Shotton – washboard ( 1956 – 57 , 1997 – 2000 )
Bill Smith – tea @-@ chest bass ( 1956 )
Nigel Walley – tea @-@ chest bass ( 1956 ; Subsequently became " manager " 1956 @-@ 58 )
Ivan Vaughan – tea @-@ chest bass ( 1956 – 57 ; died 1993 )
Paul McCartney – vocals , guitar ( 1957 – 60 )
George Harrison – guitar , vocals ( 1958 – 60 ; died 2001 )
Ken Brown – guitar ( 1959 ; died 2010 )
Stuart Sutcliffe – bass guitar ( 1960 ; died 1962 )
= = Timeline = =
= = = Original = = =
= = = Reunion = = =
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Open for Engagements ( 1995 )
Get Back – Together ( 1997 )
Songs We Remember ( 2004 )
Grey Album ( 2012 )
Other recordings
" That 'll Be the Day " , " In Spite of All the Danger " ( both recorded in 1958 ) and " Cayenne " ( recorded in 1960 ) are available on the Beatles album Anthology 1 ( 1995 )
A 2000 recording of " Come Go With Me " was featured in the film Two of Us
= Whatever ( Ayumi Hamasaki song ) =
" Whatever " ( capitalized as " WHATEVER " ) is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki for her second studio album , Loveppears ( 1999 ) . It was written by Hamasaki , while production was handled by Max Matsuura . The track is Hamasaki 's sixth single with Matsuura since her debut single in April 1998 , " Poker Face " . " Whatever " premiered on February 10 , 199 as the lead single from the album . It was re @-@ released on February 28 , 2001 as a CD single .
Musically , " Whatever " was described as a dance song , and is written in third person narrative . Upon its release , the track garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Critics praised Hamasaki 's move from pop rock to dance music , but criticized her vocal delivery and song writing . It also achieved success in Japan , peaking at number five on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart . The re @-@ released single peaked at number 28 on the same chart . As of March 2016 , " Whatever " has sold over 218 @,@ 000 units in Japan alone and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) .
The accompanying music video for " Whatever " was shot in Tokyo ; it features Hamasaki in a small white room with waterfalls , with inter cut scenes of an angel in the middle of a destroyed city . An alternative music video was shot for an alternative arrangement of the song ; it features Hamasaki singing in front of a red backdrop . However , Avex scrapped it after they preferred the former version . For additional promotion , the song was featured on several concert tours and New Years live countdown shows by Hamasaki .
= = Background and composition = =
" Whatever " was written by Hamasaki , composed by Kazuhito Kikuchi , and produced by Max Matsuura . Japanese composer Izumi Miyazaki was in charge of arranging the song , which included instrumentation of synthesizers , keyboards , and a drum machine . It was one of three songs from the Loveppears album composed by Kikuchi . The song was also the only song from Loveppears to be arranged by Miyazaki , and was his final collaboration with Hamasaki .
" Whatever " was selected as the lead single from Loveppears and was released in Japan on February 10 , 1999 by Avex Trax . The Mini CD features : the original track , the instrumental version , and alternative versions ( under the alias " J Version " ) of the former tracks . A CD single was released on February 28 , 2001 by Avex Trax in Japan , with a full @-@ frontal body image of Hamasaki in front of a blue backdrop . She is wearing angel wings on her back , with Hamasaki 's and the song 's title superimposed on her . The CD single features : the original version , the instrumental , the two alternative versions , one remix of " Whatever " , one remix of " Appears " , and one remix of " Immature " .
" Whatever " is a dance song that lasts five minutes and 36 seconds long . An extended version appeared on the album , which lasts seven minutes and 20 seconds . The song was noted for its musical similarities to other tracks from Loveppears , and is written in third person narrative . It became Hamasaki 's first single to have featured any English language , with the word " Wow " in its lyrics . However , it does not count in using English – language conversation like Hamasaki did in tracks from her 2002 album Rainbow .
= = Critical response = =
" Whatever " received mixed reviews from most music critics . Alexey Eremenko , who had written her extended biography at AllMusic , highlighted the song as an album and career stand out track . A reviewer from Yahoo ! GeoCities criticized Hamasaki 's " thin " and " harsh " vocal delivery , but went on to state that her music have " improved " from her debut album , A Song for × × ( 1999 ) . Morimasa from Nifty.com highlighted it as one of the album 's best tracks . He commented that despite the " easily " written lyrics for the sing , he commended Hamasaki 's emotional delivery in both the production and her singing . A reviewer from Amazon.co.jp was positive towards the track . The reviewer praised Miyazaki 's arrangement of both the original version and the J version , and commended the song 's composition and Hamasaki 's " homoeopathic " delivery . In early 2014 , in honor of Hamasaki 's sixteenth @-@ year career milestone , Japanese website Goo.ne.jp hosted a poll for fans to rank their favourite songs by Hamasaki out of thirty positions ; the poll was held in only twenty @-@ four hours , and thousands submitted their votes . As a result , " Whatever " was ranked the lowest at thirty , with 13 @.@ 6 percent of the votes .
= = Commercial performance = =
In Japan , the Mini CD format entered at number five on the Oricon Singles Chart . The Mini CD stayed in the top fifty for nine weeks , selling over 189 @,@ 610 units , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 units . The re @-@ released CD single format entered at number twenty @-@ eight on the chart , the highest entry of her re @-@ released singles . The CD single stayed in the top fifty for three weeks , tallying both the Mini CD and the CD single to twelve charting weeks . The CD single sold an additional 27 @,@ 560 units , combing both the Mini CD and the CD single sales to 217 @,@ 170 . " Whatever " is her thirty @-@ fifth and fifty @-@ seventh best selling single in Japan , her lowest in both the Loveppears and format re @-@ release era respectively .
The Mini CD format entered at number five on the Japanese Count Down TV Chart , Hamasaki 's highest charting single and first top ten at the time of February 1999 . The Mini CD slipped to number fifteen the next week , and lasted nine weeks inside the top 100 . " Whatever " was released twice as double A @-@ side vinyl 's with Hamasaki 's single " Appears " . The second vinyl managed to reach ninety @-@ six on the Japanese Count Down chart . The re @-@ released CD single format entered at number twenty @-@ nine on the Count Down TV chart . The CD single stayed in the chart for three weeks , tallying the total weeks to twelve .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video was directed by Wataru Takeishi . This is Takeishi 's first video collaboration with Hamasaki since " Trust " . The overall appearance of the video was inspired by the cover sleeve of " Whatever " , which also featured Hamasaki in an angel costume . Several photoshoot out takes were considered to be released in the CD single , but Avex restricted this . Because of this , only two photos of Hamasaki in the angel costume were distributed ; one for the front cover , and one for the back . The music video also appeared on Hamasaki 's DVD compilation box sets : A Clips , her self @-@ titled video compilation ( 2000 ) , Complete Clip Box ( 2004 ) , A Clip Box 1998 – 2011 ( 2011 ) , and the bonus DVD version with A Complete : All Singles .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video opens with a bench chair inside a pale @-@ blue room , surrounded by interior waterfalls . Glitches of Hamasaki appears , and she starts singing the song while seated . The next scene features damaged – archive footage of a destroyed town , fenced in with barbed wires . A young boy , with pale white skin , blonde dreads , and angel wings , appears in the distance . Several scenes features the boy looking towards the camera , which then inter cuts to scenes with Hamasaki singing the song in the room . The young boy wonders through the destroyed town , observing damaged homes and objects . The boy places his hands upon a dying tree , where he envisions the events of how the town became destroyed and dismantled . These scenes include burning flowers , falling construction , and broken religious statues . The second chorus has Hamasaki singing , and the song break shows the boy observing a blossoming flower which hasn 't died . Smiling , he walks towards it , unbeknown that there is sharp barbed wire surrounding it . Scenes features Hamasaki singing , and shows brief inter cut scenes of barbed wire wrapped around the young boy . Struggling to become free from the wire , the young boy dies and leaves behind a large pile of angel feathers . The final scene features Hamasaki wearing exactly the same outfit as the angel , trapped in a large bird cage , in the room the video started with . The video zooms out on the overall appearance of her .
= = = Alternative music video = = =
An accompanying music video for an alternative version for " Whatever " ( labelled the " J Version " ) was also directed by Takeishi . The J version , composed and arranged by Keisuke Kikuchi , was intended to be the lead single from Loveppears and use the M version as the b @-@ side . When Kikuchi and Miyazaki submitted their J and M versions of " Whatever " to the head offices of Avex , Matsuura favored Miyazaki 's version over Kikuchi . Kikuchi was disappointed of the verdict , but Avex went ahead in releasing the M version . Because Takeishi had already shot and produced the music video for the J version of " Whatever " , Takeishi had to re @-@ shoot a new video for the M version . The J Version was used in Valentine 's Day commercials for 7 @-@ Eleven .
The J version features Hamasaki singing the J version on a white platform in front of a silky red backdrop . The entire full @-@ length video has never been released , but a thirty @-@ second snippet was used as the commercial video for " Whatever " . The J version has been included on her self @-@ titled video compilation ( 2000 ) , Complete Clip Box ( 2004 ) , and its most recent appearance is on the A Clip Box 1998 – 2011 ( 2011 ) .
= = Live performances and other appearances = =
Hamasaki has performed " Whatever " on several concert tours and New Years countdown shows throughout Asia . The song has been included in one of Hamasaki 's New Years countdown concerts , the 2004 @-@ 2005 live tour . The song has been included on several of Hamasaki 's national and Asian concert tours . The song had made its debut tour performance on Hamasaki 's 2001 Dome Tour and part two of the Dome Tour . Since then , " Whatever " has been included on Hamasaki 's Ayumi Hamasaki Stadium Tour 2002 A , and its most recent inclusion was on her Premium Showcase : Feel the Love concert tour in 2014 . During Hamasaki 's performance , she wears a metallic mini dress , and dances to back @-@ up dancers wearing robotic outfits . " Whatever " has been included on one greatest hits compilation , which is A Complete : All Singles ( 2008 ) ,
" Whatever " has been remixed by several professional disc jockeys and producers , and has appeared on several remix albums by Hamasaki . This list is : the Laurent Newfield remix on Super Eurobeat Presents Ayu @-@ ro Mix , the FPM 's Winter Bossa remix on Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x II Version JPN , the Ferry Corsten remix on ayu @-@ mi @-@ x II Version US + EU , and both appeared again on Hamasaki 's remix compilation Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x II Version Non @-@ Stop Mega Mix ( 2000 ) . The orchestral acoustic remix was included on her fifth orchestral remix album , Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x 7 Version Acoustic Orchestra ( 2011 ) .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the singles liner notes ;
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Vitalogy =
Vitalogy is the third studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam , released on November 22 , 1994 , through Epic Records . Pearl Jam wrote and recorded Vitalogy while touring behind its previous album Vs . ( 1993 ) . The music on the record was more diverse than previous releases , and consists of aggressive rock songs , ballads and other elements making this Pearl Jam 's first experimental album .
The album was first released on vinyl , followed by a release on CD and cassette two weeks later on December 6 , 1994 . The LP sold 34 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , and until Jack White 's 2014 album Lazaretto it held the record for most vinyl sales in one week since SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 . Upon its CD release , Vitalogy became the second @-@ fastest selling album in history , only behind the band 's previous release Vs . , selling 877 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The album has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA in the United States . This is Pearl Jam 's last album to feature drummer Dave Abbruzzese .
= = Recording = =
For its third album , Pearl Jam again worked with producer Brendan O 'Brien . The band wrote many of the songs during soundchecks on its Vs . Tour and the majority of the album 's tracks were recorded during breaks on the tour . The first session took place late in 1993 in New Orleans , Louisiana , where the band recorded " Tremor Christ " and " Nothingman " . The rest of the material was written and recorded in 1994 in sessions in Seattle , Washington and Atlanta , Georgia , with the band finishing the album at Bad Animals Studio in Seattle after the tour 's completion . " Immortality " was written in April 1994 when the band was on tour in Atlanta . Sources state that most of the album was completed by early 1994 , but that either a forced delay by Epic , or the band 's battle with ticket vendor Ticketmaster , were to blame for the delay .
Tensions within the band had dramatically increased by this time . Producer Brendan O 'Brien said , " Vitalogy was a little strained . I 'm being polite — there was some imploding going on . " Bassist Jeff Ament said that " communication was at an all @-@ time low . " Drummer Dave Abbruzzese stated that the communication problems started once guitarist Stone Gossard stopped acting as the band 's mediator . According to Gossard , Vitalogy was the first album in which lead vocalist Eddie Vedder made the final decisions . At the time , Gossard thought of quitting the band . Gossard said that the band was having trouble collaborating , so most of the songs were developed out of jam sessions . He added that " eighty percent of the songs were written 20 minutes before they were recorded . " During the production of Vitalogy , lead guitarist Mike McCready went into rehabilitation to receive treatment for alcohol and cocaine abuse .
Drums on " Satan 's Bed " were performed by Abbruzzese 's drum tech Jimmy Shoaf . On the day it was recorded , Abbruzzese was in the hospital having his tonsils removed . Vedder and Gossard asked for Shoaf 's help to get a drum machine working , and after setting it up , the pair asked Shoaf to perform the same beat on the drums . He is credited on the lyric sheet as " Jimmy " . Months after finishing the initial recording sessions for Vitalogy , Abbruzzese was fired in August 1994 due to personality conflicts with the band members . Gossard said , " It was the nature of how the politics worked in our band : It was up to me to say , ' Hey , we tried , it 's not working ; time to move on . ' On a superficial level , it was a political struggle : For whatever reason his ability to communicate with Ed and Jeff was very stifled . I certainly don 't think it was all Dave Abbruzzese 's fault that it was stifled . " Jack Irons , the original drummer for the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Abbruzzese 's successor , plays drums on " Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me " . Gossard said , " Jack entered the band right at the end of making Vitalogy . Jack 's a breath of fresh air , a family man . Everybody had a strong sense of friendship with him immediately . He was just there to play drums and help out . "
= = Music and lyrics = =
In a 1995 interview , Guitar World writer Jeff Gilbert described Vitalogy as " strange " and " very eclectic . " McCready agreed , saying , " There is some weird stuff on there . " McCready attributed the album 's sound to the group recording it on tour . During this period Vedder began to contribute in a large capacity as a guitarist . Gossard said , " Vitalogy is the first one where Ed plays guitar and he wrote three to four songs . I remember thinking , ' This is so different . Is anyone going to like this ? ' ... It had a more punk feel to it . Simple songs recorded really quickly . " The album has a notable lack of guitar solos compared with the band 's first two albums . McCready said , " Vitalogy is not really a ' solo ' album . I don 't think the songs demanded solos ; it was more of a rhythmic album . "
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that " thanks to its stripped @-@ down , lean production , Vitalogy stands as Pearl Jam 's most original and uncompromising album . " He added that " in between the straight rock numbers and the searching slow songs , Pearl Jam contribute their strangest music — the mantrafunk of ' Aye Davanita ' , the sub @-@ Tom Waits accordion romp of ' Bugs ' , and the chilling sonic collage ' Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me ' . " " Bugs " features Vedder playing an accordion that he found at a thrift shop , while " Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me " was created using looped recordings of real patients from a psychiatric hospital .
Many of the songs on the album seem to be based on the pressures of fame and dealing with the resulting loss of privacy . These include " Not for You " , " Pry , To " , " Corduroy " , " Bugs " , " Satan 's Bed " , and " Immortality " . Vedder said , " I 'm just totally vulnerable . I 'm way too fucking soft for this whole business , this whole trip . I don 't have any shell . There 's a contradiction there , because that 's probably why I can write songs that mean something to someone and express some of these things that other people can 't necessarily express . " The lyrics of " Not for You " express anger at the bureaucracy of the music industry and " how youth is being sold and exploited , " while Vedder said " Corduroy " is about " one person 's relationship with a million people . " In " Pry , To " the phrase " P @-@ r @-@ i @-@ v @-@ a @-@ c @-@ y is priceless to me " is repeated . Many think that the lyrics of " Immortality " may be about Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain 's suicide , although Vedder has denied this , suggesting instead that it 's about " the pressures on someone who is on a parallel train . " The lyrics that appeared in the first live version of " Immortality " were altered before the song was released as part of the album . Vedder said regarding " Nothingman " that " if you love someone and they love you , don 't fuck up ... ' cause you are left with less than nothing . " " Better Man " is a song about an abusive relationship . Vedder wrote " Better Man " when he was in high school and performed it with his previous band , Bad Radio . Considered a " blatantly great pop song " by producer Brendan O 'Brien , Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and had initially rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility .
= = Release and reception = =
Vitalogy was released first on vinyl on November 22 , 1994 , two weeks before its CD and cassette release , and debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The LP sold 34 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , and until Jack White 's Lazaretto album in 2014 it held the record for most vinyl sales in one week . It was also the first album to chart on the Billboard 200 due to vinyl sales alone since the CD had become the dominant format at that time . When Vitalogy was released on CD and cassette on December 6 , 1994 , it went to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart , selling more than 877 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It was the second @-@ fastest selling album in history , behind only the band 's previous release Vs . Vitalogy has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA , and , as of July 2013 , has sold 4 @.@ 77 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .
Rolling Stone staff writer Al Weisel gave Vitalogy four out of five stars , describing the album as " a wildly uneven and difficult record , sometimes maddening , sometimes ridiculous , often powerful . " While Weisel praised several songs as " [ matching ] the soaring anthems of Ten , " he criticized some of the more experimental songs as " throwaways and strange experiments that don 't always work . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the album 's diversity compared to the band 's previous records . He commented that the band incorporated " fast but brutal punk , fuzz @-@ toned psychedelia and judicious folk @-@ rock , all of it sounding more spontaneous than before . " Pareles felt that the band continued to be " unremittingly glum " , and described the majority of the songs as " tortured first @-@ person proclamations . " Pareles concluded , " Vedder sounds more alone than ever . " Time reviewer Christopher John Farley singled out " Bugs " as one of the album 's " share of stinkers . " Farley added , " But that 's one admirably experimental failure on a largely successful album . " Despite writing negatively of the album 's " shapeless high @-@ energy riff @-@ rockers " , Newsday staff writer Ira Robbins lauded Vitalogy 's sound and called it a " compelling triumph of surface over substance " . In a mixed review of the album , Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post perceived a lack of subject matter and lyrical substance as Vitalogy 's weakness .
Q magazine gave the album four out of five stars , stating " It speaks volumes for Pearl Jam 's continuing creative acumen that they can respond so confidently to a new punk scene that has sprung up . " Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave the album an A- rating , writing that " Three or four of these songs are faster and riffier than anything else in P. Jam 's book , token experiments like " Bugs " are genuinely weird , and in an era of compulsory irony [ Vedder 's ] sincerity is something like a relief — a Kurtlike relief at that . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B + . He said , " Vitalogy marks the first time it 's possible to respect the band 's music as much as its stance . " He added that " despite its musical advances , Vitalogy leaves an odd , unsettling aftertaste . You walk away from it energized , but wondering what price Eddie Vedder , and Pearl Jam , will ultimately pay for it . " Chicago Sun @-@ Times writer Jim DeRogatis gave it three out of four stars and commended Pearl Jam for their earnest songwriting . However , DeRogatis also wrote that the album " leaves you wishing that they 'd just lighten up " . USA Today 's Edna Gundersen gave Vitalogy three and a half out of four stars and stated that it " delivers the band 's most compelling , inventive and confident music to date " , while calling it " the rebel yell of a band that is maturing without mellowing " . Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn gave Vitalogy four out of four stars and viewed its music as an improvement over Pearl Jam 's previous work , writing " This isn 't just the best Pearl Jam album but a better album than the band once even seemed capable of making " . AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars , saying , " Pearl Jam are at their best when they 're fighting , whether it 's Ticketmaster , fame , or their own personal demons . " According to The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , " By Vitalogy PJ hit their apex … the band 's creative zenith , finding them
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Hearted Girl " , Lost Daze remixed " Smash Into You " . The EP also features Beyoncé 's 2010 cover version of " Fever " . The Catalyst remix of " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " was previously made available on Beyoncé 's 2009 remix album Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection & Dance Mixes .
= = = = Track listing = = = =
= = = = Credits = = = =
Credits for Heat , adapted from the CD liner notes :
Executive producer - Beyoncé Knowles , Moe Cohen
Vocals - Knowles
Mastering - Tom Coyne
Producers - Knowles , Chink Santana , Achillies Sparta , Peter Krakczar , Catalyst , Frank DeMaria , Anthony Saputo , Peace Bisquit
Remix Coordination - Angelo " Pepe " Skordos , Bill Coleman
= = = Midnight Heat = = =
Midnight Heat was released in July 2012 following Heat Rush . It is packaged in a purple bottle . According to Beyoncé 's official website , " For [ her ] , fragrance is an essential accessory to highlight your inner radiance , confidence and sex appeal . Midnight Heat is the ultimate evening scent , sensual and enticing with just a hint of mystery . " The perfume 's top notes are described as dragonfruit , apricot and starfruit ; middle notes of orchid , tulip and peony ; and base notes of sandalwood , patchouli and amber . A poster for the fragrance was released on July 18 , 2012 , and shows Beyoncé wearing a purple mini @-@ dress . Idolator 's writer X. Alexander wrote that she looked " appropriately regal in purple in her new fragrance art " while Julee Wilson of The Huffington Post wrote that the advertisement " definitely screams sensual " . Gaby Wilson of MTV commented that the photo appropriately sets the mood for the midnight perfume further praising Beyoncé 's look . Ambika Mutto of VH1 gave a negative review for the poster , writing that she was " really disappointed " because the image was " boring and literal " . She noted , " Sexy hair flying , sexy dress in a color reminiscent of midnight , on a rooftop against the midnight sky — we get it . " A writer of the website Digital Spy praised the scent , writing that it empowers " your inner diva " and added that " there will be no Single Ladies left if you wear this " . At the 2013 StyleBistro Awards , Midnight Heat was nominated in the category for Best New Fragrance .
Products
100 ml / 3 @.@ 4 oz
50 ml / 1 @.@ 7 oz
30 ml / 1 @.@ 0 oz
15 ml / 0 @.@ 5 oz
Sensual Body Lotion 200ml / 6 @.@ 7 oz
= = = Heat : The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour = = =
In April 2013 , Beyoncé embarked her fourth concert tour , The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . In June 2013 , it was announced that a limited edition of Heat , titled Heat : The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , would be released the same month , inspired by the tour . Speaking about the fragrance , Beyoncé said : " I love my music , I love performing and most of all I love and appreciate my fans . I wanted to give them a special remembrance of this tour and I created this scent to reflect the power , passion and playfulness I put into my performances . " The fragrance opens with mangosteen , black pepper and Açaí palm as its top notes and later continues with violet petals , Indian Sambac Jasmine and a Brassia Edua Loo orchid as its middle notes before finishing with bourbon vanilla , Australian sandalwood and vetiver as its base notes . Gaby Wilson of MTV noted that the ingredients introduced a lighter scent than her previous releases . According to Beyoncé 's official perfume website , the fragrance is " paying tribute to Beyoncé 's amazing momentous journey " and further " transport [ s ] you into Beyoncé 's world and the intensity of her shows . [ It ] will make you feel the power , passion and playfulness she gives to her fans . " It was also meant to celebrate Beyoncé 's accomplishments and her " historic life journey " . Gregory DelliCarpini Jr. of Billboard magazine described the scent of the fragrance as " strong and feminine " . Holly Carter of People magazine noted that the scent was " the best @-@ smelling alternative " for people who missed The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour .
Products
100 ml / 3 @.@ 4 oz
30ml / 1 @.@ 0 oz
= = = Heat Wild Orchid = = =
On June 18 , 2014 it was announced by several publications that Beyoncé would be releasing a new fragrance in August 2014 titled Heat Wild Orchid . The promotional poster for the perfume was also revealed , showing Beyoncé wearing a black dress . Caitlin Morton writing for MTV praised her new , mature and " classy " look . Dorkys Ramos from BET echoed her statements stating that it featured a " classier Bey " . The fragrance was released to stores in August 2014 . It was described as an " enticing , mouth @-@ watering fragrance that emits a fierce , feminine energy " in a press release . According to Beyoncé 's website it is a " spellbound scent that expresses the bold femininity of women " : " This captivating and memorable fragrance invites and intoxicates those who encounter it " . It was created in collaboration with Firmenich perfumer Honorine Blanc . The fragrance opens with pomegranate , coconut water and boysenberry . In the middle notes , a floral scent consisting of honeysuckle and blooming magnolia was used . The base notes showcase blonde woods , skin musks and gilded amber . The top of the bottle is wrapped in a gold band inscribed with Beyoncé 's name at the neck . The secondary packaging celebrates the " beauty and sensuality " of the fragrance intertwined with black organza and finished with a gold logo and an emblematic B standing for Beyoncé . MTV 's Caitlin Morton praised Heat Orchid as a fresher and more floral update of the original scent while also deeming it more natural and " maternal " . Glamour 's Leanne Bayley praised the fact that Beyoncé " bottled up her sexiness in one chic bottle " with the fragrance .
Products
100 ml / 3 @.@ 4 oz
50 ml / 1 @.@ 7 oz
30 ml / 1 @.@ 0 oz
15 ml / 0 @.@ 5 oz
= = = Heat Kissed = = =
= Iowa ( album ) =
Iowa is the second studio album by American heavy metal band , Slipknot . Released by Roadrunner Records on August 28 , 2001 , it was produced by Ross Robinson and Slipknot . The title derives from the band 's home state , Iowa , which members have stated is one of their greatest sources of inspiration . With much anticipation for the band 's second album following on the success of their 1999 self @-@ titled debut , pressures on the band were high . Their relationships with each other suffered and was later described as the darkest time of their career . It was also the first time that guitarist Jim Root had been significantly involved in a Slipknot album due to his joining very late in recording of their debut album , as Root was only featured on two songs from that release . Despite troubles within the band and with Iowa 's development , Slipknot promoted it for almost a year .
Iowa was a major success , premiering in the top ten album sales charts in nine countries . Generally positively received , it includes some of their notable songs , such as " Disasterpiece " , " The Heretic Anthem " , " People = Shit " and the two Grammy @-@ nominated songs " Left Behind " and the remix of " My Plague " . While more technical than their debut album , Iowa is considered to be the band 's heaviest and darkest . It has been certified platinum in the United States and Canada . A special edition of Iowa was reissued on November 1 , 2011 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the record . It was accompanied by a full live audio of the hit DVD Disasterpieces and a film entitled Goat directed by Shawn Crahan with the four music videos , never @-@ seen @-@ before interviews and footage from the Iowa period .
= = Recording and production = =
Iowa was recorded and produced at Sound City and Sound Image studios in Los Angeles , California with producer Ross Robinson , who had produced their debut album . Drummer Joey Jordison and bassist Paul Gray began working on new music together in October 2000 and together they wrote material for most of the tracks on the album . During this time other band members wanted a break following the extensive touring which followed their self @-@ titled debut album . However , on January 17 , 2001 , Slipknot entered the studio to begin recording Iowa . This period in the band 's career has become known as one of their worst for several reasons . Jordison stated retrospectively , " that 's where we got into a war " citing the lack of a break for himself and Gray . While other factors , including : vocalist Corey Taylor 's alcohol addiction , several other members ' drug addictions , management issues and more , affected relations in the band .
Despite being a member of Slipknot since 1999 , it was the first album where guitarist Jim Root had been significantly involved . He had joined them during the later recording stages of Slipknot and subsequently became more involved with this album . During an interview with Guitar magazine in November 2001 he explained , " it was so exciting as well as scary to be part of this whole huge process " , adding that there was a lot of pressure from fellow guitarist Mick Thomson to perform well on the record . In an interview with FHM in December 2001 , vocalist Corey Taylor revealed that he put himself in specific situations to achieve his performance on the album . While recording vocals for the final song " Iowa " he was completely naked , vomiting all over himself and cutting himself with broken glass . Explaining this , he said , " that 's where the best stuff comes from . You 've got to break yourself down before you can build something great . " While producing the album , Ross Robinson was injured from a dirt bike accident , fracturing his back . He returned to the studio after a day of hospital treatment , reportedly " putting all of his pain into the album " , much to the admiration of the band .
= = Promotion = =
There was speculation over the title before its announcement with Nine Men , One Mission as the expected title in some sources . Iowa was later announced as its title and was named after the band 's home state of Iowa . Band members have claimed that Iowa is the source of their energy and they consciously made the decision to stay in the area , partly due to the fear of losing their creative direction . The opening track " ( 515 ) " is also a reference to their home state , named after the telephone area code for central Iowa . Initially the album was scheduled for release on June 19 , 2001 , and was to be preceded by a five @-@ date warm @-@ up tour . However , the mixing of the album took longer than anticipated , causing the album 's release to be delayed and the cancellation of the tour . The album was officially released on August 28 , 2001 . In support of the album , Slipknot began touring on their Iowa World Tour . This included : a spot on Ozzfest in 2001 , an American co @-@ headlining tour with System of a Down , as well as tours in Japan , Europe and elsewhere .
Prior to the album 's release , Slipknot gave away copies of " Heretic Song " , titled " The Heretic Anthem " on the album , free on their website and was limited to a quantity of 666 copies to coincide with the song 's chorus ; " If you 're 555 , then I 'm 666 . " The giveaway began May 15 , 2001 , and lasted until copies sold out . The first official single released from the album was " Left Behind " . In 2002 , the band made a special appearance in the film Rollerball in which they performed " I Am Hated " . Following this , a second single from the album was released , " My Plague " , which appeared on the soundtrack for the film Resident Evil .
= = Music and lyrical themes = =
Prior to its release , band members promised a much darker and heavier album than Slipknot , and many sources praised the band for achieving this – effectively fulfilling their promises . During an interview in 2008 , percussionist Shawn Crahan retrospectively evaluated their time creating the album , proclaiming that they owe their overtly darker sound to their state of mind during that period : " When we did Iowa , we hated each other . We hated the world ; the world hated us . " Iowa , unlike its predecessor , saw Robinson capturing the band 's technicality as opposed to the raw energy for which Slipknot is known . The band was also praised for its use of an extended line @-@ up consisting of additional percussionists and electronics . NME stated that " every possible space is covered in scrawl and cymbals : guitars , percussion , electronic squall , subhuman screaming . " Although Iowa is widely regarded as the band 's heaviest album to date , some tracks do include melody , most apparent in " Everything Ends " and " Left Behind " . On the album 's thirteenth anniversary , Revolver looked back on the album as " their most extreme album yet " . They compared several songs , namely " Disasterpiece , " " People = Shit " and " The Heretic Anthem " as more death metal @-@ influenced than most of the nu metal that the album contained . While the album does have elements of hip hop music , Iowa has less hip hop elements than Slipknot 's self @-@ titled album , focusing more on elements of genres such as death metal and hardcore punk .
Iowa follows the lyrical style that vocalist Corey Taylor established on Slipknot 's debut album ; it includes strong use of metaphors to describe overtly dark themes including misanthropy , solipsism , disgust , anger , disaffection , psychosis and rejection . The album also includes many expletives ; David Fricke of the Rolling Stone magazine said " there isn 't much shock value left in the words fuck and shit , which Taylor uses in some variation more than forty times in Iowa 's sixty @-@ six minutes . " Fricke went on to praise Taylor 's performance on the track " Iowa " , comparing it to a " vivid evocation of a makeshift @-@ cornfield grave at midnight . "
= = Critical reception = =
Following the mass success of the band 's self @-@ titled album , author Dick Porter wrote that the anticipation for a follow up was intense . Prior to its release , drummer Jordison proclaimed : " Wait till you hear our fuckin ' next record . It smokes our first album . The shit 's twice as technical , three times as heavy . " The College Music Journal reviewed it as " brutal , unrelenting , scorching ... " Many reviews noted its heavy themes , the Alternative Press stated , " [ it is ] like having a plastic bag taped over your head for an hour while Satan uses your scrotum as a speedbag .... [ It ] is over the top ... you 're going to be left in stitches . " NME said that it is " Exhilarating , brutal and good . " Rolling Stone credited the album for its originality , stating that " nearly everything else in modern doom rock sounds banal . " Producer Robinson was also praised for his work on the album ; Uncut noted , " The barely relenting , tumbling noise attack marshalled by nu metal uber @-@ producer Ross Robinson is expert . " Reviewing for Yahoo , John Mulvey said , " They 're an evolutionary dead end , the final , absolute triumph of nu metal . "
The album 's first single , " Left Behind " , was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards . The second single , " My Plague " , was nominated in 2003 for the same award at the 45th Grammy Awards . The single " Left Behind " peaked in the top thirty for single sales the United States and the UK . In addition , " My Plague " reached the 43rd position on the UK charts . Iowa was ranked sixth in the " 50 Albums of the year " by NME in 2001 . The album reached the top position on the UK Albums Chart , and the second spot on the ARIA Charts in Australia . The album reached the third spot on the Billboard 200 and Finnish Charts . On October 10 , 2001 , the album was certified platinum in the United States . In Canada , the Canadian Recording Industry Association certified the album as Platinum , on September 5 , 2001 . The British Phonographic Industry has certified the album as gold in the UK . In 2009 , Iowa was rated 3rd in UK magazine Kerrang ! ' s " The 50 Best Albums of the 21st century " reader poll .
= = Track listing = =
All music written by Shawn Crahan , Paul Gray , Joey Jordison , Chris Fehn , Mick Thomson , Sid Wilson , Craig Jones and James Root . All lyrics by Corey Taylor
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= = Personnel = =
Aside from their real names , members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight .
= Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives =
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives is a 2001 studio album by Guillermo Scott Herren , the first released under the name Prefuse 73 . The album was released in June 11 , 2001 on Warp . The music was created by Herren alone , with some tracks featuring guest vocals from MCs Mikah 9 , MF Doom and Aesop Rock as well as vocalist Sam Prekop from The Sea and Cake . Inspired by Miami bass and early 90s hip hop , Herren had been recording music with his Music Production Center ( MPC ) for Schematic Records , a label known primarily for intelligent dance music ( IDM ) . After working with various local hip hop artists making what he described as " very boring rap beats " , Herren was inspired to take his music in a more left @-@ field direction .
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives 's music is primarily instrumental and features unintelligible cut @-@ up vocals . Originally inspired to sample the hip hop artists he was signed to work with in the studio , the album consists of samples by more popular hip hop artists including Nas , Ol ' Dirty Bastard and Erykah Badu . Despite being described as electronic music , IDM and glitch and not the kind of music a hip hop audience is used to hearing , Herren felt that his music was closer to hip hop .
The album 's release after a tour that included a performance at All Tomorrow 's Parties in the United Kingdom as well as opening for the group Tortoise in the United States . The album did not chart in either the United Kingdom or United States , but received positive reviews from various sources including AllMusic , Spin and Uncut . It was later named as one of the best albums of the year by Rolling Stone and The Globe & Mail and one of the best albums of the first half the 2000s by Pitchfork Media .
= = Background and production = =
In the mid to late 1990s , Guillermo Scott Herren returned to Decatur , Georgia from New York and worked at a recording studio . Unsatisfied working with the studio 's clients , who he felt made " pre @-@ historic trap music " , Herren was encouraged to take his music in a more left @-@ field direction , as he was " bored with people barking orders at me to make them these really boring rap beats . " In return for Herren handling the studio 's hip hop clients , the studio owner bought him a Music Production Center ( MPC ) which Herren would use to create his Prefuse 73 material .
While working at the studio , Herren met Joshua Kay and Romulo del Castillo , two Miami @-@ based producers who had founded Schematic Records , a label known for IDM . Herren recorded and composed music on his MPC and manipulated it to fit Schematic 's aesthetic . While working at the recording studio , Herren felt that the hip hop musicians coming in had very trite lyrics , and felt he could use them for his own Prefuse 73 material . For Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives , Herren sampled more famous hip hop records by artists including Nas , Ol ' Dirty Bastard and Erykah Badu . Herren stated that he used some of his favorite MCs instead of the musicians he worked with , as he felt these artists were " saying totally relevant stuff , but I guess it was just my excitement to make it happen . But a vocal doesn 't have to say anything . Why not challenge people 's imagination and let it say whatever they want it to ? " For Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives , Herren created the music using two turntables plugged into his MPC . To create the glitch sounds through the MPC , Herren switched between different sample sources by instantaneously silencing groups of audio channels at the same time .
In 1999 , Herren signed to the British label Warp under two aliases , Prefuse 73 and Savath & Savalas , after Warp staff had heard a previous record of Herren 's which had sparked their interest in his work . Herren was familiar with the label through artists Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada , but chose to sign to Warp as he was an fan of the group Broadcast who had released an EP through the label . Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives features rapping from Mikah 9 , Aesop Rock and MF Doom , and vocals from Sam Prekop of the indie rock band the Sea and Cake . The vocalists did not work directly with Herren , but sent him audio tapes of their own vocal recordings . Herren later commented on having Prekop sing on the album , noting that having an indie rock artist on the album was his way of trying to get his sound out to a new audience .
= = Music = =
Herren described the album as an attempt to bridge hip hop instrumentals with vocal @-@ orientated hip hop tracks , saying that the chopped and edited raps were " another layer of music " and that he was " into creating a whole new mangled language [ ... ] it 's a form of communication without communicating , a new flow when you feel like you 're listening to a standard hip hop track but there 's something in it that 's not right . " The cut @-@ up vocals were also described by Herren as a tribute to Miami bass music and the group Mantronix . Herren said : " Old school dirty south and booty shake shit , just the way stuff was edited back then , all the bass music and edit records ... that 's what inspired me . I wanted to make edit records , but bring all the shit that happened afterwards into it , hip hop from the early 90s through the present day . " The song " Nuno " features chopped @-@ up vocals with only the phrase " fuck words of wisdom " intelligible ; the title is a reference to the Portuguese musician Nuno Canavarro , whose 1988 album Plux Quba also features manipulated vocals including randomly @-@ reassembled tapes of children singing . Herren used a sample from Canavarro 's song " Wask " for " Nuno " .
The Sydney Morning Herald stated that " journalists obsessed with labels " had described the music in a range of genres " from ' glitch ' to ' click @-@ hop ' . " Music journalists made other comparisons of the music in context of both electronic and hip hop , with Exclaim ! describing this sound as " not exactly what the hip hop world is used to hearing . " Fact expanded on the description of the two genres , stating that " the sonic cut @-@ ups that characterize Vocal Studies have often been linked to the IDM scene , but they can just as well be understood within the context of scratching and turntablism , where snatching small elements of records and re @-@ contextualizing them was key . " Herren has only described his style as hip hop , saying that he does not listen to electronic music and that " some people have a hard time accepting what I do . "
During promotion of his next album One Word Extinguisher , Herren stated that Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives did not have a particular theme as he was primarily focusing on and developing an editing style . In contrast , his follow @-@ up One Word Extinguisher was about his relationship with a woman and the vast spectrum of emotions felt during a break @-@ up .
= = Release and promotion = =
Prior to the release of Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives , Herren performed at the All Tomorrow 's Parties festival at Camber Sands in April 2001 . The festival was curated by the band Tortoise , with whom Herren toured as the opening act in May 2001 . Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was released on June 11 , 2001 through Warp on vinyl , compact disc and download . It was Warp 's second release by an American musician , following Richard Devine 's Lipswitch which had been released in the previous January . The album did not chart in the United States or United Kingdom . Herren was not happy on how the album was promoted , saying : " I couldn 't understand why they were treating me like I was 10 . They were ignoring all the cultural references that were to be found throughout that first record . " He felt the album " would have been easier to package if I 'd been from the Bronx . Instead I was from Miami , and lived in Decatur . "
= = Reception = =
John Bush of AllMusic described the album as " one of the most enjoyable works of experimental techno heard in several years , a combination of tough , underground hip hop and the fractured neo @-@ electro of Warp favorites Autechre and Plaid . " Noel Dix of Exclaim ! described the album as " a truly remarkable and creative record " , praising its unpredictability . Tedd Kessler of the NME called the album " teeth @-@ clattering but exhilarating " , writing that " behind every wall of hip hop noise ... there lurks a heart @-@ bursting tune and that 's what makes it alluring . " Pitchfork Media wrote that Herren had " painted a portrait of the peculiar state of our urbanity . " Reviewing the album alongside two other Warp releases ( Plaid 's Double Figure and Squarepusher 's Go Plastic ) , Uncut described Vocal Studies as " the pick of this crop " and concluded that it " genuinely seems like a next step for a genre in perpetual need of reinvention . "
The BBC gave the album a mixed review , stating that " taken as a whole the album is pretty relentless " and the album was " best taken in small doses " . PopMatters gave the album a negative review , writing that " the new sounds Herren creates are innovative and entertaining ; he simply overdoes it . "
= = = Aftermath and influence = = =
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was named as one of the best albums of 2001 by several publications , including Pitchfork Media , Ottawa Citizen and Rolling Stone . The Globe & Mail named it the seventh best album of the year , with Carl Wilson writing that " of all the elctronica @-@ glich @-@ IDM this year , [ the album ] is the only one I go back to as if it were the Rolling Stones . " In 2005 , Pitchfork Media ranked the album the 84th best of 2000 @-@ 2004 . Herren was overwhelmed with the positive reception the album received , exclaiming that " Most of it was so positive , but I 'd also get a really strong reaction from people- some that want to kill me , ' cause they 're under the impression that I 'm trying to kill hip hop or something , and I 'm like ' uh see ya , whatever man . ' "
According to Pitchfork Media , the album was important for Warp , which had been seeking credibility after relocating their offices to New York City . Herren began acting as A & R member for the label , which had a reputation only for IDM , by introducing it to artists including Anti @-@ Pop Consortium , Battles , and Flying Lotus . In 2011 , after releasing The Only She Chapters , his eighth album for the label , Warp ended their relationship with Herren . The master recordings of his material stayed with the label .
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was an influential album for contemporary musicians Amon Tobin and Nick Sanborn of Sylvan Esso . Tobin stated that his single " Verbal " , from his acclaimed 2002 album Out from Out Where , was influenced by Prefuse 73 . Sanborn spoke on the influence of Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives , referring to it as one of the records that " gave me a doorway into hip hop . I know it 's weird , but he was my entry point into instrumental hip hop , starting a domino effect that led me to Dilla , Madlib and the rest . "
= = Track listing = =
All tracks written by Scott Herren
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives liner notes .
Scott Herren – performer , writer
Estrada / Mofungo – design
= Te Amo ( Rihanna song ) =
" Te Amo " ( English : " I Love You " ) is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . The electro @-@ Latin song was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen , James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna , with production helmed by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name , Stargate . " Te Amo " impacted radio in Canada on June 7 , 2010 , and was released via digital download on June 8 , 2010 , in Australia , Italy and New Zealand , as the album 's third international and fifth overall single . " Te Amo " incorporates elements of Latin American music and conveys Rihanna 's struggles as the object of another woman 's desires .
Music critics praised the song for its lyrics and for a less futuristic sound than other songs on Rated R. " Te Amo " peaked inside the top ten of national charts , including the Czech Republic , Hungary and Poland . The song also attained top forty positions in Australia , The Netherlands and Slovakia . " Te Amo " was certified gold in four countries . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by longtime collaborator Anthony Mandler and features French supermodel Laetitia Casta , who tries to seduce Rihanna and eventually succeeds . Rihanna performed the song live at Radio 1 's Big Weekend 2010 on May 23 , 2010 in Bangor , Wales . " Te Amo " was also included on the set list of Rihanna 's Last Girl on Earth Tour .
= = Background and composition = =
" Te Amo " was released as the fourth international and sixth overall single from Rihanna 's fourth studio album , Rated R. The song was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen , James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna , with production helmed by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name , Stargate . The song was sent for mainstream airplay in Canada on June 7 , 2010 , and released via digital download in Australia , Italy and New Zealand one day later , through Universal Music . In Germany , " Te Amo " was released as a CD single on June 11 , 2010 .
Musically , " Te Amo " is a electro @-@ Latin song and is set in common time with a tempo of 172 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G @-@ sharp minor with Rihanna 's vocal range spanning from the low note of F ♯ 3 to the high note of C ♯ 5 . Lyrically , " Te Amo " tells of a relationship between two women , with one realizing that she is falling in love with Rihanna , proclaiming " Te amo " throughout the song ( the Spanish phrase for " I Love You " ) . As Rihanna realizes that the other woman is falling in love with her , Rihanna sings , " I feel love but I don 't feel that way " , meaning that she knows her suitor loves her , but does not want to become romantically involved with her . Ailbhe Malone of NME described the meaning of the lyrics in her review of Rated R , explaining that Rihanna sings from a male perspective as she portrays a man who cannot commit , rather than a woman who is " clinging to an unrealistic ideal " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Te Amo " received positive reception from music critics . As part of his review for Rated R , Jude Rogers of BBC Music noted that " Te Amo " and " Rockstar 101 " were the less futuristic tracks on the album as they do not feature the heavy electronic influences , which are present on songs such as " Hard " and " G4L " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy awarded the song a rating of four out of five stars and noted that Rihanna had progressed from singing about a male interest in one of her previous singles , " Rude Boy " , to fantasizing about women , writing " After the rather explicit ' Rude Boy ' campaign , Rihanna 's taking a well @-@ deserved break from titillating the blokes here – only to find herself the object of another lady 's affections . One of her Rated R LPs less menacing moments , ' Te Amo ' finds La Fenty grappling with her sexuality over some irresistible , Latin @-@ infused Stargate beats . " Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music awarded the song four out of five stars and commented on the theme of lesbianism , writing " It 's that old , old story : Girl meets girl . Girl speaks different language to girl . Girl loves girl . Girl doesn 't love girl . Girl sad . We ’ ve all been there , right ? And Rihanna ’ s captured that feeling beautifully . "
= = Chart performance = =
Upon the release of the album , " Te Amo " made its first chart appearance on the Swedish Singles Chart , where it debuted at number 52 on December 4 , 2009 , and initially charted for a single week . After being released as a promotional CD in Sweden on May 5 , 2010 , the song re @-@ entered the chart at number 53 on July 7 , 2010 . " Te Amo " peaked at number 48 two weeks later on July 30 , and spent a total of six non @-@ consecutive weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the UK R & B Chart at number 29 on April 24 , 2010 , and peaked at number five weeks on May 29 . The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on May 15 , 2010 , and peaked at number 14 two weeks later on May 29 . On May 23 , 2010 , the song entered the Australian Singles Chart and the Swiss Singles Chart at numbers 35 and 58 , respectively . The song peaked at number 22 in its sixth charting week in Australia , and at number nine in Switzerland . " Te Amo " debuted at number 11 in Austria on June 25 , 2010 , and descended to number the following week . However , the song re @-@ peaked at number 11 on July 9 . The song spent eighteen weeks on the chart . In the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium , " Te Amo " debuted on the singles charts at numbers 29 and 28 respectively on June 19 , 2010 , and spent thirteen weeks charting . In the Flanders region , the song peaked at number 14 while the song was more successful in the Wallonia region , peaking at number 10 .
Elsewhere in Europe , the song debuted on the Italian Singles Chart on July 15 , 2010 at number nine and peaked at number seven for two weeks . " Te Amo " was less successful in Denmark , Finland and Norway , peaking at numbers 22 , 14 and 12 respectively . In Germany , " Te Amo " became Rihanna 's first song since " Hate That I Love You " in 2007 not to reach the top 10 , and debuted on the German Singles Chart at number 13 on July 26 , 2010 . It fluctuated in the top 20 before reaching its peak at number 11 on July 24 , 2010 . On the European Hot 100 chart , " Te Amo " debuted at number 48 on May 29 , 2010 and peaked at number 18 on July 17 , 2010 . Although " Te Amo " was not released as a single in Canada , the song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart issue dated July 3 , 2010 at number 98 and peaked at number 66 on July 17 , 2010 .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
The music video for " Te Amo " was shot over two days on April 29 and 30 , 2010 , in Vigny , France and was directed by longtime collaborator Anthony Mandler , who had previously directed the music videos for " Wait Your Turn " and " Russian Roulette " . Whilst on set for the video , photographs were released ; they featured Rihanna wearing a vibrant Mara Hoffman maxi dress , which cost over $ 1 @,@ 000 . French supermodel Laetitia Casta played the role of a femme fatale and the apparent love interest of Rihanna .
In the video , Rihanna plays Casta 's lesbian love interest . Casta arrives at the castle in a car , and steps out with a very provocative outfit , and meets Rihanna who is waiting inside . Throughout all of the video , Casta tries to seduce Rihanna whilst Rihanna initially resists , but eventually gives in to Casta 's charm . First , she meets Rihanna in the living room and catches her eye . In the next scene , the couple are shown on top of a table with ultraviolet lighting and Casta rubs her head on Rihanna 's legs . They are then shown outside the castle and Rihanna falls to the ground in despair while Casta looks on . Soon , they are shown in a room full of male dancers and Rihanna begins to feel more comfortable around her admirer . The last two scenes are Rihanna and Casta in PVC bondage outfits kissing on a bed in a darkened room , and then at a burning table , looking away from each other . Billboard 's music video reviewer , Monica Herrera commented , " Rihanna saved a far sexier clip than ' Rockstar 101 ' for fans abroad . " She described the video 's various scenes as " Rihanna getting frisky in a bedroom and setting a fire with a sultry female companion . "
= = = Live performances = = =
Rihanna performed " Te Amo " for the first time at Radio 1 's Big Weekend 2010 on May 23 , 2010 in Bangor , Wales , where she performed the song as part of a set list , along with " Madhouse " , " Hard " , " Disturbia " , " Rude Boy " , " Russian Roulette " , " Don 't Stop the Music " , " SOS " and " Umbrella " . The performance featured Rihanna wearing " fishnets , boots and a reggae @-@ inspired leather playsuit with go faster stripes in red , green and yellow and a hood " . The song was also included on the set list of the Last Girl on Earth Tour . Rihanna performed the song during the Rock in Rio 2011 in Rio de Janeiro .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Metropolis Studios , London
Mixed at Chung King Studios , New York
Personnel
Credits adapted from the inlay cover of Rated R.
= = Track listing = =
Digital Single
" Te Amo " ( Album Version ) - 3 : 28
" Rude Boy " ( Wideboys Stadium Radio Mix ) - 3 : 16
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
Since May 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads .
= = Radio and release history = =
= Egyptian vulture =
The Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) , also called the white scavenger vulture or pharaoh 's chicken , is a small Old World vulture and the only member of the genus Neophron . It is widely distributed ; the Egyptian vulture is found from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to India . The contrasting underwing pattern and wedge @-@ shaped tail make it distinctive in flight as it soars in thermals during the warmer parts of the day . Egyptian vultures feed mainly on carrion but are opportunistic and will prey on small mammals , birds , and reptiles . They also feed on the eggs of other birds , breaking larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them . The use of tools is rare in birds and apart from the use of a pebble as a hammer , Egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest . Egyptian vultures that breed in the temperate regions migrate south in winter while tropical populations are relatively sedentary . Populations of this species have declined in the 20th century and some island populations are endangered by hunting , accidental poisoning , and collision with power lines .
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
The genus Neophron contains only a single species . A few prehistoric species from the Neogene period in North America placed in the genus Neophrontops ( the name meaning " looks like Neophron " ) are believed to have been very similar to these vultures in lifestyle , but the genetic relationships are unclear . The genus Neophron is considered to represent the oldest branch within the evolutionary tree of vultures . Along with its nearest evolutionary relative , the lammergeier ( Gypaetus barbatus ) , they are sometimes placed in a separate subfamily , the Gypaetinae .
= = = Subspecies = = =
There are three widely recognised subspecies of the Egyptian vulture , although there is considerable gradation due to movement and intermixing of the populations . The nominate subspecies , N. p. percnopterus , has the largest range , occurring in southern Europe , northern Africa , the Middle East , Central Asia , and the north @-@ west of India . Populations breeding in the temperate zone migrate south during winter . It has a dark grey bill .
The Indian subcontinent is the range of subspecies N. p. ginginianus , the smallest of the three subspecies , which is identifiable by a pale yellow bill . The subspecies name is derived from Gingee in southern India where the French explorer Pierre Sonnerat described it as Le Vautour de Gingi and it was given a Latin name by John Latham in his Index Ornithologicus ( 1790 ) .
A small population that is found only in the eastern Canary Islands was found to be genetically distinct and identified as a new subspecies , N. p. majorensis in 2002 . Known locally as the guirre they are genetically more distant from N. p. percnopterus , significantly greater even than N. p. ginginianus is from N. p. percnopterus . Unlike neighbouring populations in Africa and southern Europe , it is non @-@ migratory and consistently larger in size . The subspecies name majorensis is derived from " Majorata " , the ancient name for the island of Fuerteventura . The island was named by Spanish conquerors in the 15th century after the " Majos " , the main native Guanche tribe there . One study in 2010 suggested that the species established on the island about 2 @,@ 500 years ago when the island was first colonized by humans .
Nikolai Zarudny and Härms described a subspecies , rubripersonatus , from Baluchistan in 1902 . This was described as having a deeper reddish orange skin on the head and a yellow @-@ tipped dark bill . This has rarely been considered a valid subspecies but the intermediate pattern of bill colouration suggests intermixing of subspecies .
= = = Etymology = = =
The genus name is derived from Greek mythology . Timandra was the mother of Neophron . Aegypius was a friend of Neophron and about the same age . It upset Neophron to know that his mother Timandra was having a love affair with Aegypius . Seeking revenge , Neophron made advances towards Aegypius ' mother , Bulis . Neophron succeeded and enticed Bulis into entering the dark chamber where his mother and Aegypius were to meet soon . Neophron then distracted his mother , tricking Aegypius into entering the chamber and sleeping with his own mother Bulis . When Bulis discovered the deception she gouged out the eyes of her son Aegypius before killing herself . Aegypius prayed for revenge and Zeus on hearing the prayer changed Aegypius and Neophron into vultures . " Percnopterus " is derived from Greek for " black wings " : " περκνóς " ( perknos , meaning " blue @-@ black " ) and πτερόν ( pteron , meaning wing ) .
= = Description = =
The adult 's plumage is white , with black flight feathers in the wings . Wild birds usually appear soiled with a rusty or brown shade to the white plumage , derived from mud or iron @-@ rich soil . Captive specimens without access to soil have clean white plumage . The bill is slender and long , and the tip of the upper mandible is hooked . The nostril is an elongated horizontal slit . The neck feathers are long and form a hackle . The wings are pointed , with the third primary being the longest ; the tail is wedge shaped . The legs are pink in adults and grey in juveniles . The claws are long and straight , and the third and fourth toes are slightly webbed at the base .
The bill is black in the nominate subspecies but pale or yellowish in adults of the smaller Indian ginginianus . Rasmussen and Anderton ( 2005 ) suggest that this variation may need further study , particularly due to the intermediate black @-@ tipped bill described in rubripersonatus . The facial skin is yellow and unfeathered down to the throat . The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage but breeding males have a deeper orange facial skin colour than females . Females average slightly larger and are about 10 – 15 % heavier than males . Young birds are blackish or chocolate brown with black and white patches . The adult plumage is attained only after about five years .
The adult Egyptian vulture measures 47 – 65 centimetres ( 19 – 26 in ) from the point of the beak to the extremity of the tail feathers . In the smaller N. p. ginginianus males are about 47 – 52 centimetres ( 19 – 20 in ) long while females are 52 – 55 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 20 @.@ 5 – 21 @.@ 9 in ) long . The wingspan is about 2 @.@ 7 times the body length . Birds from Spain weigh about 1 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 4 @.@ 2 lb ) while birds of the Canary Island subspecies majorensis , representing a case of island gigantism , are heavier with an average weight of 2 @.@ 4 kilograms ( 5 @.@ 3 lb ) .
= = Distribution and movements = =
Egyptian vultures are widely distributed across the Old World with their breeding range from southern Europe to northern Africa east to western and southern Asia . They are rare vagrants in Sri Lanka . They occur mainly on the dry plains and lower hills . In the Himalayas , they go up to about 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) in summer . European populations migrate south to Africa in winter . Vagrants may occur as far south as in South Africa although they bred in the Transkei region prior to 1923 . They nest mainly on rocky cliffs , sometimes adopting ledges on tall buildings in cities and on large trees .
Most Egyptian vultures in the subtropical zone of Europe migrate south to Africa in winter . Like many other large soaring migrants , they avoid making long crossings over water . Italian birds cross over through Sicily and into Tunisia making short sea crossings by passing through the islands of Marettimo and Pantelleria . Those that migrate through the Iberian Peninsula cross into Africa over the Strait of Gibraltar while others cross further east through the Levant . In summer , some African birds fly further north into Europe and vagrants have been recorded in England and southern Sweden .
Migrating birds can sometimes cover 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) in a single day until they reach the southern edge of the Sahara , 3 @,@ 500 to 5 @,@ 500 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 200 to 3 @,@ 400 mi ) from their summer home . Young birds that have not reached breeding age may overwinter in the grassland and semi @-@ desert regions of the Sahel .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
The Egyptian vulture is usually seen singly or in pairs , soaring in thermals along with other scavengers and birds of prey , or perched on the ground or atop a building . On the ground , they walk with a waddling gait . They feed on a range of food , including mammal faeces ( including those of humans ) , insects in dung , carrion , vegetable matter , and sometimes small animals . When it joins other vulture species at a dead animal , it tends to stay on the periphery and waits until the larger species leave . Wild rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) form a significant part of the diet of Spanish vultures . Studies suggest that they feed on ungulate faeces to obtain carotenoid pigments responsible for their bright yellow and orange facial skin . The ability to assimilate carotenoid pigments may serve as a reliable signal of fitness .
Egyptian vultures are mostly silent but make high @-@ pitched mewing or hissing notes at the nest and screeching noises when squabbling at a carcass . Young birds have been heard making a hissing croak in flight . They also hiss or growl when threatened or angry .
Egyptian vultures roost communally on large trees , buildings or on cliffs . Roost sites are usually chosen close to a dump site or other suitable foraging area . In Spain , summer roosts are formed mainly by immature birds . The favourite roost trees tended to be large dead pines . The number of adults at the roost increases towards June . It is thought that breeding adults may be able to forage more efficiently by joining the roost and following others to the best feeding areas . Breeding birds that failed to raise young may also join the non @-@ breeding birds at the roost during June .
= = = Breeding = = =
The breeding season is in spring . During the beginning of the breeding season , courting pairs soar high together and one or both may make steep spiralling or swooping dives . The birds are monogamous and pair bonds may be maintained for more than one breeding season and the same nest sites may be reused each year . The nest is an untidy platform of twigs lined with rags and placed on a cliff ledge , building , or the fork of a large tree . Old nest platforms of eagles may also be taken over . Nests placed on the ground are rare but have been recorded in subspecies N. p. ginginianus and N. p. majorensis .
Extra @-@ pair copulation with neighbouring birds has been recorded and may be a reason for adult males to stay close to the female before and during the egg laying period . Females may sometimes associate with two males and all three help in raising the brood . The typical clutch consists of two eggs which are incubated in turns by both parents . The eggs are brick red with the broad end covered more densely with blotches of red , brown , and black . The parents begin incubating soon after the first egg is laid leading to asynchronous hatching . The first egg hatches after about 42 days . The second chick may hatch three to five days later and a longer delay increases the likelihood that it will die of starvation . In cliffs where the nests are located close to each other , young birds have been known to clamber over to neighbouring nests to obtain food . In the Spanish population , young fledge and leave the nest after 90 to 110 days . Fledged birds continue to remain dependent on their parents for at least a month .
Once the birds begin to forage on their own , they move away from their parents ' territory ; young birds have been found nearly 500 km away from their nest site . One @-@ year @-@ old European birds migrate to Africa and stay there for at least one year . A vulture that fledged in France stayed in Africa for three years before migrating north in spring . After migrating back to their breeding areas , young birds move widely in search of good feeding territories and mates . The full adult plumage is attained in the fourth or fifth year . Egyptian vultures have been known to live for up to 37 years in captivity and at least 21 years in the wild . The probability of survival in the wild varies with age , increasing till the age of 2 and then falling at the age of 5 . Older birds have an annual survival probability varying from 0 @.@ 75 for non @-@ breeders to 0 @.@ 83 for breeding birds .
= = = Tool use = = =
The nominate population , especially in Africa , is known for its use of stones as tools . When a large egg , such as that of an ostrich or bustard , is located , the bird walks up to it with a large pebble held in its bill and tosses the pebble by swinging the neck down over the egg . The operation is repeated until the egg cracks from the blows . They prefer using rounded pebbles to jagged rocks . This behaviour , first reported by Jane Goodall in 1966 , has however not been recorded in N. p. ginginianus . Tests with both hand @-@ reared and wild birds suggest that the behaviour is innate , not learnt by observing other birds , and displayed once they associate eggs with food and have access to pebbles . Another case of tool @-@ use described from Bulgaria involves the use of a twig as a tool to roll up and gather strands of wool to use for lining the nest .
= = Threats and conservation = =
Healthy adults do not have many predators , but human activities pose many threats . Collisions with power lines , hunting , intentional poisoning , lead accumulation from ingesting gunshot in carcasses , and pesticide accumulation take a toll on populations . Young birds at the nest are sometimes taken by golden eagles , eagle owls , and red foxes . Only rarely do adult birds attempt to drive away predators . Young birds that fall off of cliff ledges may be preyed on by mammalian predators such as jackals , foxes and wolves . Like all birds they serve as hosts for ectoparasitic birdlice including Aegypoecus perspicuus as well as organisms that live within them such as mycoplasmas .
Egyptian vulture populations have declined in most parts of its range . In Europe and most of the Middle East , populations in 2001 were half of those from 1980 . In India , the decline has been rapid with a 35 % decrease each year since 1999 . In 1967 – 70 , the area around Delhi was estimated to have 12 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 of these vultures , with an average density of about 5 pairs per 10 km2 . The exact cause of the decline is not known , but has been linked with the use of the NSAID Diclofenac , which has been known to cause death in Gyps vultures .
In Italy , the number of breeding pairs declined from 30 in 1970 to 9 in the 1990s . Nearly all breeding failures were due to human activities . In Spain , which holds about 50 % of the European population suggested causes of decline include poisoning by accumulation of lead , pesticides ( especially due to large @-@ scale use in the control of Schistocerca gregaria locust swarms ) , and electrocution . Windfarms may also pose a threat . Poorly designed power transmission lines in east Africa electrocute many wintering vultures . A shortage of carrion resulting from new rules for disposal of dead animals following the outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis in parts of Europe during 2000 may have also had an effect on some populations .
The population of Egyptian vultures in the Canary Islands has been isolated from those in Europe and Africa for a significant period of time leading to genetic differentiation . The vulture population there declined by 30 % in the ten years between 1987 and 1998 . The Canarian Egyptian vulture was historically common , occurring on the islands of La Gomera , Tenerife , Gran Canaria , Fuerteventura , and Lanzarote . It is now restricted to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote , the two easternmost islands . The total population in 2000 was estimated at about 130 individuals , including 25 – 30 breeding pairs . Island birds also appear to accumulate significant amounts of lead from scavenging on hunted animal carcasses . The long @-@ term effect of this poison at a sublethal level is not known , though it is known to alter the mineralization of their bones . In order to provide safe and uncontaminated food for nesting birds , attempts have been made to create " vulture restaurants " where carcasses are made available . However , these interventions may also encourage other opportunist predators and scavengers to concentrate at the site and pose a threat to vultures nesting in the vicinity .
= = In culture = =
In Ancient Egypt , the vulture hieroglyph was the uniliteral sign used for the glottal sound ( / ɑː / ) . The Bible makes a reference to the Egyptian vulture under the Hebrew name of rachamah / racham which has been translated into English as " gier @-@ eagle " . The bird was held sacred to Isis in the ancient Egyptian religion . The use of the vulture as a symbol of royalty in Egyptian culture and their protection by Pharaonic law made the species common on the streets of Egypt and gave rise to the name " pharaoh 's chicken " .
A southern Indian temple at Thirukalukundram near Chengalpattu was famed for a pair of birds that reputedly visited the temple for " centuries " . These birds were ceremonially fed by the temple priests and arrived before noon to feed on offerings made from rice , wheat , ghee , and sugar . Although normally punctual , the failure of the birds to turn up was attributed to the presence of " sinners " among the onlookers . Legend has it the vultures ( or " eagles " ) represented eight sages who were punished by Shiva , with two of them leaving in each of a series of epochs .
The habit of coprophagy in Egyptian vultures gives them the Spanish names of " churretero " and " moñiguero " , which mean " dung @-@ eater " . British naturalists in colonial India considered them to be among the ugliest birds , and their habit of feeding on faeces was particularly despised .
= American alligator =
The American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) , sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator , is a large crocod
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
considered " the exclamation point on her career " , consisting of a " diverse collection of songs flowing with the natural talent Jackson possesses " , which effectively " expanded Janet 's range in every conceivable direction " , being " more credibly feminine , more crucially masculine , more viably adult , more believably childlike . " With singles " Miss You Much " , " Rhythm Nation " , " Escapade " , " Alright " , " Come Back to Me " , " Black Cat " and " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " , it became the only album in history to produce number one hits in three separate calendar years , as well as the only album to achieve seven top five singles on the Hot 100 . Famous for its choreography and warehouse setting , the " Rhythm Nation " video is considered one of the most iconic and popular in history , with Jackson 's military ensemble also making her a fashion icon . The video for Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) is notable for being the first instance of Jackson 's transition into sexual imagery and midriff @-@ baring style , becoming her trademark . Rhythm Nation 1814 became the highest selling album of 1990 , winning a record fifteen Billboard Awards . The long @-@ form " Rhythm Nation " music video won a Grammy Award .
Jackson 's Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 became the most successful debut tour in history and set a record for the fastest sell @-@ out of Japan 's Tokyo Dome . She established the " Rhythm Nation Scholarship , " donating funds from the tour to various educational programs . As Jackson began her tour , she was acknowledged for the cultural impact of her music . Joel Selvin of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote " the 23 @-@ year @-@ old has been making smash hit records for four years , becoming a fixture on MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the country " , and William Allen , then @-@ executive vice president of the United Negro College Fund , told the Los Angeles Times , " Jackson is a role model for all young people to emulate and the message she has gotten to the young people of this country through the lyrics of ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' is having positive effects . " She also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in recognition of her impact on the recording industry and philanthropic endeavors . The massive success experienced by Jackson placed her in league with Michael Jackson , Madonna , and Tina Turner for her achievements and influence . Ebony magazine remarked : " No individual or group has impacted the world of entertainment as have Michael and Janet Jackson , " arguing that despite many imitators , few could surpass Jackson 's " stunning style and dexterity . " With her recording contract under A & M Records fulfilled in 1991 , she signed a multimillion @-@ dollar deal with Virgin Records — estimated between thirty @-@ two to fifty million dollars — making her the highest paid recording artist at the time . The recording contract also established her reputation as the " Queen of Pop . " In 1992 , Jackson provided guest vocals on Luther Vandross 's " The Best Things in Life Are Free " , becoming a top ten Billboard hit and reaching the top ten internationally .
= = = 1993 – 96 : Janet , Poetic Justice , and Design of a Decade = = =
Jackson 's fifth studio album Janet , stylized as janet. and read " Janet , period " , was released in May 1993 . The record opened at number one on the Billboard 200 , making Jackson the first female artist in the Nielsen SoundScan era to do so . Certified sixfold platinum by the RIAA , it sold over 20 million copies worldwide . Janet spawned five singles and four promotional singles , receiving various certifications worldwide . Lead single " That 's the Way Love Goes " won the Grammy Award for Best R & B Song and topped the Billboard Hot 100 for eight consecutive weeks . " Again " reached number one for three weeks , while " If " and " Any Time , Any Place " peaked in the top four . " Because of Love " and " You Want This " charted within the top ten .
The album experimented with a diverse number of genres , including contemporary R & B , deep house , swing jazz , hip hop , rock , and pop , with Billboard describing each as being " delivered with consummate skill and passion . " Jackson took a larger role in songwriting and production than she did on her previous albums , explaining she found it necessary " to write all the lyrics and half of the melodies " while also speaking candidly about incorporating her sexuality into the album 's content . Rolling Stone wrote " [ a ] s princess of America 's black royal family , everything Janet Jackson does is important . Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life , as she did on Control ( 1986 ) , or commander in chief of a rhythm army dancing to fight society 's problems ( Rhythm Nation 1814 , from 1989 ) , she 's influential . And when she announces her sexual maturity , as she does on her new album , Janet . , it 's a cultural moment . "
In July 1993 , Jackson made her film debut in Poetic Justice . While the film was critically panned , her performance was described as " beguiling " and " believably eccentric . " Jackson 's ballad " Again " , which was written for the film , received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for " Best Original Song . " In September 1993 , Jackson appeared topless on the cover of Rolling Stone , with her breasts covered by former husband René Elizondo , Jr . The photograph is the original version of the cropped image used on the Janet album cover , shot by Patrick Demarchelier . The Vancouver Sun reported , " Jackson , 27 , remains clearly established as both role model and sex symbol ; the Rolling Stone photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recognizable , and most lampooned , magazine covers . " The Janet World Tour launched in support of the studio album garnered criticism for Jackson 's lack of vocal proficiency and spontaneity , but earned critical acclaim for her showmanship . It was described as erasing the line between " stadium @-@ size pop music concerts and full @-@ scale theatrical extravaganzas . "
During this time , her brother Michael was immersed in a child sex abuse scandal , of which he denied any wrongdoing . She provided moral support , defending her brother , and denied abuse allegations regarding her parents made by her sister La Toya . She collaborated with Michael Jackson on " Scream " , the lead single from his album HIStory , released 1995 . The song was written by both siblings as a response to media scrutiny . It debuted at number five on the Hot 100 singles chart , becoming the first song ever to debut within the top five . " Scream " is listed in Guinness World Records as the " Most Expensive Music Video Ever Made " , costing $ 7 million . The clip won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video .
Jackson 's first compilation album , Design of a Decade : 1986 – 1996 , was released in 1995 . It peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 . The lead single , " Runaway " , became the first song by a female artist to debut within the top ten of the Hot 100 , reaching number three . Design of a Decade 1986 / 1996 was certified double platinum by the RIAA and sold ten million copies worldwide . Jackson 's influence in pop music continued to garner acclaim , as The Boston Globe remarked " If you 're talking about the female power elite in pop , you can 't get much higher than Janet Jackson , Bonnie Raitt , Madonna and Yoko Ono . Their collective influence ... is beyond measure . And who could dispute that Janet Jackson now has more credibility than brother Michael ? " Jackson renewed her contract with Virgin Records for a reported $ 80 million the following year . The contract established her as the then @-@ highest paid recording artist in history , surpassing the recording industry 's then @-@ unparalleled $ 60 million contracts earned by Michael Jackson and Madonna .
= = = 1997 – 99 : The Velvet Rope = = =
Jackson began suffering from severe depression and anxiety , leading her to chronicle the experience in her sixth album , The Velvet Rope , released October 1997 . Jackson returned with a dramatic change in image , boasting vibrant red hair , nasal piercings , and tattoos . The album is primarily centered on the idea that everyone has an intrinsic need to belong . Aside from encompassing lyrics relating to social issues such as same @-@ sex relationships , homophobia and domestic violence , it also contains themes of sadomasochism and is considered far more sexually explicit in nature than her previous release , Janet . The record was hailed as " her most daring , elaborate and accomplished album " by The New York Times , while Billboard ranked it as " the best American album of the year and the most empowering of her last five . " The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified triple platinum , selling over ten million worldwide .
Lead single " Got ' til It 's Gone " was released in August 1997 , featuring guest vocals from folk singer Joni Mitchell and rapper Q @-@ Tip . The song 's music video , depicting a pre @-@ Apartheid celebration , won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video . " Together Again " became Jackson 's eighth number @-@ one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , placing her on par with Elton John , Diana Ross , and The Rolling Stones . It spent a record forty @-@ six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on the United Kingdom 's singles chart . It sold six million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time . " I Get Lonely " peaked at number three on the Hot 100 , and received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . As Jackson 's eighteenth consecutive top ten hit , it made her the only female artist to garner that achievement , surpassed only by Elvis Presley and The Beatles . Several other singles were released , including " Go Deep " and ballad " Every Time " , which was controversial for the nudity displayed in its music video .
The album fully established Jackson as a gay icon for its themes regarding homosexuality and protesting homophobia . " Together Again " , a " post @-@ Aids pop song " , and " Free Xone " , considered " a paean to homosexuality " and an " anti @-@ homophobia track " , were praised for their lyrical context , in addition to Jackson 's lesbian reinterpretation of Rod Stewart 's " Tonight 's the Night " . The Velvet Rope received an award for " Outstanding Music Album " at the 9th Annual GLAAD Media Awards and was honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum . A portion of the proceeds from " Together Again " were donated to the American Foundation for AIDS Research .
Jackson embarked on The Velvet Rope World Tour , traveling to Europe , North America , Asia , Africa , New Zealand , and Australia . The tour received praise for its theatrics , choreography , and Jackson 's vocal performance . It was likened to " the ambition and glamour of a Broadway musical " , and exclaimed as " only fitting that the concert program credits her as the show 's ' creator and director ' . " The tour 's HBO special , The Velvet Rope : Live in Madison Square Garden , garnered more than fifteen million viewers . It surpassed the ratings of all four major networks among viewers subscribed to the channel . The concert won an Emmy Award from a total of four nominations . Jackson donated a portion of the tour 's sales to America 's Promise , an organization founded by Colin Powell to assist disenfranchised youth .
As the tour concluded , Jackson lent guest vocals to several collaborations , including Shaggy 's " Luv Me , Luv Me " , used for the film How Stella Got Her Groove Back , as well as " Girlfriend / Boyfriend " with Teddy Riley 's group Blackstreet , and " What 's It Gonna Be ? ! " with Busta Rhymes . The latter two music videos are both among the most expensive music videos ever produced , with " What 's It Gonna Be ? ! " becoming a number @-@ one hit on the Billboard Hip @-@ Hop Singles and Hot Rap Tracks charts , reaching the top three of the Hot 100 . Jackson also contributed the ballad " God 's Stepchild " to the Down in the Delta soundtrack . Jackson recorded a duet with Elton John titled " I Know the Truth , " included on the soundtrack to Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida . At the 1999 World Music Awards , Jackson received the Legend Award for " outstanding contribution to the pop industry " . Billboard ranked Jackson as the second most successful artist of the decade , behind Mariah Carey .
= = = 2000 – 03 : Nutty Professor II : The Klumps and All for You = = =
In July 2000 , Jackson appeared in her second film , Nutty Professor II : The Klumps , as the role of Professor Denise Gaines , opposite Eddie Murphy . Director Peter Segal stated " Janet Jackson was a natural fit , and an obvious choice . " The film became her second to open at number one , grossing an estimated total of nearly $ 170 million worldwide . Jackson 's single " Doesn 't Really Matter " , used for the film 's soundtrack , became her ninth number @-@ one single on the Hot 100 . The same year , Jackson 's husband Rene Elizondo Jr. filed for divorce , revealing their private marriage to the public . Entertainment Weekly reported for eight of the thirteen years she and Elizondo had been acquainted , " [ they ] were married — a fact they managed to hide not only from the international press but from Jackson 's own father . " Elizondo filed a multimillion @-@ dollar lawsuit against her , estimated between $ 10 – 25 million , which did not reach a settlement for three years .
Preceding the release of her seventh album , MTV honored Jackson with the network 's inaugural " MTV Icon " ceremony , honoring her " significant contributions to music , music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the MTV generation . " The event paid tribute to Jackson 's career and influence , including commentary from Britney Spears , Jennifer Lopez , Aaliyah , and Jessica Simpson , and performances by ' N Sync , Pink , Destiny 's Child , Usher , Buckcherry , and Outkast . The American Music Awards also honored Jackson with the Award of Merit for " her finely crafted , critically acclaimed and socially conscious , multi @-@ platinum albums . " Jackson 's seventh album , All for You , was released in April 2001 . It opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 605 @,@ 000 copies sold , the highest first @-@ week sales of her career , and among the highest first @-@ week sales by a female artist in history . The album was a return to an upbeat dance style , receiving generally positive reception . Jackson received praise for indulging in " textures as dizzying as a new infatuation " , in contrast to other artists attempting to " match the angularity of hip @-@ hop " and following trends . All for You was certified double platinum by the RIAA and sold nine million copies worldwide .
The album 's lead single , " All for You " , debuted on the Hot 100 at number fourteen , setting a record for the highest debut by a single that was not commercially available . Jackson was titled " Queen of Radio " by MTV as the single made airplay history , being " added to every pop , rhythmic and urban radio station " within its first week . The song broke the overall airplay debut record with a first week audience of seventy million , debuting at number nine on the Radio Songs chart . It topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks , also reaching the top ten in eleven countries . The song received a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording . " Someone to Call My Lover " peaked at number three on the Hot 100 . Built around a sample of the iconic 1972 hit " You 're So Vain " by Carly Simon , " Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) " featured Simon herself , along with Missy Elliott on remixes of the single .
In July 2001 , Jackson embarked on the All for You Tour , which was also broadcast on a concert special for HBO watched by twelve million viewers . The tour traveled throughout the United States and Japan , although European and Asian dates were required to be canceled following the September 11 terrorist attacks . The Los Angeles Times complimented Jackson 's showmanship . Richard Harrington of the Washington Post said Jackson 's performance surpassed her contemporaries , but Bob Massy of Spin thought her dancers " threw crisper moves " and her supporting singers were mixed nearly as high , though declared " Janet cast herself as the real entertainment . " Jackson donated a portion of the tour 's proceeds to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America .
The following year , Jackson began receiving media attention for her rumored relationships with Justin Timberlake , actor Matthew McConaughey , and record producer Jermaine Dupri . Upon the release of Timberlake 's debut solo album Justified , Jackson provided vocals on " ( And She Said ) Take Me Now " per Timberlake 's request , with the song initially planned as a single . Jackson collaborated with reggae artist Beenie Man for the song " Feel It Boy " , produced by The Neptunes .
= = = 2004 – 05 : Super Bowl XXXVIII controversy and Damita Jo = = =
Jackson was chosen by the National Football League and MTV to perform at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in February 2004 . Jackson performed a medley of " All for You " , " Rhythm Nation " , and an excerpt of " The Knowledge " before performing " Rock Your Body " alongside surprise guest Justin Timberlake . As Timberlake sang the lyric " I 'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song " , he tore open her costume , exposing her right breast to 140 million viewers . Jackson issued an apology after the performance , saying the incident was accidental and unintended , explaining that Timberlake was only meant to pull away a bustier and leave the red @-@ lace bra intact . She commented , " I am really sorry if I offended anyone . That was truly not my intention ... MTV , CBS , the NFL had no knowledge of this whatsoever , and unfortunately , the whole thing went wrong in the end . " Timberlake also issued an apology , calling the accident a " wardrobe malfunction . " The incident became the most recorded and replayed moment in TiVo history , enticing an estimated 35 @,@ 000 new subscribers . Regarded as one of the most controversial television events in history , Jackson was later listed in Guinness World Records as the " Most Searched in Internet History " and the " Most Searched for News Item " . CBS , the NFL , and MTV ( CBS 's sister network , which produced the halftime show ) , denied any knowledge of , and all responsibility for , the incident . The Federal Communications Commission heavily fined all companies involved , and continued an investigation for eight years , ultimately losing its appeal for a $ 550 @,@ 000 fine against CBS .
Following the incident , CBS permitted Timberlake to appear at the 46th Grammy Awards ceremony but did not allow Jackson to attend , forcing her to withdraw after being scheduled as a presenter . The controversy halted plans for Jackson to star in the biographical film of singer and activist Lena Horne , which was to be produced by American Broadcasting Company . Although Horne was reportedly displeased by the incident , Jackson 's representatives stated she withdrew from the project willingly . A Mickey Mouse statue wearing Jackson 's iconic " Rhythm Nation " outfit was mantled at Walt Disney World theme park the previous year to honor Jackson 's legacy , but was removed following Jackson 's controversial performance .
Jackson 's eighth studio album Damita Jo , titled after Jackson 's middle name , was released in March 2004 . It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . The album received mixed to positive reviews , praising the sonic innovation of selected songs and Jackson 's vocal harmonies , while others criticized its frequent themes of carnality . However , several critics ' reviews focused on the Super Bowl incident , rather than critiquing the album itself . It was certified platinum by the RIAA within a month , and sold over three million copies worldwide .
The album 's performance was largely affected by public backlash and the blacklisting from radio and music channels . Conglomerates involved in the boycott include Viacom and CBS , subsidiaries MTV , Clear Channel Communications , and Infinity Broadcasting , the latter two among the largest radio broadcasters . The blacklist was placed into effect preceding the release of Damita Jo and continued throughout the course of Jackson 's following two albums . A senior executive for entertainment conglomerate Viacom , which owns MTV , VH1 , and many radio formats , commented they were " absolutely bailing on the record . The pressure is so great , they can 't align with anything related to Janet . The high @-@ ups are still pissed at her , and this is a punitive measure . " Prior to the incident , Damita Jo was expected to outsell prior release All for You . Its three singles received positive reviews , but failed to achieve high chart positions , although each were predicted to perform extremely well under different circumstances . Billboard reported that Damita Jo " was largely overshadowed by the Super Bowl fiasco , " saying " [ t ] he three singles it spawned were blacklisted by pop radio — they were also the album 's biggest highlights — the electronic guitar studded " Just a Little While " , Motown @-@ influenced " I Want You " and the funky , heavily dance orientated " All Nite ( Don 't Stop ) " . " I Want You " was certified platinum and received a Grammy nomination .
For the album 's promotion , Jackson appeared as a host on Saturday Night Live , performing two songs , and was also a guest star on sitcom Will & Grace , portraying herself . Jackson received several career accolades upon the album 's release , including the " Legend Award " at the Radio Music Awards , " Inspiration Award " from the Japan Video Music Awards , " Lifetime Achievement Award " at the Soul Train Music Awards , and a Teen Choice Awards nomination for " Favorite Female . " In November 2004 , Jackson was honored as a role model by 100 Black Men of America , Inc . , presented with the organization 's Artistic Achievement Award saluting " a career that has gone from success to greater success ' . " In response to criticism for honoring Jackson in light of the Super Bowl incident , the organization responded " an individual 's worth can 't be judged by a single moment in that person 's life . " In June 2005 , she was honored with a Humanitarian Award by the Human Rights Campaign and AIDS Project Los Angeles as recognition for her involvement in raising money for AIDS charities .
= = = 2006 – 07 : 20 Y.O. and Why Did I Get Married ? = = =
Jackson began recording her ninth studio album , 20 Y.O. , in 2005 . She recorded with producers Dupri , Jam and Lewis for several months during the following year . The album 's title was a reference to the two decades since the release of her breakthrough album Control , representing the album 's " celebration of the joyful liberation and history @-@ making musical style . " To promote the album , Jackson appeared in various magazines , and performed on the Today Show and Billboard Awards . Jackson 's Us Weekly cover , revealing her slim figure after heavy media focus was placed on her fluctuations in weight , became the magazine 's best @-@ selling issue in history . 20 Y.O. was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . The album received mixed reviews , with multiple critics chastising the production and involvement of Jermaine Dupri . Rolling Stone disagreed with the album 's reference to Control , saying " If we were her , we wouldn 't make the comparison . "
Jackson 's airplay and music channel blacklist remained persistent , massively affecting her chart performance and exposure . However , lead single " Call on Me " , which featured rapper Nelly , peaked at number twenty @-@ five on the Hot 100 , number one on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and number six in the United Kingdom . The video for the album 's second single , " So Excited " , was directed by Joseph Kahn and portrayed Jackson 's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine . 20 Y.O. was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold 1 @.@ 2 million worldwide , also receiving a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Album . After the album 's release , Dupri was condemened for his production and misguidance of the album , and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records . Slant Magazine stated , " After promising a return to Janet 's dance @-@ pop origins , [ Dupri ] opted to aim for urban audiences , a colossal mistake that cost Dupri his job and , probably , Janet her deal with Virgin . "
Jackson was ranked the seventh richest woman in the entertainment industry by Forbes , having amassed a fortune of over $ 150 million . In 2007 , she starred opposite Tyler Perry as a psychotherapist in the film Why Did I Get Married ? . It became her third consecutive film to open at number one at the box office , grossing $ 60 million in total . Jackson 's performance was praised for its " soft authority " , though also described as " charming , yet bland " . In February 2008 , Jackson won an Image Award for " Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture " for the role . Jackson was also approached to record the lead single for the film Rush Hour 3 .
= = = 2008 – 09 : Discipline and Number Ones = = =
Jackson signed with Island Records after her contract with Virgin was fulfilled . She interrupted plans for touring and began recording with various producers , including Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins , Tricky Stewart , and Stargate . Her tenth studio album , Discipline , was released in February 2008 , opening at number one . Despite radio blacklisting , the album 's first single " Feedback " peaked at number nineteen on the Hot 100 and nine on Pop Songs , her highest charting single since " Someone to Call My Lover " . Jackson was awarded the Vanguard Award at the 19th annual GLAAD Media Awards , honoring her contributions in promoting equal rights among the gay community . The organization 's president commented , " Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside the LGBT community and out , and having her stand with us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in our country is extremely significant . "
Jackson 's fifth concert tour , the Rock Witchu Tour , began in September 2008 . Jackson parted with Island Records through mutual agreement . Billboard disclosed Jackson was dissatisfied with LA Reid 's handling of the album and its promotion , saying " the label agreed to dissolve their relationship with the artist at her request . " Producer Rodney Jerkins expressed " I felt like it wasn 't pushed correctly .... She just didn 't get her just @-@ do as an artist of that magnitude . "
In June 2009 , Jackson 's brother Michael died at age fifty . She spoke publicly concerning his death at the 2009 BET Awards , stating " I 'd just like to say , to you , Michael is an icon , to us , Michael is family . And he will forever live in all of our hearts . On behalf of my family and myself , thank you for all of your love , thank you for all of your support . We miss him so much . " In an interview , she revealed she had first learned of his death while filming Why Did I Get Married Too ? . Amidst mourning with her family , she focused on work to deal with the grief , avoiding any news coverage of her sibling 's death . She commented , " it 's still important to face reality , and not that I 'm running , but sometimes you just need to get away for a second . " During this time , she ended her seven @-@ year relationship with Jermaine Dupri . Several months later , Jackson performed a tribute to Michael at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , performing their duet " Scream " . MTV stated " there was no one better than Janet to anchor it and send a really powerful message . " The performance was lauded by critics , with Entertainment Weekly affirming the rendition " as energetic as it was heartfelt " .
Jackson 's second hits compilation , Number Ones ( retitled The Best for international releases ) , was released in November 2009 . For promotion , she performed a medley of hits at the American Music Awards , Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball at London 's O2 arena , and The X @-@ Factor . The album 's promotional single " Make Me " , produced with Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins , debuted in September . It became Jackson 's nineteenth number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , making her the first artist to have number @-@ one singles in four separate decades . Later that month , Jackson chaired the inaugural benefit of amfAR , The Foundation for AIDS Research , held in Milan in conjunction with fashion week . The foundation 's CEO stated " We are profoundly grateful to Janet Jackson for joining amfAR as a chair of its first event in Milan .... She brings incomparable grace and a history of dedication to the fight against AIDS . " The event raised a total of $ 1 @.@ 1 million for the nonprofit organization .
= = = 2010 – 14 : Film projects , True You , concert tour , and philanthropy = = =
In April 2010 , Jackson reprised her role in the sequel to Why Did I Get Married ? titled Why Did I Get Married Too ? . The film opened at number two , grossing sixty million in total . Jackson 's performance was hailed as " invigorating and oddly funny " , and praised for her " willingness to be seen at her most disheveled " . Her performance earned an Image Award for " Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture " . Jackson recorded the film 's theme , " Nothing " , released as a promotional single . The song was performed on the ninth season finale of American Idol along with " Again " and " Nasty " . In July , Jackson modeled for the Blackglama clothing line featuring mink fur . Jackson then helped design a signature line of clothing and accessories for Blackglama , to be sold at Saks Fifth Avenue and Bloomingdales . Universal Music released the hits compilation Icon : Number Ones as the debut of the Icon compilation series .
In November 2010 , Jackson starred as Joanna in the drama For Colored Girls , the film adaptation of Ntozake Shange 's 1975 play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf . The Wall Street Journal stated Jackson " recites verses written by Ntozake Shange , the author of the play that inspired the film ... But instead of offering up a mannered coffeehouse reading of the lines , Jackson makes the words sound like ordinary — though very eloquent — speech . " Jackson 's portrayal the film was likened to Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly in The Devil Wears Prada . Her performance earned Black Reel Awards nominations in the categories of Outstanding Supporting Actress and Outstanding Ensemble .
Jackson announced plans to embark on her largest world tour in support of her second hits collection , Number Ones . The tour , entitled Number Ones , Up Close and Personal , held concerts in thirty @-@ five global cities , selected by fans who submitted suggestions on her official website . During the tour , Jackson performed thirty @-@ five number one hits and dedicated a song to each city . Mattel released a limited @-@ edition Barbie of Jackson titled " Divinely Janet " , auctioned for over $ 15 @,@ 000 , with proceeds donated to Project Angel Food . Jackson released the self @-@ help book True You : A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself in February 2011 , co @-@ written with David Ritz . It chronicled her struggle with weight and confidence , also publishing letters from fans . It topped The New York Times ' Best Seller list the following month . Additionally , she signed a film production contract with Lions Gate Entertainment to " select , develop and produce a feature film for the independent studio . "
Jackson became the first female pop singer to perform at the I. M. Pei glass pyramid at the Louvre Museum , raising contributions for the restoration of iconic artwork . Jackson was selected to endorse fashion line Blackglama for a second year , being the first celebrity in the line 's history chosen to do so . She partnered with the label to release a fifteen @-@ piece collection of luxury products . In 2012 , Jackson endorsed Nutrisystem , sponsoring their weight @-@ loss program after struggling with weight fluctuations in the past . With the program , she donated ten million dollars in meals to the hungry . She was honored by amfAR for her contributions to AIDS research when chairing the Cinema Against AIDS gala during the Cannes Film Festival . She also participated in a public service announcement for UNICEF to help starving children . In February 2013 , Jackson announced she was married to her third husband , Qatari businessman Wissam Al Mana , during a private ceremony the previous year .
= = = 2015 – present : Rhythm Nation record label and Unbreakable = = =
On May 16 , 2015 , Jackson announced plans to release a new album and to embark on a world concert tour . She outlined her intention to release her new album in the fall of 2015 under her own record label , Rhythm Nation , distributed by BMG Rights Management . The launch of Rhythm Nation established Jackson as one of the few African @-@ American female musicians to own a record label . On June 15 , 2015 , Jackson announced the first set of dates for the North American leg of her Unbreakable World Tour . On June 22 , the lead single " No Sleeep " was released from the album . Jackson 's solo version of the single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 67 , marking her 40th entry on the chart . The song went to number 1 on the Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 immediately following the release . The album version featuring J. Cole enabled it to re @-@ enter the Hot 100 with a new peak position at number 63 , while also topping the Adult R & B Songs chart .
BET presented Jackson with their inaugural Ultimate Icon : Music Dance Visual award at the BET Awards 2015 , which also featured a dance tribute to her performed by Ciara , Jason Derulo and Tinashe . It was announced she would launch a luxury jewelery line called the " Janet Jackson Unbreakable Diamonds collection , " a joint venture between herself and Paul Raps New York . On August 20 , she released a preview of a new song " The Great Forever , " while also confirming the title of her eleventh studio album as Unbreakable . Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis stated that Jackson 's concept for the album was developed simultaneously with the accompanying tour 's production and that its composition will differ from the majority of her catalog . They also stated that the album 's theme reflects " being able to be vulnerable and to be able to withstand what comes to you , " drawing on Jackson 's experiences over the past several years . The album 's title track " Unbreakable " was released on September 3 , 2015 , debuting on Apple Music 's Beats 1 radio station , hosted by Ebro Darden . The album was also made available for pre @-@ order on iTunes the same day . " Burnitup ! " featuring Missy Elliott debuted on BBC Radio 1 on September 24 , 2015 .
Unbreakable was released on October 2 , 2015 . It received largely positive reviews , including those by The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , USA Today , Los Angeles Times , and The Guardian . The following week , Jackson received a nomination to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Her album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming her seventh album to top the chart in the United States . On April 6 , 2016 , Jackson announced that she was " planning her family " with husband Wissam Al Mana , resulting in her postponing her tour .
= = Artistry = =
= = = Music and voice = = =
Jackson has a mezzo @-@ soprano vocal range . Over the course of her career , she has received frequent criticism for the limits of her vocal capabilities , especially in comparison to contemporary artists such as Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey . In comparing her vocal technique to Houston and Aretha Franklin , vocal coach Roger Love states that " [ w ] hen Janet sings , she allows a tremendous amount of air to come through . She 's obviously aiming for a sexy , sultry effect , and on one level that works nicely . But actually , it 's fairly limited . " He adds that while her voice is suitable for studio recording , it doesn 't translate well to stage because despite having " great songs , incredible dancing , and her star like presence , the live show is still magnificent . But the voice is not the star . " Biographer David Ritz commented , " on Janet 's albums — and in her videos and live performances , which revealed a crisp , athletic dance technique [ ... ] singing wasn 't the point , " saying emphasis was placed on " her slamming beats , infectious hooks , and impeccable production values . " Eric Henderson of Slant magazine claimed critics opposing her small voice " somehow missed the explosive ' gimme a beat ' vocal pyrotechnics she unleashes all over ' Nasty ' ... Or that they completely dismissed how perfect her tremulous hesitance fits into the abstinence anthem ' Let 's Wait Awhile ' . " Classical composer Louis Andriessen has praised Jackson for her " rubato , sense of rhythm , sensitivity , and the childlike quality of her strangely erotic voice . " Several critics also consider her voice to often be enveloped within her music 's production . Music critic J. D. Considine noted " on albums , Jackson 's sound isn 't defined by her voice so much as by the way her voice is framed by the lush , propulsive production of Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . " Wendy Robinson of PopMatters said " the power of Janet Jackson 's voice does not lie in her pipes . She doesn 't blow , she whispers ... Jackson 's confectionary vocals are masterfully complemented by gentle harmonies and balanced out by pulsing rhythms , so she 's never unpleasant to listen to . " Matthew Perpetus of Fluxblog suggested Jackson 's vocal techniques as a study for indie rock music , considering it to possess " a somewhat subliminal effect on the listener , guiding and emphasizing dynamic shifts without distracting attention from its primal hooks . " Perpetus added : " Her voice effortlessly transitions from a rhythmic toughness to soulful emoting to a flirty softness without overselling any aspect of her performance ... a continuum of emotions and attitudes that add up to the impression that we 're listening to the expression of a fully @-@ formed human being with contradictions and complexities . "
Jackson 's music has encompassed a broad range of genres . Her records from the 1980s have been described as being influenced by Prince , as her producers are ex @-@ members of The Time . Sal Cinquemani wrote that in addition to defining Top 40 radio , she " gave Prince 's Minneapolis sound a distinctly feminine — and , with songs like ' What Have You Done for Me Lately ? , ' ' Nasty , ' ' Control , ' and ' Let 's Wait Awhile , ' a distinctly feminist — spin . " On Control , Richard J. Ripani documented that she , Jam and Lewis had " crafted a new sound that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco , along with heavy doses of synthesizers , percussion , sound effects , and a rap music sensibility . " Author Rickey Vincent stated that she has often been credited for redefining the standard of popular music with the industrial @-@ strength beats of the album . She is considered a trendsetter in pop balladry , with Richard Rischar stating " the black pop ballad of the mid @-@ 1980s had been dominated by the vocal and production style that was smooth and polished , led by singers Whitney Houston , Janet Jackson , and James Ingram . " Jackson continued her musical development by blending pop and urban music with elements of hip @-@ hop in the nineties . This included a softer representation , articulated by lush , soulful ballads and up @-@ tempo dance beats . She has been described as " an artist who has reshaped the sound and image of rhythm and blues " within the first decade of her career . Critic Karla Peterson remarked that " she is a sharp dancer , an appealing performer , and as ' That 's the Way Love Goes ' proves — an ace pop @-@ song writer . " Selected material from the following decade has been viewed less favorably , as Sal Cinquemani comments " except for maybe R.E.M. , no other former superstar act has been as prolific with such diminishing commercial and creative returns . "
Jackson has changed her lyrical focus over the years , becoming the subject of analysis in musicology , African American studies , and gender studies . David Ritz compared Jackson 's musical style to Marvin Gaye 's , stating , " like Marvin , autobiography seemed the sole source of her music . Her art , also like Marvin 's , floated over a reservoir of secret pain . " Much of her success has been attributed to " a series of powerful , metallic grooves ; her chirpy , multi @-@ tracked vocals ; and a lyrical philosophy built on pride and self @-@ knowledge . " Ritz also stated , " The mystery is the low flame that burns around the perimeters of Janet Jackson 's soul . The flame feeds off the most highly combustible elements : survival and ambition , caution and creativity , supreme confidence and dark fear . " During the 1980s , her lyrics embodied self @-@ actualization , feminist principles , and politically driven ideology . Gillian G. Gaar , author of She 's a Rebel : The History of Women in Rock & Roll ( 2002 ) , described Control as " an autobiographical tale about her life with her parents , her first marriage , and breaking free . " Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture ( 2010 ) author Jessie Carney Smith wrote " with that album , she asserted her independence , individuality , and personal power . She challenged audiences to see her as a transformed person , from an ingénue to a grow @-@ up , multi @-@ talented celebrity . " Referring to Rhythm Nation 1814 as an embodiment of hope , Timothy E. Scheurer , author of Born in the USA : The Myth of America in Popular Music from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2007 ) wrote " It may remind some of Sly Stone prior to There 's a Riot Going On and other African @-@ American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible , that the American Dream is a dream for all people . "
On Janet , Jackson began focusing on sexual themes . Shayne Lee , author of Erotic Revolutionaries : Black Women , Sexuality , and Popular Culture ( 2010 ) , wrote that her music over the following decade " brand [ ed ] her as one of the most sexually stimulating vocalists of the 1990s . " In You 've Come A Long Way , Baby : Women , Politics , and Popular Culture ( 1996 ) , Lilly J. Goren observed " Jackson 's evolution from politically aware musician to sexy diva marked the direction that society and the music industry were encouraging the dance @-@ rock divas to pursue . " The Washington Post declared Jackson 's public image over the course of her career had shifted " from innocence to experience , inspiring such carnal albums as 1993 's ' Janet ' and 1997 's ' The Velvet Rope ' , the latter of which explored the bonds — figuratively and literally — of love and lust . " The song " Free Xone " from The Velvet Rope , which portrays same @-@ sex relationships in a positive light , is described by sociologist Shayne Lee as " a rare incident in which a popular black vocalist explores romantic or sensual energy outside the contours of heteronormativity , making it a significant song in black sexual politics . " During promotion for Janet , she stated " I love feeling deeply sexual — and don 't mind letting the world know . For me , sex has become a celebration , a joyful part of the creative process . " Upon the release of Damita Jo , Jackon stated " Beginning with the earlier albums , exploring — and liberating — my sexuality has been an ongoing discovery and theme , " adding " As an artist , that 's not only my passion , it 's my obligation . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine has found Jackson 's consistent inclusion of sex in her music lacking ingenuity , especially in comparisons to other artists such as Prince , stating " while sex indisputably fuels much great pop music , it isn 't an inherently fascinating topic for pop music — as with anything , it all depends on the artist . "
= = = Videos and stage = = =
Jackson drew inspiration for her music videos and performances from musicals she watched in her youth , and was heavily influenced by the choreography of Fred Astaire and Michael Kidd , among others . Throughout her career , she has worked with and brought numerous professional choreographers to prominence , such as Tina Landon , Paula Abdul , and Michael Kidd . Veronica Chambers declared , " Her impact on pop music is undeniable and far @-@ reaching , " adding , " A quick glance at the Billboard chart reveals any number of artists cast in the Janet Jackson mold . " Chambers observed numerous videos which " features not only Ms. Jackson 's dancers but choreography and sets remarkably like those she has used . " Janine Coveney of Billboard observed that " Jackson 's musical declaration of independence [ Control ] launched a string of hits , an indelible production sound , and an enduring image cemented by groundbreaking video choreography and imagery that pop vocalists still emulate . " Ben Hogwood of MusicOMH applauded the " huge influence she has become on younger pretenders to her throne , " most notably Britney Spears , Jennifer Lopez and Christina Aguilera . Qadree EI @-@ Amin remarked that many pop artists " pattern their performances after Janet 's proven dance @-@ diva persona . " Beretta E. Smith @-@ Shomade , author of Shaded Lives : African @-@ American Women and Television ( 2002 ) , wrote that " Jackson 's impact on the music video sphere came largely through music sales successes , which afforded her more visual liberties and control . This assuming of control directly impacted the look and content of her music videos , giving Jackson an agency not assumed by many other artists — male or female , Black or White . " Parallel Lines : Media Representations of Dance ( 1993 ) documents that her videos have often been reminiscent of live concerts or elaborate musical theater . However , in
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in mice , after peritoneal injection of fruit body extract , include decreases in the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and reduced levels of liver glycogen . In these experiments , values returned to normal six hours after initial injection , suggesting that the poisoning was not serious , and did not affect liver and kidney performance .
= = = Similar species = = =
Sanmee and colleagues mention that the eastern North American species A. frostiana resembles A. rubrovoltata slightly , but the former has short grooves at the edge of a yellowish @-@ orange cap , slightly larger spores , a yellow volva , and clamps at the basidial bases . Roger Heim reported A. frostiana as occurring in Thailand , but this was probably a misidentification of A. rubrovolvata .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Amanita rubrovoltata mushrooms grow in groups on the ground . Amanita species form mycorrhizal relationships with trees . This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees , enabling the fungus to receive moisture , protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree , and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients . The original Japanese collections were made in forests dominated by Japanese beech ( Fagus crenata ) , but it has also been found growing near Quercus luecotrichophora , Rhododendron arboreum , and Myrica esculenta in India , in Castanopsis @-@ Schima forest in Nepal , and in Castanopsis indica plantations in the Himalayas .
The species occurs in China , northern India , Nepal , Gharwal Himalaya , South Korea , and countries of Southeast Asia ( for example , Thailand ) . The southern limit of the distribution extends to southern Malay Peninsula .
= New Year 's Revolution ( 2007 ) =
New Year 's Revolution ( 2007 ) was the third annual and final New Year 's Revolution professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on January 7 , 2007 , at Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri and featured wrestlers and other talent from WWE 's Raw brand . There were seven professional wrestling matches scheduled on the event 's card .
Four championships exclusive to the Raw brand were contested for ; none was lost as all four championships were retained . The main event was a standard wrestling match , in which WWE Champion John Cena defeated challenger Umaga to retain his championship . Two predominant bouts were featured on the undercard . The first was a Tag team match , in which World Tag Team Champions Rated @-@ RKO ( Edge and Randy Orton ) fought D @-@ Generation X ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) to a no @-@ contest . Due to WWE rules , a title can only change hands via pinfall or submission , as a result , Rated @-@ RKO retained their titles . Another main match was a steel cage match , a match fought within a cage formed by placing four sheets of mesh metal around , in , or against the edges of the wrestling ring . WWE Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy defeated Johnny Nitro to retain his championship .
The event received 220 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was less than the 294 @,@ 000 buys the previous year 's event received . The event was rated a six out of ten . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of fourth on Billboard 's DVD sales chart for recreational sports . It remained on the chart for six consecutive weeks .
= = Background = =
Seven professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card , which were planned with predetermined outcomes by WWE 's script writers . The buildup to these matches and scenarios that took place before , during and after the event were also planned by WWE 's script writers . The event featured wrestlers and other talent from WWE 's Raw brand , a storyline expansion in which WWE assigned its employees . Wrestlers portrayed either a villain or fan favorite gimmick , an on @-@ screen character , for the entertainment of the audience .
The main rivalry heading into New Year 's Revolution was between John Cena and Umaga over the WWE Championship . The rivalry all began on the November 6 episode of Raw , one of WWE 's main television programs , when Cena interfered in Umaga 's match while accepting a challenge to a match by Kevin Federline . One week later , Jonathan Coachman , an on @-@ screen authority figure of Raw , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer , announced that a match between Cena and Umaga would take place , which ended in a no @-@ contest due to interference . Three weeks later on the November 27 edition of Raw , Umaga ( through Armando Alejandro Estrada ) issued a challenge to Cena for the WWE Championship , which Cena accepted . The following week , Cena was assaulted by Umaga after his match , and both were confronted by security . Afterwards , neither of them could touch each other outside of a match until New Year 's Revolution . On the December 18 edition of Raw , Cena , along with D @-@ Generation X , ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) faced off against Umaga and Rated @-@ RKO ( Edge and Randy Orton ) . The match ended in a no @-@ contest after Cena and Umaga started brawling to the backstage area . Two weeks later on the January 1 edition of Raw , Cena faced off against Federline in a No Disqualification match , a match where there is no rules and the only way to win is by pinfall or submission . During the match , Umaga came to the ring and hit Cena with the WWE championship belt , which allowed Federline to pin Cena for the win . This led to a 4 @-@ on @-@ 1 handicap match later that night between Johnny Nitro , Johnathan Coachman , Umaga , and Estrada and Cena , where Cena attacked Umaga with a folding chair , causing the disqualification .
Another rivalry leading up to the event was between Johnny Nitro and Jeff Hardy . In September 2006 , Hardy challenged Nitro numerous times for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , but failed to win it due to repeated interference by Melina ( Melina Perez ) ( Nitro 's then @-@ girlfriend ) . Hardy finally defeated Nitro to win the title on the October 2 edition of Raw . On the November 6 edition of Raw , Eric Bischoff , the Raw authority figure for the night , scheduled a match between Hardy and Nitro for the title . In the match , Melina interfered and caused Nitro to get disqualified . Due to WWE rules , a title can only change hands via pinfall or submission , as a result , Hardy retained his title . Bischoff then scheduled a No Disqualification match , which Nitro won after interference from Melina . The following week , Hardy and Nitro were scheduled in a Ladder match , a match where the contestant that climbs a ladder and retrieves an item ( usually a title belt ) hung above the ring is the winner . Hardy won the match and the title . On the November 27 episode of Raw , Nitro and his former tag team partner Joey Mercury , as MNM , accepted The Hardys open challenge for WWE 's December pay @-@ per @-@ view , December to Dismember , which the Hardys came out victorious . The Hardys won the match . At Armageddon another one of WWE 's December pay @-@ per @-@ views , MNM and The Hardys competed in a Four team Ladder match also involving Dave Taylor and William Regal and WWE Tag Team Champions Paul London and Brian Kendrick . London and Kendrick won the match and retained their titles . During the match , Mercury legitimately broke his nose when he was struck in the face with a ladder , when Jeff jumped off the top rope . On the December 18 edition of Raw , Nitro challenged Hardy to a Steel Cage match , a match fought within a cage formed by placing four sheets of mesh metal around , in , or against the edges of the wrestling ring , for the Intercontinental Championship , which Hardy accepted . The match then was scheduled for New Year 's Revolution .
The rivalry between Rated @-@ RKO ( Edge and Randy Orton ) and D @-@ Generation X ( DX ; Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) began on the October 9 edition of Raw . Edge and Orton both had problems with DX in the past and formed an alliance against them , and challenged DX to a match at Cyber Sunday , WWE 's only pay @-@ per @-@ view where people can go online and votes for different aspects of a match . Rated @-@ RKO defeated DX , after Eric Bischoff , the referee of the match , let Orton use a folding chair , which led Rated @-@ RKO to victory . For consecutive weeks , Triple H and Orton competed in singles matches . On the December 11 edition of Raw , Flair assisted DX in an ambush by Rated @-@ RKO and Kenny , and Coachman came out to announce a Six @-@ man tag team match , where DX and Flair again emerged victorious . DX would challenge Rated @-@ RKO for the World Tag Team Championships at New Year 's Revolution .
The feud between Ric Flair and Kenny Dykstra ( originally just Kenny ) stemmed from Flair 's feud with the Spirit Squad , which Dykstra was a part of . On the October 23 edition of Raw , Dykstra was angered by his teammates ' recent losing streak against Flair , and he proved himself by defeating Flair that night in a singles match . Two weeks after defeating the Spirit Squad for the World Tag Team Championship , Flair and Roddy Piper lost their title to Rated @-@ RKO . The legitimate reason behind their title loss was that Piper was diagnosed with cancer and had to immediately leave the show . Flair , however , continued to feud with the Spirit Squad , defeating them all at Survivor Series with his team of WWE legends . On the November 27 edition of Raw , Flair teamed up with DX to take on the Spirit Squad in a 3 @-@ on @-@ 5 handicap match . Flair and DX won , and DX packed them all in a crate ( excluding Dykstra ) and kayfabe sent them to Ohio Valley Wrestling . It was announced that Flair would face Dykstra at New Year 's Revolution .
= = Event = =
Before the event went live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Vladimir Kozlov defeated Eugene in a dark match .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first match that aired was for the WWE Intercontinental Championship in a Steel cage match , a match fought within a cage formed by placing four sheets of mesh metal around , in , or against the edges of the wrestling ring . Jeff Hardy was defending the title against Johnny Nitro . The match included various high @-@ flying moves like top @-@ rope kicks and powerbombs off the top of the cage . Near the end of the match , Hardy pulled Nitro from the top of the cage and nearly scored a pinfall after a Swanton Bomb , but Nitro put his foot on the bottom rope . Nitro then made it over the cage , but just as Nitro was about to jump , Hardy dropkicked the door open , and Nitro fell onto the top of the door , paining him between his legs . As Nitro was on top of the door , Hardy kicked the cage door , and walked out the door to win the match and retain his Intercontinental Championship .
The next match was for a future World Tag Team Championship in a Tag Team Turmoil match , a match where two tag teams start out and when a team was defeated , another came out until the match ended . The match began with the teams of The World 's Greatest Tag Team ( Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas ) and The Highlanders ( Robbie and Rory McAllister ) . The first elimination was made when Benjamin pinned Robbie after a superplex . The World 's Greatest Tag Team , defeated the second tag team Jim Duggan and Super Crazy . The third team , Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch defeated The World 's Greatest Tag Team after Cade performed a diving elbow drop on Haas and scored the pinfall . The final team , Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) , won the match after performing a G9 and pinning Cade to become the top contenders to the World Tag Team Championship , though they never received their championship match .
After the match , Jonathan Coachman and Vince McMahon were backstage discussing the personal feud between Donald Trump and Rosie O 'Donnell . McMahon announced a match between the two the next night on Raw . The third contest was between Kenny Dykstra and Ric Flair . The end of the match saw Dykstra executing an illegal low blow , when the referee was not paying attention and rolled Flair up with a small package to secure the pinfall .
The next match was between Mickie James and Victoria . Melina ( who accompanied Victoria down to the ring ) , interfered in the match , but failed to following interference by Candice Michelle and Maria . James then did a Mickie DDT and pinned Victoria to retain her title .
Next was the World Tag Team Championship match between the defending champions Rated @-@ RKO and D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) . During the match , Triple H did a spinebuster on Orton and injured his right leg . The match ended when Michaels hit the referee and then assaulted Rated @-@ RKO with a chair . DX used steel chairs to beat down Rated @-@ RKO . After the match , DX brutalized Rated @-@ RKO and left them a bloody mess on the announcers ' tables . Triple H gave Edge a Pedigree on the announce table , and Shawn Michaels did the diving elbow drop on Randy Orton through the Spanish announce table .
The sixth contest was between Carlito and Chris Masters . The match came to an end when Carlito reversed the Masterlock attempt by Masters , however Masters fell on Carlito and performed a pin to successfully score the pinfall .
= = = Main event match = = =
Next was the main event , which saw John Cena defend the WWE Championship against Umaga . During the match , Cena attempted and failed to perform the FU various times . Cena would keep attacking Umaga by throwing Umaga 's head into the steel ring post , which was followed up by a Five Knuckle Shuffle . When Cena failed to execute a FU , Umaga would take control . Umaga charged at Cena , who was positioned in a corner , but Cena would put his feet up to superkick Umaga in the face . This move allowed Cena to quickly roll @-@ up Umaga for the win . Cena had ended Umaga 's undefeated streak and retained his WWE Championship .
= = Aftermath = =
The feud between John Cena and Umaga continued on Raw the next night , where Umaga assaulted Cena after his match with The Great Khali and also interfered in Cena 's match with Jonathan Coachman two weeks later . Due to the Umaga assault , Cena injured his spleen , which was portrayed as real in their storyline . At Royal Rumble , a Last Man Standing match , a match where the only way to win is to beat up your opponent so much they can not get to their feet before the referee counts to ten was scheduled for the WWE Championship between Cena and Umaga . Cena won the match and retained his title , ending their rivalry .
It was announced that Triple H was injured with a ruptured quadriceps tendon and he did not compete on WWE television for over seven months . Shawn Michaels however , continued his feud with Rated @-@ RKO by teaming up with Cena and defeating them for their World Tag Team Championship on the post @-@ Royal Rumble episode of Raw . The feud ended shortly afterwards as Rated @-@ RKO disbanded after their own rivalry began . A Triple Threat match , a standard match involving three wrestlers was made between Edge , Orton , and Michaels . Michaels won the match to become the number one contender to the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 23 . Michaels then feuded with Cena , which would end at Backlash , when Cena defeated Edge , Orton and Michaels in a Fatal Four Way match , a standard wrestling match involving four wrestlers to retain his WWE Championship .
Jeff Hardy and Johnny Nitro continued to feud as members of The Hardys and MNM respectively , until their rematch at the Royal Rumble , where the Hardys were victorious . The feud then began to fade , as Joey Mercury was released from his contract , and The Hardys began to establish their single careers , participating in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 23 .
The feud between Kenny Dykstra and Ric Flair continued . As a reward for defeating Flair at New Year 's Revolution , Coachman booked Dykstra in a match with Hardy for his WWE Intercontinental Championship . Flair interfered and performed a low blow to Dykstra , allowing Hardy to win . On the following Raw , Flair defeated Dykstra in a rematch , ending their rivalry . The feuds between Carlito and Chris Masters , and Mickie James and Victoria also ended after Carlito and James won subsequent rematches , and they began to feud with Ric Flair and Melina respectively . The match between Donald Trump and Rosie O 'Donnell was actually a parody match , with talent from WWE 's developmental territories portraying the characters . This was the early stage of a major feud between Donald Trump and Vince McMahon , which would go on to WrestleMania .
= = = Reception = = =
The Kemper Arena has a maximum capacity of 18 @,@ 344 , but that was reduced for New Year ' Revolution ( 2007 ) . The maximum attendance that was allowed was 10 @,@ 000 . The event received 220 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was less than the 294 @,@ 000 buys the previous year 's event received . The promotion 's revenue was $ 107 @.@ 4 million , which was greater than the previous year 's revenue of $ 95 @.@ 1 . Canadian Online Explorer rated the overall event , as well as the main event , a six out of ten . None of the matches received a rating higher than a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 . The match between Mickie James and Victoria was rated a three out of 10 , the lowest overall .
The event was released on DVD on February 6 , 2007 . The DVD reached a peak position of eleventh on Billboard 's DVD sales chart for recreational sports on February 24 , 2007 . It remained on the chart for six consecutive weeks , until April 7 , when it ranked twelfth .
= = Results = =
= = = Tag Team Turmoil match = = =
= Death of Linda Norgrove =
On 26 September 2010 , Scottish aid worker Linda Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues were kidnapped by members of the Taliban in the Kunar Province of eastern Afghanistan . At the time , she was working in the country as regional director for Development Alternatives Incorporated , a contractor for U.S. and other government agencies . After their capture , the group was taken to the nearby Dewegal Valley area . United States and Afghan forces began a search of the area , placing roadblocks to prevent the group from being moved east into Pakistan .
Norgrove 's captors demanded the release of Aafia Siddiqui in exchange for her return . During negotiations , on 3 October 2010 the Taliban released the three Afghans . Five days later , amid concerns that Norgrove would be killed or moved by her kidnappers , the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group conducted a predawn rescue attempt on the Taliban mountain hideout where she was held captive . US forces killed several kidnappers and three local farmers in the assault . They subsequently located Norgrove , badly wounded , in a nearby gully ; she later died from her injuries .
Initial reports said that Norgrove had been killed by an explosion set off by one of her captors . However , a joint official investigation by the United Kingdom and the United States concluded that Norgrove 's fatal injuries were inflicted by a grenade thrown by one of her rescuers . A February 2011 coroner 's narrative verdict reported that Norgrove died during the failed rescue attempt . In October 2012 , one of Norgrove 's colleagues said in an interview that the captors told Norgrove they had no intention of killing her .
= = Early life , education and work = =
Norgrove was born in Altnaharra , Scotland , in 1974 to John and Lorna Norgrove . She grew up on a croft on the Isle of Lewis in the Western Isles , attending a primary school in Uig . She later attended the Nicolson Institute in Stornoway . Norgrove attended the University of Aberdeen , receiving a first @-@ class honours degree in tropical environmental science ; her coursework included postgraduate research at the University of Chiapas in Mexico and a year of study at the University of Oregon ( 1993 – 94 ) . She attended the University of London , receiving a master 's degree with distinction in rural resources and environmental policy in 1997 .
In 2002 , Norgrove received a Ph.D. from the University of Manchester in development policy and management . From 2002 to 2005 she worked for the World Wide Fund in Peru , supporting ( and later supervising ) the WWF 's Forest Program in the Peruvian Andes . At the time of her death , Norgrove was working towards an MBA from the University of Warwick through distance learning in addition to her aid work . She worked in Afghanistan ( for the United Nations from 2005 to 2008 and as regional director of an international development company based in Jalalabad beginning in February 2010 ) , Laos ( as an environmental specialist for the U.N. in 2008 – 09 ) , Mexico and Uganda ( where Norgrove researched the effects of national park management on the indigenous population near Mount Elgon National Park ) .
= = Kidnapping = =
On 26 September 2010 , Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues were travelling in the Chawkay District ( also known as Tsawkay and Sawkay ) of eastern Kunar Province when they were kidnapped by local insurgents . They were ambushed whilst driving on the main highway from Jalalabad to Asadabad , in the Dewagal valley , in two unarmored , unmarked Toyota Corollas . A U.S. military convoy was ambushed two months earlier on the same stretch of road . Norgrove wore a burqa to disguise her foreign appearance .
Dressed in men 's clothing by her captors , she was first taken into the mountains and then brought to the Dewegal Valley in Chowkai District ( which crosses the Korengal Valley ) . U.S. Army troops from Bravo Company , 2 / 327 Infantry , 1st Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division began a 12 @-@ day search supported by Afghan army , police and commando units under the codename " Enterprise " . A house @-@ to @-@ house search was conducted and roadblocks posted at the valley entrance to prevent Norgrove 's captors from transferring her eastward into Pakistan . The difficult terrain ( with few roads ) complicated and slowed the process ; however , the search efforts succeeded in containing the kidnappers in the vicinity and several local Taliban members were killed .
= = = Negotiations = = =
It was unclear at first who kidnapped Norgrove and her colleagues . A Taliban commander , the Pakistan @-@ based Mohammed Osman , was reported to demand the release of Aafia Siddiqui in return for Norgrove 's freedom . Siddiqui , known as " Lady al @-@ Qaeda " , had received an 86 @-@ year prison sentence in the U.S. on 26 September . " We are lucky that we abducted this British woman soon after the ruthless ruling by an American court on Aafia Siddiqui . We will demand the release of Aafia Siddiqui in exchange for her " , said Osman .
However , other Afghan sources denied any link to Osman . U.S. military sources identified Norgrove 's captors as Kunar Taliban , and British Foreign Secretary William Hague said they were from a Salafist group affiliated with the local Taliban , known as Jamaat al Dawa al Quran . An Afghan intelligence official later identified her captors as local commanders Mullah Basir and Mullah Keftan . Negotiations for Norgrove 's release were conducted through local tribal elders .
The three Afghans captured with Norgrove were released on 3 October . British Prime Minister David Cameron said that the primary fear was that she " was going to be passed up the terrorist chain , which would increase further the already high risk that she would be killed " . The British foreign office asked the media not to release details about Norgrove 's personal life while she was in captivity to avoid attaching " trophy value " to her kidnapping .
= = = Rescue attempt and death = = =
Intelligence reports indicated that a group of local elders were calling for Norgrove to be executed " like the Russian " ( a possible reference to the Russian war in Afghanistan ) . There were concerns that she might be moved into North Waziristan in Pakistan , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) away . The intelligence prompted British Prime Minister Cameron and William Hague to approve a United States special operations effort to rescue Norgrove during her 13th night of captivity . The operation was spearheaded by " SEAL Team Six " , Navy SEALs from the Naval Special Warfare Development Group .
The SEALs staged a predawn raid on the Taliban hillside compound hideout , where Norgrove was held in a shack , on 8 October 2010 . The stronghold was surrounded by 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high , 2 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) thick perimeter walls in a densely wooded area in the village of Dineshgal , 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) up a steep mountain in the Korengal Valley .
At approximately 3 : 30 am 20 SEALs and about 24 U.S. Army Rangers from the 75th Ranger Regiment ( wearing night @-@ vision goggles ) approached the compound , fast roping from two CH @-@ 47 Chinook helicopters . They were fired on from the compound and from a nearby position by Taliban armed with AK @-@ 47s , rocket @-@ propelled grenades and suicide vests . Two American snipers aboard a helicopter killed two guards using sound @-@ suppressed rifles . An AC @-@ 130 Spectre gunship provided the U.S. troops on the ground with close air support , killing two fleeing Taliban . The Rangers secured enemy positions on the nearby hills , and all six Taliban gunmen who fought the U.S. forces were killed .
During the gunfight Norgrove 's captors dragged her outside the building where she was being held , but she apparently broke away from them . Video footage of the raid showed an explosion in her vicinity ; Norgrove was then found , injured , in a fetal position in a gully .
Norgrove was removed from the scene via helicopter and received medical care , but she died . It was initially reported that she had been killed by one of her captors setting off a suicide vest . According to The Guardian , insurgents often put on suicide vests if they think they are in danger of being attacked . Taliban commanders Mullah Basir and Mullah Keftan ( who were holding Norgrove ) were among those killed in the raid , according to an Afghan intelligence official . Other women and children in the compound were uninjured , and no members of the rescue team were wounded .
= = Joint investigation = =
British Foreign Secretary William Hague announced Norgrove 's death . In a written statement , he said that after receiving information on her location it was " decided that , given the danger she was facing , her best chance of safe release was to act on that information . " Prime Minister Cameron defended the rescue attempt : " Decisions on operations to free hostages are always difficult . But where a British life is in such danger , and where we and our allies can act , I believe it is right to try . "
On 10 October , an unnamed Afghan intelligence officer said that Norgrove was killed by a grenade thrown by one of her captors . The following day , Cameron said that new information indicated Norgrove may have accidentally been killed by a U.S. grenade . The Prime Minister said in an interview , " Linda could have died as a result of a grenade detonated by the task force during the assault . However , this is not definite . " A U.S. military statement read , " Subsequent review of surveillance footage and discussions with members of the rescue team do not conclusively determine the cause of her death " .
U.S. President Barack Obama promised " to get to the bottom " of the failed rescue attempt . General David Petraeus , commander of the NATO security force in Afghanistan , ordered an investigation into the incident . U.S. Major General Joseph Votel ( then Chief of Staff of the U.S. Special Operations Command ) and British Brigadier Robert Nitsch ( Head of Joint Force Support , UK Forces Afghanistan ) were appointed to lead a joint UK and U.S. investigation . It was reported on 12 October that the results were expected within days , and Norgrove 's family was kept informed of the investigation 's progress .
Whilst the military investigation was conducted , Norgrove 's body was returned to the United Kingdom on 14 October on a Royal Air Force flight to RAF Lyneham . A humanist funeral ceremony , attended by hundreds of people , was held on 26 October at the Uig Community Centre in the Western Isles . Norgrove was buried at Ardroil cemetery .
On 2 December Hague announced the results of the joint investigation , which concluded that Norgrove was accidentally killed by a grenade thrown by a U.S sailor . Hague said to the House of Commons , " A grenade was thrown by a member of the rescue team who feared for his own life and those of his team towards a gully from where some of the insurgents had emerged . When the grenade was thrown no member of the team had seen , or heard , Linda Norgrove . " Navy SEALs did not immediately notify senior officers about throwing the grenade ; this breached military law , and a number of sailors were disciplined .
A post @-@ mortem examination of Norgrove 's body was conducted by British coroner Russell Delaney on 19 October 2010 . Detective Chief Inspector Colin Smith of the Metropolitan Police told an inquest , opened 22 October in the Salisbury coroner 's court , that the examination identified the cause of death as " penetrating fragment injuries to the head and chest . " In February 2011 the coroner recorded a narrative verdict confirming the earlier military investigations ' findings that Norgrove was killed by a member of the U.S. rescue team , noting that a gunshot wound to the leg Norgrove received during the rescue did not contribute to her death . In October 2012 Abdul Wadood , Norgrove 's colleague and fellow captive , told the BBC that she asked the kidnappers if they were going to kill her : " Linda asked the abductors when they were planning to kill her and then the abductors talked to her in a very soft language and they told her and assured her that she would not be killed , because that was not their purpose to kill her — all they wanted was to release some of their prisoners , in the end she would be released when this deed is done . "
= = Tributes = =
James Boomgard , regional director for Development Alternatives Inc . ( the company for which Norgrove worked when she was kidnapped ) , released a statement : " We are saddened beyond words by the death of a wonderful woman whose sole purpose in Afghanistan was to do good – to help the Afghan people achieve a measure of prosperity and stability in their everyday lives as they set about rebuilding their country . " United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator Robert Watkins praised Norgrove : " She was a true advocate for the people of Afghanistan and was dedicated to bringing improvements to their lives " , and " her spirit and compassion will be greatly missed " . First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond said , " Ms. Norgrove was a dedicated aid worker who was doing everything she could to help people in Afghanistan — hopefully that legacy of service in a humanitarian cause can be of some comfort to her loved ones in their time of grief " .
Norgrove received the 2011 Robert Burns Humanitarian Award posthumously for her work in Afghanistan . Her family has established the Linda Norgrove Foundation to continue her relief work .
= The Most Famous Man in America =
The Most Famous Man in America : The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher is a 2006 biography of the 19th @-@ century American minister Henry Ward Beecher , written by Debby Applegate and published by Doubleday . The book describes Beecher 's childhood , ministry , support for the abolition of slavery and other social causes , and widely publicized 1875 trial for adultery .
Before publishing the book , Applegate researched and wrote about Beecher for twenty years , starting when she was an undergraduate student at Beecher 's alma mater , Amherst College . The book was generally well received by critics . In 2007 , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography .
= = Background = =
As an undergraduate student worker at Amherst College , Applegate was assigned to assemble an exhibit on a famous alumnus and selected Beecher . She later wrote about him for her undergraduate senior thesis and made him the subject of her PhD dissertation at Yale University . After graduation , Applegate signed a publishing contract for a biography of Beecher . To write a biography with popular appeal , Applegate studied fiction writing , including techniques for suspense and pornographic writing . She structured the resulting book as a psychological thriller .
Though she had originally hoped to publish the book during the 1998 Lewinsky scandal , in which US President Bill Clinton was discovered to have had a sexual relationship with a White House intern , the research took several years longer than she had initially planned . The book was finally released in 2006 by Doubleday and Three Leaves Press in hardback , paperback , and e @-@ book editions .
= = Contents = =
The Most Famous Man in America follows the life of 19th @-@ century American minister Henry Ward Beecher . Its introduction describes Beecher 's speech at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , at the close of the American Civil War ; Beecher was personally invited to speak by President Abraham Lincoln , who commented , " We had better send Beecher down to deliver the address on the occasion of the raising of the flag because if it had not been for Beecher there would have been no flag to raise " . Applegate then retells Beecher 's sometimes difficult childhood as the son of Lyman Beecher , himself a famous evangelist . Henry was initially overshadowed by his accomplished siblings , who included Harriet Beecher Stowe , later the author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Henry discovered a gift for public speaking and went into the ministry , attending Amherst College and Lane Theological Seminary . He then served as a minister in Lawrenceburg , Indiana and Indianapolis before moving on to the richer post of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn , New York .
In New York , Beecher soon acquired fame on the lecture circuit for his novel oratorical style , in which he employed humor , dialect , and slang . Over the course of his ministry , he developed a theology emphasizing God 's love above all else , in contrast to his father 's stern Calvinism . He also grew interested in social reform , particularly the abolitionist movement . In the years leading up to the Civil War , he raised money to purchase slaves from captivity and to send rifles — nicknamed " Beecher 's Bibles " — to abolitionists fighting in Kansas and Nebraska . He toured Europe during the Civil War speaking in support of the Union . After the war , Beecher supported social reform causes such as women 's suffrage and temperance .
In the book 's closing chapters , Applegate details Beecher 's relationship with Elizabeth Tilton , wife of his friend and associate Theodore Tilton , and its consequences . Elizabeth Tilton both confessed to and retracted her confession of an affair with Beecher ; her husband later filed adultery charges against Beecher , resulting in one of the most widely reported American trials of the century .
In assessing Beecher 's legacy , Applegate states that
His reputation has been eclipsed by his own success . Mainstream Christianity is so deeply infused with the rhetoric of Christ 's love that most Americans can imagine nothing else , and have no appreciation or memory of the revolution wrought by Beecher and his peers .
Applegate adds that it is hard not to consider Beecher 's various affairs or near @-@ affairs hypocritical , but compares him to other great leaders whose need for love and approval led them into sex scandals . Ultimately , Applegate concludes , Beecher was able " to transform his flaws into a powerful force of empathy and ambition " that " brought a new emotional candor to public life " .
= = Critical response = =
The Most Famous Man in America was well received by critics . NPR selected it as one of the year 's best nonfiction books , stating that the book " convinces readers of the truth of that swaggering title " . Kirkus Reviews called it a " beautifully written biography of America 's one best @-@ known preacher ... An exceptionally thorough and thoughtful account of a spectacular career that helped shape and reflect national preoccupations before , during and after the Civil War . " Publishers Weekly wrote that " this assessment of Beecher is judicious and critical . Applegate gives an insightful account . " In a review for The Boston Globe , Katherine A. Powers called the book a " fantastic story with novelistic flair and penetration into the ever @-@ changing motives and expediencies of its many actors . " Jon Meacham , reviewing for The Washington Post , called the book " illuminating and thorough " .
Michael Kazin , reviewing the book for The New York Times , stated that the book occasionally " loses its force in a thicket of personal details " , but concluded that it is " a biography worthy of its subject " . Deidre Donahue , writing in USA Today , also stated that the book had " sometimes excessive detail " but praised its " marvelous perspective " . Ernest W. Lefever wrote in The Washington Times that " Applegate 's fact @-@ studded and fast @-@ paced portrait of one of America 's most famous preachers from one of America 's most famous 19th @-@ century families is a remarkably authentic mirror of the times " , criticizing only the " minor flaw " of a lack of nuance in her description of Calvinism . Heather Cox Richardson praised the book in The Chicago Tribune , calling it " one of those rare books that delivers a great deal more than it promises " ; though critical of what she saw as some factual errors and " unsubstantiated claims " by Applegate , such as Lyman Beecher 's role in creating mass media , Richardson concluded that these flaws " do not cripple her story " .
On April 16 , 2007 , the book was announced as the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Applegate said of her win , " Half of it is just good luck ... Had it come out four years ago , I don 't think the climate was ready for it . The religious right intersection with politics is very important now . "
= Ohio State Route 822 =
State Route 822 ( SR 822 ) is an unsigned east – west state highway in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . The short route was designated in 1990 . Its western terminus is at the intersection of 7th Street and the on- / off @-@ ramps for U.S. Route 22 ( US 22 ) , where it serves as a connection between the U.S. Route and SR 7 , the route 's eastern terminus . The whole route is in Steubenville , after multiple truncations due to the demolition of Fort Steuben Bridge .
= = Route description = =
SR 822 starts at 7th Street on University Boulevard , where it immediately meets US 22 east at an interchange with on- / off @-@ ramps . SR 822 then passes through 6th Street , before ending at SR 7 at a T @-@ intersection , which later becomes concurrent with US 22 .
Around 11 @,@ 580 vehicles use the route on average each day . The connector is part of the expanded National Highway System . SR 822 has open fields and ramps north of it , and businesses south of it .
= = History = =
SR 822 was designated in 1990 as US 22 's alignment was moved to the Veterans Memorial Bridge from Fort Steuben Bridge . Traffic began to drop as the structure of the bridge deteriorated , and the weight limit was lowered in 2004 . The Fort Steuben Bridge was closed in 2009 , a few years after plans of closure and demolition were announced . It was closed due to deteriorating conditions and limited use . The Ohio Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) created a temporary eastern terminus for the route at the north end of the SR 7 / 822 concurrency , where the bridge approach ramps began . The eastern terminus was changed to the south end of the SR 7 / 822 concurrency in 2013 .
= = Major intersections = =
= A View to a Kill =
A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) is the fourteenth spy film of the James Bond series , and the seventh and last to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming 's short story " From a View to a Kill " , the film has an entirely original screenplay . In A View to a Kill , Bond is pitted against Max Zorin , who plans to destroy California 's Silicon Valley .
The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson , who also wrote the screenplay with Richard Maibaum . It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen , and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny .
Despite receiving a mixed reception by critics , it was a commercial success , with the Duran Duran theme song " A View to a Kill " performing well in the charts and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song . Christopher Walken was also praised for portraying a " classic Bond villain " .
= = Plot = =
MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia to locate the body of 003 and recover a microchip originating from the Soviet Union . Upon his return Q analyses the microchip , establishing it to be a copy of one designed to withstand an electromagnetic pulse and made by government contractor Zorin Industries .
Bond visits Ascot Racecourse to observe the company 's owner , Max Zorin . Zorin 's horse wins a race but proves hard to control . Sir Godfrey Tibbett , a racehorse trainer and MI6 agent , believes Zorin 's horse was drugged , although tests proved negative . Through Tibbett , Bond meets with French private detective Achille Aubergine who informs Bond that Zorin is holding a horse sale later in the month . During their dinner at the Eiffel Tower , Aubergine is assassinated by Zorin 's bodyguard May Day , who subsequently escapes , despite being chased by Bond .
Bond and Tibbett travel to Zorin 's estate for the horse sale . Bond is puzzled by a woman who rebuffs him and finds out that Zorin has written her a cheque for $ 5 million . At night , Bond and Tibbett break into Zorin 's laboratory learning that he is implanting adrenaline @-@ releasing devices in his horses . Zorin identifies Bond as an agent , has May Day assassinate Tibbett , and attempts to have Bond killed too .
General Gogol of the KGB confronts Zorin for killing Bond without permission revealing that Zorin was initially trained and financed by the KGB , but has now gone rogue . Later , Zorin unveils to a group of investors his plan to destroy Silicon Valley which will give him — and the potential investors — a monopoly over microchip manufacture .
Bond goes to San Francisco where he learns from CIA agent Chuck Lee that Zorin could be the product of medical experimentation with steroids performed by a Nazi scientist , now Zorin 's physician Dr. Carl Mortner . He then investigates a nearby oil rig owned by Zorin and while there finds KGB agent Pola Ivanova recording conversations and her partner placing explosives on the rig . Ivanova 's partner is caught and killed , but Ivanova and Bond escape . Later Ivanova takes the recording , but finds that Bond had switched tapes , leaving her with a recording of Japanese music . Bond tracks down the woman Zorin attempted to pay off , State Geologist Stacey Sutton , and discovers that Zorin is trying to buy her family oil business .
The two travel to San Francisco City Hall to check Zorin 's submitted plans . However , Zorin is alerted to their presence and arrives , killing the Chief Geologist with Bond 's pistol and setting fire to the building to both frame Bond for the murder and kill him at the same time . Bond and Sutton escape from the fire , but when the police try to arrest Bond , he and Sutton escape in a fire engine .
Bond and Sutton infiltrate Zorin 's mine , discovering his plot to detonate explosives beneath the lakes along the Hayward and San Andreas faults , which will cause them to flood , causing Silicon Valley and everything within to be submerged underwater forever . A larger bomb is also in the mine to destroy a " geological lock " that prevents the two faults from moving at the same time . Once in place , Zorin and his security chief Scarpine flood the mines and kill the mine workers . Sutton escapes while Bond fights May Day ; when she realises Zorin abandoned her , she helps Bond remove the larger bomb , putting the device onto a handcar and pushing it out of the mine , where it explodes , killing her .
Zorin , who had escaped in his airship with Scarpine and Mortner , abducts Sutton as Bond grabs hold of the airship 's mooring rope . Zorin tries to knock Bond off the rope , but he manages to moor the airship to the framework of the Golden Gate Bridge . Sutton attacks Zorin and in the fracas , Mortner and Scarpine are temporarily knocked out . Sutton flees and joins Bond out on the bridge , but Zorin follows them out with an axe . The ensuing fight between Zorin and Bond culminates with Zorin falling to his death , whereupon an enraged Mortner attacks Bond using sticks of dynamite , but Bond cuts the airship free , causing Mortner to drop the dynamite in the cabin , blowing up the airship and killing himself and Scarpine . General Gogol awards Bond the Order of Lenin for foiling Zorin 's scheme .
= = Cast = =
Roger Moore as James Bond , MI6 agent 007 .
Christopher Walken as Max Zorin : a psychopathic industrialist , the product of a Nazi genetic experiment planning to destroy the Silicon Valley to gain a monopoly in the microchip market .
Tanya Roberts as Stacey Sutton : The granddaughter of an oil tycoon whose company is taken over by Zorin .
Grace Jones as May Day : Zorin 's lover and chief henchwoman . She seemingly possesses superhuman strength .
Patrick Macnee as Sir Godfrey Tibbett : Bond 's ally , a horse trainer who helps him infiltrate Zorin 's chateau and stables .
Patrick Bauchau as Scarpine : Zorin 's murderous loyal associate .
David Yip as Chuck Lee : a CIA agent who assists Bond and Sutton in San Francisco .
Willoughby Gray as Dr. Carl Mortner : formally Hans Glaub , a Nazi scientist and father figure to Zorin ( in the German release version , he is a Polish communist ) .
Fiona Fullerton as Pola Ivanova ; a KGB agent known to Bond , sent by Gogol to spy on Zorin .
Manning Redwood as Bob Conley : Zorin 's chief mining engineer who handles his oil interests on the East Bay .
Alison Doody as Jenny Flex : One of May Day 's assistants who is often seen with Pan Ho .
Robert Brown as M : The head of MI6
Desmond Llewelyn as Q : An MI6 officer in charge of the research and development branch . He supplies 007 with his equipment for his mission .
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary ( Maxwell 's 14th and final appearance in the role ) .
Geoffrey Keen as Fredrick Gray : The British Minister of Defence .
Walter Gotell as General Gogol : The head of the KGB .
Papillon Soo Soo as Pan Ho : One of May Day 's assistants .
Daniel Benzali as W. G. Howe : A city official working at San Francisco City Hall .
Bogdan Kominowski as Klotkoff : one of General Gogol 's KGB agents who is killed while infiltrating Zorin 's oil rig .
Dolph Lundgren in an early , minor role as Venz , one of General Gogol 's KGB agents .
Jean Rougerie as French private detective Achille Aubergine .
Maud Adams is said to be visible as an extra in one of the Fisherman 's Wharf scenes . In the DVD documentary Inside A View to a Kill , Adams explains that she was visiting her friend Moore on location and ended up in the crowd , but admits she is unable to actually see herself in the film ; in the same documentary , director John Glen confirms that Adams appears as an extra , but does not specify where she is visible . The appearance remained a mystery for years until she was identified as standing in the background during one of the Fisherman 's Wharf scenes . As a result , Adams is confirmed to have appeared in this and two other Bond films , The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974 and Octopussy in 1983 .
= = Production = =
A View to a Kill was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson . Wilson also co @-@ authored the screenplay along with Richard Maibaum . At the end of Octopussy during the " James Bond Will Return " sequence , it listed the next film as " From a View to a Kill " , the name of the original short story ; however , the title was later changed . When a company with a name similar to Zorin ( the Zoran Corporation ) was discovered in the United States , a disclaimer was added to the start of the film affirming that Zorin was not related to any real @-@ life company . This is the first Bond film to have a disclaimer ( The Living Daylights had a disclaimer about the use of the Red Cross ) .
= = = Casting = = =
Early publicity for the film in 1984 included an announcement that David Bowie would play Zorin . He turned it down , saying , " I didn 't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off cliffs . " The role was offered to Sting and finally to Christopher Walken .
Dolph Lundgren has a brief appearance as one of General Gogol 's KGB agents . Lundgren , who was dating Grace Jones at the time , was visiting her on set when one day an extra was missing so the director John Glen then asked him if he wanted to get a shot at it . Lundgren appears during the confrontation between Gogol and Zorin at the racetrack , standing several steps below Gogol .
= = = Filming = = =
The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in London , Iceland , Switzerland , France and the United States . Several French landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower , its Jules Verne Restaurant and the Château de Chantilly were filmed . The rest of the major filming was done at Fisherman 's Wharf and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco . The Lefty O 'Doul Bridge was featured in the fire engine chase scene . The horse racing scenes were shot at Ascot Racecourse .
Production of the film began on 23 June 1984 in Iceland , where the second unit filmed the pre @-@ title sequence . On 27 June 1984 , several leftover canisters of petrol used during filming of Ridley Scott 's Legend caused Pinewood Studios ' " 007 Stage " to burn to the ground . The stage was rebuilt , and reopened in January 1985 ( renamed as " Albert R. Broccoli 's 007 Stage " ) for filming of A View to a Kill . Work had continued on other stages at Pinewood when Roger Moore rejoined the main unit there on 1 August 1984 . The crew then departed for shooting the horse @-@ racing scenes at Royal Ascot Racecourse . The scene in which Bond and Sutton enter the mineshaft was then filmed in a waterlogged quarry near Staines and the Amberley Chalk Pits Museum in West Sussex .
On 6 October 1984 , the fourth unit , headed by special effects supervisor John Richardson , began its work on the climactic fight sequence . At first , only a few plates constructed to resemble the Golden Gate Bridge were used . Later that night , shooting of the burning San Francisco City Hall commenced . The first actual scenes atop the bridge were filmed on 7 October 1984 .
In Paris it was planned that two stunt men , B.J. Worth and Don Caldvedt , would help film two takes of a parachute drop off a ( clearly visible ) platform that extended from a top edge of the Eiffel Tower . However , sufficient footage was obtained from Worth 's jump , so Caldvedt was told he would not be performing his own jump . Caldvedt , unhappy at not being able to perform the jump , parachuted off the tower without authorisation from the City of Paris . He was subsequently sacked by the production team for jeopardising the continuation of filming in the city .
Airship Industries managed a major marketing coup with the inclusion of their Skyship 500 series blimp in the film . At the time Airship Industries were producing a fleet of blimps which were recognisable over many capitals of the world offering tours , or advertising sponsorship deals . As all Bond films have included the most current technology , this included the lighter than air interest .
The blimp seen in the climax , was then on a promotional tour of Los Angeles after its participation in the opening ceremony of the 1984 Olympic Games . At that time , it had " WELCOME " painted across the side of the gasbag , but was replaced by " ZORIN INDUSTRIES " for the film . During the summer of 1984 , the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm . In real life , inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours , but during the film it was shown to take two minutes .
= = = Music = = =
The soundtrack was composed by John Barry , and published by EMI / Capitol . The theme song , " A View to a Kill " , was written by Barry and Duran Duran , and performed by the band . " May Day Jumps " is the only track that uses the James Bond theme . Barry 's composition from On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs " Snow Job " , " He 's Dangerous " and " Golden Gate Fight " of A View to a Kill . " A View to a Kill " was second in the British charts and first in the American charts , thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series . The 2015 track Writing 's On The Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one .
Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor ( a lifelong Bond fan ) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party , and somewhat drunkenly asked " When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs ? "
During the opening sequence , a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song " California Girls " , performed by Gidea Park with Adrian Baker ( a tribute band ) , is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards ; it has been suggested that this teaser sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding .
= = Release and reception = =
This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK , opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco ’ s Palace of Fine Arts . The British
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ascend to the Hall of Heroes due to his failures in life , Dan uses this opportunity to defeat Zarok , save Gallowmere and earn his place as a true hero .
As Dan travels across Gallowmere , fighting his way through Zarok 's hordes and confronting all manners of beasts , he soon arrives at Zarok 's lair , fighting off Zarok 's skeletal warriors using the souls of his old allies retrieved by collecting the Chalices . After also managing to defeat Zarok 's champion , Lord Kardok , Zarok turns into a powerful monster , but Dan manages to defeat him . As Zarok uses his last breath to cause his lair to collapse , Dan escapes and Zarok 's magical influence over the land is thwarted , restoring the souls back to the living and putting the dead back to rest . With the magic cast on him also wearing off as a result , Dan returns to his burial chamber where he once again enters eternal slumber . If the player has managed to collect all the Chalices , Dan will ascend to the Hall of Heroes , where is hailed as the rightful Hero of Gallowmere .
= = Development = =
Development of MediEvil begun in 1995 at independent developer Millennium Interactive in Cambridge . Chris Sorrell , previously known for the James Pond series of games , created the original concept for MediEvil and served as the game 's creative director .
According to Sorrell , the first design proposal for the game had the working title ‘ Dead Man Dan ’ and described a game that was initially a fusion of Capcom 's Ghost 'n Goblins combined with the art style of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas . As development progressed , lead artist Jason Wilson pushed the game into more of a Zelda role playing game @-@ influenced direction as opposed to the original arcade @-@ style concept . Looking to attract a major publishing deal , Millennium Interactive initially began working on multiple platforms including Windows and the Sega Saturn before giving Sony of Europe a working demo of the game . Impressed by the progress , Sony signed MediEvil to be an exclusive PlayStation game and commissioned SCE Cambridge Studio as Sony 's second studio in the United Kingdom , after Psygnosis .
SCE Cambridge wanted the game to possess a unique lead character , thus Sorrell worked with script doctor Martin Pond whilst creating an expansive backstory for the lead protagonist , Sir Daniel Fortesque . Pond came up with the idea that Sir Daniel could have been a pompous failure in life whose reincarnation was his one shot at redemption . This idea , along with the player @-@ character 's unusual appearance , turned appealing to some sectors of the gaming community , as lead designer Jason Wilson later recalled that female gamers considered Sir Daniel to be endearing , and was considered a sex symbol in France .
Sony 's acquisition of SCE Cambridge helped ease financial strain on the project , but did not assist the studio 's inexperience with making 3D games . Sorrell admitted in a retrospective interview that MediEvil presented " a mountain of challenges " due to the fact that , like many other developers at the time , were new to 3D gaming . He also admitted that some members of the team spent long nights without sleeping in order to finish the game on time . During development , the Cambridge team played beta versions of successful platformers such as Super Mario 64 and Crash Bandicoot which helped them understand how they might solve some challenges in building a 3D action game for the first time .
Sony requested that MediEvil should support the ( then ) new PlayStation analogue controller , which Sorrell described as a " particularly fortuitous event " as it allowed them to capture much more fluidity and intuitiveness within the game . New concepts such as camera and character control presented many drawbacks and required the team to try out a number of approaches before settling on solutions that seemed to work . The team finally settled on the concept that MediEvil would support both analogue and digital camera @-@ related controls for balance reasons . There were also many levels and ideas from the original concept that the team were forced to remove due to time or budget constraints . There was intended to be a platform @-@ oriented section of the game where the player would control the worm that lived in Daniel 's skull . Concept art and a separate level was created for this section , but it never materialised into the game .
= = = Music = = =
The original soundtrack of the game was composed by Paul Arnold and Andrew Barnabas , the musical duo more commonly known as " Bob & Barn " . SCE Cambridge instructed them to compose a Danny Elfman @-@ influenced score , similar to those of Beetlejuice , The Nightmare Before Christmas and Batman Returns . The music was created using electronic synthesizers to simulate an entire orchestra and organ . The 2005 PlayStation Portable re @-@ imagining MediEvil : Resurrection used parts of the MediEvil score , along with original elements composed by Bob & Barn that was performed by a live orchestra and choir . An album was made from this music and signed copies can be purchased from the artists ' website .
= = Reception = =
The game received positive reviews from critics upon release , later being re @-@ released as a PlayStation Platinum title . It received an aggregate score of 80 % from GameRankings and was mostly praised for its Halloween @-@ influenced atmosphere by many critics . IGN 's Chris Roper praised the game 's sense of humour and unique presentation , but was skeptical concerning the game 's " sloppy " controls , disjointed level designs and noted that the game 's graphics did not age well overtime considering the PSP remake which offered superior graphics and gameplay . Despite this , Roper heralded it as " a fun game and one of PlayStation 's classics " . Game Revolution similarly praised the humour but criticised the game for being too straightforward and " easy to master " , noting that the graphics and gameplay were slightly inferior to that of Banjo @-@ Kazooie .
The music and atmosphere were the mostly praised aspects of the game . Many reviewers compared the visuals to be similar to Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas . Joe Fielder of GameSpot credited MediEvil for its original look and number of unique puzzles , but criticised the camera work , summarising that a " tighter camera control " would have been a necessity . Randy Nelson of IGN considered the game to be a homage to Capcom 's Ghosts & Goblins , stating that the game took too many inspirations from others and not enough innovation was put into it to make it " unique " . Nelson praised the environment of the game but considered the gameplay to be best suited for " a mindless hack- ' n @-@ slash romp " .
= Saturday Night ( Natalia Kills song ) =
" Saturday Night " is a song recorded by English singer @-@ songwriter Natalia Kills for her second studio album , Trouble ( 2013 ) . It was exclusively released to online media retailers as the album 's second single on 28 June 2013 , following the release of the promotional single " Controversy " and the album 's lead single " Problem " . Written by American record producer Jeff Bhasker and Kills , the song faces the themes of " squandered youth and disenchantment " , and talks about moving on while going through a difficult time . Musically , it is a new wave @-@ tinged , synth @-@ based song .
Upon its release , critical response to " Saturday Night " was generally positive : contemporary music critics highlighted the lyrics ' personal content and billed it as Kills ' best song to date . " Saturday Night " was able to peak at number twenty @-@ three at the singles chart of New Zealand , and reached the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs . Along with the single release , a music video directed by Guillaume Doubet was released in July 2013 . It revolves around domestic abuse , drug addiction , and Kills ' relationship with her parents .
= = Background = =
Kills revealed to Elle that the songwriting process for " Saturday Night " was difficult , as she had to confront memories and feelings . She further explained that , to her , it felt like a " confession " . This song was deemed by Kills as her life 's soundtrack : " When I was almost 14 , I left home , got a job , and thought I was going to be a big TV star . I was determined to prove myself . I kept telling myself , ' I 'm going to be fine , ' even when I wasn 't — especially when I didn 't even believe it . The song is about carrying on , even though you feel like you can 't . It 's about feeling OK when everything is not . " She later reiterated those sentiments with website Digital Spy , and stated that it would show people what she truly was and what she had gone through over the years .
= = Composition = =
At a length of 4 minutes and 46 seconds ( 4 : 46 ) , " Saturday Night " is a mid tempo synth @-@ driven song , styled in the genres of pop and new wave , and is backed up by a " propulsive " synth line . Its instrumentation incorporates guitar twangs which are resemblant to those present in Nancy Sinatra 's catalog ; keyboards and a drumbeat . The autobiographical lyrics depict growing up in a home where domestic violence occurs , while also discussing " poignancy and lived experience " . The song 's " arena @-@ ready , fists @-@ aloft " chorus sees Kills singing " ' Cause it 's just another Saturday night " , with repetitive " whoas " .
Critics have likened it to the works of the band Fun ( whom collaborated with Bhasker on their Grammy @-@ nominated album , Some Nights ) , the electronic music duo The Knife , and the Canadian band Austra . Some have compared Kills ' vocal performance ( and respective production ) to that of American recording artist Lana Del Rey . Allison from MuchMusic noted a contrast between its " serious subject matter " with an " uptempo , 80s synth beat " , which according to the editor , creates a " visceral listening experience " . Bradley Stern from MuuMuse wrote that the song 's production was reminiscent of typical Ryan Tedder @-@ produced songs .
= = Release = =
" Saturday Night " was released on 28 June 2013 as Trouble 's official second single : clean and explicit versions were released simultaneously before they were placed under its album 's page . It was also serviced to Swedish pop radio stations . More than four months later , a remix EP for the song was released , containing two already known remixes by Gregori Klosman and Lovelife and two new remixes by Samantha Ronson vs. DK , and by Yeasayer . Another remix was produced by Betablock3r and released , but not included in the extended play .
= = Reception = =
The song received universal acclaim from critics upon release , with many deeming it as her strongest single to date . Sam Lansky from Idolator praised the song 's lyrics and classified it as the best of the singer 's career . Jacques from Arcadey also praised the lyrics and described the song as " tight and radio @-@ friendly " . Matt Collar from Allmusic felt " Saturday Night " was one of the album 's standout tracks . On the week of 16 September 2013 , " Saturday Night " entered at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart , and has since peaked at number 23 . On the week of 14 October 2013 , " Saturday Night " dropped to number 30 . It reentered at number 33 on the week of 11 November 2013 .
The song entered the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs at number 42 , moving to numbers 37 and 24 in the following week , and ultimately peaking at 6 . In Sweden , the top 10 of downloads listed " Saturday Night " at number 7 , having the same position at the top 10 of streams . The song has proven to be popular on Internet blogs and media outlets , peaking at the top of the popular chart at The Hype Machine .
= = Music video = =
A music video for " Saturday Night " , directed by Guillaume Doubet , was shot in May 2013 , and was released onto Kills ' Vevo official account on 10 July 2013 . Additional behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage for the music video was released on 31 July 2013 onto YouTube .
It primarily depicts the " troubled " relationship between the singer and her parents . The singer revealed to Life + Times how she translated the message of the song into a music video : " I wanted to make a song and a video that showed how fucked up youth can be ; having no control , money or guidance . " Furthermore , she deemed the video " literal " , confirming that the actors look " just like [ her ] real family " and that the set designer built the set from photos of the house she grew up in . During an interview with Playboy , Kills described the shooting of the video as " exciting " and revealed that she sent out pictures of what her real parents looked like and chose the actors that would play them in the video .
The video starts with her fictional mother applying blush over a bruised eye . As the music video continues , Kills repeatedly reenters the set with her parents as their relationship starts to " spiral " . The video ends with a Christmas home movie of Kills ' family . Various suggestions of domestic abuse , illegal business , problems with the law and drug addiction are presented throughout the video . Bradley Stern from MuuMuse thought the music video was a metaphor for Kills ' personal life , commenting : " As much as she escapes the room , she always winds up walking back inside . She never really can escape her past . "
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Saturday Night " – 4 : 46
Digital download – Remixes EP
" Saturday Night " ( Yeasayer ) – 4 : 16
" Saturday Night " ( Samantha Ronson vs. DK Remix ) – 3 : 58
" Saturday Night " ( Gregori Klosman ) – 4 : 51
" Saturday Night " ( Lovelife Remix ) – 4 : 29
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording places
Recorded at Enormous Studios and Record Plant .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Trouble , Interscope Records .
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = Release history = =
= Cy Seymour =
James Bentley " Cy " Seymour ( December 9 , 1872 – September 20 , 1919 ) was an American center fielder and pitcher in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . From 1896 through 1913 , Seymour played for the New York Giants ( 1896 – 1900 , 1906 – 1910 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 – 1902 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1902 – 1906 ) and Boston Braves ( 1913 ) . He batted and threw left @-@ handed .
Primarily a center fielder , Seymour retired with 1 @,@ 724 hits and a lifetime batting average of .303 . He was a pitcher for his first five seasons , ending his MLB career with a 61 – 56 win – loss record and a 3 @.@ 76 earned run average in 140 games pitched ( 123 as a starting pitcher ) . Only Babe Ruth retired with more combined wins and hits . Seymour is the Reds ' career leader in batting average ( .332 ) and holds the Reds ' single @-@ season record for batting average ( .377 in 1905 ) .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Seymour played semi @-@ professional baseball in Plattsburgh , New York , receiving a monthly salary of $ 1 @,@ 000 ( $ 28 @,@ 444 in current dollar terms ) . He began his professional career in minor league baseball with Springfield Ponies of the Class @-@ A Eastern League and New York Metropolitans of the Class @-@ A Atlantic League in 1896 .
= = = Major League Baseball = = =
= = = = New York Giants ( 1896 – 1900 ) = = = =
Seymour signed with the New York Giants of the National League ( NL ) during the 1896 season , making his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut on April 22 . A sometimes wild pitcher , The New York Times described him as having a " $ 10 @,@ 000 arm and a $ 00 @,@ 000 head " . Seymour set a MLB record with three errors in one inning , a record later tied by Tommy John . However , he pitched to an 18 – 14 win – loss record in 1897 , with a 3 @.@ 37 earned run average ( ERA ) , while recording 149 strikeouts , good for second in the NL .
In 1898 , he won 25 games , had a 3 @.@ 18 ERA , and led the NL in strikeouts with 239 , while leading the team in wins and games started ( 43 ) . During the season , Seymour pitched three games in two days against the Baltimore Orioles . Orioles manager John McGraw later said that Seymour deserved the title of " Iron Man " more than Joe McGinnity .
Seymour held out from the Giants for the first month of the 1899 season in a contract dispute , eventually signing for $ 2 @,@ 000 ( $ 56 @,@ 888 in current dollar terms ) , a $ 500 raise ( $ 14 @,@ 222 in current dollar terms ) over his 1898 salary . He finished second in the NL in strikeouts with 142 . Seymour was briefly demoted to the minor leagues after walking 11 batters in a victory against the St. Louis Perfectos on June 7 , 1900 . Due to injuries and the ineffectiveness of the Giants ' outfielders , the team began to play Seymour in the outfield , though they insisted that Seymour would not shift positions on a permanent basis . Seymour last pitched for the Giants that season , at which point he converted into an outfielder full @-@ time due to injury from throwing the screwball .
= = = = Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 – 1902 ) = = = =
With the formation of the American League ( AL ) as a competitor to the NL , Seymour joined many fellow NL players who jumped to the AL . McGraw , remembering Seymour 's toughness in previous seasons , signed Seymour to his team , the Baltimore Orioles , before the 1901 season . Seymour batted .303 with the Orioles that year . By 1902 , the franchise began to fall into significant debt . Joe Kelley , star player for the Orioles and son @-@ in @-@ law of part @-@ owner John Mahon , reported that the team owed as much as $ 12 @,@ 000 ( $ 328 @,@ 200 in current dollar terms ) . Unable to afford that debt , Mahon purchased shares of the team from Kelley and player @-@ manager McGraw , who had resigned from the team and signed with the Giants . With this , Mahon became the majority shareholder . On July 17 , 1902 , Mahon sold his interest in the Orioles to Andrew Freedman , principal owner of the Giants , and John T. Brush , principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds , also of the NL . That day , Freedman and Brush released Seymour , McGraw , Kelley , McGinnity , Roger Bresnahan , Jack Cronin , and Dan McGann from their Oriole contracts . Brush then signed Seymour and Kelley to the Reds , while Freedman signed McGinnity , Bresnahan , Cronin , and McGann , joining McGraw , his new player @-@ manager , on the Giants .
= = = = Cincinnati Reds ( 1902 – 1906 ) = = = =
Reds owner Garry Herrmann added $ 100 per month ( $ 2 @,@ 735 in current dollar terms ) to Seymour 's $ 2 @,@ 800 annual salary ( $ 76 @,@ 580 in current dollar terms ) when he acquired him from Baltimore , and made him the team 's starting center fielder . He set a record with four sacrifice bunts in one game on July 25 , 1902 ; this mark was tied by Jake Daubert on August 15 , 1914 . Seymour continued to bat above .300 with the Reds in each season through 1905 , when he led the NL in batting average ( .377 ) , hits ( 219 ) , runs batted in ( RBI ) ( 121 ) , doubles ( 40 ) , triples ( 21 ) , and slugging percentage ( .559 ) . He would have won the Triple Crown but he finished second in home runs with eight , behind Fred Odwell 's nine . His .377 batting average set the single @-@ season record for the Reds , and his 325 total bases that season were an NL record through 1919 . Seymour had a .333 batting average during his tenure with the Reds , which remains a franchise record .
= = = = New York Giants ( 1906 – 1910 ) = = = =
The Giants purchased Seymour from the Reds on July 12 , 1906 for $ 10 @,@ 000 ( $ 263 @,@ 370 in current dollar terms ) , the largest monetary transaction in baseball to date . Seymour attempted to hold out from the Giants in order to obtain a portion of this transfer fee , claiming that Herrmann had promised him this money if the sale was completed . McGraw convinced Seymour not to hold out , which could have set a precedent for players obtaining money in player transactions . He batted .286 in 1906 for the Reds and Giants , finishing eighth in the NL .
Seymour finished fifth in the NL in batting average ( .294 ) for the 1907 season . However , an ankle injury prematurely ended his season . His batting average declined to .267 for the 1908 season . That year , he participated in one of baseball 's most infamous plays , known as Merkle 's Boner , in which the Giants lost the pennant to the Chicago Cubs . In the replayed game between the Giants and Cubs , Giants pitcher Christy Mathewson reportedly waved Seymour to move further back in the outfield ; Seymour refused , only to see the ball hit over his head , allowing the Cubs to score three runs on their way to the win . Mathewson later denied waving Seymour back , saying Seymour " knew the Chicago batters as well as [ he ] did and how to play them . "
As there were no full @-@ time base coaches at the time , players took turns in the role . While coaching at third base , Seymour tackled teammate Moose McCormick as he rounded third base and headed for home plate , in an attempt to keep McCormick at third . McCormick overpowered Seymour and scored . When McGraw asked why , Seymour made an excuse about having the sun in his eyes . This led McGraw , now realizing the need for a full @-@ time coach , to hire Arlie Latham for the role , the first full @-@ time coach in MLB . Seymour got into an altercation with Latham in March 1909 at the team 's hotel , prompting McGraw to seek a buyer for Seymour . Seymour apologized to McGraw , who responded by suspending Seymour for eight weeks . However , Seymour injured his right leg in his first game back from the suspension . This injury limited his effectiveness for the rest of his career . As a part @-@ time player that season , he batted .311 , best among NL reserves . He again played a reserve role for the Giants in 1910 , batting .265 in 79 games .
= = = Later career = = =
The minor league Baltimore Orioles of the Class @-@ A Eastern League purchased Seymour from the Giants on August 24 , 1910 . After playing for the Orioles in the 1911 season , they sold him to the Newark Indians of the Class @-@ AA International League , where he played during the 1912 season . Seymour became property of the Los Angeles Angels of the Class @-@ A Pacific Coast League after the 1912 season , but he secured his release from the Angels without playing a game for them ,
Seymour subsequently signed as a free agent with the Boston Braves on February 25 , 1913 . After playing sparingly for the Braves during the 1913 season , the Braves released him on July 19 , 1913 , as they were carrying 26 players on their roster , though league rules permitted a maximum roster of 25 . Seymour played for the Buffalo Bisons of the Class @-@ A International League after being released by the Braves . He returned to professional baseball in 1918 , playing in 13 games for the Newark Bears of the International League .
= = After baseball = =
Seymour was declared physically unfit for service in World War I. However , he worked in wartime jobs in the Speedway shipyards and Bush terminal . While working in the shipyards , he contracted tuberculosis , and died at his home on September 20 , 1919 . He was interred in Albany Rural Cemetery .
= = Career perspective = =
Few players enjoyed as much success as Seymour as both a pitcher and hitter ; only Babe Ruth recorded more combined pitching victories and hits . As a pitcher , Seymour threw a fastball , a curveball , and a screwball . Orioles catcher Wilbert Robinson said that he had never caught a pitcher as wild as Seymour , as opposing batters did " not know whether their head or feet were in most danger . "
In his 16 @-@ year MLB career , Seymour hit 52 home runs with 799 RBI , 1 @,@ 723 hits , 222 stolen bases , and a .303 batting average . He also won 61 games as a pitcher . Seymour was posthumously inducted in the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1998 .
The New York World listed Seymour as one of the best players in baseball , along with Mathewson , Ed Walsh , Honus Wagner , Nap Lajoie , and Roger Bresnahan . Elmer Flick insisted that Seymour was the toughest pitcher he batted against , saying he " was practically unhittable " and that Seymour " had a wonderful control of his curve ball . "
According to a formula for evaluating baseball players developed by Bill James , Seymour ranks above Hall of Famers Lloyd Waner , Jimmy Collins , and Joe Tinker .
= Rögnvaldr Óláfsson ( d . 1249 ) =
Rögnvaldr Óláfsson ( Norwegian : Ragnvald , English : Ranald or Reginald , Old Norse : Rǫgnvaldr ; died 30 May 1249 ) was a mid @-@ thirteenth @-@ century King of Mann and the Isles who was assassinated after a reign of less than a month . As a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson , King of Mann and the Isles , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson was a member of the Crovan dynasty . When his father died in 1237 , the kingship was assumed by Haraldr Óláfsson . The latter was lost at sea late in 1248 , and the following year Rögnvaldr Óláfsson succeeded him as king .
Only weeks after gaining the kingship , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson was slain by a knight named Ívarr and his accomplices . The kingship was then seized by Haraldr Guðrøðarson , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's first cousin once removed , suggesting that the killers and the new king had colluded together . The assassination , therefore , appears to have been a continuation of the vicious family feud that had engulfed the Crovan dynasty since the late twelfth century , when Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's father and Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's grandfather first contested the kingship of the Isles .
= = Background = =
Rögnvaldr Óláfsson was one of several sons of Óláfr Guðrøðarson , King of Mann and the Isles ( died 1237 ) , and thus a member of the Crovan dynasty . Although Óláfr is known to have had two wives , and no contemporaneous source names the mother of his children , there is evidence suggesting that their mother may have been Óláfr 's second wife : Cristina , daughter of Ferchar mac an tSacairt , Earl of Ross ( died c . 1251 ) . Specifically , the Chronicle of Mann states that , when Óláfr died in 1237 , he was succeeded by his fourteen @-@ year @-@ old son , Haraldr Óláfsson ( died 1248 ) . This source therefore dates Haraldr Óláfsson 's birth to 1223 , about the time when Óláfr and Ferchar allied themselves in marriage . The ancestral origins of Ferchar 's family are unknown , although he appears to have been a native of eastern Ross . The Norse @-@ Gaelic Crovan dynasty , founded by Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's paternal great @-@ great grandfather , held royal power in the Isles from the late eleventh to the mid thirteenth century . Consisting of a region roughly encompassing the Hebrides and Mann , the Isles are named in Old Norse sources as Suðreyjar ( " Southern Isles " ) , and in Gaelic sources as Innsi Gall ( " Islands of the Foreigners " ) . Various documentary sources , in the form of contemporary chronicles and sagas , reveal that during the dynasty 's tenure of power , the kings of the Isles tended to acknowledge the authority of the kings of Norway .
From the later twelfth- to the mid thirteenth century , the dynasty suffered from bitter factionalism and vicious kin @-@ strife . Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's father , Óláfr , was a younger son of Guðrøðr Óláfsson , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1187 ) . According to the chronicle , before his death in 1187 , Guðrøðr Óláfsson instructed that Óláfr should succeed to the kingship . The latter was only a child at the time , however , and the Islesmen instead inaugurated Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson ( died 1229 ) , Guðrøðr Óláfsson 's eldest albeit illegitimate son . As the first quarter of the thirteenth century began to wane , contentions between the half @-@ brothers broke out into outright war . By the turn of the first quarter of the century , Óláfr managed to put aside the wife that Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson had assigned him ; and afterwards married Cristina , thereby gaining her father 's military assistance . As time wore on , Óláfr gained the upper @-@ hand in the struggle , and at one point had Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson 's son , Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson ( died 1231 ) , blinded and castrated . The bitter conflict between the half @-@ brothers ended with Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson 's treacherous death in 1229 . For a brief period in 1230 / 1231 , Óláfr co @-@ ruled the kingdom with Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson . When the latter was slain in 1231 , Óláfr ruled the entire kingdom without any internal opposition until his own death in 1237 .
The main documentary source for the kings of the Crovan dynasty is the Chronicle of Mann , the only contemporary indigenous narrative @-@ source concerning these men . The source itself survives in the form of a fourteenth @-@ century Latin manuscript , which is in turn a copy of a chronicle probably first commissioned and composed during the reign of Magnús Óláfsson , King of Mann and the Isles ( died 1265 ) . About fifteen percent of the chronicle is devoted to the strife between the half @-@ brothers , and much of the rest of this source deals with the after @-@ effects of the conflict . Although the chronicle 's account of the half @-@ brothers ' struggle appears to be somewhat neutral , its treatment of their descendants is clearly slanted in favour of Óláfr 's sons . In fact , it was only during the reign of Óláfr 's son Magnús , that the former 's sons finally overcame Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson 's descendants once and for all . The chronicle , therefore , may have been composed to further legitimise king 's descended from Óláfr . In consequence , even the chronicle 's claim that Óláfr 's father had chosen him as his successor may be suspect . Whatever the case , the chronicle is the main historical source for the life of Rögnvaldr Óláfsson .
= = Ascension and assassination = =
Having succeeded his father , the chronicle reveals that Haraldr Óláfsson was soon ousted from power by representatives of Hákon Hákonarson , King of Norway ( died 1263 ) . After unsuccessfully repulsing these men , Haraldr Óláfsson voyaged to Norway , where he stayed for about three years , and thus reconciled himself with Hákon , who in turn reinstalled him as king in the Isles . In 1247 , the late mid thirteenth @-@ century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar states that Haraldr Óláfsson again journeyed to Norway , where he married Hákon 's daughter , Cecilía , in the winter of 1247 / 1248 . On the newly @-@ weds ' return voyage in the autumn of 1248 , the chronicle and saga report that their ship foundered off Shetland , with all aboard lost . The kingship was subsequently assumed by Rögnvaldr Óláfsson , with the chronicle dating his accession to 6 May 1249 . The latter 's reign was an extremely short one , lasting hardly a month , as the chronicle states that he was slain on 30 May 1249 . Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's body was then interred at Rushen Abbey , the site of his father 's final resting place . Following the killing , the chronicle reports that the kingship was seized by Haraldr Guðrøðarson , a grandson of Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson .
Although the chronicle names Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's killers as a knight named Ívarr and his followers , the precise identity of Ívarr is uncertain . One man bearing the same name was Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's paternal uncle , Ívarr Guðrøðarson . Although the latter is noted by the chronicle , in an entry concerning his father 's demise , nothing more is known of him , and it is unlikely that someone born before 1187 would have been active in 1249 . The chronicle 's Latin designation of " milite " ( " knight " ) to Ívarr may be evidence that he was a member of the elite . The fact that he is not accorded a patronym of any sort , however , suggests that he was not a member of a prominent family ( such as the Crovan dynasty ) . In fact , he appears to be identical to the " domino Yuor ' de Mann " ( " Lord Ívarr of Mann " ) , who witnessed a Latin charter of Haraldr Óláfsson in 1246 . Ívarr 's identity aside , the chronology of events surrounding Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's killing suggests that Haraldr Guðrøðarson and Ívarr were allies . A particular letter of Henry III , King of England ( died 1272 ) , dated April 1256 , commanding his men not to receive Haraldr Guðrøðarson and Ívarr — the men whom the letter states " wickedly slew " Rögnvaldr Óláfsson — further evidences an alliance between the two .
In light of Ívarr 's possible collusion with Haraldr Guðrøðarson , the slaying of Rögnvaldr Óláfsson may be evidence that the continuing strife between the rival branches descended from the half @-@ brothers , Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson and Óláfr , continued well into the mid thirteenth century . In fact , the killing is the last recorded example of regicide in the Norse @-@ Gaelic realm , and may partly evidence the Europeanisation of the peripheral regions of the British Isles during the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries . As it turned out , the reign of Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's successor was short @-@ lived , since Haraldr Guðrøðarson was recalled to Norway in 1250 , for having unjustly seized the kingship . Once in Norway , the latter was detained from returning to the Isles , and is not heard of again . Within two years , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson 's brother , Magnús , was installed in the kingship . The latter reigned until his death in 1265 , and was the last member of the Crovan dynasty to rule as king in the Isles . An after @-@ effect of the inter @-@ dynastic warring within the Crovan dynasty was the partitioning of the kingdom between rival factions . For example , from about 1187 to 1226 , and for a brief period in 1229 , the kingdom was divided between the half @-@ brothers ; and for a brief period in 1230 / 1231 it was divided between Óláfr and his nephew , Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson . Although Haraldr Óláfsson appears to have reigned over a united kingdom , the years between his death and the installation of Magnús in 1252 is a murky period indeed , and it is possible that the kingdom was divided between rival factions during this brief span of years .
= = Ancestry = =
= In Your House 1 =
In Your House ( retroactively titled In Your House : Premiere , and sequentially known as In Your House 1 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , which took place on May 14 , 1995 , at the Onondaga War Memorial in Syracuse , New York .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to . Pet Sounds was key to the development of progressive rock specifically for the way it widened the scope of pop music by using complex harmonies , inverted chords , challenging progressions , key changes and alternative instrumental choices , and it advanced rock music by anchoring it with classical sensibilities .
Between Pet Sounds and Sgt. Pepper 's , the Beach Boys released the single " Good Vibrations " ( 1966 ) , dubbed a " pocket symphony " by Derek Taylor , who worked as a publicist for both groups . The song contained an eclectic array of exotic instruments and several disjunctive key and modal shifts . Scott Interrante of Popmatters wrote that its influence on progressive rock and the psychedelic movement " can 't be overstated " . Beatles biographer Jonathon Gould writes that " of the many ambitious pop singles released during the fall of 1966 , none had a stronger influence on the Beatles " . Martin likened the song to the Beatles ' " A Day in the Life " from Sgt. Pepper 's , elaborating that they showcase " the same reasons why much progressive rock is difficult to dance to " .
Although it was preceded by several albums that had begun to bridge the line between " disposable " pop and " serious " rock , Sgt. Pepper 's successfully gave an established " commercial " voice to an alternative youth culture while it marked the point at which the LP record emerged as a creative format whose importance was equal to or greater than that of the single . Bill Bruford , a veteran of several progressive rock bands , said that Sgt. Pepper transformed both musicians ' ideas of what was possible and audiences ' ideas of what was acceptable in music . He believed that : " Without the Beatles , or someone else who had done what the Beatles did , it is fair to assume that there would have been no progressive rock . " LP sales first overtook those of singles in 1969 .
= = = = Psychedelic and symphonic rock = = = =
According to AllMusic : " Prog @-@ rock began to emerge out of the British psychedelic scene in 1967 , specifically a strain of classical / symphonic rock led by the Nice , Procol Harum , and the Moody Blues ( Days of Future Passed ) . " The availability of newly affordable recording equipment coincided with the rise of a London underground scene at which LSD was commonly used . Pink Floyd and Soft Machine functioned as house bands at all @-@ night events at locations such as Middle Earth and the UFO Club , where they experimented with sound textures and long @-@ form songs . Many psychedelic , electric folk and early progressive bands were aided by exposure from BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel . Jimi Hendrix , who rose to prominence in the London scene and recorded with a band of English musicians , initiated the trend toward virtuosity in rock music . The Scottish band 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 , later renamed Clouds , were formed in 1966 and began performing at London clubs a year later . According to Mojo 's George Knemeyer : " some claim [ that they ] had a vital influence on prog @-@ rockers such as Yes , The Nice and Family . "
Symphonic rock artists in the late 1960s had some chart success , including the singles " Nights in White Satin " ( The Moody Blues , 1967 ) and " A Whiter Shade of Pale " ( Procol Harum , 1967 ) . The Moody Blues established the popularity of symphonic rock when they recorded Days of Future Passed together with the London Festival Orchestra , and Procol Harum began to use a greater variety of acoustic instruments , particularly on their 1969 A Salty Dog album . Classical influences sometimes took the form of pieces adapted from or inspired by classical works , such as Jeff Beck 's " Beck 's Bolero " and parts of the Nice 's Ars Longa Vita Brevis . The latter , along with such Nice tracks as " Rondo " and " America " , reflect a greater interest in music that is entirely instrumental . Sgt. Pepper 's and Days both represent a growing tendency toward song cycles and suites made up of multiple movements .
In March 1966 , the Byrds released " Eight Miles High " , a pioneering psychedelic rock single with a guitar lead inspired by the " sheets of sound " soloing style of jazz saxophonist John Coltrane . The Who later that year recorded " A Quick One While He 's Away " , a miniature rock opera considered to be the first example of the form . The rock opera was more fully realized in S.F. Sorrow , an influential 1968 album by the Pretty Things . " Going Home " ( 1966 ) by the Rolling Stones was the first long " jam " recorded expressly for an album with its over 10 minutes length . Love 's " Revelation " from album Da Capo ( 1966 ) is also a notable early side long rock epic .
= = = = Jazz = = = =
Several bands that included jazz @-@ style horn sections appeared , including Blood , Sweat & Tears and Chicago . Of these , Chicago in particular experimented with suites and extended compositions , such as the " Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon " on Chicago II . Jazz influences appeared in the music of British bands such as Traffic , Colosseum and Canterbury scene bands such as Soft Machine . Canterbury scene bands emphasized the use of wind instruments , complex chord changes and long improvisations . Jethro Tull began as a heavy blues band fronted by Ian Anderson , a flautist deeply influenced by jazz musician Rahsaan Roland Kirk .
= = = Early 1970s classic era = = =
The Nice , the Moody Blues , Procol Harum and Pink Floyd all contained elements of what is now called progressive rock , but none represented as complete an example of the genre as several bands that formed soon after . Almost all of the genre 's major bands , including Jethro Tull , King Crimson , Yes , Genesis , Van der Graaf Generator , ELP , Gentle Giant and Curved Air , released their debut albums during the years 1968 – 1970 . Most of these were folk @-@ rock albums that gave little indication of what the band 's mature sound would become , but King Crimson 's In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) was a fully formed example of the genre . The term " progressive rock , " which appeared in the liner notes of Caravan 's 1968 self @-@ titled debut LP , came to be applied to these bands that used classical music techniques to expand the styles and concepts available to rock music . Most of the genre 's major bands released their most critically acclaimed albums during the years 1971 – 1976 .
Progressive rock experienced a high degree of commercial success during the early 1970s . Jethro Tull , ELP , Yes and Pink Floyd combined for four albums that reached number one in the US charts , and sixteen of their albums reached the top ten . Tull alone scored 11 gold albums and 5 platinum albums . Pink Floyd 's 1970 album Atom Heart Mother reached the top spot on the UK charts . Their 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon , which united their extended compositions with the more structured kind of composing employed when Syd Barrett was their songwriter , spent more than two years at the top of the charts and remained on the Billboard 200 album chart for fifteen years . Mike Oldfield 's Tubular Bells , an excerpt of which was used as the theme for the film The Exorcist , sold 16 million copies . A number of progressive bands released singles that became pop hits .
The genre has always had its greatest appeal for white males . Most of the musicians involved were male , as was the case for most rock music of the time , although Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina and Renaissance singer Annie Haslam were prominent exceptions . Renaissance 's lyricist also was female , and their feminine storytelling perspective is particularly prominent in their album art and in the songs " Ocean Gypsy " and " The Song of Scheherazade , " both from Scheherazade and Other Stories . Female singers were better represented in the progressive folk bands , who displayed a broader range of vocal styles than the progressive rock bands with whom they frequently toured and shared band members .
British and European audiences typically followed concert hall behavior protocols associated with classical music performances , and they were more reserved in their behavior than were audiences of other forms of rock . This confused musicians during US tours , as they found that American audiences were less attentive and more prone to outbursts during quiet passages .
= = = = North America = = = =
Progressive rock came to be appreciated overseas , but it mostly remained a European , and especially British , phenomenon . Few American bands engaged in it , and the purest representatives of the genre , such as Starcastle and Happy the Man , remained limited to their own geographic regions . This is at least in part due to music industry differences between the US and Great Britain . Radio airplay was less important in the UK , where popular music recordings had never been played on official radio ( as opposed to on pirate radio ) until the 1967 launch of BBC Radio 1 . UK audiences were accustomed to hearing bands in clubs , and British bands could support themselves through touring . US audiences were first exposed to new music on the radio , and bands in the US required radio airplay for success . Radio stations were averse to progressive rock 's longer @-@ form compositions , which hampered advertising sales . Cultural factors were also involved , as US musicians tended to come from a blues background , while Europeans tended to have a foundation in classical music .
North American progressive rock bands often represented hybrid styles such as the complex metal of Rush , the psychedelic @-@ driven hard rock of Captain Beyond , the Southern rock @-@ tinged prog of Kansas , the jazz fusion of Mahavishnu Orchestra and Return to Forever , and the eclectic fusion of the all @-@ instrumental Dixie Dregs . British progressive rock acts had their greatest US success in the same geographic areas in which British heavy metal bands experienced their greatest popularity . The overlap in audiences led to the success of arena rock bands , such as Boston , Kansas and Styx , who combined elements of the two styles .
= = = = Europe = = = =
Progressive rock achieved popularity in Continental Europe more quickly than it did in the US . Italy remained generally uninterested in rock music until the strong Italian progressive rock scene developed in the early 1970s , and Van der Graaf Generator were much more popular there than in their own country . Genesis were hugely successful in Continental Europe at a time when they were still limited to a cult following in Britain and the US . Few of the European groups were successful outside of their own countries , with the exceptions of bands like Focus , who wrote English @-@ language lyrics , and Le Orme and PFM , whose English lyrics were written by Peter Hammill and Peter Sinfield , respectively .
Some European bands played in a style derivative of English bands . This can be heard in Triumvirat , an organ trio in the style of ELP ; Ange and Celeste who have had a strong King Crimson influence . Others brought national elements to their style : Spain 's Triana introduced flamenco elements , groups such as the Swedish Samla Mammas Manna drew from the folk music styles of their respective nations , and Italian bands such as Il Balletto di Bronzo , Rustichelli & Bordini , leaned toward an approach that was more overtly emotional than that of their British counterparts .
The " Kosmische music " scene in Germany came to be labeled as " krautrock " internationally . Bands such as Can , which included two members who had studied under Karlheinz Stockhausen , tended to be more strongly influenced by 20th century classical music than the British bands , whose musical vocabulary leaned more toward the Romantic era . Many of these groups were very influential even among bands that had little enthusiasm for the symphonic variety of progressive rock .
= = = Late 1970s decline = = =
Political and social trends of the late 1970s shifted away from the early 1970s hippie attitudes that had led to the genre 's development and popularity . The rise in punk cynicism made the utopian ideals expressed in progressive rock lyrics unfashionable . Virtuosity was rejected , as the expense of purchasing quality instruments and the time investment of learning to play them were seen as barriers to rock 's energy and immediacy . There were also changes in the music industry , as record companies disappeared and merged into large media conglomerates . Promoting and developing experimental music was not part of the marketing strategy for these large corporations , who focused their attention on identifying and targeting profitable market niches .
Four of the biggest bands in progressive rock ceased performing or experienced major personnel changes during the mid @-@ 1970s . Robert Fripp disbanded King Crimson in 1974 and said later that the genre had gone " tragically off course . " ELP went on hiatus the following year . Genesis moved in a more mainstream direction after the 1975 departure of Peter Gabriel and especially after the 1977 departure of Steve Hackett . Yes experienced lineup changes throughout the 1970s before fragmenting in 1980 . A number of the major bands , including Van der Graaf Generator , Gentle Giant and U.K. , dissolved between 1978 and 1980 . Some decided that it was time to move on because they , as Caravan leader Pye Hastings admitted , had " got quite stale . "
Many bands had by the mid @-@ 1970s reached the limit of how far they could experiment in a rock context , and fans had wearied of the extended , epic compositions . The sounds of the Hammond , Minimoog and Mellotron had been thoroughly explored , and their use became clichéd . Those bands who continued to record often simplified their sound , and the genre fragmented from the late 1970s onward . Corporate artists and repertoire staff exerted an increasing amount of control over the creative process that had previously belonged to the artists , and established acts were pressured to create music with simpler harmony and song structures and fewer changes in meter . This simplification can be heard as a softer , pop orientation in such albums as Genesis ' ... And Then There Were Three ... , Renaissance 's A Song for All Seasons , and the Moody Blues ' Octave . A number of symphonic pop bands , such as Supertramp , 10cc , the Alan Parsons Project and the Electric Light Orchestra , brought the orchestral @-@ style arrangements into a context that emphasized pop singles while allowing for occasional instances of exploration . Jethro Tull , Gentle Giant and Pink Floyd opted for a harder sound in the style of arena rock .
Few new progressive rock bands formed during this era , and those who did found that record labels were not interested in signing them . The short @-@ lived supergroup U.K. was a notable exception , although they tended to carry on in the style of previous bands and did little to advance the genre . Some of the genre 's more important development at this time occurred in its influence on other styles , as several guitarists with European ties brought a progressive rock approach to heavy metal and laid the groundwork for the future progressive metal style . Michael Schenker , of UFO , and Uli Jon Roth , who replaced Schenker in Scorpions , expanded the modal vocabulary available to guitarists . Roth studied classical music with the intent of using the guitar in the way that classical composers used the violin . Finally , the Dutch @-@ born and classically trained Alex and Eddie Van Halen formed Van Halen , who redefined the standard for rock virtuosity and paved the way for the " shred " music of the 1980s .
= = = = Post @-@ progressive = = = =
In Fripp 's opinion , once " progressive rock " ceased to cover new ground – becoming a set of conventions to be repeated and imitated – the genre 's premise had ceased to be " progressive " . According to Hegarty and Halliwell : " Post @-@ progressive identifies progressive rock that stems from sources other than progressive rock . This does not spread the net to include all avant @-@ rock from the 1980s and 1990s ... post @-@ progressive rock feeds a more explicit return to prog : in other words , a return that is not one . This trend is best exemplified by two British avant @-@ rock acts of the 1980s and early 1990s : David Sylvian and Talk Talk . "
= = = 1980s = = =
= = = = Commercialisation = = = =
Some established bands moved toward music that was simpler and more commercially viable . Echoes of progressive rock complexity could be heard in arena rock bands like Journey , Kansas , Styx , GTR , ELO and Foreigner , all of which either had begun as progressive rock bands or included members with strong ties to the genre . These bands retained some elements of the orchestral @-@ style arrangements , but they moved away from lyrical mysticism in favor of teen @-@ oriented songs about relationships . Genesis transformed into a successful pop act , and a reformed Yes released the relatively mainstream 90125 , which yielded their only US number @-@ one single , " Owner of a Lonely Heart " . These radio @-@ friendly groups have been called " prog lite " . One band who did experience great 1980s success while maintaining a progressive approach was Pink Floyd , who released The Wall late in 1979 . The album , which brought punk anger into progressive rock , was a huge success and was later filmed as Pink Floyd – The Wall .
= = = = Neo @-@ progressive rock = = = =
A second wave of progressive rock bands appeared in the early 1980s and have since been categorized as a separate " neo @-@ progressive rock " subgenre . These largely keyboard @-@ based bands played extended compositions with complex musical and lyrical structures . Most of the genre 's major acts released debut albums between 1983 and 1985 and shared the same manager , Keith Goodwin , a publicist who had been instrumental in promoting progressive rock during the 1970s . The previous decade 's bands had the advantage of appearing during a large countercultural movement that provided them with a large potential audience , but the neo @-@ progressive bands were limited to a niche audience and found it difficult to attract a following . Only Marillion and Saga experienced international success .
Neo @-@ prog bands tended to derive their sound and visual style from the symphonic prog bands of a decade earlier . The genre 's most successful band , Marillion , suffered particularly from accusations of similarity to Genesis , although they used a different vocal style and a sound with more of a hard rock element . Authors Paul Hegarty and Martin Halliwell have pointed out that the neo @-@ progressive bands were not so much plagiarizing progressive rock as they were creating a new style from progressive rock elements , just as the bands of a decade before had created a new style from jazz and classical elements . Author Edward Macan counters by pointing out that these bands were at least partially motivated by a nostalgic desire to preserve a past style rather than a drive to innovate .
A predecessor to this genre was the Enid , who fused rock with classical but were more heavily influenced by Ralph Vaughan Williams than by more modern composers . The change of approach can be heard in the shift toward shorter compositions and a keyboard @-@ based sound in Rush albums such as Grace Under Pressure . Neo @-@ progressive bands emphasized individual solos instead of group improvisation , and they included more world @-@ music elements . Lyrics became more personal and less esoteric . Concept albums were still created , but not as frequently and on a smaller scale . Digital synthesizers took over many of the roles formerly filled by bulkier keyboards such as Mellotrons and organs , and their modern sound tended to minimize the folk influences that had been typical of 1970s progressive rock . Heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden and Queensrÿche began to explore the mythological themes and extended concepts that had previously been the territory of progressive rock .
= = = = Crossover with post @-@ punk styles = = = =
Progressive rock 's influence was felt in the form of the post @-@ punk bands , although these bands tended not to draw on classical rock or Canterbury bands as influences but rather Roxy Music and krautrock bands , particularly Can . Groups such as Public Image Ltd , Magazine , Wire , Cardiacs and Simple Minds showed some influence of prog along with their more usually recognized punk influences . Julian Cope of the Teardrop Explodes wrote a history of the krautrock genre , Krautrocksampler . New wave bands tended to be less hostile toward progressive rock than were the punks , and there were crossovers , such as Robert Fripp 's and Brian Eno 's involvement with Talking Heads , and Yes ' replacement of Rick Wakeman and Jon Anderson with the pop duo the Buggles . A number of bands in New York 's no wave scene were impressed with punk 's energy but not with its primitivism . This led to experiments that combined that energy with greater musical sophistication , such as the guitar orchestras of Glenn Branca and the noise experiments of Sonic Youth .
Punk and prog were not necessarily as opposed as is commonly believed . Both genres reject commercialism , and punk bands did see a need for musical advancement , as evidenced by the albums London Calling , by the Clash , and My War , by Black Flag . Sex Pistols frontman Johnny Rotten famously wore a T @-@ shirt that read " I hate Pink Floyd , " but he expressed admiration for Van der Graaf Generator , Can , and Pink Floyd themselves . Brian Eno expressed a preference for the approach of the punk and new wave bands in New York , as he found them to be more experimental and less personality @-@ based than the English bands .
One progressive rock artist who was very supportive of the punk and new wave movements was former King Crimson leader Robert Fripp , who relocated to New York after a three @-@ year retirement and collaborated with the new wave groups Blondie and Talking Heads . He formed a new band that experimented with gamelan music in a similar way to Talking Heads ' approach on their Remain in Light album . The band was to be called " Discipline " but instead became a revived King Crimson . This edition featured new instrumentation that included Bill Bruford 's electronic drums , Tony Levin 's Chapman Stick , and guitar synthesizers played by Fripp and Adrian Belew , who was familiar to Fripp from the Remain in Light sessions . Their sound was highly percussive , featured tightly interconnected minimalist instrumentals with industrial noise influences , and often had a metallic edge . It was a new form of progressive rock that de @-@ emphasized solos and overt virtuosity , but the music was nevertheless very complex and difficult .
Gamelan and minimalism also influenced Brian Eno , who after departing Roxy Music had collaborated with Fripp . Rush borrowed elements from world music and new wave , as on the reggae @-@ tinged " The Spirit of Radio " and " Vital Signs . "
= = = 1990s and 2000s = = =
= = = = Third wave = = = =
A third wave of progressive rock bands , who might more properly be described as a second generation of neo @-@ progressive bands , emerged in the 1990s . The use of the term " progressive " to describe groups that follow in the style of bands from ten to twenty years earlier is somewhat controversial , as it has been seen as a contradiction of the spirit of experimentation and progress . These new bands were aided in part by the availability of personal computer @-@ based recording studios , which reduced album production expenses , and the Internet , which made it easier for bands outside of the mainstream to reach widely spread audiences . Record stores specializing in progressive rock appeared in large cities .
The shred music of the 1980s was a major influence on the progressive rock groups of the 1990s . Some of the newer bands , such as the Flower Kings , Spock 's Beard , and Glass Hammer , played a 1970s @-@ style symphonic prog but with an updated sound . A number of them began to explore the limits of the CD in the way that earlier groups had stretched the limits of the vinyl LP . " The Garden of Dreams , " from the Flower Kings ' Flower Power album , is nearly 60 minutes in length and is composed of 18 separate sections , and Transatlantic 's The Whirlwind consists of a single track of 77 minutes in length .
Folk influences resurface on " The Garden of Dreams , " a trend that also appears in Mostly Autumn 's 2008 album Glass Shadows . The Decemberists use folk themes and influences as a means of connecting with the past , while Midlake use them to express pastoralism and Shanghai 's Cold Fairyland use them for nationalist purposes .
On their 2001 album Origin of Symmetry , Muse included the new prog song " Citizen Erased , " a 7 @-@ minute track with unusual structure , hard rock , classical , and electronic elements . With their return to space rock in 2006 's Black Holes and Revelations , featuring the epic , satirical " Knights of Cydonia , " they began to experiment more in the subsequent album ; 2009 's The Resistance was their most progressive to date , featuring the space rock opera " Exogenesis : Symphony " and progressive arena rock anthem " United States of Eurasia . " Frontman Matthew Bellamy confirmed that their 2015 album , Drones , " does indeed include the sequel to fan favourite ' Citizen Erased ' – and that the track in question is a crazy , ten minute prog nightmare . "
= = = = Progressive metal = = = =
Progressive rock and heavy metal have similar timelines . Both emerged from late @-@ 1960s psychedelia to achieve great early @-@ 1970s success despite a lack of radio airplay and support from critics , then faded in the late 1970s and experienced revivals in the early 1980s . Each genre experienced a fragmentation of styles at this time , and many metal bands from the new wave of British heavy metal onward displayed progressive rock influences . Progressive metal reached a point of maturity with Queensrÿche 's 1988 concept album Operation : Mindcrime and Voivod 's 1989 Nothingface , which featured abstract lyrics and a King Crimson @-@ like texture .
Progressive metal drew attention when the US band Dream Theater 's 1994 album Awake debuted at # 32 on the album charts . King Crimson themselves returned in 1994 with a more metallic sound , as did Van der Graaf Generator in the following decade . Arjen Anthony Lucassen 's Ayreon project , backed by an array of talent from the progressive rock genre , produced a series of innovative prog @-@ metal concept albums from 1995 onward .
Several bands in the prog @-@ metal genre , including the US bands Queensrÿche , Fates Warning and Dream Theater as well as Sweden 's Opeth , name Rush as a primary influence . These bands also exhibit influences from more traditional metal and rock bands , such as Black Sabbath and Deep Purple . Tool have toured together with King Crimson and named them as an influence on their work , although Robert Fripp feels that the reverse is true and that there is a strong Tool influence on latter @-@ day King Crimson .
Progressive rock elements appear in other metal subgenres . Black metal is conceptual by definition , due to its prominent theme of questioning the values of Christianity . Its guttural vocals are sometimes used by bands who can be classified as progressive , such as Mastodon , Mudvayne and Opeth , whose In Live Concert at the Royal Albert Hall DVD featured packaging that referenced vintage progressive rock albums such as Deep Purple 's Concerto for Group and Orchestra . Symphonic metal is an extension of the tendency toward orchestral passages in early progressive rock . Progressive rock has also served as a key inspiration for genres such as post @-@ rock , post @-@ metal and avant @-@ garde metal , math rock , power metal , and neo @-@ classical metal . Stoner metal bands frequently point to Hawkwind as a main influence .
= = = = New prog = = = =
New prog describes the wave of progressive rock bands in the 2000s who revived the genre . According to Entertainment Weekly 's Evan Serpick : " Along with recent success stories like System of a Down and up @-@ and @-@ comers like the Dillinger Escape Plan , Lightning Bolt , and Coheed and Cambria , the Mars Volta create incredibly complex and inventive music that sounds like a heavier , more aggressive version of ’ 70s behemoths such as Led Zeppelin and King Crimson . "
= = = 2010s = = =
Progressive rock continues to appeal to its longtime fans and is also able to attract new audiences . The Progressive Music Awards were launched in 2012 by Prog Magazine to honor the genre 's innovators and to promote its newer bands . Honorees , however , are not invited to perform at the awards ceremony , as the promoters want an event " that doesn 't last three weeks . "
= = Festivals = =
Many prominent progressive rock bands got their initial exposure at large rock festivals that were held in Great Britain during the late 1960s and early 1970s . King Crimson made their first major appearance at the 1969 Hyde Park free concert , before a crowd estimated to be as large as 650 @,@ 000 , in support of the Rolling Stones . Emerson , Lake & Palmer debuted at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival , at which Supertramp , Family and Jethro Tull also appeared . Jethro Tull were also present at the 1969 Newport Jazz Festival , the first year in which that festival invited rock bands to perform . Hawkwind appeared at many British festivals throughout the 1970s , although they sometimes showed up uninvited , set up a stage on the periphery of the event , and played for free .
Renewed interest in the genre in the 1990s led to the development of progressive rock festivals . ProgFest , organized by Greg Walker and David Overstreet in 1993 , was first held in UCLA 's Royce Hall , and featured Sweden 's Änglagård , the UK 's IQ , Quill and Citadel . CalProg was held annually in Whittier , California during the 2000s . The North East Art Rock Festival , or NEARfest , held its first event in 1999 in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania and held annual sold @-@ out concerts until 2012 's NEARfest Apocalypse , which featured headliners U.K. and Renaissance . Other festivals include the annual ProgDay ( the longest @-@ running and only outdoor prog festival ) in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , the annual Rites of Spring Festival ( RoSfest ) in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , The Rogue Independent Music Festival in Atlanta , Georgia , Baja Prog in Mexicali , Mexico , ProgPower USA in Atlanta , Georgia and ProgPower Europe in Baarlo , Netherlands . Progressive Nation tours were held in 2008 and 2009 with Dream Theater as the headline act .
= = Reception = =
The genre has received both a great amount of critical acclaim and criticism throughout the years . Progressive rock has been described as parallel to the classical music of Igor Stravinsky and Béla Bartók . This desire to expand the boundaries of rock , combined with some musicians ' dismissiveness toward mainstream rock and pop music , insulted critics and led to accusations of elitism . Its intellectual , fantastic and apolitical lyrics and its shunning of rock 's blues roots were abandonments of the very things that many critics valued in rock music . Progressive rock also represented the maturation of rock as a genre , but there was an opinion among critics that rock was and should remain fundamentally tied to adolescence , so that rock and maturity were mutually exclusive . Criticisms over the complexity of their music provoked some bands to create music that was even more complex .
These aspirations toward high culture reflect progressive rock 's origins as a music created largely by upper- and middle @-@ class , white @-@ collar , college @-@ educated males from Southern England . The music never reflected the concerns of or was embraced by working @-@ class listeners , except in the US , where listeners appreciated the musicians ' virtuosity . Progressive rock 's exotic , literary topics were considered particularly irrelevant to British youth during the late 1970s , when the nation suffered from a poor economy and frequent strikes and shortages . Even King Crimson leader Robert Fripp dismissed progressive rock lyrics as " the philosophical meanderings of some English half @-@ wit who is circumnavigating some inessential point of experience in his life . " Bands whose darker lyrics avoided utopianism , such as King Crimson , Pink Floyd and Van der Graaf Generator , experienced less critical disfavor . Critics similarly came to regard krautrock as a genre separate from progressive rock .
= = List of progressive rock bands = =
= Berengaria of Castile =
Berengaria ( Castilian : Berenguela ; 1179 or 1180 – 8 November 1246 ) was Queen of Castile in 1217 and Queen consort of León from 1197 to 1204 . As the eldest child and heir presumptive of Alfonso VIII of Castile , she was a sought after bride , and was engaged to Conrad , the son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa . After his death , she married her cousin , Alfonso IX of León , to secure the peace between him and her father . She had five children with him before their marriage was voided by Pope Innocent III .
When her father died , she served as regent for her younger brother Henry I in Castile until she succeeded him on his untimely death . Within months , she turned Castile over to her son , Ferdinand III , concerned that as a woman she would not be able to lead Castile 's forces . However , she remained one of his closest advisors , guiding policy , negotiating , and ruling on his behalf for the rest of her life . She was responsible for the re @-@ unification of Castile and León under her son 's authority , and supported his efforts in the Reconquista . She was a patron of religious institutions and supported the writing of a history of the two countries .
= = Early family life = =
Berengaria was born either in 1179 or 1180 , in Burgos . She was the eldest daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England . Those who cared for the young infanta were generously rewarded . Her nurse , Estefanía , received land from Alfonso and Eleanor on her retirement in May of 1181 . Another nurse , Elvira , received a similar retirement gift in 1189 at Berengaria 's request .
As the eldest child of king Alfonso and Eleanor , she was the heiress presumptive of the throne of Castile for several years , because many of her siblings who where born after her died shortly after birth or in early infancy , so Berengaria became a greatly desired partner throughout Europe .
Berengaria 's first engagement was agreed in 1187 when her hand was sought by Conrad , Duke of Rothenburg and fifth child of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa . The next year , the marriage contract was signed in Seligenstadt , including a dowry of 42000 Maravedí . Conrad then marched to Castile , where in Carrión the engagement was celebrated and Conrad was knighted . Berengaria 's status as heir of Castile when she inherited the throne was based in part on documentation in the treaty and marriage contract , which specified that she would inherit the kingdom after her father or any childless brothers who may come along . Conrad would only be allowed to co @-@ rule as her spouse , and Castile would not become part of the Empire . The treaty also documented traditional rights and obligations between the future sovereign and the nobility .
The marriage was not consummated , due to Berengaria 's young age , as she was less than 10 years old . Conrad and Berengaria never saw each other again . By 1191 , Berengaria requested an annulment of the engagement from the Pope , influenced , no doubt , by third parties such as her grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine , who was not interested in having a Hohenstaufen as a neighbor to her French fiefdoms . Those fears were neutralized when the duke was assassinated in 1196 .
= = Marriage to Alfonso IX = =
In order to help secure peace between Castile and León , Berengaria married Alfonso IX of León , her first cousin once removed , in Valladolid in 1197 . As part of the marriage , and in accordance with Spanish customs of the time , she received direct control over a number of castles and lands within León . Most of these were along the border with Castile , and the nobles who ran them in her name were allowed to seek justice from either king in the event of being wronged by the other . In turn , these knights were charged with maintaining the peace along the border in the queen 's name .
Berengaria and Alfonso IX had five children :
Eleanor ( 1198 / 1199 – 1202 ) .
Constance ( 1200 – 1242 ) , a nun in the Abbey of las Huelgas .
Ferdinand III ( 1201 – 1252 ) , King of Castile and León .
Alfonso ( 1203 – 1272 ) , Lord of Molina and Mesa by his first marriage . He married , first , Mafalda de Lara , heiress of Molina and Mesa , second , Teresa Núñez , and third , Mayor Téllez de Meneses , Lady of Montealegre and Tiedra , by whom he was the father of María of Molina , wife of King Sancho IV of León and Castile .
Berengaria ( 1204 – 1237 ) , married John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem .
Starting in 1198 , Pope Innocent III objected to the marriage on the grounds of consanguinity , though the couple stayed together until 1204 . They vehemently sought a dispensation in order to stay together , including offering large sums of money . However , the pope denied their request , although they succeeded in having their children considered legitimate . Her marriage dissolved , Berengaria returned to Castile and to her parents in May 1204 , where she dedicated herself to the care of her children .
= = Between queenships = =
Though she had left her role as queen of León , she retained authority over and taxing rights in many of the lands she had received there , including Salamanca and Castroverde , which she gave to her son Ferdinand in 1206 . Some of the nobles who had served her as queen followed her back to the court in Castille . The peace which had prevailed since her marriage was lost , and there was war again between León and Castille , in part over her control of these lands . In 1205 , 1207 , and 1209 , treaties were made again between the two countries , each expanding her control . In the treaties of 1207 and 1209 , Berengaria and her son were given again significant properties along the border , including many key castles , including Villalpando . The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the Castilian dialect .
In 1214 , on the death of her father , Alfonso VIII of Castile , the crown passed to his only surviving son , Berengaria 's 10 @-@ year @-@ old brother , Henry I. Their mother Eleanor assumed the regency , but died 24 days after her husband . Berengaria , now heir presumptive again , replaced her as regent . At this point internal strife began , instigated by the nobility , primarily the House of Lara . They forced Berengaria to cede regency and guardianship of her brother to Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara .
In 1216 , an extraordinary parliamentary session was held in Valladolid , attended by such Castilian magnates as Lope Díaz II de Haro , Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón , Álvaro Díaz de Cameros , Alfonso Téllez de Meneses and others , who agreed , with the support of Berengaria , to make common cause against Álvaro Núñez de Lara . At the end of May the situation in Castile had grown perilous for Berengaria , so she decided to take refuge in the castle of Autillo de Campos , which was held by Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón ( one of her allies ) and sent her son Ferdinand to the court of his father . On 15 August 1216 , an assembly of all the magnates of Castile was held to attempt to reach an accord that would prevent civil war , but disagreements led the families of Girón , Téllez de Meneses , and Haro to break definitively with Álvaro de Lara .
= = Queen of Castile = =
Circumstances changed suddenly when Henry died on 6 June 1217 after receiving a head wound from a tile which came loose while he was playing with other children at the palace of the Bishop of Palencia . His guardian , Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara , tried to hide the fact , taking the king 's body to the castle of Tariego , although it was inevitable that the news would reach Berengaria .
The new sovereign was well aware of the danger her former husband posed to her reign ; being her brother 's closest agnate , it was feared that he would claim the crown for himself . Therefore , she kept her brother 's death and her own accession secret from Alfonso . She wrote to Alfonso asking that Ferdinand be sent to visit her , and then abdicated in their son 's favor on 31 August . In part , she abdicated as she would be unable to be the military leader Castile needed its king to be in that time .
= = Royal advisor = =
Although she did not reign for long , Berengaria continued to be her son 's closest advisor , intervening in state policy , albeit in an indirect manner . Well into her son 's reign , contemporary authors wrote that she still wielded authority over him . One example was how she arranged the marriage of her son with princess Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen ( known as Beatriz in Castile ) , daughter of Duke Philip of Swabia and granddaughter of two emperors : Frederick Barbarossa and Isaac II Angelos of Byzantium . The wedding took place on 30 November 1219 at Burgos . Another instance in which Berengaria 's mediation stood out developed in 1218 when the scheming Lara family , still headed by former regent Álvaro Núñez de Lara , conspired to have Alfonso IX , King of León and King Ferdinand 's father , invade Castile to seize his son 's throne . However , the capture of Count Lara facilitated the intervention of Berengaria , who got father and son to sign the Pact of Toro on 26 August 1218 , putting an end to confrontations between Castile and León .
In 1222 , Berengaria intervened anew in favor of her son , achieving the ratification of the Convention of Zafra , thereby making peace with the Laras by arranging the marriage of Mafalda , daughter and heiress of the Lord of Molina , Gonzalo Pérez de Lara , to her own son and King Ferdinand 's brother , Alfonso . In 1224 she arranged the marriage of her daughter Berengaria to John of Brienne , a maneuver which brought Ferdinand III closer to the throne of León , since John was the candidate Alfonso IX had in mind to marry his eldest daughter Sancha . By proceeding more quickly , Berengaria prevented the daughters of her former husband from marrying a man who could claim the throne of León .
Perhaps her most decisive intervention on Ferdinand 's behalf took place in 1230 , when Alfonso IX died and designated as heirs to the throne his daughters Sancha and Dulce from his first marriage to Theresa of Portugal , superseding the rights of Ferdinand III . Berengaria met with the princesses ’ mother and succeeded in the ratification of the Treaty of las Tercerías , by which they renounced the throne in favor of their half @-@ brother in exchange for a substantial sum of money and other benefits . Thus were the thrones of León and Castile re @-@ united in the person of Ferdinand III , which had been divided by Alfonso VII in 1157 . She intervened again by arranging the second marriage of Ferdinand after the death of Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen . Although he already had plenty of children , Berengaria was concerned that the king 's virtue not be diminished with illicit relations . This time , she chose a French noblewoman , Joan of Dammartin , a candidate put forth by the king 's aunt and Berengaria 's sister Blanche , widow of King Louis VIII of France . Berengaria served again as regent , ruling while her son Ferdinand was in the south on his long campaigns of the Reconquista . She governed Castile and León with her characteristic skill , relieving him of the need to divide his attention during this time .
= = Patronage and legacy = =
She met with her son a final time in Pozuelo de Calatrava in 1245 , afterwards returning to Toledo . She died 8 November 1246 , and was buried at Las Huelgas near Burgos .
Much like her mother , she was a strong patron of religious institutions . She worked with her mother to support the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas . As queen of León , she supported the Order of Santiago and supported the Basilica of San Isidoro , not only donating to it , but also exempting it from any taxes . She re @-@ established the tradition of Leónese royal women supporting the Monastery of San Pedro de Eslonza , last performed by her great @-@ grand aunt , Sancha Raimúndez .
She is portrayed as a wise and virtuous woman by the chroniclers of the time . She was also concerned with literature and history , charging Lucas de Tuy to compose a chronicle on the Kings of Castile and León to aid and instruct future rulers of the joint kingdom . She herself was discussed in the works of Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada , whose work was sponsored by her son Ferdinand , and Juan of Osma , who was chancellor of Castile under Ferdinand .
= = Ancestry = =
= Hugh Downman =
Hugh Downman ( c . 1765 – 4 January 1858 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , eventually rising to the rank of Admiral .
Downman spent most of the American War of Independence as a midshipman , with a spell in French captivity after his ship was wrecked off the coast of Ushant while chasing an enemy frigate . He was promoted to lieutenant shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars and served with distinction during operations in the Mediterranean . Downman served under several Admirals , and fought with Jervis at Battle of Cape St Vincent . Shortly after the battle he was rewarded with his own command , going on to capture several privateers and fighting off an attack by a larger vessel . Promoted to post @-@ captain and given a frigate to command , he operated in the Mediterranean and performed services for the nobles and monarchs of the Italian states . Downman went on to command several ships of the line , often as a flag @-@ captain , and took part in the capture of the Cape Colony and operations on the Río de la Plata .
Left without active employment after the end of the wars with France , he briefly returned to service in 1824 @.@ before being promoted to flag rank the following year . Downman continued to rise through the ranks , reaching the rank of full admiral before his death in 1858 .
= = Family and early life = =
Hugh Downman was born in Plympton , Devon around 1765 . His uncle was Dr Hugh Downman , a physician and poet , who obtained for his nephew an offer to serve aboard the 32 @-@ gun HMS Thetis as a midshipman . Downman took up the offer , joining the ship , which was then under the command of Captain Mitchell Graham , on 10 October 1776 . He served aboard Thetis for the next two years , leaving the ship in August 1778 and joining HMS Arethusa . The Arethusa was wrecked off Ushant on 19 March 1779 while chasing a French ship , and Downman and the rest of the crew were taken prisoner by the French . Exchanged in January 1780 Downman went on to serve aboard HMS Emerald under Captain Samuel Marshall , before moving into the 74 @-@ gun HMS Edgar in May 1782 . Edgar at this time was flying the broad pennant of Commodore William Hotham , and in October that year was part of the fleet sent out under Lord Howe to relieve Gibraltar . In the brief encounter with the Spanish fleet that followed on 20 October Edgar had six men wounded .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
Little is known of Downman 's activities during the years of peace that followed , until his appearance in February 1789 with the fleet despatched to the East Indies under Commodore William Cornwallis . Cornwallis promoted him to lieutenant while serving in the East Indies on 5 March 1790 . He returned to England at the start of 1793 . With the commencement of the French Revolutionary Wars , Downman joined the 74 @-@ gun HMS Alcide and went out to the Mediterranean , where served with Commodore Robert Linzee 's squadron . He was present at the occupation of Toulon and assisted in the attack on the tower and redoubt at Fornelli in September 1793 . While helping in the reduction of Corsica , Downman cut out a French gunboat from under the guns of a battery at St Fiorenzo , and later led a party of 100 seamen and marines in scaling a cliff to place a gun overlooking the enemy 's defences . For these actions he received the thanks of Lieutenant @-@ General David Dundas .
Linzee was advanced to rear @-@ admiral on 11 April 1794 and shifted his flag to the 98 @-@ gun HMS Windsor Castle , bringing Downman with him as his second lieutenant . He was then moved into the 100 @-@ gun HMS Victory , the flagship of Admiral Lord Hood , and returned with Hood to England . Hood was preparing to return to the Mediterranean aboard Victory , when on 2 May he was ordered to strike his flag . Victory then went out to the Mediterranean as a private ship , whereupon she became the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral Robert Mann , and then Sir John Jervis . Under Mann Downman saw action at the Naval Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795 , and under Jervis he was at the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797 .
= = Command = =
= = = Speedy = = =
Several months after Cape St Vincent , on 20 July , Downman was promoted to the rank of commander and appointed to command the 14 @-@ gun brig HMS Speedy . He made several cruises with Speedy , capturing a number of enemy vessels . On 3 February 1798 she encountered the large enemy privateer Papillon , mounting 18 guns and carrying 160 men , while sailing off Vigo . The Papillon attacked Speedy , which had a reduced crew owing to her master Mr Marshall , and 12 men , being absent in command of a prize Speedy had taken earlier . The two ships fought each other for two days , and by the second Downman had exhausted his supply of shot , and resorted to firing nails and pieces of iron hoop at his opponent . Having observed the difficulty his captain was in , Master Marshall secured the Spanish crew of his prize below deck , and then took the prize crew off in a small boat to come to Downman 's assistance . After a fierce fight the Papillon was driven off , with Speedy suffering losses of five killed and four wounded . Downman then recaptured his prize that the master had been compelled to abandon , and returned to Lisbon to carry out repairs . During his time in command of Speedy Downman captured five privateers , altogether mounting 17 guns and 28 swivels , and carrying 162 men . For his efforts protecting British trade out of Oporto , the merchants presented him with a letter of thanks , and a piece of plate valued at £ 50 .
= = = Santa Dorothea = = =
As a reward for his good service Downman was advanced to post @-@ captain on 26 December 1798 and was appointed to command the 32 @-@ gun HMS Santa Dorothea , a frigate that had recently been captured from the Spanish . On 28 November that year Santa Dorothea , operating in company with HMS Perseus , HMS Strombolo and HMS Bulldog captured the 16 @-@ gun San Leon on the Lisbon station . Captain William Brown was to have succeeded Downman in 1799 , but he was given another ship instead , and Downman retained Santa Dorothea . He cut out vessels from Bordiguera on 11 January 1800 and Hospitallier on 11 February 1800 , before taking command of a small squadron blockading Savona . The town surrendered after 41 days , on 15 May . Downman then destroyed all the fortifications on the Gulf of Spezia . He went on to land the Duke of Savoy at Naples and evacuated the gallery of Florence to Sicily , ahead of the invading French . For his services to the monarchies of Italy he received several presents of money and rings . In July 1801 he conveyed troops to Egypt and received the Order of the Crescent . Also during this time Downman captured three vessels sailing from Egypt carrying General Dessaix and some of Napoleon 's staff .
= = = Caesar , Diomede and Diadem = = =
Downman then took command of the 80 @-@ gun HMS Caesar , which was then the flagship of Sir James Saumarez on the Lisbon station . Downman was flag @-@ captain
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ist and photographer Robert Christopher Tytler , has deep orange @-@ red underparts and an incomplete breast band . The tail is also longer . It breeds in central Siberia south to northern Mongolia and winters from eastern Bengal east to Thailand and Malaysia .
H. r. erythrogaster , the North American subspecies described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783 , differs from the European subspecies in having redder underparts and a narrower , often incomplete , blue breast band . It breeds throughout North America , from Alaska to southern Mexico , and migrates to the Lesser Antilles , Costa Rica , Panama and South America to winter . A few may winter in the southernmost parts of the breeding range . This subspecies funnels through Central America on a narrow front and is therefore abundant on passage in the lowlands of both coasts .
The short wings , red belly and incomplete breast band of H. r. tytleri are also found in H. r. erythrogaster , and DNA analyses show that barn swallows from North America colonised the Baikal region of Siberia , a dispersal direction opposite to that for most changes in distribution between North America and Eurasia .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Habitat and range = = =
The preferred habitat of the barn swallow is open country with low vegetation , such as pasture , meadows and farmland , preferably with nearby water . This swallow avoids heavily wooded or precipitous areas and densely built @-@ up locations . The presence of accessible open structures such as barns , stables , or culverts to provide nesting sites , and exposed locations such as wires , roof ridges or bare branches for perching , are also important in the bird 's selection of its breeding range .
It breeds in the Northern Hemisphere from sea level to typically 2 @,@ 700 m ( 8 @,@ 900 ft ) , but to 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Caucasus and North America , and it is absent only from deserts and the cold northernmost parts of the continents . Over much of its range , it avoids towns , and in Europe is replaced in urban areas by the house martin . However , in Honshū , Japan , the barn swallow is a more urban bird , with the red @-@ rumped swallow ( Cecropis daurica ) replacing it as the rural species .
In winter , the barn swallow is cosmopolitan in its choice of habitat , avoiding only dense forests and deserts . It is most common in open , low vegetation habitats , such as savanna and ranch land , and in Venezuela , South Africa and Trinidad and Tobago it is described as being particularly attracted to burnt or harvested sugarcane fields and the waste from the cane . In the absence of suitable roost sites , they may sometimes roost on wires where they are more exposed to predators . Individual birds tend to return to the same wintering locality each year and congregate from a large area to roost in reed beds . These roosts can be extremely large , one in Nigeria had an estimated 1 @.@ 5 million birds . These roosts are thought to be a protection from predators , and the arrival of roosting birds is synchronised in order to overwhelm predators like African hobbies . The barn swallow has been recorded as breeding in the more temperate parts of its winter range , such as the mountains of Thailand and in central Argentina .
Migration of barn swallows between Britain and South Africa was first established on 23 December 1912 when a bird that had been ringed by James Masefield at a nest in Staffordshire , was found in Natal . As would be expected for a long @-@ distance migrant , this bird has occurred as a vagrant to such distant areas as Hawaii , Bermuda , Greenland , Tristan da Cunha and the Falkland Islands .
= = = Feeding = = =
The barn swallow is similar in its habits to other aerial insectivores , including other swallow species and the unrelated swifts . It is not a particularly fast flier , with a speed estimated at about 11 m / s , up to 20 m / s and a wing beat rate of approximately 5 , up to 7 – 9 times each second , but it has the manoeuvrability necessary to feed on flying insects while airborne . It is often seen flying relatively low in open or semi @-@ open areas .
The barn swallow typically feeds 7 – 8 m ( 23 – 26 ft ) above shallow water or the ground , often following animals , humans or farm machinery to catch disturbed insects , but it will occasionally pick prey items from the water surface , walls and plants . In the breeding areas , large flies make up around 70 % of the diet , with aphids also a significant component . However , in Europe , the barn swallow consumes fewer aphids than the house or sand martins . On the wintering grounds , Hymenoptera , especially flying ants , are important food items . When egg @-@ laying , barn swallows hunt in pairs , but will form often large flocks otherwise .
Isotope studies have shown that wintering populations may utilise different feeding habitats , with British breeders feeding mostly over grassland , whereas Swiss birds utilised woodland more . Another study showed that a single population breeding in Denmark actually wintered in two separate and different areas .
The barn swallow drinks by skimming low over lakes or rivers and scooping up water with its open mouth . This bird bathes in a similar fashion , dipping into the water for an instant while in flight .
Swallows gather in communal roosts after breeding , sometimes thousands strong . Reed beds are regularly favoured , with the birds swirling en masse before swooping low over the reeds . Reed beds are an important source of food prior to and whilst on migration ; although the barn swallow is a diurnal migrant that can feed on the wing whilst it travels low over ground or water , the reed beds enable fat deposits to be established or replenished .
= = = Breeding = = =
The male barn swallow returns to the breeding grounds before the females and selects a nest site , which is then advertised to females with a circling flight and song . The breeding success of the male is related to the length of the tail streamers , with longer streamers being more attractive to the female . Males with longer tail feathers are generally longer @-@ lived and more disease resistant , females thus gaining an indirect fitness benefit from this form of selection , since longer tail feathers indicate a genetically stronger individual which will produce offspring with enhanced vitality . Males in northern Europe have longer tails than those further south ; whereas in Spain the male 's tail streamers are only 5 % longer than the female 's , in Finland the difference is 20 % . In Denmark , the average male tail length increased by 9 % between 1984 and 2004 , but it is possible that climatic changes may lead in the future to shorter tails if summers become hot and dry .
Males with long streamers also have larger white tail spots , and since feather @-@ eating bird lice prefer white feathers , large white tail spots without parasite damage again demonstrate breeding quality ; there is a positive association between spot size and the number of offspring produced each season .
Both sexes defend the nest , but the male is particularly aggressive and territorial . Once established , pairs stay together to breed for life , but extra @-@ pair copulation is common , making this species genetically polygamous , despite being socially monogamous . Males guard females actively to avoid being cuckolded . Males may use deceptive alarm calls to disrupt extrapair copulation attempts toward their mates .
As its name implies , the barn swallow typically nests inside accessible buildings such as barns and stables , or under bridges and wharves . The neat cup @-@ shaped nest is placed on a beam or against a suitable vertical projection . It is constructed by both sexes , although more often by the female , with mud pellets collected in their beaks and lined with grasses , feathers , algae or other soft materials . Barn swallows may nest colonially where sufficient high @-@ quality nest sites are available , and within a colony , each pair defends a territory around the nest which , for the European subspecies , is 4 to 8 m2 ( 43 to 86 sq ft ) in size . Colony size tends to be larger in North America .
In North America at least , barn swallows frequently engage in a mutualist relationship with ospreys . Barn swallows will build their nest below an osprey nest , receiving protection from other birds of prey that are repelled by the exclusively fish @-@ eating ospreys . The ospreys are alerted to the presence of these predators by the alarm calls of the swallows .
Before man @-@ made sites became common , the barn swallow nested on cliff faces or in caves , but this is now rare . The female lays two to seven , but typically four or five , reddish @-@ spotted white eggs . The eggs are 20 mm × 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in × 0 @.@ 55 in ) in size , and weigh 1 @.@ 9 g ( 0 @.@ 067 oz ) , of which 5 % is shell . In Europe , the female does almost all the incubation , but in North America the male may incubate up to 25 % of the time . The incubation period is normally 14 – 19 days , with another 18 – 23 days before the altricial chicks fledge . The fledged young stay with , and are fed by , the parents for about a week after leaving the nest . Occasionally , first @-@ year birds from the first brood will assist in feeding the second brood .
The barn swallow will mob intruders such as cats or accipiters that venture too close to their nest , often flying very close to the threat . Adult barn swallows have few predators , but some are taken by accipiters , falcons , and owls . Brood parasitism by cowbirds in North America or cuckoos in Eurasia is rare .
There are normally two broods , with the original nest being reused for the second brood and being repaired and reused in subsequent years . Hatching success is 90 % and the fledging survival rate is 70 – 90 % . Average mortality is 70 – 80 % in the first year and 40 – 70 % for the adult . Although the record age is more than 11 years , most survive less than four years . Barn swallow nestlings have prominent red gapes , a feature shown to induce feeding by parent birds . An experiment in manipulating brood size and immune system showed the vividness of the gape was positively correlated with T @-@ cell – mediated immunocompetence , and that larger brood size and injection with an antigen led to a less vivid gape .
The barn swallow has been recorded as hybridising with the cliff swallow ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ) and the cave swallow ( P. fulva ) in North America , and the house martin ( Delichon urbicum ) in Eurasia , the cross with the latter being one of the most common passerine hybrids .
= = Parasites and predators = =
Barn swallows ( and other small passerines ) often have characteristic feather holes on their wing and tail feathers . These holes were suggested as being caused by avian lice such as Machaerilaemus malleus and Myrsidea rustica , although other studies suggest that they are mainly caused by species of Brueelia . Several other species of lice have been described from barn swallow hosts , including Brueelia domestica and Philopterus microsomaticus . In Texas , the swallow bug ( Oeciacus vicarius ) , which is common on species such as the cliff swallow , is also known to infest barn swallows .
Predatory bats such as the greater false vampire bat are known to prey on barn swallows . Swallows at their communal roosts attract predators and several falcon species make use of these opportunities . Falcon species confirmed as predators include the peregrine falcon and the African hobby .
= = Status = =
The barn swallow has an enormous range , with an estimated global extent of 51 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 km2 ( 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and a population of 190 million individuals . The species is evaluated as least concern on the 2007 IUCN Red List , and has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) , which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants .
This is a species that has greatly benefited historically from forest clearance , which has created the open habitats it prefers , and from human habitation , which have given it an abundance of safe man @-@ made nest sites . There have been local declines due to the use of DDT in Israel in the 1950s , competition for nest sites with house sparrows in the US in the 19th century , and an ongoing gradual decline in numbers in parts of Europe and Asia due to agricultural intensification , reducing the availability of insect food . However , there has been an increase in the population in North America during the 20th century with the greater availability of nesting sites and subsequent range expansion , including the colonisation of northern Alberta .
A specific threat to wintering birds from the European populations is the transformation by the South African government of a light aircraft runway near Durban into an international airport for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The roughly 250 m ( 270 yd ) square Mount Moreland reed bed is a night roost for more than three million barn swallows , which represent 1 % of the global population and 8 % of the European breeding population . The reed bed lies on the flight path of aircraft using the proposed La Mercy airport , and there were fears that it would be cleared because the birds could threaten aircraft safety . However , following detailed evaluation , advanced radar technology will be installed to enable planes using the airport to be warned of bird movements and , if necessary , take appropriate measures to avoid the flocks .
Climate change may affect the barn swallow ; drought causes weight loss and slow feather regrowth , and the expansion of the Sahara will make it a more formidable obstacle for migrating European birds . Hot dry summers will reduce the availability of insect food for chicks . Conversely , warmer springs may lengthen the breeding season and result in more chicks , and the opportunity to use nest sites outside buildings in the north of the range might also lead to more offspring .
= = Relationship with humans = =
The barn swallow is an attractive bird that feeds on flying insects and has therefore been tolerated by humans when it shares their buildings for nesting . As one of the earlier migrants , this conspicuous species is also seen as an early sign of summer 's approach .
In the Old World , the barn swallow appears to have used man @-@ made structures and bridges since time immemorial . An early reference is in Virgil 's Georgics ( 29 BC ) , " Ante garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo " ( Before the twittering swallow hangs its nest from the rafters ) .
Many cattle farmers believed that swallows spread Salmonella infections , however a study in Sweden showed no evidence of the birds being reservoirs of the bacteria .
= = = In literature = = =
Many literary references are based on the barn swallow 's northward migration as a symbol of spring or summer . The proverb about the necessity for more than one piece of evidence goes back at least to Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics : " For as one swallow or one day does not make a spring , so one day or a short time does not make a fortunate or happy man . "
The barn swallow symbolizes the coming of spring and thus love in the Pervigilium Veneris , a late Latin poem . In " The Waste Land " , T. S. Eliot quoted the line " Quando fiam uti chelidon [ ut tacere desinam ] ? " ( " When will I be like the swallow , so that I can stop being silent ? " ) This refers to a version of the myth of Philomela in which she turns into a nightingale and her sister Procne into a swallow ; in less familiar versions , the two species are reversed . On the other hand , an image of the assembly of swallows for their southward migration concludes John Keats 's ode " To Autumn " .
The swallow is also notably cited in several of William Shakespeare 's plays for the swiftness of its flight ; for example : " True hope is swift , and flies with swallow 's wings " from Act 5 of Richard III , and " I have horse will follow where the game Makes way , and run like swallows o 'er the plain . " from the second act of Titus Andronicus . Shakespeare also references the annual migration of the species poetically in The Winter 's Tale , Act 4 : " Daffodils , That come before the swallow dares , and take The winds of March with beauty " .
= = = In culture = = =
Gilbert White studied the barn swallow in detail in his pioneering work The Natural History of Selborne , but even this careful observer was uncertain whether it migrated or hibernated in winter . Elsewhere , its long journeys have been well observed , and a swallow tattoo is popular amongst nautical men as a symbol of a safe return ; the tradition was that a mariner had a tattoo of this fellow wanderer after sailing 5 @,@ 000 nmi ( 9 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 800 mi ) . A second swallow would be added after 10 @,@ 000 nmi ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at sea . In the past , the tolerance for this beneficial insectivore was reinforced by superstitions regarding damage to the barn swallow 's nest . Such an act might lead to cows giving bloody milk , or no milk at all , or to hens ceasing to lay . This may be a factor in the longevity of swallows ' nests . Survival , with suitable annual refurbishment , for 10 – 15 years is regular , and one nest was reported to have been occupied for 48 years .
It is depicted as the Martlet , Merlette or Merlot in heraldry , where it represents younger sons who have no lands . It is also represented as lacking feet as this was a common belief at the time . As a result of a campaign by ornithologists , the barn swallow has been the national bird of Estonia since 23 June 1960 .
= Denbies =
Denbies is a large estate to the northwest of Dorking in Surrey , England . A farmhouse and surrounding land originally owned by John Denby was purchased in 1734 by Jonathan Tyers , the proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens in London , and converted into a weekend retreat . The house he built appears to have been of little architectural significance , but the Gothic garden he developed in the grounds on the theme of death achieved some notoriety , despite being short @-@ lived . The estate was bought by Lord King of Ockham following Tyers ' death in 1767 , and the macabre artefacts he had installed , including two stone coffins topped by human skulls , were removed .
Joseph Denison , a wealthy banker , purchased the estate in about 1787 , and it remained in the Denison family until 1849 , when it passed to Thomas Cubitt , a master builder . At the time , Cubitt was working on Osborne House for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and the mansion he designed to replace the old one was a more modest version of Osborne . It was still a substantial building though , in the Italianate style , with almost 100 rooms on three storeys .
The payment of death duties and the difficulty of maintaining a large estate during the Second World War forced the Cubitt family to begin selling packets of land . Cubitt 's mansion was abandoned until its demolition in 1953 , by which time the family was living in a Regency @-@ style house converted from the housing that had been provided for the garden and stable staff in more affluent times .
What remained of the estate – about 635 acres ( 2 @.@ 57 km2 ) – was put on the market in 1984 and bought by Biwater , a water @-@ treatment company . Two years later the company chairman Alan White established Denbies Wine Estate , using 268 acres ( 1 @.@ 08 km2 ) on a south @-@ facing piece of land to plant vines .
= = History = =
A farmhouse originally owned by John Denby in the mid @-@ 16th century , after whom the estate is named , stood at the heart of Denbies . The lands were sold by William Wakefield ( or Wakeford ) to Jonathan Tyers in 1734 , to be developed as a weekend retreat . Tyers was the owner of London 's Vauxhall Gardens – known at that time as New Spring Gardens – and was responsible for developing that venue into a " fashionable place of evening entertainment " . A simple two @-@ storey house in the Georgian style was built by converting some of the old farm buildings . Set on top of a hillside about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) northwest of Dorking , the house had views of the Surrey landscape and backed onto Ranmore Common . Tyers installed a well beside the house ; a note in The Gentleman 's Magazine of 1781 gives the well 's measurements , recorded on 4 October 1764 , as being six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in diameter and reaching a depth of four hundred and thirty @-@ eight feet ( 134 m ) . On that day it contained water to a depth of twenty @-@ two feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) supplied from a spring . The front of the house had a pediment in the central wing decorated with a coat of arms ; the rooms were not large but were conveniently situated . According to historian Brian Allen the house was not architecturally significant and scant information is available about it ; the garden established by Tyers , however , gained notoriety .
= = The Valley of the Shadow of Death = =
In contrast to the cheerful , brightly lit atmosphere of Vauxhall , the garden Tyers developed at Denbies was of a more Gothic nature . Its theme was " memento mori ( or ' reminders of death ' ) " , and the development was given the name of " The Valley of the Shadow of Death " . Tyers continued to live in his house in the grounds of Vauxhall after purchasing Denbies , visiting the latter only on Sundays , which has been suggested may go some way towards explaining the garden 's gloomy nature . David Coke and Alan Borg , authors of Vauxhall Gardens : A History ( 2012 ) , have alternatively suggested that the mood of the garden may have been symptomatic of " some sort of psychological imbalance " within Tyers , perhaps even " a form of bipolar disorder " . The garden 's main feature was a wooded area of about eight acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) , Il Penseroso , which was criss @-@ crossed by a labyrinthine network of paths leading down to a small tributary of the River Mole .
Just outside the entrance to the wood was a small hermitage known as The Temple of Death . It had a thatched roof and internal enclosures formed by fake stonework panels , each covered in verses reminding the reader of " the vanity , the shortness and insufficiency of human pleasures " . To the right @-@ hand side of the temple entrance , hidden out of sight , was a clock that chimed every minute , which in the words of William Bowyer , was " admonishing us that Time is fleeting , and even the least portion of it to be employed in reflections on Eternity " ; it was faced on the opposite side by a large white raven with a label in its mouth conveying the same message . Chained to a sloping desk in the centre of the temple was a copy of Edward Young 's poem Night @-@ Thoughts and Robert Blair 's The Grave , bound in black leather .
At the end of the temple farthest from the door was a substantial monument to Robert Petre , a renowned 18th @-@ century horticulturist . Executed in stucco and probably crafted by Roubiliac , it depicted an angel blowing the last trump , causing a stone pyramid to crumble and revealing the corpse within to be rising from the dead .
Visitors were met at the entrance to the wood by the Latin inscription Procul este , profani , which translates as " away all you who are unhallowed " , a quotation from the sixth book of Virgil 's Aeneid . The iron entrance gate was mounted between two upended stone coffins supporting the portico , each one topped by a human skull , one male one female . Each coffin was inscribed with a poem , addressed to the male and female visitor respectively . One proclaimed that " Men , at their best state , are altogether vanity " , while the other reminded women that " beauty is vain " . The author of the poems is unknown , but may have been Soame Jenyns , although topographer Edward Brayley was not entirely convinced this was correct .
A large alcove close by in the garden , entered through a portal of grey Sussex marble , formed an amphitheatre that contained an effigy representing Truth crushing a mask , again probably the work of Roubiliac . It drew the visitor 's attention towards two life @-@ sized pictures by Francis Hayman , depicting a Christian and an Unbeliever as they died , set into compartments in the wall .
Following Tyers ' death in 1767 the estate was sold to Lord King of Ockham . The macabre artefacts were removed and the grounds extensively altered .
= = Subsequent history = =
Soon after Lord King 's death , in 1781 , his son sold the estate to James White . It remained in White 's ownership for six years until around 1787 , when it was purchased by Joseph Denison , a wealthy banker .
= = = Denison family ownership = = =
Denison was brought up in West Yorkshire . His parents were of low rank and had little means , and it is unclear how he made his fortune . It seems that he moved to London , where he fell in with the Heywood family of bankers , later becoming a partner in their company . Richard Vickerman Taylor described the immense wealth Denison accumulated as being gained through " unabated industry and the most rigid frugality " . Five years after purchasing Denbies , the Seamere estate , near Scarborough , Yorkshire , was added to his portfolio after he acquired it from the Duke of Leeds . Denison had a son , William Joseph , and two daughters , Elizabeth and Anna Maria , with his second wife . By the time of the Regency era the family were the personification of prosperity and social status . Denison senior died in 1806 and the estate and all other properties were inherited by his son , who added to the acreage of the estate by purchasing additional land from the Earl of Verulam and the Duke of Norfolk . A new driveway was installed , entering from the direction of Mickleham via some woodland , replacing the steep roadway that came from Dorking . Writing in 1830 , topographer Thomas Allen described the expansive well @-@ designed gardens as being under the direction of a " scientific and experienced horticulturist " . The lawns at the front of the mansion featured sprinklings of evergreens and shrubs together with formal low @-@ level flower beds . Local people were permitted access to the estate grounds .
Like his father , Denison junior was a banker and became a senior partner in his father 's banking company , Denison , Heywood , and Kennard , of Lombard Street , London . He continued to add to the wealth inherited from his father , and when he died a bachelor on 2 August 1849 he was probably one of the ten richest British businessmen of his era . He left his fortune , estimated at £ 2 @.@ 3 million , to his nephew Albert , on condition that he changed his surname from Conyngham to Denison . Albert was elevated to Baron Londesborough on 4 March 1850 , and later that year he sold the 3 @,@ 900 @-@ acre ( 16 km2 ) estate at Denbies to the master builder , Thomas Cubitt .
= = = Cubitt family ownership = = =
Cubitt was originally a carpenter and , like Denison senior , had acquired his wealth through his own business acumen , building up a successful company and business empire . At the time he purchased Denbies , Cubitt was nearing completion of the work on Osborne House for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on the Isle of Wight . Cubitt wanted a mansion of his own to emulate that of the neighbouring Georgian country house of Deepdene owned by the affluent Hope family of bankers and at that time in the possession of Henry Thomas Hope , a patron of the arts . For the practical purpose of continuing to reside in the existing house while building took place , the new mansion was constructed on a site slightly to the southwest of its predecessor , which was demolished once the new mansion was completed in 1854 .
= = = = Cubitt 's new mansion = = = =
Constructed to Cubitt 's own designs , the new mansion had a very similar style to that of Osborne House . Cubitt 's attention to detail was such that he even manufactured his own bricks at a brickworks he set up for the purpose , using lime extracted from the chalk quarries on the eastern edge of the estate . Almost one hundred rooms made up the Italianate structure 's three storeys , stretching across nine bays in a square formation . Cubitt contrived his own form of soundproofing by concealing seashells between levels . The flat roof was edged with a parapet embellished with balustrades , and a matching decoration was incorporated round the first floor , both made from Portland stone . Gibbs surrounds were used on the windows on the ground floor whereas triangular pediments featured on the windows included on the three central canted bays of the first floor . Segmented pediments adorned all the remaining windows . The water supply was provided by the well installed by Tyers , which was close to the southeast corner of the new mansion , via a corridor that spanned the entire outside of the mansion . The entrance had an attached porte @-@ cochère enabling visitors to gain undercover access to the outer hall directly from their transport .
= = = = Interior = = = =
Internally , the ground floor of the west wing housed the dining room , service areas and led through to the kitchen and bakehouse . The service area was fitted with a mezzanine floor to provide sleeping facilities for male servants ; the sleeping quarters for female servants were on the top floor of the mansion to keep the two sexes a good distance away from each other . On the same level , the east wing had a study with ante @-@ room set in the northwest corner , a boudoir , two drawing rooms and a billiard room . An expansive library , divided into sections by pillars , was between the boudoir and study , beside the large bay window . The first floor , accessed via the main staircase positioned within the entrance hall , had all the family bedrooms , and featured balconies . Hip baths were carried to the bedrooms each evening as no bathrooms were incorporated . Cubitt had furniture workshops in London where the majority of the mansion 's furnishings and fittings were crafted from mahogany . Nurseries were on the top floor beside the female servant accommodation . Around thirty rooms made up the basement , among them a smoking room where editions of Punch and The Illustrated London News were supplied as reading material . The remaining rooms on the basement level were workshops , wine cellars and individual parlours for the butler , housekeeper and other principal servants , together with general storerooms .
= = = = Grounds = = = =
Adjoining the mansion , accessed through a conservatory so there was no need to go outside in inclement weather , an expansive collection of glasshouses and conservatories stretched for 1 @,@ 230 feet ( 370 m ) . These were maintained by thirteen staff under the jurisdiction of a head gardener . The kitchen garden occupied about two acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) .
Prince Albert visited the estate in July 1851 , and planted two trees in front of the terrace to commemorate his visit . There was speculation that the mansion was to be used as a residence for Prince Albert 's eldest son and newspapers carried reports that the commemorative trees were possibly " intended to grow up side by side with England 's future monarch " ; Cubitt strongly denied the suggestion , and on 14 April 1855 he had a rejection of the rumour included in The Builder . The grounds had been well maintained by the Denisons , but Cubitt further enhanced and overhauled them ; large plantations of hardwoods and conifers were added , and general improvements and development of the estate and farm were undertaken . Specimens of rare plants and shrubs were added , sourced through William Hooker , the director of Kew Gardens , who was a friend of Cubitt 's . William Nesfield was commissioned to design the gardens .
Access routes to the estate were also added to and enhanced ; there were three driveways giving approaches from the North Downs , Dorking and from the railway at the west . Cubitt was responsible for building a siding on the north side of Dorking Town railway station , which was initially used for trains delivering building materials required for the mansion 's construction .
= = = = Cubitt 's death and legacy = = = =
Following Cubitt 's death at Denbies on 20 December 1855 , his assets were valued at more than £ 1 million . The estate passed to Cubitt 's eldest son , George , who continued the development and expansion of the property and local area . George had lived at Denbies since his father purchased it , and it remained his main residence until 1905 after the death of his wife , Laura , whom he had married in June 1853 . He was a politician , first elected as a member of parliament in 1860 , and was elevated to a peerage in 1892 , becoming the first Lord Ashcombe . The couple had eight children , three sons and five daughters ; two of the boys died as babies , only the youngest son , Henry , survived to inherit the estate after his father 's death .
During a period of expansion and prosperity under the ownership of Ashcombe a further 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 km2 ) of land were secured , and gradually other acquisitions were made ; the estate then stretched as far as Birtley Court , near Bramley and Churt . As a landlord and employer – by that time he had about 400 workers on the estate – he was a benevolent master and ensured he fulfilled his obligations . He commissioned Sir George Gilbert Scott , a friend and regular guest at Denbies , to design an estate church on Ranmore Common . Completed in 1859 , it was named after St Barnabas . Ashcombe also ensured that the basic medical needs of his workers were attended to , by having a cottage built to serve as a dispensary and a place for physicians from the nearby towns to hold twice @-@ weekly surgeries . The cottage was also the venue for a domestic training school where the daughters of his workers received a year of education in the rudiments of domestic service before either being employed in his household or those of other country houses .
= = Decline and dispersal = =
Lord Ashcombe 's son , Henry , married Maud , whose father was Colonel Archibald Motteaux Calvert , in 1890 . The couple lived on the estate near Bramley and had six sons . Their three eldest sons were killed in the First World War while on active service . Like his father , Henry followed a political career , becoming Lord Lieutenant of Surrey in 1905 ; that year Henry moved to the mansion house after his father decamped to London following the death of Henry 's mother . He inherited the title and extensive estate after the death of his father in 1917 . The payment of death duties and the upkeep of large estates during the war resulted in large parts of the estate being auctioned on 19 September 1921 . A total of £ 30 @,@ 400 was raised by the sale of sixty @-@ nine lots – tallying around 232 acres ( 0 @.@ 94 km2 ) – of land and property on the periphery of the estate just south of the railway line . Further land situated closer to Dorking town centre was sold for development in the 1930s . The break up of the estate continued after Henry 's death on 27 October 1947 when it was inherited by his fourth son Roland , who became the third Lord Ashcombe .
Roland was born on 26 January 1899 and initially followed a career in the army . He married Sonia Rosemary Keppel on 16 November 1920 and they had three children : two sons , Henry and Jeremy ( 1927 – 1958 ) ; and a daughter , Rosalind . Death duties and the Second World War impacted greatly on the estate : staffing was a problem , and maintenance and general repair costs were unsustainable . The Home Guard requisitioned a section of the mansion as its headquarters and based a training school there . Hugh Pollock , husband of the author Enid Blyton , re @-@ ignited his adulterous affair with Ida Crowe after arranging work there for her as a civilian secretary . Roland transformed the buildings that had previously been used as housing for the garden and stable staff into a Regency @-@ style house . Flooring and doors were stripped from the old mansion to be incorporated in the new house , leaving just the basic structure of Cubitt 's original mansion , which had been empty since 1947 . Furniture was disposed of in a clearance sale at Dorking in mid @-@ July 1952 . Cubitt 's mansion was within a designated preservation area , causing the local council to refuse any suggestions that were put forward for the old mansion to be used for commercial purposes . Contractors were brought in to demolish the mansion in 1953 ; the company may have encountered financial problems , as the basement was not fully destroyed and was left filled with rubble from the higher levels .
= = = Transfer to National Trust and sale = = =
Death duties were still outstanding , but in 1959 the Treasury accepted about 1 @,@ 128 acres ( 4 @.@ 56 km2 ) of land in lieu of payment , which it passed on to the National Trust . At the end of 1963 an additional 245 acres ( 0 @.@ 99 km2 ) from Denbies hillside was secured by the Trust via the same route . The Trust also received 800 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 km2 ) directly from Lord Ashcombe in 1958 after the mansion was demolished . There had been thirty cottages on the estate in its heyday , but a policy of selling them began with a cottage given to the Trust in 1959 . Roland died on 28 October 1962 and the break up and sale of the estate continued under his son Henry , who succeeded him ; by this time what remained of the estate amounted to the Regency @-@ style house with land at the eastern end of Ranmore Common , a handful of estate cottages , an adjoining farm – known as Bradley Farm – and some estate outbuildings .
Henry 's third marriage was to Elizabeth , the widow of his friend Mark Dent @-@ Brocklehurst , in 1979 ; she had inherited Sudeley Castle , and the couple made it their family home . Five years later the last of the Denbies estate was offered for sale , bringing to an end more than a century of ownership by the Cubitt family .
= = Recent times = =
When what remained of the estate was marketed in May 1984 the selling agents , Savills , described it as being about 635 acres ( 2 @.@ 57 km2 ) . This figure included 312 acres ( 126 ha ) attached to Bradley Farm together with the farmhouse , four cottages and some farm buildings . Denbies House – as the Regency @-@ style house conversion was named – had a lodge , a flat and two cottages , 45 acres ( 0 @.@ 18 km2 ) of parkland , arable land covering 32 acres ( 0 @.@ 13 km2 ) and 239 acres ( 0 @.@ 97 km2 ) devoted to sporting and amenity woodland . The centrally heated , eight @-@ bedroomed mansion house featured six bathrooms and four reception rooms . There were also tennis courts , stables , garages and a heated swimming pool together with poolhouse . Biwater , a water @-@ treatment company , purchased it during the 1980s . In 1986 the company chairman Alan White established Denbies Wine Estate , planting vines on 268 acres ( 1 @.@ 08 km2 ) of south @-@ facing land .
= Dragon Quest II =
Dragon Quest II : Luminaries of the Legendary Line , also titled Dragon Quest II : Akuryō No Kamigami ( ドラゴンクエストII 悪霊の神々 , Doragon Kuesuto Tsū Akuryō No Kamigami , " Dragon Quest II : Gods of the Evil Spirits " ) in Japan and Dragon Warrior II in earlier North American releases , is a role @-@ playing video game ( RPG ) developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix ( later merging with Square to become Square Enix ) in 1987 for the Family Computer ( or Famicom ) as a part of the Dragon Quest series . Enix 's U.S. subsidiary published the American version of Dragon Quest II for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( or NES ) in 1990 . Dragon Quest II is set one hundred years after the events of the first game .
The game 's story centers on the prince of Midenhall , who is ordered to stop an evil wizard named Hargon after Hargon destroys Moonbrooke Castle . On his adventure , he is accompanied by his two cousins , the prince of Cannock and the princess of Moonbrooke . Dragon Quest II greatly expands on the series formula from the first game by having a larger party , more areas to explore , multiple heroes and enemies in a battle , and a sailing ship.The game 's successor , Dragon Quest III : And Into the Legend ... , follows the ancestor of the main characters , the legendary hero Erdrick ; and the three games are collectively called " Erdrick Saga Trilogy " .
Planning began a month before the original Dragon Quest was released . One major goal was the development of a more exciting combat system , which was inspired by similar multi @-@ character party systems such as the one found in Wizardry . The artwork that was used as the basis for the characters and monsters was painted by Akira Toriyama and then translated into pixel art . The game was hit with delays due to game balance , which were only fully corrected in the early sections of the game . This , combined with a staff that included students not familiar with the coding and debugging process , pushed back the release by a month . The developers also had many ideas that had to be discarded due to the technical limitations of the Famicom system , though some were later incorporated into subsequent remakes and the game 's sequel , Dragon Quest III .
Dragon Quest II was successful in Japan ; the original Famicom version shipped 2 @.@ 4 million copies . Later , the game was remade for the Super Famicom and the Game Boy Color and combined with the original Dragon Quest game in a release entitled Dragon Quest I & II . A version of the game for Android and iOS was released in Japan on June 26 , 2014 and worldwide on October 9 , 2014 , as Dragon Quest II : Luminaries of the Legendary Line . The game was praised for improving on almost all aspects of the original , including having better graphics , having a larger world to explore , and more characters to participate in a more dynamic combat system . It was also known as one of the most difficult Dragon Quest games , especially late game , and retained that reputation despite adjustments made when it was ported to other platforms .
= = Gameplay = =
Dragon Quest II is a role @-@ playing video game . It allows the player to control more than one character , each of whom has their own characteristics , and it is the first game in the Dragon Quest series to do so . The game introduced a party system where , instead of beginning the game with an entire party as was common in previous computer RPGs , the player begins the game with only one character and gradually recruits more party members during the course of the game . The player controls his or her characters as they move in the game world . They can search treasure chests , talk and trade with villagers , equip themselves with weapons and armor , and cast spells .
While wandering fields , towers , caves , seas , and dungeons , the player randomly encounters monsters , after which the game shifts to battle mode . The game 's battle mode introduces groups of monsters , which is an upgrade from the one @-@ on @-@ one battles of Dragon Quest . In the battle mode , the player gives orders to the characters on how to fight the monsters . Once the player defeats all of the monsters , the characters gain experience points and gold . The experience points raise the characters ' experience levels . This improves the characters ' attributes , and they may also learn new spells .
To win , the player must fight monsters to improve the characters ' experience levels and get gold to buy better weapons and armor . Eventually , the player 's characters become strong enough to make it to the next town or dungeon . This repeats until the player reaches the final boss and defeats him . However , the gameplay is not necessarily linear , especially after the player gets the boat . Exploration is a key component of the game . The game offers a few spots to save the game . In most of the towns , talking to a king or minister saves the game . In the American version , which incorporated a battery for saved games rather than the password system of the original , talking to the king also allows for the deletion and moving of saved games .
Dragon Quest II is noted for greatly expanding upon the gameplay of the previous game , Dragon Quest . The game is the first in the series to feature multiple heroes and enemies in a battle , as well as a sailing ship . It also allowed the player to land the ship anywhere , making it possible to explore the entire game world in an open @-@ ended manner . It included other new gameplay features such as weapons which cast spells when used in battles . Compared with its predecessor , Dragon Warrior II offers a wider array of spells and items and a much larger world . The game also expanded the inventory management system of its predecessor by giving each character an individual inventory that holds up to eight items , placing a greater emphasis on conservative item management between the characters . Dragon Quest II : Luminaries of the Legendary Line was also the first Dragon Quest game to include a game of chance ( played with Lottery Tickets that the player finds ) , and was also the first Dragon Quest game to use multiple key types and to include travel doors ( warp gates ) .
= = Plot = =
Dragon Quest II is set one hundred years after Dragon Quest . The story begins with an attack upon Moonbrooke Castle by the wizard Hargon , who seeks to summon the demon Malroth to destroy the world . A wounded soldier escaped the battle and fled to the kingdom of Midenhall , where he informs the king of the attack before he dies . The king then commands his son , who is a descendant of Erdrick ( known as Loto in Japanese translations and later localizations ) , to defeat Hargon .
The Prince begins his quest alone , but is later joined by two cousins : the Prince of Cannock and the Princess of Moonbrooke . After finding the Prince of Cannock , who began a similar journey at the same time as the Prince of Midenhall , they save the Princess of Moonbrooke from Hargon 's assault on Moonbrooke Castle , which is reduced to ruins . As the trio quest to find and defeat Hargon , they secure a ship that allows them to travel across oceans to reach new continents , including Alefgard , which is where Dragon Quest took place . There they meet the grandson of Dragonlord , the villain from the previous game , who gives the party valuable information . He tells them that by collecting the five crests hidden around the world , the party can create the Charm of Rubiss , allowing them to defeat Hargon and his illusions . After obtaining the Charm of Rubiss , the party travels to Hargon 's castle in the ice @-@ covered plateau of Rhone and confronts Hargon in his throne room . Hargon is defeated , but he offers himself to Malroth and the demon emerges to destroy the heroes . Together , the three heroes slay Malroth and return to Midenhall , where the Prince is named the new king .
= = Development = =
Like other main games in the Dragon Quest series , Yuji Horii wrote the story for Dragon Quest II , Akira Toriyama did the artwork , and Koichi Sugiyama composed the music . Co @-@ creator Koichi Nakamura , Chunsoft 's president , directed the game and did half of the programming .
Planning for Dragon Quest II began in April 1986 , a month before the release of the original Dragon Quest . With the system and memory map decided , they started development in early July . At the beginning of development , producer Yukinobu Chida asked director and programmer Koichi Nakamura for a definite release date , and he offhandedly set one . Then the development team was divided into two groups , with one designing the story , as well as the monsters , and one doing the programming . The initial deadline was set for early November , but the game ultimately suffered a small delay . The development team had finished programming almost everything by the time of the initial release and believed the game could be released by the end of that year . In the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump , published on November 11 , 1986 , it was announced that the game would be released in late December . However , the developers found that the game was too difficult , so it was delayed for month to adjust the balance . They had to finish the final version in mid @-@ December , which they did , and then rushed to deliver to Nintendo to make the physical game cartridges . The game was released on January 26 , 1987 .
The developers believed that Dragon Quest 's one @-@ vs @-@ one combat system was " tedious " and too simple , and that the leveling system was " boring " , so they decided to have Dragon Quest II use a party system with players controlling multiple characters . In another game from the time entitled Wizardry , players can control a party of up to six characters directly ; Nakamura saw this , liked the idea , and wanted to do something similar . Due to technical restrictions , they decided to use only three characters ; the Famicom video game system supports the display of up to eight sprites side by side , and one game character used two units in a direction , so it was possible for up to three characters to talk with a non @-@ playable character ( NPC ) . Yuji Horii believed many players would play Dragon Quest II without first playing Dragon Quest , and thus had players search for the other party members . During development , the staff discussed the idea of deprecating the " stair " command of the predecessor several times . Nakamura has stated that the Cave of Rhone found in the game is inspired by a classic trick to exit mazes , that of always moving forward while sticking to the right hand side wall to avoid traps .
In the story group , monsters were the first thing designed . The monsters ' names , skills , and personalities were decided first , after which they were drawn by artist Akira Toriyama . Yuji Horii allowed Toriyama to paint full drawings rather than directly create the pixel art that would be shown in the game . The artwork was then converted into computer graphics ; as Toriyama was unfamiliar with computer graphics technology , other staff took charge of this . Many new monsters needed to be designed to make the game feel real , and the process was laborious for Toriyama . But he has also said that , compared to the manga comics he was used to , he enjoyed painting more , so on balance the experience was positive . Yuji Horii stated that for his process , like other manga and film creators , he quickly outlines the story 's plot in his mind . With regard to map design , a blank map was used to create the physical shape of the place , like a castle , cave , or tower , and then the key elements and story were created together afterwards . The scenarios were mainly written by his friend Hiroshi Miyaoka . Compared with write lines in writing paper and design map in graph paper , staff wrote both two in 5 mm graph papers of A4 , as they felt that 's easy for organization ; their manuscript thickness is 15 cm .
Compared with its predecessor , the game was more advanced in nearly all technological aspects . Koichi Nakamura programmed with several students , but since it was his first time working with a team , he didn 't know how to delegate work or communicate his goals . Since the students were unfamiliar with the coding process , they did not know how to debug or to keep track of whose code it came from , so Nakamura had to do it himself , which caused delays . In programming , they did the maps first . Then they worked on characters , including numbered characters in maps for assigned lines , and designed the NPC 's moving route . The next step was programming the items , while the final step was setting the monsters data and converting Toriyama 's artwork . This work was completed by the end of October .
Due to the aforementioned balance issues , the game was initially very difficult , especially in the later stages . Nakamura had written a program that simulated every single combat that he used to adjust the games setting for character leveling and the strength of enemies players would encounter . This program failed to account for larger monster groups , however , which fell outside the model and caused the game to be very difficult . Further more , enemies leveling and weapons power were designed by area , but Koichi Nakamura didn 't think over the boat , so if player get the boat to some land might be quickly killed . The developers realized there was a balance problem and did some modifications , such as limiting the number of enemies in Midenhall to groups of three , and moving the Cannock Castle closer to Midenhall Castle .
Due to a lack of cartridge space , many ideas were abandoned during development , such as an alternate ending that the Lorasia Prince is killed by the Prince of Cannock 's sister if he dies in the final battle . Some elements were later used in remakes or sequels : a subplot about the Prince of Cannock being cursed was added to the Super Famicom remake and later remakes . Also , the Promontory of Olivia in Dragon Quest III was initially an idea for Dragon Quest II . The game cartridge 's ROM capacity is 1 Mbit , but only about 10 bytes of free space remains in final products .
The North American release of the game as Dragon Warrior II was created by Enix themselves and published in 1990 . Unlike the original Japanese Famicom version , which used passwords for saving , the NES version used an internal battery backup instead to record the player 's progress . The storyline introduction in Moonbrooke is presented exclusively in Dragon Warrior II . In the Japanese original , the game starts right with the injured soldier from Moonbrooke entering Midenhall castle , seeking help from its king . The dialogue of the American localization often used ( intentionally ) archaic English vocabulary , among other differences from the Japanese version . Like Dragon Warrior , the American version of Dragon Warrior II was censored in some aspects ; for example , it used a ghost @-@ like sprite instead of the original defeated character 's coffin with cross sprite .
= = = Music = = =
Koichi Sugiyama composed and directed the music for the game . The first album of Dragon Quest II , Suite Dragon Quest II ~ Gods of the Evil Spirits ~ , was released in February 1987 . It covers ten orchestra version soundtracks with a twenty @-@ five minute " original sound story " ; this suite was performed by the Tokyo Strings Ensemble . Some of the tracks are classical and some are jazz . On August 20 , 1987 , the first " Family Classic Concert " was held . In this concert , Dragon Quest and Dragon Quest II 's music was performed by the Tokyo Strings Ensemble . Later in October 1987 , the concert recording was released as symphonic suite CD under title Dragon Quest in Concert . Music of Dragon Quest II were also released as a piano CD , a Drama CD and several Symphonic Suite albums . Dragon Quest II 's musics were also collected in music compilations , like Symphonic Suite Dragon Quest Best Selection Vol.1 ~ Roto ~ ( 1997 ) , Dragon Quest Game Music Super Collection Vol . 1 – 3 ( 2001 – 2002 ) , Symphonic Suite Dragon Quest Complete CD @-@ Box ( 2003 ) and Symphonic Suite Dragon Quest Scene @-@ Separated I ~ IX ( 2011 ) .
" Only Lonely Boy " the background music in the game 's name and password input interface , is a single by Anna Makino . Since the original Dragon Quest opened with a pop song , Sugiyama decided to use this song make the games stylistically connected . This music is also used for Japan professional baseball team Chiba Lotte Marines ' fight song . The song that is played when wandering the fields of Dragon Quest , " Unknown World " , is also played when the Hero is in that area . The ending theme " My Road , My Journey " is also the ending song of related anime Dragon Quest : Dai 's Great Adventure .
= = = Remakes = = =
Dragon Quest II was ported to MSX computers in February 1988 , but the ported version had many issues like choppy scrolling , black @-@ surround characters titles , poor graphics , along with sluggish combat and menus . The MSX2 ported version was released in May 1988 in Japan .
On December 18 , 1993 , Dragon Quest II was remade and combined with Dragon Quest as part of Dragon Quest I & II for the Super Famicom , which used Dragon Quest V 's engine . Besides enhanced in graphics and sound , gameplay was also improved . The Super Famicom remake features an improved enemy targeting system : if an enemy is defeated before a character who was assigned to attack can perform its attack move , the character will attack another enemy rather than do nothing like in the Famicom version . And like its successors , players can find stat @-@ improving items from pots or dressers . The Super Famicom remake was only released in Japan .
In 1999 , Dragon Quest I & II was released for Game Boy Color ; the game is also compatible with Game Boy . A year later , it was localized in America as Dragon Warrior I & II . This remake is similar to the Super Famicom version , bit with 8 @-@ bit graphics . Compared with the NES version , it featured better graphics and was less difficult . The remake also provided a quick @-@ save function to allow players save and load game anywhere unless they reset the Game Boy . In the Game Boy Color localization , the main characters ' and towns ' names were retranslated to be similar to the original Japanese names : legendary hero " Erdrick " was retranslated as " Loto " , and the castle name " Midenhall " was re @-@ dubbed " Lorasia " . The original translation had a lot of errors , and Enix changed the names to help fix that .
Dragon Quest II was remade for Japanese NTT DoCoMo brand cell phones in 2005 . The remakes size was four times bigger than the original Dragon Quest port , and since phone capacity was limited , the game was divided into two parts . The first part was pre @-@ installed in cell phones and the second part could be downloaded for free . The world map was provided by a pre @-@ installed PDF file . In 2006 Japanese mobile companies BREW and SoftBank also started selling the game on their mobile platforms .
Both the Famicom and Super Famicom versions of this game , along with Dragon Quest and Dragon Quest III , were re @-@ released under the Dragon Quest 25th Anniversary Collection compilation for the Wii in Japan on September 15 , 2011 . The Wii compilation featured interruptive save functions for each games . The compilation also included original copies of the strategy guides for the games , along with original artwork and material on the games ' development .
Square Enix announced the first eight Dragon Quest titles would be re @-@ released on Android and iOS in Japan . This Dragon Quest II was based on the previous cell phone version while optimized for smartphones and was released on June 26 , 2014 in Japan . An English version was released on October 9 , 2014 under the title Dragon Quest II : Luminaries of the Legendary Line . Square Enix registed this trademark in Japan in 2013 , and in United States in early 2014 .
= = Other media = =
Several guide books were published : the first was published by Shueisha in February 1987 , the second by Tokuma Shoten in July 1987 , and the third by game publisher Enix in 1988 as an " official guide book " .
Similar to other early main games in the series , Dragon Quest II was novelized and adapted to game books . The Dragon Quest II Novel was written by Hideo Takayashiki and published in 1989 ; it was reprinted in 1991 and 2000 . The Dragon Quest II Game Book series was also published in 1989 .
= = Reception and legacy = =
= = = Sales = = =
The Famicom version sold approximately 2 @.@ 4 million copies in Japan . Together , both the Super Famicom and Game Boy Color remakes shipped in excess of 1 @.@ 92 million copies worldwide . The Japan Mobile version was downloaded more than one million times . The game was included in a 2011 compilation called Dragon Quest Collection for the Wii , which sold 403 @,@ 953 copies .
= = = Reception = = =
Dragon Quest II received both critical and financial success in Japan . Readers of Family Computer Magazine gave it a score of 28 @.@ 02 out of 30 , and named it the best overall cartridge game of the year . In 2006 , readers of Famitsu magazine voted the game the 17th best video game of all time .
The game is generally known for fixing problems found in the first game , including improvements such as allowing parties of three characters , having a larger world , better graphics , and the ability to carry more items . Other noted improvements were keys that can be used multiple times and new strategic elements introduced because of larger parties and larger groups of enemies . The game 's music is often praised , despite its limited 8 @-@ bit capabilities . Considered a classic for the RPG genre , the game is regarded as praiseworthy . Japanese reviews highlighted the Famicom version 's difficulty , stemming from issues such as the many traps in the Cave of Rhone , and the final boss 's ability to cast a " Healall " spell , and this has led to some critics calling the game " the most difficult Dragon Quest " . After Dragon Quest III released , director Koichi Nakamura said " In result , Dragon Quest II received favourable from everybody , but as me creator 's side , I feel that I did about only half what I wanted to do . "
Remakes of Dragon Quest II were also successful and well received . Famitsu awarded the Japanese Super Famicom remake a 35 / 40 . The Game Boy Color remake got a 30 / 40 from Famitsu , and the U.S. version , Dragon Warrior I & II , received fairly high marks , including an 8 @.@ 0 out of 10 from IGN , a 9 @.@ 6 out of 10 from GameSpot , and 8 out of 10 from Nintendo Power . It also received the RPGamer 's Game Boy Color Award of the Year for 2000 .
= = = Other media = = =
The release of Dragon Quest II also promoted sales of the original Dragon Quest , and with the success of Dragon Quest II , the series became a Japanese cultural phenomenon . The sequel to Dragon Quest II , Dragon Quest III : And Into the Legend ... , was released in 1988 in Japan . It serves as a prequel to the first two games and follows the ancestor of the main characters , the legendary hero Erdrick ; the three games are collectively called " Erdrick Saga Trilogy " . Also with the success of Game Boy Color remake , Enix released a Game Boy Color Dragon Warrior III in 2001 , which was based on a previously unreleased Super Famicom update of the original Famicom Dragon Quest III . The world of Dragon Quest II was later used as the setting of Dragon Quest Monsters : Caravan Heart on the Game Boy Advance .
= HMS Pegasus ( 1917 ) =
HMS Pegasus was an aircraft carrier / seaplane carrier bought by the Royal Navy in 1917 during the First World War . She was laid down in 1914 by John Brown & Company of Clydebank , Scotland as SS Stockholm for the Great Eastern Railway Company , but construction was suspended by the start of the war . The ship was converted to operate a mix of wheeled aircraft from her forward flying @-@ off deck and floatplanes that were lowered into the water . Pegasus spent the last year of the war supporting the Grand Fleet in the North Sea , but saw no combat . She spent most of 1919 and 1920 supporting British intervention against the Bolsheviks in North Russia and the Black Sea . The ship remained with the Mediterranean Fleet until 1924 , but was placed in reserve in 1925 after a brief deployment to Singapore . Pegasus was sold for scrap in 1931 .
= = Design and description = =
The ship had an overall length of 332 feet 4 inches ( 101 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 43 feet ( 13 @.@ 1 m ) , and a draught of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) at deep load . She displaced 3 @,@ 315 long tons ( 3 @,@ 368 t ) . Her two direct @-@ drive steam turbines , each driving a propeller shaft , were designed to produce a total of 9 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 7 @,@ 100 kW ) and a speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . On sea trials in December
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
1914 , Pegasus made 9 @,@ 722 shp ( 7 @,@ 250 kW ) and reached 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 23 @.@ 9 mph ) . The ship was converted from coal to fuel oil at the suggestion of her builders . She carried 350 long tons ( 360 t ) of oil which meant that she could steam for 1 @,@ 220 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 260 km ; 1 @,@ 400 mi ) at her maximum speed . Her crew numbered 258 , including 100 aviation personnel .
Pegasus 's main armament consisted of four 40 @-@ calibre , 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . Two of these were mounted on the forecastle as low @-@ angle guns , but the other two were mounted aft as anti @-@ aircraft guns . They fired 12 @.@ 9 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 9 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 235 ft / s ( 681 m / s ) ; this gave a maximum range of 11 @,@ 750 yd ( 10 @,@ 740 m ) against surface targets and an anti @-@ aircraft range of 19 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 791 m ) . They had a rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute .
HMS Pegasus was fitted with a flying @-@ off deck forward , intended for aircraft with wheeled undercarriages , and a prominent hangar aft . Two electric cranes were fitted aft and a twin @-@ boom derrick forward to handle her aircraft . The smaller forward hangar was built under the ship 's bridge and the aircraft were raised to the flight deck overhead by one of the first lifts in the Royal Navy . The forward hangar could fit five single @-@ seat fighters and the rear hangar had a capacity of four floatplanes . The ship could lower them into the water while steaming at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and recover the floatplanes at 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) . When Pegasus commissioned in 1917 she was assigned four Short Type 184 torpedo bombers and four Beardmore W.B.III fighters . In late 1918 she carried four Sopwith Camel 2F.1 , one Type 184 and three Fairey Campania reconnaissance aircraft . In 1919 she began to operate various models of the Fairey III .
Pegasus carried 1 @,@ 300 imperial gallons ( 5 @,@ 900 l ; 1 @,@ 600 US gal ) of petrol for her aircraft . Her magazines had the capacity for eight 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedoes , 72 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) , 108 65 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) , and 68 , later 84 , 16 @-@ pound ( 7 kg ) bombs .
= = Career = =
HMS Pegasus was laid down in 1914 by the John Brown & Company of Clydebank , Scotland as SS Stockholm for the Great Eastern Railway Company , but her construction was suspended by the beginning of the First World War . The ship was purchased by the Royal Navy on 27 February 1917 and was launched on 9 June 1917 . She was commissioned on 14 August 1917 and completed on 28 August 1917 . She joined the Grand Fleet on completion and was assigned to support the Battle Cruiser Force . She participated in a few uneventful operations in the North Sea , but was mostly occupied with pilot training and ferrying aircraft to ships equipped with flying @-@ off platforms . Pegasus supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War between May to September 1919 and was based at Archangel . The ship returned to Rosyth and was briefly decommissioned . She recommissioned on 2 December 1919 and was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1920 . Pegasus ran aground on 9 March off Kerch , but was pulled off without suffering any significant damage . She supported the evacuation of Novorossiysk by the Whites later that month and remained with the fleet until 1924 . In 1923 the forward flying @-@ off deck was removed and the ship was re @-@ rated as an aircraft tender . She was stationed at Singapore in 1924 – 25 . On 5 July 1925 she was placed in reserve at Devonport , but was briefly recommissioned in 1929 . On 22 August 1931 the ship was sold for scrap at Morecambe .
= History of Burger King =
The predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville , Florida , as Insta @-@ Burger King . Inspired by the McDonald brothers ' original store location in San Bernardino , California , the founders and owners , Keith J. Kramer and his wife 's uncle Matthew Burns , began searching for a concept . After purchasing the rights to two pieces of equipment called " Insta " machines , the two opened their first stores around a cooking device known as the Insta @-@ Broiler . The Insta @-@ Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers , they required all of their franchises to carry the device . After the original company began to falter in 1954 , it was purchased by its Miami , Florida , franchisees James McLamore and David R. Edgerton . The two initiated a corporate restructuring of the chain ; the first step being to rename the company Burger King . The duo ran the company as an independent entity for eight years , eventually expanding to over 250 locations in the United States , when they sold it to the Pillsbury Company in 1967 .
Pillsbury 's management made several attempts at reorganization or restructuring of the restaurant chain in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The most prominent change came in 1978 when Burger King hired McDonald 's executive Donald N. Smith to help revamp the company . In a plan called Operation Phoenix , Smith initiated a restructuring of corporate business practices at all levels of the company . Changes to the company included updated franchise agreements , a broadening of the menu , and new store designs to standardize the look and feel of the company . While these efforts were initially effective , many of them were eventually discarded , resulting in Burger King falling into a fiscal slump that damaged the financial performance of both Burger King and its parent . Poor operating performance and ineffectual leadership continued to bog the company down for many years , even after it was acquired in 1989 by the British entertainment conglomerate Grand Metropolitan and its successor Diageo . Eventually , the institutional neglect of the brand by Diageo damaged the company to the point where major franchises were driven out of business and its total value was significantly decreased . Diageo eventually decided to divest itself of the loss @-@ making chain and put the company up for sale in 2000 .
In the twenty @-@ first century the company returned to independence when it was purchased from Diageo by a group of investment firms led by TPG Capital for $ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( USD ) in 2002 . The new owners rapidly moved to revitalize and reorganize the company , culminating with the company being taken public in 2006 with a highly successful initial public offering . The firms ' strategy for turning the chain around included a new advertising agency and new ad campaigns , a revamped menu strategy , a series of programs designed to revamp individual stores , and a new restaurant concept called the BK Whopper Bar . These changes re @-@ energized the company . Despite the successes of the new owners , the effects of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 weakened the company 's financial outlooks while those of its immediate competitor McDonald 's grew . The falling value of Burger King eventually lead to TPG and its partners divesting their interest in the chain in a $ 3 @.@ 26 billion ( USD ) sale to 3G Capital of Brazil . Analysts from financial firms UBS and Stifel Nicolaus agreed that 3G will have to invest heavily in the company to help reverse its fortunes . After the deal was completed , the company 's stock was removed from the New York Stock Exchange , ending a four @-@ year period as a public company . The delisting of its stock was designed to help the company repair its fundamental business structures and continue working to close the gap with McDonald 's without having to worry about pleasing shareholders . 3G later took the company public again after a series of changes to its operations and structure . Burger King would eventually be merged with Canadian @-@ based donut and coffee chain Tim Hortons , igniting a political controversy in the United States over tax inversions .
= = History = =
= = = Insta @-@ Burger King = = =
Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville , Florida , as Insta @-@ Burger King by Keith J. Kramer and his wife 's uncle , Matthew Burns . Their first stores were centred around a piece of equipment known as the Insta @-@ Broiler , which was very effective at cooking burgers . It proved so successful that , as they grew through franchising , they required all of their franchises to carry the device .
While the Jacksonville chain kept expanding , two friends named James McLamore and David R. Edgerton , both alumni of the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration , were seeking an opportunity to open their own business . McLamore had visited the original hamburger stand belonging to Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino , California , and sensing potential in their innovative assembly line @-@ based production system , decided to open a similar operation .
McLamore and Edgerton acquired a license to operate an Insta @-@ Burger King franchise and opened their first location on 4 December 1954 at 3090 NW 36th Street in Miami . By 1959 , the pair had stores at several locations within the Miami @-@ Dade area , and operations were growing at a fast rate . However , the partners discovered that the insta @-@ broiler units ' heating elements were prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties . The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by cooking the meat patties a different way inside the unit . The new cooking appliance , which they called a flame broiler , moved the patties over the flame vertically on a chain link conveyor over the heating elements , a design that imparted grill lines on the patties similar to those made on a charcoal grill . The new unit worked so well that they made the decision to replace all of their Insta @-@ Broilers with the newly designed unit .
Even though the original Insta @-@ Burger King had rapidly expanded throughout the state and its operations totaled more than 40 locations by 1955 , the group ran into financial difficulties . McLamore and Edgarton purchased the national rights to the chain in 1959 and rechristened the company as Burger King of Miami . The company eventually became known as Burger King Corporation and began selling territorial licenses to private franchisees across the US by 1959 .
Besides the creation of the company 's signature piece of equipment , the flame broiler , the company added two more features during this period that have since become closely associated with the chain . The first to be created was its mascot , the Burger King in 1955 . The character would become a staple of its advertising over the next 60 years . The second creation was the company 's signature sandwich , the Whopper . It was created in 1957 by James McLamore and originally sold for 37 cents . McLamore created the burger after he noticed that a rival restaurant was having success selling a larger burger . Believing that the success of the rival product was its size , he devised the Whopper . The name was chosen because he felt that it conveyed " imagery of something big " . Finally , the company made its first forays into advertising in the new medium of television with commercials for the chain in 1958 .
= = = Pillsbury Company = = =
In 1967 , the Pillsbury Company acquired Burger King and its parent company Burger King Corporation from McLamore and Edgerton . At the time of the purchase , BK had grown to 274 restaurants in the United States and had an estimated value of US $ 18 million . With the acquisition , Pillsbury was faced with a lack of consistency within the franchise framework . The Burger King Corporation franchising system set up by McLamore and Edgerton allowed the company to expand a great pace , but the lack of contractual restraints and controls on its franchisee operation led to inconsistencies in its products that in turn were a drag on the reputation of the chain . Additionally , the agreements gave the company too little power to prevent its franchises from doing as they wished with the business .
One of the prime examples of the deficiencies in its former franchise structure can be illustrated by the relationship between Burger King and a Louisiana @-@ based franchisee . Chart House , owned by brothers Billy and Jimmy Trotter , opened its first BK franchise in that state in 1963 . By 1970 the Trotters ' company had grown to over 350 stores across the country , with its own purchasing system , training program and inspection system . In 1973 Chart House attempted to purchase the chain from Pillsbury for $ 100 million , but Pillsbury declined . The Trotters then put forth a second plan that would have Pillsbury and Chart House spin off their respective holdings and merge the two entities into a separate jointly controlled company , which Pillsbury also declined . After the failed bids , the relationship between Pilsbury and the Trotters soured . When Chart House purchased several restaurants in Boston and Houston in 1979 , Burger King sued the selling franchisees for not respecting their contractual right of first refusal and won , preventing the sale . The two parties eventually reach a settlement where Chart House kept the Houston locations in their portfolio . In the early 1980s Chart House spun off its Burger King restaurants to focus on its higher end chains ; its Burger King holding company , DiversiFoods , was eventually acquired by Pillsbury $ 390 million in 1984 and folded into Burger King 's operations .
With the ongoing conflict with Chart House on the mind of the company 's board in 1978 , Burger King hired McDonald 's executive Donald N. Smith to help revamp the company . Smith initiated a restructuring of all future franchising agreements . New owners were barred from living more than an hour 's drive from their restaurants , corporations were not permitted to own franchises , and franchisees could no longer operate other chains . This new policy effectively limited the size of franchisees and prevented larger franchises from challenging Burger King as Chart House had . It also became a requirement for the corporation to own the properties of any new store and lease them to franchisees . This policy would allow the company to take over the operations of failing stores or evict those owners who would not conform to the company guidelines and policies . Beyond the changes to the franchise system , Smith also restructured Burger King 's corporate operations to better compete against his former employer as well as then up and coming chain Wendy 's . He broadened the product offering by adding the Burger King specialty sandwich line in 1979 , and also added many non @-@ hamburger sandwiches including new chicken and fish offerings . The new line was one of the first attempts by a major fast food chain to target a specific demographic , in this case adults aged between 18 and 34 years , members of which were presumably willing spend more on a higher quality product . The new products were successful and the company 's sales increased by 15 % .
After Smith 's departure from the company for soft drinks producer PepsiCo in 1980 , the company began to see a system @-@ wide decline in sales . Pillsbury executive vice president of restaurant operations Norman E. Brinker was tasked with turning the brand around and strengthening its position against its main rival , McDonald 's . One of his first acts was to initiate an advertising plan emphasizing claims that Burger King 's flame @-@ broiled burgers were better and larger than its rival 's . The program , arguably the first attack ads on a food chain by a competitor , was controversial in that before it fast food ads only made allusions to the competition without ever mentioning them by name . McDonald 's sued Burger King , their ad agency at the time J. Walter Thompson . The child actress Sarah Michelle Gellar was also implicated in the lawsuit because of her appearance in these television commercials . The suit was settled the following year on undisclosed terms . Despite the controversy , the ad plan , dubbed the Burger Wars , boosted same store sales . Brinker continued working for the company in this capacity until 1982 when he was promoted to president of Pillsbury 's food service division , which included the company 's other chains beyond Burger King . Brinker left the company in 1984 to take the helm at Dallas @-@ based gourmet burger chain Chili 's .
With the departure of Smith and Brinker , Pillsbury allowed many of their changes to be relaxed , as well as scaled back on construction of new locations which had the effect of stalling corporate growth . By failing to follow through on the changes of the two men , Pillsbury caused its own value to diminish as it derived more than one third of its sales and two thirds of its profits from the burger chain . When the British alcoholic beverages company Grand Metropolitan PLC made a hostile bid for Pillsbury , the company devised a plan to spin off the financially flailing restaurant unit in hopes to raise an estimated US $ 2 billion that could be used to fend off the unwanted suitor . The complex potentially tax @-@ free stock split plan would have led to the chain , along with its distribution system Distron , becoming a separate entity for the first time in over twenty years .
Hoping that the special dividends created by the spin @-@ off would have convinced shareholders not to accept the hostile bid , Pillsbury had its plans partially scuttled when the company 's franchisees rejected the plan despite parts of which that would have given the franchises part ownership in the company and a seat on its new board . In a letter to Pillsbury chairman Phillip L. Smith , franchise representative Bill N. Pothitos stated that franchisees disapproved of the transaction on the grounds that they " strongly oppose this proposed course of conduct for one reason and one reason alone : It so restricts the ability of the Burger King Corporation to engage in future competitive growth and reinvestment in the Burger King system that our economic interests and investments will be placed in jeopardy . " Another option floated by the company in December 1988 was to sell Burger King to a third party , a proposal that drew a favorable response from its franchises , never came to fruition .
On top of the failure of the franchises to approve the spin @-@ off , a series of lawsuits complicated the divestiture . Two legal challenges to the parent company were filed by investors , one in Pillsbury 's home state of Minnesota and another in the state where it was incorporated , Delaware , in which the legality of the stock tender plan was questioned . These three events eventually forced Pillsbury to give up its bid to fend off Grand Metropolitan and agree to be acquired in November 1988 for a sum of US $ 5 @.@ 7 billion .
= = = Grand Metropolitan = = =
Between the time of the initial sales agreement in November 1988 and the finalization of the acquisition of Pillsbury in January 1989 , Grand Metropolitan set about putting its own corporate stamp on Burger King ; the stated goal of Grand Met CEO Allen Sheppard was to upgrade the overall performance of the chain and improve its standing as the second largest fast @-@ food burger chain globally . To that end , he had the company initiate a three @-@ prong strategy of evaluation of operations , personnel moves , and structural changes and improvements to fortify the company .
Following through on the CEO 's opinion that the company needed a consistent marketing plan and management team to succeed , the company began its moves by replacing its chairman and CEO Jerry W. Levin with its own choice of executives , Barry J. Gibbons , chairman and managing director of Grand Metropolitan Retailing , Ltd . , as chief executive and Ian A. Martin , Grand Met 's top executive in the United States , as chairman . The moves came to no surprise to Wall Street analysts and franchisees , as they were expected due to reservations about Levin after his appointment by the outgoing management at Pillsbury . Grand Met 's first major restructuring move was the dismantling of Burger Kings 50 @-@ year @-@ old purchasing and distribution arm , Distron . Unhappy with the distribution group , the company originally thought to dispose of the division after the purchase but instead decided to reorganize it into two separate groups , one for procurement ( Burger King Purchasing or BKP ) and another for distribution ( Burger King Distribution Services or BKDS ) . With the restructuring , the company eliminated many positions and ended up laying off over a hundred staff members as a consequence .
During the five years that led up to the purchase , the restaurant chain had a series of a half dozen ad programs accompanied by even more marketing directors , a situation that led Adweek to describe it as " ill @-@ conceived marketing and downright sloppy strategic planning " in 1987 . In order to reverse the trend , in December 1988 Grand Met set about reevaluating all aspects of the programs from the messages the company was sending to the customer through its commercials to the possibility of dropping its advertising agency of record , N. W. Ayer . After a six @-@ month evaluation , BK dropped Ayer in favor of a two @-@ way combination of D 'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles ( DMB & B ) for overall programs and Saatchi & Saatchi for specific advertising programs such as the introduction of new products . The company hoped that the " dual @-@ agency partnership " would provide a synergy that would bring together " some of the best minds in the advertising business " to establish a brand identity , or as a company spokesman stated , " what the consumers take away with them after they visit us--what we stand for ... "
Grand Met also made several moves in an attempt to broaden BK 's business operations while expanding its presence globally . The first move by the company was the creation of the BK Expressway business concept , a new store format designed for locations where a traditional stand @-@ alone restaurant was impractical . The company introduced two separate formats designed to operate in different business environments ; the first concept was intended as a kiosk @-@ type store that would be placed in locations such as sports venues and airports . The second concept store , designed with two drive @-@ thrus and a minimal or even non @-@ existent dining room , was designed to go in locations that were limited by high land costs or limited space . Both types of these new , smaller stores operated with a condensed menu prepared on new equipment designed specifically for the more compact footprints of the new locations . Expressway locations were also designed with lower start @-@ up costs in mind ; franchisees were wooed with the promise of a much smaller investment , approximately one third as much , than would be required to open a more traditional location . In August of the same year , Grand Met set about expanding Burger King 's operations in Europe by acquiring UK @-@ based United Biscuits restaurant operations , including the nearly 400 @-@ location burger chain Wimpy . With the purchase , described as a " rare opportunity " by CEO Sheppard , Grand Met set about converting certain Wimpy locations that employed a counter service system into Burger King locations . The merger of the United Biscuits properties with BK grew the company from about 30 restaurants in the UK to more than 60 within a year of the purchase , with another 30 locations added in early 1990 . While other " Wimpy " locations are still in operation presently , they are now independent from BK and no longer have the presence they once did .
The 1990s led off with Grand Met taking Burger King 's soft drink contract to Coca @-@ Cola from Pepsi . Traditionally Burger King had sold soft drinks from the Coca @-@ Cola Company in the United States , but in 1983 , PepsiCo was able to garner the US $ 444 million beverage supplier contract from its rival . Despite extreme market debate over the future of the contract , it was renewed for a second term in 1987 . A sweetened contract that strengthened marketing and advertising program ties between Burger King and itself allowed Pepsi to keep supplying soft drinks to BK . Leading up to the decision , Pepsi had sponsored over 100 separate cross @-@ promotions and product tie @-@ ins , including a Fourth of July promotion where BK gave away a free Pepsi with each purchase . This fit into the goals of BK , which was looking for a partner that would provide " outstanding , impactful promotional support . " However , the contract only lasted three more years when , partially based upon Pepsi 's growth as a restaurant operator with its Tricon Restaurants division , Burger King moved its beverage contract back to Coca @-@ Cola . Accompanying the reintroduction of Coca @-@ Cola , BK introduced its first major chicken sandwich since 1977 ; the new BK Broiler sandwich was a broiled sandwich targeting more health @-@ conscious customers . The BK Broiler was a rapid hit and within six months of its introduction was selling more than a million units daily system wide .
The company made an advertising coup that same year when it signed a 10 @-@ picture contract with the Walt Disney Company . The deal , which included such Disney films as The Lion King , Aladdin and Toy Story , came at the height of Disney 's commercial rebirth . Accompanied with the new BK Kid 's Club program , the company saw an impressive growth within the children 's market . The company 's new Kid 's Club , its first major foray into a children 's targeted ad campaign since the Burger King / Burger King Kingdom program of the 1970s , saw phenomenal growth with more than one million children signing up for the program within two months of its introduction .
While many of the moves made by Grand Met were successful in generating additional sales and growth , the company continued to experience problems . While Fortune Magazine named CEO Gibbons as its Turnaround Champion for his success in reversing the fortunes of the company , several news outlets claimed that the changes he introduced were problematic because they deprived the company of valuable assets .
In 1992 , Hurricane Andrew destroyed the company headquarters . The building , located on Old Cutler Rd. in Miami , was right in the center of the path of the hurricane . Located on the shoreline at the terminus of 184th St. ( Eureka Drive ) , the highest storm surge levels was recorded ( 16 @.@ 9 ft ) at the site . The building suffered more than $ 24 million ( USD ) in damage and pushed the company from its offices during one of its more significant product pushes . Not only was the company forced from its facilities , roughly 300 members of its 700 + staff were left homeless . Immediately after the storm , Gibbons began a program to help get the company back on track . The company 's recovery was helped due to pre @-@ planning before the storm 's landfall ; Corporate backoffice data was moved to Seattle , Washington before the storm struck in order to safeguard critical records , and the company established a temporary " command center " at the Doral Resort and Country Club in Miami within eight days of the hurricanes passing . Additional operations were temporarily decentralized by temporarily shifting some corporate functions to regional offices . The facility would eventually take more than a year to rebuild , finally opening in September 1993 .
Not only did Gibbons work to repair the damage to the company offices , he made it a priority to allow its staff to deal with their personal situations . He made staff members job descriptions more flexible , encouraging staff members to take the initiative to perform a wide range of tasks . A corporate day care system was established , allowing staff to bring their children to work . Staff members were allowed to take off as much time as needed to reestablish themselves and corporate dress codes were relaxed . The company brought in counselors , insurance experts , tax consultants , child care advisers and construction companies to help the staff reorient themselves . The company also went so far as to arrange emergency loans for its employees . By 1993 , Gibbons had tired of the post , and named a new successor to the post . He initially resigned his post as CEO of the company and was replaced by his chosen successor , COO James B. Adamson . Gibbons retained his position as chairman until he left the company
Adamson continued the company 's plans to expand into new markets such as universities , gas stations , airports and sports arenas with the intention of looking into new channels of distribution . Over the next year and a half he worked on a series of initiatives to strengthen the company ; in a back to basics campaign , he oversaw a streamlining Burger King 's menu and worked to improve and strengthen relations with franchisees . His changes were credited with a 28 percent increase in sales in BK 's fiscal year 1995 and same store sales that were up 6 percent . He left in early 1995 when Denny 's made him an offer to take the reins of the competitor ; he left the company credited with fixing the deficiencies left by Gibbons and was temporarily replaced with David Nash . He was elevated to Chairman in July , with Robert Lowes as CEO . Lowes became chairman in November .
= = = Diageo = = =
In 1997 , Grand Metropolitan merged with Guinness to form a company called Diageo in a deal worth US $ 22 billion . Franchisees alleged that Diageo ignored the chain in favor of its liquor business ; there were two more CEOs in the time Diageo owned the company .
This institutionalized neglect further hurt the standing of the brand , in turn causing significant financial damage to Burger King 's franchisees . By the time of the sale , Burger King 's revenues and market share had declined significantly , and the company had fallen to a near tie for second place with rival Wendy 's in the US market for hamburger chain restaurants . For many years leading into the early 2000s , Burger King and its various owners plus many of its larger franchisees closed many under @-@ performing stores . Several of its largest franchisees entered bankruptcy due to the issues surrounding the performance of the brand .
Diageo maintained ownership of BK until 2000 when Diageo decided to focus solely on their beverage products and divest itself of the chain . In 2001 , the company put forth a plan to float approximately 20 percent of BKC on the NYSE . Burger King 's franchises representation group , The National Franchise Association ( NFA ) , sought to block this because it believed that any money raised from the issue would not be put into helping bolster the then flagging BK , but would instead end up being used to help Diageo bolster its liquor brands . Instead , the NFA sought to purchase the chain from Diageo , but the deal collapsed when the NFA was unable to put together an acceptable financing package .
= = = TPG Capital = = =
In 2002 , a troika of private equity firms led by TPG Capital , L.P with associates Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners agreed to purchase BK from Diageo for $ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( USD ) , with the sale becoming complete in December of that year . The new owners , through several new CEOs , moved to revitalize and reorganize the company , the first major move was to rename the BK parent as Burger King Brands . The investment group initially planned to take BK public within the two years of the acquisition , this was delayed until 2006 . On 1 February 2006 , Out @-@ going CEO Greg Brenneman announced TPG 's plans to turn Burger King into a publicly traded company by issuing an Initial Public Offering ( IPO ) .
On February 16 , the company announced it had filed its registration for the IPO with the Securities and Exchange Commission . Burger King began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol BKC on May 18 , 2006 . The stock sale generated $ 425 million in revenue , the largest IPO of a US @-@ based restaurant chain on record . The proceeds from the sale were used by the company help pay back a loan taken out taken by the company in February used to pay dividends to the investment firms . According to one analyst at Renaissance Capital , Wall Street investors were not alarmed by the large payout due to the increased financial stability of the company resulting from changes made by the investor groups during the interim between the purchase in 2002 and the stock offering . Incoming CEO John W. Chidsey backed the payouts , stating that the financial firms spent considerable time and capital turning the company around .
By the middle of its fiscal year 2008 , the company had seen significant domestic growth for the first time in several years ; for more than a dozen financial quarters , the company showed revenue increases and domestic expansion . During the first half of the calendar year 2008 , the company initiated a plan to revitalize its stores with a program to replace or remodel almost all of its North American locations by the beginning of its fiscal year 2009 in July 2008 . The renovation plan was credited with helping the company increase same @-@ store sales by as much as 5 @.@ 4 percent over the previous fiscal year versus its competitors McDonald 's and Yum Brand 's 3 percent increase , but the total costs of the renovation program affected the company 's revenue stream for the final quarters of its 2008 fiscal year . Wall Street analysts had originally projected net income to be approximately 27 ¢ per share , but the company only reported a 25 ¢ per share profit . The smaller profit announcement temporarily drove Burger King 's stock prices down after the announcement . Despite the lower than expected profit and small decline in stock value , Wall Street analysts were upbeat about Burger King 's future earnings because it was felt that the renovations would contribute to future profits ; one such analyst stated that the renovations would " pay for themselves " .
Further modernization plans were introduced in 2009 with the company 's " 20 / 20 " store designs and its " BK Whopper Bar " concept . The 20 / 20 concept , officially unveiled in Amsterdam on 10 October , featured a radical new design that featured bright colors , corrugated metal accents and plain brick walls that are designed to compete with chains in the fast casual restaurant market segment . A new system of in @-@ store advertising was also introduced as part of the new format , static menu boards are to be replaced with high definition video displays . With the introduction of the 20 / 20 format , all future Burger King locations will be constructed using the design framework . Additionally , any future restaurant renovations must also conform to the new standard . The primary drawback of the design is its costs to the individual owners of BK restaurants ; franchises must pay between $ 300 @,@ 000 – $ 600 @,@ 000 ( USD ) to renovate their buildings to Burger King specs .
The Whopper Bar is a concept from the company that upends its traditional fast food operations with a newer high end concept designed to compete with fast casual and casual dining restaurants . The new format is described by the company as a more " playful " variation on the standard Burger King location . The locations feature an open kitchen with a semi @-@ circular metal counter top designed to allow customers to watch as its " Whopperistas " put together the order . The exposed kitchen concept allows customers to view the preparation of their foods . Decoration of the new locations is limited to plasma televisions playing looped videos of open flames . The concept is similar to the McCafe concept from rival McDonald 's , and like the McCafe locations they are designed to go into malls , airports and casinos and other areas with limited amounts of space .
With the opening of its Whopper Bar locations in the United States during 2010 , Burger King reported that it would be the first time in its North American locations that beer would be available for purchase . Although beer is available at fast food restaurants throughout Europe , including Burger King , this is the first time a major fast food chain has attempted to sell beer in the United States . The company will be selling products from SABMiller and Anheuser @-@ Busch including Budweiser , Bud Lite and Miller Lite in aluminum bottles designed to maintain temperature . The move , designed to target the important 30 @-@ and @-@ under demographic , has been called risky by industry analysts because of the company is known as a fast food purveyor and not as an alcoholic beverages seller . Other industry consultants have disagreed with the assessment , believing that the move is a practical one because the company is growing with its aging customer base .
= = = 3G Capital = = =
The latest chapter in the company 's ownership history began in September 2010 when TPG and its partners announced it would sell their 31 percent stake in Burger King to another private equity company , 3G Capital , for $ 24 per share , or $ 3 @.@ 26 billion ( USD ) . Between March 2004 and March 2009 , the company experienced a score of consecutive profitable quarters that were credited with re @-@ energizing the company , however with the slowing of the economy during the financial crisis of 2007 @-@ 2010 the company 's business has declined while its immediate competitor McDonald 's grew . Analysts , including John Glass of Morgan Stanley and David Tarantino of Robert W. Baird & Co . , part of the reasons for the company 's slowed performance is its continue reliance on the super fan . Market @-@ research firm Sandelman & Associates reported that this segment had seen a decline in visits by this demographic group by more than 50 percent during the recession , while restaurant industry analyst Bonnie Riggs at market @-@ research firm NPD Group reported the 18 – 24 transferred much of its business from the fast food segment to the fast casual segment , compounding the decline .
The offer , representing a 46 percent premium over the stocks selling price at the time , came as a surprise to Burger King CEO John Chidsey . The proposed sale was expected to help the company repair its fundamental business structures and continue working to close the gap with McDonald 's . Analysts commenting on the transaction stated that 3G will have to invest heavily in the company to help reverse its fortunes . David Palmer from UBS stated the company will need to work with its large group of franchise owners to brighten its locations and stabilize sales which could take several years and require significant reinvestment , while Steve West of Stifel Nicolaus stated that Burger King will need at least a year to right its fundamentals .
Upon completion of the acquisition in October 2010 , 3G began an immediate restructuring of the company . Seven of the top executives were released , while another 261 employees were laid off from the company 's headquarters . Chidsey eventually resigned in April 2011 , being replaced Alex Behring , one of 3G 's managing partners . The position of CEO was taken over by Bernardo Hees shortly after the acquisition .
As part of the restructuring , 3G also moved to change many aspects of corporate operations throughout 2011 @-@ 2012 . One of the first moves was to terminate Burger King 's relationship with ad agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky , replacing it with McGarryBowen . 3G also began a menu restructuring , with the first product being a revamped version of BK 's Chicken Tenders product . Other new or reformulated products would follow . In terms of its franchise operations , Burger King initiated a move to become more like competitors Subway and KFC and began to sell off the majority of corporately owned restaurants in order to become an exclusive franchised operation . 3G also moved to mend relations with its American franchises , which had become rather rancorous during TPG 's tenure . Several lawsuits were settled and corporate policies that were at the center of the corporate disputes with the franchises were ended or amended .
In 2011 they partnered with British venture capital firm Justice Holdings to take the company public again . They also initiated a massive expansion of operations via franchising in the BRIC nations and Africa with more than 2500 new planned locations .
In August 2014 , Burger King announced its intent to acquire the Canadian restaurant and coffee shop chain Tim Hortons . 3G Capital purchased Tim Hortons at $ 65 @.@ 50 per @-@ share , and a new holding company was formed , based in Oakville , Ontario , Canada . 3G holds a 51 % majority stake , Tim Hortons ' existing shareholders owning 22 % , and a 27 % stake held by Burger King shareholders . Berkshire Hathaway partially funded the purchase by buying $ 3 billion worth of preferred shares . Burger King CEO Daniel Schwartz became CEO of the company , with existing Tim Hortons CEO Marc Caira becoming vice @-@ chairman and director . The two chains retained separate operations post @-@ merger , with Burger King remaining in its Miami headquarters . The deal was subject to approval by Tim Hortons shareholders and Canadian regulatory authorities . A Tim Hortons representative stated that the proposed merger would allow Tim Hortons to leverage Burger King 's resources for international growth . The combined company became the third @-@ largest international chain of fast food restaurants . From 1995 to 2005 , Tim Hortons had been owned by Wendy 's Restaurants , a competitor to Kurger King .
Although " tax inversions " ( in which a company decreases the amount of taxes it pays by moving its headquarters to a country with lower rates , but maintains the majority of their operations in their previous location ) have been a recent financial trend , it will not have as much of an impact on Burger King 's reincorporation in Canada : the corporate tax rate in the United States is 39 @.@ 1 % , Canada 's corporate tax rate is only 26 % , but Burger King had used various sheltering techniques to reduce its tax rate to 27 @.@ 5 % . As a high @-@ profile instance of tax inversion , news of the merger was criticized by U.S. politicians , who felt that the move would result in a loss of tax revenue to foreign interests , and could result in further government pressure against inversions ( which had , until the Burger King merger , been primarily invoked by pharmaceutical firms ) .
= = Timelines = =
= = = Key dates = = =
Some key dates include :
1953 : Insta @-@ Burger King is founded in Jacksonville , FL , by Kieth Kramer and Matthew Burns .
1954 : James McLamore and David Edgerton purchase Insta @-@ Burger King and rename it Burger King .
1955 : The Burger King character is created .
1957 : The Whopper is launched .
1958 : BK releases its first TV advertisement .
1959 : Burger King establishes its franchising system .
1967 : Burger King ceases to be an independent entity when the Pillsbury Company purchases it for USD $ 18 million ( USD $ 128 @.@ 3 million adjusted for inflation , 2014 ) .
1977 : Donald N. Smith is brought in from rival McDonald 's to help restructure the company and its franchising system .
1980 : Smith leaves the company for PepsiCo .
1981 : Norman E. Brinker is made head of Pillsbury 's restaurant division , including Burger King .
1982 : Burger King produces one of the first attack advertisements when it airs several commercials disparaging its competitor 's fried burgers .
1984 : Brinker leaves the company when he purchases Chili 's .
1989 : Pillsbury is purchased by British liquor company Grand Metropolitan for USD $ 5 @.@ 7 billion ( bn ) / GBP ₤ 3 @.@ 6 bn .
1996 : Company co @-@ founder James McLamore dies .
1997 : A USD $ 22 bn / GBP ₤ 13 @.@ 9 bn merger between Grand Metropolitan and Guinness results in the formation of a new parent company , Diageo .
2000 : Diageo investigates a possible IPO or sale of the company .
2001 : A North American franchise group seeks to purchase the company .
2002 : Capital investment firm Texas Pacific Group purchases Burger King from Diageo in a deal initially worth USD $ 2 @.@ 2 bn / GBP ₤ 1 @.@ 4 bn.The deal between TPG and Diageo nearly fails , but eventually goes through at USD $ 1 @.@ 6 bn / GBP ₤ 1 bn .
2006 : Burger King is listed on the NYSE with the stock symbol BKC when the chain goes public in an IPO .
2009 : Company opens its 12,000th store , located in Beijing .
2010 : Brazil @-@ based 3G Capital acquires Burger King in a deal worth USD $ 3 @.@ 26 bn / BRL $ 5 @.@ 6 bn .
2011 : Burger King begins a yearlong revamp of its menu and advertising programs .
2012 : Burger King is taken public once again on the NYSE with the symbol BKW .
2014 : Burger King merges with Canadian donut / coffee chain Tim Hortons in a deal worth USD $ 18 bn / CAD $ 19 @.@ 6 bn .
= = = Ownership history = = =
Since being founded in 1954 , Burger King has undergone five changes of ownership . Further , during the ownership tenure of Grand Metropolitan , Grand Met merged with Guinness in 1997 to form a new company , Diageo . TPG Capital 's ownership was shared with Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners , both of which held minority shares . During 3G Capital 's ownership , 3G divested a 29 % stake of the chain to Justice Holdings of Great Britain when the chain was again taken public in 2012 . When Burger King merged with Tim Hortons in 2014 , Berkshire Hathaway bought into the newly combined chain as part of an debt @-@ equity financing deal .
= = = CEO history = = =
Since its founding , Burger King has had more than twenty CEOs .
= 1988 – 89 Calgary Flames season =
The 1988 – 89 Calgary Flames season was the ninth season for the Calgary Flames and 17th for the Flames franchise in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They won their second consecutive Presidents ' Trophy as the NHL 's top regular season club and went on to win the first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history , defeating the Montreal Canadiens in the 1989 Stanley Cup Final . Al MacInnis won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs .
The regular season saw the debut of Theoren Fleury , who went on to become the Flames ' all @-@ time leading scorer , and Sergei Pryakhin , who became the first Soviet player allowed to play in the NHL . Four players represented the Flames at the 1989 All @-@ Star Game : Gary Suter , Joe Nieuwendyk , Joe Mullen and Mike Vernon . Mullen received several awards following the season . He was named the winner of the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy for gentlemanly conduct , won the Emery Edge Award for having the top plus @-@ minus in the league and was named a First Team All @-@ Star .
Co @-@ captain Lanny McDonald scored his 1,000th point and 500th goal late in the season . He ended his Hockey Hall of Fame career by scoring a goal in the game that clinched the Stanley Cup before announcing his retirement in the summer .
= = Regular season = =
The Flames ' season began with a major trade . Mike Bullard finished the 1987 – 88 season second in team scoring at 103 points , but his disappointing performance during the playoffs left general manager Cliff Fletcher desiring a trade . Late in the summer , he dealt Bullard , and two players to the St. Louis Blues for a package of four players that was led by Doug Gilmour , who had scored 105 points two years previous .
Head Coach Terry Crisp favoured a defensively responsible system , and as a result , the Flames had given up the fewest goals in the league after two months while goaltenders Mike Vernon and Rick Wamsley were first and third in the NHL respectively in goals against average ( GAA ) . The team maintained its defensive focus throughout the season , allowing 79 fewer goals – just under one per game less – than in 1987 – 88 , surrendering a franchise record low total of 226 .
Fletcher proclaimed in December that this Flames team was the best he had ever built . Calgary lost just four of its first 28 games , and on December 8 set a franchise record with its 13th consecutive game without a loss in a 5 – 3 victory over the Edmonton Oilers . The team also went unbeaten in its first 17 home games , compiling a 14 – 0 – 3 record in that time that featured victories of 11 – 4 over the Los Angeles Kings , 6 – 1 over the St. Louis Blues and 9 – 0 over the Hartford Whalers .
Though the Flames were established as the Smythe Division leaders , the team struggled around the Christmas break . After winning only one of five games towards the end of December , the team recalled two players from their minor league affiliate , the Salt Lake Golden Eagles . Paul Ranheim was brought up on December 27 , but played only five games in Calgary . Theoren Fleury was brought up on January 1 . He was leading the International Hockey League in scoring with 74 points in 40 games at the time of his recall , and immediately became a fan favourite in Calgary for his aggressive style despite his small , 5 ' 6 " stature . Fleury scored three assists in his second career game , and
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
5 March 1977 – 30 October 2001 ) was a dark bay Westphalian gelding ridden for Germany by Nicole Uphoff in dressage competitions . Together , the pair won four Olympic gold medals , three gold and one silver World Equestrian Games medals , and numerous other international championships . Although known as a sensitive horse prone to spookiness , Rembrandt 's elegance and expression in the ring allowed him to become one of the top horses in the sport of dressage .
= = Early life = =
Rembrandt was foaled in 1977 by Herbert de Baey . His sire was Romadour II , a famous Westphalian stallion during the 1970s , and his dam was Adone , full sister to Ahlerich , a multiple Olympic medal winning dressage horse under German rider Reiner Klimke . Due to his Thoroughbred @-@ like appearance , several riders passed over a chance to purchase the gelding as a youngster . In 1981 , he was purchased by Nicole Uphoff 's father , Jürgen Uphoff , as a mount for his then @-@ 14 @-@ year @-@ old daughter . Rembrandt was too much for her , however , and he was sent to train with Klaus Balkenhol , a noted trainer who saw his potential and advised the Uphoffs to keep the horse , despite his spookiness and sensitivity .
= = Competitive career = =
In 1985 , Rembrandt and Uphoff began to compete at events for young riders , and in 1986 , the pair began working with Uwe Schulten @-@ Baumer , a well @-@ known dressage coach . In 1987 , the pair began to compete , and win , at the international level . They rose to the top of the dressage world with unheard @-@ of speed , due to Rembrandt 's elegance and expression in the ring . Their rise to fame resulted in a 1988 Olympic nomination . Uphoff switched trainers four months before the Games began , leaving Schulten @-@ Baumer to work with Harry Boldt , the German national coach .
Rembrandt and Uphoff were Olympic Champions twice , in 1988 in Seoul and 1992 in Barcelona . Both times they took both individual gold and a gold medal with the German team . The Barcelona games resulted in Rembrandt being titled a " living work of art " by one German sports commentator . During the last two years of his career , Rembrandt began to decline slightly , and he missed the team nomination to the 1996 Summer Olympics . Uphoff used her right as defending champion to compete as an individual , and they were again part of the German team in Atlanta , where the pair eventually placed 14th . This placement was despite being pulled from competition before the last round , due to an injury , at which point he was in 8th place . Rembrandt and Uphoff took both individual and team gold at the first World Equestrian Games in 1990 . In 1993 , he was injured by a kick from another horse during a victory lap at the German Championships , but recovered from the blow to take individual silver at the 1994 World Equestrian Games . The German team , including Uphoff , again took gold .
Rembrandt and Uphoff also competed at many other international @-@ level events . In 1989 , Rembrandt made his European Dressage Championships debut at Mondorf , Luxembourg , where they took both individual and team gold . It was the first time that the gold @-@ medal winning German team ( which had also won the previous 12 team golds ) had been made up of four female riders . In 1991 , at the Championships in Donaueschingen , Germany , the pair took silver in the Grand Prix Special , while again riding to gold as part of the German team . The silver medal was the first defeat in three years for the pair , and was dealt by another Schulten @-@ Baumer student , Isabell Werth on Gigolo FRH . At the 1995 Championships , held in Mondorf , Luxembourg , Rembrandt again assisted the German team to a gold medal , while taking 5th individually . The pair also won seven times at the Stuttgart German Masters international show , the last in 1995 . This was a record number of wins until 2010 , when Werth won for an eighth time , and Uphoff remains the only rider to have won seven masters titles on a single horse ( Werth rode three different horses to her eight victories ) .
= = Later life and legacy = =
In 1996 , Rembrandt and Uphoff gave a farewell show at his official retirement at the Stuttgart Indoor Show . He spent the rest of his life at Uphoff 's farm . On October 30 , 2001 , he was euthanized after his health deteriorated quickly and he was unable to rise .
Rembrandt 's transitions , particularly from passage to extended trot back to passage , have been called " unequalled " . He was also known for his spookiness , however , to the point that crowds hushed themselves when he was performing . He is known as a " legendary " dressage horse , and mounted upon Rembrandt , Nicole Uphoff pioneered an era of female @-@ dominated dressage competitions .
In 2009 , Uphoff donated Rembrandt 's saddle to the equestrian museum at CHIO Aachen in Germany .
= West Worldham =
West Worldham is a small village in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire , England . It is 2 @.@ 1 miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km ) southeast of Alton . Hartley Mauditt and East Worldham are nearby , which along with West Worldham form the Parish of Worldham . West Worldham contains some eighteen houses with a population of about 50 ; about half the population of 1851 , when it was 98 . Of note is the Manor Farm and cottage and the late 12th century St Nicholas Church , both Grade II listed buildings .
= = History = =
Archeological findings in the fields between West and East Worldham reveal that the area has been visited and inhabited since at least the Palaeolithic era . An Iron Age hillfort , dated to around 100 BC , lay on the summit of King John 's Hill , to the east of East Worldham . The Romans built a road from Chichester to Silchester that passed below the hill over what is now Green Street and Pookles Lane .
The village is believed to have been part of " Werildeham " , mentioned in the Domesday Book . At this time , Worldham manor was held by Marshal Geoffrey de Venuz . However , the first mention of West Worldham as a village is in a document dated October 1277 . In the late 12th century , Richard de Annecy granted the newly built church of St Nicholas of Worldeham to Hamble Priory .
During its history , Worldham has been spelled in many different ways , including Verilham , Worldham and Werldham in the 14th century and Wardelham in the 16th century . An early occupant was Thomas Paynil , who " died possessed of West Worlddham lands and tenements " . During the reign of Edward II , " John Paynel was seized in his demesne as of fee of certain tenements and lands afterwards called the manor of West Worldham and Matilda " . Godwin held Worldham during this period , and the land was assessed at 1 hide and 1 yardland . In 1428 , the village had " not ten domicilia tenantes " . During the medieval period , the area was a noted hunting ground , and the descendents of Geoffrey de Venuz established a private deer park and hunting lodge near here .
The naturalist and ornithologist Gilbert White immortalised the localities of the region , including West Worldham , in his The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne ( 1789 ) . In 1846 , Henry Moody , curator of the Winchester Museum , wrote about West Worldham , " a perpetual curacy in the gift of Winchester College , worth according to the Parliamentary returns £ 38 ; but has since received two additional endowments of £ 200 from Queen Anne 's Bounty , and £ 200 from the warden and fellows of Winchester College , who are the appropriators of the tythes , and patrons of the living . " In the next decade , John Dutton , 2nd Baron Sherborne was lord of the manor and his son , James Dutton , 3rd Baron Sherborne , was noted to be its owner in the 1870s . In the late 1800s , William Wickham , MP , was the Guardian of West Worldham . By the early 20th century , the parish of Worldham remained under ownership of Winchester College and the Dutton Estate .
In May 1944 , a Junkers Ju 188 was shot down by a Mosquito nearby and its debris was scattered across the village , including the church wall . Later , the inhabitants had to be evacuated when a bomb fell into the field opposite Manor Farm , and had to be defused and removed by the Royal Engineers . In 1962 , the Dutton Estate holdings were sold to seven tenant farmers who retained the land they farmed but sold the remaining woodlands and properties .
= = Geography = =
West Worldham is located in the eastern central part of Hampshire , in the southeast of England , 2 @.@ 1 miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km ) southeast of Alton and 5 @.@ 1 miles ( 8 @.@ 2 km ) by road northwest of Bordon . In 1862 , West Worldham reportedly had an area of 447 acres . The landscape is dominated by farmland and several woods such as Hamble Pits Copse , Wild Duck Copse , Little Wood Copse , Warner 's Wood and Pheasant Wood are in the vicinity . There are also rich and dry meadows , as well as greensand . Beyond some slopes is the junction of Oakhanger Stream with River Wey , while the extreme western end of the Weald is situated nearby . Chloritic Marl , characterised as a narrow band at the base of the Chalk Marl , is seen in the lane leading from Alton to West Worldham , and also north @-@ west of Selbourne . Blanket Street connects the village to Hartley Mauditt just to the southwest and East Worldham , a mile to the northeast . At East Worldham this road meets the B3004 road ( Caker 's Lane ) near The Three Horseshoes . The other road leads to the southwest beyond Little Wood Copse and joins the B3006 road ( Selbourne Road ) . The nearest railway station is Alton , 2 @.@ 1 miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km ) northwest of the village .
= = Economy = =
In 2001 West Worldham had a population of about 50 people , out of 336 people who lived in the Parish of Worldham . Most houses in the area date to the pre @-@ 20th century ; however in recent times numerous farm buildings have been converted to housing and for industrial purposes . According to the parish website , there are now " two significant industrial developments within the parish " . The local economy is based around agriculture , particularly cattle farming . Beef cattle , sheep , grain crops , and hops are the main sources of income , Farmers from West Worldham traded in Southampton and Alton throughout its history . Most inhabitants are either retired or commute to nearby towns to work . Worldham Golf Course is located just to the north of West Worldham . The Jalsa Salana , an annual convention held at Oaklands Farm in East Worldham , attracts numerous people from surrounding areas .
= = Notable landmarks = =
Manor Farm House is a Grade II listed building and the farm and its cottages are the main feature in West Worldham . It was owned for some time by the Broce family . Manor Farm is one of the UK 's twenty @-@ three Feather Down Farms . Pullens Farmhouse is also a Grade II listed building , and although its inscription dates to 1652 , it shows medieval characteristics .
Adjacent to the Manor Farm is St Nicholas Church , small church dated to the late 12th century , which forms one of eleven churches in the Northanger benefice . It fell into ruin and lost its roof before it was restored in the late Victorian period in 1888 . It is a single @-@ cell building , with 2 small lancets on the north side , and contains windows dated to the 15th and 16th century . The two doorways date to the 13th century , and the timber @-@ framed porch on the south side to the 15th century . The interior is described as " plain , with a piscina in the east wall and 2 in the nave , an octagonal font , and 3 wall monuments of the late 18th century . " The church became a listed building on 31 July 1963 .
= United States =
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly referred to as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , the federal district of Washington , D.C. , five major self @-@ governing territories , and various possessions . The 48 contiguous states and federal district are in central North America between Canada and Mexico , with the state of Alaska in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii comprising an archipelago in the mid @-@ Pacific . The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . At 3 @.@ 8 million square miles ( 9 @.@ 8 million km2 ) and with over 320 million people , the U.S. is the world 's third largest country by total area ( and fourth largest by land area ) and the third most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large @-@ scale immigration from many other countries . The geography and climate are also extremely diverse , and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife .
Paleo @-@ Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15 @,@ 000 years ago , with European colonization beginning in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by the Kingdom of Great Britain , and was the first successful war of independence against a European colonial empire . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .
The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing American Indian tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish – American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower .
The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal and real GDP . It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post @-@ industrial , characterized by the dominance of services , the manufacturing sector remains the second largest in the world . Though its population is only 4 @.@ 4 % of the world total , the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of world GDP and almost a third of global military spending , making it the world 's foremost military and economic power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .
= = Etymology = =
In 1507 the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere " America " after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase " United States of America " is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq . , George Washington 's aide @-@ de @-@ camp and Muster @-@ Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the " full and ample powers of the United States of America " to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort .
The first known publication of the phrase " United States of America " was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared " The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America . ' " The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence " The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' " . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " in all capitalized letters in the headline of his " original Rough draught " of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . In the final Fourth of July version of the Declaration , the title was changed to read , " The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America " . The preamble of the Constitution states " ... establish this Constitution for the United States of America . "
The short form " United States " is also standard . Other common forms are the " U.S. " , the " USA " , and " America " . Colloquial names are the " U.S. of A. " and , internationally , the " States " . " Columbia " , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name " District of Columbia " . In non @-@ English languages , the name is frequently the translation of either the " United States " or " United States of America " , and colloquially as " America " . In addition , an abbreviation ( e.g. USA ) is sometimes used .
The phrase " United States " was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states — e.g. , " the United States are " — including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form — e.g. , " the United States is " — became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom " these United States " . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit .
A citizen of the United States is an " American " . " United States " , " American " and " U.S. " refer to the country adjectivally ( " American values " , " U.S. forces " ) . " American " rarely refers to subjects not connected with the United States .
= = History = =
= = = Indigenous and European contact = = =
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15 @,@ 000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . Some , such as the pre @-@ Columbian Mississippian culture , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state @-@ level societies . After the Spanish conquistadors made the first contacts , the native population declined for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline , though it impacted specific tribes and colonial settlements . In the Hawaiian Islands , the earliest indigenous inhabitants arrived around 1 AD from Polynesia . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 .
In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to " civilize " the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles .
= = = Settlements = = =
After Spain sent Columbus ' on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The Spanish set up small settlements in New Mexico and Florida . France had several small settlements along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , and the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , established precedents for the pattern of representative self @-@ government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies .
Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one @-@ seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch @-@ Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed further west .
Slave cultivation of cash crops began with the Spanish in the 1500s , and was adopted by the English , but life expectancy was much higher in North America because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions .
With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self @-@ government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty .
In the French and Indian War , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , those 13 colonies had a population of over 2 @.@ 1 million in 1770 , about one @-@ third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self @-@ government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority .
= = = Independence and expansion ( 1776 – 1865 ) = = =
The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of " republicanism " asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen , " no taxation without representation " . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war .
Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 .
Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 .
Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , beginning about 1800 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations .
Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French @-@ claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's size . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I & M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land .
From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that moved Indians into the west to their own reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present @-@ day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican – American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present @-@ day American Southwest .
The California Gold Rush of 1848 – 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half @-@ century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called " buffalo " ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native @-@ Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s .
= = = Civil War and Reconstruction Era = = =
Differences of opinion and social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding Black slavery , ultimately led the U.S. into the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free @-@ soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery .
With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti @-@ slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the U.S. government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618 @,@ 000 soldiers as well as many civilians .
Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments to the U.S. Constitution brought about the prohibition of slavery , gave U.S. citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and promised them voting rights . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Following the Reconstruction Era , throughout the South Jim Crow laws soon effectively disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Over the subsequent decades , in both the North and the South blacks and some whites faced systemic discrimination , including racial segregation and occasional vigilante violence , sparking national movements against these abuses .
= = = Industrialization = = =
In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also impact communication and urban life .
The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro @-@ American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish – American War .
Rapid economic development at the end of the 19th century produced many prominent industrialists , and the U.S. economy became the world 's largest . Dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions .
= = = World War I , Great Depression , and World War II = = =
The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an " associated power " , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations .
In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid @-@ 1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration .
At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend @-@ Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the " Four Policemen " of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400 @,@ 000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence .
The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan ; the Japanese surrendered on September 2 , ending World War II .
= = = Cold War and civil rights era = = =
After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what is known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict .
The U.S. often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet @-@ sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 – 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a " Space Race " in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War .
At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . A growing civil rights movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King , Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a " War on Poverty " expanded entitlements and welfare spending .
The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free @-@ market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned " containment " and initiated the more aggressive " rollback " strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed .
The late 1980s brought a " thaw " in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post @-@ World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post @-@ Cold War new world order .
= = = Contemporary history = = =
After the Cold War , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly impacting the global economy , society , and culture . On September 11 , 2001 , Al @-@ Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3 @,@ 000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 – 11 Iraq War .
Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $ 17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 ; trade among the partners has soared since the agreement went into force .
Barack Obama , the first African American , and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the Great Recession , which began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009 .
= = Geography , climate , and environment = =
The land area of the contiguous United States is 2 @,@ 959 @,@ 064 square miles ( 7 @.@ 7 Mm2 ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663 @,@ 268 square miles ( 1 @.@ 7 Mm2 ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10 @,@ 931 square miles ( 28 @,@ 311 km2 ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9 @,@ 185 square miles ( 23 @,@ 789 km2 ) .
The United States is the world 's third or fourth largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3 @,@ 676 @,@ 486 square miles ( 9 @.@ 5 Mm2 ) to 3 @,@ 717 @,@ 813 square miles ( 9 @.@ 6 Mm2 ) to 3 @,@ 796 @,@ 742 square miles ( 9 @.@ 8 Mm2 ) to 3 @,@ 805 @,@ 927 square miles ( 9 @.@ 9 Mm2 ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada .
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi – Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north – south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast .
The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20 @,@ 310 feet ( 6 @,@ 190 @.@ 5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature .
The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi @-@ arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon — the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South .
= = = Wildlife = = =
The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17 @,@ 000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1 @,@ 800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91 @,@ 000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself .
There are 58 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about .86 % is used for military purposes .
Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service .
= = Demographics = =
= = = Population = = =
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323 425 550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6 @,@ 646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7 @.@ 04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3 @.@ 56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2 @.@ 1 with 1 @.@ 86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 .
The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1 @,@ 000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0 @.@ 7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2012 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11 @.@ 4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing .
According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3 @.@ 4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2012 Gallup poll also concluded that 3 @.@ 5 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1 @.@ 7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96 @.@ 6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1 @.@ 6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0 @.@ 7 % identify as being bisexual .
In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5 @.@ 2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2 @.@ 9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1 @.@ 2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0 @.@ 5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of " Some Other Race " who were " unable to identify with any " of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18 @.@ 5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity .
The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50 @.@ 5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct " ethnicity " by the Census Bureau ;
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
at all levels in the United States ( in terms of enrollment numbers ) are : Spanish ( around 7 @.@ 2 million students ) , French ( 1 @.@ 5 million ) , and German ( 500 @,@ 000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100 @,@ 000 to 250 @,@ 000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , American Sign Language , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English .
= = = Religion = = =
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a " very important role in their lives " , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi .
As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1 @.@ 7 children compared to 2 @.@ 2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians .
According to a 2014 survey , 70 @.@ 6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46 @.@ 5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20 @.@ 8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non @-@ Christian religions in 2014 was 5 @.@ 9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) , Islam ( 0 @.@ 9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0 @.@ 7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0 @.@ 7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22 @.@ 8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8 @.@ 2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha 'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities .
Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . About 26 % of Americans identify as Evangelical Protestants , while 15 % are Mainline and 7 % belong to a traditionally Black church . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas , and later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming .
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States .
= = = Family structure = = =
As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees .
The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26 @.@ 5 per 1 @,@ 000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1 @,@ 000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1 @,@ 000 women aged 15 – 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40 @.@ 6 % of births were to unmarried women .
The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1 @.@ 86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127 @,@ 000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same @-@ sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same @-@ sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.
= = Government and politics = =
The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy , " in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law " . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2014 , the U.S. ranked 19th on the Democracy Index and 17th on the Corruption Perceptions Index .
In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels .
The federal government is composed of three branches :
Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government .
Executive : The President is the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies .
Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional .
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two @-@ year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 .
The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at @-@ large to six @-@ year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four @-@ year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . However , the court currently has one vacant seat after the death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia .
The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote .
The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the " great writ " of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall .
= = = Political divisions = = =
The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district which contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress , the District of Columbia has three .
Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major US territories .
The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency .
= = = Parties and elections = = =
The United States has operated under a two @-@ party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state @-@ administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third @-@ party presidential candidate — former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 — has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice @-@ president are elected through the Electoral College system .
Within American political culture , the center @-@ right Republican Party is considered " conservative " and the center @-@ left Democratic Party is considered " liberal " . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as " blue states " , are relatively liberal . The " red states " of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative .
The winner of the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections , Democrat Barack Obama , is the 44th , and current , U.S. president . Current leadership in the Senate includes Democratic Vice President Joseph Biden , Republican President Pro Tempore ( Pro Tem ) Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Harry Reid . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi .
In the 114th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 54 Republicans , and 44 Democrats with two independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 246 Republicans and 188 Democrats , with one vacancy . In state governorships , there are 31 Republicans , 18 Democrats and one independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 2 Democrats ( one is also in the PPD ) , and 2 Independents .
= = = Foreign relations = = =
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co @-@ operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) .
The United States has a " Special Relationship " with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $ 25 @.@ 4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0 @.@ 18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous .
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years .
= = = Government finance = = =
Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state and local government level . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24 @.@ 8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $ 2 @.@ 45 trillion in tax revenue , up $ 147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $ 2 @.@ 30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $ 1,132B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $ 845B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $ 242B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows .
U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $ 118 @,@ 500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive .
The top 10 % paid 51 @.@ 8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13 @.@ 4 % of pre @-@ tax national income , paid 22 @.@ 3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35 @.@ 5 % for the top 1 % , 27 @.@ 2 % for the top quintile , 13 @.@ 8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2 @.@ 7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation .
During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $ 3 @.@ 54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $ 60 billion or 1 @.@ 7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $ 3 @.@ 60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $ 802B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $ 768B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $ 670B or 19 % ) , non @-@ defense discretionary ( $ 615B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $ 461B or 13 % ) and interest ( $ 223B or 6 % ) .
The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $ 18 @.@ 527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 .
= = = Military = = =
The President holds the title of commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Navy , Marine Corps , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1 @.@ 4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2 @.@ 3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700 @,@ 000 civilians , not including contractors .
Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 10 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries .
The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $ 700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4 @.@ 7 % of GDP , the rate was the second @-@ highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14 @.@ 2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69 @.@ 5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4 @.@ 7 % of GDP and 18 @.@ 8 % of federal outlays in 2011 .
The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $ 553 billion , was a 4 @.@ 2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $ 118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4 @,@ 484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90 @,@ 000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2 @,@ 285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan .
= = Law enforcement and crime = =
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial .
In 2012 there were 4 @.@ 7 murders per 100 @,@ 000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10 @.@ 2 in 1980 . In 2001 – 2 , the United States had above @-@ average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross @-@ sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United States " homicide rates were 6 @.@ 9 times higher than rates in the other high @-@ income countries , driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19 @.@ 5 times higher . " Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate .
From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52 @.@ 5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( " whites " includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non @-@ negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3 @,@ 246 violent and property crimes per 100 @,@ 000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes .
Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1 @,@ 300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2014 , the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Saudi Arabia , and Iraq .
The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2 @.@ 3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . At year end 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6 @,@ 937 @,@ 600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100 @,@ 000 in 2013 and the rate for pre @-@ trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100 @,@ 000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest .
= = Economy = =
The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $ 16 @.@ 8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) .
The US 's nominal GDP is estimated to be $ 17 @.@ 528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3 @.@ 3 % , compared to a 2 @.@ 3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency .
The United States is the largest importer of goods and second largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $ 635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt .
In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86 @.@ 4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4 @.@ 3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9 @.@ 3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1 @.@ 7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67 @.@ 8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca @-@ Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world .
Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others .
Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops .
Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154 @.@ 1 million people . With 21 @.@ 2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16 @.@ 4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to .
The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . However , 74 % of full @-@ time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part @-@ time workers get the same benefits . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it 's a common benefit for government workers and full @-@ time employees at corporations . In 2009 , the United States had the third highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands .
The 2008 – 2012 global recession had a significant impact on the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre @-@ recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . There remains a record proportion of long @-@ term unemployed , continued decreasing household income , and tax and federal budget increases .
= = = Income , poverty and wealth = = =
Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau real median household income was $ 50 @,@ 502 in 2011 , down from $ 51 @,@ 144 in 2010 . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality @-@ adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) .
There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . While inflation @-@ adjusted ( " real " ) household income had been increasing almost every year from 1947 to 1999 , it has since been flat on balance and has even decreased recently . According to Congressional Research Service , during this same period , immigration to the United States increased , while the lower 90 % of tax filers incomes became stagnant , and eventually decreasing since 2000 . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has had a significant impact on income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The post @-@ recession income gains have been very uneven , with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012 . The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate .
Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $ 14 trillion , but has since increased $ 14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $ 11 @.@ 8 trillion , down from $ 13 @.@ 8 trillion at the end of 2008 .
There were about 578 @,@ 424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two @-@ thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16 @.@ 7 million children lived in food @-@ insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1 @.@ 1 % of U.S. children , or 845 @,@ 000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 .
= = Education = =
American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 .
About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $ 11 @,@ 000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $ 12 @,@ 000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities .
The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the US . There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84 @.@ 6 % graduated from high school , 52 @.@ 6 % attended some college , 27 @.@ 2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9 @.@ 6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0 @.@ 97 , tying it for 12th in the world .
As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards .
= = Culture = =
The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics .
Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an " American creed " emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1 @.@ 67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0 @.@ 73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0 @.@ 14 % .
The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self @-@ images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute .
= = = Food = = =
Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three @-@ quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion .
Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages .
American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables England could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : " Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence " .
The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive @-@ through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American " obesity epidemic " . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake .
= = = Literature , philosophy , and the arts = = =
In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character — such as Herman Melville 's Moby @-@ Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) — may be dubbed the " Great American Novel " .
Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Toni Morrison in 1993 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo .
The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have impacted various fields in social and political philosophy .
In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid @-@ 19th @-@ century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O 'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry .
One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P. T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O 'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson .
Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th @-@ century ballet . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams .
= = = Music = = =
The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African @-@ American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old @-@ time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s .
Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid @-@ 1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales .
= = = Cinema = = =
Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization .
Director D. W. Griffith , American 's top filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the " Golden Age of Hollywood " , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as " New Hollywood " or the " Hollywood Renaissance " , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post @-@ war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $ 2 billion .
Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 .
= = = Sports = = =
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $ 69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined .
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2 @,@ 400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR .
= = = Media = = =
The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours a day .
In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4 @,@ 793 AM stations and 5 @,@ 662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1 @,@ 460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public @-@ radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15 @,@ 433 licensed full @-@ power radio stations in the US according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) .
Well @-@ known newspapers are The New York Times , USA Today and The Wall Street Journal . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have " alternative weeklies " to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best @-@ known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo.com , eBay , Amazon and Twitter .
More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most widely spoken mother tongue behind English .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6 @.@ 4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57 @,@ 000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per @-@ capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1 @,@ 000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non @-@ drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) .
Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal .
The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield – Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth @-@ busiest , O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago .
= = = Energy = = =
The United States energy market is about 29 @,@ 000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7 @.@ 8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum .
For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil .
= = = Water supply and sanitation = = =
Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows .
= = Science and technology = =
The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid 20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production .
In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long @-@ lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier @-@ than @-@ air powered flight .
The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics .
The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the county such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Computer , IBM , GNU @-@ Linux , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet .
These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83 @.@ 8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73 @.@ 3 % had high @-@ speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet .
In the 21st century , 64 % of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor .
= = Health = =
The United States has a life expectancy of 79 @.@ 8 years at birth , up from 75 @.@ 2 years in 1990 . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 1987 , when it was 11th in the world . Obesity rates in the United States are amongst the highest in the world .
Approximately one @-@ third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight ; the obesity rate , the highest in the industrialized world , has more than doubled in the last quarter @-@ century . Obesity @-@ related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . The infant mortality rate of 6 @.@ 17 per thousand places the United States 169th highest out of 224 countries , with the 224th country having the lowest mortality rate .
In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease and cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age @-@ adjusted 1990 per @-@ capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . U.S. underage drinking among teenagers is among the lowest in industrialized nations .
The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health @-@ care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
Health @-@ care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13 @.@ 4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near @-@ universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of controversy .
= = = Website sources = = =
= Spice Up Your Life =
" Spice Up Your Life " is a song by the British pop group Spice Girls . It was written by the group members , with Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard , at the same time as the group was filming scenes for their movie Spice World . The song was produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group 's second album Spiceworld , released in November 1997 .
" Spice Up Your Life " is a dance @-@ pop Latin song . The lyrics are inspired by Bollywood films and reflects the group desire to " write a song for the world " . The music video , directed by Marcus Nispel , features the Spice Girls in a futuristic setting , inspired by the 1982 film Blade Runner , controlling every aspect of society in a dark futuristic cityscape . The group promoted the song heavily , performing it on many television programmes and award shows .
Despite the lukewarm reception from music critics , it was a commercial success . Released as the album 's lead single in October 1997 , it topped the UK Singles Chart on 19 October 1997 for one week , becoming the group 's fifth consecutive chart @-@ topper . This made the Spice Girls the first act to have its first five singles reach number one in the United Kingdom . It performed almost as well internationally , peaking inside the top five on the majority of the charts that it entered . In the United States , the song did not perform as well as their previous releases , peaking at number eighteen on the Billboard Hot 100 .
= = Background = =
In June 1997 , the group began filming scenes for their movie Spice World . At the same time , Virgin Records started the first marketing meetings for the promotional campaign for the album Spiceworld , set to be released in November . No song had been written for the album at this point , so the group had to do all the song @-@ writing and recording at the same time as they were filming the movie . Between takes and at the end of each filming day , the group usually went straight into a mobile recording studio set up in a Winnebago , which followed them between film sets . The schedule was physically arduous with logistical difficulties , as Melanie Brown commented on in her autobiography : " doing the two full @-@ time jobs at the same time took its toll and within a couple on weeks , exhaustion set in . "
= = Writing and recording = =
A session with the production and songwriting duo Richard Stannard and Matt Rowe was booked to record the group 's next single . During the recording of the Spiceworld tracks , the group was so busy with the filming schedule that the quality of their contributions became more erratic and piecemeal . About the writing process during the session Rowe recalls :
I remember when they came to record ' Spice Up Your Life ' . It was in the middle of the chaos . It had been booked in , that they were coming in to record their next single , and write it , with us . It was at Whitfield Street Studios and there was going to be an MTV crew there filming them as they did this , which there was . Well , how on earth can you possibly do this ? You can 't write and record a song in half @-@ an @-@ hour with a film crew watching .
The session was interrupted constantly , with people entering the building , phoning them , or throwing things through the window . Eventually , when the filming crew left the room , the group managed to finish the song . Stannards commented about the inspiration behind it to Music Week : " We were talking about Bollywood films , the colours and how the Spice Girls could present themselves . It was a matter of how do we get everything in to one song ? " All the writing and the vocal recording was completed in one afternoon , and instead of taking turns , the five members went inside the vocal booths and recorded the chorus together . Brown commented that for this reason the final mix sounds " spontaneous and full of energy " .
= = = B @-@ side = = =
" Spice Up Your Life " was already finished and ready to be released , but nothing was recorded for the B @-@ side . Every other song available had been used in the Spice album , and the group needed a new track for their next single . A session with Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins — the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute — was booked . Because of the limited time and the scarce creative inspiration at that point , Virgin told the duo to make anything they liked .
The duo created " Spice Invaders " by placing four microphones and telling the group to just talk about anything they wanted , the conversation was recorded and as Wilson described it , a " hideous bubblegum " backing track was added behind the voices . After the group left , Watkins and the mix engineer finished the track during the night .
= = Composition = =
" Spice Up Your Life " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop song , with influences of Latin rhythms such as salsa and samba . It is written in the key of F minor , with a time signature set on common time ( 4 / 4 ) , and moves at a fast tempo of 126 beats per minute .
The song is constructed in a verse @-@ pre @-@ chorus @-@ chorus form , with a bridge before the third and fourth chorus , and uses a simple chord progression of Fm – C7 . It opens with an introduction , which consists of the repeated use of the word la . The first verse follows , the lyrics are an international rally cry , targeted to a global market , as Melanie Chisholm described it : " We always wanted to do a carnival tune and write a song for the world . " After the first verse , the group sings the pre @-@ chorus and the chorus . The same pattern occurs , leading to the second chorus . A spoken bridge , in which the girls mention different dance styles , — flamenco , lambada , hip @-@ hop , moonwalk , foxtrot , polka , salsa and haka — precedes the third chorus . The group closes the song repeating the chorus for a fourth time .
= = Release = =
" Spice Up Your Life " was released in the United Kingdom on 13 October 1997 , in two single versions . The first one , released in cassette and maxi single format , included the Mark Stent radio mix , the Morales radio mix , an instrumental version of the song , and the B @-@ side " Spice Invaders " . The second version , released on digipak format , contained three tracks : the Stent radio mix , the David Morales carnival club mix , and the Murk Cuba Libre mix . In the United States , Virgin Records sent the song to radios on 1 October 1997 , and the single to record stores on 21 October 1997 . The American version , released in cassette and maxi single format , featured the same track listing as the first UK version .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Spice Up Your Life " received mostly negative reviews from music critics , with many of them criticizing the lyrics and the Latin @-@ inspired music . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly described it as a " ha @-@ cha @-@ cha slice of tropical @-@ boat @-@ cruise frivolity " . In a review of Spiceworld , The Miami Herald said that " the busy Latin @-@ styled first single is a condescending dud " . George Varga of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune believed that the song " does for Latin music what Hanson has done for death metal " , while Andy Gill of The Independent called it a " pseudo @-@ salsa [ ... ] pop pastiche " . However , Scott Schinder of Newsday was pleased with the track , referring to it as a " silly but irresistible uplift " . South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel 's Sean Picolli described it as a " salsa @-@ lite hootenanny " . Rolling Stone magazine 's David Wild called it " a global call to arms and legs with a distinct carnivallike flavor and a message of Up With Spice People positivity " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic , commented that the song added Latin rhythms that " consolidates and expands the group 's style " .
The song drew comparisons to the work of other artists . The Contra Costa Times said that the song have shades of Gloria Estefan . The Daily Mirror went even further , commenting that it was a rehash of Estefan 's ' 80s music , and called it a " throwaway Latinstyle song " . Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch believed that the song was a copy of Miami Sound Machine 's " Conga " , and added that it had a " zingy mariachi @-@ flavored rhythm and infectious chorus chant " , while Ann Powers of The New York Times said that it " skates over Latin hip hop from Lisa Lisa to the Lambada . " The Dallas Morning News noted influences of ABBA , Bananarama and Bow Wow Wow in the song , and added that it " doesn 't quite reach the pop heights of ' Wannabe ' " .
Some of the reviewers criticized the lyrics . Dele Fadele of the NME called it " the poppermost pop single ever invented " , adding that it contained " a brilliant line in nonsense lyrics . As such it is the Spice Girls ' message of peace to the world " . The Reading Eagle reviewer , David Bauder , said that it " sounds like it was written by a focus group who told them to add a Latin flavor " . The Telegram & Gazette commented that its lyrics were " concerned more with shaking hips than moving social consciousness " . Larry Flick of Billboard magazine was mixed on the track . Although he described it as " insanely catchy and devilishly fun " , he also felt that it was not a real song , saying that it is " just a festive cha @-@ cha groove and a lyrical command to add some ' spice ' to your life by way of countless dance moves . A runaway hit . " The Hartford Courant music critic Roger Catlin , believed that the song " recognizes and embraces the group 's worldwide audience with savvy Latin rhythms and a self @-@ promoting lyric of dizzy Esperanto " . Chicago Sun @-@ Times ' critic Jim DeRogatis was unimpressed with the lyrics , yet when comparing it to Aqua 's " Barbie Girl " , he found that its " unifying sentiment is more admirable " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Spice Up Your Life " was originally going to be released in the UK on 6 October 1997 , but the release date was delayed in an attempt to displace Elton John 's " Candle in the Wind 1997 " — a tribute to Princess Diana , who had died two months before — from the top position . The single was released the next week , debuting at the top of the UK Singles Chart on 19 October 1997 , making the Spice Girls the first group to reach number one with their first five singles , and the first to debut at the top of the chart four times in a row . It stayed one week at number one , twelve weeks inside the top forty , fifteen inside the top seventy @-@ five , and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in October 1997 .
" Spice Up Your Life " was commercially successful also in the rest of Europe . On 1 November 1997 it peaked at number three on the Eurochart Hot 100 , and performed similarly across the continent , peaking inside the top five in Belgium ( both the Flemish and French charts ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland ; and inside the top fifteen in Austria and Germany . The song was released in Oceania on 6 October 1997 . In New Zealand , it debuted at number two , where it stayed for four consecutive weeks , blocked by " Candle in the Wind 1997 " . In Australia , it debuted at number seventeen , peaking at number eight two weeks later . It remained twenty weeks on the chart , and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) .
" Spice Up Your Life " had mediocre success in North America . In the US , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on 8 November 1997 at number thirty @-@ two ; at the time it was the group 's lowest debut in the country . It peaked at eighteen in its fourth week , becoming their fourth consecutive top twenty on the chart . The song barely broke the Hot 100 Airplay , peaking at number seventy @-@ two , but despite the track 's weak airplay , the CD single sold well , peaking at number eleven on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart . It received a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in January 1998 . The song reached number four on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , but only had moderate success on other formats , peaking at twenty @-@ two on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart , at thirty @-@ seven on the Mainstream Top 40 , and at twenty @-@ seven on the Rhythmic Top 40 . " Spice Up Your Life " was more successful on the Canadian Singles Chart , where it peaked at number two on 15 November 1997 . New remixes by Ralphi Rosario were produced in 2007 in conjunction with the release of their Greatest Hits CD and these rose to number seventeen on the Billboard Dance Charts .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Spice Up Your Life " was directed on 6 September 1997 , by Marcus Nispel in a two @-@ day shoot located in New York City . The video features the group in a futuristic setting , inspired by the 1982 film Blade Runner , controlling every aspect of society in a dark futuristic cityscape . Nispel came up with the concept based on a sketch that was faxed to him signed " Ginger Spice " . He recalls : " I looked at what Disney did to Times Square in NYC and tried to imagine how the Spice Girls would transform it , as their career seemed to have no limits — at the time . " The group was not consulted about the concept . According to Brown 's autobiography , they wanted a carnival party theme , but were too tired to fight about it with the label , and ended up with a concept linked to the theme of world domination . Brown commented : " It wasn 't right . I don 't think any of us liked it much , even though we enjoyed making it . I still can 't understand what 's going on in it half the time . " The video exclusively premiered on MTV in September 1997 .
The video featured the group as globalising masters , in a spaceship going through a dark city , looking at themselves on various billboards , while shoots of rooms and bars with televisions plays the videos for " Say You 'll Be There " and " Wannabe " , live footage of the girls inside the spaceship is also broadcast . The group then zoom aimlessly around the city on flying surfboards . The scenes are interspersed with shoots of the girls doing different things , such as Brown at a turntable with bright flashing lights and a large rotating fan , Beckham posing on top of a platform while photographers takes pictures of her , Bunton in a room surrounded with neon @-@ blue balloons , Chisholm winning a boxing match and Halliwell giving a speech at a press conference to a crowd of journalists . The video won the award for Best Video at the 1998 Edison Music Awards , and was nominated for Best Video at the 1998 BRIT Awards .
= = Live performances = =
" Spice Up Your Life " had its premiere in the UK on 27 September 1997 , on the BBC 's National Lottery programme , which attracted more than nine million viewers . The song was subsequently performed many times on television , in both Europe and the US , including An Audience with ... , Top of the Pops , All That , The Jay Leno Show , the Late Show with David Letterman , and The Oprah Winfrey Show . " Spice Up Your Life " was also performed in many award ceremonies such as the 1997 Smash Hits ! Awards , the 1997 MTV Europe Music Awards , the 1997 Billboard Music Awards , the 1997 Premios Ondas , the 1997 Channel V Music Awards , and the 2000 BRIT Awards . In October 1997 , the group performed " Spice Up Your Life " as the eleventh song of their first live concert at the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul , Turkey . The performance was broadcast on Showtime in a pay @-@ per @-@ view event titled Spice Girls In Concert Wild ! , and was later included in the VHS and DVD release Girl Power ! Live in Istanbul . The song was also used during the climax of their 1997 film , Spice World . In the scene , the group performs " Spice Up Your Life " at London 's Royal Albert Hall , surrounded by the media and thousands of fans , while the rest of the supporting cast can be seen dancing and singing during the performance .
The Spice Girls have performed the song on three of their tours : the Spiceworld Tour , the Christmas In Spiceworld Tour , and the Return of the Spice Girls . The performance at the Spiceworld Tour 's final concert can be found on the video Spice Girls Live at Wembley Stadium , filmed in London on 20 September 1998 . After Halliwell left the group , Melanie C took over her solo line in the song in every live performance until their reunion . The group performed " Spice Up Your Life " as the opening song of their 2007 – 2008 Return of the Spice Girls tour . The show started with the screens above the stage displaying an introductory film , which featured five little girls — Spice Girls ' look @-@ alikes — opening a magic box , dancing in their bedroom and talking about their wish to be world famous . Old headlines about the Spice Girls flash up — the last one announcing the end of the band . Then the group appeared standing motionless in five ascending platforms , dressed in tight bronze and copper coloured outfits made by Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli .
During the encore , the group closed the show performing a remix version of the song , each dressed in a glittery outfit of a different bright colour . At the end , a cannon exploded showering the stage with pieces of gold , white and black paper strips , while flags from different countries flashed across the backdrop screens . As they left the stage , the words " Mission accomplished " appeared on the screens .
The Spice Girls performed the song on 12 August 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London as part of a medley with the group 's debut single , " Wannabe " .
= = Formats and track listings = =
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of " Spice Up Your Life " :
= = Credits and personnel = =
Published by Windswept Pacific Music Ltd / PolyGram Music Publishing Ltd .
= = Charts = =
= Halloween ( 2007 film ) =
Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written , directed , and produced by Rob Zombie . The film is a remake / reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name ; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise . The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers , Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis , and Scout Taylor @-@ Compton as Laurie Strode ; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten @-@ year @-@ old Michael Myers . Rob Zombie 's " reimagining " follows the premise of John Carpenter 's original , with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night . Zombie 's film goes deeper into the character 's psyche , trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people , whereas in Carpenter 's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing .
Working from Carpenter 's advice to " make [ the film ] his own " , Zombie chose to develop the film as both a prequel and a remake , allowing for more original content than simply re @-@ filming the same scenes . Despite mostly negative reviews , the film , which cost $ 15 million to make , went on to gross $ 80 @,@ 208 @,@ 039 worldwide , making it the highest @-@ grossing film in the Halloween franchise in unadjusted U.S. dollars . Zombie followed the film with a sequel , Halloween II , in 2009 .
= = Plot = =
On Halloween in Haddonfield , Illinois , having already shown signs of psychopathic tendencies , ten @-@ year @-@ old Michael Myers ( Daeg Faerch ) murders a school bully ( Daryl Sabara ) . Later that evening , he murders his older sister Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) , his mother ’ s boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , and Judith 's boyfriend Steve ( Adam Weisman ) . Only his baby sister , Angel Myers , is spared . After one of the longest trials in the state ’ s history , Michael is found guilty of first degree murder and sent to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium under the care of child psychologist Dr. Samuel Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) .
Michael initially cooperates with Dr. Loomis , claiming no memory of the murders . His mother , Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) , visits him regularly . Over the following year , Michael becomes fixated on his papier @-@ mâché masks , closing himself off from everyone , even his mother . When Michael kills a nurse as Deborah is leaving from one of her visits , she can no longer handle the situation and commits suicide .
For the next fifteen years , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) continues making his masks and not speaking to anyone . Loomis , having continued to treat Michael over the years , attempts to move on with his life and closes Michael 's case . Later , while being prepared for transfer to maximum security , Michael escapes Smith 's Grove , killing the sanitarium employees and a truck driver for his clothes , and makes his way back to Haddonfield . On Halloween , Michael arrives at his now abandoned childhood home , where he recovers the kitchen knife and Halloween mask he stored under the floorboards the night he killed his sister .
The story shifts to Laurie Strode ( Scout Taylor @-@ Compton ) , and her friends Annie Brackett ( Danielle Harris ) and Lynda Van Der Klok ( Kristina Klebe ) on Halloween . Throughout the day , Laurie witnesses Michael watching her from a distance . That night , she goes to babysit Tommy Doyle ( Skyler Gisondo ) . Meanwhile , Lynda meets with her boyfriend Bob Simms ( Nick Mennell ) at Michael 's childhood home . Michael murders them , and then heads to the Strode home , where he murders Laurie 's parents , Mason ( Pat Skipper ) and Cynthia ( Dee Wallace ) . Loomis , having been alerted of Michael 's escape , comes to Haddonfield looking for Michael . After obtaining a handgun , Loomis attempts to warn Sheriff Brackett ( Brad Dourif ) that Michael has returned to Haddonfield . Brackett and Dr. Loomis head to the Strode home , with Brackett explaining along the way that Laurie is actually Michael 's sister .
Meanwhile , Annie convinces Laurie to babysit Lindsey Wallace ( Jenny Gregg Stewart ) , a girl Annie is supposed to be watching , so she can have sex with her boyfriend Paul ( Max Van Ville ) . Annie and Paul return to the Wallace home . During sex , Michael kills Paul and attacks Annie . Bringing Lindsey home , Laurie finds Annie on the floor , badly injured but still alive , and calls the police . She is attacked by Michael , who chases her back to the Doyle home . Sheriff Brackett and Loomis hear the call announced over the radio and head toward the Wallace residence . Meanwhile , Michael kidnaps Laurie and takes her back to his home . Michael approaches Laurie and tries to show her that she is his beloved younger sister , presenting a picture of the two siblings with their mother .
Unable to understand , Laurie grabs Michael 's knife and stabs him before escaping the house . Michael chases her , but is repeatedly shot by Dr. Loomis . Laurie and Loomis are just about to leave when Michael grabs Laurie and heads back to the house . Loomis intervenes and tries to reason with Michael , but Michael attacks him by squeezing Loomis 's skull with his hands . Laurie takes Loomis 's gun and runs upstairs , but she is chased by Michael , who , after cornering her on a balcony , charges her head @-@ on , knocking both of them over the railing . Laurie comes to on top of a unconscious Michael . Aiming Loomis ' gun at his face , she repeatedly pulls the trigger until the gun finally goes off just as Michael 's hand grips Laurie 's wrist .
= = Production = =
On June 4 , 2006 , Dimension announced that Rob Zombie , director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil 's Rejects , would be creating the next installment in the Halloween film series . The plan was for Zombie to hold many positions in the production ; he would write , direct , produce , and serve as music supervisor . Bob Weinstein approached him about making the film . Zombie , who was a fan of the original Halloween and a friend of John Carpenter , jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Studios . Before Dimension went public with the news , Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter , out of respect , of the plans to remake his film . Carpenter 's request was for Zombie to " make it his own " . During a June 16 , 2006 interview , Zombie announced that his film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept . He insisted that there would be considerable original content in the new film , as opposed to mere rehashed material . The BBC reported that the new film would disregard the numerous sequels that followed Halloween .
Zombie 's intention was to reinvent Michael Myers because , in his opinion , the character , along with Freddy Krueger , Jason Voorhees and Pinhead , has become more familiar to audiences , and as a result , less scary . The idea behind the new film was to delve deeper into Michael Myers ' back story . A deeper back story would add " new life " to the character , as Zombie put it . Michael 's mask will be given its own story , to provide an explanation as to why he wears it , instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store , as in the original film . Zombie explained that he wanted Michael to be true to what a psychopath really is , and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide . He wants the young Michael to have charisma , which would be projected onto the adult Michael . Zombie has decided that Michael 's motives for returning to Haddonfield should be more ambiguous . As Zombie explains , " was he trying to kill Laurie , or just find her because he loves her ? "
Moreover , Michael would not be able to drive in the new film , unlike his 1978 counterpart who stole Loomis ' car so that he could drive back to Haddonfield . Zombie also wants the Dr. Loomis character to be more intertwined with that of Michael Myers ; Zombie said that the character 's role in the original was " showing up merely to say something dramatic " . Although Zombie has added more history to the Michael Myers character , hence creating more original content for the film , he chose to keep the character 's trademark mask and Carpenter 's theme song intact for his version ( despite an apparent misinterpretation in an interview suggesting the theme would be ditched ) . Production officially began on January 29 , 2007 . Shortly before production began , Zombie reported that he had seen the first production of Michael 's signature mask . Zombie commented , " It looks perfect , exactly like the original . Not since 1978 has The Shape looked so good " . Filming occurred in the same neighborhood that Carpenter used for the original Halloween .
On December 19 , 2006 , Zombie announced to Bloody @-@ Disgusting that Daeg Faerch would play the part of ten @-@ year @-@ old Michael Myers . On December 22 , 2006 , Malcolm McDowell was officially announced to be playing Dr. Loomis . McDowell stated that he wanted a tremendous ego in Loomis , who is out to get a new book from the ordeal . On December 24 , 2006 , Zombie announced that Tyler Mane , who had previously worked with Zombie on The Devil 's Rejects , would portray the adult Michael Myers . Mane stated that it was very difficult to act only with his eyes . Scout Taylor @-@ Compton endured a long audition process , but as director Zombie explains , " Scout was my first choice . There was just something about her ; she had a genuine quality . She didn 't seem actor @-@ y . " She was one of the final people to be cast for a lead role after Faerch , Mane , McDowell , Forsythe , and Harris . A contest was held for a walk on role in the film , at the time called Halloween 9 ; it was won by Heather Bowen . She played a news reporter who covered Michael 's arrest but her scene was cut from the film and does not appear in the deleted scenes .
= = Release = =
Approximately four days before the theatrical release of the film , a workprint version of Halloween appeared online and was circulated around various BitTorrent sites . Upon hearing of the leaked copy , Zombie stated that whatever version had been leaked was an older version of the film , unlike what was about to be released in theaters . The leak of Zombie 's workprint led to speculation that the film 's box office success could be damaged , as director Eli Roth attributed the financial failure of his film , Hostel : Part II , to the leaking of a workprint version . Dark Horizons webmaster Garth Franklin noted that watching the workprint allows a viewer to see what was changed after test screenings of the film in June 2007 . For example , one particular scene — the rape of one of the Smith 's Grove female inmates — was replaced in the final version . Halloween was officially released on August 31 , 2007 , to 3 @,@ 472 theaters in North America , giving it the widest release of any of the previous Halloween films .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
On its opening day , Halloween grossed $ 10 @,@ 896 @,@ 610 , and immediately surpassed the opening weekend grosses for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $ 7 @,@ 446 @,@ 508 , Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) at $ 6 @,@ 333 @,@ 259 , The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) at $ 6 @,@ 831 @,@ 250 , The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) at $ 5 @,@ 093 @,@ 428 , and The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $ 7 @,@ 308 @,@ 529 . From September 1 – 2 , Halloween earned $ 8 @,@ 554 @,@ 661 and $ 6 @,@ 911 @,@ 096 , respectively , for a 3 @-@ day opening weekend total of $ 26 @,@ 362 @,@ 367 . The film would earn an additional $ 4 @,@ 229 @,@ 392 on Labor Day for a 4 @-@ day holiday weekend gross of $ 30 @,@ 591 @,@ 759 , making it the highest ever for that holiday . As a result , the 2007 film would immediately surpass the total box office gross for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $ 25 @,@ 533 @,@ 818 , Halloween III ( 1982 ) at $ 14 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 , Halloween 4 ( 1988 ) at $ 17 @,@ 768 @,@ 757 , Halloween 5 ( 1989 ) at $ 11 @,@ 642 @,@ 254 , The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $ 15 @,@ 116 @,@ 634 , and Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) with $ 30 @,@ 354 @,@ 442 .
Following its first Friday after its opening weekend , Halloween saw a 71 @.@ 6 % drop in attendance , earning $ 3 @,@ 093 @,@ 679 . The film , which earned the # 1 spot at the box office in its opening weekend , earned only $ 9 @,@ 513 @,@ 770 in its second weekend — a 63 @.@ 9 % decrease — but still claimed the # 2 spot at the box office just behind 3 : 10 to Yuma . The film continued to appear in the weekend top ten going into its third weekend , when it earned $ 4 @,@ 867 @,@ 522 to take sixth place . It was not until the film 's fourth weekend that it fell out of the top ten and into twelfth place with $ 2 @,@ 189 @,@ 266 . Halloween would fail to regain a top ten spot at the box office for the remainder of its theatrical run .
Thanks to its opening weekend of $ 30 @.@ 5 million , the film broke the box @-@ office record for the Labor Day weekend , surpassing the record set in 2005 by Transporter 2 with $ 20 @.@ 1 million . It still currently resides as the top Labor Day weekend grosser . Halloween was also the 8th highest @-@ grossing R @-@ rated film of 2007 , and finished out the year in 44th place for domestic box office gross . With its $ 58 million box office gross , Halloween was the second highest @-@ grossing film among the recent slasher remakes , taken over by A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) with $ 63 million . However , it is third in the list which consists of When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) at $ 47 @.@ 8 million , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) at $ 16 @.@ 3 million , Prom Night ( 2008 ) at $ 43 @.@ 8 million , My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) with $ 51 @.@ 4 million , and Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) leading the group with $ 60 million . Halloween is also ranked eleventh overall when comparing it to all of the horror remakes , as well as eighth place for all slasher films in general , in unadjusted dollars .
In addition to the film 's North American box office , it opened alongside Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock in foreign markets on the weekend of September 29 , 2007 . Halloween led the trio with a total of $ 1 @.@ 3 million in 372 theaters – Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock took in $ 1 @.@ 2 million from 295 screens and $ 1 million from 238 screens , respectively . By November 1 , 2007 , Halloween had taken in an additional $ 7 million in foreign markets . Ultimately , the film would earn approximately $ 21 @,@ 981 @,@ 879 overseas . By the end of the film 's theatrical run , the film had taken a worldwide total of $ 80 @,@ 253 @,@ 908 . Comparing this film to the rest of the films in the Halloween film series , Zombie 's remake is the highest @-@ grossing film in unadjusted US dollars . When adjusting for the 2009 inflation , Zombie 's Halloween — which adjusts to $ 60 @.@ 4 million domestically — is fourth , behind Carpenter 's Halloween at $ 166 @.@ 9 million , Halloween H20 at $ 73 @.@ 8 million , and Halloween II at $ 66 @.@ 7 million .
= = = Critical response = = =
Based on 109 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Halloween received an average 25 % overall approval rating based on 110 reviews , with the consensus " Rob Zombie doesn 't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween , making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise . " By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a 47 out of 100 from the 18 reviews it collected . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was " B @-@ minus " on an A + to F scale ; it also reported that 62 % of the audience was male , with 57 % being 25 years or older .
Peter Hartlaub , of the San Francisco Chronicle , felt Zombie was successful in both " [ putting ] his own spin on Halloween , while at the same time paying tribute to Carpenter 's film " ; he thought Zombie managed to make Michael Myers almost " sympathetic " as a child , but that the last third of the film felt more like a montage of scenes with Halloween slipping into " slasher @-@ film logic " . Nathan Lee of The Village Voice disagreed in part with Harlaub , feeling that Halloween may have placed too much emphasis on providing sympathy for Michael Myers , but that it succeeded in " [ deepening ] Carpenter 's vision without rooting out its fear " . The film critic Matthew Turner believed the first half of the film , which featured the prequel elements of Michael as a child , were better played than the remake elements of the second half . In short , Turner stated that performances from the cast were " superb " , with Malcolm McDowell being perfectly cast as Dr. Loomis , but that the film lacked the scare value of Carpenter ’ s original . Jamie Russell from the BBC agreed that the first half of the film worked better than the last half ; she stated that Zombie ’ s expanded backstory on Michael was " surprisingly effective " — also agreeing that McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis — but that Zombie failed to deliver the " supernatural dread " that Carpenter created for Michael in his 1978 original .
New York Daily News critic Jack Matthews believed the film lacked tension , and went more for cheap shocks — focusing more on enhancing the " imagery of violence " — than real attempts to scare the audience ; he gave the film one and a half stars out of five . Dennis Harvey , from Variety magazine , echoed Matthew 's opinion that the film failed to deliver on the suspense ; he also felt that you could not tell one teenage character from the next , whereas in Carpenter 's original each teenager had real personalities . In contrast , Rossiter Drake of The Examiner applauded Michael 's backstory , feeling that it was a " compelling take on the mythology " that managed to be " unique " and " shocking " at the same time . In agreement with other critics , Empire magazine 's Kim Newman felt that , because Zombie seemed less focused on the teenagers being stalked and killed by Michael , the film " [ fell ] flat " when it came to delivering suspense or anything " remotely scary " ; Newman did praise McDowell for his portrayal of the " dogged psychiatrist " . Ben Walter , of Time Out London , felt Zombie added " surprising realism " to the development of Michael Myers ’ psychopathic actions , but agreed with Newman that the director replaced the original film ’ s " suspense and playfulness " with a convincing display of " black @-@ blooded brutality " .
Frank Scheck , of the Hollywood Reporter , believed that even though Zombie 's remake of Carpenter 's Halloween was better than getting another sequel in the long running franchise it still was not comparable to the 1978 original . For Scheck , Zombie replaced Carpenter 's building suspense , which made it so " brilliant " , with graphic violence and extended scenes of nudity ; he also criticized McDowell for lacking the intensity that Donald Pleasence brought to the Loomis character . By contrast , TV Guide 's Ken Fox felt that Zombie did deliver a " scary horror movie " , not by copying Carpenter , but by making the film his own . Fox noted that Zombie seemed to follow more in the footsteps of Wes Craven and Tobe Hooper 's " savage , greasy @-@ haired ' 70s " films , which allowed him to bring Michael back to his roots and successfully terrify an audience which has grown accustomed to the recent " torture porn " horror films . Bill Gibron , of PopMatters , believes that audiences and critics cannot compare Carpenter 's film to Zombie 's remake ; where Carpenter focused more on the citizens of Haddonfield — with Michael acting as a true " boogeyman " — Zombie focuses more on Michael himself , successfully forcing the audience to experience all of the elements that Michael went through that would result in his " desire for death " .
Halloween won the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best Film of 2007 , drawing in 550 votes , the most ever in the history of the award . The film also won the ' Best Remake Award ' at the 2008 Spike TV Scream Awards . Dan Mathews , vice president of PETA , sent Rob Zombie a thank @-@ you letter for what he perceived as Zombie sending a message to audiences when he depicted the young Michael Myers torturing animals , something he felt demonstrated that people who commit acts of cruelty to animals are likely to move on to humans . Mathews went on to say , " Hopefully , with the attention focused by your movie on the link between cruelty to animals and human violence , more people will recognize the warning signs among people they know and deal with them more forcefully . We wish you continued success ! "
= = Home media = =
The film 's soundtrack was released on August 21 , 2007 ; it includes 24 tracks , consisting of 12 dialogue tracks and 12 instrumentals . The album contained both new tracks , as well as ones recycled from the original Halloween and its sequel . Tyler Bates ' interpretation of John Carpenter 's original Halloween theme is the first musical track , with " ( Don 't Fear ) The Reaper , " which appeared in the original Halloween , and " Mr. Sandman " , which appeared in Halloween II and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later , performed by Nan Vernon . Writing about its selection from the 1981 film , one reviewer for the BBC commented that it worked well to " mimic Laurie ’ s situation ( sleeping a lot ) " , making " the once innocent sounding lyrics seem threatening in a horror film " . The album also includes Kiss 's " God of Thunder " , Rush 's " Tom Sawyer " , Alice Cooper 's " Only Women Bleed " , Peter Frampton 's " Baby , I Love Your Way " , Nazareth 's " Love Hurts " , Bachman – Turner Overdrive 's " Let It Ride " , Misfits ' " Halloween II " , and an Iggy Pop live version of The Stooges ' " 1969 " among others .
On December 18 , 2007 , the film was released on DVD in the United States ; both the theatrical ( 110 minutes ) and an unrated director 's cut ( 121 minutes ) were released as two @-@ disc special editions containing identical bonus features . The film was released on DVD in the UK on April 28 , 2008 , known as the " Uncut " edition . On October 7 , 2008 , a three @-@ disc set was released . This Collector 's Edition of Halloween features the same bonus features as the previous unrated edition , but includes Zombie 's four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour " making @-@ of " documentary similar to the " 30 Days in Hell " documentary for Zombie 's The Devil 's Rejects .
= Backspacer =
Backspacer is the ninth studio album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam , released on September 20 , 2009 . The bandmembers started writing instrumental and demo tracks in 2007 , and got together in 2008 to work on an album . It was recorded from February through April 2009 with producer Brendan O 'Brien , who had worked on every Pearl Jam album except their 1991 debut Ten and 2006 's self @-@ titled record — although this was his first production credit since 1998 's Yield . Material was recorded in Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California and O 'Brien 's own Southern Tracks Recording in Atlanta , Georgia . The music on the album — the shortest of the band 's career — features a sound influenced by pop and new wave . The lyrics have a more optimistic look than the ones in the politic @-@ infused predecessors Riot Act and Pearl Jam , something frontman Eddie Vedder attributed to the election of Barack Obama .
The band released the album through their own label Monkeywrench Records with worldwide distribution by Universal Music Group via a licensing agreement with Island Records . Physical copies of the record were sold through Target in North America , and promotion included a deal with Verizon , a world tour , and moderately successful singles " The Fixer " and " Got Some " / " Just Breathe " . Reviews for Backspacer were positive , praising the sound and composition , and the album became Pearl Jam 's first chart topper at the United States ' Billboard 200 since 1996 's No Code , while also topping the charts in Canada , Australia and New Zealand .
= = Background and recording = =
In 2007 , after Pearl Jam 's 2006 tour had ended , the band members began recording demo material on their own while staying in occasional contact via e @-@ mail . Guitarist Mike McCready revealed at the time that he had tested out some ideas with guitarist Stone Gossard and drummer Matt Cameron in separate sessions as well . After the band was invited to record The Who 's " Love , Reign o 'er Me " for the Reign Over Me soundtrack , they opted to call long @-@ time collaborator Brendan O 'Brien to produce their cover . During the experience , O 'Brien and Pearl Jam decided it was a good time for them to work again in a studio album . This ninth album would mark O 'Brien 's first production credit with Pearl Jam since 1998 's Yield . The band allowed O 'Brien greater latitude in determining the sound of Backspacer . " At this point , I think we 're willing to let somebody cut the songs up a little bit , " says lead vocalist Eddie Vedder . " In the past , Brendan would say , ' It 's a great song , but I think you should do it in a different key ' , and we 'd say no . But now that we 've heard Bruce [ Springsteen ] has listened to his suggestions , I think we will too . " Bassist Jeff Ament said , " He brings a brutally honest approach to what he thinks is working and what isn 't , and it really moves things along ... We don 't get weighted down with ideas that maybe aren 't even that good . He 's one of the few people outside of the band that we trust with our music , and we 're really , really looking forward to making this record . "
The band begun working on the album on May 2008 , making demos in Seattle , Washington before recording sessions at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , where O 'Brien usually works . Ament said it was " the first time since the first record that we 've really rehearsed instead of just going to the studio with a handful of ideas . " On May the band had " about five ideas that have been worked on " , which were given some instrumental beds later in the summer . Additional demos were put to tape in December , following a trip by all bandmembers but Vedder to Ament 's home in Montana . The singer later proceeded to put rough vocals on those tracks , and also brought in his own material for the band members to work on .
In February 2009 , Pearl Jam went for a two @-@ week session at Henson . It was the first time the band spent a considerable amount of time recording outside of Seattle since 1996 's No Code . McCready said , " [ When ] we got together with Ed and it really started getting more cohesive , we took that momentum down to Los Angeles with Brendan ... It was a great idea to get us out of Seattle . You 've gotta get out [ of ] your comfort zone , and we 've talked about doing that for the past ten years and kind of haven 't , so we trusted Brendan 's judgment . " In April 2009 , the band went for a two @-@ week session to finish the album with O 'Brien at his mixing facility at Southern Tracks in Atlanta , Georgia . The album took a total of thirty days in the studio to get finished , and O 'Brien stated " we had 90 % of the record cut in the first nine days " .
The album title was chosen in part because of nostalgia for the historical name of the backspace key on typewriters that went out of use in the 1950s and also as a reference to looking back on one 's life . Vedder is known to use typewriters when writing lyrics and letters . Vedder said , " Backspacer [ means ] actually you kind of have to go back and look at your mistake . " Gossard said , " There 's some retrospective moods on this record , where Ed is looking at both his past and his future . " The album title Backspacer was also used for the name of a leatherback turtle that was sponsored by Pearl Jam for Conservation International and National Geographic 's Great Turtle Race .
= = Music and lyrics = =
McCready said , " I 'd sum it up as kind of a tight , concise , rock ' n ' roll record with kind of pop or maybe new wave elements to it ... It 's a really quick record , but I like that element to it . I like the sparseness of the songs and the way that Brendan pulled us together and made us play as good as we could . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that " prior to Backspacer , Pearl Jam wouldn 't or couldn 't have made music this unfettered , unapologetically assured , casual , and , yes , fun . " Vedder stated , " The new record feels good so far — really strong and uptempo , stuff we can sink our teeth into " , and added that the band 's live performances inspired the album 's sound : " At one of our gigs , without flashpots and electricity , there 's only so much room for those difficult listening songs . That 's one reason we kept the arrangements lean . " The singer cited Guided by Voices as a reference in creating the shorter and faster songs of Backspacer . Gossard said that Backspacer is " what we could have done for the last five records , in terms of re @-@ engaging with the roots of why this band works " , and that " there 's plenty of ballads , too ... and there 's some shifts in how Jeff and Matt and I are all relating — I think this record 's got a chance to sound significantly different . " Ament said , " There 's a couple of great things that Ed brought in that could be real departures for us . Whatever wave Ed caught with [ his soundtrack for ] Into the Wild has taken him to different places . "
Lyrically , Backspacer displays a more positive outlook than the band 's last few albums . Vedder credited the election of President Barack Obama as inspiration for the optimistic lyrics . Regarding the lyrics , Vedder said , " I 've tried , over the years , to be hopeful in the lyrics , and I think that 's going to be easier now . " Gossard stated , " We 've made a couple of political and pointed records , the last two in particular , and just to move away from that is great , because it allows you to go back to that when you need to and it refreshes everybody , and it comes down to a beat and a melody and your friends and a lyric and a poem and something that 's important to you . " Vedder stated he did not spend " more than half hour " writing the lyrics to each song : " If it ’ s not gonna happen quick then I don ’ t wanna do it , because it means there ’ s another one out there that is gonna happen quick , and is gonna hit you like a lightning bolt . "
Vedder called " Gonna See My Friend " a " drug song , " but elaborated that the song is about going to see a friend to stay off drugs , and he stated that " Got Some " is about a " drug dealer , " but added what the drug the dealer is selling is actually a great rock song . " Johnny Guitar " , described by Vedder as " almost an Elvis Costello homage " , had its lyrics inspired by a collage of album covers that is pasted on the bathroom wall of the band 's rehearsal space . Vedder noticed the album cover for Johnny " Guitar " Watson 's 1979 album , What the Hell Is This ? , and imagined a man who becomes attracted to one of the various women on the cover and then wonders why this woman would rather be one of Watson 's many girlfriends instead of his only one . Vedder described " Just Breathe " as " as close to a love song as we 've ever gotten , " and said that the subject of the song is the happiest times of people 's lives when they should just take in the moment and " breathe for a minute . " He also said that " Unthought Known " concerns the human psyche , and " Supersonic " is about the love for music . According to Vedder , " Speed of Sound " is a song taken from the perspective of a man who is still sitting in a bar after everyone else has left , but he added that even though the song is sad it became more " confident " when played with the whole band . He said " Force of Nature " is " about the strength of one person in the relationship , when they can withstand some of the faults in another . " " The End " has been described as an " aching love song . "
= = Packaging = =
The artwork for the album was handled by editorial cartoonist Dan Perkins , who goes by the pen name Tom Tomorrow . Perkins spent six months working on the artwork . In 2009 , Village Voice Media , publishers of 16 alternative weeklies , suspended all syndicated cartoons across their entire chain . Perkins lost twelve client papers in cities including Los Angeles , Minneapolis , New York City and Seattle , prompting his friend Vedder to post an open letter on the Pearl Jam website in support of the cartoonist . Perkins referred to the artwork as " dreams and memories , " while Gossard referred to the artwork as a " bizarro otherworldy dreamscape . " The album 's cover art features nine images created by Perkins , and was revealed through a contest on the band 's official website . The nine images were hidden on various websites , and the contest asked Internet users to search for the websites containing the images , whereby the images would be placed on a grid on the Pearl Jam website after clicking on them . After finding all of the images , users were rewarded with a demo version of the song " Speed of Sound " . On the cover and spine of the limited edition gatefold sleeve version , the " Backspacer " keys glow in the dark .
= = Release and promotion = =
Pearl Jam did not re @-@ sign its record deal with J Records , and the band released the album through its own label Monkeywrench Records in conjunction with Universal Music Group in the United States and through Universal 's Island Records internationally . Pearl Jam reached a deal with Target to be the exclusive big @-@ box store retailer for the album in the United States . The album also saw release through the band 's official website , independent record stores , online retailers , and iTunes . Those who purchase the compact disc or iTunes version of the album can access a " virtual ' vault ' " which features eleven concerts that span from 2005 – 2008 , of which up to two can be chosen to download for free ; the iTunes edition was also released as an iTunes LP . Tying in with the release of the album , the entire album has been made available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series of video games . A deal with Verizon made the songs from the album available as both ringtone and ringback .
= = = Backspacer Tour = = =
Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in North America and Oceania in 2009 . On October 4 , 2009 , the band headlined the Austin City Limits Music Festival . The appearance took place amidst a fourteen @-@ date North American leg of the tour . Afterward , the band continued to tour in Oceania . In November , 2009 , they appeared in Australia , with their first performance in Perth , and after , gigs in Adelaide , Melbourne , Sydney and Brisbane . Their next concert performances followed in New Zealand . After their last date there , Pearl Jam returned to the United States for a final American leg in May , 2010 , and a European leg in June 2010 .
= = = Singles = = =
The lead single " The Fixer " ( backed with B @-@ side " Supersonic " , also from the album ) , was made available through the band 's official website . " The Fixer " entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 56 and has reached number three on the Alternative Rock Tracks charts . A music video was made for " The Fixer " . Footage from the video , directed by Cameron Crowe , was used for a commercial for Target advertising Backspacer which features " The Fixer " . The song was also nominated for Best Rock Song at the 52nd Grammy Awards . The band also released the double a @-@ side single " Got Some " / " Just Breathe " a month after Backspacer and " Amongst the Waves " the following summer .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Backspacer received mainly positive reviews from music critics , and is the band 's best reviewed studio album of the 2000s according to Metacritic , where it received a score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 professional critics . Allmusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars , saying that " it sounds as if they enjoy being in a band , intoxicated by the noise they make . " Ann Powers of The Los Angeles Times gave the album four out of four stars , describing it as " 11 breakneck rockers and candidly emotional ballads , adding up to barely more than a half hour of optimally toned catharsis " and praising the " lightness and dexterity of the playing " and " Vedder 's hard @-@ driving , often playful vocals " . Rolling Stone staff writer Rob Sheffield gave Backspacer four out of five stars , saying that it contains " the shortest , tightest , punkiest tunes they 've ever banged out , " and that " Eddie Vedder 's heart @-@ on @-@ fire vocals are the main attraction , as always . " He added , " After toughing out the Bush years , Pearl Jam aren 't in the mood for brooding ; at long last , surf 's up . " Dave Simpson of The Guardian also gave the album four out of five stars . In the review he stated that " the Seattle quartet have rarely sounded this energised . " Simpson observed that " this is a record made by mature men with perspective : full of reflection and eclecticism , finding space for both U2 guitar motifs and Buzzcocks solos . " He added that " the ninth Pearl Jam album may even be the best of the lot . " Los Angeles Times writer Ann Powers gave Backspacer four out of four stars and called its music " Accessible without sacrificing sophistication , aggressive without flailing " . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters gave the album a rating of 7 / 10 and wrote that Pearl Jam " have finally re @-@ discovered who they are , and sound stronger than ever because of it " .
Paul Brannigan of Q gave the album four out of five stars . He said that the album is " largely characterised by joyous new wave @-@ influenced rock 'n'roll , and for the first time in their 19 @-@ year career , Pearl Jam actually sound — whisper it — fun . No , honestly . " Josh Modell of Spin gave the album four out of five stars . He said , " For the first time in years , Pearl Jam are seizing the moment rather than wallowing in it . " Time reviewer Josh Tyrangiel said , " The songs here are built on hooks , covered with guitar fuzz , and then trimmed back a bit so the melody abides . " Tyrangiel added , " Nothing revolutionary , but Backspacer provides an adrenaline jolt that shouldn 't be underestimated either . " Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B , saying that Backspacer is " the sort of sweaty rock & roll that belongs in a bar with cracked @-@ leather booths and $ 2 beers , " and that it " grows same @-@ y , but tracks like the surfing @-@ as @-@ life @-@ metaphor anthem ' Amongst the Waves ' do indeed make something old feel , if not new , good again . " The New York Times said that " Pearl Jam ... [ refuses ] — mostly — to equate maturity with slowing down , " but added , " Pearl Jam 's quandary is that with fewer outside targets or frustrations to rail against , it risks turning sanctimonious ... Pearl Jam 's music doesn 't align well with satisfaction . " Joshua Love of Pitchfork Media said that the album " seems to suggest in its tossed @-@ off 37 minutes that Pearl Jam have no greater concern and regard for what they do than the rest of the world can muster , " and he added that " with the spotlights long since extinguished , Pearl Jam seem content to do things by the book . "
= = = Accolades = = =
At the 53rd Grammy Awards , Backspacer was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Album , losing to Muse 's The Resistance . Several year @-@ end lists included the album amongst the best releases of 2009 . Allmusic listed it on their Favorite Rock Albums of 2009 , Billboard ranked it eighth on their Top 10 Albums of 2009 , while Rolling Stone put Backspacer at 11th on their list , Popmatters had it as 31st , and Q on the 35th spot .
= = = Sales = = =
The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 189 @,@ 000 copies sold in its first week of release , the only independent release to top the Billboard 200 that year . It is the first Pearl Jam album to reach number one in the United States since No Code debuted at number one in 1996 . 7 @,@ 000 of those copies were on vinyl , the highest first week total for LPs in 2009 . On the Billboard 200 dated May 22 , 2010 , Backspacer logged its 32nd week on the chart , making the album Pearl Jam 's longest @-@ charting album since 1998 's Yield . Backspacer was certified Gold by the RIAA on January 28 , 2010 and has sold 635 @,@ 000 copies as of July 2013 , according to Soundscan . It also topped the charts in Canada , where it was certified Platinum ; Australia , also going Platinum ; and New Zealand , being certified Gold .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Eddie Vedder , all music composed by Vedder , except where noted .
Canadian iTunes bonus track
Amazon.co.uk bonus track
The iTunes LP edition also features a video of a live performance of " The Fixer " as well as a short documentary on the making of the album .
= = Personnel = =
= Pedro Álvares Cabral =
Pedro Álvares Cabral ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾu ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ ] or Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈpedɾu ˈawvaɾis kaˈbɾaw ] ; c . 1467 or 1468 – c . 1520 ) was a Portuguese nobleman , military commander , navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil . Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal . While details of Cabral 's early life are unclear , it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education . He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500 , following Vasco da Gama 's newly opened route around Africa . The object of the undertaking was to return with valuable spices and to establish trade relations in India — bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab , Turkish and Italian merchants . Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India , on its sea route , recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean ( in 1497 ) , Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents , leading the first expedition that united Europe , Africa , America , and Asia .
His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean , perhaps intentionally , where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island . As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas , Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown . He explored the coast , realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent , and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory . The continent was South America , and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil . The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India .
A storm in the southern Atlantic caused the loss of several ships , and the six remaining ships eventually rendezvoused in the Mozambique Channel before proceeding to Calicut in India . Cabral was originally successful in negotiating trading rights , but Arab merchants saw Portugal 's venture as a threat to their monopoly and stirred up an attack by both Muslims and Hindus on the Portuguese entrepôt . The Portuguese sustained many casualties and their facilities were destroyed . Cabral took vengeance by looting and burning the Arab fleet and then bombarded the city in retaliation for its ruler having failed to explain the unexpected attack . From Calicut the expedition sailed to the Kingdom of Cochin , another Indian city @-@ state , where Cabral befriended its ruler and loaded his ships with coveted spices before returning to Europe . Despite the loss of human lives and ships , Cabral 's voyage was deemed a success upon his return to Portugal . The extraordinary profits resulting from the sale of the spices bolstered the Portuguese Crown 's finances and helped lay the foundation of a Portuguese Empire that would stretch from the Americas to the Far East .
Cabral was later passed over , possibly as a result of a quarrel with Manuel I , when a new fleet was assembled to establish a more robust presence in India . Having lost favor with the King , he retired to a private life of which few records survive . His accomplishments slipped mostly into obscurity for more than 300 years . Decades after Brazil 's independence from Portugal in the 19th century , Cabral 's reputation began to be rehabilitated by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil . Historians have long argued whether Cabral was Brazil 's discoverer , and whether the discovery was accidental or intentional . The first question has been settled by the observation that the few , cursory encounters by explorers before him were barely noticed at the time and contributed nothing to the future development and history of the land which would become Brazil , the sole Portuguese @-@ speaking nation in the Americas . On the second question , no definite consensus has been formed , and the intentional discovery hypothesis lacks solid proof . Nevertheless , although he was overshadowed by contemporary explorers , Cabral today is regarded as a major figure of the Age of Discovery .
= = Early life = =
Little is certain regarding Pedro Álvares Cabral 's life before , or following , his voyage which led to the discovery of Brazil . He was born in 1467 or 1468 — the former year being the most likely — at Belmonte , about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from present @-@ day Covilhã in central Portugal . He was a son of Fernão Álvares Cabral and Isabel Gouveia — one of five boys and six girls in the family . Cabral was christened Pedro Álvares de Gouveia and only later , supposedly upon his elder brother 's death in 1503 , did he begin using his father 's surname . The coat of arms of his family was drawn with two purple goats on a field of silver . Purple represented fidelity , and the goats were derived from the family name ( cabral pertains to goats in English ) . However , only his elder brother was entitled to make use of the family arms .
Family lore said that the Cabrais were descendants of Caranus , the legendary first king of Macedonia . Caranus was , in turn , a supposed 7th @-@ generation scion of the demigod Hercules . Myths aside , the historian James McClymont believes that another family tale might hold clues to the true origin of Cabral 's family . According to that tradition , the Cabrais derive from a Castilian clan named the Cabreiras ( cabra is Spanish for goat ) who bore a similar coat of arms . The Cabral family rose to prominence during the 14th century . Álvaro Gil Cabral ( Cabral 's great @-@ great @-@ grandfather and a frontier military commander ) was one of the few Portuguese nobles to remain loyal to Dom João I , King of Portugal during the war against the King of Castile . As a reward , João I presented Álvaro Gil with the hereditary fiefdom of Belmonte .
Raised as a member of the lower nobility , Cabral was sent to the court of King Dom Afonso V in 1479 at around age 12 . He received an education in the humanities and learned to bear arms and fight . He would have been roughly age 17 on 30 June 1484 when he was named moço fidalgo ( young nobleman ; a minor title then commonly granted to young nobles ) by King Dom João II . Records of his deeds prior to 1500 are extremely fragmentary , but Cabral may have campaigned in North Africa , as had his ancestors and as was commonly done by other young nobles of his day . King Dom Manuel I , who had acceded to the throne two years previously , awarded him an annual allowance worth 30 @,@ 000 reais on 12 April 1497 . He was concurrently given the title fidalgo ( nobleman ) in the King 's Council and was named a Knight of the Order of Christ . There is no contemporary image or detailed physical description of Cabral . It is known that he had a strong build and matched his father 's height of 1 @.@ 90 meters ( 6 ft 2 @.@ 8 in ) . Cabral 's character has been described as well @-@ learned , courteous , prudent , generous , tolerant with enemies , humble , but also vain and too concerned with the respect he felt his honor and position demanded .
= = Discovery of Brazil = =
= = = Fleet commander @-@ in @-@ chief = = =
On 15 February 1500 , Cabral was appointed Capitão @-@ mor ( literally Major @-@ Captain , or commander @-@ in @-@ chief ) of a fleet sailing for India . It was then the custom for the Portuguese Crown to appoint nobles to naval and military commands , regardless of experience or professional competence . This was the case for the captains of the ships under Cabral 's command — most were nobles like himself . The practice had obvious pitfalls , since authority could as easily be given to highly incompetent and unfit people as it could fall to talented leaders such as Afonso de Albuquerque or Dom João de Castro .
Scant details have survived regarding the criteria used by the Portuguese government in its selection of Cabral as head of the India expedition . In the royal decree naming him commander @-@ in @-@ chief , the only reasons given are " merits and services " . Nothing more is known about these qualifications . Historian William Greenlee argued that King Manuel I " had undoubtedly known him well at court " . That , along with the " standing of the Cabral family , their unquestioned loyalty to the Crown , the personal appearance of Cabral , and the ability which he had shown at court and in the council were important factors " . Also in his favor may have been the influence of two of his brothers who sat on the King 's Council . Given the political intrigue present at court , Cabral may have been part of a faction that furthered his appointment . The historian Malyn Newitt subscribes to some sort of ulterior maneuvering and has said that the choice of Cabral " was a deliberate attempt to balance the interests of rival factions of noble families , for he appears to have no other quality to recommend him and no known experience in commanding major expeditions . "
Cabral became the military chief , while far
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
more experienced navigators were seconded to the expedition to aid him in naval matters . The most important of these were Bartolomeu Dias , Diogo Dias and Nicolau Coelho . They would , along with the other captains , command 13 ships and 1 @,@ 500 men . Of this contingent , 700 were soldiers , although most were simple commoners who had no training or previous experience in combat .
The fleet had two divisions . The first division was composed of nine naus ( carracks ) and two round caravels , and was headed to Calicut ( today more often known as Kozhikode ) in India with the goal of establishing trade relations and a factory ( trading post ) . The second division , consisting of one nau and one round caravel , set sail for the port of Sofala in what is today Mozambique . In exchange for leading the fleet , Cabral was entitled to 10 @,@ 000 cruzados ( an old Portuguese currency equivalent to approximately 35 kg of gold ) and the right to purchase 30 tonnes ( 33 short tons ; 30 long tons ) of pepper at his own expense for transport back to Europe . The pepper could then be resold , tax @-@ free , to the Portuguese Crown . He was also allowed to import 10 boxes of any other kind of spice , duty @-@ free . Although the voyage was extremely hazardous , Cabral had the prospect of becoming a very rich man if he returned safely to Portugal with the cargo . Spices were then rare in Europe and keenly sought @-@ after .
An earlier fleet had been the first to reach India by circumnavigating Africa . That expedition had been led by Vasco da Gama and returned to Portugal in 1499 . For decades Portugal had been searching for an alternate route to the East , in order to bypass the Mediterranean Sea which was under the control of the Italian Maritime Republics and the Ottoman Empire . Portugal 's expansionism would lead first to a route to India , and later to worldwide colonization . A desire to spread Catholic Christianity to pagan lands was another factor motivating exploration . There also was a long tradition of pushing back Muslims , which stemmed from Portugal 's fight for nationhood against the Moors . The fight expanded first to North Africa and eventually to the Indian subcontinent . An additional ambition which galvanized the explorers was the search for the mythical Prester John — a powerful Christian king with whom an alliance against Islam could be forged . Finally , the Portuguese Crown sought a share in the lucrative West African trade in slaves and gold , and India 's spice trade .
= = = Departure and arrival in a new land = = =
The fleet under the command of the 32 – 33 @-@ year old Cabral departed from Lisbon on 9 March 1500 at noon . The previous day it had been given a public send @-@ off which included a Mass and celebrations attended by the King , his court and a huge crowd . On the morning of 14 March , the flotilla passed Gran Canaria , in the Canary Islands . It sailed onward to Cape Verde , a Portuguese colony situated on the West African coast , which was reached on 22 March . The next day , a nau commanded by Vasco de Ataíde with 150 men disappeared without a trace . The fleet crossed the Equator on 9 April , and sailed westward as far as possible from the African continent in what was known as the volta do mar ( literally " turn of the sea " ) navigational technique . Seaweed was sighted on 21 April , which led the sailors to believe that they were nearing the coast . They were proven correct the next afternoon , Wednesday 22 April 1500 , when the fleet anchored near what Cabral christened the Monte Pascoal ( " Easter Mount " , it being the week of Easter ) . The spot is on the northeast coast of present @-@ day Brazil .
The Portuguese detected inhabitants on the shore , and all ships ' captains gathered aboard Cabral 's lead ship on 23 April . Cabral ordered Nicolau Coelho , a captain who had experience from Vasco da Gama 's voyage to India , to go ashore and make contact . He set foot on land and exchanged gifts with the indigenous people . After Coelho returned , Cabral took the fleet north , where after traveling 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) along the coast , it anchored on 24 April in what the commander @-@ in @-@ chief named Porto Seguro ( Safe Port ) . The place was a natural harbor , and Afonso Lopes ( pilot of the lead ship ) brought two natives aboard to confer with Cabral .
As in the first contact , the meeting was friendly and Cabral presented the locals with gifts . The inhabitants were stone age hunter @-@ gatherers , to whom the Europeans assigned the generic label " Indians " . The men collected food by stalking game , fishing and foraging , while the women engaged in small @-@ scale farming . They were divided into countless rival tribes . The tribe which Cabral met was the Tupiniquim . Some of these groups were nomadic and others sedentary — having a knowledge of fire but not metalworking . A few tribes engaged in cannibalism . On 26 April , as more and more curious and friendly natives appeared , Cabral ordered his men to build an altar inland where a Christian Mass was held — the first celebrated on the soil of what would later become Brazil . He , along with the ships ' crews , participated .
The following days were spent stockpiling water , food , wood and other provisions . The Portuguese also built a massive — perhaps 7 metres ( 23 ft ) long — wooden cross . Cabral ascertained that the new land lay east of the demarcation line between Portugal and Spain that had been specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas . The territory was thus within the sphere allotted to Portugal . To solemnize Portugal 's claim to the land , the wooden cross was erected and a second religious service held on 1 May . In honor of the cross , Cabral named the newly discovered land Ilha de Vera Cruz ( Island of the True Cross ) . The next day a supply ship under the command of either Gaspar de Lemos or André Gonçalves ( the sources conflict on who was sent ) returned to Portugal to apprise the King of the discovery .
= = Voyage to India = =
= = = Tragedy off southern Africa = = =
The fleet resumed its voyage on either 2 or 3 May 1500 and sailed along the east coast of South America . Cabral became convinced that he had found an entire continent , rather than an island . Around 5 May , the fleet veered eastwards towards Africa . On 23 or 24 May they encountered a storm in the South Atlantic 's high @-@ pressure zone , resulting in the loss of four ships . The exact location of the disaster is unknown — speculations range from near the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of the African continent to " within sight of the South American coast " . Three naus and a caravel commanded by Bartolomeu Dias — the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 — foundered , and 380 men were lost .
The remaining vessels , hindered by rough weather and damaged rigging , were separated . One ship that had been separated , commanded by Diogo Dias , wandered onward alone , and the other six ships were able to regroup . They gathered into two formations consisting of three ships each , and Cabral 's group sailed east , past the Cape of Good Hope . Fixing their position and sighting land , they turned north and landed somewhere in the Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago , off East Africa and north of Sofala . The main fleet remained near Sofala ten days undergoing repairs . The expedition then went north , and on 26 May reached Kilwa Kisiwani , where Cabral made an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a treaty with its king .
From Kilwa Kisiwani , the fleet departed to Malindi , which was reached on 2 August . Cabral met with its king , with whom he established friendly relations and exchanged gifts . Pilots were recruited at Malindi for the last leg to India and the fleet set sail . Land was reached at Anjadip , an island frequented by ships to obtain supplies on their way to Calicut . Here the ships were beached , recaulked and painted . Final arrangements were put into place for the encounter with the ruler of Calicut .
= = = Massacre in Calicut = = =
The fleet departed Anjadip and arrived in Calicut on 13 September . Cabral successfully negotiated with the Zamorin ( the title of the ruler of Calicut ) and obtained permission to establish a factory and a warehouse . In hopes of further improving relations , Cabral dispatched his men on several military missions at the Zamorin 's request . However , on 16 or 17 December , the factory suffered a surprise attack by some 300 ( according to other accounts , perhaps as many as several thousand ) Muslim Arabs and Hindu Indians . Despite a desperate defense by crossbowmen , more than 50 Portuguese were killed . The remaining defenders retreated to the ships , some by swimming . Thinking that the attack was the result of unauthorized incitement by jealous Arab merchants , Cabral waited 24 hours for an explanation from the ruler of Calicut , but no apology was forthcoming .
The Portuguese were outraged by the attack on the factory and the death of their comrades and seized 10 Arab merchant ships at anchor in the harbor . Around 600 of their crews were killed and the cargoes confiscated before the merchantmen were set afire . Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in reprisal for the violation of the agreement . The massacre was blamed in part on Portuguese animosity towards Muslims , which had developed over centuries of conflict with the Moors on the Iberian peninsula and in North Africa . Moreover , the Portuguese were determined to dominate the spice trade and had no intention of allowing competition to flourish . The Arabs also had no desire to allow the Portuguese to break their monopoly on access to spices . The Portuguese had started out by insisting on being given preferential treatment in every aspect of the trade . The letter from King Manuel I brought by Cabral to the ruler of Calicut , which was translated by the ruler 's Arab interpreters , sought the exclusion of Arab traders . The Muslim merchants believed that they were about to lose both their trading opportunities and livelihoods , and attempted to sway the Hindu ruler against the Portuguese . The Portuguese and Arabs were extremely suspicious of each other 's every action .
Historian William Greenlee has argued that the Portuguese realized that " they were few in numbers and that those who would come to India in the future fleets would always be at numerical disavantage ; so that this treachery must be punished in a manner so decisive that the Portuguese would be feared and respected in the future . It was their superior artillery which would enable them to accomplish this end . " Thus , they created a precedent for European behavior in Asia during the following centuries .
= = = Return to Europe = = =
Warnings in reports from Vasco da Gama 's voyage to India had prompted King Manuel I to brief Cabral regarding another port to the south of Calicut where he could also trade . This city was Kochi and the fleet set sail , reaching it on 24 December . Kochi was nominally a vassal of Calicut , as well as being dominated by other Indian cities . Kochi was eager to achieve independence , and the Portuguese were willing to exploit Indian disunity — as the British would three hundred years later . This tactic eventually ensured Portuguese hegemony over the region . Cabral forged an alliance with Kochi 's ruler , as well with rulers of other Indian cities , and was able to establish a factory . At last , loaded with precious spices , the fleet went to Kannur for further trade before setting out on its return voyage to Portugal on 16 January 1501 .
The expedition headed for the east coast of Africa . One of the ships became stranded on a sandbar and the vessel began to founder . As there was no space in the other ships , its cargo was lost and Cabral ordered the carrack to be set on fire . The fleet then proceeded to the Island of Mozambique ( northeast of Sofala ) , in order to take on provisions and make the ships ready for the rough passage around the Cape of Good Hope . One caravel was sent to Sofala — another of the expedition 's goals . A second caravel , considered the fastest ship in the fleet and captained by Nicolau Coelho , was sent ahead to give the King advance notice of the voyage 's success . A third vessel , commanded by Pedro de Ataíde , became separated from the fleet after leaving Mozambique .
On 22 May , the fleet — now reduced to only two ships — rounded the Cape of Good Hope . They arrived in Beseguiche ( present @-@ day Dakar , located near Cape Verde ) on 2 June . There they found not only Nicolau Coelho 's caravel but also the nau captained by Diogo Dias — which had been lost for over a year following the disaster in the South Atlantic . The nau had experienced several adventures of its own and was now in poor condition with only seven sick and malnourished men aboard — one of whom was so weak that he died of happiness upon again seeing his comrades . Another Portuguese fleet was also found riding at anchor in Beseguiche . After Manuel I had been told of the discovery of present @-@ day Brazil , he sent another and smaller fleet to explore it . One of its navigators was Amerigo Vespucci ( for whom the Americas would be named ) , who told Cabral of his exploration , confirming that he had indeed made landfall on an entire continent and not merely an island .
Nicolau Coelho 's caravel departed first from Beseguiche and arrived in Portugal on 23 June 1501 . Cabral stayed behind , waiting for Pedro de Ataíde 's missing ship and for the caravel that had been sent to Sofala . Both eventually appeared and Cabral arrived in Portugal on 21 July 1501 , with the other vessels coming home during the following days . In all , two ships returned empty , five were fully loaded and six were lost . Nonetheless , the cargoes carried by the fleet returned up to 800 % profit to the Portuguese Crown . Once sold , the proceeds covered the outlay in equipping the fleet , covered the cost of the vessels which had been lost , and cleared a profit which itself exceeded the total sum of those costs . " Undeterred by the unprecedented losses which he had sustained " , asserts historian James McClymont , when Cabral " reached the East African coast , pressed forward to the accomplishment of the task which had been assigned to him and was able to inspire the surviving officers and men with like courage . " " Few voyages to Brazil and India were so well executed as Cabral 's " , affirmed historian Bailey Diffie , which laid down a path leading to the immediate commencement " of a Portuguese seagoing empire from Africa to the far East " , and eventually to " a land empire in Brazil " .
= = Later years and death = =
Upon Cabral 's return , King Manuel I began planning another fleet to make the journey to India and to avenge the Portuguese losses in Calicut . Cabral was selected to command this " Revenge Fleet " , as it was called . For eight months Cabral made all preparations , but for reasons which remain uncertain , he was relieved of command . It had apparently been proposed to give another navigator , Vicente Sodré , independent command over a section of the fleet , and Cabral strongly opposed this . Whether he was dismissed or requested himself that he be relieved of command , the result was that when the fleet departed in March 1502 , its commander was Vasco da Gama — a maternal nephew of Vicente Sodré — and not Cabral . It is known that hostility had developed between a faction supporting da Gama and another supporting Cabral . At some point , Cabral left the court permanently . The King was greatly irritated by the feud , to such an extent that mentioning the matter in his presence could result in banishment , as it did for one of da Gama 's supporters .
Despite the loss of favor with Manuel I , Cabral was able to contract an advantageous marriage in 1503 to Dona ( Lady ) Isabel de Castro , a wealthy noblewoman and descendant of King Dom Fernando I of Portugal . Her mother was a sister of Afonso de Albuquerque , one of the greatest Portuguese military leaders during the Age of Discovery . The couple had at least four children : two boys ( Fernão Álvares Cabral and António Cabral ) and two girls ( Catarina de Castro and Guiomar de Castro ) . There were two additional daughters named Isabel and Leonor according to other sources , which also say that Guiomar , Isabel and Leonor joined religious orders . Afonso de Albuquerque attempted to intercede on Cabral 's behalf and on 2 December 1514 asked Manuel I to forgive him and allow his return to court , but to no avail .
Suffering from recurrent fever and a tremor ( possibly malaria ) since his voyage , Cabral withdrew to Santarém in 1509 . He spent his remaining years there . Only sketchy information is available as to his activities during that time . According to a royal letter dated 17 December 1509 , Cabral was party to a dispute over a transaction involving property which belonged to him . Another letter of that same year reported that he was to receive certain privileges for an undisclosed military service . In 1518 , or perhaps previously , he was raised from fidalgo to knight in the King 's Council and was entitled to a monthly allowance of 2 @,@ 437 reais . This was in addition to the annual allowance granted to him in 1497 , and still being paid . Cabral died of unspecified causes , most probably in 1520 . He was buried in the São João Evangelista chapel of the Convento da Graça in Santarém .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Posthumous rehabilitation = = =
The first permanent Portuguese settlement in the land which would become Brazil was São Vicente , which was established in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa . As the years passed , the Portuguese would slowly expand their frontiers westward , conquering more lands from both indigenous Americans and the Spanish . Brazil had secured most of its present @-@ day borders by 1750 and was regarded by Portugal as the most important part of its far @-@ flung maritime Empire . On 7 September 1822 , the heir of Portuguese King Dom João VI secured the independence of Brazil from Portugal and , as Dom Pedro I , became its first Emperor .
Cabral 's discovery , and even his resting place in the land of his birth , had been almost completely forgotten during the span of nearly 300 years since his expedition . This began to change beginning in the 1840s when Emperor Dom Pedro II , successor and son of Pedro I , sponsored research and publications dealing with Cabral 's life and expedition through the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute . This was part of the Emperor 's ambitious larger plan to foster and strengthen a sense of nationalism among Brazil 's diverse citizenry — giving them a common identity and history as residents of a unique Portuguese @-@ speaking empire , surrounded by Hispanic @-@ American Republics . The initial resurgence of interest in Cabral had resulted from the rediscovery , in 1839 , of his resting place by the Brazilian historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen ( later Viscount of Porto Seguro ) . The completely neglected state in which Cabral 's tomb was found nearly led to a diplomatic crisis between Brazil and Portugal — the latter then ruled by Pedro II 's eldest sister , Maria II .
In 1871 the Brazilian Emperor — then on a trip to Europe — visited Cabral 's gravesite and proposed an exhumation for scientific study , which was carried out in 1882 . In a second exhumation during 1896 , an urn containing earth and bone fragments was allowed to be removed . Although his remains still lay in Portugal , the urn was eventually brought to the old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 30 December 1903 . Cabral has since become a national hero in Brazil . In Portugal , however , he has been much overshadowed by his rival Vasco da Gama . Historian William Greenlee argued that Cabral 's exploration is important " not only because of its position in the history of geography but because of its influence on the history and economics of the period . " Though he acknowledges that few voyages have " been of greater importance to posterity " , he also says that " few have been less appreciated in their time . " Nevertheless , historian James McClymont affirmed that " Cabral 's position in the history of Portuguese conquest and discovery is inexpungable despite the supremacy of greater or more fortunate men . " He concluded that Cabral " will always be remembered in history as the chief , if not the first discoverer of Brazil . "
= = = Intentional discovery hypothesis = = =
A controversy that has occupied scholars for more than a century concerns whether Cabral 's discovery was by chance or intentional . If the latter , that would mean that the Portuguese had at least some hint that a land existed to the west . The matter was first raised by Emperor Pedro II in 1854 during a session of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute , when he asked if the discovery might have been intentional .
Until the 1854 conference , the widespread presumption was that the discovery had been an accident . Early works on the subject supported this view , including História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia ( History of the Discovery and Conquest of India , published in 1541 ) by Fernão Lopes de Castanheda , Décadas da Ásia ( Decades of Asia , 1552 ) by João de Barros , Crônicas do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel ( Chronicles of the most fortunate D. Manuel , 1558 ) by Damião de Góis , Lendas da Índia ( Legends of India , 1561 ) by Gaspar Correia , História do Brasil ( History of Brazil , 1627 ) by friar Vicente do Salvador and História da América Portuguesa ( History of Portuguese America , 1730 ) by Sebastião da Rocha Pita .
The first work to advocate the idea of intentionality was published in 1854 by Joaquim Noberto de Sousa e Silva , after Pedro II had opened the debate . Since then , several scholars have subscribed to that view , including Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen , Capistrano de Abreu , Pedro Calmon , Fábio Ramos and Mário Barata . Historian Hélio Vianna affirmed that " although there are signs of the intentionality " in Cabral 's discovery , " based mainly in the knowledge or previous suspicion of the existence of lands at the edge of the South Atlantic " , there are no irrefutable proofs to support it . This opinion is also shared by historian Thomas Skidmore . The debate on whether it was a deliberate voyage of discovery or not is considered " irrelevant " by historian Charles R. Boxer . Historian Anthony Smith concludes that the conflicting contentions will " probably never be resolved " .
= = = Forerunners = = =
Cabral was not the first European to stumble upon areas of present @-@ day Brazil , not to mention other parts of South America . Roman coins have been found in today 's Venezuela , northwest of Brazil , presumably from ships that were carried away by storm in ancient times . Norsemen reached North America and even established settlements , though these ended in failure sometime before the end of the 15th century . Christopher Columbus , on his third voyage to the New World in 1498 , traveled along part of what would later become Venezuela .
In the case of Brazil , it was once considered probable that the Portuguese navigator Duarte Pacheco Pereira had made a voyage to the Brazilian coast in 1498 . This belief has since been dismissed , however , and it is now thought that he voyaged to North America instead . There is more certain evidence that two Spaniards , Vicente Yáñez Pinzón and Diego de Lepe , traveled along the northern coast of Brazil between January and March 1500 . Pinzón went from what is today Fortaleza ( capital of the Brazilian state of Ceará ) to the mouth of the Amazon River . There he encountered another Spanish expedition led by Lepe , which would reach as far as the Oyapock River in March . The reason Cabral is credited with having discovered Brazil , rather than the Spanish explorers , is because the visits by Pinzón and Lepe were cursory and had no lasting impact . Historians Capistrano de Abreu , Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen , Mário Barata and Hélio Vianna concur that the Spanish expeditions did not influence the development of what would become the only Portuguese @-@ speaking nation in the Americas — with a unique history , culture and society which sets it apart from the Hispanic @-@ American societies which dominate the rest of the continent .
= = Titles and honors = =
= = = Nobility = = =
Moço fidalgo on 30 June 1484 .
Fidalgo in the King 's Council in 1497 .
Knight in the King 's Council around 1518 .
= = = Honors = = =
Knight of the Portuguese Order of Christ awarded in 1497 .
= = Endnotes = =
= Dexter 's Laboratory =
Dexter 's Laboratory ( commonly abbreviated as Dexter 's Lab ) is an American comic science fiction animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network , and the first of the network 's Cartoon Cartoons . The series follows Dexter , a boy @-@ genius and inventor with a secret laboratory , who constantly battles his sister Dee Dee in an attempt to keep her out of the lab . He also engages in a bitter rivalry with his neighbor and fellow @-@ genius Mandark . The first two seasons contained additional segments : Dial M for Monkey , which focuses on Dexter 's pet lab @-@ monkey / superhero , and The Justice Friends , about a trio of superheroes who share an apartment .
Tartakovsky pitched the series to Hanna @-@ Barbera 's animated shorts showcase What a Cartoon ! , basing it on student films he produced while attending the California Institute of the Arts . A pilot aired on Cartoon Network in February 1995 and another pilot also aired on the network in March 1996 ; viewer approval ratings convinced Cartoon Network to order a half @-@ hour series , which premiered on April 28 , 1996 . On December 10 , 1999 , a television movie titled Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip aired as the intended series finale , and Tartakovsky left to begin work on his new series , Samurai Jack . However , in 2001 , the network revived the series under a different production team at Cartoon Network Studios . It ended on November 20 , 2003 , with a total of four seasons and 78 episodes .
Dexter 's Laboratory received high ratings and became one of Cartoon Network 's most popular and successful original series . During its run , the series won three Annie Awards , with nominations for four Primetime Emmy Awards , four Golden Reel Awards , and nine additional Annie Awards . The series is notable for helping launch the careers of several cartoonists , such as Craig McCracken , Seth MacFarlane , Butch Hartman , and Rob Renzetti . Spin @-@ off media include comic books , DVD and VHS releases , music albums , collectible toys , and video games .
= = Premise = =
The series revolves around Dexter ( voiced by Christine Cavanaugh in seasons 1 – 3 ; Candi Milo in seasons 3 – 4 ) , a bespectacled boy @-@ genius who possesses a secret laboratory hidden behind a bookcase in his bedroom . The laboratory is filled with Dexter 's inventions and can be accessed by speaking various passwords or by activating hidden switches on Dexter 's bookshelf ( e.g. pulling out a specific book ) . Though highly intelligent , Dexter often fails at what he has set out to do when he becomes overexcited and makes careless choices . Although he comes from a typical all @-@ American family , Dexter speaks with a thick accent of indeterminate origin . Cavanaugh described it as " an affectation , some kind of accent , we 're not quite sure . A small Peter Lorre , but not . Perhaps he 's Latino , perhaps he 's French . He 's a scientist ; he knows he needs some kind of accent . " Genndy Tartakovsky explained , " He considers himself a very serious scientist , and all well @-@ known scientists have accents . "
Dexter manages to keep the lab a secret from his clueless , cheerful Mom ( Kath Soucie ) and Dad ( Jeff Bennett ) , who never take notice of it . However , he is frequently in conflict with his hyperactive older sister , Dee Dee ( Allison Moore in seasons 1 and 3 ; Kathryn Cressida in seasons 2 and 4 ) . In spite of Dexter 's advanced technology , Dee Dee eludes all manner of security , and once inside her brother 's laboratory , she delights in playing haphazardly , often wreaking havoc with his inventions . Though seemingly dim @-@ witted , Dee Dee often outsmarts her brother and even gives him helpful advice . For his part , Dexter , though annoyed by his intrusive sibling , feels a reluctant affection for her and will come to her defense if she is imperiled .
Dexter 's nemesis is a rival boy @-@ genius from his school named Susan " Mandark " Astronomonov ( Eddie Deezen ) . Just like Dexter , Mandark also has his own laboratory , but his schemes are generally evil and designed to gain power while downplaying or destroying Dexter 's accomplishments . In the revival seasons , Mandark becomes significantly more evil , becoming Dexter 's enemy rather than his rival and his laboratory changing from brightly @-@ lit with rounded features to gothic @-@ looking , industrial , and angular . Because Dexter 's inventions are often better than his , Mandark tries to make up for this by stealing Dexter 's plans . Mandark 's weakness is his love for Dee Dee , though she ignores him and never returns his affections .
= = = Recurring segments = = =
Almost every episode of Dexter 's Laboratory is divided into three different stories / segments , each one being approximately 8 minutes in length . Occasionally , the middle segment centered on characters from the Dexter 's Laboratory universe other than Dexter and his family . Two of these segments were shown primarily during the first season : Dial M for Monkey and The Justice Friends . Dial M for Monkey was the middle segment for the first six episodes of season one , and The Justice Friends took its place for the rest of the season .
The Dial M for Monkey shorts feature Dexter 's pet laboratory monkey , Monkey ( Frank Welker ) , whom Dexter believes is an ordinary monkey and nothing more . However , Monkey secretly has superpowers and fights evil as the superhero Monkey . Monkey is joined by his partner Agent Honeydew ( Kath Soucie ) , the Commander General ( Robert Ridgely ; Earl Boen ) , and a team of assembled superheroes . Dial M for Monkey was created by Genndy Tartakovsky , Craig McCracken , and Paul Rudish .
The Justice Friends consists of Major Glory ( Rob Paulsen ) , Valhallen ( Tom Kenny ) , and the Infraggable Krunk ( Frank Welker ) , three superheroes who are all roommates living in an apartment complex called Muscular Arms . Most of the trio 's adventures deal less with their lives as superheroes and more with their inability to get along as roommates ; it is presented as a sitcom , including a laugh track . Genndy Tartakovsky 's inspiration for The Justice Friends came from reading Marvel Comics when he was learning how to speak English . Tartakovsky stated in an interview with IGN that he was somewhat disappointed with how The Justice Friends turned out , saying , " it could have been funnier and the characters could have been fleshed out more . "
Between the three main segments in seasons one and two are brief mini @-@ segments , many of which feature only Dexter and Dee Dee . Other characters from the series may star in them also , such as " The Puppet Pals " , two live @-@ action puppets named Puppet Pal Mitch ( Rob Paulsen ) and Puppet Pal Clem ( Tom Kenny ) .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Dexter 's Laboratory was inspired by one of Genndy Tartakovsky 's drawings of a ballerina . After drawing Dee Dee 's tall , thin shape , he decided to pair her with a short and blocky opposite , Dexter , inspired by Tartakovsky 's older brother Alex . After enrolling at the California Institute of the Arts in 1990 to study animation , Tartakovsky wrote , directed , animated , and produced two short films that would become the basis for the series .
Dexter 's Laboratory was then made into a seven @-@ minute pilot as a part of Cartoon Network 's What a Cartoon ! project , promoted as World Premiere Toons , which debuted on February 26 , 1995 . Viewers worldwide voted through phone lines , the Internet , focus groups , and consumer promotions for their favorite short cartoons ; the first of 16 animated shorts to earn that vote of approval was Dexter 's Laboratory . Mike Lazzo , then @-@ head of programming for the network , said that it was his favorite of the 48 shorts , commenting " We all loved the humor in brother @-@ versus @-@ sister relationship " . In August 1995 , Turner ordered six half @-@ hours of the series , which would include two cartoons around one spin @-@ off segment titled Dial M for Monkey .
= = = Original run = = =
Dexter 's Laboratory premiered as a half @-@ hour series on TNT on April 27 , 1996 , and on April 28 on Cartoon Network and TBS Superstation . The series , along with Cow and Chicken , Johnny Bravo , The Powerpuff Girls , and Courage the Cowardly Dog , became responsible for pushing Cartoon Network in a new direction focusing on original programming and " character @-@ driven " cartoons . A second season was ordered , and premiered on Cartoon Network on July 16 , 1997 .
Dexter 's Laboratory ended its initial run in 1998 after two seasons , with the second season lasting 39 episodes ; a notable record for a single TV production season on Cartoon Network . The initial series finale was " Last But Not Beast " , which differed from the format of the other episodes in that it was not a collection of cartoon shorts , but was a single 25 @-@ minute episode .
In 1999 , Tartakovsky returned to direct Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip , an hour @-@ long television movie . This was the last Dexter 's Laboratory production that Tartakovsky was involved with and was originally intended to be the conclusion to the series . The special was hand @-@ animated , though the character and setting designs were subtly revised . The plot follows Dexter on a quest through time as he finds out his future triumphs .
= = = Revival = = =
After the series ended , Tartakovsky began work on his new projects , Samurai Jack and Star Wars : Clone Wars . MacFarlane and Hartman had left Time Warner altogether at this point , focusing on Family Guy and The Fairly OddParents , respectively .
On February 21 , 2001 , Cartoon Network announced Dexter 's Laboratory had been revived for a 13 @-@ episode third season . The series was given a new production team at Cartoon Network Studios , with Chris Savino taking over as the creative director in Tartakovsky 's absence . Later in season four , Savino was also promoted to producer giving him further control over the show , such as the budget . The revival episodes featured revised visual designs and sound effects , recast voice actors , continuity shakeups , and the transition from traditional cel animation , which was used in the first two seasons and " Ego Trip " , to digital ink and paint , which was used permanently beginning with the third season premire ; entitled " Streaky Clean , which aired in 2001 , when many other programs made the switchover to digital coloring .
= = = Direction and writing = = =
Directors and writers on the series included Tartakovsky , McCracken , Seth MacFarlane , Butch Hartman , Rob Renzetti , Paul Rudish , John McIntyre , and Chris Savino .
= = = Casting = = =
Christine Cavanaugh voiced Dexter for the first two seasons and early episodes of the third , but retired from voice acting in 2001 for personal reasons . She was replaced by Candi Milo .
Allison Moore , a college friend of Tartakovsky , was cast as Dee Dee . She left the show after the first season because she was no longer interested in voice acting . The role was subsequently recast with Kathryn Cressida . In season three , Moore briefly returned as Dee Dee 's voice before Cressida once again assumed the role for season four .
= = = Animation = = =
The series was animated in a stylized way , which Tartakovsky says was influenced by the Merrie Melodies cartoon The Dover Boys at Pimento University . Dexter 's Laboratory , however , was staged in a cinematic way , rather than flat and close to the screen , to leave space and depth for the action and gags . Tartakovsky was also influenced by other Warner Bros. cartoons , Hanna @-@ Barbera , Japanese mecha anime , and the UPA shorts .
Tartakovsky has said the character Dexter was designed " as an icon " — his body is short and squat and his design is simple , with a black outline and relatively little detail . Since he knew that he was designing the show for television , he purposely limited the design to a certain degree , designing the nose and mouth , for instance , in a Hanna @-@ Barbera style to animate easily .
= = Episodes = =
Dexter 's Laboratory broadcast 78 half @-@ hour episodes over 4 seasons during its 7 @-@ year run . Two pilot shorts were produced for What a Cartoon ! that aired from 1995 to 1996 , and were reconnected into the series ' first season in later airings . Fifty @-@ two episodes were produced over the original run from 1996 to 1998 , which was followed by the TV movie Ego Trip in 1999 .
An additional 26 episodes were produced and broadcast from 2001 to 2003 . The short " Chicken Scratch " debuted theatrically with The Powerpuff Girls Movie in 2002 , and was later broadcast as a segment in the series ' fourth and final season .
= = Broadcast = =
On December 31 , 2000 , Cartoon Network aired its " New Year 's Bash " marathon featuring Dexter 's Laboratory among other programs . On November 16 , 2001 , the network broadcast the 12 @-@ hour " Dexter Goes Global " marathon in 96 countries and 12 languages . The marathon featured fan @-@ selected episodes of Dexter 's Laboratory and culminated with the premiere of the first two episodes of season 3 .
After the series ended , reruns continued to air prominently on Cartoon Network from November 21 , 2003 , to July 29 , 2005 . From September 12 , 2005 , to June 1 , 2008 , it was reran in segments on The Cartoon Cartoon Show , along with other Cartoon Cartoons from that era . On March 30 , 2012 , the series returned to the network in reruns on the revived block , Cartoon Planet .
On January 16 , 2006 , the series began airing in reruns on Cartoon Network 's sister channel Boomerang ; the occasion was marked by a 12 @-@ hour Martin Luther King , Jr . Day marathon . Reruns of the series have been removed from Boomerang on January 4 , 2015 before the rebrand , but returned on June 27 , 2016 .
The Canadian version of Cartoon Network airs reruns as well , with the series being featured on the channel 's launch on July 4 , 2012 . The launch was commemorated by parent network Teletoon , which aired Cartoon Network @-@ related programming blocks and promotions in the weeks leading up to the event , including episodes of Dexter 's Laboratory .
= = = Controversial episodes = = =
The segment " Dial M for Monkey : Barbequor " ( season one , 1996 ) was removed from rotation after a few years of being broadcast in the United States for two reasons . First , the short features a character named the Silver Spooner ( a spoof of the Silver Surfer ) , which was perceived by Cartoon Network as a stereotype of gay men . Second , Krunk appears to become drunk , has a hangover , and vomits off @-@ camera . In later broadcasts and on the Season One DVD ( Region 1 ) , the banned segment has been replaced with " Dexter 's Lab : A Story " , an episode from season two .
During the initial run of Dexter 's Lab , a segment titled " Rude Removal " ( season two , 1997 ) was produced . The short involves Dexter creating a " rude removal system " to diminish Dee Dee and Dexter 's rudeness ; however , it instead creates highly rude clones of both siblings . The episode was only shown during certain animation festivals and was never aired on Cartoon Network or any television channel due to the characters swearing , even though the swear words were censored . Tartakovsky commented that " standards didn 't like it . " Linda Simensky , then @-@ vice president of original programming for Cartoon Network , said " I still think it 's very funny . It probably would air better late at night . " Fred Seibert , president of Hanna @-@ Barbera Cartoons from 1992 to 1996 , has attested to the existence of the short .
In October 2012 , Genndy Tartakovsky was asked about the episode during an AMA on Reddit , and he replied " Next time I do a public appearance I 'll bring it with me ! " . Adult Swim later asked fans on Twitter if there was still any interest in the episode , and the response was " overwhelming " . The episode was finally uploaded on AdultSwim.com via YouTube on January 22 , 2013 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
Since its debut , Dexter 's Laboratory has been one of Cartoon Network 's most successful original series , being the network 's highest @-@ rated original series in both 1996 and 1997 . Internationally , the series garnered a special mention for best script at the 1997 Cartoons on the Bay animation festival in Italy . In 1998 and 1999 , a Dexter balloon was featured in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside many other iconic characters , including the titular piglet from the movie Babe whom Christine Cavanaugh also voiced . The show was also part of the reason for Cartoon Network 's 20 % ratings surge over the summer of 1999 . The series ' July 7 , 2000 , telecast was the network 's highest @-@ rated original telecast of all time among households ( 3 @.@ 1 ) , kids 2 – 11 ( 7 @.@ 8 ) , and kids 6 – 11 ( 8 @.@ 4 ) , with a delivery of almost 2 million homes . On July 31 , 2001 , it scored the highest household rating ( 2 @.@ 9 ) and delivery ( 2 @,@ 166 @,@ 000 homes ) of any Cartoon Network telecast for that year . Dexter 's Laboratory was also one of the network 's highest @-@ rated original series of 2002 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
One of Cartoon Network president Betty Cohen 's favorite animated shows was Dexter 's Laboratory . Rapper Coolio has also said that he is a fan of the show and was happy to do a song for the show 's soundtrack at Cartoon Network 's request , stating , " I watch a lot of cartoons because I have kids . I actually watch more cartoons than movies . "
In a 2012 top 10 list by Entertainment Weekly , Dexter 's Laboratory was ranked as the fourth best Cartoon Network show . In 2009 Dexter 's Laboratory was named the 72nd best animated series by IGN , with editors remarking , " While aimed at and immediately accessible to children , Dexter 's Laboratory was part of a new generation of animated series that played on two levels , simultaneously fun for both kids and adults . "
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
= = Merchandise = =
= = = Comics = = =
Characters from Dexter 's Laboratory appeared in a 150 @,@ 000 @-@ print magazine called Cartoon Network , published by Burghley Publishing and released in the United Kingdom on August 27 , 1998 .
DC Comics printed four comic book volumes featuring Dexter 's Laboratory . It first appeared in Cartoon Network Presents , a 24 @-@ issue volume showcasing the network 's premiere animated programming at the time , which was produced from 1997 to 1999 . In 1999 , DC gave the show its own 34 @-@ issue comic volume , which ran until 2003 . DC also ran a Cartoon Cartoons comic book from 2001 to 2004 that frequently contained Dexter 's Laboratory stories . This was superseded by Cartoon Network Block Party , which ran from 2004 to 2009 .
In February 2013 , IDW Publishing announced a partnership with Cartoon Network to produce comics based on its properties . Dexter 's Laboratory was one of the titles announced to be published . The first issue was released in April 2014 .
= = = Home media releases = = =
Dexter 's Laboratory first appeared in home media on three VHS tapes made widely available in the early 2000s . Episodes had not been officially released prior to this , with the exception of a complete series DVD collection given as a contest prize .
Warner Bros. stated in a 2006 interview that they were " ... in conversations with Cartoon Network " for DVD collections of various cartoons , among which was Dexter 's Laboratory . Madman Entertainment released the complete first season and the first part of the second season in Region 4 in 2008 . A Region 1 release of the first season was released by Warner Home Video on October 12 , 2010 . The release was the third in an official release of several Cartoon Cartoons on DVD , under the " Cartoon Network Hall of Fame " name .
The complete series , with the exception of the Ego Trip TV movie and the unaired " Rude Removal " segment , became available on iTunes in 2010 . All the seasons of Dexter 's Laboratory have been released on Hulu . The video game Cartoon Network Racing contains the episodes " Dexter 's Rival " and " Mandarker " ( PS2 version only ) as unlockable extras .
= = = Music releases = = =
The series has spawned two music albums , Dexter 's Laboratory : The Musical Time Machine and Dexter 's Laboratory : The Hip @-@ Hop Experiment , three hip hop music videos , and a fourth music video by the band They Might Be Giants for their song " Dee Dee and Dexter " , which features Japanese @-@ style animation , as its animation was produced by Klasky Csupo , the studio that made Rugrats . Three Dexter 's Laboratory tracks were also featured on the Cartoon Network compilation album Cartoon Medley .
= = = Toys and promotions = = =
In November 1997 , Wendy 's promoted Dexter 's Laboratory with six collectible toys called " Dexter 's Lab Creation " , " Dexter 's Green Test Tube Straw " , " Dexter 's Grabber " , " Dexter 's Purple Spark Maker " , " Dexter 's Pen Stand " , and " Dexter 's Yellow Noisemaker " in their kids ' meals . A Subway promotion lasted from August 23 to October 3 , 1999 , and included " Dexter 's Super Computer Giveaway " , in which a computer , monitor , games , software , and an exclusive set of Dexter 's Laboratory DVDs were given out to the winner . Discovery Zone sponsored Cartoon Network 's eight @-@ week @-@ long " Dexter 's Duplication Summer " in 1998 to promote the show 's new schedule . Toy company Trendmasters released a series of Dexter 's Lab figures and playsets in 2001 . A set of six kids ' meal toys was available as part of an April 2001 Dairy Queen promotion . That same month , Cartoon Network and Perfetti Van Melle launched the " Out of Control " promotion , which included on @-@ air marketing and a sweepstakes to win an " Air Dextron " entertainment center . The following April , a similar promotion featured Dexter 's Laboratory @-@ themed AirHeads packs and an online sweepstakes . Subway promoted the series a second time from April 1 to May 15 , 2002 , with four kids ' meal toys . In September 2003 , Burger King sponsored Dexter 's Laboratory toys with kids ' meals as part of a larger promotion featuring online games , Cartoon Orbit codes , and new episodes of the series .
Race to the Brainergizer and The Incredible Invention Versus Dee Dee , two board games based on the series , were released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2001 .
= = = Video games = = =
Six video games based on the series have been released : Dexter 's Laboratory : Robot Rampage for the Nintendo Game Boy Color , Dexter 's Laboratory : Chess Challenge for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance , Dexter 's Laboratory : Deesaster Strikes ! , also for the Game Boy Advance , Dexter 's Laboratory : Mandark 's Lab ? for the Sony PlayStation , Dexter 's Laboratory : Science Ain 't Fair for PC , and Dexter 's Laboratory : Security Alert ! for mobile phones .
A Dexter 's Laboratory combat @-@ style action video game for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube was set to be developed by n @-@ Space , published by BAM ! Entertainment , and distributed by Acclaim Entertainment for a 2004 release , but the project was cancelled . On February 15 , 2005 , Midway Games announced plans to develop and produce a new Dexter 's Laboratory video game for multiple consoles , but the game never saw the light of day .
Dexter , Mandark , Dee Dee , Dexter 's computer , and Major Glory , along with many items , areas , and inventions from the show were featured in the MMORPG FusionFall . Various characters from the series were also featured in Cartoon Network Racing and Cartoon Network : Punch Time Explosion . Punch Time Explosion featured different voice talent for Dexter ( Tara Strong instead of Christine Cavanaugh or Candi Milo ) and Monkey ( Fred Tatasciore instead of Frank Welker ) .
= = = Books = = =
Fourteen books set in Dexter 's Laboratory were released by Scholastic , and a few more by Golden Books . These books were :
Under " Dexter 's Laboratory " :
Dexter 's Ink ( 2002 ) by Howie Dewin ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 38579 @-@ 2 )
Dex @-@ Terminator ( 2002 ) by Bobbi J. G. Weiss and David Cody Weiss ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 38580 @-@ 6 )
Dr. Dee Dee & Dexter Hyde ( 2002 ) by Meg Belviso and Pam Pollack ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 43422 @-@ X )
I Dream of Dexter ( 2003 ) by Meg Belviso and Pam Pollack ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 43423 @-@ 8 )
The Incredible Shrinking Dexter ( 2003 ) by Pam Pollack and Meg Belviso ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 43424 @-@ 6 )
Dexter 's Big Switch ( 2003 ) by Meg Belviso and Pamela Pollack ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 44947 @-@ 2 )
Horse of a Different Dexter ( 2002 ) by David Cody Weiss and Bobbi J. G. Weiss ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 38581 @-@ 4 )
Knights Of The Periodic Table ( 2003 ) by David Cody Weiss and Bobbi J. G. Weiss ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 43425 @-@ 4 )
Cootie Wars ( 2003 ) by David Cody Weiss and Bobbi J. G. Weiss ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 44932 @-@ 4 )
Brain Power ( 2003 ) by David Cody Weiss and Bobbi J. G. Weiss ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 44942 @-@ 1 )
Zappo Change @-@ O ( 2001 , by Golden Books ) by Genndy Tartakovsky ( ISBN 0 @-@ 307 @-@ 99812 @-@ 6 )
The last five of these were unnumbered , at least on the covers .
Under " Dexter 's Laboratory Science Log " :
Dee Dee 's Amazing Bones ( 2002 ) by Anne Capeci ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 44175 @-@ 7 )
Mixed @-@ Up Magnetism ( 2002 ) by Anne Capeci ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 38582 @-@ 2 )
What 's the " Matter " with Dee Dee ? ( 2003 ) by Anne Capeci ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 47240 @-@ 7 )
Little Lab or Horrors ( 2003 ) by Anne Capeci ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 47242 @-@ 3 )
Publication details , and book covers for most , are available at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database .
Additional related books , which are not " story " books are :
Dexter 's Laboratory : Science Fair Showdown ! ( 2001 , Golden Books ) by Chip Lovitt , a collection of science fair projects . ( ISBN 0 @-@ 307 @-@ 10775 @-@ 2 )
Dexter 's Joke Book For Geniuses , ( 2004 , Scholastic ) by Howie Dewin ( ISBN 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 54582 @-@ X )
= Roslin Castle =
Roslin Castle ( sometimes spelt Rosslyn ) is a partially ruined castle near the village of Roslin in Midlothian , Scotland . It is located around 9 miles south of Edinburgh , on the north bank of the North Esk , only a few hundred metres from the famous Rosslyn Chapel .
There has been a castle on the site since the early 14th century , when the Sinclair family , Earls of Caithness and Barons of Roslin , fortified the site , although the present ruins are of slightly later date . Following destruction during the War of the Rough Wooing of 1544 , the castle was rebuilt . This structure , built into the cliffs of Roslin Glen , has remained at least partially habitable ever since . The castle is accessed via a high bridge , which replaced an earlier drawbridge . Roslin was renovated in the 1980s and now serves as holiday accommodation .
= = History = =
The first castle was built in either the late 14th or in early 15th century , perhaps begun by Henry Sinclair , Earl of Orkney , Baron of Roslin ( c . 1345 – 1400 ) . The Sinclair , or St Clare , family were of French origin , and have held Roslin since 1280 . The castle was built on a rocky promontory near the site of the Battle of Roslin , where the Scots defeated the English in 1303 . Henry 's son Henry , 2nd Earl of Orkney ( c . 1375 @-@ 1422 ) built a new rectangular , round @-@ cornered keep at the south @-@ west corner . The courtyard was entered via a drawbridge over an artificial ditch , giving access to a pend in the small north range .
The castle contained a scriptorium during the 15th century , and five St Clair manuscripts , dating back to 1488 , are in the National Library of Scotland . These include the Rosslyn @-@ Hay manuscript , believed to be the earliest extant work in Scots prose . The castle was damaged by a domestic fire in 1452 . Legend has it that during the domestic fire the Earl was in consternation because of his valuable manuscripts but they were lowered to safety from a window by his chaplain .
Roslin was more severely damaged by the Earl of Hertford , who burned the castle during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1544 . The keep was almost totally destroyed , although its one remaining ruined wall can still be seen .
The castle was rebuilt in the late 16th century . A new five @-@ storey east range was built into the side of the rock , and the gatehouse was rebuilt , this time with a permanent stone bridge . The upper part of the east range was renovated in 1622 , with renaissance details and carving to door and window surrounds . Roslin suffered again from the artillery of Cromwell ’ s commander in Scotland , General Monck , in 1650 . It was further damaged by a Reforming mob in 1688 . By the 18th century the structure was dilapidated , though part of the east range has always remained habitable .
James Erskine inherited the Rosslyn and Dysart estates in 1789 , from his cousin James Paterson St Clair , upon which he adopted the surname of St Clair @-@ Erskine . In 1805 , he inherited the title of Earl of Rosslyn ( created 1801 for Alexander Wedderburn ) ; since that date , the Rosslyn estate has been in possession of the Earl of Rosslyn .
From 1982 to 1988 the east range was restored by architects Simpson and Brown . The current owner , the Earl of Rosslyn , a descendant of the Sinclairs , leases the castle as holiday accommodation via the Landmark Trust . The castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and a Category A listed building .
= = Architecture = =
The castle stands precipitously above a loop of the River North Esk , which protects it on three sides . This rocky promontory was breached on the north side to form a ditch giving further protection . The castle is approached from Roslin across this ditch , via a precipitous bridge and through the ruined gatehouse .
= = = Ruins = = =
The remains of the gatehouse and north range comprise only fragments of walls and one side of the entrance arch , with the remains of a bartizan above . Along the west side of the castle , the 15th @-@ century curtain wall remains standing to a considerable height . This section of wall has six openings at the base , one of which served as a postern gate . On the outer face , the six bays are divided by rounded buttresses . Old sketches of Roslin show bartizans above each of these buttresses , with a wall @-@ walk connecting them .
To the south of this wall is the remaining wall of the keep . The mound beneath is formed from the collapsed remnants of the other three walls . The ruin suggests that the keep was around 16m by 12m , with walls 2.9m thick rising to a machicolated parapet .
= = = East range = = =
The restored east range measures around 31m by 10m , with a pitched roof and crow @-@ step gables . It is entered through a richly carved doorway , dated 1622 and initialled SWS for Sir William Sinclair , which gives access to the third floor . The three lower floors are cut into the rock , and each has four vaulted rooms , with a fifth in the south @-@ east tower . These lower levels were used for service rooms , with the principal rooms in the two upper floors . At the lowest level was a kitchen , with a bakehouse above . On the exterior , gunloops are found on the south wall , with several shot @-@ holes on the east .
All five floors are connected by a central scale @-@ and @-@ platt staircase , added in the early 17th century to replace a turnpike stair in the south @-@ west . The rooms of the upper floors have impressive panelling and decorated ceilings . The main hall , in the south part of the block , has been divided , but retains a large fireplace with the carved initials WS and JE , for William Sinclair and his wife Jean Edmonstone , and the date 1597 .
= = Cultural references = =
Roslin Castle is one of the places featuring in Sir Walter Scott 's poem Rosabelle . A ballad named Roslin Castle was written in the 18th century by Richard Hewitt of Cumberland , the lyrics and music of which are recorded in volume one of the Scots Musical Museum collection of Scottish songs . The castle was also used as a location for Ron Howard 's film adaptation of Dan Brown 's book , The Da Vinci Code .
= Even the Stars Look Lonesome =
Even the Stars Look Lonesome ( 1997 ) is African @-@ American writer and poet Maya Angelou 's second book of essays , published during the long period between her fifth and sixth autobiographies , All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) . Stars , like her first book of essays , Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now ( 1993 ) , has been called one of Angelou 's " wisdom books " . By the time it was published , Angelou was well @-@ respected and popular as a writer and poet . She discusses a wide range of topics in the book 's twenty short personal essays , including Africa , aging and the young 's misconceptions of it , sex and sensuality , self @-@ reflection , independence , and violence . Most of the essays are autobiographical and had previously appeared in other publications . One essay defends Angelou 's support of Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas , and another one centers on her friend Oprah Winfrey .
Stars was an immediate bestseller , prompting Random House to increase their first printing of 350 @,@ 000 copies to 375 @,@ 000 , even before Angelou began her national book tour to promote it . Like her previous works , the book received generally positive reviews . An audio book , read by the author , was recorded in 2001 .
= = Background = =
Even the Stars Look Lonesome is Maya Angelou 's second book of essays . Stars , together with her first book of essays Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now ( 1993 ) , is one of the volumes writer Hilton Als called Angelou 's " wisdom books " and " homilies strung together with autobiographical texts " , published during the long period between her fifth and sixth autobiographies , All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) . She had published several volumes of poetry , including Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) , which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize . She had recited her poem On the Pulse of Morning at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961 . In 1997 , when Stars was published , The Heart of a Woman ( 1981 ) , Angelou 's fourth installment of her series of autobiographies , was chosen as an Oprah 's Book Club selection , helping it become a bestseller and increasing its total printing to over one million copies , 16 years after its publication . Also in 1997 , Angelou was in the middle of accomplishing her long @-@ standing goal : becoming the first African @-@ American woman to direct a major motion picture , Down in the Delta .
By the time Stars was published , Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women . She was , as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated , " without a doubt ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer " . She had also become , as reviewer Richard Long stated , " a major autobiographical voice of the time " . Angelou was one of the first African @-@ American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life , and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings " a work of art that eludes description " , stated that Angelou 's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers , but for the genre of autobiography as a whole .
= = Overview = =
Even the Stars Look Lonesome is a collection 20 short personal essays , most of which are autobiographical . All but one essay , " Those Who Really Know , Teach " , previously appeared in other publications . The book is dedicated to " the children who will come to maturity in the twenty @-@ first century " and lists more than 35 of them she knew , charging them to " make this a perfect world " .
Angelou discusses a wide range of topics in Stars , including Africa , aging and the young 's misconceptions of it , sex and sensuality , self @-@ reflection , independence , and violence . She explores her early career as a nightclub performer . She writes about African art and " the importance of understanding both the historical truth of the African American experience and the art that truth inspired " . She salutes Black women , calling them " precious jewels all " , and profiles her friend Oprah Winfrey , who she compares to " the desperate traveler who teaches us the most profound lesson and affords us the most exquisite skills " . Angelou defends her controversial support of Clarence Thomas as a Supreme Court justice in one of her essays . In her final essay in the book
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. The song is a vulnerable and " emotional " midtempo synthpop ballad , having a " driving piano melody " , with a length of three minutes and forty @-@ seven seconds . Spin 's James Grebey wrote that the song " largely showcases her passionate , conflicted vocals over restrained , electropop @-@ leaning swells of emotional synths and drum taps . " Lyrically , " Used to Love You " is a break @-@ up anthem , where Stefani is questioning how she fell in love with her ex in the first place . The majority of music critics noted that the song is inspired by Stefani 's divorce from Gavin Rossdale , after a 13 @-@ year marriage . In an interview for Today 's Matt Lauer , Stefani confirmed that the track was inspired by the end of her marriage , claiming : " I ’ ve never put a record out where I ’ m actually going through things in real time . [ But t ] his is like , I wrote that song like a couple weeks ago . " According to Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone that could be seen in the lines of the chorus , " I don 't know why I cry / But I think it 's cause I remember for the first time / Since I hated you / That I used to love you . " In other poignant lyrics , she sings , " I guess nobody taught you , nobody taught you how to love . " Kreps further compared the lyrical content of " Used to Love You " to " Dreaming the Same Dream " , a song from No Doubt 's sixth album Push and Shove . Alex Kritselis of Bustle claimed that the song " recalls some of [ her ] best ballads , like ' Cool ' , ' Early Winter ' , and ' 4 in the Morning ' . "
= = Critical reception = =
Since its release , " Used to Love You " has received critical acclaim from contemporary music critics . Madison Vain of Entertainment Weekly felt the song 's " hyper @-@ personal lyrics " were " immediate and affecting " . Immediately following its release , Maeve McDermott from USA Today awarded the track " Song of the Week " in October , further adding that " [ t ] he song 's spiritual sibling is another of Stefani 's best works : 1996 's No Doubt classic ' Don 't Speak ' , " but noting that " this time around , coming from a more mature artist with fewer things to prove , the pain feels dizzyingly fresh . " Bianca Gracie of Idolator praised the fact that the singer was " stepping away from the pumped @-@ up vibes of previous tracks like ' Spark The Fire ' & ' Baby Don ’ t Lie ' , also noting that " [ h ] eartache is immediately relatable ( just ask Adele ) and Gwen is often praised for her underrated slow songs [ ... ] , so it is refreshing to witness her jumpstart this current album era with a new vibe . " Alex Kritselis of Bustle called it " a fantastic ' comeback single ' — a tremendous improvement over ' Baby Don 't Lie ' , " praising that " when she repeatedly sings , ' I don 't know why I used to love you , ' during the climax , you feel it . " Music Times 's Carolyn Menyes agreed , noting that " we haven 't heard a breakup anthem from this girl since her Tragic Kingdom days . After a series of less @-@ than @-@ stellar singles , it 's safe to say Stefani is back . " In a later review of the parent album , Menyes stated she was " impressed with the vulnerability [ ... ] displayed " , comparing it to Stefani 's previous singles " Cool " and " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " . Menyes concluded by saying the potential on This Is What the Truth Feels Like is evident on tracks like " Used to Love You " .
Sean Fitz @-@ Gerald of Vulture wrote that " the song veers toward Stefani 's more mellifluous , sentimental fare , " calling it a " heartrending track " . Amanda Dykan of AltWire praised the track , stating : " [ it ] reaches through , wraps its acrylic @-@ nailed fingers around your pulsating heart , rips it from your chest , throws it on the floor , and stomps all over it . " Jillian Mapes of Pitchfork Media claimed that " Stefani – now 20 years wiser – flips it " ; she continued with : " It ’ s a rare moment on the album where you can pick out Stefani from a sea of other pop singers . " Mapes concluded by claiming that " Used to Love You " was her greatest song since " Don 't Speak " , comparing its effect to Madonna 's 1989 single " Like a Prayer " . Sean Fitz @-@ Gerald of Vulture warned that when listening to this " heartending track " that " tissues are a must " . Consequence of Sound critic Adam Kivel enjoyed the track , calling it a " recognizable moment in heartbreak delivered in a charming falsetto burble " . Nate Jackson from OC Weekly appreciated the " somber [ ness ] " of the track , while Marcus Floyd from Renowned for Sound awarded it 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , claiming that " every lyric and every note are sung with heart and chorus just gets you " . Michael Smith from the same website acknowledged " Used to Love You " as one of the strongest songs on This Is What the Truth Feels Like , calling it " unexpectedly heartfelt " .
Spencer Kornhaber , writing for The Atlantic , called " Used to Love You " the " most heartbreaking " on the parent album , due to " its sentiment and execution " . However , Kornhaber stated : " A raw observation and vocal squeak in the chorus might prompt tears like the ones in the accompanying video , but the rest of the song struggles . " In a mixed review , Adam R. Holz of Plugged In found Stefani 's " loiter [ ing ] precariously close to bitterness " . However , Holz complimented the singer for " illsutrat [ ing ] the beautiful sanctity of matrimony [ ... ] when its sacredness is violated " . Mesfin Fekadu , a critic for The National , claimed the single " do [ es ] n 't feel connected to Stefani – it 's as if another pop star could sing the track and you wouldn 't notice the difference " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Used to Love You " was moderately successful after its release . In the United States , " Used to Love You " debuted at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which serves as an extension to the Billboard Hot 100 . It entered the Hot 100 at number 84 for the week ending November 14 , 2015 , in addition to debuting at number 40 on the Pop Songs component chart . Following a performance at the American Music Awards of 2015 , " Used to Love You " re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at number 77 , its new peak . The performance helped sell an additional 29 @,@ 000 digital copies , also prompting her to chart on the Artist 100 at number 82 . The single lasted a total of nine weeks on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 52 in December 2015 , and departing its position of number 80 in January 2016 . The week after Stefani performed " Used to Love You " on The Voice , the single peaked at number 14 on the Digital Songs component chart , given Stefani the highest increase for the week ending December 19 , 2015 . On October 27 , 2015 , it was released to contemporary hit radio in the United States . Its radio adds prompted the track to enter the Adult Top 40 , where it peaked at number 10 , spending a total of 15 weeks on the charts . It was Stefani 's second highest peak on the chart , nearing 2005 's " Cool " peak of number 4 . For the week ending January 16 , 2016 , the song peaked at number 21 on the Adult Contemporary chart and Mainstream Top 40 charts , her highest entry ever for the former , and second lowest entry for the latter . On March 11 , 2016 , " Used to Love You " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , reporting sales of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . This marked Stefani 's first certification since her single " Hollaback Girl " in 2005 .
Outside of the United States , " Used to Love You " was less successful , peaking in only four other countries . In Canada , the track peaked at number 57 , becoming Stefani 's lowest charting single ; however , her follow @-@ up single " Make Me Like You " would later becoming her lowest charting single , peaking at number 62 in February 2016 . Additionally , the single spent several weeks on the Canadian radio charts , spending seven weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart , where it peaked at number 30 . It spent eight weeks on the CHR / Top 40 chart , where it peaked at number 37 , in addition to spending 12 weeks on the Hot AC list , where it charted at number 31 . " Used to Love You " failed to enter the top 100 in the United Kingdom , instead peaking at number 157 on the UK Singles Chart on October 31 , 2015 . On the ARIA Charts in Australia , the single debuted and peaked at number 58 , while in Scotland , it peaked at number 87 for the week of October 30 to November 5 , 2015 .
= = Music video = =
On October 20 , 2015 , the same day of the song 's release , Stefani premiered the music video , directed by Sophie Muller , on Facebook . The minimalistic one @-@ shot video shows Stefani on the verge of tears while sitting in a dark space with a white tank top . Stefani noted that the video had been filmed inside of her dressing room for her New York performance , and was not intended to be released as the track 's official music video . Carolyn Menyes of Music Times remarked that " though most of the video is spent near tears , Stefani sings key lyrics , just for an additional emotional trigger . " McKenna Aiello of E ! Online emphasized that " it 's her ability to hold them back [ tears ] that really reveals Stefani 's strong sense of self . " Marc Inocencio , writing for Seacrest 's website , noted that the video " is simple , yet , it ’ s enough to tell the story behind a recent heartbreak , " calling it " really , really heartbreaking . " Erin Strecker of Billboard echoed the same thought , while Joe Satran of The Huffington Post called it " spare , vulnerable and raw : the exact opposite of the exuberant , even maximalist videos we 've come to expect from the No Doubt frontwoman . " Bianca Gracie of Idolator described it as " poignant " and " raw " .
= = Live performances = =
On October 17 , 2015 , Stefani performed " Used to Love You " live during a concert for MasterCard users at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City . Stefani made the television debut of the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on October 26 , 2015 . In regards to Stefani 's live performance , Joe Satran of The Huffington Post considered it " quite moving " , while Caily Lindberg of Music Times called it " an emotional rendition " . Robbie Daw wrote for Idolator that " [ w ] hile her black @-@ clad band stood in the shadows quietly playing along and singing backup vocals , Gwen was front and center with her emotional breakup tune during her Ellen appearance , looking quite anguished but sounding on @-@ point . " On November 22 , 2015 , Stefani performed " Used to Love You " at the American Music Awards of 2015 . Stefani performed the song live during various public appearances , including The Voice , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and New Years Eve with Carson Daily shortly after the countdown to the new year had ended .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , California
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of This Is What the Truth Feels Like .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Jack Clancy =
Jack David Clancy ( born June 18 , 1944 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the Miami Dolphins in 1967 and 1969 and for the Green Bay Packers in 1970 . He also played in college for the University of Michigan Wolverines from 1963 to 1966 .
At Michigan , Clancy started as a quarterback , switched to halfback , returned punts and kickoffs , and became a star as an end . In two seasons as an end ( 1965 – 1966 ) , Clancy rewrote the Michigan receiving record book . At the time of his graduation , he held the school records for most receptions and receiving yards in a career , season and game . His 1966 total of 197 receiving yards against Oregon State remained Michigan 's single @-@ game receiving record until November 6 , 2010 . He was named an All @-@ American and also set the Big Ten Conference record for most receptions in a single season of conference play . Though most of his records have since been broken , Clancy continues to rank among the leading receivers in Michigan history .
Clancy was drafted by the Miami Dolphins of the American Football League ( AFL ) . In 1967 , quarterback Bob Griese and Clancy were both rookies for the Dolphins . Clancy caught 67 passes that year , setting an AFL rookie record . He was third in the AFL in receptions in 1967 and eighth in receiving yards . He was named to the 1967 AFL All @-@ star game . After a sensational rookie season , Clancy suffered a serious knee injury in a 1968 exhibition game and missed the entire season . While making a comeback in 1969 , Clancy suffered an injury to his other knee . Traded to the Green Bay Packers in 1970 , Clancy was unable to return to his prior form after the knee injuries . He made only 16 receptions in 14 games and was released by the Packers before the start of the 1971 season .
= = College = =
A native of Humboldt , Iowa , Clancy 's family moved to the Green Bay , Wisconsin area , where Clancy attended elementary school . His family next moved to Garden City , Michigan , where Clancy attended Garden City schools , then the family moved to Detroit where he graduated in 1962 from St. Mary of Redford High School in Detroit , Michigan . Clancy then enrolled at the University of Michigan . As a freshman in 1962 , Clancy was on the roster as a quarterback but did not play .
= = = 1963 season = = =
In 1963 , Clancy appeared in nine games as a halfback and also returned punts and kickoffs . He generated 520 yards of total offense : 228 yards on kickoff returns , 109 yards rushing , 105 yards on punt returns , and 78 yard receiving . Against Minnesota in 1963 , he fumbled a punt at Michigan 's 35 @-@ yard line ; the ball rolled toward the Michigan goal line and was recovered by Michigan at its own 16 @-@ yard line . Michigan punted from deep in its own territory on second down , and Minnesota cashed in on the field position with the game 's only touchdown in a 6 – 0 Minnesota victory .
= = = 1964 season = = =
Clancy was named the starting halfback before the start of the 1964 season . However , he suffered a back injury in September 1964 and spent more than two weeks in the University Hospital before being released on September 17 , 1964 . As a result of the injury , Clancy missed Michigan 's Big Ten championship season in 1964 , as Jim Detwiler took over his halfback spot . Clancy was given an extra year of eligibility for missing the 1964 season . Quarterback Dick Vidmer also missed the 1964 season with a broken leg ; Vidmer and Clancy would return from their injuries as a powerful passing and receiving combination in 1966 .
= = = 1965 season = = =
In 1965 , Clancy switched to end and became the first Michigan Wolverine with 50 receptions in a season , and set Michigan single @-@ season records with 52 receptions and 762 yards . In his first game at the end position , Clancy made what was described as " a circus catch " in the endzone on a pass from quarterback Dick Vidmer . Clancy set the Big Ten receiving record in against Wisconsin , catching a 52 @-@ yard touchdown pass from quarterback Wally Gabler on Michigan 's first offensive play . At the time , the Associated Press reported : " What makes Clancy 's record so much more impressive is the fact that he came to Michigan as a quarterback , switched to halfback and won a spot there two years ago and then turned to end this season . And with Michigan 's reputation for always having talented ends — Benny Oosterbaan , Lowell Perry , Ron Kramer and John Henderson among them — Clancy 's feat takes on even more brilliance . " At the end of the season , Clancy 's teammates chose him as captain for the 1966 season . He was also named a second @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten player by the United Press International ( UPI ) .
= = = 1966 season = = =
Before the 1966 season , Clancy spent the summer in Ann Arbor , Michigan practicing with Michigan 's quarterback Dick Vidmer , cornerback Mike Bass and safety Rick Volk . Clancy and Vidmer worked as a unit through the summer , trying to outmaneuver Bass and Volk . Clancy noted , " If I could catch three or four passes against those guys I 'd be doing good . " The summer sessions paid off , as both Clancy and Volk were named All @-@ Americans in 1966 . Michigan opened the season with a 41 – 0 win over Oregon State . In that game , Vidmer threw 10 passes to Clancy for 197 yards . Vidmer 's first completion to Clancy went for 49 yards and set up Michigan 's first touchdown . After the game , the UPI wrote that Clancy and Vidmer were " almost too good for each other . " Clancy also led the attack in a 49 – 0 win over Minnesota on October 22 , 1966 , catching 10 passes for 168 yards and two touchdowns , including a 56 @-@ yard touchdown pass . In 1966 , Clancy had three games in which he caught at least 10 catches and broke his own school records with 76 receptions for 1 @,@ 079 yards . His 50 receptions and 698 yards in conference play were also new Big Ten Conference records . He was named an All @-@ American in 1966 and also received the team 's Most Valuable Player award .
= = = Records = = =
After the 1966 season , Clancy held most major school receiving records at Michigan , as well as many Big Ten Conference records . His accomplishments included :
Single season receptions in Big Ten Conference play . Clancy was the first player with 50 receptions in Big Ten Conference play ( in only seven conference games ) . His record was broken in 1980 when Keith Chappelle ( Iowa ) and Dave Young ( Purdue ) each recorded 51 receptions in eight conference games . The record was not broken on a per game rate until 1983 when Ricky Edwards ( Northwestern ) recorded 68 receptions in nine games .
Career receptions and receiving yards . Clancy set Michigan career records with 132 receptions and 1 @,@ 919 receiving yards . Anthony Carter broke Clancy 's career receiving yards record in 1981 and his receptions record in 1982 . Clancy now ranks eleventh in receptions and thirteenth in yardage .
Single game receiving yards . Clancy 's 197 yards receiving was unsurpassed as the Michigan single @-@ game record until Roy Roundtree posted 246 on November 6 , 2010 . He is also the only receiver with two of the top seven and three of the top sixteen yardage games . In addition to the 197 @-@ yard effort , Clancy had 10 receptions for 166 yards against Minnesota and 11 receptions for 179 yards against the Illinois .
Single season receptions . Clancy also set the single @-@ season receptions record with 76 catches in 1966 ( playing a 10 game schedule ) . Marquise Walker broke Clancy 's record with 86 receptions in 2001 ( playing a 13 game schedule ) . Clancy now ranks fifth in single @-@ season receptions , but only Braylon Edwards has matched him on a comparable games basis with 76 receptions in his first 10 games of 2004 .
Single season yardage . Clancy also held the single @-@ season yardage record of 1077 until 1994 when Amani Toomer recorded 1096 in 12 games . He currently ranks seventh on the single @-@ season receptions list . No receiver has surpassed his single @-@ season yardage total in the first 10 games of the season . Braylon Edwards ( 76 receptions for 1049 yards in 2004 ) and Mario Manningham ( 62 receptions for 1062 yards in 2007 ) are the only other Michigan receivers to reach 1000 yards in their 10th game of a season .
= = = = Michigan single @-@ season reception yardage = = = =
= = = = Michigan single @-@ game reception yardage = = = =
Note : the database used here includes statistics since 1949 .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Miami Dolphins = = =
Clancy was drafted in the third round of the 1966 AFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins and the ninth pick of the fifth round of the 1966 NFL Draft ( 73rd overall ) by the St. Louis Cardinals . However , he opted to redshirt for an extra season at Michigan where he played the 1966 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season . He joined the Dolphins for the 1967 AFL season . In 1967 , the Dolphins ' rookie quarterback Bob Griese combined with rookie receiver Clancy for 67 receptions — an American Football League rookie record for pass receptions . That year , Clancy led the Dolphins in receiving yardage and receptions , and finished eighth in the AFL in reception yards and third in receptions . He compiled three 100 @-@ yard receiving games , and he was named to the AFL All @-@ Star Game .
In their second season together , Griese and Clancy were roommates in the pre @-@ season and appeared ready to have a big year . The young " Griese @-@ Clancy combine " was expected to be " a major drawing card " for the young AFL franchise in 1968 . In the first three pre @-@ season games in 1968 , they connected for 19 receptions and 284 yards . However , Clancy suffered a ruptured ligament in his left knee shortly after catching a pass against the Baltimore Colts in the final pre @-@ season game on August 31 , 1968 . Clancy underwent surgery and missed the 1968 season . Clancy watched the Dolphins from the sidelines with his leg in a cast , as Karl Noonan took over at split end and led the AFL in touchdown catches in 1968 .
In April 1969 , Clancy got married and went on a honeymoon trip around the world , swimming , surfing and " getting some sun . " He said , however , marriage had not reduced his desire to play football . " Just the opposite , " he said . " I 'm more hungry than ever . I want to make that money . " After a season on crutches , the UPI reported : " The former rookie wonder wants to get back under quarterback Bob Griese 's passes , to reclaim his billing as the Miami Dolphins ' top receiver . Despite a scar on his knee , Clancy was dashing , cutting and jumping for passes during summer workouts . However , even Clancy acknowledged the injury had slowed him down : " I 'm still a couple of steps slower than before the operation . But I 'm optimistic . It doesn 't pain me . I figure I have a month to work the way I want to , I 'll be all right . " Clancy 's comeback appeared to be on track in early November , as he was a close second among Miami receivers with 21 catches for 289 yards . However , the comeback was cut short on November 2 , 1969 , when he suffered torn ligaments , this time to his right knee in a loss to the New York Jets . Clancy missed the final six games of the 1969 season due to the injury .
= = = Green Bay Packers = = =
In May 1970 , Clancy was traded by the Dolphins to the Green Bay Packers for tight end Marv Fleming . Clancy had begun a business selling real estate in Miami during the offseason , but he also had ties to Green Bay . He had attended St. Matthew 's Grade School there in the 1950s . Clancy expressed mixed emotions about the trade : " I don 't like to leave Miami . You hate to have to pick up and move and I definitely plan to come back ( to Miami ) in the offseason . But most of my dad 's family are still up in Green Bay . He 's always wanted me to play for the Packers . " Clancy was greeted as the first Green Bay native to play for the Packers since Wayland Becker in 1938 . Wisconsin columnist Lee Remmel said Clancy " surveys the football scene with a pair of cool , calculating blue eyes and a computer @-@ type mind . "
In an August 1970 exhibition game against the New York Giants , Clancy caught four passes for 110 yards . Packers coach Phil Bengtson said after the game , " He has a knack of knowing where the ball will be . Clancy doesn 't have great speed , but he has the ability to recognize defenses and take advantage of them . " While Clancy played in all 14 games for the Packers in 1970 , he caught only 16 passes , leading one Green Bay writer to conclude that Clancy 's " anemic production " resulted in double @-@ teaming of flanker Carroll Dale and an unbalanced passing offense . Clancy finished fifth in receptions on the 1970 Packers , behind Dale , tight end John Hilton , running back Donny Anderson , and even fullback Jim Grabowski .
Clancy tried out for the Packers again in 1971 , but he was cut in August before the season started . While attempting to make a comeback with the Dolphins in July 1972 , Clancy suffered another injury , this time to his back , resulting in Clancy being placed in traction for ten days in a Miami hospital . In all , Clancy played in 36 games for the Dolphins and Packers , compiling professional career totals of 104 receptions for 1 @,@ 301 yards . Rick Norton was Clancy 's teammate both in Miami and Green Bay .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = College = = =
= = = Professional = = =
= = = = 100 @-@ yard games = = = =
Note : all games were road losses .
= Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu =
Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( English : One me , and one you ) is a 2012 Indian romantic comedy film written and directed by Shakun Batra in his directorial debut . It was produced by Karan Johar and Hiroo Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions , alongside Ronnie Screwvala of UTV Motion Pictures . The film features Imran Khan and Kareena Kapoor in lead roles , with Ratna Pathak Shah , Boman Irani and Ram Kapoor in supporting roles . The plot centers on an uptight architect named Rahul Kapoor , living in Las Vegas , Nevada , who loses his job and , following a night of debauchery , accidentally marries a free @-@ spirited hairstylist named Riana Braganza . After mutually deciding to annul the marriage , Rahul begins a one @-@ sided attraction for Riana , which threatens to ruin their new friendship .
Development began in 2010 , when Johar signed Batra and Khan for a film to be made under his banner . Inspired by the Woody Allen style of film @-@ making , Ayesha Devitre and Batra worked on the script , with principal photography taking place in Vegas , Los Angeles , Pataudi and Mumbai . The features music by Clinton Cerejo and Amit Trivedi , with the former composing the score and the latter composing the songs . The lyrics for songs were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya . Originally slated to release during the fall of 2011 , Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu eventually released on 10 February 2012 , to positive critical notice , with major praise directed to Kapoor and Khan 's performance , and proved a moderate commercial success .
= = Plot = =
Rahul Kapoor ( Imran Khan ) has always been on the road to perfection , as per the wishes of his domineering father ( Boman Irani ) and socialite mother ( Ratna Pathak Shah ) . After suddenly losing his job as an architect in Vegas , he hides the truth from his parents and looks for another job . Unable to cope with unemployment , he goes to a psychologist and runs into another patient , Riana Braganza ( Kareena Kapoor ) . A series of events lead Riana to believe that he is sent by her ex @-@ boyfriend to stalk her , and she ends up taking his file by mistake .
Riana , who later realises her mistake , calls him and apologises for her behaviour . They meet up during Christmas Eve and Riana invites Rahul to have a few drinks with her . A few drinks turn into a night of intoxicated revelry as they end up marrying each other . Horrified , they decide to get it annulled as soon as possible . Meanwhile , Riana , who is also unemployed and has not paid her rent , loses her house and an initially hesitant Rahul lets her stay with him till her problem gets resolved . During these few days , they get to know each other better . Rahul is revealed to be interested in photography while Riana recounts her ambition to be a ballet dancer , which was destroyed after she broke her ankle in childhood . Their friendship develops as Riana gives Rahul a long break he always wanted . As they grow closer , Rahul develops feelings for Riana , who fails to reciprocate them .
As New Year 's Eve approaches , Riana plans to visit her family in India and asks Rahul to accompany her . He disagrees initially , as his parents live in Mumbai , but later succumbs to her argument . Upon arrival , she introduces him to her family , making his feelings towards her grow . The next day , Riana takes him to visit her school . Amidst reflecting over her past relationships , he unsuccessfully tries to kiss her . Realising that she does not feel the way he does , he angrily leaves the school , only to almost run into a car revealed to be his mother 's . He lies and tells his mother that he is in India for a research trip , and that Riana is a colleague . They have lunch with Rahul 's parents , where he spins a web of intricate lies to avoid telling his father the truth . He leaves Riana 's house and moves in with his parents , trying to tell them the truth , but once again is overpowered by his father .
Two days later , during a family dinner , Rahul angrily divulges the complete truth to his in @-@ denial parents and their business partners ( including Mr. Bulani ) , after realising the meaninglessness of his pretense he indulged in all these years . As he rushes back to Riana to apologise for his behaviour , Riana apologises she never intended to lead him on . After a night of reflection and deep conversation , they decide to maintain their friendship .
The duo return to Las Vegas and finalise their annulment . Rahul gets a new job , while keeping time out for photography . He remains hopeful that one day he will convince Riana to go back to that chapel with him . Both remain good friends , with an ending note from Rahul claiming that he is finally happy with his life , as the credits roll .
= = Cast = =
Imran Khan as Rahul Kapoor , an uptight architect living in Las Vegas . Following the loss of his job , he ends up marrying Riana Braganza due to alcohol @-@ resulting drunkenness . Khan describes his role by saying , " Rahul has had a very restricted life . His parents have always told him what to do , how to behave , what to study , what career to pursue and so on and so forth . Even his hobbies have been decided by his parents . He has never had a spontaneous moment in his life where he has done something for himself . He is actually a very sad , lonely and tragic guy but he doesn 't realize it . "
Kareena Kapoor as Riana Braganza , a hairstylist who tries to add zing to Rahul Kapoor 's monotonous life following their marriage . In an interview with The Times of India , Kapoor describes her character and explains , " Riana knows what she is doing . Even though she does not have a house or a job , she is a positive person ... very similar to the way I am . "
Ratna Pathak Shah as Rahul 's mother , a fiercely dominating woman .
Boman Irani as Rahul 's father , a strict disciplinarian .
Ram Kapoor as Mr. Bulani , a friend of Rahul 's father , who tries to help Rahul overcome his low self @-@ esteem .
Dana Lewis as Mrs. Bulani , who makes sexual advances at Rahul .
Soniya Mehra as Anusha , Rahul 's ex @-@ girlfriend .
Rajesh Khattar as Mr. Shah .
Nikhil Kapoor as Phil Braganza , Riana 's father .
Zenobia Shroff as Nicole Braganza , Riana 's mother .
Manasi Scott as Riana 's sister .
Mukul Chaddha as Riana 's brother @-@ in @-@ law .
Avantika Malik in a special appearance during the song Auntyji .
= = Production = =
Pre @-@ production work on Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu began in 2010 when Karan Johar announced his plans of making a new project with debutant Shakun Batra . Following the success of their previous collaboration I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) , Khan was contracted by Johar to play the male lead . In an attempt to sign in an actress who had never worked with Khan before , Kapoor was confirmed to play the female lead several days later . She had to cut her hair short and sport red streaks for her role . On casting Khan and Kapoor , Johar commented , " They could get their real life personality onto the film . Imran is meant to be this very perfectionist young man . So while he is a very stuffy kind of a character , he is also very focused and doesn 't let himself go . On the other hand Kareena plays this woman who is like a modern version of Geet from Jab We Met . "
Batra mentioned , " It 's a slice of life film , driven by characters . The plot is not primary , emotions of the characters are at the forefront . It is set on two weeks of the life of two characters , played by Imran and Kareena . " On the other hand , Johar said it was inspired by the Woody Allen style of film @-@ making . He added that there would be " lot more conversation happening here " and there would be " these walk @-@ talk sequences where it is just you and the camera in motion . "
Principal photography commenced in November 2010 in Las Vegas , Nevada after Khan had completed working on Mere Brother Ki Dulhan and later continued in Los Angeles . After completing the film 's first schedule , the crew shifted to shoot in Pataudi , in the Indian state of Haryana , followed by Mumbai . As photography began in Vegas , media sources began to report that it could be an adaptation of the American romantic comedy , What Happens in Vegas ( 2008 ) . Johar , however , went on to deny these reports , claiming that , if he wanted to remake the film , he would have bought the rights to it . Originally referred to as Short Term Shaadi , the title and first look was launched by Johar in August 2011 via Twitter . According to him , " Short Term Shaadi was just a working title that attached itself to this film through the making . Neither the director nor I were happy with it from the start . " The name Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu was derived from a song from the Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh starer Khel Khel Mein ( 1975 ) .
On deciding to set the stot in Vegas , Batra said that " the character of the place is very well defined and we need to show it as Las Vegas . It can 't be shown as any other city . Since most films are not set there , it gets difficult . In case of Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu , our film is set in Las Vegas and Mumbai . " As filming took place during the winter in Vegas , the production team shot for double shifts to be cost effective .
= = Soundtrack = =
The music rights of Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu were sold to T @-@ Series for ₹ 60 million ( US $ 890 @,@ 000 ) . The soundtrack , which released on 26 December 2011 , featured music composed by Amit Trivedi with lyrics penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya . Batra mentioned that Trivedi was his first choice for music director and added that while the track " Gubbare " was the first to be recorded , the title track took the longest to compose .
= = = Reception = = =
The soundtrack met with a positive response , with Avijit Ghosh of The Times of India mentioning , " Composer Amit Trivedi and lyricist Amitabh Bhattacharya are among the finest musical team in Bollywood . In Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu , they are again at their best . The seductive Auntyji and the racy title track have a delightful breeziness . And the more evocative tracks such as Gubbare Gubbare and Aahatein stay with you for long " . While praising the compositions , Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama commented that the album belonged to a " niche audience " . He added that the songs Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu and Kar Chalna Shuru Tu would make the most impression . Mitesh Saraf of Planet Bollywood , while summarising his review wrote , " The album has some cool songs to chill out to and they should sound even better on screen . "
= = Release = =
The film released worldwide on 10 February 2012 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day celebrations . Upon release , Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu received positive reviews and was a moderate box office success .
The trailers of Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu faced trouble with the censor board before release . Initially , the word " sex " was objected by the board and asked to be removed . Later , a scene depicting Kapoor pinching Khan 's buttocks was considered inappropriate for television promos and had to be removed .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Rachel Saltz of The New York Times noted , " The happy surprise of Ek Main aur Ekk Tu is that it 's not crude , sniggering or vindictive . Instead it 's rather sweet and sometimes even a little unexpected . " Avijit Ghosh of The Times of India gave 4 out of 5 stars and said that , " Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is the sweetest heartbreak that Bollywood has conjured in a long , long time . " Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama also gave 4 out of 5 stars saying , " This take on love is refined , smart , lively and thoroughly pleasing thanks to its characters , conversations and the inherent humor . " Piyali Dasgupta of NDTV , in her 4 @-@ star review , explained , " I 'll play on the film 's USP for this review and keep it short and crisp . No extra lines . But , just like you need to read this , you need to go and watch the film . " DNA India recommended it and gave 4 stars out of 5 concluding , " All in all , Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is a delightful film that keeps getting better along the way , and ends fabulously . Clocking under two hours , the film is a breezy watch that will leave you with a smile . "
MiD DAY gave 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , commenting , " The climax is brave , unpredictable and real . Go watch ! Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is a small packet of joy . " India Today , too , gave 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 saying , " Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is a gentle little film , where even the regulation song with Americans dancing to Bollywood music in the middle of Vegas don 't look so bad . " A review carried by Birmingham Mail mentioned ,
Daily Bhaskar gave 3 out of 5 stars and concluded saying , " Overall , Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is a typical popcorn entertainment with super @-
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
he 's action shocked Franck and Bohr . Although an eminent physicist , Bethe would not be invited to visit the Niels Bohr Institute until after the Second World War . Levi never married , but became friends with many of the physicists who did visit the Institute , including Otto Frisch , George Placzek , Rudolf Peierls , Leon Rosenfeld , Edward Teller and Victor Weisskopf .
Levi worked as Franck 's assistant , publishing two papers with him on the fluorescence of chlorophyll , until he left Denmark for the United States in 1935 . She then became assistant to the Hungarian physical chemist George de Hevesy . The recent discovery of induced radioactivity and the consequent creation of short @-@ lived radioactive isotopes opened up a number of new uses for radioactive substances in biology which she explored with de Hevesy , publishing a number of papers with him . The University of Berlin cancelled Levi 's doctorate in 1938 . In April 1940 , the Germans occupied Denmark . When the Nazis began rounding up Danish Jews in September 1943 , Levi was one of the thousands of Jews who fled to Sweden . For the rest of the war she worked for the biologist John Runnström at the Wenner @-@ Gren Institute for Experimental Biology in Stockholm .
= = Later life = =
When the war ended , de Hevesy elected to stay in Sweden , and Bohr decided to drop biological research at the Institute and return to concentrating on physics . Levi accepted a position at the Zoophysiological Laboratory in Copenhagen , under August Krogh , who , like Bohr , had won a Nobel Prize . She spent the 1947 – 48 academic year in the United States as a Fellow of the American Association of University Women . While there , she learned from Willard Libby at the University of Chicago about his recently discovered technique of radiocarbon dating . She developed the new technique of autoradiography while working for the United States Atomic Energy Commission at the University of Rochester in Rochester , New York .
On returning to Denmark , she worked with the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen to develop radiocarbon dating equipment . This was put to the test in 1951 , dating the Grauballe Man . Autoradiography was then used by the Finsen Institute to investigate the effects of the radiocontrast agent thorotrast . Levi was a consultant at the Danish National Board of Health from 1952 to 1970 .
Levi retired from the Zoophysiological Laboratory in 1979 , but became involved with the Niels Bohr Archive , where she collected papers from de Hevesy . The result of this work was a biography of Hevesy , which was published in 1985 . That year she organised the Niels Bohr Centennial Exhibition at the Copenhagen Town Hall . In 2001 she was honoured by Humboldt University of Berlin , along with other students who had been dismissed in 1933 . She died in Copenhagen on 26 July 2003 .
= Washington State Route 532 =
State Route 532 ( SR 532 ) is a short Washington state highway in Island and Snohomish counties , located in the United States . The 10 @.@ 09 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 24 km ) long roadway begins at Sunrise Boulevard in Camano and travels east through Stanwood to end at Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . The road first appeared on a map in 1911 and in 1945 was designated Secondary State Highway 1Y ( SSH 1Y ) , which became SR 532 in 1964 . As of 2009 , the Washington State Department of Transportation is improving the whole corridor from Camano to I @-@ 5 with repaving projects , new traffic cameras , new lanes and replacing the Mark Clark Bridge between Camano and Stanwood with the Gateway Bridge .
= = Route description = =
State Route 532 ( SR 532 ) begins at an intersection with Sunrise Boulevard on Camano Island , which in turn is the census @-@ designated place of Camano . From Sunrise Boulevard , the highway travels east through rural areas and a wetland to cross Davis Slough from Island County to Snohomish County . After entering Snohomish County , the roadway crosses the Stillaguamish River on the Gateway Bridge and enters Stanwood . Between Sunrise Boulevard and the Stillaguamish River bridge , a daily average of 20 @,@ 000 motorists used these sections of SR 532 in 2007 , higher than the 3 @,@ 500 that used the same stretch of road in 1970 . The route intersects city streets , crosses a railroad track owned by the BNSF Railway that serves Amtrak 's Cascades route between Vancouver , British Columbia , and Seattle . The tracks serve the Stanwood station , which was completed on November 12 and opened November 21 , just north of SR 532 . After crossing the tracks , the roadway intersects the Pioneer Highway , which was SR 530 from 1964 until 1991 . The highway eventually leaves Stanwood and continues eastward past suburban housing areas and Sunday Lake to a diamond interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) .
= = History = =
SR 532 first appeared on a map in 1911 , which showed a road extending from Camano past East Stanwood ( present @-@ day Stanwood ) . The state began maintaining the highway in 1945 , when Secondary State Highway 1Y ( SSH 1Y ) was established , running along the current route of SR 532 . The Mark Clark Bridge , which is located on SR 532 between Camano Island and Stanwood , was constructed in 1949 and dedicated on July 23 , 1950 , to World War II general Mark Wayne Clark , who served out of Fort Lewis . During the 1964 highway renumbering , SSH 1Y became SR 532 ; since the 1964 renumbering , no major renumberings or route changes have been made . The Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) arranged a minor project in 2007 and is currently working on a corridor improvement , a project designed to improve the highway from Camano to Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . During floods in January 2009 , residents in Stanwood constructed a barrier to prevent water damage to the highway . WSDOT is improving the whole corridor in a project divided into four miniature projects , all of which are expected to be complete by 2011 . The improvements include installing left @-@ turn lanes and replacing the Mark Clark Bridge with a wider , four @-@ lane bridge . In 2001 , when the project plans were underway , it was suggested that the roadway become five lanes wide and that a ferry from Everett to Camano Island be added ; WSDOT began seeking contractors in August 2008 and hired four by September .
= = Major intersections = =
= Second Ostend Raid =
The Second Ostend Raid ( officially known as Operation VS ) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom 's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its conflict with the German Empire during World War I. Due to the significant strategic advantages conferred by the Belgian ports , the Imperial German Navy had used Ostend as a base for their U @-@ boat activities during the Battle of the Atlantic since 1915 .
A successful blockade of these bases would force German submarines to operate out of more distant ports , such as Wilhelmshaven , on the German coast . This would expose them for longer to Allied countermeasures and reduce the time they could spend raiding . The ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge ( partially blocked in the Zeebrugge Raid three weeks previously ) provided sea access via canals for the major inland port of Bruges . Bruges was used as a base for small warships and submarines . As it was 6 mi ( 5 @.@ 2 nmi ; 9 @.@ 7 km ) inland , it was immune to most naval artillery fire and coastal raids , providing a safe harbour for training and repair .
The First Ostend Raid on 23 April 1918 was largely a failure , the blockships grounded too far from the channels to obstruct them . The second attempt also failed , due to heavy German resistance and British navigational difficulties in poor weather . In anticipation of a raid , the Germans had removed the navigation buoys and without them the British had difficulty finding the narrow channel into the harbour in poor weather . When they did discover the entrance , German resistance proved too strong for the operation to be completed as originally planned : the obsolete cruiser HMS Vindictive was sunk , but only partially blocked the channel .
Despite its failure , the raid was presented in Britain as a courageous and daring gamble that came very close to success . Three Victoria Crosses and numerous other gallantry medals were awarded to sailors who participated in the operation . British forces had moderate casualties in the raid , compared to minimal German losses .
= = Bruges = =
After the German Army captured much of Belgium following the Battle of the Frontiers in 1914 , the Allied forces were left holding a thin strip of coastline to the west of the Yser . The remainder of the Belgian coast came under the occupation of German Marine Divisions , including the important strategic ports of Antwerp and Bruges . While Antwerp was a deep water port vulnerable to British attack from the sea , Bruges , sitting 6 mi ( 5 @.@ 2 nmi ; 9 @.@ 7 km ) inland , was comparatively safe from naval bombardment or coastal raids . A network of canals connected Bruges with the coast at Ostend and Zeebrugge , through which small warships such as destroyers , light cruisers and submarines could travel and find a safe harbour from which to launch raids into the English Channel and along the coasts of southeast England . U @-@ boats could also depart from Bruges at night , cutting a day off the journey to the Western Approaches , more easily avoiding the North Sea Mine Barrage and allowing U @-@ boat captains to gain familiarity with the net and mine defences of the English Channel , through which they had to pass to reach the main battlegrounds of the Atlantic .
In 1915 – 1916 , the German navy had developed Bruges from a small Flanders port into a major naval centre with large concrete bunkers to shelter U @-@ boats , extensive barracks and training facilities for U @-@ boat crews , and similar facilities for other classes of raiding warship . Bruges was therefore a vital asset in the German navy 's increasingly desperate struggle to prevent Britain from receiving food and matériel from the rest of the world . The significance of Bruges was not lost on British naval planners and two previous attempts to close the exit at Ostend , the smaller and narrower of the Bruges canals , had ended in failure . On 7 September 1915 , four Lord Clive @-@ class monitors of the Dover Patrol had bombarded the dockyard , while German coastal artillery returned fire . Only 14 rounds were fired by the British with the result that only part of the dockyard was set on fire . In a bombardment on 22 September 1917 , the lock gates were hit causing the basin to drain at low water .
Two years passed before the next attempt on the Ostend locks . The First Ostend Raid was conducted in tandem with the similar Zeebrugge Raid led by Acting Vice @-@ Admiral Roger Keyes on 23 April 1918 ; a large scale operation to block the wider canal at Zeebrugge . Both attacks largely failed , but while at Zeebrugge the operation came so close to success that it took several months for the British authorities to realise that it had been unsuccessful , at Ostend the attack had ended catastrophically . Both blockships intended to close off the canal had grounded over half a mile from their intended location and been scuttled by their crews under heavy artillery and long @-@ range small arms fire , which caused severe casualties . Thus while Zeebrugge seemed to be blocked entirely , Ostend was open wide , nullifying any success that might have been achieved at the other port .
= = Planning = =
As British forces on the southeast coast of Britain regrouped , remanned and repaired following heavy losses at Zeebrugge , Keyes planned a return to Ostend with the intention of blocking the canal and consequently severing Bruges from the sea , closing the harbour and trapping the 18 U @-@ boats and 25 destroyers present for months to come . Volunteers from among the force that had failed in April aided the planning with advice based on their experience on the previous operation . Among these volunteers were Lieutenant @-@ Commander Henry Hardy of HMS Sirius , Commander Alfred Godsal , former captain of HMS Brilliant , and Brilliant 's first lieutenant Victor Crutchley . These officers approached Commodore Hubert Lynes and Admiral Roger Keyes with a refined plan for a second attempt to block the port . Other officers came forward to participate and Keyes and Lynes devised an operational plan to attack the canal mouth at Ostend once again .
Two obsolete cruisers — the aged HMS Sappho and the battered veteran of Zeebrugge , HMS Vindictive — were fitted out for the operation by having their non @-@ essential equipment stripped out , their essential equipment reinforced and picked crews selected from volunteers . The ships ' forward ballast tanks were filled with concrete to both protect their bows during the attack , and act as a more lasting obstacle once sunk . Vindictive was commanded by Godsal ; her six officers and 48 crew were all volunteer veterans of the previous failed attempt by Brilliant . The two sacrificial cruisers were , as with the previous attack , accompanied by four heavy monitors under Keyes ' command , eight destroyers under Lynes in HMS Faulknor and five motor launches . Like the blockships , the launches were all crewed by volunteers ; mostly veterans of previous operations against the Belgian ports .
The plan was similar to the failed operation of three weeks previously . Weather dependent , under cover of a smoke screen , aerial bombardment and offshore artillery , the blockships would steam directly into the channel , turn sideways and scuttle themselves . Their advance would be covered by artillery fire against German shore positions from the heavy monitors at distance and at closer range by gunfire from the destroyers . This cover was vital because Ostend was protected by a very strong 11 in ( 280 mm ) gun position known as the Tirpitz battery , named for the admiral . Once the operation had been concluded , the motor launches would draw along the seaward side of the blockships , remove the surviving crews and take them to the monitors for passage back to Britain . This operation was to thoroughly block the channel , and — coupled with the blockage at Zeebrugge ( which the British authorities believed to be fully closed ) — was to prevent use of Bruges by German raiding craft for months to come .
= = Attack on Ostend = =
All preparations for the operation were completed by the first week of May and on 9 May the weather was nearly perfect for the attack . The British armada had collected at Dunkirk in Allied @-@ held France and departed port shortly after dark . Two minutes after midnight , the force suffered a setback when Sappho suffered a minor boiler explosion and had to return to Dunkirk , unable to complete the journey . Although this accident halved the ability of the force to block Ostend , Lynes decided to continue the operation , and at 01 : 30 , the force closed on the port , making the final preparations for the assault . Torpedoes fired from motor launches demolished machine gun posts on the ends of the piers marking the canal , beginning the attack . Ten heavy bombers of the newly formed Royal Air Force then dropped incendiary bombs on German positions , but did not cause significant damage . In spite of the fog , air operations continued as planned under the overall direction of Brigadier @-@ General Charles Lambe . At the same time as the aerial bombardment began , the long range artillery of the Royal Marine Artillery opened fire on Ostend from Allied positions around the Belgian town of Ypres .
In preparation for the attack , Godsal and Lynes had carefully consulted available charts of Ostend following the previous operation 's failure caused by German repositioning of navigation buoys . This careful study was , however , rendered worthless by a sudden fog which obliterated all sight of the shore . Steaming back and forth across the harbour entrance in the fog as the monitors and German shore batteries engaged in a long range artillery duel over the lost cruiser , Godsal looked for the piers marking the entrance to the canal . As he searched , two German torpedo boats sailed from Ostend to intercept the cruiser , but in the heavy fog they collided and , disabled , limped back to shore . During this period , Godsal 's motor launches lost track of the cruiser in the murk , and it was not until the third pass that Vindictive found the entrance , accompanied by only one of the launches . Heading straight into the mouth of the canal , guided by a flare dropped by the launch , Vindictive became an instant target of the German batteries and was badly damaged , the shellfire exacerbating the damage suffered in the earlier Zeebrugge Raid and seriously damaging Vindictive 's port propeller .
Alfred Godsal intended to swing Vindictive broadside on into the channel mouth , but as he ordered the turn , the right screw broke down completely , preventing the cruiser from fully turning . Before this was realised on the cruiser 's bridge , a shell fired from a gun battery on shore struck Commander Godsal directly , killing him instantly and shattering the bridge structure . Most of the bridge crew were killed or wounded by the blast , including First Lieutenant Victor Crutchley , who staggered to the wheel and attempted to force the ship to make the full turn into the channel . The damaged propeller made this maneuver impossible and the drifting cruiser floated out of the channel and became stuck on a sandbank outside , only partially obscuring the entranceway .
= = = Evacuation of HMS Vindictive = = =
Realising that further manoeuvring would be pointless , Crutchley ordered the charges to be blown and the ship evacuated . As Engineer @-@ Lieutenant William Bury prepared to detonate the scuttling charges , Crutchley took a survey of the ship and ordered all survivors to take to the boats on the seaward side of the wreck . As men scrambled down the ship 's flank away from the shells and machine @-@ gun bullets spitting from the harbour entrance , Crutchley made a final survey with an electric torch looking for wounded men among the dead on the decks . Satisfied that none alive remained aboard , he too leapt onto the deck of a motor launch bobbing below . The rescue mission itself , however , was not going as planned . Of the five motor launches attached to the expedition , only one had remained with the cruiser in the fog ; ML254 commanded by Lieutenant Geoffrey Drummond . The launch — like the cruiser — was riddled with bullets ; her commander was wounded and her executive officer dead . Despite her sheltered position behind the cruiser , fire from shore continued to enfilade the launch and a number of those aboard , including Lieutenant Bury , suffered broken ankles as they jumped onto the heaving deck .
ML254 then began slowly to leave the harbour mouth , carrying 38 survivors of Vindictive 's 55 crewmen huddled on deck , where they remained exposed to machine gun fire from the shore . As Drummond turned his boat seawards and proceeded back to the offshore squadron that was still engaged in an artillery duel with the German defenders , one of the missing launches , ML276 passed her , having caught up with the lost cruiser at this late stage . Drummond called to ML276 's commander — Lieutenant Rowley Bourke — that he believed there were still men in the water and Bourke immediately entered the harbour to search for them . Drummond 's launch proceeded to the rendezvous with the destroyer HMS Warwick , overweighted and sinking , so severe was the damage she had suffered .
Hearing cries , Bourke entered the harbour but could not identify the lost men . Despite heavy machine gun and artillery fire , Bourke returned to the scene of the wreck four times before they discovered two sailors and Vindictive 's badly wounded navigation officer Sir John Alleyne clinging to an upturned boat . Hauling the men aboard , Bourke turned for the safety of the open sea , but as he did , two 6 in ( 150 mm ) shells struck the launch , smashing the lifeboat and destroying the compressed air tanks . This stalled the engines and caused a wave of highly corrosive acid to wash over the deck , causing severe damage to the launch 's hull and almost suffocating the unconscious Alleyne . Under heavy fire , the boat staggered out of the harbour and was taken under tow by another late @-@ arriving motor launch . After the operation , Bourke 's launch was discovered to have 55 bullet and shrapnel holes .
Offshore , as Warwick 's officers , Keyes ' staff and the survivors of Vindictive gathered on the destroyer 's deck to discuss the operation , an enormous explosion rocked the ship causing her to list severely . Warwick had struck one of the defensive mines off Ostend and was now in danger of sinking herself . The destroyer HMS Velox was lashed alongside and survivors from Warwick , Vindictive and ML254 transferred across to the sound ship . This ragged ensemble did not reach Dover until early the following morning , with Warwick still afloat . British casualties were reported in the immediate aftermath as being eight dead , ten missing and 29 wounded . German losses were three killed and eight wounded .
= = Aftermath = =
Despite German claims that the blockage did not impede their operations , the operation to close the Ostend canal seemed to have been at least partially successful . The channel was largely blocked and so Bruges was ostensibly closed off from the open sea , even if the position of the blockship meant that smaller ships could get through . In fact , the entire operation had been rendered moot before it even began , due to events at the wider canal in Zeebrugge . British assessments of that operation had proven optimistic and the channel there had not been properly closed . Small coastal submarines of the UC class had been able to pass through the channel as early as the morning after the Zeebrugge Raid and German naval engineers were able to dredge channels around the blockages at both ports over the coming weeks .
At Ostend , Vindictive did prevent larger warships passing through the channel , although smaller craft could still come and go at will . The larger warships in Bruges were trapped there for the remaining months of the war ; the town was captured by the Allies in October 1918 . The blockages at Ostend and Zeebrugge took several years to clear completely , not being totally removed until 1921 . On a strategic scale the effects of the raids at Ostend and Zeebrugge on the battle of the Atlantic were negligible . Despite this , in Britain the Ostend Raid was feted as a success . Three Victoria Crosses and a host of lesser awards were given to the men involved . The Admiralty presented it as a fine example of daring and careful planning from the Royal Navy , providing a valuable morale boost at one of the most critical moments of the war .
= Ian Thorpe =
Ian James Thorpe , OAM ( born 13 October 1982 ) is an Australian swimmer who specialises in freestyle , but also competes in backstroke and the individual medley . He has won five Olympic gold medals , the most won by any Australian , and with three gold and two silver medals , was the most successful athlete at the 2000 Summer Olympics . At the 2001 World Aquatics Championships , he became the first person to win six gold medals in one World Championship . In total , Thorpe has won eleven World Championship golds , the third @-@ highest number of any swimmer . Thorpe was the first person to have been named Swimming World Swimmer of the Year four times , and was the Australian Swimmer of the Year from 1999 to 2003 . His athletic achievements made him one of Australia 's most popular athletes , and he was recognised as the Young Australian of the Year in 2000 .
At the age of 14 , he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia , and his victory in the 400 metre freestyle at the 1998 Perth World Championships made him the youngest ever individual male World Champion . After that victory , Thorpe dominated the 400 m freestyle , winning the event at every Olympic , World , Commonwealth and Pan Pacific Swimming Championships until his break after the 2004 Olympics . Aside from 13 individual long @-@ course world records , Thorpe anchored the Australian relay teams , numbering the victories in the 4 × 100 m and the 4 × 200 m freestyle relays in Sydney , among his five relay world records . His wins in the 200 m and 400 m and his bronze in the 100 m freestyle in Athens have made him the only male to have won medals in the 100 – 200 – 400 combination . During this , he picked up the nickname " Thorpedo " because of his speed in swimming .
After the Athens Olympics , Thorpe took a year away from swimming , scheduling a return for the 2006 Commonwealth Games . However , he was forced to withdraw due to illness . Subsequent training camps were interrupted , and he announced his retirement in November 2006 , citing waning motivation . From early 2011 , there was speculation about Thorpe 's return to swimming , fuelled by people claiming to have seen him training . The speculations were substantiated when Thorpe spoke at a February 2011 press conference of his return to swimming after four years away , with the aim of competing in the 2012 London Olympic Games . Thorpe competed at Australia 's Olympic Trials in 2012 , but failed to make the team . It was subsequently announced that he was targeting qualification for the 2013 World Championships in Barcelona and later the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow but was forced to abandon his plans due to a shoulder injury . In 2014 , he was presented with a Doctor of Letters from Macquarie University in recognition of his extraordinary contribution for the sport , philanthropy and Indigenous rights .
= = Early years = =
Born in Sydney , Thorpe grew up in the suburb of Milperra and hailed from a sporting family . His father Ken was a promising cricketer at junior level , representing Bankstown District Cricket Club in Sydney 's district competition . A talented batsman , he once topped the season 's batting averages ahead of former Australian captain Bob Simpson . However , paternal pressure detracted from Ken 's enjoyment of cricket , and he retired at the age of 26 . Thorpe 's mother Margaret played A @-@ grade netball , but he did not inherit his parents ' ball skills . His elder sister Christina was advised to take up swimming to strengthen a broken wrist , so by chance , the five @-@ year @-@ old Thorpe followed her into the pool . Due to his unhappy experiences , Ken Thorpe regarded enjoyment as the most critical aspect of his children 's participation in sport . A large baby , Thorpe weighed 4 @.@ 1 kg ( 9 @.@ 0 lb ) and measured 59 cm ( 1 ft 11 in ) in length at birth .
As a young child , Thorpe was sidelined by an allergy to chlorine . As a result , he did not swim in his first race until a school carnival at the age of seven . The allergy forced Thorpe to swim with his head out of the water ; despite this ungainly technique , he won the race , primarily because of his significant size advantage . Thorpe gradually overcame the ailment and progressed to the captaincy of New South Wales for the Australian Primary Schools Championships in 1994 . He subsequently won nine individual gold medals at the New South Wales Short Course Age Championships in September of the same year . In 1995 , Thorpe started his secondary education at East Hills Boys Technology High School and switched coaches to swim alongside his sister under the tutelage of Doug Frost . It was a busy year for the family ; Christina was selected for the Australian team to compete at the 1995 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Atlanta . Now six feet tall , Ian competed at his first Australian Age Championships , winning bronze medals in the 200 m and 400 m freestyle . He won all ten events at the New South Wales Age Championships .
= = = National debut = = =
Thorpe competed at the 1996 Australian Age Championships in Brisbane , winning five gold , two silver and two bronze medals . His times in the 400 m freestyle and 200 m backstroke qualified him for the Australian Championships , which doubled as selection trials for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . Frost knew that Thorpe had no realistic chance of making the top two in any event , which would have meant Olympic selection at only 13 years and six months . He sent Thorpe to Sydney merely to gain competition experience at senior national level . As expected , Thorpe missed selection ; he finished 23rd in the 400 m freestyle and 36th in the 200 m backstroke . At the end of the year , Thorpe qualified for the Australian Short Course Championships . It was another chance to gain national selection , as the event served as the selection trials for the 1997 FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) . Thorpe qualified in second place in the heats of the 400 m individual medley and reached his first national final . However , he swam more slowly in the final and missed selection .
At the New South Wales Championships in January 1997 , Thorpe 's time of 3 min 59 @.@ 43 s in the 400 m was eight seconds faster than his previous personal best ; it made him the first 14 @-@ year @-@ old to cover the distance in less than four minutes on Australian soil . Ranked fourth for the event countrywide , Thorpe went into the Australian Championships in Adelaide as a serious contender for selection in the national team for the 1997 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Fukuoka , Japan . With a top @-@ three finish and a specific qualifying time required for selection , Thorpe focused on the 400 m freestyle after injuries to world record holder Kieren Perkins and Daniel Kowalski ; both had won Olympic medals in the event . Thorpe went on to win bronze behind 16 @-@ year @-@ old Queenslander Grant Hackett , setting a new personal best of 3 min 53 @.@ 44 s . The time was a world record for his age group and the race was the first of many battles with Hackett .
Aged 14 years and 5 months , Thorpe became the 463rd and youngest ever male to be selected for the Australian team , surpassing John Konrads ' record by one month . Frost said that Thorpe 's selection catalysed his eventual focus on freestyle . Thorpe continued his good form at the Australian Age Championships . He contested all twelve events , winning ten individual gold and two bronze medals . He set six Australian records in the process .
= = Early international career = =
= = = International debut = = =
In June 1997 , two months before the Pan Pacific Championships , Thorpe required an appendix operation , which caused him to miss two weeks of training . Upon reaching Japan , Thorpe placed fourth in his heat of the 200 m freestyle with a new personal best time of 1 min 51 @.@ 46 s . Thorpe 's time was not enough to qualify for the final , but earned him selection in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team . Along with teammates Michael Klim , Ian van der Wal and Hackett , Thorpe claimed silver , making him the youngest ever Pan Pacific medalist . In his first individual final at international level , Thorpe was fifth at the 300 m mark , but fought back to claim silver in the 400 m freestyle behind Hackett in a time of 3 min 49 @.@ 64 s . His finishing burst was to become a trademark , and his time would have been enough to win silver at the Atlanta Olympics . In October 1997 , a few days before his fifteenth birthday , Thorpe competed in qualifying trials in Brisbane for the 1998 World Aquatics Championships in Perth . Thorpe gained selection for the world championships by finishing fourth and second in the 200 m and 400 m freestyle respectively . He set new personal bests in both events .
= = = 1998 World Aquatics Championships = = =
Thorpe 's first international appearance in his home country , at the 1998 World Championships in Perth , began with the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay . Swimming the third leg after Klim and Hackett , Thorpe broke away from 200 m butterfly Olympic champion Tom Malchow to set a split time of 1 min 47 @.@ 67 s , just 0 @.@ 26 seconds slower than Klim 's winning time in the 200 m final . By the end of Thorpe 's leg , the Australians were two seconds ahead of the world record pace , and three seconds ahead of the Americans , having extended the lead by two body lengths . Although anchorman Kowalski finished outside the world record , it was the first time that Australia had won the event at the global level since 1956 . Thorpe was ranked fourth in the world before the 400 m final , which Hackett led from the outset . Hackett established a comfortable 2 @.@ 29 s lead over Thorpe by the 300 m mark , and although Thorpe reduced the margin to 1 @.@ 53 s at the 350 m mark , Hackett led until Thorpe passed him on the final stroke . Thorpe 's time was the fourth fastest in history and made him the youngest ever male individual world champion , aged 15 years and 3 months .
As a result of the media attention generated by his win on home soil , Thorpe received multiple offers for television commercials and was often surrounded by autograph hunters . He became a high @-@ profile supporter of the Children 's Cancer Institute , after his sister Christina 's future brother @-@ in @-@ law Michael Williams became gravely ill with cancer .
= = = 1998 Commonwealth Games = = =
Thorpe 's next competition was in March at the Australian Championships in Melbourne , which were selection trials for the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Malaysia . Thorpe 's improvement continued when he defeated Klim in the 200 m freestyle in 1 min 47 @.@ 24 s , faster than Klim 's winning time at the World Championship two months earlier . Thorpe 's time was a Commonwealth record and with it , he secured his first national title . He then claimed the 400 m freestyle title from Hackett and clocked 50 @.@ 36 s in the 100 m freestyle . His time earned silver in his first 100 m race at the national level , gaining him Commonwealth selection in three individual events .
Thorpe 's rise continued when the Australians arrived in Kuala Lumpur during September for the Commonwealth Games . Thorpe 's first event was the 200 m freestyle , where he led throughout to record a time just one hundredth of a second outside Giorgio Lamberti 's world record . He then combined with Klim , Kowalski and Matt Dunn in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay to break the world record of the Unified Team set in 1992 by 0 @.@ 09 s . Thorpe 's run ended when a personal best of 50 @.@ 21 s in the 100 m freestyle was only sufficient for fourth place , but he returned to victory with the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team . He claimed a fourth gold in the 400 m freestyle , setting another personal best , just 0 @.@ 55 s slower than Kieren Perkins ' 1994 mark .
Thorpe left school at the end of the year after completing Year 10 . His decision caused concerns that concentrating on swimming alone could lead to burn out . Thorpe disagreed , pointing to his informal search for knowledge , stating that " Swimming is a small part of my life " . His impact in the swimming community was acknowledged when he became the youngest male swimmer to be named as the Swimming World Swimmer of the Year .
= = World record breaking phase = =
1999 began with heavy media expectations that Thorpe would inevitably break both 200 m and 400 m world records , given his continuing physical growth . The first opportunity came in late March at the 1999 Australian Championships in Brisbane , which doubled as a selection event for the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships . Thorpe again won the 400 m , but Perkins ' record eluded him , this time by just 0 @.@ 05 s . Hackett turned the tables in the 200 m event , passing Thorpe in the final 50 m to win Thorpe 's title . Although both were outside Lamberti 's mark , Hackett went on to break it the following night in a relay event . Thorpe finished the Championships by continuing his improvement in the 100 m freestyle , posting a time of 49 @.@ 98 s , his first under the 50 s barrier . The Australian team then travelled to Hong Kong for the 1999 World Short Course Championships , where Thorpe broke Lamberti 's mark in the 200 m freestyle , the longest standing world record at the time . However , Hackett defeated him in the 400 m . This was the start of a three @-@ year phase where Thorpe was to set his 13 individual long course world records . He led the men 's relay team to unprecedented success in relay events , scoring historic victories over the Americans . Thorpe was to peak in 2001 when he became the first person to win six gold medals at one world championships , setting three world records and helping Australia top the medal tally at a global meet for the first time since 1956 . In this period , he was named Swimming World Swimmer of the Year three times .
= = = 1999 Pan Pacific Championships = = =
The 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships were held in August at Sydney Olympic Park , and were viewed as a rehearsal for the 2000 Summer Olympics to be held in the same venue . With Thorpe expected to deliver world records at his first international meet in Sydney , the event was shown live on Australian television for the first time . The opening night saw him pitted against Hackett and South Africa 's Ryk Neethling in the 400 m freestyle final . The trio reached the 200 m mark in a group , on world record pace , before Thorpe broke away , recording a split time 1 @.@ 86 s ahead of world @-@ record pace at 300 m . He extended his lead to four body lengths by the 350 m mark and finished in a time of 3 min 41 @.@ 83 s , cutting almost two seconds from the world record , and covering the second half in almost the same time as the first . Talbot reacted to the performance by dubbing Thorpe as " the greatest swimmer we 've [ Australia ] ever had " , whilst four @-@ time American Olympic gold medalist Rowdy Gaines , commentating for NBC , said " ... he went into a balls @-@ out sprint at 250 – and I have never seen anything like that ... I have been around swimming a long time and it 's the most amazing swim I 've ever seen , hands down . " A formula used by the International Swimming Statisticians Association to compare world records in different events gave his performance the highest score of all current world records . Thorpe promptly donated the A $ 25 @,@ 000 prizemoney for breaking the first world record in the pool to charity . Later the same night , Thorpe anchored the Australians to a historic victory in the 4 × 100 m freestyle final , the first time the United States had lost the event . Thorpe set an Australian record relay split of 48 @.@ 55 s . Even taking into account a 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 7 s for a flying relay start , his split time was almost 1 s faster than his individual best of 49 @.@ 98 s . It was to be the first of many occasions in which he would anchor the Australian relay teams to victory over the Americans , with splits consistently faster than his equivalent individual times . The following night , in the semi @-@ finals of the 200 m freestyle , Thorpe broke Hackett 's world record by 0 @.@ 33 s , clocking 1 min 46 @.@ 34 s . The next day in the final , he again broke the record , lowering it to 1 min 46 @.@ 0 s . He finished his competition by leading off the 4 × 200 m freestyle team with Klim , Hackett and Bill Kirby to victory . Their time lowered their own world record by more than three seconds , completing Thorpe 's fourth world record in four nights .
Immediately after the Pan Pacific Championships , Thorpe 's management announced his signing to Adidas for an undisclosed six @-@ figure sum , stating that he would race in their new bodysuit . This presented a dilemma , as the national team was sponsored and wore outfits designed by Speedo , leading to months of protracted discussions and uncertainty . To compound his commercial difficulties , Thorpe had an uncertain end to the sporting year when , in October , he broke a bone in his ankle whilst jogging . However his performance throughout the year was recognised when he was again named as the World Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World , and by Swimming Australia as its Swimmer of the Year . In a wider arena , he was named Young Australian of the Year , ABC Sports Star of the Year , and Male Athlete of the Year at the Australian Sports Awards .
= = = 2000 Olympic build @-@ up = = =
Thorpe started 2000 looking to add a third individual event to his Olympic schedule . He explored his options by contesting the 1500 m freestyle at the New South Wales Championships in January , which he won . Thorpe embarked on a European FINA World Cup tour in order to hone his racecraft , but this was overshadowed by comments made by German head coach Manfred Thiesmann accusing him of using steroids . Thorpe 's difficulties heightened at the subsequent German leg of the tour in Berlin , when a standoff over a drug @-@ test arose when officials wanted to take an unsealed sample due to lack of containers . After the standoff was resolved , Thorpe proceeded to cut more than 1 @.@ 5 s from his world short course record in the 200 m freestyle . Given the context of the race , Thorpe rated it as his best @-@ ever performance , ahead of his victories at Olympic and World level . On returning from Europe , Thorpe faced further uncertainty until he was granted permission to wear his Adidas suit instead of the Australian uniforms provided by Speedo .
With the past uncertainties resolved , Thorpe proceeded to the Olympic selection trials at Sydney Olympic Park in May 2000 . He again broke his 400 m world record on the first night of racing , lowering it to 3 min 41 @.@ 33 s to earn his first Olympic selection . The following day , he lowered his 200 m world record to 1 min 45 @.@ 69 s in the semi @-@ finals , before lowering it again to 1 min 45 @.@ 51 s in the final . His attempt to secure a third individual berth failed after he finished fourth in the final of the 100 m and withdrew from the 1500 m .
Thorpe 's success led to allegations of drug doping in 2000 , which arose again in 2007 . Specifically he was accused of using banned performance @-@ enhancing steroids . Prior to the 2000 Olympics , the head coach and captain of Germany 's swimming team accused Thorpe of cheating , that his
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
( skull openings ) which reduced the weight of the skull . In Deinonychus , the antorbital fenestra , a skull opening between the eye and nostril , was particularly large .
Deinonychus possessed large " hands " ( manus ) with three claws on each forelimb . The first digit was shortest and the second was longest . Each hind foot bore a sickle @-@ shaped claw on the second digit , which was probably used during predation .
No skin impressions have ever been found in association with fossils of Deinonychus . Nonetheless , the evidence suggests that the Dromaeosauridae , including Deinonychus , had feathers . The genus Microraptor is both older geologically and more primitive phylogenetically than Deinonychus , and within the same family . Multiple fossils of Microraptor preserve pennaceous , vaned feathers like those of modern birds on the arms , legs , and tail , along with covert and contour feathers . Velociraptor is geologically younger than Deinonychus , but even more closely related ( within the subfamily velociraptorinae , see Classification , below ) . A specimen of Velociraptor has been found with quill knobs on the ulna . Quill knobs are where the follicular ligaments attached , and are a direct indicator of feathers of modern aspect .
= = Classification = =
Deinonychus antirrhopus is one of the best @-@ known dromaeosaurid species , and is a close relative of the smaller Velociraptor , which is found in younger , Late Cretaceous – age rock formations in Central Asia . The clade they form is called Velociraptorinae . The subfamily name Velociraptorinae was first coined by Rinchen Barsbold in 1983 and originally contained the single genus Velociraptor . Later Phil Currie included most of the dromaeosaurids . Two Late Cretaceous genera , Tsaagan from Mongolia and the North American Saurornitholestes , may also be close relatives , but the latter is poorly known and hard to classify . Velociraptor and its allies are regarded as using their claws more than their skulls as killing tools , as opposed to dromaeosaurines like Dromaeosaurus , which have stockier skulls . Phylogenetically , the dromaeosaurids represent one of the non @-@ avialan dinosaur groups most closely related to birds . The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma , David Burnham , Larry Martin , Peter Larson , and Robert Bakker , using updated data from the Theropod Working Group .
= = Discovery and naming = =
Fossilized remains of Deinonychus have been recovered from the Cloverly Formation of Montana and Wyoming and in the roughly contemporary Antlers Formation of Oklahoma , in North America . The Cloverly formation has been dated to the late Aptian through early Albian stages of the early Cretaceous , about 115 to 108 Ma . Additionally , teeth found in the Arundel Clay Facies ( mid @-@ Aptian ) , of the Potomac Formation on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland may be assigned to the genus .
The first remains were uncovered in 1931 in southern Montana near the town of Billings . The team leader , paleontologist Barnum Brown , was primarily concerned with excavating and preparing the remains of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus , but in his field report from the dig site to the American Museum of Natural History , he reported the discovery of a small carnivorous dinosaur close to a Tenontosaurus skeleton , " but encased in lime difficult to prepare . " He informally called the animal " Daptosaurus agilis " and made preparations for describing it and having the skeleton , specimen AMNH 3015 , put on display , but never finished this work . Brown brought back from the Cloverly Formation the skeleton of a smaller theropod with seemingly oversized teeth that he informally named " Megadontosaurus " . John Ostrom , reviewing this material decades later , realized that the teeth came from Deinonychus , but the skeleton came from a completely different animal . He named this skeleton Microvenator .
A little more than thirty years later , in August 1964 , paleontologist John Ostrom led an expedition from Yale University 's Peabody Museum which discovered more skeletal material near Bridger . Expeditions during the following two summers uncovered more than 1 @,@ 000 bones , among which were at least three individuals . Since the association between the various recovered bones was weak , making the exact number of individual animals represented impossible to determine properly , the type specimen ( YPM 5205 ) of Deinonychus was restricted to the complete left foot and partial right foot that definitely belonged to the same individual . The remaining specimens were catalogued in fifty separate entries at Yale 's Peabody Museum of Natural History although they could have been from as few as three individuals .
Later study by Ostrom and Grant E. Meyer analyzed their own material as well as Brown 's " Daptosaurus " in detail and found them to be the same species . Ostrom first published his findings in February 1969 , giving all the referred remains the new name of Deinonychus antirrhopus . The specific name " antirrhopus " , from Greek ἀντίρροπος , means " counterbalancing " and refers to the likely purpose of a stiffened tail . In July 1969 , Ostrom published a very extensive monograph on Deinonychus .
Though a myriad of bones was available by 1969 , many important ones were missing or hard to interpret . There were few postorbital skull elements , no femurs , no sacrum , no furcula or sternum , missing vertebrae , and ( Ostrom thought ) only a tiny fragment of a coracoid . Ostrom 's skeletal reconstruction of Deinonychus included a very unusual pelvic bone – a pubis that was trapezoidal and flat , unlike that of other theropods , but which was the same length as the ischium and which was found right next to it .
= = = Further findings = = =
In 1974 , Ostrom published another monograph on the shoulder of Deinonychus in which he realized that the pubis that he had described was actually a coracoid – a shoulder element . In that same year , another specimen of Deinonychus , MCZ 4371 , was discovered and excavated in Montana by Steven Orzack during a Harvard University expedition headed by Farish Jenkins . This discovery added several new elements : well preserved femurs , pubes , a sacrum , and better ilia , as well as elements of the pes and metatarsus . Ostrom described this specimen and revised his skeletal restoration of Deinonychus . This time it showed the very long pubis , and Ostrom began to suspect that they may have even been a little retroverted like those of birds .
A skeleton of Deinonychus , including bones from the original ( and most complete ) AMNH 3015 specimen , can be seen on display at the American Museum of Natural History , with another specimen ( MCZ 4371 ) on display at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University . The American Museum and Harvard specimens are from a different locality than the Yale specimens . Even these two skeletal mounts are lacking elements , including the sterna , sternal ribs , furcula , and gastralia .
Even after all Ostrom 's work , several small blocks of lime @-@ encased material remained unprepared in storage at the American Museum . These consisted mostly of isolated bones and bone fragments , including the original matrix , or surrounding rock in which the specimens were initially buried . An examination of these unprepared blocks by Gerald Grellet @-@ Tinner and Peter Makovicky in 2000 revealed an interesting , overlooked feature . Several long , thin bones identified on the blocks as ossified tendons ( structures that helped stiffen the tail of Deinonychus ) turned out to actually represent gastralia ( abdominal ribs ) . More significantly , a large number of previously unnoticed fossilized eggshells were discovered in the rock matrix that had surrounded the original Deinonychus specimen .
In a subsequent , more detailed report , on the eggshells , Grellet @-@ Tinner and Makovicky concluded that the egg almost certainly belonged to Deinonychus , representing the first dromaeosaurid egg to be identified . Moreover , the external surface of one eggshell was found in close contact with the gastralia suggesting that Deinonychus might have brooded its eggs . This implies that Deinonychus used body heat transfer as a mechanism for egg incubation , and indicates an endothermy similar to modern birds . Further study by Gregory Erickson and colleagues finds that this individual was 13 or 14 years old at death and its growth had plateaued . Unlike other theropods in their study of specimens found associated with eggs or nests , it had finished growing at the time of its death .
= = = Implications = = =
Ostrom 's description of Deinonychus in 1969 has been described as the most important single discovery of dinosaur paleontology in the mid @-@ 20th century . The discovery of this clearly active , agile predator did much to change the scientific ( and popular ) conception of dinosaurs and opened the door to speculation that dinosaurs may have been warm @-@ blooded . This development has been termed the dinosaur renaissance . Several years later , Ostrom noted similarities between the forefeet of Deinonychus and that of birds , an observation which led him to revive the hypothesis that birds are descended from dinosaurs . Forty years later , this idea is almost universally accepted .
Because of its extremely bird @-@ like anatomy and close relationship to other dromaeosaurids , paleontologists hypothesize that Deinonychus was probably covered in feathers . Clear fossil evidence of modern avian @-@ style feathers exists for several related dromaeosaurids , including Velociraptor and Microraptor , though no direct evidence is yet known for Deinonychus itself . When conducting studies of such areas as the range of motion in the forelimbs , paleontologists like Phil Senter have taken the likely presence of wing feathers ( as present in all known dromaeosaurs with skin impressions ) into consideration .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Predatory behavior = = =
Deinonychus teeth found in association with fossils of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus are quite common in the Cloverly Formation . Two quarries have been discovered that preserve fairly complete Deinonychus fossils near Tenontosaurus fossils . The first , the Yale quarry in the Cloverly of Montana , includes numerous teeth , four adult Deinonychus and one juvenile Deinonychus . The association of this number of Deinonychus skeletons in a single quarry suggests that Deinonychus may have fed on that animal , and perhaps hunted it . Ostrom and Maxwell have even used this information to speculate that Deinonychus might have lived and hunted in packs . The second such quarry is from the Antlers Formation of Oklahoma . The site contains six partial skeletons of Tenontosaurus of various sizes , along with one partial skeleton and many teeth of Deinonychus . One tenontosaur humerus even bears what might be Deinonychus tooth marks . Brinkman et al . ( 1998 ) point out that Deinonychus had an adult mass of 70 – 100 kilograms , whereas adult tenontosaurs were 1 – 4 metric tons . A solitary Deinonychus could not kill an adult tenontosaur , suggesting that pack hunting is possible .
A 2007 study by Roach and Brinkman has called into question the cooperative pack hunting behavior of Deinonychus , based on what is known of modern carnivore hunting and the taphonomy of tenontosaur sites . Modern archosaurs ( birds and crocodiles ) and Komodo dragons display little cooperative hunting ; instead , they are usually either solitary hunters , or are drawn to previously killed carcasses , where much conflict occurs between individuals of the same species . For example , in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together , the largest individuals eat first and will attack smaller Komodos that attempt to feed ; if the smaller animal is killed , it is cannibalized . When this information is applied to the tenontosaur sites , it appears that what is found is consistent with Deinonychus having a Komodo- or crocodile @-@ like feeding strategy . Deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults , with missing parts consistent with having been eaten by other Deinonychus . On the other hand , a paper by Li et al. describes track sites with similar foot spacing and parallel trackways , implying gregarious packing behavior instead of uncoordinated feeding behavior .
In 2011 , Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which Deinonychus and other dromaeosaurs may have captured and restrained prey . This model , known as the " raptor prey restraint " ( RPR ) model of predation , proposes that Deinonychus killed its prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey : by leaping onto its quarry , pinning it under its body weight , and gripping it tightly with the large , sickle @-@ shaped claws . Like accipitrids , the dromaeosaur would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive , until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure . This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors . Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks , especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion . However , the short metatarsus and foot strength would have been more similar to that of owls . The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of Deinonychus 's anatomy , such as their unusual jaw and arm morphology . The arms were likely covered in long feathers , and may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal , along with the stiff counterbalancing tail . Its jaws , thought to have had a comparatively weak bite force , might be used for saw motion bites , like the modern Komodo dragon which also has a weak bite force , to finish off its prey if its kicks weren 't powerful enough .
= = = = Bite force = = = =
Bite force estimates for Deinonychus were first produced in 2005 , based on reconstructed jaw musculature . This study concluded that Deinonychus likely had a maximum bite force only 15 % that of the modern American alligator . A 2010 study by Paul Gignac and colleagues attempted to estimate the bite force based directly on newly discovered Deinonychus tooth puncture marks in the bones of a Tenontosaurus . These puncture marks came from a large individual , and provided the first evidence that large Deinonychus could bite through bone . Using the tooth marks , Gignac 's team were able to determine that the bite force of Deinonychus was significantly higher than earlier studies had estimated by biomechanical studies alone . They found the bite force of Deinonychus to be between 4 @,@ 100 and 8 @,@ 200 newtons , greater than living carnivorous mammals including the hyena , and equivalent to a similarly sized alligator .
Gignac and colleagues also noted , however , that bone puncture marks from Deinonychus are relatively rare , and unlike larger theropods with many known puncture marks like Tyrannosaurus , Deinonychus probably did not frequently bite through or eat bone . Instead , they probably used their high bite force in defense or prey capture , rather than feeding .
= = = = Limb function = = = =
Despite being the most distinctive feature of Deinonychus , the shape and curvature of the sickle claw varies between specimens . The type specimen described by Ostrom in 1969 has a strongly curved sickle claw , while a newer specimen described in 1976 had a claw with much weaker curvature , more similar in profile with the ' normal ' claws on the remaining toes . Ostrom suggested that this difference in the size and shape of the sickle claws could be due to individual , sexual , or age @-@ related variation , but admitted he could not be sure .
There is anatomical and trackway evidence that this talon was held up off the ground while the dinosaur walked on the third and fourth toes .
Ostrom suggested that Deinonychus could kick with the sickle claw to cut and slash at its prey . Some researchers even suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs . Other studies have suggested that the sickle claws were not used to slash but rather to deliver small stabs to the victim . In 2005 , Manning and colleagues ran tests on a robotic replica that precisely matched the anatomy of Deinonychus and Velociraptor , and used hydraulic rams to make the robot strike a pig carcass . In these tests , the talons made only shallow punctures and could not cut or slash . The authors suggested that the talons would have been more effective in climbing than in dealing killing blows .
Ostrom compared Deinonychus to the ostrich and cassowary . He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe . The cassowary has claws up to 125 millimetres ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) long . Ostrom cited Gilliard ( 1958 ) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man . Kofron ( 1999 and 2003 ) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed , but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals . Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves , to attack threatening animals , and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display . The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw , and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing . In 2011 , a study suggested that the sickle claw would likely have been used to pin down prey while biting it , rather than as a slashing weapon .
Biomechanical studies by Ken Carpenter in 2002 confirmed that the most likely function of the forelimbs in predation was grasping , as their great lengths would have permitted longer reach than for most other theropods . The rather large and elongated coracoid , indicating powerful muscles in the forelimbs , further strengthened this interpretation . Carpenter 's biomechanical studies using bone casts also showed that Deinonychus could not fold its arms against its body like a bird ( " avian folding " ) , contrary to what was inferred from the earlier 1985 descriptions by Jacques Gauthier and Gregory S. Paul in 1988 .
Studies by Phil Senter in 2006 indicated that Deinonychus forelimbs could be used not only for grasping , but also for clutching objects towards the chest . If Deinonychus had feathered fingers and wings , the feathers would have limited the range of motion of the forelimbs to some degree . For example , when Deinonychus extended its arm forward , the ' palm ' of the hand automatically rotated to an upward @-@ facing position . This would have caused one wing to block the other if both forelimbs were extended at the same time , leading Senter to conclude that clutching objects to the chest would have only been accomplished with one arm at a time . The function of the fingers would also have been limited by feathers ; for example , only the third digit of the hand could have been employed in activities such as probing crevices for small prey items , and only in a position perpendicular to the main wing . Alan Gishlick , in a 2001 study of Deinonychus forelimb mechanics , found that even if large wing feathers were present , the grasping ability of the hand would not have been significantly hindered ; rather , grasping would have been accomplished perpendicular to the wing , and objects likely would have been held by both hands simultaneously in a " bear hug " fashion , findings which have been supported by the later forelimb studies by Carpenter and Senter . In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists , 43 hand bones and 52 foot bones referred to Deinonychus were examined for signs of stress fracture ; none were found . The second phalanx of the second toe in the specimen YPM 5205 has a healed fracture .
Parsons and Parsons have shown that juvenile and sub @-@ adult specimens of Deinonychus display some morphological differences with the adults . For instance , the arms of the younger specimens were proportionally longer than those of the adults , a possible indication of difference in behavior between young and adults . Another example of this could be the function of the pedal claws . Parsons and Parsons have suggested that the claw curvature ( which Ostrom [ 1976 ] had already shown was different between specimens ) maybe was greater for juvenile Deinonychus , as this could help it climb in trees , and that the claws became straighter as the animal became older and started to live solely on the ground . This was based on the hypothesis that some small dromaeosaurids used their pedal claws for climbing . In a 2015 paper , they reported after further analysis of immature fossils that the open and mobile nature of the shoulder joint might have meant that young Deinonychus were capable of some form of flight .
= = = Speed = = =
Dromaeosaurids , especially Deinonychus , are often depicted as unusually fast @-@ running animals in the popular media , and Ostrom himself speculated that Deinonychus was fleet @-@ footed in his original description . However , when first described , a complete leg of Deinonychus had not been found , and Ostrom 's speculation about the length of the femur ( upper leg bone ) later proved to have been an overestimate . In a later study , Ostrom noted that the ratio of the femur to the tibia ( lower leg bone ) is not as important in determining speed as the relative length of the foot and lower leg . In modern fleet @-@ footed birds , like the ostrich , the foot @-@ tibia ratio is .95 . In unusually fast @-@ running dinosaurs , like Struthiomimus , the ratio is .68 , but in Deinonychus the ratio is .48 . Ostrom stated that the " only reasonable conclusion " is that Deinonychus was not particularly fast compared to other dinosaurs , and certainly not as fast as modern flightless birds .
The low foot to lower leg ratio in Deinonychus is due partly to an unusually short metatarsus ( upper foot bones ) . The ratio is actually larger in smaller individuals than in larger ones . Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus may be related to the function of the sickle claw , and used the fact that it appears to get shorter as individuals aged as support for this . He interpreted all these features – the short second toe with enlarged claw , short metatarsus , etc . – as support for the use of the hind leg as an offensive weapon , where the sickle claw would strike downwards and backwards , and the leg pulled back and down at the same time , slashing and tearing at the prey . Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus reduced overall stress on the leg bones during such an attack , and interpreted the unusual arrangement of muscle attachments in the Deinonychus leg as support for his idea that a different set of muscles was used in the predatory stroke than in walking or running . Therefore , Ostrom concluded that the legs of Deinonychus represented a balance between running adaptations needed for an agile predator , and stress @-@ reducing features to compensate for its unique foot weapon .
In his 1981 study of Canadian dinosaur footprints , Richard Kool produced rough walking speed estimates based on several trackways made by different species in the Gething Formation of British Columbia . Kool estimated one of these trackways , representing the ichnospecies Irenichnites gracilis ( which may have been made by Deinonychus ) , to have a walking speed of 10 @.@ 1 kilometers per hour ( 6 miles per hour ) .
= = = Eggs = = =
The identification , in 2000 , of a probable Deinonychus egg associated with one of the original specimens allowed comparison with other theropod dinosaurs in terms of egg structure , nesting , and reproduction . In their 2006 examination of the specimen , Grellet @-@ Tinner and Makovicky examined the possibility that the dromaeosaurid had been feeding on the egg , or that the egg fragments had been associated with the Deinonychus skeleton by coincidence . They dismissed the idea that the egg had been a meal for the theropod , noting that the fragments were sandwiched between the belly ribs and forelimb bones , making it impossible that they represented contents of the animal 's stomach . In addition , the manner in which the egg had been crushed and fragmented indicated that it had been intact at the time of burial , and was broken by the fossilization process . The idea that the egg was randomly associated with the dinosaur was also found to be unlikely ; the bones surrounding the egg had not been scattered or disarticulated , but remained fairly intact relative to their positions in life , indicating that the area around and including the egg was not disturbed during preservation . The fact that these bones were belly ribs ( gastralia ) , which are very rarely found articulated , supported this interpretation . All the evidence , according to Grellet @-@ Tinner and Makovicky , indicates that the egg was intact beneath the body of the Deinonychus when it was buried . It is possible that this represents brooding or nesting behavior in Deinonychus similar to that seen in the related troodontids and oviraptorids , or that the egg was in fact inside the oviduct when the animal died .
Examination of the Deinonychus egg 's microstructure confirms that it belonged to a theropod , since it shares characteristics with other known theropod eggs and shows dissimilarities with ornithischian and sauropod eggs . Compared to other maniraptoran theropods , the egg of Deinonychus is more similar to those of oviraptorids than to those of troodontids , despite studies that show the latter are more closely related to dromaeosaurids like Deinonychus . While the egg was too badly crushed to accurately determine its size , Grellet @-@ Tinner and Makovicky estimated a diameter of about 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) based on the width of the pelvic canal through which the egg had to have passed . This size is similar to the 7 @.@ 2 cm diameter of the largest Citipati ( an oviraptorid ) eggs ; Citipati and Deinonychus also shared the same overall body size , supporting this estimate . Additionally , the thicknesses of Citipati and Deinonychus eggshells are almost identical , and since shell thickness correlates with egg volume , this further supports the idea that the eggs of these two animals were about the same size .
= = Paleoecology = =
Geological evidence suggests that Deinonychus inhabited a floodplain or swamplike habitat . The paleoenvironment of both the upper Cloverly Formation and the Antlers Formation , in which remains of Deinonychus have been found , consisted of tropical or sub @-@ tropical forests , deltas and lagoons , not unlike today 's Louisiana . Other animals Deinonychus shared its world with include herbivorous dinosaurs such as the armored Sauropelta and the ornithopods Zephyrosaurus and Tenontosaurus . In Oklahoma , the ecosystem of Deinonychus also included the large theropod Acrocanthosaurus , the huge sauropod Sauroposeidon , the crocodilians Goniopholis and Paluxysuchus , and the gar Lepisosteus . If the teeth found in Maryland are those of Deinonychus , then its neighbors would include Astrodon and a nodosaur ( called Priconodon ) only known from teeth . The middle portion of the Cloverly Formation ranges in age from 115 ± 10 Ma near the base to 108 @.@ 5 ± 0 @.@ 2 Ma near the top .
= = In popular culture = =
Deinonychus were featured prominently in the 1990 and 1995 novels Jurassic Park and The Lost World by Michael Crichton and the film adaptations , directed by Steven Spielberg . However , Crichton and Spielberg chose to use the name Velociraptor for these dinosaurs , rather than Deinonychus . Crichton had met with John Ostrom several times during the writing process to discuss details of the possible range of behaviors and life appearance of Deinonychus . Crichton at one point apologetically told Ostrom that he had decided to use the name Velociraptor in place of Deinonychus for his book , because he felt the former name was " more dramatic " . Despite this , according to Ostrom , Crichton stated that the Velociraptor of the novel was based on Deinonychus in almost every detail , and that only the name had been changed . The Jurassic Park filmmakers followed suit , designing the film 's models based almost entirely on Deinonychus instead of actual Velociraptor , and they reportedly requested all of Ostrom 's published papers on Deinonychus during production . As a result , they portrayed the film 's dinosaurs with the size , proportions , and snout shape of Deinonychus .
= Russian battleship Pobeda =
Pobeda , ( Russian : Победа , translit . Victory ) , was the last of the three Peresvet @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy at the end of the nineteenth century . The ship was assigned to the Pacific Squadron upon completion and based at Port Arthur from 1903 . During the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 1905 , she participated in the battles of Port Arthur and the Yellow Sea . Having escaped serious damage in these engagements , Pobeda was sunk by gunfire during the Siege of Port Arthur , and then salvaged by the Japanese and placed into service under the name Suwo ( 周防 ) .
Rearmed and re @-@ boilered by the Japanese , Suwo was reclassified by the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) as a coastal defense ship in 1908 and served as a training ship for several years . She was the flagship of the Japanese squadron that participated in the Battle of Tsingtao at the beginning of World War I and continued in that role until she became a gunnery training ship in 1917 . The ship was disarmed in 1922 to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and probably scrapped around that time .
= = Design and description = =
The design of the Peresvet class was inspired by the British second @-@ class battleships ( typically faster , but with thinner armor and smaller guns than first @-@ class battleships ) of the Centurion class . The British ships were intended to defeat commerce @-@ raiding armored cruisers like the Russian ships Rossia and Rurik , and the Peresvet class was designed to support the armored cruisers . This role placed a premium on high speed and long range at the expense of heavy armament and armor .
Pobeda was 434 feet 5 inches ( 132 @.@ 4 m ) long overall , had a beam of 71 feet 6 inches ( 21 @.@ 79 m ) and a draft of 26 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) . Designed to displace 12 @,@ 674 long tons ( 12 @,@ 877 t ) , she was almost 600 long tons ( 610 t ) overweight and displaced 13 @,@ 320 long tons ( 13 @,@ 530 t ) . Her crew consisted of 27 officers and 744 enlisted men . The ship was powered by three vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines using steam generated by 30 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 14 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 800 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Pobeda , however , reached a top speed of 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 34 @.@ 3 km / h ; 21 @.@ 3 mph ) from 15 @,@ 578 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 617 kW ) during her sea trials in October 1901 . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 060 long tons ( 2 @,@ 090 t ) of coal , which allowed her to steam for 6 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 500 km ; 7 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ship 's main battery consisted of four 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of eleven Canet 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and in the bow , underneath the forecastle . Several smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included twenty 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) QF guns , twenty 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns and eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns . She was also armed with five 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes , three above water and two submerged . The ship carried 45 mines to be used to protect her anchorage . Pobeda 's waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp cemented armor and was 4 – 9 inches ( 102 – 229 mm ) thick . The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 9 in ( 229 mm ) and her deck ranged from 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) in thickness .
= = Construction and service = =
Pobeda ( Victory ) was ordered on 26 April 1898 from the Baltic Works and construction began on 30 May 1898 at the company 's Saint Petersburg shipyard , well before the formal keel @-@ laying ceremony on 21 February 1899 . The ship was launched on 10 May 1900 and towed to Kronstadt on 31 August 1901 for fitting out . She made her machinery trials in October , well before she was completed the next year . She sailed to Reval ( modern Tallinn ) on 1 August to participate in the naval review held there a few days later to commemorate the visit of the German Kaiser , Wilhelm II , to Russia . Pobeda entered service upon completing her artillery trials on October 1902 , although she was not officially accepted until 10 March 1903 , at a cost of 10 @,@ 050 @,@ 000 rubles . She had already sailed from Libau on 13 November 1902 and arrived at Port Arthur on 13 June 1903 for assignment to the Pacific Squadron .
= = = Battle of Port Arthur = = =
After the Japanese victory in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 , tensions had arisen between Russia and Japan over their ambitions to control both Manchuria and Korea . A further issue was the Russian failure to withdraw its troops from Manchuria in October 1903 , as it had promised . Japan had begun negotiations to ease the situation in 1901 , but the Russian government was slow and uncertain in its replies because it had not yet decided exactly how to resolve the problems . Japan interpreted these as deliberate prevarications designed to buy time to complete the Russian armament programs . The final straws were news of Russian timber concessions in northern Korea and the Russian refusal to acknowledge Japanese interests in Manchuria while continuing to place conditions on Japanese activities in Korea . These led the Japanese government to decide in December 1903 that war was now inevitable . The Pacific Squadron began mooring in the outer harbor at night as tensions with Japan increased , so as to react more quickly to any Japanese attempt to land troops in Korea .
On the night of 8 / 9 February 1904 , the IJN launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur . Pobeda was not hit in the initial torpedo @-@ boat attack , and sortied the following morning when the Combined Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , attacked . Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his ships to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defenses . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defenses with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Pobeda was hit once or twice amidships near the waterline , losing two men killed and four wounded , but the shell ( s ) failed to penetrate the ship 's armor and little damage was done .
On 22 March , Pobeda joined several other battleships firing indirectly at Japanese ships bombarding Port Arthur 's harbor and hit the Japanese battleship Fuji once , killing seven men . She participated in the action of 13 April , when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships , he turned back for Port Arthur , and Petropavlovsk struck a mine laid by the Japanese the previous night . The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , and Makarov was one of the 677 killed . When Pobeda was returning to port after Petropavlovsk sank , she struck a mine herself , but was able to steam to the harbor under her own power despite an 11 ° list . Her repairs were completed on 9 June although some of her guns were removed during this time to reinforce the defenses of the port . Pobeda lost a total of three 6 @-@ inch , two 75 @-@ millimeter , one 47 @-@ millimeter and four 37 @-@ millimeter guns . She sailed with the rest of the Russian squadron on 23 June in an abortive attempt to reach Vladivostok . The new fleet commander , Vice Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft , ordered the squadron to return to Port Arthur when it encountered the Japanese fleet shortly before sunset as he did not wish to engage the numerically superior Japanese in a night battle . Pobeda bombarded Japanese positions besieging the port on 28 July .
= = = Battle of the Yellow Sea = = =
The Japanese bombardment of 9 August , coupled with a direct order from Tsar Nicholas II , forced Vitgeft to make another attempt to reach Vladivostok . The squadron sortied in an attempt to escape to Vladivostok the next morning . At 12 : 25
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the siding was abandoned in 1886 .
Waddesdon Manor was complete in 1889 , 13 years after construction began . The Winchendon Branch closed and the track was removed . The gasworks remained operational , although supplied by road , until its closure during the coal shortage of 1916 . It was demolished shortly afterwards . The track of the disused siding remained until at least 1916 .
= = = Brill Brick and Tile Works = = =
Although Poore 's Brickworks was well established , Jones believed there was potential profit in the Duke of Buckingham 's capitalising on his access to a railway line by becoming directly involved in brickmaking . Trials with Brill clay in 1883 proved positive , and in April 1885 Jones sought estimates for machinery and labour necessary to produce 10 million bricks a year . It was decided that 5 million bricks per year was a realistic figure , with bricks to be manufactured in kilns between Brill and Wood Siding stations and shipped down the Tramway to the national network . Progress was slow and obstructed by the local authority .
Few records survive of the Brill Brick and Tile Works , as it came to be called , but it was operational by 1895 . Jones ( 1974 ) says the siding to the brickworks opened with the extension to Brill , implying that Brill Brick and Tile Works existed in early 1872 . This is almost certainly incorrect ; no mention of the sidings is made in the Duke of Buckingham 's correspondence before 1887 and no reference to the Brill Brick and Tile Works exists in any source earlier than 1895 . The bricks used to build Waddesdon Manor had to be shipped by road from Poore 's to Brill or along the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway from further afield before being sent down the Tramway to the site , implying there was no works capable of making high numbers of bricks along the Tramway .
Brill Brick and Tile Works could not compete with the larger and better @-@ connected brickworks at Calvert and declined . The brickworks finally closed in the early 20th century . The building was taken over by the W. E. Fenemore workshop , making hay loaders , before being converted into a timber yard in the 1920s .
= = = Relations with the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway = = =
Although the introduction of the Bagnall locomotives and the traffic generated by the works at Waddesdon Manor had boosted the route 's fortunes , it remained in serious financial difficulty . The only connection with the national railway network was by way of the turntable at Quainton Road . The 3rd Duke of Buckingham chaired the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway but its management regarded the Tramway as a nuisance . In the 1870s it charged disproportionately high fees for through traffic between the Tramway and the main line with the intention of forcing the Tramway out of business . Relations deteriorated between Jones and J. G. Rowe , Secretary and Traffic Manager of the A & B. The A & B 's trains at Quainton Road would miss connections with the Tramway , causing milk shipped to Quainton to become unsellable , to the extent that Jones began unloading milk at Waddesdon and shipping it to Aylesbury by road . Although Jones asked the Duke to intervene relations remained poor ; in 1888 Rowe blocked the telegraph along the Tramway , and in one meeting Jones and Rowe threatened violence .
Jones sought legal advice and was told that the Duke would probably win a legal action against the A & BR . The A & BR was in such a precarious financial position that any successful legal action against them would likely have forced the line through Quainton Road to close , severing the Tramway 's connection with the national network altogether . Meanwhile , local dairy farmers began to switch to beef and butter , causing a drop in milk transport . From its peak of 20 @,@ 994 tons carried in 1877 , goods traffic fell in each of the next four years , dropping to 9 @,@ 139 tons ( 9 @,@ 286 t ) in 1881 .
Many of the passengers using the Tramway continued their journey by way of the A & BR line ; in 1885 , 5 @,@ 192 passengers changed trains between the A & BR and the Tramway at Quainton Road . Jones suggested that the A & BR subsidise the Tramway 's service to the sum of £ 25 ( about £ 2 @,@ 400 in 2016 ) per month to allow passenger services to continue , but the A & BR agreed to pay only £ 5 ( about £ 500 in 2016 ) per month . By the mid @-@ 1880s the Tramway was finding it difficult to cover the operating expenses of either goods or passenger operations .
= = Oxford extension schemes = =
= = = Oxford , Aylesbury and Metropolitan Junction Railway Company = = =
Euston railway station opened in 1837 , the first railway station connecting London with the industrial heartlands of the West Midlands and Lancashire . Railways were banned by a Parliamentary commission from operating in London itself and the station was built on the northern boundary . Other termini north of London followed at Paddington ( 1838 ) , Bishopsgate ( 1840 ) , Fenchurch Street ( 1841 ) , King 's Cross ( 1852 ) and St Pancras ( 1868 ) . All were outside the built @-@ up area , making them inconvenient .
Charles Pearson ( 1793 – 1862 ) had proposed an underground railway connecting the City of London with the main line rail termini in around 1840 . In 1854 he commissioned the first traffic survey , determining that each day 200 @,@ 000 walked into the City , 44 @,@ 000 travelled by omnibus , and 26 @,@ 000 in private carriages . A Parliamentary Commission backed Pearson 's proposal over other schemes . Despite concerns about vibration causing subsidence of buildings , the problems of compensating the many thousands whose homes were destroyed during digging of the tunnel , and fears that the tunnelling might break into Hell , construction began in 1860 . On 9 January 1863 the line opened as the Metropolitan Railway ( MR ) , the world 's first underground passenger railway .
The MR grew steadily , extending its own services and acquiring other local railways north and west of London . In 1872 Edward Watkin ( 1819 – 1901 ) was appointed Chairman . A director of many railway companies , he wanted to unify a string of companies to create a single line from Manchester via London to an intended Channel Tunnel and on to France . In 1873 Watkin negotiated to take control of the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway and the section of the former Buckinghamshire Railway north from Verney Junction to Buckingham . He planned to extend the MR north from London to Aylesbury and extend the Tramway southwest to Oxford , creating a route from London to Oxford . Rail services between Oxford and London were poor , and although still roundabout , the scheme would have formed the shortest route from London to Oxford , Aylesbury , Buckingham and Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon . The Duke of Buckingham was enthusiastic and authorisation was sought from Parliament . Parliament did not share the enthusiasm and in 1875 the Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire Union Railway Bill was rejected . Watkin did receive consent in 1881 to extend the MR to Aylesbury .
With extension to Aylesbury approved , the Duke of Buckingham in March 1883 announced his own scheme to extend the Brill Tramway to Oxford . The turntable at Quainton Road would be replaced with a junction to the south of the existing turntable to allow through running of trains . The stretch from Quainton Road to Brill would be straightened and improved to main line standards , and Waddesdon Road and Wood Siding stations would close . From Brill , the line would pass in a 1 @,@ 650 @-@ yard ( 1 @,@ 510 m ) tunnel through Muswell Hill to the south of Brill , and on via Boarstall before crossing from Buckinghamshire into Oxfordshire at Stanton St. John . From Stanton St. John the line would stop on the outskirts of Oxford at Headington , terminating at a station to be built in the back garden of 12 High Street , St Clement 's , near Magdalen Bridge . The proposal included a separate set of rails to be provided where the old and new routes ran together , to allow the existing Wotton Tramway to continue to operate independently if it saw fit , but given the Duke 's involvement in the new scheme it is unlikely he intended to use this option .
At 23 miles ( 37 km ) the line would have been by far the shortest route between Oxford and Aylesbury , compared with 28 miles ( 45 km ) via the GWR ( which had absorbed the Wycombe Railway ) , and 34 miles ( 55 km ) via the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway and the LNWR . The Act authorising the scheme received Royal Assent on 20 August 1883 , and the new Oxford , Aylesbury and Metropolitan Junction Railway Company was created , including the Duke of Buckingham , Ferdinand de Rothschild and Harry Verney among its directors . The scheme caught the attention of the expansionist Metropolitan Railway , who paid for the survey . Despite powerful backers , the expensive Muswell Hill tunnel deterred investors . Ferdinand de Rothschild promised to lend money in return for guarantees that the rebuilt line would include a passenger station at Westcott , and that the Duke would press the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway to open a station at the nearest point to Waddesdon Manor . Waddesdon Manor railway station opened on 1 January 1897 .
= = = Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad = = =
Despite cash from Rothschild , the company could not raise sufficient investment to begin construction of the Oxford extension , and had only been given a five @-@ year window by Parliament in which to build it . On 7 August 1888 , less than two weeks before the authorisation was to expire , the directors of the Oxford , Aylesbury and Metropolitan Junction Railway Company received Royal Assent for a revised and cheaper version . To be called the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad ( O & AT ) , the new scheme envisaged the extension 's being built to the same light specifications as the existing tramway . To avoid expensive earthworks and tunnelling , the line would parallel a road out of Brill , despite the considerable gradients involved . The entire route would be single track , other than passing places , and the Oxford terminus was to be in George Street , nearer the edge of the city . Jones was sceptical and felt that it unlikely to recoup its construction costs .
On 26 March 1889 the 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos died , aged 65 . A special train brought his body from London to Quainton Road , and from Quainton he was taken to Stowe for the service , and on to the family vault at Wotton . Five carriages provided by the London and North Western Railway carried mourners to Church Siding , near Wotton Underwood 's church . Another carried a company of the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry , associated with the Grenville family and the upkeep of which had helped bankrupt the second duke . ( This second train was delayed on the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway , arriving late to the burial . )
The Dukedom was inherited only in the male line . As the 3rd Duke had three daughters but no son , the title became extinct . The 1st Duke was also Earl Temple of Stowe , a title which descended through heirs of his relatives should the male line become extinct . Consequently , on the 3rd Duke 's death this title , with most of the Wotton estate , passed to his nephew William Temple @-@ Gore @-@ Langton who became the 4th Earl Temple .
By this time construction of the MR extension from London to Aylesbury was underway , and on 1 July 1891 the MR absorbed the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway . Sir Harry Verney died on 12 February 1894 , and on 31 March 1894 the MR took over services on the A & BR from the GWR . On 1 July 1894 the MR extension to Aylesbury was completed , giving the MR a unified route from London to Verney Junction . The MR embarked on upgrading and rebuilding stations along the line .
Construction of the route from Brill to Oxford had not begun . Further Acts of Parliament were granted in 1892 and 1894 varying the route slightly and allowing electrification , but no building was carried out other than surveying . On 1 April 1894 , the proposed extension to Oxford still intended , the O & AT exercised a clause of the 1888 Act and took over the Wotton Tramway . Jones was retained as general Manager and work began on upgrading the line for the extension .
= = = = Rebuilding and re @-@ equipping by the O & AT = = = =
The track from Quainton Road to Brill was relaid with improved rails on standard transverse sleepers . The former longitudinal sleepers were used as fence posts and guard rails . The stations , little more than earth banks , were replaced with wooden platforms . Waddesdon , Westcott , Wotton and Brill were fitted with buildings housing a booking office , waiting rooms and toilets , while Wood Siding station had a small waiting room " with shelf and drawer " . Church Siding was not included and was removed from the timetable .
The Kingswood branch was not included in the rebuilding , and retained its original 1871 track . Two Manning Wardle locomotives , Huddersfield and Earl Temple , came into use on the line at around this time . Huddersfield had been built in 1876 and originally named Prestwich ; Earl Temple was identical to Huddersfield other than having a covered cab . The Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad could not afford the price when Earl Temple was delivered and the Earl bought it with his own money and rented it to the O & AT . In 1895 two new passenger carriages , each accommodating 40 passengers , were bought from the Bristol Wagon and Carriage Company . In 1896 Huddersfield was withdrawn , and in 1899 replaced with a new Manning Wardle locomotive named Wotton No. 2 , at which time Earl Temple was renamed Brill No. 1 .
The rebuilding reduced journeys between Quainton Road and Brill to between 35 and 43 minutes . From 1895 the Tramway ran four passenger services in each direction on weekdays . The population of the area remained low , and in 1901 Brill had a population of only 1206 . Passenger traffic remained insignificant and in 1898 passenger receipts were only £ 24 per month ( about £ 2 @,@ 400 in 2016 ) .
Meanwhile , the MR were rebuilding and resiting Quainton Road station , freeing space for a direct link between the former Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway and the O & AT to be built . A curve between the lines opened on 1 January 1897 , allowing through running between the two lines .
With through running between the lines in place , in June 1899 the MR inspected the O & AT 's carriages and locomotives , and had serious concerns . The original passenger carriage began as a horse tram and was shabby internally , and unsafe as part of a longer train . The passenger carriage from the 1870s was in a poor condition . The 1895 Bristol passenger carriages were unfit owing to their light construction . Eight of the O & AT 's nine goods wagons did not comply with Railway Clearing House standards and could not be used on other lines . On 4 October 1899 the MR loaned the O & AT an eight @-@ wheeled 70 seat passenger carriage . As this had been built for the MR 's standard height platforms rather than the O & AT 's low platforms , 80 – 100 ft ( 24 – 30 m ) of each platform on the Tramway was raised to standard height to accommodate the MR carriage .
= = Metropolitan Railway takeover = =
The Metropolitan and the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company were cooperating closely by 1899 . Although the line had been upgraded in preparation for the Oxford extension and had been authorised as a railway in 1894 , construction on the extension had yet to begin . On 27 November John Bell , Watkin 's successor as Chairman of the MR , leased the line from the O & AT for £ 600 ( about £ 61 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) a year with an option to buy the line . From 1 December 1899 , the MR took over all operations . Jones stayed as Manager . The O & AT 's decrepit passenger coach , a relic of Wotton Tramway days , was removed from its wheels and used as a platelayer 's hut at Brill station . An elderly Brown , Marshalls and Co passenger coach replaced it , and a section of each platform was raised to accommodate the higher doors of this coach using earth and old railway sleepers .
On 28 March 1902 the 4th Earl Temple died aged 55 , succeeded by Algernon William Stephen Temple @-@ Gore @-@ Langton , 5th Earl Temple of Stowe . The Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company , which by now did nothing except collect £ 600 annual rent from the MR , pay the Winwood Charity Trust rent for their land near Quainton Road crossed by the rails , and pay Earl Temple an annual dividend of £ 400 , remained independent under the control of the 4th Earl 's trustees .
= = = Rebuilding and re @-@ equipping by the Metropolitan Railway = = =
The MR sold all but one of the dilapidated goods wagons to the Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway , replacing them with five eight @-@ wheeled carriages built in 1865 – 66 . The MR considered the Manning Wardle locomotives unreliable and from early 1903 they were replaced by a pair of Metropolitan Railway D Class engines , although they were not sold until 1911 . The heavy D Class locomotives damaged the track , and in 1910 the track between Quainton Road and Brill was relaid to MR standards , using track removed from the inner London MR route but considered adequate for a rural branch line . Following this upgrading , the speed limit was increased to 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) .
The Kingswood branch was again not upgraded , and still retained its 1871 track . It was abandoned at the end of 1915 , and the track removed in 1920 . In 1911 Brill Brick and Tile Works closed , and the siding to the brickworks was removed , with the exception of the rails on the level crossing which in 1984 were still in place , albeit tarmacked over . On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , Brill became a centre for training cadets , who were housed in Wotton House and ferried in trains of five passenger coaches .
The Metropolitan Railway was unhappy with the performance and safety of the D Class locomotives and sold them between 1916 and 1922 . With much of their route close to London now electrified the MR had surplus steam locomotives , and two Metropolitan Railway A Class locomotives , numbers 23 ( built 1866 ) and 41 ( built 1869 ) , were transferred to the route . Built by Beyer , Peacock and Company from 1864 , the A Class had been the first locomotives owned by the Metropolitan ( in 1863 , the first year of operation , the MR had used engines loaned from the GWR ) . Although the most advanced locomotives regularly to work the route , the A Class predated all other rolling stock on the Tramway . The two locomotives operated for a week at a time . Occasionally , the MR substituted other similar locomotives .
Four services per day operated , taking around 40 minutes from one end to the other in 1900 , falling to 32 minutes by 1931 after the upgrading of the route and the introduction of the A Class locomotives .
On 1 February 1903 Jones retired and control was taken over directly by the Metropolitan Railway . Jones died on 14 April 1909 , surviving to see the railway network in the Aylesbury Vale reach its greatest extent .
= = New railways through the Aylesbury Vale , 1899 – 1910 = =
= = = Great Central Railway = = =
In 1893 another of Edward Watkin 's railways , the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway , had been authorised to build a new 90 miles ( 140 km ) line , from its existing station at Annesley in Nottinghamshire , south to Quainton Road . Watkin had intended to run services from Manchester and Sheffield via Quainton Road and along the Metropolitan Railway to the MR 's station at Baker Street . Following Watkin 's retirement in 1894 , the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway obtained permission for a separate station near Baker Street at Marylebone , and the line was renamed the Great Central Railway ( GCR ) . The new line joined the existing MR just north of Quainton Road on the Verney Junction branch , and opened to passengers on 15 March 1899 . Many of the bricks used in the building of the Great Central Railway were supplied by the Brill Brick and Tile Works and shipped along the Tramway , providing a significant revenue boost to the O & AT .
= = = Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway = = =
Following Watkin 's retirement relations between the Great Central Railway and the Metropolitan Railway deteriorated badly . The GCR route to London ran over MR lines from Quainton Road to London , and to reduce reliance on the shaky goodwill of the MR , GCR General Manager William Pollitt decided to create a link with the Great Western Railway to create a second route into London . In 1899 the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway began construction of a new line , commonly known as the Alternative Route , to link the GWR 's existing station at Princes Risborough to the new Great Central line . The line ran from Princes Risborough north to meet the Great Central at Grendon Underwood , about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of Quainton Road . The new line was to cross the Tramway on a bridge immediately east of Wotton station , although no intersection was built between the lines . Although the lines did not connect , a temporary siding was built from the Tramway onto the embankment of the new line , and used for the transport of construction materials and the removal of spoil from the works during the building of the new line . Although formally an independent company , in practice the line was operated as a part of the Great Central Railway .
The new line was planned as a through route and was not intended to have any stations of its own , but in 1904 it was decided to build two stations on it . A new station , also named Wotton , was built immediately to the south of the existing Wotton station . On 2 April 1906 the new route opened to passengers . The two Wotton stations were very close together , and the same stationmaster was responsible for both .
= = = Chiltern Main Line Bicester cut @-@ off = = =
In 1910 the new Bicester cut @-@ off line of the GWR Chiltern Main Line opened , allowing trains from London to Birmingham to bypass a long curve through Oxford . The new line was routed directly through Wood Siding , although no interchange station was built . The GWR ran in a cutting beneath the existing station ; Wood Siding station and its siding were rebuilt at the GWR 's expense between 1908 – 1910 to stand on a wide bridge above the GWR 's line . The new line included the station named Brill and Ludgershall , which in reality was considerably further from Brill than the existing Brill station .
With the opening of the new routes , the Tramway for the first time suffered serious competition . Although further from Brill than the Tramway 's station , the GWR 's station provided a fast and direct route to the GWR 's London terminus at Paddington . The Great Central Railway 's station at Wotton , and the other Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway station at Akeman Street , provided fast and direct routes to both Paddington and to the Great Central 's new London terminus at Marylebone , without the need to change trains at Quainton Road . In addition , following the end of the First World War motorised road transport grew rapidly , drawing passenger and goods traffic away from the railways . The Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company repeatedly tried to persuade the Metropolitan Railway to buy the line outright , but the MR declined . In July 1923 the O & AT tried to sell the line to the GWR and to the Electric and Railway Finance Corporation , but was rebuffed by both .
= = London Transport = =
On 1 July 1933 , the Metropolitan Railway , along with London 's other underground railways , aside from the short Waterloo & City Railway , was taken into public ownership as part of the newly formed London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) . Thus , despite Brill and Verney Junction being 50 miles ( 80 km ) and over two hours travel from the City of London , the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad and the former Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway became parts of the London Underground network . The locomotives and carriages were repainted with London Transport 's Johnston Sans emblem .
By this time , the route from Quainton Road to Brill was in severe decline . Competition from the newer lines and from improving road haulage had drawn away much of the tramway 's custom , and the trains would often run without a single passenger . The A Class locomotives were now 70 years old , and the track itself was poorly maintained . Trains , once again , were regularly derailing on the line .
Frank Pick , Managing Director of the Underground Group from 1928 and the Chief Executive of the LPTB , aimed to move the network away from freight services , and to concentrate on the electrification and improvement of the core routes in London . He saw the lines beyond Aylesbury via Quainton Road to Brill and Verney Junction as having little future as financially viable passenger routes , concluding that at least £ 2 @,@ 000 ( about £ 130 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) per year would be saved by closing the Brill branch .
On 1 June 1935 , the London Passenger Transport Board gave the required six months notice to the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company that it intended to terminate operations on the tramway .
= = = Closure = = =
To fulfil their obligations , London Transport formally inspected the line on 23 July 1935 . The inspection was carried out with great speed , the special train taking just 15 minutes to travel the length of the line from Brill to Quainton Road . The inspection confirmed that the closure process was to proceed .
The last scheduled passenger service left Quainton Road in the afternoon of 30 November 1935 . Hundreds of people gathered , and a number of members of the Oxford University Railway Society travelled from Oxford in an effort to buy the last ticket . Accompanied by firecrackers and fog signals , the train ran the length of the line to Brill , where the passengers posed for a photograph .
Late that evening , a two @-@ coach staff train pulled out of Brill , accompanied by a band playing Auld Lang Syne and a white flag . The train stopped at each station along the route , picking up the staff , documents and valuables from each . At 11 @.@ 45 pm the train arrived at Quainton Road , greeted by hundreds of locals and railway enthusiasts . At the stroke of midnight , the rails connecting the tramway to the Metropolitan Railway main line were ceremonially severed .
Following the withdrawal of London Transport services the Metropolitan Railway 's lease was voided and at midnight on 1 December 1935 the railway and stations reverted to the control of the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company . The O & AT Board by now had only three members : the 5th Earl Temple , the Earl 's agent Robert White , and the former Brill hay @-@ loader manufacturer W. E. Fenemore .
Although at the time of the closure there was some speculation that the O & AT would continue to operate the tramway as a mineral railway , with no funds and no rolling stock of its own , the O & AT was unable to operate the line . On 2 April 1936 , the entire infrastructure of the stations was sold piecemeal at auction . Excluding the houses at Westcott and Brill , which were sold separately , the auction raised £ 72 7s ( about £ 4 @,@ 430 in 2016 ) in total . The Ward Scrap Metal Company paid £ 7 @,@ 000 ( about £ 429 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) for the rails , with the exception of those at Quainton Road which were retained as a siding .
With the stations at Wood Siding and Brill closed , and the GWR 's Brill and Ludgershall railway station inconveniently sited , the GWR opened a new station on the Chiltern Main Line near to Brill at Dorton Halt on 21 June 1937 .
On 5 January 1937 , the board of the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad met for the last time . On 5 February 1937 a winding up petition was presented to the High Court , and on 24 March 1937 Mr W. E. Fisher was appointed liquidator . On 11 November 1940 Fisher was formally discharged , and the O & AT officially ceased to exist .
= = After closure = =
After closure , the line was largely forgotten . Because it had been built on private land without an Act of Parliament , few records of it prior to the Oxford extension schemes exist in official archives . At least some of the rails remained in place in 1940 , as records exist of their removal during the building of RAF Westcott . Other than the station buildings at Westcott and Quainton Road almost nothing survives of the tramway , although much of the route can still be traced by a double line of hedges . The former trackbed between Quainton Road and Waddesdon Road is now a public footpath known as the Tramway Walk .
After the death of the 3rd Duke of Buckingham the family archives , including the records of the Brill Tramway , were sold to the Huntington Library in California . In 1968 the London Underground Railway Society launched a fundraising appeal to microfilm the relevant material , and in January 1971 the microfilms were opened to researchers at the University of London Library ( now Senate House Library ) .
In the 1973 documentary Metro @-@ land , John Betjeman spoke of a 1929 visit to Quainton Road , and of watching a train depart for Brill : " The steam ready to take two or three passengers through oil @-@ lit halts and over level crossings , a rather bumpy journey " .
Wotton station on the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway , which in 1923 had been taken over by the London and North Eastern Railway , remained open ( albeit little used and served by only two trains per day in each direction ) until 7 December 1953 , when the station was abandoned . The bridge that had formerly carried the GW & GCJR over the tramway at Wotton was demolished in 1970 , and the former GW & GCJR station was converted to a private house .
Both Dorton Halt and Brill and Ludgersall stations were closed on 7 January 1963 and trains no longer stop , although the line through them remains in use by trains between Princes Risborough and Bicester North . Quainton Road station was bought in 1969 by members of the London Railway Preservation Society to use as a permanent base , and now houses the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre . The station is still connected to the railway network and used by freight trains and occasional special passenger services , but no longer has a scheduled passenger service . There are no longer any open railway stations in the areas formerly served by the tramway . Plans have been proposed by the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre to rebuild and reopen a stretch of the tramway as a heritage railway .
= = Satellite Mapping = =
Quainton Road railway station ( 51 ° 51 ′ 50 @.@ 53 ″ N 0 ° 55 ′ 52 @.@ 02 ″ W )
Waddesdon ( Road ) ( 51 ° 51 ′ 7 @.@ 15 ″ N 0 ° 56 ′ 48 @.@ 72 ″ W )
Westcott ( 51 ° 50 ′ 42 @.@ 16 ″ N 0 ° 57 ′ 21 @.@ 31 ″ W )
Wotton Underwood ( 51 ° 50 ′ 5 @.@ 95 ″ N 1 ° 0 ′ 4 @.@ 18 ″ W )
Church Siding Halt ( 51 ° 50 ′ 18 @.@ 02 ″ N 1 ° 0 ′ 7 @.@ 52 ″ W )
Wood Siding ( 51 ° 49 ′ 58 @.@ 42 ″ N 1 ° 1 ′ 30 @.@ 98 ″ W )
Woodham ( 51 ° 51 ′ 38 @.@ 86 ″ N 0 ° 59 ′ 30 @.@ 79 ″ W )
Brill ( 51 ° 49 ′ 57 @.@ 23 ″ N 1 ° 2 ′ 53 @.@ 54 ″ W )
= Hurricane Ava ( 1973 ) =
Hurricane Ava was one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . It was the first named storm of the 1973 Pacific hurricane season . Forming in early June , Hurricane Ava eventually reached Category 5 intensity on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , the first Pacific hurricane to do so in June and the earliest ever in a season . Its central pressure made it the most intense known Pacific hurricane at the time . Despite its intensity , Hurricane Ava stayed at sea without significant impact .
Ava was given the most advanced measurement and reconnaissance available at the time . Recon flights were conducted and meteorological equipment was tested . The hurricane was also photographed from space by satellites and Skylab astronauts .
= = Meteorological history = =
On June 2 , 1973 , a tropical depression formed about 250 miles ( 400 km ) south of Salina Cruz , Oaxaca . It started out nearly stationary , and became a tropical storm late on the same day it formed , the first named storm of the 1973 Pacific hurricane season . Ava then slowly moved westwards away from Mexico and became a hurricane on June 3 . Ava became a major hurricane on the afternoon of June 5 . The next day , a United States Air Force recon flight measured a wind speed of 150 mph ( 250 km / h ) and a central pressure of 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 0 inHg ) . These measurements made Hurricane Ava by far the most intense storm of the season .
At its peak , Hurricane Ava had winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . These winds made it a Category 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , the highest possible category and the first Category 5 since the 1959 season . Ava was also a hurricane with windspeeds rapidly increasing the closer to the eye they were measured . Over a distance of 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 5 km ) , wind speeds increased from 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) to 158 mph ( 255 km / h ) , and they increased from 105 ( 165 m / h ) to 158 mph ( 255 km / h ) over half that distance . The reading of 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 0 inHg ) was roughly 100 mbar ( 3 @.@ 0 inHg ) lower than the ambient environment far from the storm .
After its peak , Hurricane Ava started weakening on June 7 as it continued its westward path . Its winds were 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) on June 7 and 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) on the next day . It was no longer a major hurricane after its winds fell to 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) on June 9 . Later that day it weakened to a tropical storm . Tropical Storm Ava became Tropical Depression Ava on June 11 . The system then turned north and dissipated on June 12 . Its remnants then became embedded in the trade winds as a tropical wave .
= = Forecasting and observation = =
In terms of how well it was forecast , Ava had the largest error of any cyclone during the season . This 14 ° error five days out was mainly due to its northward turn when it was a weakening depression .
For a few days , Ava was directly underneath Skylab during its first manned mission . Astronauts acquired photographs of the hurricane , which was big enough for Science Pilot Joseph Kerwin to describe it as " an enormous spiral " that was big enough to dominate the view outside the space station 's window and prevent anything else from being seen . Astronauts also provided microwave data through Earth Resources Experiment Package sensors . Skylab also used a scatterometer on the system . Unfortunately , Skylab 's scatterometer data was harder to use than normal as it was degraded .
Ava was also underneath the NOAA @-@ 2 and Nimbus 5 weather satellites . NOAA @-@ 2 provided photographs that were used to estimate Ava 's maximum windspeeds . Satellite images were useful throughout the cyclone 's existence , as did the wind reports of three ships when Ava was a young tropical storm . Nimbus 5 carried an Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer and Temperature @-@ Humidity Infrared Radiometer . Both were used to study Ava . The main data provided by the THIR was data indicating cloud temperatures . The ESMR 's main data was on rainfall rates , densities , and distributions . The observations also provided confirmation that clouds that are not vertically developed very much can produce tropical rainfall .
Recon aircraft also penetrated Hurricane Ava . It was the first Pacific hurricane penetrated by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft , but not by aircraft from other agencies . NOAA craft were laden with sensors and measured wave heights reaching 40 ft ( 12 m ) with a microwave radar system and a laser altimeter . That was the first time ever that sea conditions in a tropical cyclone had been measured that way . United States Air Force planes measured central pressure , air temperature , and humidity in the eye pressures using dropsondes . The collection of data from both space and the air was done in order to allow comparisons . Collectively , all of this measuring made Hurricane Ava the best @-@ measured northeastern Pacific tropical cyclone at the time .
= = Impact and records = =
Hurricane Ava stayed at sea . Consequently , no one was killed and there was no reported damage . However , when it was a recently named tropical storm , Ava did cause sustained winds below gale @-@ force to three ships called the Joseph Lykes , Hoegh Trotter , and Volnay . In addition , large ocean waves churned up by Ava created hazardous surf and strong riptides at Southern California beaches on June 9 and June 10 . Those waves reached heights of up to 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) at Newport Beach , 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) at Long Beach , and 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) at Seal Beach . Those waves made beaches more hazardous , resulting in double @-@ to @-@ triple the usual contingent of lifeguards throughout Southern California beaches . At Seal Beach and Newport Beach , lifeguards made 35 and 75 rescues , respectively .
When it was active , Hurricane Ava set many records . Several have since been broken , but Ava still holds a few . Ava ceased being a Category 5 hurricane on June 7 , 1973 . 1994 's Emilia reached Category 5 intensity on July 19 , 1994 . This span of 7 @,@ 712 days , which Ava began and Emilia ended , is the longest time between successive Category 5 hurricanes in the northeastern Pacific , and anywhere worldwide , in recorded history . When Hurricane Gilma reached Category 5 strength on July 24 also in 1994 , it marked the shortest gap between Category 5 Pacific hurricanes recorded . Ava was also a Category 5 hurricane for exactly 24 hours ; a record at the time . Hurricane John broke that in the 1994 season , and hurricanes Linda and Ioke also lasted longer , tied with John . In addition , Ava is the strongest June tropical cyclone in the western hemisphere north of the equator .
A spokesperson from the American National Weather Service was quoted as saying that , " Ava had sustained winds of about 180 knots with some gusts at 200 knots when she [ sic ] was peaking " . However the official " Best track " data file and the seasonal summary in the Monthly Weather Review contradict that report and give maximum winds of 140 knots . If Ava 's winds were that high , they would one of the highest ever reported in a tropical cyclone anywhere . Like any report of winds that high it is suspect .
At the time , Hurricane Ava 's minimum known pressure of 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 0 inHg ) was the lowest known in its basin , making Ava the most intense Pacific hurricane . Ava is now the fifth most intense , tied with Hurricane Ioke , as Hurricanes Patricia , Linda , Rick and Kenna recorded lower pressures . However , Linda 's and Rick 's pressures were only estimated from satellite imagery , so Ava held the record for lowest measured pressure until Kenna surpassed it in 2002 . However , the meteorological record for the eastern north Pacific are unreliable because geostationary satellite observation did not begin until 1966 . Ava 's pressure record is itself incomplete ; Ava was only a Category 4 when its 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 0 inHg ) pressure was measured , and the only reading when it was a Category 5 is 928 mbar ( 27 @.@ 4 inHg ) . These two factors mean that Ava 's lowest pressure may be below 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 0 inHg ) , and that there may be other cyclones stronger than Ava .
= Ride the Lightning =
Ride the Lightning is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica , released on July 27 , 1984 , by the independent label Megaforce Records . The album was recorded in three weeks with producer Flemming Rasmussen at the Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen , Denmark . The artwork , based on a concept by the band , depicts an electric chair in the midst of a thunderstorm . The title was taken from a passage in Stephen King 's novel The Stand . Although rooted in the thrash metal genre , the album showcased the band 's musical maturity and lyrical sophistication . This was partly because bassist Cliff Burton introduced the basics of music theory to the rest of the band and had more input in the songwriting . Instead of relying strictly on fast tempos as on Kill ' Em All , Metallica broadened its approach by employing acoustic guitars , extended instrumentals , and more complex harmonies . The overall recording costs were paid by Metallica 's European label Music for Nations because Megaforce was unable to cover it . It was the last album to feature songwriting contributions from former lead guitarist Dave Mustaine .
Ride the Lightning received positive response from music critics , who saw it as a more ambitious effort than its predecessor . Metallica promoted the album on the Bang That Head That Doesn 't Bang European tour in late 1984 , and on its North American leg in the first half of 1985 . The band performed at a few major music festivals , such as Monsters of Rock and Day on the Green later that year . Two months after its release , Elektra Records signed Metallica to a multi @-@ year contract and reissued the album . Ride the Lightning peaked at number 100 on the Billboard 200 with no radio exposure . Although 75 @,@ 000 copies were initially pressed for the American market , the album sold half a million by November 1987 . It was certified 6 × platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2012 for shipping six million copies in the United States . Many rock publications have ranked Ride the Lightning on their best album lists , saying it had a lasting impact on the genre .
= = Background and recording = =
Metallica released its debut studio album Kill ' Em All on the independent label Megaforce Records in July 1983 . The album was seen as the birth of thrash metal , a heavy metal subgenre defined by its brisk riffs and intense percussion . After finishing its promotional tour , Metallica began composing new material and from September began performing the songs that were to make up Ride the Lightning at concerts . Because the band had little money , its members often ate one meal a day and stayed at fans ' homes throughout the tour . Frontman James Hetfield felt uneasy about performing vocals so the band offered the job to Armored Saint singer John Bush , who turned down the offer because Armored Saint was doing well at the time . Metallica started recording on February 20 , 1984 at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen , Denmark . The album was produced by Flemming Rasmussen , founder of Sweet Silence , who went on to produce the band 's next two albums . Drummer Lars Ulrich chose Rasmussen because he liked his work on Rainbow 's Difficult to Cure ( 1981 ) and was keen to record in Europe . Rasmussen , who had not heard of Metallica , agreed to work on the album , even though his studio employees questioned the band 's talent . Rasmussen listened to Metallica 's tapes before the members arrived and thought the band had great potential . Metallica rehearsed the album 's material at Mercyful Fate 's practice room in Copenhagen .
Before entering the studio , Metallica collected ideas on " riff tape " recordings of various jam sessions . Hetfield and Ulrich went through the tapes and selected the strongest riffs to assemble into songs . Instruments were recorded separately , with Hetfield playing only rhythm guitar . Rasmussen , with the help of drum roadie Flemming Larsen , taught Ulrich the basics of timing and beat duration . Although four tracks were already arranged , the band members were not used to creating songs in the studio , as they had not done so for Kill ' Em All . Lead guitarist Kirk Hammett took the album 's name from a passage in Stephen King 's novel The Stand . The cover art , displaying an electric chair in the midst of lighting bolts , was conceived before recording began . Metallica initially had sound problems because its gear was stolen three weeks before the band arrived in Copenhagen . Band members slept in the studio by day and recorded by night . Because the group was looking for a major label deal , several A & R people were visiting the studio . Metallica was apparently going to sign with Bronze Records , but the deal fell through because Bronze executive Gerry Bron wanted the US edition to be remixed by engineer Eddie Kramer , which Metallica declined .
Metallica had to record quickly because of European shows scheduled 29 days after it entered the studio . Recording finished on March 14 and Megaforce released the album on July 27 . Although the original album budget was $ 20 @,@ 000 , the final expense was above $ 30 @,@ 000 . Metallica 's European label Music for Nations paid the studio costs because Megaforce owner Jon Zazula could not afford them . Metallica was unhappy with the lack of promotion by Megaforce , and decided to sever ties with Zazula . Major label Elektra Records employee Michael Alago noticed Metallica at The Stone gig in San Francisco and invited Elektra 's chairman and the head of promotion to see the August show in New York . The performance at Roseland Ballroom , opening with Anthrax and Raven , pleased the Elektra staff and the band was offered a contract the following morning . On September 12 , Metallica signed with Elektra , who re @-@ released the album on November 19 . Ride the Lightning was the last Metallica album to feature co @-@ writing contributions from former lead guitarist Dave Mustaine , who received credit on the title track and the instrumental " The Call of Ktulu " . The album also represented the first time Hammett was given writing credits .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Ride the Lightning exhibited greater musical maturity , with sonically broader songs , than Metallica 's debut Kill ' Em All , which was noted for its one @-@ dimensional sound . This was partially because of bassist Cliff Burton 's knowledge of music theory . He showed Hetfield how to augment core notes with complementary counter @-@ melodies and how basic guitar harmony worked , which reflected on the song compositions . Hetfield developed more socially aware lyrics , as well as ominous and semi @-@ philosophical references . Ulrich explained that Metallica opted not to rely strictly on fast tempos as on the previous album , but to explore other musical approaches that sounded powerful and heavy . Grinder magazine 's Kevin Fisher summarized the album as " ultimate thrash , destruction and total blur " that reminded him of the speed and power of Kill ' Em All . Music journalist Martin Popoff observed that Ride the Lightning offered " sophistication and brutality in equal measure " and was seen as something new at the time of its release .
The major @-@ key acoustic introduction to " Fight Fire with Fire " displayed Metallica 's evolving towards a more harmonically complex style of songwriting . The fastest Metallica song in terms of picking speed , it is driven by nimble tremolo @-@ picked riffs in the verses and chorus . The extended solo section at the end dissolves in a sound effect of a vast nuclear explosion . The song discourages the " eye for an eye " approach , and its lyrical themes focused on nuclear warfare and Armageddon . " Ride the Lightning " was Metallica 's first song to emphasize the misery of the criminal justice system . The lyrics were written from the perspective of someone who is anticipating execution by the electric chair . The song , one of the two album tracks that credited Mustaine , begins in a mid @-@ tempo which gradually accelerates as the song progress . It features an instrumental middle section highlighted by Hammett 's soloing . According to Hetfield , the song " was not a criticism of capital punishment , which I 'm actually a supporter of . Rather , it 's simply about a man who faces death in the electric chair for a crime he didn 't commit " , as in the opening lyrics : " Guilty as charged / But Damn it / It ain 't right " .
" For Whom the Bell Tolls " begins with a bell tolling , followed by a marching riff and high @-@ register bass melody . The chromatic introduction , which Burton wrote before he joined Metallica , is often mistaken for an electric guitar ; it is actually Burton 's bass guitar augmented with distortion and a wah @-@ wah pedal . The lyrics were based on Ernest Hemingway 's novel of the same name , which explores the horror and dishonor of modern warfare . " For Whom the Bell Tolls " was released as a promotional single in two versions , an edit on side A and the album version on side B. " Fade to Black " is a power ballad whose lyrics contemplate suicide . Hetfield wrote the words because he felt powerless after the band 's equipment was stolen before the January 1984 show in Boston . Musically , the song begins with an acoustic guitar introduction overlaid with electric soloing . The song becomes progressively heavier and faster , ending with multi @-@ layered guitar solos . The song 's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads , " Welcome Home ( Sanitarium ) " and " One " . " Fade to Black " was released as a promotional single in 1984 , in glow in the dark green .
" Trapped Under Ice " is about a person who wakes from a cryonic state . Realizing there is nowhere to go , and no @-@ one will come to the rescue , the person helplessly awaits impending doom . The song is built on a fast @-@ picked galloping riff , reminiscent of the album 's opener . It was inspired by a track Hammett 's former band Exodus had demoed called " Impaler " , which was later released on that band 's album Tempo of the Damned ( 2004 ) . " Escape " was originally titled " The Hammer " and was intended to be released as a single due to its lighter riffs and conventional song structure . The intro features a counterpoint bass melody and a chugging guitar riff that resolves into a standard down @-@ stroked riff . Metallica performed " Escape " live only once , at the 2012 Orion Music + More festival , while performing Ride the Lightning in its entirety .
" Creeping Death " describes the Plague of the Death of the Firstborn ( Exodus 12 : 29 ) . The lyrics deal with the 10 plagues visited on Ancient Egypt ; four of them are mentioned throughout the song , as well as the Passover . The bridge , with its chant " Die , by my hand ! " , was originally written by Hammett for the song " Die by His Hand " while he was playing in Exodus , who recorded it as a demo but did not feature it on a studio album . " Creeping Death " was released as a single with a B @-@ side titled Garage Days Revisited made up of covers of Diamond Head 's " Am I Evil ? " and Blitzkrieg 's " Blitzkrieg " . " The Call of Ktulu " , tentatively titled " When Hell Freezes Over " , was inspired by H. P. Lovecraft 's book The Shadow over Innsmouth , which was introduced to the rest of the band by Burton . The title was taken from one of Lovecraft 's key stories featuring Cthulhu , The Call of Cthulhu , although the original name was modified to " Ktulu " for easier pronunciation . The song begins with D minor chord progression in the intro , followed by a two @-@ minute bass solo over a rhythmic riff pattern . Michael Kamen rearranged the song for Metallica 's 1999 S & M project and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 2001 .
= = Reception = =
Ride the Lightning received positive reviews from music critics . According to Q magazine , the album confirmed Metallica 's status as the leading heavy metal band of the modern era . The magazine credited the group for redefining the norms of thrash metal with " Fade to Black " , the genre 's first power ballad . Kerrang ! stated that the album 's maturity and musical intelligence helped Metallica expand heavy metal 's boundaries . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described Ride the Lightning as a more refined extension of the group 's debut . In a retrospective review , Sputnikmusic 's Channing Freeman named it as one of the few albums that can be charming and powerful at the same time . He praised Hetfield 's vocal performance and concluded that Metallica was " firing on all cylinders " . AllMusic 's Steve Huey saw the album as a more ambitious and remarkable effort than Kill ' Em All . He called Ride the Lightning an " all @-@ time metal classic " because of the band 's rich musical imagination and lyrics that avoided heavy metal cliches . The Rolling Stone Album Guide viewed the album as a great step forward for the band and as an album that established the concept for Metallica 's following two records . Colin Larkin , writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music , singled out " For Whom the Bell Tolls " as an example of Metallica 's growing music potential . Popoff regards Ride the Lightning as an album where " extreme metal became art " .
Megaforce initially printed 75 @,@ 000 copies of the album for the US market , while Music for Nations took care of the European market . By the autumn of 1984 , Ride the Lightning had moved 85 @,@ 000 copies in Europe , resulting in Metallica 's first cover story for British rock magazine Kerrang ! in its December issue . After signing Metallica , Elektra released the single " Creeping Death " in a sleeve depicting a bridge and a skull painted grey and green . The album peaked at number 100 on the Billboard 200 with no radio exposure . In 1984 , the French record label Bernett Records misprinted the color of the album cover in green , rather than blue , and 400 copies with the green cover were pressed . Because of their rarity , these green albums have become collectors ' items . Ride the Lightning went gold by November 1987 and in 2012 was certified 6 × platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping six million copies in the US . Many rock publications have ranked Ride the Lightning on their best album lists . The album placed fifth on IGN Music 's " Top 25 Metal Albums " list . Spin listed it as a thrash metal essential , declaring it " the thrashiest thrash ever " . According to Guitar World , Ride the Lightning " didn ’ t just change the band ’ s trajectory — it reset the course of metal itself " . Corey Deiterman of the Houston Press considers Ride the Lightning the most influential Metallica album , saying it had a lasting impact on genres such as crossover thrash and hardcore punk .
= = Touring = =
To promote Ride the Lightning , Metallica commenced the Bang That Head That Doesn 't Bang European tour on November 16 , 1984 , in Rouen , France , with British NWOBHM band Tank as support . The tour continued with dates in Belgium , Italy , Germany , and the Nordic countries . After a Christmas break , the group embarked on a US tour , firstly as a co @-@ headlining act with W.A.S.P. and then as headliners with Armored Saint supporting . At a gig in Portland , Oregon , Metallica covered " The Money Will Roll Right In " by Fang , with Armored Saint onstage . The American leg ended in May , and the band spent the following two months working on the next studio album , Master of Puppets , whose recording sessions were scheduled to begin in September . Metallica performed at the Monsters of Rock festival held at Castle Donington in England on August 17 in front of 70 @,@ 000 fans . The band was placed between Ratt and Bon Jovi , two glam metal groups whose sound and appearance were much unlike Metallica 's . At the start of the set , Hetfield pronounced to the audience : " If you came here to see spandex , eye make @-@ up , and the words ' oh baby ' in every fuckin ' song , this ain 't the fuckin ' band ! " Two weeks later , Metallica appeared on the Day on the Green festival in Oakland , California , before 90 @,@ 000 people . The last show Metallica played before recording began was the Loreley Metal Hammer festival in Germany , headlined by Venom . Metallica finished 1985 with a show at the Sacramento Memorial Auditorium on December 29 opening for Y & T , and a New Year 's Eve concert at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco on a bill with Metal Church , Exodus , and Megadeth , the first time Metallica and Megadeth shared a stage . At this gig , Metallica premiered " Master of Puppets " and " Disposable Heroes " , songs from the then @-@ upcoming third studio album .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by James Hetfield , except " Creeping Death " by Hetfield and Kirk Hammett .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = = Metallica = = =
James Hetfield – lead vocals , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar
Kirk Hammett – lead guitar
Cliff Burton – bass guitar , backing vocals
Lars Ulrich – drums
= = = Production = = =
Flemming Rasmussen – production , engineering
Metallica – production , cover concept
Mark Whitaker – executive production
Tom Coyne , Frankford Wayne – mastering on Megaforce release
Bob Ludwig – mastering on Elektra release
George Marino – remastering on 1995 reissue
Mike Gillies – mixing of digital reissue bonus tracks
Q Prime Inc . – management
Michael Alago – A & R coordinator
Peter Paterno – legal representation
Marsha Vlasic , Neil Warnock – booking agents for The Agency Group
= = = Packaging = = =
AD Artists – cover design
Fin Costello , Robert Hoetink , Pete Cronin , Rick Brackett , Harold Oimoen - photography
Anthony D. Sommella - tour / live photography
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= George E. Crothers =
George Edward Crothers ( May 27 , 1870 – May 16 , 1957 ) was one of the first students at Stanford University and was instrumental in putting the university on a solid legal and financial footing following the deaths of its founders , Leland and Jane Stanford . He served as a member of Stanford 's board of trustees and as a California superior court judge . His monetary gifts to his alma mater made possible the construction of two student residences on the Stanford campus — one named for himself , the other dedicated to the memory of his mother .
= = Early life = =
George Crothers was born on May 27 , 1870 in Wapello , Iowa to John Crothers and Margaret Jane Crothers ( née Fair ) , who had emigrated to the United States from Ireland the previous year . The family moved to San Jose , California in 1883 , and George enrolled at Stanford in 1891 as part of the new university 's " pioneer class " . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford in 1895 , followed by a law degree in 1896 .
= = Career = =
Crothers set up a law practice with his brother , Thomas — also a Stanford graduate and a lawyer — and became a close adviser to Jane Stanford . Together with his brother , Crothers identified and corrected numerous major legal defects in the terms of the university 's founding grant and successfully lobbied for an amendment to the California state constitution granting Stanford an exemption from taxation on its educational property — a change which allowed Jane Stanford to donate her stock holdings to the university . In 1902 , Crothers became the first alumnus of Stanford to serve as a member of the university 's board of trustees .
Crothers became involved in legal action over the estate of his maternal uncle , James Graham Fair . Nettie Craven claimed to have been married to Fair at the time of his death , but at a 1900 trial , Crothers ' detailed analysis of the handwriting on the documents Craven had offered in support of her claim convinced the court that they were forgeries .
From 1913 to 1921 , Crothers served as a judge of the Superior Court in San Francisco , California . One case which came before him involved a physician whose license had been revoked by the State Board of Medical Examiners for performing an abortion . Judge Crothers refused to overturn the board 's revocation on technical grounds , and his decision was upheld on appeal . Even after Crothers ' retirement from the bench and his return to private law practice , he was commonly referred to as " Judge " throughout the rest of his life . In a 1956 letter , former U.S. president ( and Stanford classmate ) Herbert Hoover wrote , " Judge George E. Crothers was my good friend in bad times and in good times for over sixty years " .
= = Philanthropy = =
Crothers established a scholarship fund for Stanford law students in 1912 . In 1929 , he established an annual prize fund for literary composition at the University of California . A set of carillon bells for Grace Cathedral in San Francisco was cast with the help of donations from Crothers and other benefactors .
In his later years , Crothers made a donation to Stanford for the construction of Crothers Hall , an on @-@ campus dormitory for law students which opened in 1948 . With the help of additional gifts by Crothers , a second residence ( for graduate students in engineering ) was built next to the first ; opened in 1955 , it was named Crothers Memorial Hall in memory of the judge 's mother . These two residences were extensively renovated and converted into undergraduate housing in 2009 . The name " Crothers Memorial " is commonly abbreviated to " Cro Mem " — a short form which was the inspiration for the early personal computer company Cromemco .
= = Personal life = =
Crothers married Elizabeth Mills in 1911 . They were unable to have children , and Elizabeth was 38 years old when she died in 1920 .
= = Death = =
Crothers died at Stanford Hospital in Palo Alto , California on May 16 , 1957 . He is buried in San Jose , California , along with his parents .
= Thurman Tucker =
Thurman Lowell Tucker ( September 26 , 1917 – May 7 , 1993 ) was an American professional baseball player . A center fielder , Tucker played in Major League Baseball for nine seasons in the American League with the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians . In 701 career games , Tucker recorded a batting average of .255 and accumulated 24 triples , nine home runs , and 179 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He was nicknamed " Joe E. " Tucker because of his resemblance to comedian Joe E. Brown .
Born and raised in Texas , Tucker first played professionally with the Siloam Springs Travelers . After gradually progressing through minor league baseball , he signed with the Chicago White Sox before the 1941 season . His major league debut came the following year and he spent two years as the White Sox 's starting center fielder until he enlisted in the armed forces during World War II . Upon his return , Tucker played two more seasons for the White Sox . Subsequently , he was traded to the Cleveland Indians , for whom he played four years , and continued to play minor league baseball throughout the 1950s . After his retirement , he became a major league scout and insurance agent .
= = Early life = =
Thurman Tucker was born on September 26 , 1917 , and raised in Gordon , Texas . In high school , he was a three @-@ sport athlete , playing baseball ( where he was a second baseman ) , basketball , and track and field . After graduating in 1935 , he played semi @-@ professional baseball and enrolled in a baseball school located in Hot Springs , Arkansas . In 1936 , at age 18 , Tucker signed as a professional with the Fayetteville Bears of the Arkansas – Missouri League , but left the team after only two weeks , without playing a game . Soon after , he was signed by the Siloam Springs Travelers of the same league , where he began his professional career .
= = Minor league career = =
In 1936 , his first season with the Travelers , Tucker changed fielding positions and became an outfielder . In 117 games , he had a .319 batting average and 25 doubles . The following year , he was to play for the
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
E. , & Gethard , P. E. ( 1962 ) . Fission Product Retention Characteristics of Certain ( Th , U ) C2 @-@ Graphite Fuels . Proceedings . ANS Topical Meeting on Materials and Fuels for High @-@ Temperature Nuclear Energy Applications . 11 @-@ 13 .
Anderson , E. E. , Wessman , G. L. , & Zumwalt , L. R. ( 1962 ) . Fission Product Trapping — Sorption of Cesium by Activated Charcoal . Nuclear Science and Engineering . 12 ( 1 ) : 106 @-@ 110 .
Zumwalt , L. R. , Gethard , P. E. , & Anderson , E. E. ( 1963 ) . Fission @-@ Product Release from ' Single @-@ Crystal ' UC2 Particles . Transactions of the American Nuclear Society . 6 ( 1 ) : 132 .
Anderson , E. E. , Gardner , J. O. , Gethard , P. E. , Goeddel , W. V. , Hooker , J. R. , Lonsdale , H. K. , ... & Zumwalt , L. R. ( 1963 ) . Advanced , Graphite @-@ Matrix , Dispersion @-@ Type Fuel Systems . Annual Report . April 1 , 1962 – March 31 , 1963 ( No . GA @-@ 4022 ; ( Pt . 1 ) ) . General Atomic Division . General Dynamics Corp. San Diego , CA .
Anderson , Elda E. , & Zumwalt , L. R. ( 1964 ) . The Diffusion of Barium in Simulated High @-@ Temperature Graphite Fuel Elements . Transactions of the American Nuclear Society . ( US ) . 7 .
= South Dakota =
South Dakota ( / ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə / ; locally : [ ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko ̞ ɾə ] ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who comprise a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 165 @,@ 000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota , Minnesota , Iowa , Nebraska , Wyoming , and Montana . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as " East River " and " West River " . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine @-@ covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi @-@ arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .
Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European @-@ American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .
While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 12 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .
= = Geography = =
South Dakota is situated in the north @-@ central United States , and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau ; it is also part of the Great Plains region . The culture , economy , and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest . South Dakota has a total area of 77 @,@ 116 square miles ( 199 @,@ 730 km2 ) , making the state the 17th largest in the Union .
Harney Peak , with an elevation of 7 @,@ 242 ft ( 2 @,@ 207 m ) , is the state 's highest point , while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest , with an elevation of 966 ft ( 294 m ) . South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota ; to the south by Nebraska ; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota ; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana . The geographical center of the U.S. is 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Castle Rock in Butte County . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle , 1 @,@ 024 mi ( 1 @,@ 648 km ) from the nearest coastline .
The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state . Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne , James , Big Sioux , and White Rivers . Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes , mostly created by periods of glaciation . Additionally , dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs : Lake Oahe , Lake Sharpe , Lake Francis Case , and Lewis and Clark Lake .
= = = Regions and geology = = =
South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions : eastern South Dakota , western South Dakota , and the Black Hills . The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic , social , and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota . The geography of the Black Hills , long considered sacred ground by Native Americans , differs from its surroundings to such an extent that it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota . At times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota , and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River .
Eastern South Dakota generally features higher precipitation and lower topography than the western part of the state . Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies , the Dissected Till Plains , and the James River Valley . The Coteau des Prairies is a plateau bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin . Further to the west , the James River Basin is mostly low , flat , highly eroded land , following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south . The Dissected Till Plains , an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska , extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota . Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch , starting around two million years ago , cover most of eastern South Dakota . These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state , and are the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil , known as till , over the area .
The Great Plains cover most of the western two @-@ thirds of South Dakota . West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more arid and rugged , consisting of rolling hills , plains , ravines , and steep flat @-@ topped hills called buttes . In the south , east of the Black Hills , lie the South Dakota Badlands . Erosion from the Black Hills , marine skeletons which fell to the bottom of a large shallow sea that once covered the area , and volcanic material all contribute to the geology of this area .
The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming . This range of low mountains covers 6 @,@ 000 sq mi ( 16 @,@ 000 km2 ) , with peaks that rise from 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 600 to 1 @,@ 200 m ) above their bases . The Black Hills are the location of Harney Peak ( 7 @,@ 242 ft or 2 @,@ 207 m above sea level ) , the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains . Two billion @-@ year @-@ old Precambrian formations , the oldest rocks in the state , form the central core of the Black Hills . Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills ; these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago . This area features rocks such as limestone , which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea .
= = = Ecology = = =
Much of South Dakota ( except for the Black Hills area ) is dominated by a temperate grasslands biome . Although grasses and crops cover most of this region , deciduous trees such as cottonwoods , elms , and willows are common near rivers and in shelter belts . Mammals in this area include bison , deer , pronghorn , coyotes , and prairie dogs . The state bird , the ring @-@ necked pheasant , has adapted well to the area after being introduced from China . Growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state , especially near the Missouri River . Rivers and lakes of the grasslands support populations of walleye , carp , pike , bass , and other species . The Missouri River also contains the pre @-@ historic paddlefish .
Due to a higher elevation and level of precipitation , the Black Hills ecology differs significantly from that of the plains . The mountains are thickly blanketed by various types of pines , including ponderosa and lodgepole pines , as well as spruces . Black Hills mammals include deer , elk ( wapiti ) , bighorn sheep , mountain goats , pine marten , and mountain lions , while the streams and lakes contain several species of trout .
= = = Climate = = =
South Dakota has a continental climate with four distinct seasons , ranging from cold , dry winters to hot and semi @-@ humid summers . During the summers , the average high temperature throughout the state is often close to 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , although it cools to near 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) at night . It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot , dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) several times a year . Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) in most of the state . The highest recorded temperature is 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at Usta on July 15 , 2006 and the lowest recorded temperature is − 58 ° F ( − 50 ° C ) at McIntosh on February 17 , 1936 .
Average annual precipitation in South Dakota ranges from semi @-@ arid conditions in the northwestern part of the state ( around 15 inches or 380 mm ) to semi @-@ humid around the southeast portion of the state ( around 25 inches or 640 mm ) , although a small area centered on Lead in the Black Hills has the highest precipitation at nearly 30 inches ( 760 mm ) per year .
South Dakota summers bring frequent , sometimes severe , thunderstorms with high winds , thunder , and hail . The eastern part of the state is often considered part of Tornado Alley , and South Dakota experiences an average of 30 tornadoes each year . Severe weather in the form of blizzards and ice storms occurs often during winter .
= = = National parks and monuments = = =
South Dakota contains several sites that are administered by the National Park Service . Two national parks have been established in South Dakota , both located in the southwestern part of the state . Wind Cave National Park , established in 1903 in the Black Hills , contains an extensive cave network as well as a large herd of bison . Badlands National Park was created in 1978 . The park features an eroded , brightly colored landscape surrounded by semi @-@ arid grasslands . Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925 . The sculpture of four U.S. Presidents was carved into the mountainside by sculptor Gutzon Borglum .
Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer , the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site , which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo and a separate missile control area located several miles away , and the Missouri National Recreational River . The Crazy Horse Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mt . Rushmore that is being constructed with private funds . The Mammoth Site near Hot Springs is another privately owned attraction in the Black Hills . A working paleontological dig , the site contains one of the largest concentrations of mammoth remains in the world .
= = History = =
Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for several thousand years , at least . The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter @-@ gatherers , and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC . Between 500 AD and 800 AD , a semi @-@ nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota . In the 14th century , the Crow Creek Massacre occurred , in which several hundred men , women , and children were killed near the Missouri River .
By 1500 , the Arikara ( or Ree ) had settled in much of the Missouri River valley . European contact with the area began in 1743 , when the LaVérendrye brothers explored the region . The LaVérendrye group buried a plate near the site of modern @-@ day Pierre , claiming the region for France as part of greater Louisiana. in 1762 the entire region became part of the Spanish Louisiana until 1802 . By the early 19th century , the Sioux had largely replaced the Arikara as the dominant group in the area .
In 1803 , the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory , an area that included most of South Dakota , from Napoleon Bonaparte , and President Thomas Jefferson organized a group commonly referred to as the " Lewis and Clark Expedition " to explore the newly acquired region . In 1817 , an American fur trading post was set up at present @-@ day Fort Pierre , beginning continuous American settlement of the area . In 1855 , the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it in 1857 in favor of Fort Randall to the south . Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly , and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty , ceding most of present @-@ day eastern South Dakota to the United States .
Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota 's largest present @-@ day cities : Sioux Falls in 1856 and Yankton in 1859 . In 1861 , the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government ( this initially included North Dakota , South Dakota , and parts of Montana and Wyoming ) . Settlement of the area , mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe , increased rapidly , especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873 .
In 1874 , gold was discovered in the Black Hills during a military expedition led by George A. Custer and miners and explorers began illegally entering land promised to the Lakota . Custer 's expedition took place despite the fact that the US had granted the entire western half of present @-@ day South Dakota ( West River ) to the Sioux in 1868 by the Treaty of Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation . The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills , and war broke out after the U.S. failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region . Eventually the US defeated the Sioux and broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five reservations , settling the Lakota in those areas . ( In 1980 , the US Supreme Court and Congress ordered payment to the Lakota for the illegal seizure of the Black Hills . The case remains unsettled , as the Lakota refuse to accept the money and instead insist on the return of the land . )
A growing population and political concerns ( admitting two states meant having four new senators ) caused Dakota Territory to be divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting both South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2 , 1889 . Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded .
On December 29 , 1890 , the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . Commonly cited as the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Lakota Sioux Nation , the massacre resulted in the deaths of at least 146 Sioux , many of them women and children . 31 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the conflict .
During the 1930s , several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota . A lack of rainfall , extremely high temperatures and inappropriate cultivation techniques produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states . Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms , and several harvests were completely ruined . The experiences of the Dust Bowl , coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression , resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state . The population of South Dakota declined by more than 7 % between 1930 and 1940 .
Economic stability returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941 , when demand for the state 's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war . In 1944 , the Pick – Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress , resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River , four of which are at least partially located in South Dakota . Flood control , hydroelectricity , and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs .
In recent decades , South Dakota has been transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy . The tourism industry has grown considerably since the completion of the interstate system in the 1960s , with the Black Hills becoming more important as a destination . The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well , with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981 , a move that has since been followed by several other financial companies . South Dakota was the first state to eliminate caps on interest rates .
In 2007 , the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility , the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory . Despite a growing state population and recent economic development , many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities , such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls , or to other states . < Mechanization and consolidation of agriculture has contributed greatly to the declining number of smaller family farms and the resulting economic and demographic challenges facing rural towns .
= = Demographics = =
= = = Population = = =
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of South Dakota was 858 @,@ 469 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5 @.@ 44 % increase since the 2010 United States Census .
As of 2015 , South Dakota had an estimated population of 858 @,@ 469 , an increase of 44 @,@ 289 , or 5 @.@ 44 % , since the year 2010 . 7 @.@ 3 % of South Dakota 's population was reported as under 5 , 24 % under 18 , and 14 @.@ 3 % were 65 or older . Females made up approximately 50 @.@ 2 % of the population . As of the 2000 census , South Dakota ranked fifth @-@ lowest in the nation in both population and population density .
Of the people residing in South Dakota , 65 @.@ 7 % were born in South Dakota , 31 @.@ 4 % were born in another US state , 0 @.@ 6 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 2 @.@ 3 % were born in another country .
The center of population of South Dakota is located in Buffalo County , in the unincorporated county seat of Gann Valley .
= = = Race and ethnicity = = =
According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of the population was :
84 @.@ 7 % White ( 83 @.@ 8 % non @-@ Hispanic white )
8 @.@ 8 % American Indian and Alaska Native
1 @.@ 2 % African American or black
0 @.@ 9 % Asian American
0 @.@ 1 % from some other race
1 @.@ 8 % of two or more races
Ethnically , 2 @.@ 7 % of South Dakota 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin ( they may be of any race ) .
As of 2011 , 25 @.@ 4 % of South Dakota 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non @-@ Hispanic white .
The five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are German ( 40 @.@ 7 % ) , Norwegian ( 15 @.@ 3 % ) , Irish ( 10 @.@ 4 % ) , Native American ( 8 @.@ 3 % ) , and English ( 7 @.@ 1 % ) . German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most parts of the state , especially in East River ( east of the Missouri River ) , although there are also large Scandinavian @-@ descended populations in some counties . South Dakota has the nation 's largest population of Hutterites , a communal Anabaptist group which emigrated in 1874 from Europe , primarily from German @-@ speaking areas .
American Indians , largely Lakota , Dakota , and Nakota ( Sioux ) , are predominant in several counties and comprise 20 per cent of the population in West River . The seven large Indian reservations in the state occupy an area much diminished from their former Great Sioux Reservation of West River , which the US government had once allocated to the Sioux tribes . South Dakota has the third @-@ highest proportion of Native Americans of any state , behind Alaska and New Mexico .
Five of the state 's counties are wholly within the boundaries of sovereign Indian reservations . Because of the limitations of climate and land , and isolation from urban areas with more employment opportunities , living standards on many South Dakota reservations are often far below the national average ; Ziebach County ranked as the poorest county in the nation in 2009 . The unemployment rate in Fort Thompson , on the Crow Creek Reservation , is 70 % , and 21 % of households lack plumbing or basic kitchen appliances . A 1995 study by the U.S. Census Bureau found that 58 % of homes on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not have a telephone . The reservations ' isolation also inhibits their ability to generate revenue from gaming casinos , an avenue that has proved profitable for many tribes closer to urban centers .
= = = Languages = = =
In 1995 the legislature passed a law to make English the " common language " of the state . As of the 2000 census , 1 @.@ 90 % of the population aged 5 or older speak German at home , while 1 @.@ 51 % speak Lakota or Dakota , and 1 @.@ 43 % Spanish . As of 2010 , 93 @.@ 46 % ( 692 @,@ 504 ) of South Dakota residents aged 5 and older spoke English as their primary language . 6 @.@ 54 % of the population spoke a language other than English . 2 @.@ 06 % ( 15 @,@ 292 ) of the population spoke Spanish , 1 @.@ 39 % ( 10 @,@ 282 ) spoke Dakota , and 1 @.@ 37 % ( 10 @,@ 140 ) spoke German . Other languages spoken included Vietnamese ( 0 @.@ 16 % ) , Chinese ( 0 @.@ 12 % ) , and Russian ( 0 @.@ 10 % ) .
= = = Growth and rural flight = = =
Over the last several decades , the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota , in common with other Great Plains states . The change has been characterized as " rural flight " as family farming has declined . Young people have moved to cities for other employment . This trend has continued in recent years , with 30 of South Dakota 's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census . During that time , nine counties had a population loss of greater than 10 % , with Harding County , in the northwest corner of the state , losing nearly 19 % of its population . Low birth rates and a lack of younger immigration has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase . In 24 counties , at least 20 % of the population is over the age of 65 , compared with a national rate of 12 @.@ 8 % .
The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota , however . Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population , the Sioux Falls area , the larger counties along Interstate 29 , the Black Hills , and many Indian reservations have all gained population . As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty , some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas . Lincoln County near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest @-@ growing county ( by percentage ) in the United States in 2010 . The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state . South Dakota 's total population continues to increase steadily , albeit at a slower rate than the national average .
= = = Religion = = =
The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 148 @,@ 883 members ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) with 112 @,@ 649 members ; and the United Methodist Church ( UMC ) with 36 @,@ 020 members . ( Both the ELCA and UMC are specific denominations within the broader terms ' Lutheran ' and ' Methodist ' , respectively . ) The results of a 2001 survey , in which South Dakotans were asked to identify their religion , include :
Christian ( 86 % )
Protestant ( 54 % )
Lutheran ( 27 % )
Methodist ( 13 % )
Baptist ( 4 % )
Presbyterian ( 4 % )
Other Protestant ( 6 % )
Roman Catholic ( 25 % )
Non @-@ denominational Christian ( 7 % )
Not religious ( 8 % )
Other religions ( 3 % )
Refused to answer ( 2 % )
= = Economy = =
The current @-@ dollar gross state product of South Dakota was US $ 39 @.@ 8 billion as of 2010 , the fifth smallest total state output in the US . The per capita personal income was $ 38 @,@ 865 in 2010 , ranked 25th in the U.S. , and 12 @.@ 5 % of the population was below the poverty line in 2008 . CNBC 's list of " Top States for Business for 2010 " has recognized South Dakota as the seventh best state in the nation . In July 2011 , the state 's unemployment rate was 4 @.@ 7 % .
The service industry is the largest economic contributor in South Dakota . This sector includes the retail , finance , and health care industries . Citibank , which was the largest bank holding company in the United States at one time , established national banking operations in South Dakota in 1981 to take advantage of favorable banking regulations . Government spending is another important segment of the state 's economy , providing over ten percent of the gross state product . Ellsworth Air Force Base , near Rapid City , is the second @-@ largest single employer in the state .
Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy . Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades , agricultural production is still very important to the state 's economy , especially in rural areas . The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle , corn ( maize ) , soybeans , wheat , and hogs . Agriculture @-@ related industries such as meat packing and ethanol production also have a considerable economic impact on the state . South Dakota is the sixth leading ethanol @-@ producing state in the nation .
Another important sector in South Dakota 's economy is tourism . Many travel to view the attractions of the state , particularly those in the Black Hills region , such as historic Deadwood , Mount Rushmore , and the nearby state and national parks . One of the largest tourist events in the state is the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally . The five @-@ day event drew over 460 @,@ 000 attendees in 2013 ; significant considering the state has a total population of 850 @,@ 000 . In 2006 , tourism provided an estimated 33 @,@ 000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion dollars to the economy of South Dakota .
= = Transportation = =
South Dakota has 83 @,@ 609 miles ( 134 @,@ 556 km ) of highways , roads , and streets , along with 679 miles ( 1 @,@ 093 km ) of interstate highways . Two major interstates pass through South Dakota : Interstate 90 , which runs east and west through the southern half of the state ; and Interstate 29 , running north and south in the eastern portion of the state . The I @-@ 29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota that are further from the interstate .
Also located in the state are the shorter Interstates 190 , a spur into central Rapid City , and 229 , a loop around southern and eastern Sioux Falls . Several major U.S. highways pass through the state . U.S. routes 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 and 212 travel east and west , while U.S. routes 81 , 83 , 85 and 281 run north and south . South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border which is not traversed by a paved road .
South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways . The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is located in the Black Hills , while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north @-@ central part of the state . Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway , the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway , and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway .
Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the mid @-@ 19th century . Some 4 @,@ 420 miles ( 7 @,@ 110 km ) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late 19th century and early 20th century , but only 1 @,@ 839 miles ( 2 @,@ 960 km ) are active . BNSF Railway is currently the largest railroad in South Dakota ; the Rapid City , Pierre and Eastern Railroad ( formerly the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern ) is the state 's other major carrier . Rail transportation in the state is confined only to freight , however , as South Dakota is one of the few states without any Amtrak service .
South Dakota 's largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport . Delta Air Lines , Frontier Airlines , and Allegiant Airlines , as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports . Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service : Aberdeen Regional Airport , Huron Regional Airport , Pierre Regional Airport , and Watertown Regional Airport , some of which is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program .
= = Government and politics = =
= = = Government = = =
Like that of other U.S. states , the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as the federal government , with executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota , the highest law in the state . The constitution may be amended either by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature , or by voter initiative .
The Governor of South Dakota occupies the executive branch of the state government . The current governor is Dennis Daugaard , a Republican from Garretson . The state constitution gives the governor the power to either sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature , to serve as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the South Dakota National Guard , to appoint a cabinet , and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes . The governor serves for a four @-@ year term , and may not serve more than two consecutive terms .
The state legislature is made up of two bodies , the Senate , which has 35 members , and the House of Representatives , with 70 members . South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts , with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district . The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 30 days ; it also meets if a special session is called by the governor .
The judicial branch is made up of several levels . The state supreme court , with four justices and a chief justice , is the highest court in the state . Below the supreme court are the circuit courts ; 41 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state . Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts , which deal with more minor criminal and civil actions .
= = = State taxes = = =
As of 2005 , South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States . The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes , inheritance taxes , or taxes on intangible personal property . The state sales tax rate is 4 percent , but has been voted to 4 @.@ 5 , which will come into effect 1 June 2016 . Various localities have local levies so that in some areas the rate is 6 percent . The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations , but many reservations have a compact with the state . Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected . Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems , counties , municipalities and other local government units . The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol @-@ related taxes .
= = = Federal representation = = =
South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator John Thune , Senator Mike Rounds , and Representative Kristi Noem . All three are Republicans . South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the US House of Representatives . In United States presidential elections , South Dakota is allotted three of 538 votes in the Electoral College . As in all other states except Maine and neighboring Nebraska , South Dakota 's electoral votes are granted in a winner @-@ take @-@ all system .
= = = Politics = = =
South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party . Since statehood , Republicans have carried the state 's electoral votes in all but five presidential elections : 1896 , 1912 ( By Theodore Roosevelt 's Progressive Party ) , 1932 , 1936 and 1964 . Only Alaska has been carried fewer times by Democrat presidential candidates . Not even George McGovern , the Democratic nominee in 1972 as well as a native South Dakotan , was able to carry the state . Additionally , a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1974 . As of 2016 , Republicans hold a 15 % voter registration advantage over Democrats and hold large majorities in both the state House of Representatives and Senate .
Despite the state 's general Republican and conservative leanings , Democrats have found success in various statewide elections , most notably in those involving South Dakota 's congressional representatives in Washington . American Indians have been becoming more active in state and county electoral politics . In the 2002 election , American Indian voting carried Tim Johnson as the Democratic candidate by a margin of 532 votes . Until his electoral defeat in 2004 , Senator Tom Daschle was the Senate minority leader ( and briefly its majority leader during Democratic control of the Senate in 2001 – 02 ) .
In 2012 , South Dakota voted for Republican nominee Mitt Romney over Democratic President Barack Obama by a margin of 18 % . In 2014 , incumbent Republican Governor Dennis Daugaard won a second term against Democrat Susan Wismer , incumbent Republican Kristi Noem defeated Democrat Corinna Robinson for South Dakota 's at @-@ large seat in the US House , and former Governor Mike Rounds , a Republican , defeated Democrat Rick Weiland and former Senator Larry Pressler for the US Senate seat being vacated by retiring Democrat Tim Johnson .
Contemporary political issues in South Dakota include the costs and benefits of the state lottery , South Dakota 's relatively low rankings in education spending ( particularly teacher pay ) , and recent legislative and electoral attempts to ban abortion in the state .
= = Culture = =
South Dakota 's culture reflects the state 's American Indian , rural , Western , and European roots . A number of annual events celebrating the state 's ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state , such as Days of ' 76 in Deadwood , Czech Days in Tabor , and the annual St. Patrick 's Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls . The various tribes hold many annual pow wows at their reservations throughout the state , to which non @-@ Native Americans are sometimes invited . Custer State Park holds an annual Buffalo Roundup , in which volunteers on horseback gather the park 's herd of around 1 @,@ 500 bison .
Black Elk ( Lakota ) was a medicine man and heyokha , whose life spanned the transition to reservations . His accounts of the 19th @-@ century Indian Wars and Ghost Dance movement , and his deep thoughts on personal visions and Native American religion , form the basis of the book Black Elk Speaks , first published in 1932 . ( Among several editions , a premier annotated edition was published in 2008 . ) Paul Goble , an award @-@ winning children 's book author and illustrator , has been based in the Black Hills since 1977 .
Laura Ingalls Wilder , whose semi @-@ autobiographical books are based on her experiences as a child and young adult on the frontier , is one of South Dakota 's best @-@ known writers . She drew from her life growing up on a homestead near De Smet as the basis for five of her novels : By the Shores of Silver Lake , The Long Winter , Little Town on the Prairie , These Happy Golden Years , and The First Four Years . These gained renewed popularity in the United States when Little House on the Prairie was adapted and produced as a television series in the . Wilder 's daughter , Rose Wilder Lane , who became a well @-@ known writer in her own right , was born near De Smet in 1886 .
South Dakota has also produced several notable artists . Harvey Dunn grew up on a homestead near Manchester in the late 19th century . While Dunn worked most of his career as a commercial illustrator , his most famous works showed various scenes of frontier life ; he completed these near the end of his career . Oscar Howe ( Crow ) was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and won fame for his watercolor paintings . Howe was one of the first Native American painters to adopt techniques and style heavily influenced by the mid @-@ 20th century abstraction movement , rather than relying on traditional Native American styles . Terry Redlin , originally from Watertown , is an accomplished painter of rural and wildlife scenes . Many of Redlin 's works are on display at the Redlin Art Center in Watertown .
= = Cities and towns = =
Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota , with a 2010 population of 153 @,@ 888 , and a metropolitan area population of 238 @,@ 122 . The city , founded in 1856 , is located in the southeast corner of the state . Retail , finance , and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls , where the economy was originally centered on agri @-@ business and quarrying .
Rapid City , with a 2010 population of 67 @,@ 956 , and a metropolitan area population of 124 @,@ 766 , is the second @-@ largest city in the state . It is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills , and was founded in 1876 . Rapid City 's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending , because of the close proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base .
The next eight largest cities in the state , in order of descending 2010 population , are Aberdeen ( 26 @,@ 091 ) , Brookings ( 22 @,@ 056 ) , Watertown ( 21 @,@ 482 ) , Mitchell ( 15 @,@ 254 ) , Yankton ( 14 @,@ 454 ) , Pierre ( 13 @,@ 646 ) , Huron ( 12 @,@ 592 ) , and Vermillion ( 10 @,@ 571 ) . Pierre is the state capital , and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state 's two largest universities ( South Dakota State University and University of South Dakota , respectively ) . With a population of about 14 @,@ 000 , Pierre is the second smallest state capital in the United States . Of the ten largest cities in the state , only Rapid City is located west of the Missouri River .
= = Media = =
South Dakota 's first newspaper , the Dakota Democrat , began publishing in Yankton in 1858 . Today , the largest newspaper in the state is the Sioux Falls Argus Leader , with a Sunday circulation of 63 @,@ 701 and a weekday circulation of 44 @,@ 334 . The Rapid City Journal , with a Sunday circulation of 32 @,@ 638 and a weekday circulation of 27 @,@ 827 , is South Dakota 's second largest newspaper . The next four largest newspapers in the state are the Aberdeen American News , the Watertown Public Opinion , the Huron Plainsman , and the Brookings Register . In 1981 , Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times as a newspaper for the local American Indian community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . The newspaper , now published in New York and known as Indian Country Today , is currently available in every state in the country . The Sioux City Journal also covers parts of South Dakota .
There are currently nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota ; South Dakota Public Television broadcasts from a number of locations around the state , while the other stations broadcast from either Sioux Falls or Rapid City . The two largest television media markets in South Dakota are Sioux Falls @-@ Mitchell , with a viewership of 246 @,@ 020 , and Rapid City , with a viewership of 91 @,@ 070 . The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States , respectively . The first television station in the state , KELO @-@ TV , began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953 . Among KELO 's early programs was Captain 11 , an afternoon children 's program . Captain 11 ran from 1955 until 1996 , making it the longest continuously running children 's television program in the nation .
A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in the fields of television and publishing . Former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw is from Webster and Yankton , USA Today founder Al Neuharth was from Eureka and Alpena , gameshow host Bob Barker spent much of his childhood in Mission , and entertainment news hosts Pat O 'Brien and Mary Hart are both from Sioux Falls .
= = Education = =
As of 2006 , South Dakota has a total primary and secondary school enrollment of 136 @,@ 872 , with 120 @,@ 278 of these students being educated in the public school system . There are 703 public schools in 168 school districts , giving South Dakota the highest number of schools per capita in the United States . The current high school graduation rate is 89 @.@ 9 % , and the average ACT score is 21 @.@ 8 , slightly above the national average of 21 @.@ 1 . 89 @.@ 8 % of the adult population has earned at least a high school diploma , and 25 @.@ 8 % has earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . South Dakota 's 2008 average public school teacher salary of $ 36 @,@ 674 , compared to a national average of $ 52 @,@ 308 , was the lowest in the nation . In 2007 South Dakota passed legislation modeled after Montana 's Indian Education for All Act ( 1999 ) , mandating education about Native American tribal history , culture , and heritage in all the schools , from pre @-@ school through college , in an effort to increase knowledge and appreciation about Indian culture among all residents of the state , as well as to reinforce Indian students ' understanding of their own cultures ' contributions .
The South Dakota Board of Regents , whose members are appointed by the governor , controls the six public universities in the state . South Dakota State University ( SDSU ) , in Brookings , is the largest university in the state , with an enrollment of 12 @,@ 831 . The University of South Dakota ( USD ) , in Vermillion , is the state 's oldest university , and has South Dakota 's only law school and medical school . South Dakota also has several private universities , the largest of which is Augustana College in Sioux Falls .
= = Sports and recreation = =
= = = Organized sports = = =
Because of its low population , South Dakota does not host any major league professional sports franchises . The state does have a number of minor league and independent league teams , all of which play in either Sioux Falls or Rapid City . Sioux Falls is currently home to four teams : the Sioux Falls Canaries ( baseball ) , the Sioux Falls Skyforce ( basketball ) , the Sioux Falls Stampede ( hockey ) , and the Sioux Falls Storm ( arena football ) . The Canaries play in the American Association , and their home field is Sioux Falls Stadium . The Skyforce play in the NBA D @-@ League , and are affiliated with the NBA 's Miami Heat . They play at the Sanford Pentagon . The Stampede and Storm share the Denny Sanford Premier Center . The Stampede play in the USHL , and the Storm play in the IFL . Rapid City has a hockey team named the Rapid City Rush , who play in the ECHL . The Rush began their inaugural season in 2008 at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center .
Universities in South Dakota host a variety of sports programs . For many years , South Dakota was one of the only states in the country without a NCAA Division I football or basketball team . However , several years ago SDSU decided to move their teams from Division II to Division I , a move that has since been followed by the University of South Dakota . Other universities in the state compete at the NCAA 's Division II or III levels , or in the NAIA .
Famous South Dakota athletes include Billy Mills , Mike Miller , Mark Ellis , Becky Hammon , Brock Lesnar , Chad Greenway , and Adam Vinatieri . Mills is from the town of Pine Ridge and competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo , becoming the only American to win a gold medal in the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ meter event . Miller , of Mitchell , is a two @-@ time NBA champion who played college basketball at the University of Florida , leading them to the 2000 NCAA Championship game his sophomore year , and won the 2001 NBA rookie of the year award . Ellis , of Rapid City , played for the University of Florida and four MLB teams before retiring in 2015 . Hammon , of Rapid City , played for the WNBA 's New York Liberty and San Antonio Silver Stars before becoming an assistant coach for the NBA 's San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . Lesnar , of Webster , is a former heavy @-@ weight champion in the UFC and WWE . Vinatieri is an NFL placekicker who grew up in Rapid City and attended SDSU .
= = = Recreation = = =
Fishing and hunting are both popular outdoor activities in South Dakota . Fishing contributes over $ 224 million to South Dakota 's economy , and hunting contributes over $ 303 million . In 2007 , over 275 @,@ 000 hunting licences and 175 @,@ 000 fishing licences were sold in the state ; around half of the hunting licences and over two @-@ thirds of the fishing licences were purchased by South Dakotans . Popular species of game include pheasants , white @-@ tailed deer , mule deer , and turkeys , as well as waterfowl such as Canada geese , snow geese , and mallards . Targets of anglers include walleye in the eastern glacial lakes and Missouri River reservoirs , Chinook salmon in Lake Oahe , and trout in the Black Hills .
Other sports , such as cycling and running , are also popular in the state . In 1991 , the state opened the George S. Mickelson Trail , a 109 @-@ mile ( 175 km ) rail trail in the Black Hills . Besides being used by cyclists , the trail is also the site of a portion of the annual Mount Rushmore marathon ; the marathon 's entire course is at an elevation of over 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) . Other events in the state include the Tour de Kota , a 478 @-@ mile ( 769 km ) , six @-@ day cycling event that covers much of eastern and central South Dakota , and the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally , which draws hundreds of thousands of participants from around the United States .
= = State symbols = =
Some of South Dakota 's official state symbols include :
State bird : Ring @-@ necked pheasant
State flower : American pasque flower
State tree : Black Hills spruce
State nicknames : Mount Rushmore State ( official ) , Coyote state & Sunshine state ( both unofficial )
State motto : " Under God , the people rule "
State slogan : " Great Faces . Great Places . "
State mineral : Rose quartz
State insect : Honey bee – Apis mellifera L.
State animal : Coyote
State fish : Walleye
State gemstone : Fairburn agate
State song : " Hail , South Dakota ! "
= Mayabazar =
Mayabazar ( English : Market of Illusions ) is a 1957 Indian bilingual epic fantasy film directed by Kadiri Venkata Reddy . It was produced by B. Nagi Reddy and Aluri Chakrapani under their banner , Vijaya Vauhini Studios . The film was shot in both Telugu and Tamil with the same title , but with a few differences in the cast . The story is an adaptation of the folk tale Sasirekha Parinayam , which in turn is based on the epic Mahabharata . It revolves around the roles of Krishna ( N. T. Rama Rao ) and Ghatotkacha ( S. V. Ranga Rao ) , as they try to reunite Arjuna 's son , Abhimanyu ( Telugu : Akkineni Nageswara Rao , Tamil : Gemini Ganesan ) , with his love , Balarama 's daughter ( Savitri ) . The Telugu version features Gummadi Venkateswara Rao , Mukkamala , Ramana Reddy , and Relangi Venkata Ramaiah in supporting roles , with D. Balasubramaniam , R. Balasubramaniam , V. M. Ezhumalai , and K. A. Thangavelu playing those parts in the Tamil version .
The first mythological film produced by their studio , Mayabazar marked a milestone for Nagi Reddy and Chakrapani . In addition to the technical crew , 400 studio workers – including light men , carpenters , and painters – participated in the development of the film . Director Reddy was meticulous with the pre @-@ production and casting phases , which took nearly a year to complete . Though Rama Rao was initially reluctant to play the lead role , his portrayal of Krishna received acclaim and yielded more offers to reprise the same role in several unrelated films . The soundtrack features twelve songs , with most of the musical score composed by Ghantasala . Telugu lyrics were written by Pingali Nagendrarao and Tamil lyrics were written by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass . Four of the songs were composed by S. Rajeswara Rao prior to his unexplained departure from the project . One of them was accompanied by the first illusion of moonlight in Indian cinema , shot by cinematographer Marcus Bartley .
Mayabazar had a final film @-@ reel length of 5 @,@ 888 metres ( 19 @,@ 318 ft ) . The film 's Telugu version was released on 27 March 1957 ; the Tamil version was released two weeks later , on 12 April . Both were critically and commercially successful , with a theatrical run of 100 days in 24 theatres , and it became a silver @-@ jubilee film . Mayabazar was also dubbed into Kannada . The film is considered a landmark in both Telugu and Tamil cinema , with praise for its cast and technical aspects , despite the limitations of technology at the time . Mayabazar received the Filmfare Award for Best Film in Telugu , and was featured at the 1957 International Film Festival of India and the Indonesian Film Festival . The film was screened at the Public Gardens in Hyderabad for its 50th anniversary on 7 April 2007 . Raavi Kondala Rao novelised the film 's script based on Venkata Reddy 's screenplay . A May 2013 CNN @-@ News18 poll listed Mayabazar as the greatest Indian film of all time .
Mayabazar became the first Telugu film to be digitally remastered and colourised , at an estimated cost of ₹ 75 million ( valued at about US $ 1 @.@ 7 million in 2010 ) , after a Hyderabad @-@ based company Goldstone Technologies acquired world negative rights to fourteen films including that of Mayabazar in late November 2007 . The updated version was released on 30 January 2010 in 45 theatres in Andhra Pradesh . It was a commercial success that generated mostly positive reviews , one critic only expressing a preference for the original .
= = Plot = =
Subhadra ( the sister of Balarama and Krishna ) marries a Pandava named Arjuna . Their son Abhimanyu falls in love with Balarama 's daughter , Sasirekha . The families consent to their marrying when they reach adulthood . When Abhimanyu and Sasirekha have grown up , Krishna introduces them to each other . One day , the Pandavas are invited by Duryodhana , the eldest of the Kauravas to join in a game of dice . Duryodhana 's uncle , Shakuni , manipulates the results of the game , thereby costing the Pandavas their wealth , their liberty and their wife Draupadi . Duryodhana 's brother , Dushasana , attempts to disrobe Draupadi . He is seen by Krishna , who , furious , comes to her rescue . On hearing what happened to the Pandavas , Balarama decides to teach the Kauravas a lesson and travels to their capital Hastinapuram . Shakuni and Duryodhana approach Balarama with an insincere respectful manner , then seek his approval of a marriage between Sasirekha and Duryodhana 's son Lakshmana Kumara . Their true goal is to force Balarama and Krishna to support them if the Pandavas wage war . Unaware of their real intentions , Balarama agrees to the marriage .
Because of the Pandavas ' ruined financial state , Balarama 's wife , Revati , refuses to honour her commitment to marry Sasirekha and Abhimanyu and expresses her support for the alliance with the Kauravas . Krishna , who is aware of Duryodhana and Shakuni 's real intentions , orders his charioteer Daaruka to take Subhadra and Abhimanyu through the forests to Ghatotkacha 's hermitage . Ghatotkacha , who happens to be Abhimanyu 's cousin , at first thinks they are intruders in his forest and attacks them but later apologises for the misunderstanding . When Subhadra explains the change in the marriage arrangements , Ghatotkacha decides to wage war against both the Kauravas and Balarama . At the urging of his mother , Hidimbi , and Subhadra , Ghatotkacha drops his plans and is advised instead to try some trickery in Dvaraka . With the knowledge of Krishna and Sasirekha 's servant , he carries the sleeping Sasirekha in her bed from Dvaraka , and flies to his hermitage . Assuming Sasirekha 's form , he returns to Dvaraka and , with the help of his assistants Chinnamaya , Lambu and Jambu , wreaks havoc on her wedding to Lakshmana Kumara , preventing the marriage from being carried out .
With the help of Chinnamaya , Lambu and Jambu , Ghatotkacha creates a magical town consisting of an illusory marketplace and palace . He names the town Mayabazar and invites the Kauravas to stay there . Chinnamaya , Lambu and Jamu introduce themselves to the Kauravas as servants appointed by Balarama to look after them . They manage to trick Sarma and Sastry , Shakuni 's lackeys . Ghatotkacha ( in Sasirekha 's form ) makes Duryodhana 's wife rethink the marriage arrangement and teases Lakshmana Kumara . He plans the wedding of the real Sasirekha and Abhimanyu in his hermitage which is attended by Krishna . Using his divine powers , Krishna also attends as a guest for the marriage taking place in the Mayabazar .
On the wedding day , Ghatotkacha appears before Lakshmana Kumara in various tantalising form while , at the hermitage , Sasirekha marries Abhimanyu . When Shakuni discovers what has really happened , he blames Krishna . Satyaki , Arjuna 's disciple , asks Shakuni to speak standing on a magical box . He proceeds to stand on the box , which makes him involuntarily explain the Kauravas ' real intentions behind the marriage proposal . Ghatotkacha then reveals his identity . After humiliating the Kauravas , Ghatotkacha sends them back to Hastinapuram . Sasirekha 's parents accept her marriage . They thank Ghatotkacha , who credits Krishna as the mastermind behind everything , including Abhimanyu and Sasirekha 's marriage .
= = Cast = =
Principal cast
Supporting cast
= = Production = =
= = = Development and casting = = =
After the success of Pathala Bhairavi ( 1951 ) , the production company , Vijaya Productions , selected the film 's technical crew for an adaptation of Sasirekha Parinayam ( 1936 ) , also known as Mayabazar . An adaptation of the folk tale Sasirekha Parinayam , it was the studio 's first mythological film . Kadiri Venkata Reddy wrote and directed Mayabazar , assisted by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao , and it was produced by B. Nagi Reddy and Aluri Chakrapani of Vijaya Productions . Nearly a year was spent on pre @-@ production and casting . Pingali Nagendrarao assisted with the story , script , and lyrics . Ghantasala composed the film 's score , and Marcus Bartley was the cinematographer . Mayabazar was edited by C. P. Jambulingam and G. Kalyanasundaram ; Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film 's art directors .
The film was produced in Telugu and Tamil versions , with a slightly different cast for each . Gemini Ganesan appeared as Abhimanyu in the Tamil version , which was portrayed by Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Telugu . Savitri was retained as the female lead in Tamil also , where her character was named Vatsala instead of Sasirekha . N. T. Rama Rao , hesitant to play Krishna after a negative response to his cameo appearance in Sontha Ooru ( 1956 ) , agreed at Venkata Reddy 's insistence and special care was taken with his costume and body language ; Mayabazar was the first of Rama Rao 's many appearances as Krishna . S. V. Ranga Rao , described by Nageswara Rao as the film 's male lead in interviews , played the character of Ghatotkacha .
In the Telugu version , Gummadi Venkateswara Rao and Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy were cast as Balarama and Karna , respectively , whilst Sita had a supporting role as Sasirekha 's maid . Relangi Venkata Ramaiah portrayed Lakshmana Kumara , Duryodhana 's son ; his popularity inspired a song with him and Savitri . Allu Rama Lingaiah and Vangara Venkata Subbaiah enacted the parts of Shakuni 's lackeys , Sarma and Sastry . Kanchi Narasimha Rao played Krishna , disguised as an old man who stops Ghatotkacha when he enters Dwaraka . The playback singer Madhavapeddi Satyam made a cameo appearance as Daaruka , singing " Bhali Bhali Bhali Deva " . Ramana Reddy portrayed Chinnamayya , a tantrik who teaches witchcraft at Ghatotkacha 's ashram , with Chadalavada and Nalla Ramamurthy playing his apprentices Lambu and Jambu .
= = = Filming = = =
During rehearsals , Venkata Reddy timed his actors with a stopwatch , calculating the length of each scene ( including songs ) to determine the film 's length . D. S. Ambu Rao , Bartley 's assistant , said that Mayabazar was shot according to the screenplay and Bartley 's lighting . The song " Lahiri Lahiri " was shot in Ennore , a suburb of Chennai . Its outdoor filming lasted for 10 to 15 seconds . Bartley then created an illusion of moonlight , which according to Ambu Rao was a first for an Indian film . Nageswara Rao was injured on the film 's set , and action sequences featuring himself and Ranga Rao were shot only after his recovery , causing a three @-@ month delay in the release of the film . Ganesan volunteered to act as Nageswara Rao 's body @-@ double in a scene where Abhimanyu 's character would jump from a two @-@ floor high balcony .
In addition to the principal technicians and actors , a crew of 400 , including light men , carpenters , and painters , worked on Mayabazar during production . For the Dvaraka set , 300 unique miniature houses were created in an approximately 50 @-@ by @-@ 60 @-@ foot ( 15 m × 18 m ) electrified space at Vauhini Studios under the supervision of Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar . The desired effect in the " laddoo gobbling " shots of Ghatotkacha in the song " Vivaha Bhojanambu " took four days to film . In the scene where Ghatotkacha ( disguised as Sasirekha ) stamps Lakshmana Kumara 's foot with his own , the expression is Savitri 's ; the stamping foot belongs to choreographer Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy , who pasted false hair on his foot to make it appear demonic .
= = Music = =
After writing the music for four songs – " Srikarulu Devathalu " , " Lahiri Lahiri " , " Choopulu Kalisina Shubhavela " and " Neekosame " – S. Rajeswara Rao left the project . Following his departure , Ghantasala orchestrated and recorded Rajeswara Rao 's compositions with N. C. Sen Gupta and A. Krishnamurthy , and composed the rest of the film 's score . The soundtrack album has 12 songs with lyrics by Pingali Nagendrarao and Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass for the Telugu and Tamil versions , respectively , and was mixed by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram . The album was engineered by N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy . P. Leela said in an interview that one of her songs took 28 takes to record , and her fifth song was finished by Ghantasala . " Lahiri Lahiri " ( " Aaga Inba Nilavinile " in Tamil ) was based on the Mohanam raga . " Vivaha Bhojanambu " ( " Kalyana Samayal Saadham " in Tamil ) was heavily based on lyrics from Surabhi Nataka Samajam 's 1950s plays , which were influenced by 1940s Janaki Sapadham harikatha records by B. Nagarajakumari .
Nagarajakumari was inspired by a song written by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao for Sasirekha Parinayam ( 1936 ) , directed by P. V. Das . That song 's melody was inspired by Charles Penrose 's 1922 song " The Laughing Policeman " , written by Penrose under the pseudonym of Charles Jolly . According to M. L. Narasimham of The Hindu , music " flowed at its mellifluous best " in Mayabazar . He added that Ghantasala " gave a new lease of life " to the song " Vivaha Bhojanambu " , despite it being a borrowed tune .
= = Release = =
The Telugu version of Mayabazar was released on 27 March 1957 , and the Tamil version about two weeks later , on 12 April . Both versions have a film @-@ reel length of 5 @,@ 888 metres ( 19 @,@ 318 ft ) . A commercial success , Mayabazar had a theatrical run of 100 days in 24 theatres and went on to become a silver jubilee film . After the film 's release , 40 @,@ 000 colour calendars of Rama Rao as Krishna were distributed to the public . Mayabazar received the Filmfare Award
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
painted hundreds of landscapes illustrating the natural effect of snow ( effet de neige ) . Similar winter paintings of lesser quantity were produced by Pierre @-@ Auguste Renoir , Gustave Caillebotte , and Paul Gauguin . Art historians believe that a series of severe winters in France contributed to an increase in the number of winter landscapes produced by Impressionists .
The Magpie is one of approximately 140 snowscapes produced by Monet . His first snowscape , A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur , was painted sometime in either 1865 or 1867 , followed by a notable series of snowscapes in the same year , beginning with the Road by Saint @-@ Simeon Farm in Winter . The Magpie was completed in 1869 and is Monet 's largest winter painting . It was followed by The Red Cape ( 1869 – 1871 ) , the only known winter painting featuring Camille Doncieux .
The canvas of The Magpie depicts a solitary black magpie perched on a gate formed in a wattle fence , as the light of the sun shines upon freshly fallen snow creating blue shadows . The painting features one of the first examples of Monet 's use of colored shadows , which would later become associated with the Impressionist movement . Monet and the Impressionists used colored shadows to represent the actual , changing conditions of light and shadow as seen in nature , challenging the academic convention of painting shadows black . This subjective theory of color perception was introduced to the art world through the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Michel Eugène Chevreul earlier in the century .
At the time , Monet 's innovative use of light and color led to its rejection by the Paris Salon of 1869 . Today , art historians classify The Magpie as one of Monet 's best snowscape paintings . The painting was privately held until the Musée d 'Orsay acquired it in 1984 ; it is considered one of the most popular paintings in their permanent collection .
= = Background = =
In the late 1850s , French landscape painter Eugène Boudin ( 1824 – 1898 ) introduced Monet ( 1840 – 1926 ) to the art of painting en plein air — " in the open air " , using natural light . The invention of the collapsible metal paint tube ( 1841 ) and portable easel brought painting , formerly confined to studios , into the outdoors . Boudin and Monet spent the summer of 1858 painting nature together . Like Boudin , Monet came to prefer painting outdoors rather than in a studio , the convention of the time . " If I have become a painter , " Monet said , " I owe it to Boudin . "
The landscape paintings of Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind ( 1819 – 1891 ) influenced both Boudin and Monet and contributed to the development of early Impressionism . After meeting Jongkind in Sainte @-@ Adresse in 1862 , Monet began to cultivate an interest in Jongkind 's perspective on the changing conditions of the landscape . From Jongkind , Monet learned to substitute optical color for local color . " Complementing the teaching I received from Boudin , Jongkind was from that moment my true master , " Monet later reminisced . " It was he who completed the education of my eye " . This new way of seeing , a shift from a conceptual to a perceptual approach , formed the basis for Monet 's Haystacks ( 1890 @-@ 1891 ) , a series of 25 works showing the effects of dynamic atmospheric conditions over time on a single haystack motif .
Gustave Courbet ( 1819 – 1877 ) had been painting effets de neige , " snow effects " , from as early as 1856 , in a landscape style preferred by Japanese , Dutch , and Flemish artists . Influenced by Courbet , Monet painted his first snowscape , A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur ( 1865 or 1867 ) . A journalist observed :
We have only seen him once . It was in the winter , during several days of snow , when communications were virtually at a standstill . It was cold enough to split stones . We noticed a foot @-@ warmer , then an easel , then a man , swathed in three coats , his hands in gloves , his face half @-@ frozen . It was M. Monet , studying a snow effect .
In A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur , Monet avoided the usual hunting genre and motifs used by Courbet . Instead , he focused on light and color in a new way by reducing the number of shades . Monet chose an earth tone color scheme and increased the number of shades of blue to highlight reflections on the snow . Monet followed A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur with a notable series of snowscapes in 1867 including Road by Saint @-@ Simeon Farm in Winter .
= = First Étretat campaign = =
In 1867 , Monet 's girlfriend , Camille Doncieux ( 1847 – 1879 ) , gave birth to their son Jean in Paris . Lacking money , Monet returned to his father 's house in Sainte @-@ Adresse and lived with his aunt , leaving Doncieux and their child in Paris . Monet married Doncieux in 1870 . Mme. Louis Joachim Gaudibert , an art collector , became Monet 's first patron . Gaudibert helped Monet rent a house in Étretat for Doncieux and Jean in late 1868 . Recovering from an episode of depression , Monet joined Doncieux and Jean at the house in Étretat in October , with Doncieux in the role of muse and life model . By December , Monet was in great spirits , " surrounded by everything that I love " , and began to focus on painting . In a letter to Frédéric Bazille ( 1841 – 1870 ) , Monet wrote :
I spend my time out in the open , on the shingle beach when the weather is bad or the fishing boats go out , or I go into the countryside which is very beautiful here , that I find perhaps still more charming in winter than in summer and , naturally I work all the time , and I believe that this year I am going to do some serious things .
Although he enjoyed living with Camille and Jean in Étretat , Monet preferred to paint alone in the countryside . He told Bazille :
Don 't you think that directly in nature and alone one does better ? ... I 've always been of this mind , and what I do under these conditions has always been better . One is too much taken up with what one sees and hears in Paris , however firm one may be , and what I am painting here has at least the merit of not resembling anyone ... because it will be simply the expression of what I shall have felt , I myself , personally .
During his time in Étretat , Monet completed three paintings of fishing boats , one of a rural road , and , sometime between late 1868 and January or February 1869 , The Magpie ( W 133 ) . Painted five years before the first major Impressionist exhibition in 1874 , The Magpie is one of Monet 's 140 winter landscapes , the largest in its class . The exact location of the snow scene depicted in The Magpie is unknown . Ralph T. Coe proposed that Monet painted the scene near the Farm Saint @-@ Siméon above the Seine estuary in Honfleur .
= = Rejection by the Salon = =
Monet submitted The Magpie and Fishing Boats at Sea ( W 126 ) to the Salon of 1869 . Both paintings were rejected in April . Critic Paul Richard said that the jurors rejected the painting as " too common and too coarse " . Monet 's experimental use of color and radical departure from the descriptive , academic style surprised the public and probably contributed to its dismissal by the jury . Monet told French novelist Arsène Houssaye ( 1815 – 1896 ) , " This rejection has taken the bread from my mouth , and in spite of my low prices , collectors and dealers turn their backs on me . " A century later , The Magpie was acquired by the Musée d 'Orsay in 1984 . It became one of the most popular paintings in their permanent collection .
= = Critical analysis = =
In the painting , a black magpie is perched on a gate in a wattle fence as sunlight falls on fresh white snow , creating shadows . With no human figures present , the bird on the gate becomes the focus . Michael Howard of Manchester Metropolitan University called the painting " an extraordinary evocation of the snow @-@ bound chill of a late winter 's afternoon . The blueness of the long shadows creates a delicate contrast with the creamy whites of the sky and landscape " . Curator Lynn Orr , then of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco , noted Monet 's interest in the changing light that depended on the hour and the vagaries of the atmosphere :
Unusual weather phenomena , such as snow and mist , fascinated Monet because they altered the chromatic appearance of familiar topography . In such paintings as The Magpie , one of Monet 's early masterpieces , form dissolves under the combination of a greatly restricted color range , aerial perspective , and broken brushwork . A virtuoso color performance , the painting is an essay on the variations of white perceptible in the reflection of sun on crisp new snow . Wonderfully abstract passages of flat color , such as the strong violet shades along the fence , are divorced from the spatial realities of the objects portrayed .
The Magpie is an early example of Monet 's investigation of colored shadows . In this piece , Monet makes use of the complementary colors of blue and yellow . The shadow produced by yellow sunlight shining on the snow gives the impression of a blue @-@ violet color , the effect of simultaneous contrast . French Impressionists popularized the use of colored shadows , which went against the artistic convention of portraying shadows by darkening and desaturating the color . Colored shadows can be directly observed in nature , particularly in the type of snow scene presented by Monet . In his study of Impressionism , art historian John Rewald observed that artists used snowscapes to " investigate the problem of shadows " . The problem is summarized by Fred S. Kleiner in Gardner 's Art Through the Ages :
After scrutinizing the effects of light and color on forms , the Impressionists concluded that local color — an object 's true color in white light — becomes modified by the quality of the light shining on it , by reflections from other objects , and by the effects juxtaposed colors produce . Shadows do not appear gray or black , as many earlier painters thought , but are composed of colors modified by reflections or other conditions . Using various colors and short choppy brush strokes , Monet was able to catch accurately the vibrating quality of light .
Monet 's use of colored shadows arose from color theories that were popular in the 19th century . German scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749 – 1832 ) published one of the first modern descriptions of colored shadows in his Theory of Colours ( 1810 ) . Goethe attempted to challenge the theory of color propounded by Isaac Newton ( 1643 – 1727 ) in his treatise on Opticks ( 1704 ) . Goethe raised questions about subjective and objective color theory and perception , but his intuitive , non @-@ mathematical approach was criticized as unscientific , and his attack on Newton was dismissed as a polemic . The questions Goethe raised about color persisted . Thirty years later , French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul ( 1786 – 1889 ) expanded on Goethe 's theory with The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors ( 1839 ) . Goethe and Chevreul 's colour theory greatly influenced the art world . It is generally thought that Vincent van Gogh , Camille Pissarro and Monet incorporated elements of these theories into their work . Georges Seurat ( 1859 – 1891 ) came to prominence in 1886 with his technique of chromatic division , a style influenced by the color scheme theories of Chevreul and American physicist Ogden Rood ( 1831 – 1902 ) .
= = Related work = =
Monet 's series of 11 paintings depicting the The Bridge at Argenteuil ( 1874 ) also explored the use of colored shadows in its portrayal of the blue and purple shadow on the top portion of the bridge . Over the years , Monet became more and more obsessed with color and light . When his wife was dying in September 1879 , Monet painted her in Camille Monet on Her Deathbed ( 1879 ) , noting the " blue , yellow , grey tones " . Monet told his friend , French statesman Georges Clemenceau ( 1841 – 1929 ) , that he spent the time " focusing on her temples and automatically analyzing the succession of appropriately graded colors which death was imposing on her motionless face . " Camille died from cancer at the age of 32 . After her death , Monet largely ceased painting people , focusing instead on natural landscapes . Monet later returned to painting snow and colored shadows with Grainstacks Snow Effect ( 1891 ) .
= = Derivative work = =
In honor of the 150th anniversary of Monet 's birth , the Principality of Monaco issued a stamp of The Magpie in 1990 , designed by French engraver Pierre Albuisson .
French design studio Les 84 created a 3D version of The Magpie for the 2010 – 2011 Monet exhibition at the Galeries nationales du Grand Palais .
= = Provenance = =
Thor Carlander collection , Paris ( 1918 )
Durand @-@ Ruel collection , Paris ( 1941 )
Guerlain collection , Paris ( 1946 )
Musée d 'Orsay ( 1984 )
Louvre , Paris ( 1984 )
Musée d 'Orsay , Paris ( 1984 )
= Yesterday 's Wine =
Yesterday 's Wine is a 1971 concept album by country singer Willie Nelson . In the early stages of his contract with RCA Victor , Nelson had no significant hits . By 1970 , his recordings had reached mid @-@ chart positions . Nelson lost the money from his song @-@ writing royalties by financing unsuccessful tours that did not generate significant profits . In addition to the problems with his career , Nelson had problems in his personal life . He had divorced his wife , Shirley Collie , and his ranch in Tennessee burned down .
After moving to a new ranch in Bandera , Texas , Nelson was called by producer Felton Jarvis about the upcoming scheduled recording sessions . At the time , Nelson had not written any new material . He returned to Nashville , where he wrote new songs to use with others from his old repertoire . These new concept songs were recorded in two days .
The concept of the album is the story of the " Imperfect Man " , from the moment he is born to the day of his death . RCA originally released the singles " Yesterday 's Wine " and " Me and Paul " . The former peaked at number 62 in Billboard 's Hot Country Singles . The full release failed to reach the charts , and Nelson , frustrated by the failure , decided to retire from music without having been released from his contract with RCA . Later with his musical style revitalized , he returned to music in 1972 .
= = Background and recording = =
By the fall of 1964 , Nelson had moved from Monument Records to RCA Victor , under the leadership of Chet Atkins , signing a contract for US $ 10 @,@ 000 per year . During his first few years at RCA Victor , Nelson had no significant hits , but from November 1966 through March 1969 his singles reached the top 25 consistently : " One In a Row " ( number 19 , 1966 ) , " The Party 's Over " ( number 24 during a 16 @-@ week chart run in 1967 ) , and his cover of Morecambe & Wise 's " Bring Me Sunshine " ( number 13 , March 1969 ) .
Up to 1970 , Nelson had no major success . His royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits . In addition to the problems in his career , Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970 . In December , his ranch in Ridgetop , Tennessee burned down . He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change . He moved to a ranch near Bandera , Texas and married Connie Koepke .
In early 1971 his single " I 'm a Memory " reached the top 30 . Felton Jarvis contacted Nelson for the recording of his next album . Nelson had not written any material for the sessions by the time he arrived in Nashville in April 1971 . While living in the new ranch , Nelson read the Bible , Kahlil Gibran 's The Prophet , the works of Edgar Cayce and Episcopal priest A.A Taliaferro 's work . Inspired by his readings , Nelson decided to work in new material . On May 1 – 2 , he wrote nine songs , combining new ones with previous material from his repertoire , such as " Family Bible " , to create the concept for the album . He recorded Yesterday 's Wine in four sessions , backed by David Zettner and the studio session players , beginning with two sessions on May 3 and finishing with the last two on May 4 .
= = Concept = =
The album describes the life of a man , called " The Imperfect Man " , from the beginning to the day of his death .
The story begins with a dialog between two characters . The first asks the other " You do know why you 're here ? " , and the second replies : " Yes , there 's great confusion on earth , and the power that is has concluded the following : Perfect man has visited earth already and His voice was heard ; The voice of imperfect man must now be made manifest ; and I have been selected as the most likely candidate . " This statement is followed by " Where 's the Show " and " Let Me Be a Man " . In the medley , Nelson depicts the birth of the character , who implores God to become a man . The song is followed by " In God 's Eyes " , depicting the character learning to act as a good Samaritan . In " Family Bible " , the character describes his memories of and nostalgia for his childhood , the times with his family and the reading of the family Bible . " It 's Not for Me to Understand " depicts the character praying , after watching a blind child listening to other children playing and finding himself unable to understand why God allowed that to happen . God replies to the Imperfect Man , " It 's not for you to reason why , you too are blind without my eyes , so question not what I command " . In the last stanza , the character now expresses his fear of the Lord and his reluctance to question the unfairness of the world again . The medley " These Are Difficult Times / Remember the Good Times " , describes the character 's bad times and his recovery by remembering the good times .
" Summer of Roses " depicts the character falling in love and in the prime of his life . It is followed by the anticipation of the beginning of the end in " December Day " , as the character announces " This looks like a December day . It looks like we 've come to the end of the way " . " Yesterday 's Wine " finds the character drinking in a bar , talking to the regulars about his life , and reflecting on aging . In " Me and Paul " , the Imperfect Man remembers the circumstances in which he lived with a friend in past times . The album ends with " Goin ' Home " , as the character watches his own funeral .
= = Release and reception = =
RCA released the songs " Yesterday 's Wine " and " Me and Paul " as singles . The song " Yesterday 's Wine " peaked at number 62 in Billboard 's Country Singles . The promotion of the album was complicated for RCA 's marketing department by the changes of Imperfect Man between spirituality and mundane behavior . The album did not appear on any chart , failing to satisfy RCA 's expectations . Although his contract was not over , Nelson decided to retire because of the number of failures he had had . Nelson later wrote in his autobiography , " I think it 's one of my best albums , but Yesterday 's Wine was regarded by RCA as way too spooky and far out to waste promotion money on . " Nelson returned to music in the following year , as his style was influenced in the Armadillo World Headquarters .
Music critic Robert Christgau wrote : " The great Nashville songsmith has never bowled anyone over with his singing , and here he finds the concept to match . Most of these songs — though not the two best , " Yesterday 's Wine " and " Me and Paul " are on religious themes , which tends to limit their general relevance . "
Nathan Bush wrote for Allmusic : " ' Summer of Roses ' , ' December Day ' , and the title track – songs that detail a sense of longing and loss with the changing seasons mirroring the narrator 's own life ... many of the numbers stand on their own , outside the album context . ' Family Bible ' , ' Me and Paul ' , and the title track are all particularly fine examples of Nelson 's songcraft . As a whole , Yesterday 's Wine provides further insight into the development of his art during this prolific period . "
The New York Times later described Yesterday 's Wine as " the last and best of [ Nelson 's ] Nashville albums " , saying that it was " Organized in the manner of an epic poem , each cut a metaphor in the journey through life ... it was Nashville 's first fully conceived concept album , and nobody knew what to make of it . It soon disappeared quietly and utterly . " Rolling Stone wrote : " [ Yesterdays Wine ] is the first of his bold , conceptual departures from country 's hits @-@ plus @-@ filler norm . Rather than tack rock guitar riffs onto modern honky @-@ tonk sagas , Nelson absorbed the innovations of Bob Dylan and the singer @-@ songwriters into his own distinct style . Even if the narrative concepts don 't always hold together , Willie hangs his most ambitious albums on some of his catchiest tunes . "
Robert Oermann and Douglas B. Green , in their book The Listener 's Guide to Country Music , compared the album with Nelson 's later recordings for Columbia Records : " All of those are beautiful records . They 're all on Columbia and are made just the way Willie wanted them . It was not always so at his previous record label , RCA . Nevertheless , he made a few landmark recordings while he was with that company ... Few of the songs on Yesterday 's Wine are well @-@ known Nelson compositions , but all are minor masterpieces " .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks were composed by Willie Nelson .
= = Personnel = =
= = Chart positions = =
= = = Singles = = =
= Edward VII =
Edward VII ( Albert Edward ; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910 .
The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha , Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe . Before his accession to the throne , he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors . During the long reign of his mother , he was largely excluded from political power , and came to personify the fashionable , leisured elite . He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties , and represented Britain on visits abroad . His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes , but despite public approval his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother .
As king , Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War . He re @-@ instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised . He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries , especially France , for which he was popularly called " Peacemaker " , but his relationship with his nephew , Kaiser Wilhelm II , was poor . The Edwardian era , which covered Edward 's reign and was named after him , coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society , including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism . He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911 , which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords .
= = Early life and education = =
Edward was born at 10 : 48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace . He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband ( and first cousin ) Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha . He was christened Albert Edward at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on 25 January 1842 . He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn . He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life .
As the eldest son of the British sovereign , he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth . As a son of Prince Albert , he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony . He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841 , Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850 , a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858 , and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867 . In 1863 , he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother , Prince Alfred .
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model constitutional monarch . At age seven , Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Prince Albert , and supervised by several tutors . Unlike his elder sister Victoria , Edward did not excel in his studies . He tried to meet the expectations of his parents , but to no avail . Although Edward was not a diligent student — his true talents were those of charm , sociability and tact — Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed , intelligent and of sweet manner . After the completion of his secondary @-@ level studies , his tutor was replaced by a personal governor , Robert Bruce .
After an educational trip to Rome , undertaken in the first few months of 1859 , he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under , amongst others , the chemist Lyon Playfair . In October , he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church , Oxford . Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents , he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations . In 1861 , he transferred to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he was tutored in history by Charles Kingsley , Regius Professor of Modern History . Kingsley 's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward 's life , and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures .
= = Early adulthood = =
In 1860 , Edward undertook the first tour of North America by an heir to the British throne . His genial good humour and confident bonhomie made the tour a great success . He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge , Montreal , across the St Lawrence River , and laid the cornerstone of Parliament Hill , Ottawa . He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire , and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House . Buchanan accompanied the Prince to Mount Vernon , to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington . Vast crowds greeted him everywhere . He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes . Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church , New York , for the first time since 1776 . The four @-@ month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward 's confidence and self @-@ esteem , and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain .
Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the British Army , but his mother vetoed an active military career . He had been gazetted colonel on 9 November 1858 — to his disappointment , as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination . In September 1861 , Edward was sent to Germany , supposedly to watch military manoeuvres , but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark , the eldest daughter of Prince Christian of Denmark and his wife Louise . Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry . They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of his elder sister , Victoria , who had married the Crown Prince of Prussia in 1858 . Edward 's elder sister , acting upon instructions from their mother , had met Princess Alexandra at Strelitz in June ; the young Danish princess made a very favourable impression . Edward and Alexandra were friendly from the start ; the meeting went well for both sides , and marriage plans advanced .
From this time , Edward gained a reputation as a playboy . Determined to get some army experience , Edward attended manoeuvres in Ireland , during which he spent three nights with an actress , Nellie Clifden , who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers . Prince Albert , though ill , was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand . Albert died in December 1861 just two weeks after the visit . Queen Victoria was inconsolable , wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father 's death . At first , she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous , indiscreet and irresponsible . She wrote to her eldest daughter , " I never can , or shall , look at him without a shudder . "
= = Marriage = =
Once widowed , Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life . Shortly after Prince Albert 's death , she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East , visiting Egypt , Jerusalem , Damascus , Beirut and Constantinople . The British Government wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt 's ruler , Said Pasha , to prevent French control of the Suez Canal if the Ottoman Empire collapsed . It was the first royal tour on which an official photographer , Francis Bedford , was in attendance . As soon as Edward returned to Britain , preparations were made for his engagement , which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862 . Edward married Alexandra at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on 10 March 1863 . He was 21 ; she was 18 .
The couple established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat . They entertained on a lavish scale . Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of Queen Victoria 's relations were German , and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein . When Alexandra 's father inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863 , the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig @-@ Holstein . Queen Victoria was of two minds whether it was a suitable match given the political climate . After the marriage , she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters , including the names of their children .
Edward had mistresses throughout his married life . He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry ; Lady Randolph Churchill ( born Jennie Jerome , she was the mother of Winston Churchill ) ; Daisy Greville , Countess of Warwick ; actress Sarah Bernhardt ; noblewoman Lady Susan Vane @-@ Tempest ; singer Hortense Schneider ; prostitute Giulia Beneni ( known as " La Barucci " ) ; wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser ; and Alice Keppel . At least fifty @-@ five liaisons are conjectured . How far these relationships went is not always clear . Edward always strove to be discreet , but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation . One of Alice Keppel 's great @-@ granddaughters , Camilla Parker Bowles , became the mistress and subsequently wife of Charles , Prince of Wales , one of Edward 's great @-@ great @-@ grandsons . It was rumoured that Camilla 's grandmother , Sonia Keppel ( born in May 1900 ) , was the illegitimate daughter of Edward , but she was " almost certainly " the daughter of George Keppel , whom she resembled . Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children . Alexandra is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and to have accepted them .
In 1869 , Sir Charles Mordaunt , a British Member of Parliament , threatened to name Edward as co @-@ respondent in his divorce suit . Ultimately , he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870 . It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts ' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons . Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery , the suggestion of impropriety was damaging .
In the 1880s , Edward was a regular habitué of Parisian brothels , most notably Le Chabanais , which was regarded as the top establishment in Paris where brothels were legal . One room contained a custom made bath which was sometimes filled with champagne ; and a specially designed and crafted siège d 'amour ( love seat ) that allowed easy access for oral and other forms of sex for two or three people . It is now a museum piece .
= = Heir apparent = =
During Queen Victoria 's widowhood , Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as we understand them today — for example , opening Thames Embankment in 1871 , Mersey Tunnel in 1886 , and Tower Bridge in 1894 — but his mother did not allow Edward an active role in the running of the country until 1898 . He was sent summaries of important government documents , but she refused to give him access to the originals . He annoyed his mother by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig @-@ Holstein Question in 1864 ( she was pro @-@ German ) and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Giuseppe Garibaldi . Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone sent him papers secretly . From 1886 , Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches , and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him .
In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor , Napoleon III , was defeated in the Franco @-@ Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared . However , in the winter of 1871 , a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward 's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother . While staying at Londesborough Lodge , near Scarborough , North Yorkshire , Edward contracted typhoid , the disease that was believed to have killed his father . There was great national concern , and one of his fellow guests ( Lord Chesterfield ) died . Edward 's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief . Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan 's Festival Te Deum . Edward cultivated politicians from all parties , including republicans , as his friends , and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him .
In October 1875 Edward set off for India on an extensive eight @-@ month tour of the sub @-@ continent . His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same , regardless of their social station or colour . In letters home , he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials : " Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own , there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute . " Consequently , Lord Salisbury , the Secretary of State for India , issued new guidance and at least one resident was removed from office . At the end of the tour , Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by Parliament , in part as a result of the tour 's success .
He was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men 's fashions . He made wearing tweed , Homburg hats and Norfolk jackets fashionable , and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets , instead of white tie and tails . He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases , and was thought to have introduced the stand @-@ up turn @-@ down shirt collar . A stickler for proper dress , he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a Privy Councillor 's coat . Deep in an international crisis , Salisbury informed the Prince that it had been a dark morning , and that " my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance . " The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward , who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth . His waist measured 48 inches ( 122 cm ) shortly before his coronation . He introduced the practice of eating roast beef , roast potatoes , horseradish sauce and yorkshire pudding on Sundays , which remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch .
Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music . He opened the college in 1883 with the words , " Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote . " At the same time , he enjoyed gambling and country sports and was an enthusiastic hunter . He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting . This so @-@ called tradition of Sandringham Time continued until 1936 , when it was abolished by Edward VIII . He also laid out a golf course at Windsor . By the 1870s the future king had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing . In 1896 , his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St Leger Stakes . In 1900 , Persimmon 's brother , Diamond Jubilee , won five races ( Derby , St Leger , 2 @,@ 000 Guineas Stakes , Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes ) and another of Edward 's horses , Ambush II , won the Grand National .
In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal , when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year . The Prince was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating . In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict , when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward 's private life to the press , as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford 's affair with Daisy Greville , Countess of Warwick . The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives . Usually , Edward 's outbursts of temper were short @-@ lived , and " after he had let himself go ... [ he would ] smooth matters by being especially nice " .
In late 1891 Edward 's eldest son , Albert Victor , was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck . Just a few weeks later , in early 1892 , Albert Victor died of pneumonia . Edward was grief @-@ stricken . " To lose our eldest son " , he wrote , " is one of those calamities one can never really get over " . Edward told Queen Victoria , " [ I would ] have given my life for him , as I put no value on mine " . Albert Victor was the second of Edward 's children to die . In 1871 , his youngest son , Alexander John , had died just 24 hours after being born . Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with " the tears rolling down his cheeks " .
On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900 Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination , when fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Jean @-@ Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Boer War . Sipido , though obviously guilty , was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage . The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities , combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo , worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent . However , in the next ten years , Edward 's affability and popularity , as well as his use of family connections , assisted Britain in building European alliances .
= = Accession = =
When Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 , Edward became King of the United Kingdom , Emperor of India and , in an innovation , King of the British Dominions . He chose to reign under the name Edward VII , instead of Albert Edward — the name his mother had intended for him to use — declaring that he did not wish to " undervalue the name of Albert " and diminish the status of his father with whom the " name should stand alone " . The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland , even by the national church , in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had " been excluded from Scotland by battle " . J. B. Priestley recalled , " I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901 , but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity . He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s . "
He donated his parents ' house , Osborne on the Isle of Wight , to the state and continued to live at Sandringham . He could afford to be magnanimous ; his private secretary , Sir Francis Knollys , claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit . Edward 's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn , Comptroller of the Household , and had benefited from advice from Edward 's Jewish financier friends , such as Ernest Cassel , Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family . At a time of widespread anti @-@ Semitism , Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews .
Edward 's coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June , but two days before on 24 June , he was diagnosed with appendicitis . Appendicitis was generally not treated operatively and carried a high mortality rate , but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life @-@ saving surgery possible . Sir Frederick Treves , with the support of Lord Lister , performed a then @-@ radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected abscess through a small incision ( through 4 ½ inch thickness of belly fat and abdomen wall ) ; this outcome showed thankfully that the cause was not cancer . The next day , Edward was sitting up in bed , smoking a cigar . Two weeks later , it was announced that the King was
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
-@ apocalyptic environment to different publishers . While the original projects never came to fruition , an opportunity was presented to Avalanche Studios by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment to develop a video game set within the Mad Max universe . Film director and creator of the Mad Max franchise , George Miller , was consulted during the game 's pre @-@ production period . Cory Barlog , the creator of God of War II , joined the studio in 2010 and left in 2012 . Prior to his arrival , he had already been working on a Mad Max game with Miller , leading to a confusing relationship between the two projects . In August 2014 , Avalanche Studios announced that they were developing several new projects , calling 2015 " the biggest year since the inception of Avalanche Studios more than a decade ago " . In addition , the company announced that the Stockholm @-@ based studio would be moved to a larger building for further expansion in the third quarter of 2015 . Mad Max was originally set to be released in 2014 , but was delayed to September 2015 .
While Mad Max was being developed by Avalanche 's studio in Stockholm , the New York division was working on Just Cause 3 . The development of Just Cause 3 also began in early 2012 . While the previous Just Cause games were developed by the Swedish studio , the development of Just Cause 3 was transferred to the New York studio to give the title a fresh start . The game will be the first title to be published by Square Enix after their acquisition of Eidos Interactive . Avalanche Studios sent a team to visit a jungle in Costa Rica to inspect the local landscapes and environments to help them create the game worlds for both Mad Max and Just Cause 3 .
In addition to Mad Max and Just Cause 3 , " a standalone expansion of theHunter featuring dinosaurs , titled theHunter : Primal , was released on Steam 's early access on 15 December 2014 . The full game was launched on 31 March 2015 . The company also released their first mobile title called Rumble City . It is a turn @-@ based strategy games and was released on 7 July 2015 .
In October 2015 , the company announced that both the New York office and the Stockholm office suffered minor lay @-@ offs as the studio was undergoing major transition between projects and that it was unable to maintain multiple large teams during this period . In June 2016 , the Sweden office announced that they had hired Cameron Foote , the lead designer of Just Cause 2 's multiplayer mod , to work on both Avalanche 's " present and future projects " .
= = = Future = = =
In a video interview with Game Informer , Sundberg revealed that the company will focus on developing new original intellectual property in the future and , despite continuing to work with other larger publishers , the company 's focus will be shifted to self @-@ publishing .
= = Games = =
= = = Games developed = = =
= = = Just Cause series = = =
Just Cause is a series of open world action @-@ adventure games starring Rico Rodriguez as the protagonist , an operative from " The Agency " , a military organization in Just Cause and Just Cause 2 . The series is known for allowing players to create chaos and providing players freedom in exploring the game 's world . Gameplay revolves around gunplay and the use of the grappling hook and parachute . While the original Just Cause was not particularly well received by critics , its sequel , Just Cause 2 , received critical acclaim . The PC version of the game received an 84 out of 100 from Metacritic , a review aggregator . Some reviewers also regarded the game as " one of the most entertaining sandbox shooters ever created " . Upon release , Just Cause 2 was proven to be more popular than its predecessors ; over 2 million players played the game 's demo , and over 6 million players purchased the final game . As the game did not ship with any multiplayer feature , a multiplayer PC mod , which can accommodate more than one thousands players in a single map , was created by a modder . Avalanche Studios supported the mod , made the mod official on 16 December 2013 , and released the mod on Steam as free downloadable content for players who had purchased the game . Just Cause 3 , the latest title in the series , was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on December 1 , 2015 . Sundberg considered the collaboration with Square Enix as " a long @-@ term partnership " . During Square Enix 's E3 2015 press conference , Square Enix of America CEO , Phil Rogers , stated that he considered Just Cause a major franchise that can stand " side by side " with other iconic Square Enix franchises .
= = = Mad Max = = =
Mad Max was the first AAA title developed by Avalanche Studios outside of the Just Cause series . It was also the company 's first licensed video game . The game follows the series ' titular character as he ventures into a wasteland to search for his lost car , the Interceptor . The title was initially slated for a 2012 reveal , but was later announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 . Originally set to be released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game were cancelled due to hardware restrictions . A Linux port was also announced .
= = = Other projects = = =
The team also worked on theHunter , a free @-@ to @-@ play hunting video game . The game is a commercial success for Avalanche , with Sundberg claiming that the title " contribute [ s ] quite a lot to [ Avalanche 's ] financial success " . Avalanche considered theHunter to be an experiment for them to see whether the free @-@ to @-@ play business model suited the company or not . Renegade Ops is another original title from Avalanche . It is a top down shooter which had drawn inspirations from 1986 's Jackal , 1992 's Desert Strike : Return to the Gulf and 1993 's Cannon Fodder . The team aimed to " recreate classics " with Renegade Ops , similar to 2010 's Shadow Complex . The game received generally positive reviews upon release . Avalanche Studios ' first mobile game , titled Rumble City , is a strategy board game which takes inspiration from the American bike culture during the 1960s . It was released in July 2015 for iOS and Android devices . Avalanche Studios is set to be collaborating with Square Enix on the development of the airship segment of Final Fantasy XV .
The studio also worked on several cancelled projects . In 2009 , Avalanche announced AionGuard , a God of War @-@ style open world fantasy game which features World War I fighters , samurais and knights for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Influences for the game were drawn from Star Wars and works from Frank Herbert and Michael Moorcock . However , the project was eventually put on hold indefinitely in 2010 . In 2012 , the company announced a non @-@ Superman comic book game , which was eventually cancelled in 2014 . The studio almost collaborated with LucasArts to develop an open world video game based on the Star Wars universe . A steampunk @-@ themed game was also reported to be in development , but was later put on hold .
= = Philosophy = =
Starting from Avalanche Studios ' inception , the company 's primary focus is to create open world sandbox games , citing Elite as their inspiration . According to Blomberg , the studio has always been interested in creating open world games , and they aimed to be " the best " in developing them . The company seeks to remain flexible to market changes and tries not to limit themselves to one business model . Avalanche also focuses on developing games with long gameplay length and high replay value . Sundberg considers Avalanche Studios to be an independent company , and often keeps the rights to their intellectual properties . Sundberg also stated that video game developers should not put too much weight in income ; as a result , the company seldom develops " forced " multiplayer modes , as they believe that approach " makes absolutely no sense " and does not add any value to the game . When seeking future projects , the studio chooses projects that they are passionate about and allow creative freedom . They only make games that " [ they ] love to play " or games that " can bring a smile to people 's faces " .
Sundberg described the company as " family @-@ driven " . Sundberg and Blomberg do not have their own offices in the studio , as they want to maintain a close relationship with their staff members . The two also seek to be closely involved with all their ongoing projects .
= Monster ( Millennium ) =
" ' Monster " is the fourth episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on October 17 , 1997 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong and directed by Perry Lang . " Monster " featured guest appearances from Kristen Cloke , Robert Wisden and Chris Owens .
In the episode , Millennium Group profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) travels to Arkansas to investigate allegations of child abuse in the community , meeting fellow Group member Lara Means ( Cloke ) . They soon discover that the abuse may actually be the work of another child .
" Monster " introduces the recurring character Lara Means , who would appear throughout the second season . The episode also features music by Bobby Darin , a hallmark of Morgan and Wong 's work . The episode has been well received by critics , and earned guest star Lauren Diewold a nomination at the 1998 Young Artist Awards .
= = Plot = =
Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) travels to Springdale , Arkansas to investigate allegations of child abuse brought against a daycare owner , Penny Plott ( Mary Gillis ) . Before he leaves Seattle , he takes his daughter Jordan ( Brittany Tiplady ) shopping for shoes , but chastises her when she begins acting out for attention .
In Arkansas , sheriff 's deputy Bill Sherman ( Chris Owens ) discovers bite @-@ marks on his son 's skin after he returns home from the daycare . When his son refuses to discuss what happened , Sherman is convinced of the rumours about Plott . Black arrives in town , and pretends to be a local parent interested in using the daycare . His visit is interrupted by Lara Means ( Kristen Cloke ) , who is investigating for Plott 's defence . However , the two are forced to work together when one boy , Jason Wells , stops breathing . Despite attempts to revive him , the boy dies . Meanwhile , in Seattle , Black 's wife Catherine ( Megan Gallagher ) takes Jordan to the dentist after she spits blood while brushing her teeth . The dentist tells her such an injury is most commonly caused by blunt force trauma . Catherine dismisses the idea outright , but Jordan mentions Black losing his temper during the shopping trip .
An autopsy reveals Wells ' death was the result of an asthma attack . However the ambitious district attorney , Gordon Roberts ( Robert Wisden ) believes Plott is somehow responsible . The investigation stalls until another child , Danielle Barbakow ( Lauren Diewold ) , mentions overhearing Wells being physically abused by Plott . Plott is arrested by Sherman , who she reprimands sternly , reminding him that she looked after him as a child too , and has never been accused of anything in three decades of childcare work . Sherman sees she is incapable of what she has been accused of and continues to send his son to the daycare , but other parents protest , to the point of picketing and vandalizing the fence around the daycare .
Black and Means discover that they have both been sent to investigate by the Group , realizing that this is some kind of test for them . They both come to believe that Barkabow , from whom Black senses a demonic presence , is responsible for Wells ' death , and visit her home . Means speaks to Barkabow 's mother while Black interviews the child . As they speak , Barkabow begins screaming and accuses Black of harming her ; after he leaves the room she hits herself in the face and breaks her jaw . This leads Roberts , who learns that Black is under suspicion of harming Jordan , to arrest him for assault . Means has ultraviolet photographs taken of Barkabow 's injuries , deduces that the girl was injured with an angel statue from her room . Means realizes that Black could not have wielded this statue , and Barkabow 's mother admits to having heard her daughter hit herself . Black is released , and the Seattle investigation against him is dropped when Catherine defends him . The Black family and Lara return to Seattle , while Barbakow is adopted by a family of the Millennium Group .
= = Production = =
" The Beginning and the End " was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Perry Lang . The episode was the sixth to have been written by Morgan and Wong , after the duo had penned " Dead Letters " , " 522666 " and " The Thin White Line " in the first season , and " The Beginning and the End " and " Beware of the Dog " in the second . The pair would go on to script a further nine episodes over the course of the second season , having taken the roles of co @-@ executive producers for the season . " Monster " saw director Lang 's only contribution to Millennium .
The episode makes use of Bobby Darin 's song " Goodbye Charlie " in a diegetic manner ; the song would also be put to use in the later second season episode " Goodbye Charlie " . Darin 's music has been noted by Millennium 's resident composer Mark Snow as a hallmark of the works of Morgan and Wong , and would also appear in the episodes " Beware of the Dog " and " Sense and Antisense " . " Monster " opens with a quote from William Shakespeare 's Henry VI , Part 2 — " First thing we do , let 's kill all the lawyers " .
" Monster " marked Kristen Cloke 's first appearance in the series as Millennium Group member Lara Means . Cloke would make several further appearances as the character , with the last of these being the second season finale " The Time Is Now " . Guest stars Robert Wisden and Chris Owens both appeared in Millennium 's sister show The X @-@ Files — Owens first appeared in the Morgan and Wong @-@ penned " Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man " , before taking on the recurring role of Jeffrey Spender in that series ' fifth season ; while Wisden appeared in " Pusher " . Wisden would also reappear in Millennium 's third season , acting in an unrelated role in " TEOTWAWKI " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Monster " was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on October 17 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6 during its original broadcast , meaning that 6 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 @.@ 88 million households , and left the episode the seventy @-@ second most @-@ viewed broadcast that week . Guest star Lauren Diewold received a nomination for Best Performance in a TV Drama Series – Guest Starring Young Actress at the 1998 Young Artist Awards for her role in " Monster " , losing out to Cara Rose for Touched by an Angel .
The episode received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode B + , finding that it has " impressive ambition " but " doesn 't really work " . Handlen found the episode " immensely fun to watch " , and was pleased that the series had departed from the sexually motivated serial killings of past episodes ; however , he felt that the plot was " muddled " and found Black 's personal involvement in the case to be unnecessary . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , calling Cloke " an amazing addition to the series " . Gibron also felt positively about the increasingly plot @-@ driven nature of the series , describing Morgan and Wong 's developments as a " complex , completely innovative mythology " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Monster " four stars out of five , describing it as " a brave story well told " . Shearman praised Diewold 's guest appearance , and felt that the introduction of Lara Means was a positive addition , although it caused the character of Catherine to seem increasingly needless .
= Charles S. Morehead =
Charles Slaughter Morehead ( July 7 , 1802 – December 21 , 1868 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky , and served as the 20th Governor of Kentucky . Though a member of the Whig Party for most of his political service , he joined the Know Nothing , or American , Party in 1855 , and was the only governor of Kentucky ever elected from that party .
Morehead 's political service began in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1828 . In 1832 , he was appointed state attorney general . He served in this capacity for five years , and later returned to the Kentucky House , where he was chosen Speaker of the House three times . He was elected to Congress in 1848 and served two terms . After his congressional tenure , he joined the Know Nothing Party and was chosen as the party 's candidate for governor in 1855 . The campaign was marred by anti @-@ immigrant and anti @-@ Catholic rhetoric that touched off the " Bloody Monday " riots in Louisville .
Morehead was a delegate to the Peace Conference of 1861 and the Border States Convention that attempted to stave off the Civil War . Although he favored Kentucky 's neutrality , Morehead sympathized with the South and was an open critic of the Lincoln administration . He was imprisoned for disloyalty in September 1861 , although no formal charges were ever brought against him . He was released from prison in January 1862 , and afterward fled to Canada , Europe , and Mexico . After the war , he returned to the United States and settled on his plantation in Greenville , Mississippi , where he died on December 21 , 1868 .
= = Early life = =
Charles Slaughter Morehead was born near Bardstown , Nelson County , Kentucky on July 7 , 1802 . He was the son of Charles and Margaret ( Slaughter ) Morehead and a first cousin to Kentucky 's twelfth governor , James Turner Morehead . His father served in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly .
Morehead was educated in the area 's public schools , then matriculated to Transylvania University . He earned a bachelor 's degree in 1820 , graduating with honors . After graduation , he became a tutor at the university and earned a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1822 . He relocated to Christian County , Kentucky , was admitted to the bar , and commenced practice in Hopkinsville . He also worked as a farmer , and owned plantations in Mississippi and Louisiana .
Morehead married Amanda Leavy on July 10 , 1823 . She died July 5 , 1829 at the age of twenty @-@ five . Following her death , Morehead married Margaret Leavy , his first wife 's sister , on September 6 , 1831 . Together they had four children . Charles and Margaret were very fond of music , theater , dances , and parties .
= = Political career = =
Morehead was elected as a Whig to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1828 and was re @-@ elected in 1829 . Following his second term in the legislature , he moved to Frankfort , Kentucky , believing it provided better opportunities for his legal practice . He was appointed as state attorney general in 1832 and served for five years . In 1834 , he co @-@ authored A Digest of the Statute Laws of Kentucky with Mason Brown . He represented Franklin County in the state house from 1838 to 1842 and again in 1844 ; he was chosen Speaker of the House in 1840 , 1841 , and 1844 .
Morehead was elected the Thirtieth and Thirty @-@ first Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1847 until March 3 , 1851 . During the Thirty @-@ first Congress , the Whig caucus considered him as a candidate for Speaker of the House . The voting for speaker began December 3 , 1849 . The caucus first chose Robert C. Winthrop as their candidate , but after several ballots , Winthrop was still unable to obtain a majority because of sectional rivalries within the caucus . Some Whigs from northern states voted for David Wilmot , a Free Soiler , while five southern Whigs steadfastly voted for Meredith Gentry . The Democrats were similarly unable to muster a majority for their candidate , Howell Cobb .
At their caucus meeting on the night of December 10 , the Whigs agreed to continue voting for Winthrop for one more day , and if he was not elected , to switch their support to Morehead , who they believed could hold all of Winthrop 's votes and win the votes of the southern Whigs as well as some southern Democrats . They made their intentions known on December 11 , and by the end of the day , Morehead reported that he had received commitments of support from twenty southern Democrats . During the day 's voting , the five southern Whigs shifted their support from Gentry to Morehead . This shift cost Morehead the support of many northern Whigs who , at the caucus meeting the night of December 11 , declared that Morehead 's election " would ruin the Whig party in the North " , especially if he gained the support of southern Democrats . Rather than further fracture the caucus , Morehead withdrew his name from consideration . Cobb was finally elected on the sixty @-@ third ballot on December 22 .
= = = Governor of Kentucky = = =
Following his congressional tenure , Morehead resumed his law practice and management of his plantations . In 1852 , he was a presidential elector for Winfield Scott , and in 1853 , he served another term in the Kentucky House . By early 1855 , sectional divisions had ripped apart the national Whig Party . In Kentucky , many former Whigs associated with the Know Nothing Party . Morehead was among these ; he claimed that the Know Nothing Party was more " Union " than the Democratic Party . The ex @-@ Whigs hoped to take over the Know Nothing Party and reshape it into a Unionist Whig organization . Accordingly , when the Know Nothing candidate for governor , Judge William Loving , withdrew from the race due to failing health , the influx of ex @-@ Whigs nominated Morehead to replace him for the gubernatorial election of 1855 . Prior to the dissolution of the party , most had expected the Whigs would nominate Morehead at their own party 's convention in April .
Though Kentucky had only a small population of immigrants and Catholics , much of Morehead 's campaign oratory was directed against these groups . Most of the state 's immigrant and Catholic population resided in Louisville , and tensions there reached a climax with an anti @-@ foreign riot known as " Bloody Monday " on August 6 , 1855 . Morehead won the election with 69 @,@ 816 votes to 65 @,@ 413 votes for Democrat Beverly L. Clarke . In his inaugural address , Morehead denounced the nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act and despite his campaign rhetoric , proclaimed " perfect equality " for naturalized citizens .
Morehead 's term as governor was an active one . He approved the appropriation of funding for the first Kentucky State Fair , which was seen as a vehicle for encouraging improvements in agriculture . He also approved the formation of the Kentucky State Agricultural Society in 1856 . The state geological survey begun under Governor Lazarus W. Powell was completed and published . Internal improvements progressed as well ; railroad mileage in the state increased from 242 miles to 568 miles during Morehead 's term .
Kentucky 's school system was expanding rapidly , creating a shortage of qualified teachers in the state ; Morehead responded to this need by proposing a bill for state @-@ supported teacher education program at Transylvania University . The state 's superintendent , John D. Matthews , lobbied for the bill , claiming that a failure to educate teachers in Kentucky would result in Northern teachers infiltrating the state and corrupting children 's minds . The bill passed in 1856 , and Transylvania University made the transition from a private institution to a state @-@ supported university . Money raised through school taxes , previously regarded as revenue by the legislature , was diverted to support of Transylvania . Although the teacher education program enrolled seventy @-@ five students , opposition to the plan developed soon after its passage . Many citizens felt that public school money should not be used to support higher education . Governor Morehead defended the plan , but when the legislature convened two years later , it revoked the university 's funding .
The number of prisoners housed in the state penitentiary at Frankfort was also increasing . By 1856 , 237 prisoners were detained in the facility which had only 126 cells . Though state law required solitary confinement at night , the statute was impossible to administer due to the space constraints . Morehead cooperated with the legislature and developed a plan to expand the penitentiary to 252 cells . He also renegotiated the state 's contract with the warden that was more favorable to the state , and allowed the warden to collect income from convict labor .
Early in his term , Morehead approved two new bank charters , but he later vetoed several others , beginning with the proposed Bank of Harrodsburg . Many other proposed bank charters died in the General Assembly . The later years of Morehead 's administration were hindered by the financial Panic of 1857 . In December 1857 , he reported state expenditures of $ 21 @,@ 000 for relief of the poor .
= = Civil War and later life = =
Morehead moved to Louisville in 1859 and formed a law partnership with his nephew , Charles M. Briggs . In February 1861 , he attended the Peace Conference of 1861 that tried to resolve the sectional differences between the states . In May 1861 , he was chosen as a delegate to the Border State Convention , an ultimately futile attempt to avert the Civil War . Morehead refused to sign the final document produced by the convention because he did not agree with all the statements it contained . He was an advocate of Kentucky 's position of neutrality , but was personally sympathetic to the South and was an outspoken critic of the Lincoln administration . He condemned Secretary of State William H. Seward for cutting off trade with the South .
On September 19 , 1861 , Morehead , Louisville Courier editor Reuben T. Durrett , and a man named Martin W. Barr were arrested for disloyalty . The three were taken to Indianapolis , Indiana , and the next day , Louisville circuit court judge John Catron issued a writ of habeas corpus for Morehead . On September 24 , the officer who had arrested Morehead told Catron that Secretary of War Simon Cameron had already ordered Morehead taken to Fort Lafayette in New York Harbor . Shortly after this , a grand jury was convened but failed to return any charges against Morehead .
Morehead was later transferred to Fort Warren in Boston Harbor . He complained to his captors about the conditions in the prison ; specifically , the difficulty of writing letters when confined with nine other men in a room that measured just ten feet by twenty feet . Petitions for Morehead 's release were delivered to President Lincoln , but Lincoln told Secretary of State Seward that Morehead and those arrested with them would be released " when James Guthrie and James Speed [ friends of Lincoln 's in Kentucky ] think they should be " . Later , Guthrie told Lincoln that Morehead 's arrest had " not been beneficial " to their cause in Kentucky . Morehead was paroled on January 6 , 1862 , on the condition that he swear an oath not to take part in the Confederate insurgence . On March 19 , 1862 , he was unconditionally discharged from his parole .
Morehead returned to his home in Louisville , but feared his refusal to take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution would lead to another arrest . In June 1862 , he fled to Canada , then to Europe , and finally to Mexico . Following the war , Morehead returned to the United States and lived on his plantation in Greenville , Mississippi . He died there on December 21 , 1868 and was buried on the grounds . On May 31 , 1879 , he was reburied in the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort , Kentucky .
= Operation Sana =
Operation Sana ( Bosnian : Operacija Sana ) was a military offensive undertaken by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH ) in western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War . It was launched from the area of Bihać on 13 September 1995 , against the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) , and involved advances towards Bosanski Petrovac , Sanski Most and Bosanska Krupa . At the same time , the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) were engaging the VRS in Operation Maestral 2 further to the southeast . After an initial 70 @-@ kilometre ( 43 mi ) advance , VRS reinforcements managed to stop the ARBiH short of Sanski Most and Novi Grad , and reversed some of the ARBiH 's territorial gains in a counterattack . After a part of the ARBiH 5th Corps was threatened with defeat around the town of Ključ , the ARBiH requested assistance from the HV .
The HV and HVO launched Operation Southern Move in response , removing the VRS pressure from Ključ and allowing the 5th Corps , reinforced by the 7th Corps , to resume its advance and capture Sanski Most on 12 October , by which time a comprehensive ceasefire was to come into effect throughout the country . Combat continued for another eight days without significant changes to the frontlines . Fighting did not resume , and the war ended the following month following negotiation and acceptance of the Dayton Agreement .
The operation commenced during a NATO bombing campaign against the VRS , codenamed Operation Deliberate Force , which targeted Bosnian Serb air defences , artillery and storage facilities initially in the area of Sarajevo , but also elsewhere in the country . Operation Sana , alongside concurrent HV and HVO offensives , sparked debate among military analysts as to whether the ground assaults or NATO 's airstrikes were more responsible for ending the Bosnian War . Also in question was to what extent the advances of the ARBiH , HVO and HV were assisted by the airstrikes , and conversely , to what extent they hampered the VRS .
= = Background = =
As the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA ) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of the Vance plan , its 55 @,@ 000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a new Bosnian Serb army , which was later renamed the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) . This re @-@ organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992 , ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992 . This declaration would later be cited by the Bosnian Serbs as a pretext for the Bosnian War . Bosnian Serbs began fortifying the capital , Sarajevo , and other areas on 1 March 1992 . On the following day , the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo and Doboj . In the final days of March , Bosnian Serb forces bombarded Bosanski Brod with artillery , resulting in a cross @-@ border operation by the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) 108th Brigade . On 4 April 1992 , JNA artillery began shelling Sarajevo . There were other examples of the JNA directly supported the VRS , such as during the capture of Zvornik in early April 1992 , when the JNA provided artillery support from Serbia , firing across the Drina River . At the same time , the JNA attempted to defuse the situation and arrange negotiations elsewhere in the country .
The JNA and the VRS in Bosnia and Herzegovina faced the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH ) and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) , reporting to the Bosniak @-@ dominated central government and the Bosnian Croat leadership respectively , as well as the HV , which occasionally supported HVO operations . In late April , the VRS was able to deploy 200 @,@ 000 troops , hundreds of tanks , armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and artillery pieces . The HVO and the Croatian Defence Forces ( Hrvatske obrambene snage – HOS ) could field approximately 25 @,@ 000 soldiers and a handful of heavy weapons , while the ARBiH was largely unprepared with nearly 100 @,@ 000 troops , small arms for less than a half of their number and virtually no heavy weapons . Arming of the various forces was hampered by a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo introduced in September 1991 . By mid @-@ May 1992 , when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The extent of the control was extended to about 70 percent of the country by the end of the year .
= = Prelude = =
By 1995 , the ARBiH and the HVO had developed into better @-@ organised forces employing comparably large numbers of artillery pieces and good defensive fortifications . The VRS was not capable of penetrating their defences even where its forces employed sound military tactics , for instance in the Battle of Orašje in May and June 1995 . In August 1995 , after the fall of most of the Croatian Serb @-@ controlled areas of Croatia during Operation Storm , the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia . The shift was motivated by the desire to create a security zone along the Croatian border , establish Croatia as a regional power and gain favours with the West by forcing an end to the Bosnian War . The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomed the move as it contributed to their goal of securing western Bosnia , as well as the largest Bosnian Serb @-@ held city , Banja Luka .
In the final days of August 1995 , NATO launched an air campaign targeting the VRS , codenamed Operation Deliberate Force . It was launched in response to the second Markale massacre of 28 August , which came on the heels of the Srebrenica massacre . Airstrikes began on 30 August , initially targeting VRS air defences , and striking targets near Sarajevo . The campaign was briefly suspended on 1 September and its scope was expanded to target artillery and storage facilities around the city . The bombing resumed on 5 September , and its scope extended to VRS air defences near Banja Luka by 9 September as NATO had nearly exhausted its list of targets near Sarajevo . On 13 September , the Bosnian Serbs accepted NATO 's demand for the establishment of an exclusion zone around Sarajevo and the campaign ceased .
As the NATO bombing generally targeted VRS around Sarajevo , western Bosnia remained relatively calm following Operation Storm , except for probing attacks launched by the VRS , HVO or ARBiH near Bihać , Drvar and Glamoč . At the time the HV , HVO and ARBiH were planning a joint offensive in the region . The HV and HVO component of the offensive , codenamed Operation Maestral 2 , was launched on 8 September with the aim of capturing the towns of Jajce , Šipovo and Drvar , while the ARBiH 7th Corps advanced on the right flank of the HV and the HVO towards Donji Vakuf . All four towns had been seized by 14 September , and the 7th Corps began transferring a substantial portion of its troops to the ARBiH 5th Corps in the Bihać area .
= = Order of battle = =
The 15 @,@ 000 @-@ strong ARBiH 5th Corps , commanded by Divisional General Atif Dudaković , was assigned the primary objectives , the capture of Bosanska Krupa , Bosanski Petrovac , Ključ and Sanski Most . Dudaković divided his eight brigades into two operational groups ( OGs ) . OG ( South ) , which comprised the 501st Mountain , 502nd Mountain , 510th Liberation and 517th Light Brigades , augmented by elements of the 5th Military Police Battalion , was commanded by Dudaković himself . OG ( North ) , consisting of the 503rd Mountain , 505th Mountain , 506th Liberation and 511th Mountain Brigades , was commanded his chief of staff , Brigadier Mirsad Selmanović . At the commencement of the operation , HV artillery provided fire support to OG South .
The 2nd Krajina Corps , commanded by Major General Radivoje Tomanić , and the 30th Infantry Division of the 1st Krajina Corps , commanded by Major General Momir Zec , were the VRS formations in the area . Tomanić , who set up his headquarters in Drvar , was in overall command in western Bosnia . Tomanić and Zec commanded a combined force of approximately 22 @,@ 000 troops . The need to defend against both ARBiH corps and the combined HV and HVO force meant that the VRS had only 8 @,@ 000 troops facing the 5th Corps . They were organised in six infantry or light infantry brigades stationed on the Grabež Plateau and near Bosanska Krupa and Otoka .
= = Timeline = =
= = = First stage = = =
On 13 September , the ARBiH launched its advance , codenamed Sana 95 , from Bihać towards the Sana River . The initial advance was undertaken by OG South and spearheaded by the 502nd Mountain Brigade against VRS positions on the Grabež Plateau south of the town . As its defences yielded to the ground assault supported by HV artillery fire , the VRS started to retreat south towards Bosanski Petrovac , alongside civilians fleeing the area . The ARBiH pursued the retreating VRS , capturing Kulen Vakuf the next day , and Bosanski Petrovac on 15 September . That same day , the ARBiH linked up with the HV approximately 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 miles ) southeast of Bosanski Petrovac . The HV had captured Drvar and reached the Oštrelj Pass , as part of Operation Maestral 2 . Both forces mistook the other for the VRS , leading to a friendly fire incident .
Even though the left flank of the salient created by the ARBiH advance was vulnerable , the VRS could not exploit the opportunity because it had no reserves available in the area . An effort to widen the salient commenced on 15 September , when OG North moved against Bosanska Krupa and Otoka in an assault spearheaded by the 503rd , 505th and 517th brigades . At the same time , OG South regrouped in Bosanski Petrovac in anticipation of reinforcements arriving from the 7th Corps . The regrouping involved the creation of a new formation , OG Centre , consisting of the 502nd , 505th , 506th and 517th brigades , all of which had been previously assigned to the two existing OGs . OG South 's 501st and 510th brigades continued their advance , and captured Ključ on 17 September , having advanced covering 70 kilometres ( 43 miles ) since the start of the operation . On the same day , OG North captured Bosanska Krupa and Otoka , and the 510th Brigade was also transferred to OG Centre . This marked the completion of the first stage of Operation Sana .
OG Centre began its advance towards Sanski Most against the 1st Drvar and 1st , 2nd and 3rd Drina infantry brigades , which were remnants of the VRS units which had pulled out of Drvar at the end of Operation Maestral 2 . OG North moved against Novi Grad as well as towards Sanski Most on the left flank of OG Centre , against opposition from the 1st Novigrad and 11th Krupa brigades and the former Drvar garrison . OG South , stripped of all its units except the 501st Brigade , and the 17th Krajina Mountain Brigade which had been transferred from 7th Corps , was tasked with capturing Mrkonjić Grad on the right flank of OG Centre .
When the ARBiH approached Novi Grad and Sanski Most on 18 – 19 September , it encountered 14 @,@ 000 additional VRS troops of the Prijedor OG 10 of the 1st Krajina Corps under the command of Colonel Radmilo Zeljaja , supported by 2 @,@ 000 troops that had arrived from Serbia . The latter included the Serb Volunteer Guard ( Srpska dobrovoljačka garda – SDG ) , led by Željko Ražnatović Arkan , and Serbia 's State Security Service Red Berets . The 2nd Corps re @-@ assembled behind the Prijedor OG 10 and Serbian troops . As the ARBiH approached the two towns , the HV launched Operation Una on 18 September , which involved attempts to cross the Una River at several points near Bosanska Dubica , Bosanska Kostajnica and Novi Grad opposite Dvor . The HV managed to establish several small bridgeheads on the right bank of the river , but the operation was called off after two days of fighting due to high casualties brought on by poor planning .
= = = VRS counteroffensive = = =
On 20 – 22 September , the VRS 5th Kozara and 6th Sanska brigades managed to push OG Centre back approximately six kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 miles ) , while parts of OG North had to withdraw from some areas they had captured . OG North was able to continue its advance near Novi Grad and towards Ljubija against strong resistance . On 22 September , Colonel General Ratko Mladić cut short his medical treatment in Belgrade to return to Banja Luka and control the VRS more directly . The meeting between the top VRS commanders and Mladić produced a request for general mobilisation , establishment of corps @-@ level drumhead court @-@ martials , and a request for the SDG to leave the area — despite the fact that they had been invited by the Republika Srpska Ministry of the Interior and had been granted authority by Radovan Karadžić , the president of Republika Srpska . Finally , a VRS counteroffensive was ordered to regain the lost territory .
The counteroffensive commenced on the night of 23 / 24 September , with the VRS 65th Protection Regiment , 16th Krajina and 43rd Motorised brigades and SDG troops attacking OG North . Fighting lasted for six days and was personally overseen by Mladić . VRS forces pushed the ARBiH back to Bosanska Krupa and Otoka , but the advance had to be stopped to divert forces to defend Mrkonjić Grad . By 1 October , OG South had pushed the VRS 17th Ključ Brigade back to within three kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 miles ) of Mrkonjić Grad . The 16th Motorised Brigade was redeployed from Bosanska Krupa to Mrkonjić Grad , under the command of Colonel Milenko Lazić 's OG 2 of the 30th Division . OG 2 , supported by the SDG , the Red Berets , a Bosnian Serb special police brigade , and at least one battalion of the 1st Armoured Brigade , started to drive OG South back north towards Ključ . OG South had only received one additional independent battalion from the 7th Corps as reinforcement . The reinforced VRS 5th Kozara and 6th Sanska infantry brigades ( organised as the Prijedor OG ) moved south from Sanski Most towards Ključ to complete a pincer movement aimed at destroying OG South . The counterattack had gained momentum by 3 October , and the VRS advanced within one kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 miles ) of Ključ , covering seventeen kilometres ( 11 miles ) in three days . The 16th Motorised Brigade was again redeployed , this time to reinforce VRS positions at Mount Ozren near Doboj . The remaining VRS forces , bolstered by the addition of the 2nd Reconnaissance Sabotage Detachment of the 2nd Corps , continued their attacks against Ključ , but had made only small advances by 8 – 9 October , as OG South had finally received more reinforcements from the 7th Corps , specifically the 707th and 717th brigades . Since Ključ was still in jeopardy , the ARBiH requested HV and HVO assistance .
= = = Capture of Sanski Most = = =
The HV and HVO agreed to assist the ARBiH , and launched Operation Southern Move to relieve the situation in Ključ . In this operation , the HV and the HVO fielded 11 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 troops who captured Mrkonjić Grad from three VRS brigades , thus relieving the pressure on the ARBiH in Ključ . The HV and the HVO then captured the Bočac Hydroelectric Power Station , the last remaining electrical power source available to the Bosnian Serbs in western Bosnia and Herzegovina . On 11 October , the HV and HVO reached a point on Mount Manjača , 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) south of Banja Luka .
By 9 October , the ARBiH 5th Corps had received approximately 10 @,@ 000 troops as reinforcements , including the ARBiH Guards Brigade , the 17th Krajina Mountain , 717th Mountain , 708th Light , and 712th Mountain brigades , and the 7th Reconnaissance @-@ Sabotage Battalion . The Guards Brigade was used to reinforce OG Centre , which also received the 501st Brigade from OG South , while the latter now comprised five brigades previously subordinated to the 7th Corps .
That day , the 5th Corps launched a fresh attack towards Sanski Most , employing OGs Centre and South to capture the town . The assault , spearheaded by the 502nd and 510th brigades , penetrated VRS defences manned by the 15th Bihać and 17th Ključ Brigades , forcing Zeljaja to withdraw his troops to the town itself to avoid encirclement . On 10 October , elements of the VRS 43rd Motorised and 11th Dubica brigades launched an unsuccessful attempt to halt the ARBiH advance on the outskirts of Sanski Most . The 502nd Brigade , the Guards Brigade and the 5th Military Police Battalion subsequently captured the town .
Despite the fact that a ceasefire was scheduled to come into force throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 October , OG Centre continued its advance northeast of Sanski Most , engaging the bulk of the VRS 43rd Motorised Brigade in a series of clashes . This fighting resulted in little change to the territory held by either side by 20 October , when fighting died down .
= = Aftermath = =
Operation Sana , as well as Operation Maestral 2 , were crucial in applying pressure on the VRS in the final weeks of the Bosnian War . A Central Intelligence Agency analysis comparing the effect that Operation Deliberate Force and Operations Sana and Maestral 2 had on the VRS noted that the NATO campaign did not degrade the combat capability of the VRS as much as was initially assumed , because the airstrikes were never primarily directed at field @-@ deployed units , rather they targeted the command and control infrastructure of the Bosnian Serb military . The analysis concluded that , while NATO degraded VRS capabilities , the final offensives by the HV , HVO and the ARBiH had inflicted the most damage . It further noted that those offensives , rather than the NATO bombing , were responsible for bringing the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiating table and ending the war . Author Robert C. Owen argues that the HV , HVO and ARBiH would not have advanced as rapidly as they did had NATO not intervened and hampered VRS defenses , denying it long @-@ range communications .
Operation Sana and Operation Southern Move established the 51 % – 49 % distribution of territory controlled by the ARBiH and HVO on the one hand and the VRS on the other , as envisaged in plans put forward by the Contact Group . The ARBiH , HVO and HV ultimately consented to the maintenance of the ceasefire of 12 October . According to British historian Marko Attila Hoare , their acquiescence was secured following massive diplomatic pressure from the West , and the alleged threat of US airstrikes against the ARBiH if it breached the ceasefire . The Bosnian War ended with the acceptance of the Dayton Agreement by all sides in November 1995 .
The offensive resulted in 178 dead , 588 wounded and 41 captured ARBiH troops . Bosnian Serb losses were 900 killed and more than 1 @,@ 000 wounded . In September and October , 6 @,@ 500 Bosniak and Croat civilians living in the area of Banja Luka or Prijedor were expelled from their homes by Bosnian Serb forces . At the same time , approximately 2 @,@ 000 non @-@ Serb civilians went missing in the area , and presumed detained in labour camps or killed . Changes of control of territory also allowed access to two mass graves near Sanski Most , believed to contain the bodies of 300 civilians killed by Bosnian Serb forces in April 1992 .
Operation Sana , along with the near @-@ concurrent Operation Maestral 2 , created a large number of refugees from the areas previously controlled by the VRS . Bosnian Serb sources document approximately 40 @,@ 000 refugees in September 1995 , encompassing the entire contemporary Bosnian Serb populations of the towns of Jajce , Šipovo , Mrkonjić Grad and Donji Vakuf having fled or been evacuated . At the time , the UN spokesman in Sarajevo estimated the number of refugees at 20 @,@ 000 . Fighting in October caused another 30 @,@ 000 – 40 @,@ 000 refugees to flee from Sanski Most and another 10 @,@ 000 from areas in and around Mrkonjić Grad .
= Aaron Miller =
Aaron Michael Miller ( born August 11 , 1971 ) is a retired American professional ice hockey defenseman . Over the course of his fourteen @-@ year career in the National Hockey League , Miller played for four teams : the Quebec Nordiques , who eventually relocated and became the Colorado Avalanche , the Los Angeles Kings , and the Vancouver Canucks . In 2002 , he was selected as a member of United States hockey team at the 2002 Winter Olympics , where he won a silver medal . Prior to making his professional debut , Miller earned a degree in business from the University of Vermont .
= = Early life = =
Miller was born and raised in Buffalo , New York . After playing forward at St. Francis High School and the Niagara Scenics in Buffalo , Miller was given a scholarship to the University of Vermont . Prior to attending the university , he was drafted 88th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft . Miller was named team captain at the start of the 1992 @-@ 93 season . He scored four goals and 13 assists in 30 games over the year , and was named to both the ECAC First All @-@ Star Team and the NCAA East Second All @-@ American Team . After four years at Vermont , he graduated with a degree in business . He finished his university career with 11 goals and 62 points in 122 games , later being named to Vermont 's All @-@ Time Men ’ s Hockey Team , " The ECAC Years . "
= = Professional career = =
= = = Quebec Nordiques and Colorado Avalanche = = =
Though he was drafted by the Rangers in 1989 , Miller opted to go to university and complete his degree . It was while he was at university that Miller was traded by the Rangers . On January 17 , 1991 , he was sent to the Quebec Nordiques along with the Rangers 5th round draft choice ( Bill Lindsay ) in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft for Joe Cirella .
After graduating from university , Miller made his professional debut in 1993 for the Nordiques minor league affiliate , the Cornwall Aces of the American Hockey League . On January 15 , 1994 he made his NHL debut in Quebec against the Washington Capitals . Miller 's first professional season ended with one NHL game , and 64 AHL games , where he scored four goals and 10 assists . The next season he appeared in nine games for the Nordiques , earning three assists . Miller also played 76 games for the Aces , finishing with totals of four goals and 22 points .
On June 21 , 1995 , the Quebec Nordiques transferred to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche . Miller joined the team in Colorado , and split the 1995 – 96 season between Colorado and Cornwall . In 62 games with Cornwall , he had four goals and 23 assists , while going scorless in five games with the Avalanche . Because he didn 't appear in enough games , Miller was not considered as part of the Stanley Cup winning Avalanche team .
The 1996 – 97 season was Miller 's first full season in the NHL . In a game against the Chicago Blackhawks on October 11 , 1996 , Miller scored his first NHL goal . He finished with five goals and 17 points while appearing in 56 games for the Avalanche , and his plus @-@ minus was a + 15 , the best in the NHL for rookie players . It also marked the NHL playoff debut for Miller , who had a goal and two assists in 17 playoff games . The following season , he had four points in 55 games for the Avalanche , while going pointless in
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@-@ played . Shearman and Pearson , furthermore , praised McGavin 's acting , noting that he was " the series ' spiritual father " .
Other reviews were more critical . John Keegan from Critical Myth awarded the episode 5 out of 10 and wrote , " Overall , this episode is an odd divergence from the normal series format , prompted by the production schedule for the feature film . [ ... ] Acceptable as a stand @-@ alone episode , it simply doesn ’ t fit within the overall scope of the series , and that makes it hard to judge objectively . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely negative review and awarded it one star out of four . She noted that the episode , much like the earlier season five entry " Unusual Suspects " was " filler " , but that , unlike the earlier episode , " Travelers " was " not particularly entertaining . " Vitaris criticized the character of Arthur Dales and wrote that he was " not an intriguing character " . However , she did praise the visuals , describing them as " outstanding " .
= The End ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" The End " is the 20th and final episode of the fifth season , and 117th overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode first aired in the United States and Canada on May 17 , 1998 . " The End " subsequently aired in the United Kingdom on March 17 , 1999 on BBC One . The episode was written by executive producer Chris Carter , and directed by R. W. Goodwin . " The End " earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 9 , being watched by 18 @.@ 76 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , the assassination of a chess grandmaster leads Mulder and Scully into an investigation that they soon discover strikes at the heart of the X @-@ Files ; they learn that the real target was a telepathic boy named Gibson Praise .
The episode was originally supposed to be the series finale for the show , allowing the series to evolve into a film franchise following the release of the 1998 movie . However , the series proved too profitable for Fox and a sixth season was ordered . The episode would be the last to be filmed in Vancouver : production for the subsequent seasons moved to Los Angeles , California . " The End " features what would become the recurring character of Diana Fowley , portrayed by Mimi Rogers . As a season finale , it created loose ends for both the feature film and the subsequent season opener , " The Beginning " .
= = Plot = =
In Vancouver , an international chess tournament is held at an arena between Anatole Klebanow , a Russian grandmaster , and Gibson Praise ( Jeff Gulka ) , a young American prodigy . In the rafters , the Shooter , an MIB assassin , prepares to fire at Gibson . However , Gibson senses the Shooter 's presence and manages to discreetly dodge the shot , which kills Klebanow instead .
Elsewhere in Canada , the Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) is found by Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) . At FBI Headquarters Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) reveals to Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) that Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) is leading the case investigating the shooting . Despite Spender 's request that Mulder not be involved , he bursts into the meeting and offers the explanation that the assassin was firing at Gibson , not the Russian . In the meeting is Diana Fowley ( Mimi Rogers ) , an acquaintance from Mulder 's past . The Smoking Man is reunited with the Syndicate members , including the First Elder and the Well @-@ Manicured Man , who want him to help them with the situation concerning Gibson . Fowley accompanies Mulder and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) as they go visit Gibson in Gaithersburg , Maryland . Mulder believes that Gibson can read minds , hence why he is so good at chess . Scully learns that Mulder and Diana know each other from long ago .
Mulder goes to see the Shooter , despite Spender 's objections . Mulder wants to give the Shooter immunity in exchange for testimony , which the Shooter refuses . Gibson proves his abilities to a group of clinicians while Scully and Fowley watch . The guard at the prison hands the Shooter a flattened Morley cigarette box that says he 's a dead man . Scully visits the Lone Gunmen , wanting them to analyze the data from Gibson . She asks them who Diana is , and they tell her she worked closely with Mulder when he discovered the X @-@ Files . The Smoking Man meets with Jeffrey in the FBI parking lot , but disappears when Mulder spots them talking . Scully and Mulder present to Skinner on Gibson , who shows extraordinary brain activities . Mulder believes that Gibson is the key to everything in the X @-@ Files and wants to make a deal with the Shooter . Diana and Skinner think this may result in adverse attention from the attorney general and the X @-@ Files could be closed down if things go wrong , but Mulder dismisses that risk .
Mulder meets with the Shooter again , who tells him that Gibson is a missing link . Mulder believes that Gibson has genes that are dormant in most humans . The Smoking Man dismisses the Well @-@ Manicured Man 's concerns about Mulder 's actions . At the prison the guard kills the Shooter . Diana Fowley , protecting Gibson in a hotel room , is shot shortly afterwards and Gibson is captured by the Smoking Man 's minions . Skinner tells Mulder of the Shooter 's death and that a flattened Morley cigarette box was found in his cell . Mulder confronts Spender , accusing him of working with the Smoking Man . The Smoking Man turns Gibson over to the Well @-@ Manicured Man . Scully is informed by Skinner that the Justice Department is seeking to have the X @-@ Files shut down . Mulder realizes that this was all part of a plan . The Smoking Man takes Samantha 's X @-@ File from Mulder 's office and lights the room on fire . As he leaves he meets Jeffrey , and tells him that he 's his father . By the time Mulder and Scully arrive the X @-@ Files are completely destroyed .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Originally , the fifth season of The X @-@ Files was supposed to be the show 's last . In this manner , the finale of season five would have segued the series into a movie franchise . David Duchovny explained , " we were saying , ' Okay , we 're going to do five . We 'll get out of here at five . ' And then five came around , and no one was going anywhere . " The series proved to be so lucrative for Fox that two additional seasons were ordered . Thus , " The End " was created to segue into The X @-@ Files movie , as well as the sixth season premiere , " The Beginning " .
Near the beginning of the episode , Praise plays a Russian grandmaster at chess . The Complete X @-@ Files notes that the " chess motif " was carried on throughout the episode , most notably in the fact that The Smoking Man " plays Mulder to a checkmate , using Jeffrey as a pawn . " Because of this , and his past actions , many perceived The Smoking Man as the true villain of the story . William B. Davis , who played The Smoking Man , however , felt that the character was the hero of the story . He noted , " I used to go to conventions and try to convince everyone that I was the hero of the series and Mulder was the bad guy . [ … ] I got a lot of laughs , but it 's certainly true of how one plays the character . Nobody thinks they 're evil . "
= = = Casting and filming = = =
The episode introduced two new characters in Gibson Praise , played by Jeff Gulka , and Diana Fowley , portrayed by Mimi Rogers . Kim Manners later said of Gulka , " There was something about that kid 's personality that really came off on screen . He really exuded an intelligence that was pretty special . Chris saw what Bob Goodwin did with him and he knew that this kid was a special storytelling tool for the chronicle of the X @-@ Files " . Chris Carter said that Fowley " was a character you were destined to hate because she was a competitor for Mulder 's affection with Scully . Gillian Anderson said , " She didn 't make it easy on Scully . I think she was aware of her effect on Mulder and on the situation . "
This episode was the last episode of the series to be filmed in Vancouver , Canada prior to production moving to Los Angeles , California . The move was influenced in part by David Duchovny , who after five years of filming wanted to be closer to his wife . The audience at the chess match was made up of local fans as a " thank you " to the city for hosting the production during its first five years . The chess match was filmed at Rogers Arena — then known as GM Place — the home of the Vancouver Canucks as well as the Vancouver Grizzlies at the time . While the producers expected five thousand people to show up , twelve thousand appeared . Instructions were given to the crowd by director R. W. Goodwin using giant video screens attached to the scoreboard . During breaks between shooting concession stands , music and videos were made available to the attendees . Actors Duchovny and Anderson also answered questions for the audience and over $ 20 @,@ 000 worth of equipment was raffled off . Chris Carter directed the second unit filming for the episode in order to be with the show 's Canadian crew members .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The End " premiered on the Fox network on May 17 , 1998 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on March 17 , 1999 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 9 with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 18 @.@ 76 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing . The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist 's plans to take over the earth .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The End " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Lon Grahnke of Chicago Sun @-@ Times reacted positively towards the episode , describing it as " pivotal " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . She wrote that the episode " is an effective , sometimes even moving , conclusion to a scattershot season . " Vitaris wrote that the entry was " far superior " to the season four season finale " Gethsemane " and praised the various character introductions , most notably that of Gibson Praise and Diana Fowley . She did , however , criticize the reappearance of Krycek and the fact that The Smoking Man was again working for the Syndicate . Critical Myth reviewer John Keegan gave the episode a 9 out 10 rating and wrote that , " Overall , this episode was a very good season finale , making sense of the season ’ s character arcs while setting the stage for the feature film . While the effect was somewhat mitigated by the fact that the episode also had to set up situations for the sixth season , it highlights Cancer Man ’ s strategic strengths in a way that previous episodes didn ’ t fully exploit . " In a 2000 review of season five for the New Straits Times , Francis Dass called " The End " a " gem " and praised the acting of Jeff Gulka , noting that he was a " great child actor " .
Other reviews were more mixed . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a mixed review and grade it a C + . Handlen criticized the episode 's lack of resolution , noting that " The show can feed our social paranoia [ … ] but when it comes time to deliver on all this , to finally pull back the curtain and move on to the next stage , it fumbles things . " Furthermore , he called the Mulder / Scully / Fowley love triangle " immediately off @-@ putting " and criticized Mimi Rogers 's characterization . However , Handlen did call The Smoking Man 's return " thrilling " and wrote that the burning of Mulder 's office was " arguably one of the most iconic visuals in the run of the series " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two criticized the closing down of the X @-@ Files division , due largely to the fact that " we 've seen [ it ] before " , a reference to the divisions 's closing at the conclusion of the show 's first season . However , Shearman and Pearson wrote that " ' The End ' works in spite of itself " , citing the arrival of Diana Fowley and the confrontation between The Smoking Man and Jeffrey Spender as positive points in the episode .
= Tropical Storm Danielle ( 1992 ) =
Tropical Storm Danielle was a weak tropical storm that made landfall on Virginia in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season . The fourth storm of the season , Danielle was one of two tropical cyclones in the year to make landfall in the United States , the other being Hurricane Andrew . It formed out of a stationary trough of low pressure on September 18 near the coast of North Carolina . The system quickly reached tropical storm status , and Danielle looped to the west due to a change in steering currents . Tropical Storm Danielle reached a peak of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) winds before weakening and hitting the Delmarva Peninsula . The storm quickly dissipated over land .
The storm dropped light rainfall throughout its path , and winds were minimal . The combination of Danielle and a high pressure system produced higher than normal tides and strong waves , causing beach erosion and light coastal damage . The waves killed two in New Jersey from a boat sinking , and also destroyed three houses in the Outer Banks of North Carolina . Overall damage from the storm was minimal .
= = Meteorological history = =
A surface trough of low pressure with an area of convection persisted off the southeast coast of the United States on September 18 . On the same day , a weak tropical wave which moved off the coast of Africa on September 8 approached the area . A cold front merged with the stationary area of disturbed weather on September 20 , and on September 22 a circulation developed 200 miles ( 325 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . Organization continued as outflow became better defined , and the system developed into Tropical Depression Six later that day .
The depression rapidly organized and attained tropical storm status with winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) just six hours after forming , upon which it was named Danielle . In response to an approaching trough , Danielle initially moved to the northeast . However , the trough outran the system , and a developing high pressure system to its north resulted in Danielle executing a tight , anticyclonic loop on September 23 to the 24th . The storm strengthened as it turned to the northwest , and reached a peak of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) winds on September 25 while just off the northeastern coast of North Carolina . Danielle turned to the north @-@ northwest , and made landfall on the Eastern Shore of Virginia late on the 25th . It rapidly weakened over land , and dissipated over eastern Pennsylvania on September 26 .
= = Preparations = =
Early in its life , forecasters had difficulties regarding the future track and intensity of Danielle , including a northeastward motion instead of its loop . After Danielle executed its loop , forecasters consistently predicted a landfall along the northeastern North Carolina coastline . As a result , officials issued Tropical Storm Warnings for the coast of North Carolina on September 24 , 36 hours before the storm passed to the east of the state . The continued northward motion caught forecasters off guard , and consequentially tropical storm warnings were not issued for the Delmarva Peninsula until just 12 hours before the storm made landfall . In addition , forecasters issued tropical storm warnings from Delaware through Watch Hill , Rhode Island , as a precaution .
In North Carolina , ferry operations between Ocracoke and the mainland at Hyde County were closed , while officials canceled schools in Dare County , North Carolina due to the approaching storm . Several families voluntarily evacuated St. George 's Island in southern St. Mary 's County , Maryland . In addition , officials in Delaware recommended evacuations for low @-@ level areas and beaches . As a precaution , officials set up two shelters in Kent County .
= = Impact = =
= = = North Carolina = = =
The pressure gradient between Tropical Storm Danielle and a ridge of high pressure to its north produced moderately strong winds across eastern North Carolina , peaking at 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) at Alligator River Bridge . Several other locations reported over tropical storm force winds . The pressure gradient also produced higher than normal waves along the coastline , with a maximum of 20 feet ( 6 m ) at Duck . Despite passing close to the coastline , Danielle dropped only light rainfall , totaling to 0 @.@ 2 inches ( 5 mm ) at Cape Hatteras . However , locations in the central portion of the state experienced over 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of rainfall .
Waves and high tides from the storm caused flooding along the Pamlico Sound side of Ocracoke and southern Hatteras Island . High tides also resulted in overwash in Pea Island , forcing the closure of State Highway 17 due to 12 inches ( 305 mm ) of salt water . High tides from the storm also destroyed two houses in South Nags Head and one in Rodanthe , two of which were previously condemned after the 1991 Perfect Storm . Three other houses in the Outer Banks were threatened by the storm . Elsewhere in the Outer Banks , damage was minimal , and was limited to pedestrian ramps and steps to the beachfront .
= = = Mid @-@ Atlantic = = =
In Virginia , Tropical Storm Danielle produced peak wind gusts of 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) at Cape Henry , though sustained winds remained below tropical storm strength . Rainfall was light along the coast , totaling to around 0 @.@ 34 inches ( 8 @.@ 6 mm ) . However , outer bands of the storm produced heavier rainfall in the center portion of the state , peaking at 4 @.@ 09 inches ( 103 @.@ 88 m ) at Charlottesville . The storm also produced higher than usual tides , peaking at 4 @.@ 42 feet ( 1 @.@ 3 m ) at the mouth of the Elizabeth River in Sewells Point , as well as strong waves along the Virginia coastline . The waves caused significant overwash , leaving parts of Norfolk under 2 feet ( .6 m ) of water . Several homes , businesses , and cars were flooded , as well . The waves also eroded beaches along the coast . Overall , damage was minimal , and there were no reports of deaths or injuries .
Upon making landfall Danielle produced an estimated storm tide of 2 to 3 feet ( .6 to .9 m ) in Ocean City , Maryland . Wind gusts peaked at 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) , also in Ocean City . The storm produced moderate rainfall of over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) across the Eastern Shore of Maryland , while interior amounts experienced slightly lesser amounts of up to 2 @.@ 79 inches ( 71 mm ) in Pasadena . Waves from the storm caused minor to moderate beach erosion along the coastline , and the combination of waves and high tides caused moderate street flooding . Near Salisbury , the storm produced a possible hook echo , though no tornadoes were reported . Danielle caused no deaths or injuries in the state .
In Delaware , the storm dropped light precipitation , with a maximum amount of 3 @.@ 75 inches ( 95 mm ) in Smyrna . Wind gusts peaked at 66 mph ( 106 km / h ) at Cape Henlopen . Danielle caused 2 to 3 @-@ foot ( .6 to .9 @-@ m ) higher than normal tides , along with strong waves . The combination of the two flooded some coastal houses and resulted in significant beach and dune erosion . The waves also sank four boats and washed away a dock near Slaughter Beach . Gusty winds caused power outages in New Castle County , while persistent rainfall caused sewer interruptions . Overall , with the exception of the severe beach erosion , damage was minimal .
= = = Northeast United States = = =
Tropical Storm Danielle dropped light rainfall across much of New Jersey , with some areas in the southwestern portion of the state experiencing over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . Strong waves from the storm washed out miles of beaches along the coastline . In Ocean City , the waves passed over the boardwalk and into houses . Further north , the waves crashed a four @-@ person , 35 @-@ foot ( 10 @-@ m ) sailboat near Island Beach State Park . Two managed to swim safely to shore , though the other two occupants drowned .
Danielle 's outer bands dropped light rainfall from Connecticut through Maine , with isolated locations in Rhode Island and Massachusetts reporting over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . Damage in New England is unknown .
= ? Nycticebus linglom =
? Nycticebus linglom is a fossil strepsirrhine primate from the Miocene of Thailand . Known only from a single tooth , an upper third molar , it is thought to be related to the living slow lorises ( genus Nycticebus ) , but the material is not sufficient to assign the species to Nycticebus with certainty , and the species name therefore uses open nomenclature . With a width of 1 @.@ 82 mm , this tooth is very small for a primate . It is triangular in shape , supported by a single root , and shows three main cusps , in addition to various crests . The absence of a fourth cusp , the hypocone , distinguishes it from various other prosimian primates .
= = Taxonomy = =
? Nycticebus linglom was described in 1997 by French paleontologists Pierre Mein and Léonard Ginsburg in a report on the fossil mammals of Li Mae Long , a Miocene site in Thailand . The animal is known from a single tooth , and on the basis of comparisons with other prosimian primates Mein and Ginsburg concluded that it is most closely related to the living slow lorises ( genus Nycticebus ) . However , in view of the very limited material , they only tentatively assigned the fossil species to Nycticebus , using open nomenclature . The specific name , linglom , is the Thai word for " loris " .
= = Description = =
The single known tooth , a third upper molar ( M3 ) known as T Li 41 , is tiny , with a length of 1 @.@ 29 mm and width of 1 @.@ 82 mm . Mein and Ginsburg claim that it is the smallest known prosimian molar . The tooth is triangular in shape and shows a simple , reduced morphology . Three important cusps — the protocone , paracone , and metacone — are present , connected by a crest . They are low and rounded . The metacone , located at the back of the tooth , is closer to the protocone , which is on the front lingual corner ( the side of the tongue ) , than it is to the paracone on the front labial corner ( the side of the cheeks ) . The protocone is rounded on the lingual side and is attached to a weak crest on the front and back . On the front labial corner , a lengthy crest , the parastylar crest , is present , which includes a minor cusp known as a parastyle . Some wear is visible on the parastylar crest , and at the front of the tooth a contact facet with the preceding second upper molar is present . The tooth has a single , well @-@ developed root , which contains a number of grooves , suggesting that it consists of three smaller , fused rootlets .
? Nycticebus linglom is much smaller than the fossil sivaladapine primates , and unlike tarsier M3s , the single known fossil is reduced in form and lacks a fourth main cusp , a hypocone . With its reduced , triangular form , it more closely resembles lorises ( family Lorisidae ) , but the absence of a hypocone also distinguishes it from the slender lorises ( Loris ) , the angwantibos ( Arctocebus ) , and the pygmy slow loris ( Nycticebus pygmaeus ) . The fossil genus Nycticeboides lacks the rounded lingual face of the protocone seen in ? N. linglom and possesses additional cuspules . However , ? N. linglom strongly resembles the Bengal slow loris ( Nycticebus bengalensis ) , from which it is distinguished by its smaller size and fused roots .
= = Range and ecology = =
Li Mae Long , the collection site of ? N. linglom , is dated to the latest Early Miocene , corresponding to the European zone MN 4 , around 18 mya . It is in the Thai province of Lamphun . The fossil fauna encompasses 34 species of mammals , including the tarsier Tarsius thailandica and the treeshrew Tupaia miocenica . Mein and Ginsburg conclude that the fauna represents a tropical forest environment close to a shallow lake .
= The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1911 film ) =
The Old Curiosity Shop is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is an adaptation of The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens that was limited to the time constrictions of the single reel format . The film focuses on the grandfather who gambles into poverty and the consequences which eventually claim the life of Little Nell . The surviving status of this film likely means that a more in @-@ depth and modern look at the film is possible . Its survival status and attribution as a Thanhouser film was noted by Kamilla Elliott in her 2003 book Rethinking the Novel / Film Debate under the title Little Nell . In 2012 , the work was confirmed to be a Thanhouser production at the Pordenone Silent Film Festival . The identification of the film as Little Nell arose due to head of the film having been lost .
= = Plot = =
Adapted from The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens , the film has been shortened and streamlined for the single reel format . The film focuses on a grandfather who gambles himself into poverty . He dotes on his granddaughter , Little Nell , and desires to give her every luxury . The grandfather turns to gambling to try and earn money , firmly believing that luck would favor him . His gambling results in losing everything and Nell fears that he will be taken away to an asylum . At night , Nell flees with him and they find refuge and shelter with Mrs. Jarley . The grandfather , seeking to win money , robs Nell of her money and proceeds to gamble it away . The grandfather is coerced by men to steal to pay the debts , but Nell intervenes and flees with her grandfather again . Exhausted and feeble in health , Nell meets a kind schoolmaster and appeals to him for aid before falling unconscious at his feet . The schoolmaster takes the two in , but it is too late to save Nell and she dies . Her grandfather is brokenhearted and is found dead on her grave several days later .
= = Cast = =
Frank H. Crane as the grandfather
Marie Eline as Little Nell
Harry Benham
Marguerite Snow
Alphonse Ethier
William Bowman
= = Production = =
The film is a condensed adaptation of Dickens ' work , reviewers specifically highlighted the attention to detail and the limitations of the format when condensing the work to a single reel format . The atmosphere of the film and the portrayal was deemed to be natural except for the scenes in open . The director of the film was Barry O 'Neil , but the scenario writer and cameraman are uncredited . The surviving status of the film yields to the possibility of further information being gained on the production and details of the work .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on January 20 , 1911 . The film was promoted by the Thanhouser Company as a film that every Dickens ' lover would enjoy . Critic reviewed the film favorably . Walton of the The Moving Picture News wrote , " To a lover of Dickens a pure delight . The salient points of the story have been taken and thus the film moves along so as to forge an intelligent conception of the original . ... The condensation has been thoughtfully done , by one who evidently knows the possibilities and limitations of the reel . A worthy production that must needs win its reward . " According to Thanhouser Company Film Preservation , the film was confirmed as a Thanhouser production after its screening at Pordenone Silent Film Festival in 2012 . The film was listed under the title of " Little Nell " from the first intertitle because the head of the film is missing . However , the 2003 book Rethinking the Novel / Film Debate by Kamilla Elliott correctly attributes " Little Nell " as a Thanhouser production . The film is not the first known adaptation of the work , Essanay Studios released an identically titled work in 1909 .
= Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 =
Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 is the second extended play by American indie rock band Pavement , released in 1990 . The EP was the band 's first release on Chicago independent label Drag City , and its first release that was not self @-@ issued . Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 shared many of the same indie and punk rock influences of Pavement 's 1989 debut Slay Tracks ( 1933 @-@ 1969 ) , but also diversified the group 's sound by incorporating keyboards .
Many of the songs on Demolition J @-@ 7 were written while Scott Kannberg and Jason Fawkes were in their short @-@ lived band , Pa . After Stephen Malkmus heard demos recorded by Pa , the songs turned into a Pavement project . The recording session for Demolition J @-@ 7 was more difficult than for Slay Tracks due to tension between producer Gary Young and Fawkes . The EP received favorable reception from critics and fans , and solidified the band 's cult fanbase .
= = Background = =
Pavement had attained a degree of success within the underground music scene with its 1989 debut EP Slay Tracks ( 1933 @-@ 1969 ) . While Malkmus was traveling to parts of Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East , Kannberg managed Slay Track 's release on the band 's self @-@ owned label , Treble Kicker . Slay Tracks caught the attention of Dan Koretzky , an avid record collector working at Reckless Records in Chicago . Koretzky ordered 200 copies of the EP for the record store , and asked Kannberg to sign to his newly started independent label , Drag City . At the time the members of Pavement anticipated no further releases beyond Slay Tracks , and Kannberg initially expressed reluctance to sign to any label . Kannberg later said " I started talking to [ Koretzky ] and in our conversations he said ' I 'm starting this label . Do you want to do something for us ? ' I said , ' Well I don 't know if we 're even a band . Steve is off in Europe . ' He said , " Well if you want to I 'm up for it . ' "
While Malkmus was still abroad , Kannberg moved in with a friend and his roommate Jason Fawkes in Sacramento , California . Fawkes and Kannberg formed a new band called Pa , with Fawkes on drums . Kannberg said , " I didn 't know if Pavement was going to do anything so I just said , ' Let 's start another band . ' " The duo frequently jammed , and considered a future release on Drag City . Pa recorded a series of instrumental demos , including new songs " Two States " , " Forklift " , and " Collapse " , at Young 's Louder Than You Think studios during a trip to Stockton . After Kannberg and Fawkes had returned to Sacramento , Malkmus visited and the group decided to turn the Pa songs into a Pavement project . Malkmus wrote lyrics to " Forklift " and presented the band with " two or three other songs " he had previously written .
= = Recording = =
Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 was , like Slay Tracks and the Pa demos , recorded by Gary Young at his Louder Than You Think studios in Stockton . The recording took place on October 16 and October 17 , 1989 . Malkmus was influenced by the rehearsal style of jazz musicians as significant to the EP 's recording , saying " When we start recording , we 're really focused on what we 're doing . We know how it 's going to sound in the studio . We don 't have to worry if it 's sounding good in the rehearsal space . We take those prescriptions from the great jazz people and applied them to our own framework . "
The addition of Fawkes to the band created tension with Young . Young had served as the primary drummer on Slay Tracks , with Malkmus and Kannberg drumming on a few songs . Young did not play any drums for the Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 sessions , and expressed jealousy towards Fawkes , openly mocking the new drummer . However , Fawkes ultimately only played drums on the EP 's opening track " Forklift " , and Malkmus and Kannberg performed the rest of the songs .
= = Music = =
Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Heather Phares wrote in Allmusic 's biography of Pavement that , with Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 , Pavement " had begun to forge [ their ] influences into its own signature sound . " A review in the Baltimore City Paper likened the EP 's sound to " a cross between The Fall ( circa Frenz Experiment ) and Half Japanese " . A review in LA Weekly stated that " The guitar on ' Internal K @-@ Dart ' and ' Fork Lift ' is patently similar to Big Black and [ Dinosaur Jr . ] , but Pavement steer clear of the former 's pretentiously bleak posturing and the latter 's dreary self @-@ pity " . Malkmus noted the influence that jazz musicians had on the EP 's recording , and acknowledged jazz albums Interstellar Space by John Coltrane and Andrew ! ! ! by Andrew Hill as two of his favorite records . The EP is Pavement 's first to incorporate keyboards .
The first song on the album , " Forklift " , features fuzzy guitar effects , like much of the band 's early material . " Forklift " also incorporates what Pavement biographer Rob Jovanovic calls " almost Kraftwerk @-@ sounding " overdubbed electronic keyboard sounds in the chorus . " Spizzle Trunk " is a punk @-@ influenced track with " thrashy guitars " , but it also includes " barroom Jerry Lee Lewis piano buried in the mix " . The next two tracks , " Recorder Grot " and " Internal K @-@ Dart " , are both heavy and guitar @-@ oriented songs . " Perfect Depth " is , according to Jovanovic , a " gloriously messy sonic assault " , and " reflects a more considered Malkmus attempt at lyric crafting , even if they are nonsensical and almost impossible to hear " . The EP ends with " Recorder Grot ( Rally ) " , a 21 @-@ second instrumental of guitar feedback .
= = Release and reception = =
Between the release of Slay Tracks and the recording sessions for Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 , Koretzky formed Drag City with Dan Osborn . The first release from the label was the Royal Trux single " Hero Zero " , which sold well . Despite the new label 's early financial struggles , Drag City used the profit from " Hero Zero " to press and release 1000 copies of Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 . Kannberg designed the cover of the EP , as he had done previously with Slay Tracks .
Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 was met with favorable reviews upon its release , though most of these reviews were from underground music zines . One of the few reviewers from a major music magazine to review Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 upon its release , Robert Christgau of the Village Voice gave the EP a two @-@ star honorable mention , citing " Forklift " as a highlight .
Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 was ranked as the fourth best EP of 1990 in the Village Voice Pazz & Jop Critic 's Poll . Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 helped define the early " messed @-@ up , art @-@ steeped guitar noise " sound of Drag City , which would become a seminal independent label . Donna Freydkin of CNN.com wrote in a 1999 retrospective of the band 's history that " it was with the release of the 1990 EP [ Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 ] that Pavement secured a devoted following . " Village Voice writer Michaelangelo Matos noted Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 and its follow @-@ up , the 1991 EP Perfect Sound Forever , as " epochal to ... sloppy early- ' 90s undergrads . "
= = Track listing = =
All tracks were written by Stephen Malkmus , with some early versions attributed to Scott Kannberg .
" Forklift " – 3 : 27
" Spizzle Trunk " – 1 : 23
" Recorder Grot " – 2 : 18
" Internal K @-@ Dart " – 1 : 51
" Perfect Depth " – 2 : 43
" Recorder Grot ( Rally ) " – 0 : 21
= Graveyard Shift ( SpongeBob SquarePants ) =
" Graveyard Shift " is the 16th episode of the second season , and the 36th episode overall , of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was written by Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and Dan Povenmire , and was directed by Sean Dempsey . Lender and Povenmire also served as storyboard directors . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 6 , 2002 .
The series follows the adventures and endeavours of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , Squidward and SpongeBob are forced to work 24 hours a day by Mr. Krabs , so that he can get more money . Squidward soon gets bored , and tells SpongeBob a scary story to have some fun with him . After scaring SpongeBob , Squidward tells him that the story is fictional . However , when Squidward and SpongeBob are alone , the events in Squidward 's story begin to occur .
The episode featured Max Schreck as Count Orlok , of the 1922 silent film Nosferatu , via stock footage . Episode writer Lender proposed the idea as a gag at the end of the episode , which series creator Stephen Hillenburg accepted . Before the idea of Count Orlok , Lender thought of " Floorboard Harry " , an idea that was deleted . The episode received glowing positive reviews upon release .
= = Plot summary = =
Mr. Krabs is inspired by a group of interested customers to create a night shift for the Krusty Krab , leaving an anticipating SpongeBob and a chagrined , irritated Squidward to work all day . Exasperated with his boss 's demands , Squidward attempts to scare SpongeBob into disliking the night shift by creating the legend of the " Hash @-@ Slinging Slasher " , a former fry cook employed by the restaurant during the night shift , who accidentally sliced off his own arm and was killed by a transportation bus late one night . He cautions SpongeBob about the multiple warning indications signaling the ghost 's impending arrival : lights flickering on and off , the phone ringing and nobody being on the other line , and the ghost of the bus arriving to deliver the slasher .
Although Squidward manages to reassure a petrified SpongeBob that his story is fiction , the two employees are alarmed by the strange , coincidental occurrences paralleling the fictitious omens surrounding the murderous Hash @-@ Slinging Slasher SpongeBob insists that these are clear indications of paranormal activity , whereas a dubious Squidward dismisses them as meaningless , until the warning signs continue recurring and reappearing , matching those described in the ghost story .
Finally , a mysterious , dark silhouette appears at the road outside the Krusty Krab matching Squidward 's description of the Hash @-@ Slinging Slasher . Both horrified men immediately realize that they are experiencing genuine supernatural events . Panicking and screaming , they are relieved when the strange , unidentified figure enters turns out to be a kid applying for a job , revealing that he had tried contacting the establishment by telephone , but had hung up out of nervousness . The flickering lights were credited to the antics of Count Orlok of the 1922 silent film Nosferatu , with whom the characters are inexplicably familiar .
= = Production = =
" Graveyard Shift " was written by Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and Dan Povenmire , with Sean Dempsey serving as animation director . Lender and Povenmire also served as storyboard directors . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 6 , 2002 , with a TV @-@ Y7 parental rating .
Episode writer Lender proposed to have Count Orlok of the 1922 silent film Nosferatu appear as a gag at the end of the episode . Series creator Stephen Hillenburg accepted Lender 's proposal and allowed him to do it . Lender said , " Steve gave you the opportunities to do things that would really be memorable , if you could sell him on it . " Lender then searched for books with scannable pictures of Count Orlok . However , the image of Count Orlok used in the episode was taken from the Internet . He said , " I searched what little there was of the Web back then . " Nick Jennings Photoshopped the smile on Count Orlok to make sure it matched Lender 's board drawing . Lender said , " It was my baby , and I held its hand until we shipped it overseas [ to Rough Draft Studios in South Korea ] . " Before his idea of Count Orlok , Lender thought of " Floorboard Harry " , a deleted gag that concludes the broadcast episode , in which he initially flickers the lights .
" Graveyard Shift " was released on the DVD compilation titled SpongeBob SquarePants : Nautical Nonsense and Sponge Buddies on March 12 , 2002 . It was also included on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season DVD released on October 19 , 2004 . On September 22 , 2009 , " Graveyard Shift " was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes , alongside all of the episodes of seasons one through five . On September 14 , 2010 , the SpongeBob SquarePants : 10 Happiest Moments DVD was released and included " Graveyard Shift " as one of its features .
= = Reception = =
" Graveyard Shift " received very positive reviews upon release . Emily Estep of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode No. 4 on her " Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants " list , saying , " [ It ] is another scary episode of SpongeBob , and it 's my favorite one . " She added , " I love ' Graveyard Shift ' for a myriad of reasons , but mostly because it puts the two SpongeBob SquarePants characters with the best chemistry together : Squidward and Spongebob . The episode is kind of like a puzzle , and SpongeBob 's relentless cheer in the midst of likely doom is inspiring . "
In his review for the DVD Talk , Jason Bovberg praised the episode for its " spooky wonderfulness " , stating that the episode scared his daughter . Paul Mavis of DVD Talk said , " A fun , ' scary ' ( for little kids ) SpongeBob that adults will appreciate , ' Graveyard Shift ' uses the old standby of the headless / handless / legless ( take your pick ) killer @-@ seeking @-@ revenge stories we all told as kids , and cleverly grafts it onto a ' SpongeBob at work ' storyline . " Mavis added , " I always enjoy it when Rodger Bumpass , the voice actor for Squidward , gets quiet and manipulative when he 's shining SpongeBob on , and here 's one of the best examples of that . " He praised Count Orlok 's cameo , " especially when they animate the vampire 's face into a goofy , giddy smile . " Mike Jackson of DVD Verdict said the episode is one of his " personal faves . " He also said " [ The episode ] has everything that makes the show great : funny dialogue ( the whole story of the Hash @-@ Slinging Slasher is hilarious ) , clever sight gags ( especially Spongebob 's regenerating limbs ) , and that aforementioned outta @-@ nowhere ending that made me bust a gut . "
= Radetzky @-@ class battleship =
The Radetzky class was a group of three semi @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy between 1907 and 1910 . All ships were built by the STT shipyard in Trieste . They were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarians , and the penultimate class of any type of Austro @-@ Hungarian battleship completed . The class comprised three ships : Radetzky , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand , and Zrínyi . They were armed with four 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns in two twin turrets and eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four twin turrets ; the heavy secondary guns set the Radetzky @-@ class ships apart from other pre @-@ dreadnought type battleships .
Commissioned only a few years before the outbreak of World War I , the ships had limited service careers . All three of the battleships conducted training cruises in the Mediterranean Sea in 1912 . In 1913 , they took part in an international naval demonstration in the Ionian Sea that protested the Balkan Wars . After Italy declared war on Austro @-@ Hungary and the other Central Powers in 1915 , the three Radetzky @-@ class ships bombarded coastal targets in the Adriatic Sea . After 1915 , their participation in the war became minimal . All three ships were handed over to Italy after the end of the war , and broken up for scrap between 1920 and 1926 .
= = Design = =
= = = Development = = =
Design work for a new class of battleships started about two weeks after the launching of Erzherzog Friedrich , an Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleship , which took place on April 30 , 1904 . By the end of July 1905 , the Austrian Commander in Chief of the Navy , Admiral Monteccuccoli , laid out his vision for an expanded Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet . This included 12 battleships , four armored cruisers , eight scout cruisers , 18 destroyers , 36 large torpedo boats , and six submarines . A navy design board evaluated five designs for the new battleship type between September 25 – 29 , 1905 .
The first design was armed with four 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns in two twin turrets , four 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in single turrets , and eight 19 cm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) guns in casemates . The second design retained the 28 and 24 cm guns as in the first version , though altered the tertiary guns to twelve 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) guns . The third design , representative of the new dreadnought type of battleship that was being contemplated in other navies , featured eight 28 cm guns in four twin turrets , one fore , one aft , and two wing turrets . The heavy secondary guns were dispensed with altogether , and the light @-@ caliber guns were increased to sixteen 10 cm guns . The fourth design was a variation on the third type ; the eight 28 cm guns were replaced by six 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns , in two twin turrets and two single turrets . The 10 cm guns remained the same . The final design mounted four 30 @.@ 5 cm guns in two twin turrets , eight 19 cm guns in four wing turrets , and twelve 10 cm guns in casemates . The leader of the design staff , Siegfried Popper , advocated the construction of an " all @-@ big @-@ gun " ship . However , Austro @-@ Hungarian dock facilities at the time limited displacement to 16 @,@ 000 long tons ( 16 @,@ 000 t ) ; the two " dreadnought " type designs were too heavy .
Popper eventually relented , after admitting that the larger dreadnought type design would also warrant the construction of a new floating dry dock , which would significantly increase the cost of the project . The design board selected the fifth design , though during refinement of the design , the secondary guns were increased in caliber from 19 cm to 24 cm . The 30 @.@ 5 cm gun was chosen because the breech of the new 28 cm was unreliable . The resulting design was the last pre @-@ dreadnought type of battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian navy .
Underwater protection was also emphasized . Between August and November 1906 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian navy conducted explosive tests using the 50 @-@ year @-@ old ironclad Kaiser Max . The tests were conducted with 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) , in an attempt to investigate blast effects of the standard 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) naval mine on a 1 : 10 scale . The tests were generally unsuccessful ; as a result , Popper devised a mathematical model to predict the strength the underwater protection system would require to adequately protect the new battleships . The ships were ultimately equipped with an armored double bottom for defense against mines and torpedoes .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The Radetzky @-@ class ships were 137 @.@ 5 m ( 451 ft 1 in ) long at the waterline and 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 5 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 9 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 7 in ) . The ships were designed to displace 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 @.@ 5 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 @.@ 8 t ) with a full combat load . Machinery consisted of two four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines . Each engine was powered by six Yarrow boilers . Power output was 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower ( 14 @,@ 800 kW ) , for a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . The ships carried 1 @,@ 350 long tons ( 1 @,@ 370 t ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nmi ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The Radetzky @-@ class ships , as noted above , carried a main battery of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . The guns were built by Škoda Works in Pilsen . They were capable of a rate of fire of three shells in the first minute , and then 1 to 2 rounds per minute afterward . The guns fired armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells that weighed 450 kg ( 990 lb ) and required a 138 kg ( 304 lb ) propellant charge . Their muzzle velocity was 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The turrets could depress to − 3 ° and elevate to 20 ° . At maximum elevation , the guns could hit targets out to 20 @,@ 000 m ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) . These turrets suffered from a number of design faults ; among them were the overly @-@ large cupolas on top . If a cupola was struck by gunfire , the thin top armor could be peeled back . Another serious issue was a defect in the ventilation system : when the turret was being ventilated under combat conditions , the system would duct toxic propellant gases into the gun house . It was estimated that the turrets contained only 15 minutes of oxygen once the ventilation system was activated .
The ships carried a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four twin turrets . The turrets were mounted amidships , two on either side . These guns had nearly half the penetration power of the larger 30 @.@ 5 cm guns , and approximately 25 % shorter range . The secondary armament was augmented by twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in single mounts . These guns fired 26 @.@ 2 kg ( 58 lb ) shells at a rate of between 8 and 10 rounds per minute . The shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of 880 m / s ( 2 @,@ 900 ft / s ) and could hit targets out to 11 @,@ 000 m ( 12 @,@ 000 yd ) . Radetzky and her sisters also carried several smaller caliber guns , including two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried , two on the beams and one in the stern .
= = = Armor = = =
The ships
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, and Artaxerxes granted this . Plutarch reports that , as might be imagined , Artaxerxes was elated that such a dangerous and illustrious foe had come to serve him .
At some point in his travels , Themistocles 's wife and children were extricated from Athens by a friend , and joined him in exile . His friends also managed to send him many of his belongings , although up to 100 talents worth of his goods were confiscated by the Athenians . When , after a year , Themistocles returned to the king 's court , he appears to have made an immediate impact , and " he attained ... very high consideration there , such as no Hellene has ever possessed before or since " . Plutarch recounts that " honors he enjoyed were far beyond those paid to other foreigners ; nay , he actually took part in the King 's hunts and in his household diversions " . Themistocles advised the king on his dealings with the Greeks , although it seems that for a long period , the king was distracted by events elsewhere in the empire , and thus Themistocles " lived on for a long time without concern " . He was made governor of the district of Magnesia on the Maeander River in Asia Minor , and assigned the revenues of three cities : Magnesia ( about 50 talents per year — " for bread " ) ; Myus ( " for opson " ) ; and Lampsacus ( " for wine " ) . Neanthes of Cyzicus and Phanias add two more , the city of Palaescepsis ( " for clothes " ) and the city of Percote with bedding and furniture for his house .
Themistocles died at Magnesia in 459 BC , at the age of 65 , according to Thucydides , from natural causes . However , perhaps inevitably , there were also rumours surrounding his death ; that finding that he could not keep the promises that he had made to the king , he committed suicide by taking poison , or drinking bull 's blood . Plutarch provides the most evocative version of this story :
" But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid ... and Cimon 's mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth ... messages came down to Themistocles saying that the King commanded him to make good his promises by applying himself to the Hellenic problem ; then , neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow @-@ citizens , nor lifted up by the great honor and power he was to have in the war , but possibly thinking his task not even approachable , both because Hellas had other great generals at the time , and especially because Cimon was so marvelously successful in his campaigns ; yet most of all out of regard for the reputation of his own achievements and the trophies of those early days ; having decided that his best course was to put a fitting end to his life , he made a sacrifice to the gods , then called his friends together , gave them a farewell clasp of his hand , and , as the current story goes , drank bull 's blood , or as some say , took a quick poison , and so died in Magnesia , in the sixty @-@ fifth year of his life ... They say that the King , on learning the cause and the manner of his death , admired the man yet more , and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness . "
After his death , Themistocles 's bones were transported to Attica on his request , and buried in his native soil in secret , it being illegal to bury an Athenian traitor in Attica . The Magnesians built a " splendid tomb " in their market place for Themistocles , which still stood during the time of Plutarch , and continued to dedicate part of their revenues to the family of Themistocles . Plutarch indicates that he met in Athens a lineal descendant of Themistocles ( also called Themistocles ) who was still being paid these revenues , 600 years after the events in question .
= = Assessments = =
= = = Character = = =
It is possible to draw some conclusions about Themistocles 's character . Perhaps his most evident trait was his massive ambition ; " In his ambition he surpassed all men " ; " he hankered after public office rather as a man in delirium might crave a cure " . He was proud and vain , and anxious for recognition of his deeds . His relationship with power was of a particularly personal nature ; while he undoubtedly desired the best for Athens , many of his actions also seem to have been made in self @-@ interest . He also appears to have been corrupt ( at least by modern standards ) , and was known for his fondness of bribes .
Yet , set against these negative traits , was an apparently natural brilliance and talent for leadership :
" Themistocles was a man who exhibited the most indubitable signs of genius ; indeed , in this particular he has a claim on our admiration quite extraordinary and unparalleled . By his own native capacity , alike unformed and unsupplemented by study , he was at once the best judge in those sudden crises which admit of little or of no deliberation , and the best prophet of the future , even to its most distant possibilities . An able theoretical expositor of all that came within the sphere of his practice , he was not without the power of passing an adequate judgment in matters in which he had no experience . He could also excellently divine the good and evil which lay hid in the unseen future . In fine , whether we consider the extent of his natural powers , or the slightness of his application , this extraordinary man must be allowed to have surpassed all others in the faculty of intuitively meeting an emergency . "
Both Herodotus and Plato record variations of an anecdote in which Themistocles responded with subtle sarcasm to an undistinguished man who complained that the great politician owed his fame merely to the fact that he came from Athens . As Herodotus tells it :
" Timodemus of Aphidnae , who was one of Themistocles ' enemies but not a man of note , was crazed with envy and spoke bitterly to Themistocles of his visit to Lacedaemon , saying that the honors he had from the Lacedaemonians were paid him for Athens ' sake and not for his own . This he kept saying until Themistocles replied , ' This is the truth of the matter : if I had been a man of Belbina I would not have been honored in this way by the Spartans , nor would you , sir , for all you are a man of Athens . ' Such was the end of that business . "
As Plato tells it , the heckler hails from the small island of Seriphus ; Themistocles retorts that it is true that he would not have been famous if he had come from that small island , but that the heckler would not have been famous either if he had been born in Athens .
Themistocles was undoubtedly intelligent , but also possessed natural cunning ; " the workings of his mind [ were ] infinitely mobile and serpentine " . Themistocles was evidently sociable and appears to have enjoyed strong personal loyalty from his friends . At any rate , it seems to have been Themistocles 's particular mix of virtues and vices that made him such an effective politician .
= = = Historical reputation = = =
Themistocles died with his reputation in tatters , a traitor to the Athenian people ; the " saviour of Greece " had turned into the enemy of liberty . However , his reputation in Athens was rehabilitated by Pericles in the 450s BC , and by the time Herodotus wrote his history , Themistocles was once again seen as a hero . Thucydides evidently held Themistocles in some esteem , and is uncharacteristically flattering in his praise for him ( see above ) . Diodorus also extensively praises Themistocles , going as far as to offer a rationale for the length at which he discusses him : " Now on the subject of the high merits of Themistocles , even if we have dwelt over @-@ long on the subject in this digression , we believed it not seemly that we should leave his great ability unrecorded . " Indeed , Diodorus goes so far as to say that
" But if any man , putting envy aside , will estimate closely not only the man 's natural gifts but also his achievements , he will find that on both counts Themistocles holds first place among all of whom we have record . Therefore one may well be amazed that the Athenians were willing to rid themselves of a man of such genius . "
Since Diodorus 's history includes such luminaries as Alexander the Great and Hannibal , this is high praise indeed . Plutarch offers a more nuanced view of Themistocles , with more of a critique of Themistocles 's character . He does not detract from Themistocles 's achievements , but also highlights his failings .
= = = Political and military legacy = = =
Undoubtedly the greatest achievement of Themistocles 's career was his role in the defeat of Xerxes 's invasion of Greece . Against overwhelming odds , Greece survived , and classical Greek culture , so influential in Western civilization , was able to develop unabated . Moreover , Themistocles 's doctrine of Athenian naval power , and the establishment of Athens as a major power in the Greek world were of enormous consequence during the 5th century BC . In 478 BC , the Hellenic alliance was reconstituted without the Peloponnesian states , into the Delian League , in which Athens was the dominant power . This was essentially a maritime alliance of Athens and her colonies , the Aegean islands , and the Ionian cities . The Delian league took the war to Persia , eventually invading Persian territory and dominating the Aegean . Under the guidance of Pericles , the Delian league gradually evolved into the Athenian Empire , the zenith of Athenian power and influence . Themistocles seems to have deliberately set Athens up as a rival to Sparta in the aftermath of Xerxes 's invasion , basing this strategy on Athenian naval power ( contrasted with the power of the Spartan army ) . Tension grew throughout the century between Athens and Sparta , as they competed to be the leading state in Greece . Finally , in 431 BC , this tension erupted into the Peloponnesian War , the first of a series of conflicts that tore Greece apart for the next century ; an unforeseen , if indirect , legacy of Themistocles 's .
Diodorus provides a rhetorical summary that reflects on Themistocles 's achievements :
" What other man , while Sparta still had the superior strength and the Spartan Eurybiades held the supreme command of the fleet , could by his single @-@ handed efforts have deprived Sparta of that glory ? Of what other man have we learned from history that by a single act he caused himself to surpass all the commanders , his city all the other Greek states , and the Greeks the barbarians ? In whose term as general have the resources been more inferior and the dangers they faced greater ? Who , facing the united might of all Asia , has found himself at the side of his city when its inhabitants had been driven from their homes , and still won the victory ? "
= = In popular culture = =
The historical novel Farewell Great King by Jill Paton Walsh follows the life , until death , of Themistocles . It is based primarily upon the Life of Themistocles and Life of Aristides from Plutarch .
Themistocles appears as a major character in The Ionia Sanction , by Gary Corby .
The historical novel A victor of Salamis ; a tale of the days of Xerxes , Leonidas and Themistocles by William Stearns Davis follows the life , until death , of Themistocles .
Temistocle ( 1772 ) , opera by Johann Christian Bach
Themistocles serves as the protagonist of the 2014 film 300 : Rise of an Empire , played by Australian actor Sullivan Stapleton . The film presents a highly fictionalized biography of Themistocles , who leads the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Salamis , by virtue of his status as the hero of Marathon , having devised the Athenians ' winning offensive strategy in that battle , and personally loosing the arrow that fatally wounded Darius ( neither of which historically occurred ) . The film also portrays him as having a brief liaison with Artemisia , who is fictitiously portrayed as the supreme commander of the Persian fleet .
Themistocles is one of the main characters of the 1962 film The 300 Spartans , which presents the Battle of Thermopylae . In this movie , he is portrayed by Ralph Richardson .
Peter O 'Toole as T.E. Lawrence quotes Themistocles in Lawrence of Arabia : ' I cannot fiddle , but I can make a great state from a little city.'
= Alpha ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Alpha " is the sixteenth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on March 28 , 1999 in the United States . The episode was written by Jeffrey Bell , and directed by Peter Markle . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Alpha " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 1 , being watched by 17 @.@ 7 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly negative reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate several killings blamed on an Asian dog called the Wanshang Dhole , thought to be extinct . Mulder and Scully join an obstinate Sheriff , a seemingly eccentric hunter , and a reclusive canine expert to find it . However , there is more mystery to the expert than meets the eye .
" Alpha " was based on a single motif — " Scary dogs in the City " — written by Jeffrey Bell onto a notecard . The episode went through several drafts before being readied right before filming began . Several of the scenes featuring the Chinese freighter were created either through digital technology or through the combination of matte paintings and actual filmed footage .
= = Plot = =
On a freighter in the South Pacific , two Chinese men inspect a crate with an animal inside . When the ship reaches the Port of Los Angeles , the authorities find the two men in the crate and the animal missing . After Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) receives word of the attack from the mysterious Karin Berquist ( Melinda Culea ) , an expert on canine behavior , he and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) investigate the incident on the ship with the help of San Pedro officer Jeffrey Cahn ( Thomas F. Duffy ) . Meanwhile , in Bellflower , California , a man hears his dog barking in the backyard and lets it in the house . He hears another dog in his backyard and chases it off . After returning to his house he finds his pet dead and is attacked by the mystery dog , who is seen to have glowing red eyes .
Mulder and Scully arrive at the port and talk to the owner of the dog Dr. Ian Detweiler ( Andrew Robinson ) , a cryptozoologist . Detweiler says the dog is a Wanshang Dhole , a species thought to be extinct . The two agents soon receive news of the other attack and , after investigating , Mulder believes the Dhole has near @-@ human intelligence . Mulder and Scully visit Berquist , who tells them that the breed they are looking for is extinct . Meanwhile a dog catcher is chasing a stray through a warehouse when a man enters the building . He promptly transforms into the murderous dhole and attacks the catcher . Mulder and Scully soon arrive at the scene , followed by Berquist . She finds a paw print with five toes , one more than regular canines .
Later that night , Detweiler arrives at a vet 's office to get tranquilizers and leaves . The vet goes to the back and is attacked by the Dhole but he locks the room before it can cause any harm . The dog catchers arrive and open fire on the wrong dog . While the vet tries to operate on the hurt dog Scully enters the building and begins to hear screaming in the back room . She discovers that the vet has been attacked . After Scully leaves , the hurt animal transforms into the dhole , revealing that the dog can mimic any shape .
Scully begins to question Berquist 's motives , noting that she was the reason Mulder decided to look into this investigation . Mulder , however , begins to suspect Detweiler after learning that he had been at the vet 's office ; Mulder believes that he is the dhole and is tranquilizing himself in an attempt to stop murdering . Mulder asks Cahn to confront Detweiler , but Cahn is attacked and severely injured by the Dhole and placed in the hospital . Mulder then visits Berquist and says he thinks she has not been honest with him . Berquist reveals that she first suspected Detweiler when she saw him and that he will try to kill her . Mulder worriedly tells Scully , who remains skeptical .
Later Berquist , while locking one of the outside kennels at her house , hears something in the woods . She goes upstairs and gets a tranquilizer gun , although when Detweiler , in the guise of a dhole , enters Berquist 's bedroom and attacks her , she sets it aside and challenges the dhole . He attacks , causing them to both fall out the window behind her . Mulder and Scully arrive and find Detweiler 's and Berquist 's bodies , the former impaled on a fence spike . Back at the office , Mulder receives a package from Berquist ; it is her " I Want to Believe " poster , a replacement for the one he lost in a fire and last seen hanging on her home office wall .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Alpha " was based on a notecard , penned by first year writer Jeffrey Bell , that read " Scary dogs in the City . " Bell explained that he got the inspiration for the story after seeing a pack of wild dogs : " Nobody owns [ wild ] dogs , " he noted , " yet these dogs are somehow surviving . " After pitching the idea , it was later chosen as the sixteenth episode of The X @-@ Files sixth season . Bell had several discarded ideas before he settled on the Dhole storyline . Initially , the story was going to be a " reversal " of 1963 movie The Incredible Journey , featuring " a desperate family [ that ] moves three thousand miles to get away from their killer pet — who 's waiting for them at their new house , really pissed . " The second story idea would feature a child who released his anger through the dogs at a local animal shelter . In this version , the dogs functioned as a manifestation of the child 's id . Bell scrapped both of these ideas because they lacked " really cool visuals . "
After discarding two drafts , Bell approached producer Frank Spotnitz for help . Spotnitz suggested that the dog could escape from a ship and go on a killing spree . In addition , Spotnitz also came up with the idea for Mulder and Berquist to develop a quasi @-@ romance before the latter is killed at the end of the episode . Bell began to write the script on January 2 , 1999 , a mere three weeks before pre @-@ production was scheduled to begin . The episode ended up being re @-@ written right up to the start of shooting on February 2 .
= = = Casting and filming = = =
In order to successfully bring the episode to life , dozens of trained dogs were auditioned to play the part of the Wanshang Dhole , a process executive producer Michael Watkins later called " a nightmare . " Casting director Rick Millikan noted that he auditioned " many , many women " for the part of Karin Berquist . Melinda Culea , the wife of Peter Markle — who happened to direct the episode — was later cast in the role . Although Culea was chosen because she was affiliated with Markle , a majority of the cast and crew " deemed [ her ] to have done a fine job . " Two Cantonese Chinese @-@ speaking immigrant actors were cast to play the parts of Woo and Yee , the sailors who are killed by the Wanshang Dhole in the beginning of the episode .
Due to the fact that the show was operating on a strict budget , shots of the Chinese freighter were almost entirely created by digital technology or other special effects . For the opening scene of the ship at sea , a matte painting of a boat based on a toy model was superimposed onto a film strip of an empty ocean . Several scenes featuring the boat in port were created by filming an empty harbor and then superimposing a ship via digital technology . Special effects makeup supervisor John Vulich created a latex appliance that enabled the veterinarian to have his throat bitten out .
= = = Alternate ending = = =
On the season six DVD , an alternate ending to " Alpha " is included . In this version , Mulder receives Berquist 's " I Want to Believe " poster and hangs it on his wall . The scene then cuts to Officer Cahn who is recuperating in a hospital bed . When the attending nurse closes the curtains around him , his eyes flash red , insinuating that he now possesses the Wanshang Dhole 's morphing abilities .
= = Broadcast = =
" Alpha " first aired in the United States on March 28 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 1 , with a 15 share , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 17 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on June 20 , 1999 and received 1 @.@ 02 million viewers , making it the most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Sit . Stay . Kill . "
Critical reception to the episode was mostly negative . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " C " and called it a " muddled , tepid bit of television that never really seems to know what story it ’ s trying to tell " . He noted , that while the episode is built around a distinctly " old structure " that harkens back to the show 's earlier seasons , the plot becomes predictable quickly . Ultimately , however , he concluded that the episode is compromised by its story which " would ’ ve been a dud even if it had aired back in 1993 " . He did , however , compliment the character of Karin Berquist , but wished the episode would have focused more on her and Mulder 's relationship . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode one star out of five , and noted that " no matter how good the effects , there 's a limit to the number of times a dog with glowing red eyes pouncing on a human can be interesting . " The two also were critical of the romantic connection between Mulder and Karin Berquist , calling the sub @-@ plot " an attempt to instill a bit of emotion into this repetitive and formulaic tale [ that ] fails utterly . "
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Vitaris called the episode a " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episode " and noted that David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson had " very little energy " . Furthermore , she noted that several of the secondary characters were only in the plot " to be killed , nothing more " . Cyriaque Lamar from i09 sarcastically labeled the dhole as the " The Were @-@ St. Bernard " and called the episode one of " The 10 Most Ridiculous X @-@ Files Monsters " .
Not all reviews were negative , however . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examination : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files gave the episode a more positive review , writing " Perhaps I am alone in sensing the off @-@ beat love story I found to be at the heart of ' Alpha ' . But it reached out and grabbed me and I found it to be touching , interesting and worthy of analysis . "
= Bardas =
Bardas ( Greek : Βάρδας ; died 21 April 866 ) was a Byzantine noble and high @-@ ranking minister . As the brother of Empress Theodora , he rose to high office under Theophilos ( r . 829 – 842 ) . Although sidelined after Theophilos 's death by Theodora and Theoktistos , in 855 he engineered Theoktistos 's murder and became the de facto regent for his nephew , Michael III ( r . 842 – 867 ) . Rising to the rank of Caesar , he was the effective ruler of the Byzantine Empire for ten years , a period which saw military success , renewed diplomatic and missionary activity , and an intellectual revival that heralded the Macedonian Renaissance . He was assassinated in 866 at the instigation of Michael III 's new favourite , Basil the Macedonian , who a year later would usurp the throne for himself and install his own dynasty on the Byzantine throne .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Bardas was born to the droungarios Marinos and Theoktiste , and was the elder brother of Empress Theodora , the wife of Emperor Theophilos , and of Petronas . Three other sisters , Maria , Sophia , and Irene , are recorded by Theophanes Continuatus . The family was of Armenian origin and had settled in Paphlagonia . Some modern genealogists , including Cyril Toumanoff and Nicholas Adontz , have suggested a link of Bardas ' family with the Armenian noble clan of the Mamikonian . According to Nina Garsoïan in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , however , " [ a ] ttractive though it is , this thesis cannot be proven for want of sources . "
In 837 , Theophilos raised him to the rank of patrikios and sent him together with the general Theophobos in a campaign against the Abasgians , but the Byzantines were defeated . With the death of Theophilos , the young Michael III ( r . 842 – 867 ) ascended the throne . As he was only two years old , a regency council was set up headed by Theodora . Bardas and his brother Petronas , as well as their relative Sergios Niketiates , were also members , but it was the logothete Theoktistos who quickly established himself as Theodora 's chief advisor . Bardas still played an active role in the early days of the regency , encouraging Theodora to abandon Iconoclasm for good and taking part in the investigations that led to the deposition of the pro @-@ iconoclast patriarch John the Grammarian and the restoration of the veneration of icons in 843 . In 844 , however , Theoktistos blamed Bardas for the desertions that led to the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Mauropotamos against the Abbasids , even though the logothete himself led the Byzantine army , and had him exiled from Constantinople .
Following Bardas 's exile and the death of Sergios , Theoktistos ruled supreme alongside Theodora for a decade . In 855 , Michael III turned fifteen and thus came nominally of age . His mother and Theoktistos arranged a bride show and selected Eudokia Dekapolitissa as his bride , disregarding Michael 's attachment to his mistress , Eudokia Ingerina . Bardas used Michael 's resentment for the high @-@ handed manner in which he was treated and began to turn him against the regency . With Michael 's backing , Bardas was allowed to return to the capital , and on 20 November 855 , Theoktistos was murdered . This was possibly done at the emperor 's behest , for Bardas is said to have favoured a more " elegant " removal of his rival .
= = = Ascendancy and fall = = =
With the death of Theoktistos , the regency was at an end ; in early 856 , Michael proclaimed his assumption of full imperial power , and in 857 Theodora was forced to retire to the Gastria Monastery . Nevertheless , as Michael was more interested in his pleasures and his continuing affair with Eudokia Ingerina , Bardas now became the de facto regent of the Empire . By ca . 858 he was promoted to the highest state offices ( magistros and chartoularios tou kanikleiou ) , followed by his promotion to kouropalates — according to Symeon Logothetes , this happened after a failed assassination attempt masterminded by Theodora — and finally , on 22 ( or 26 ) April 862 , to Caesar . Petronas also emerged from obscurity at the same time , becoming strategos of the Thracesian Theme and leading a series of successful raids against the Arabs .
Although later sources are critical of his character , describing him as vain , avaricious and power @-@ hungry , his capabilities as an administrator are widely acknowledged . Thus Bardas founded the Magnaura School with seats for philosophy , grammar , astronomy and mathematics , supported scholars like Leo the Mathematician and promoted the missionary activities of Cyril and Methodius to Greater Moravia . He also scored a number of successes against the Arabs in the East , culminating in the decisive Battle of Lalakaon in 863 , and enforced the Christianization of Bulgaria by Byzantine missionaries . The Patria of Constantinople praise him also for his building activity , but aside from a church dedicated to Saint Demetrius outside the city itself , most of the buildings attributed to him were probably the work of Basil I the Macedonian ( r . 867 – 886 ) .
In 858 , Bardas deposed patriarch Ignatios and appointed Photios , well @-@ educated but a layman , in his stead . Later chronicles report that Ignatios had excluded Bardas from communion because he maintained an incestuous relationship with one of his daughters @-@ in @-@ law , but the real reason for Ignatios 's deposition was probably the patriarch 's staunch refusal to tonsure Empress Theodora against her will , as demanded by Bardas . The irregular elevation of Photios , however , riled with Pope Nicholas I , who refused to recognize it . Coupled with competition between Rome and Constantinople over their missionary activities in and jurisdiction over Moravia and Bulgaria , relations with the papacy remained tense .
Despite his great authority , Bardas 's control over his nephew was not absolute : after he managed to persuade him to dismiss his old chamberlain ( parakoimomenos ) , Damian , Michael appointed to the post not one of Bardas 's own protégés , but his favourite companion , the ruthlessly ambitious Basil the Macedonian . Bardas 's own position was further weakened in early 866 , when Michael learned that Eudokia Ingerina was pregnant to the future Leo VI : hitherto Bardas stood to succeed to the throne if anything should happen to the emperor , but now Michael had a direct heir . Instead of divorcing his wife and marrying his long @-@ time mistress , however , Michael married off Ingerina to Basil instead , who divorced his own wife first . In spring of the same year , Bardas began assembling a large @-@ scale expedition against the Saracen stronghold of Crete . Accompanied by Michael , Basil and the court , Bardas made for Miletus , where the army was assembling . There , on 21 April 866 , he was murdered by Basil , ostensibly for plotting against the emperor .
The campaign was abandoned while Michael and Basil returned to Constantinople , where Michael adopted his friend and made him co @-@ emperor . In September 867 , Basil had Michael III assassinated as well , ending the Amorian Dynasty and inaugurating the Macedonian period of Byzantine history .
= = = Family = = =
Bardas was married twice . From his unknown first wife , who must have died before 855 , he had a son named Antigonos , a daughter named Irene , an unnamed son and another daughter who married the logothete Symbatios ( although she may be identical with Irene ) . Some time around 855 , Bardas married for a second time , but divorced this wife , by the name of Theodosia , in 862 . Of Bardas 's sons , Antigonos was appointed Domestic of the Schools while still a boy and still held the post at the time of his father 's murder , while little is known about the other son , except that in 858 he was given the hand of his father 's mistress , whom Bardas had discarded in order to marry Theodosia , and was appointed monostrategos ( " single @-@ general " ) of the Empire 's European themes . Bardas 's second daughter was married to the patrikios and logothete Symbatios . Symbatios participated in the plot to assassinate Bardas , hoping to succeed him . He rose in revolt when Basil became co @-@ emperor , but was defeated , mutilated , and exiled .
= Thomas Traherne =
Thomas Traherne MA ( / trəˈhɑːrn / ; 1636 or 1637 – ca . 27 September 1674 ) was an English poet , clergyman , theologian , and religious writer . Little information is known about his life . The intense , scholarly spirituality in his writings has led to his being commemorated by some parts of the Anglican Communion on 10 October ( the anniversary of his burial in 1674 ) or on September 27 .
The work for which Traherne is best known today is the Centuries of Meditations , a collection of short paragraphs in which he reflects on Christian life and ministry , philosophy , happiness , desire and childhood . This was first published in 1908 after having been rediscovered in manuscript ten years earlier . His poetry likewise was first published in 1903 and 1910 ( The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne , B.D. and Poems of Felicity ) . His prose works include Roman Forgeries ( 1673 ) , Christian Ethics ( 1675 ) , and A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God ( 1699 ) .
Traherne 's poetry is often associated with the metaphysical poets , even though his poetry was unknown for two centuries after his death . His manuscripts were kept among the private papers of the Skipps family of Ledbury , Herefordshire , until 1888 . Then , in the winter of 1896 – 97 , two manuscript volumes containing his poems and meditations were discovered by chance for sale in a street bookstall . The poems were initially thought to be the work of Traherne 's contemporary Henry Vaughan ( 1621 – 95 ) . Only through research was his identity uncovered and his work prepared for publication under his name . As a result , much of his work was not published until the first decade of the 20th century .
Traherne 's writings frequently explore the glory of creation and what he perceived as his intimate relationship with God . His writing conveys an ardent , almost childlike love of God , and is compared to similar themes in the works of later poets William Blake , Walt Whitman , and Gerard Manley Hopkins . His love for the natural world is frequently expressed in his works by a treatment of nature that evokes Romanticism — two centuries before the Romantic movement .
= = Biography = =
Very little information is known about Thomas Traherne 's life . According to antiquarian Anthony à Wood ( 1632 – 1695 ) , Traherne was a " shoemaker 's son of Hereford " born in either 1636 or 1637 . Bertram Dobell identifies this shoemaker as John Traherne ( b . 1566 ) . However , other sources indicate that Thomas was the son of Philipp Traherne ( or Trehearne ) ( 1568 – 1645 ) , a local innkeeper and twice Mayor of Hereford , and his third wife , Mary Lane . His birth or baptism is not recorded in parish registers .
Traherne was educated at Hereford Cathedral School and matriculated in Brasenose College , Oxford , on 2 April 1652 , receiving his baccalaureate degree on 13 October 1656 . Five years later he was promoted to the degree of Master of Arts ( Oxon . ) on 6 November 1661 , and he received a Bachelor of Divinity ( B.D. ) on 11 December 1669 .
After receiving his baccalaureate degree from Oxford in 1656 , he took holy orders . The following year he was installed as the rector at Saint Mary 's Church in Credenhill near Hereford . He was appointed to the post at Credenhill on 30 December 1657 by the Commissioners for the Approbation of Public Preachers although at the time , he was not an ordained priest . A curious note appended to the record of his appointment is that Traherne counted upon the patronage of Ambella , Countess Dowager of Kent . Traherne served in this post for ten years although he was not ordained priest until after the restoration of the monarchy and the return of King Charles II . He was ordained at Launton near Bicester by Robert Skinner ( 1591 – 1670 ) , the Bishop of Oxford , on 20 October 1660 .
In 1667 he became the private chaplain to Sir Orlando Bridgeman , 1st Baronet , of Great Lever , the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal to King Charles II , at Teddington ( near Hampton Court ) in Middlesex . Traherne died of smallpox at Bridgeman 's house at Teddington on 27 September 1674 and was buried in St Mary 's Church , Teddington on 10 October 1674 . He was interred under the church 's reading desk . According to Anthony à Wood , Traherne " always led a simple and devout life ; his will shows that he possessed little beyond his books , and thought it worth while to bequeath his ' old hat . ' "
It is assumed , although largely unsubstantiated , that Traherne 's studies at Oxford may identify his Royalist leanings at a time when the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell had deposed the monarchy after the English Civil War . The city of Oxford had been the centre of the Cavalier cause and the headquarters of the King 's forces before its surrender in May 1646 and the university was regarded as a focus of Royalist sentiment during the Interregnum . The claim that Traherne may have been a Royalist may be bolstered by an inscription on the tombstone of Philipp Traherne , thought to be his father , which eulogises Philipp 's fidelity to , and zeal for , the Royalist cause .
= = Writings = =
Much of Traherne 's work remains unpublished . He was not known during his lifetime , and only one of his works was published before his death in 1674 and two others were published shortly thereafter . Of his published work , almost all appeared posthumously , and most of it in the 20th century . Several unpublished manuscripts are held in museums , private collections and university archives , including the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford , the British Library in London and the Beinecke Library at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut .
Traherne was an inconsequential literary figure during his lifetime and his works were not known or appreciated until long after his death . As a country priest he led a devout , humble life and did not participate in literary circles . Only one of his works , Roman Forgeries ( 1673 ) , was published in his lifetime . Christian Ethicks ( 1675 ) followed soon after his death , and later A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God ( 1699 ) , which was published as the work of an anonymous author whose character and background were discussed in a brief introduction by the publisher . From 1699 until the re @-@ emergence of his work with Bertram Dobell 's editions in 1903 , Traherne 's work fell into obscurity . If not for the chance discovery of an anonymous manuscript , his work and reputation might have been lost .
= = = Publication history and posthumous success = = =
At Traherne 's death in 1674 most of his manuscripts were bequeathed to his brother Philipp . After Philipp 's death they apparently passed into the possession of the Skipps family of Ledbury in Herefordshire , where they languished for almost 200 years . In 1888 the family 's assets were dissolved , yet the manuscripts did not re @-@ emerge until 10 years later .
In the winter of 1896 – 97 , William T. Brooke of London discovered some anonymous manuscripts in a " barrow of books about to be trashed " or a " street bookstall " . Brooke thought that they might be lost works by Henry Vaughan and showed them to Alexander Grosart ( 1827 – 99 ) , a Scottish clergyman and expert on Elizabethan and Jacobean literature who reprinted rare works . Grosart agreed that the manuscripts were by Vaughan and planned to include them in an edition of Vaughan 's works that he was preparing for publication . Grosart died in 1899 and the proposed edition was never completed . Grosart 's collection , including the manuscripts , was purchased by Charles Higham , a London bookseller , who asked his friend Bertram Dobell ( 1842 – 1914 ) to examine them . Dobell was convinced that they were not by Vaughan and soon discovered that they were by Traherne . The manuscripts , which included poetry as well as a collection of contemplative paragraphs " embodying reflexions on religion and morals " , were published as Centuries of Meditations .
More Traherne manuscripts have since been discovered that have yet to be catalogued . In 1997 Jeremy Maule , a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge , discovered more works by Traherne among 4 @,@ 000 manuscripts in the library of Lambeth Palace , the London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury . The Lambeth manuscripts , mostly prose , encompass four complete works and a fragment of a fifth : Inducements to Retiredness , A Sober View of Dr Twisse , Seeds of Eternity , The Kingdom of God and the fragmentary Love . The manuscript of Commentaries of Heaven was found burning on a rubbish heap in Lancashire . A manuscript discovered in 1996 in the Folger Library in Washington , DC , by Julia Smith and Laetitia Yeandle was later identified as an unfinished 1 @,@ 800 @-@ line epic poem by Traherne entitled " The Ceremonial Law . "
= = Analysis and interpretation = =
= = = As a metaphysical poet = = =
Traherne was among about twelve Anglican lyricists labelled by Samuel Johnson as " the Metaphysical Poets . " While Johnson did not favour their work , and implied that their poetry was pretentious and obscure , the label has endured and has become respected as that of a school of poets . Their poetry " combined passionate feeling with intellectual rigor , " and " sought to express deeply felt religious and secular experiences in the form of highly intellectual poems . " The metaphysical poets , Traherne included , exhibited an " avid interest in science " drawing upon " imagery from all the new and exciting areas of scientific learning : astronomy , mathematics , geography , medicine " in their works .
Traherne 's poetry and prose works have been described in oxymoronic terms as " bafflingly simple . " Traherne delves into issues such as the origins of faith , the nature of divinity and the faith , divinity , and the innocence of childhood and his style seems to enforce with verse that takes on the form of an incantation . At the core of his work is the concept of " felicity " , that highest state of bliss in which he describes the essence of God as a source of " Delights of inestimable value . " It is a quest for this divine and essential truth that Traherne is said to exemplify a " playful but passionate exposition , denoting both a profoundly enlivening experience and a practical set of interrelated abstract principles . " Traherne mixes mystical elements and seeks to explain issues of truth , knowledge , and the faculties of the mind and heart by methods of theological and rational examination . He seeks to explain the " Principle of Nature " in which through his inclination to love truth ( " Light " ) and beauty seek him to identify felicity as its source and a natural experience . Traherne argues that man can only experience this felicity by understanding the will of God and divine love and he describes the beauty of this in childlike terms . In a poem called " The Recovery " , Traherne claims :
= = = Theology and ethics = = =
Traherne was also concerned with the stability of the Christian church in England during the period of the Restoration . In some of his theological writings , Traherne exhibits a passion for the Anglican faith and the national church that is evident in his confrontations with Roman Catholicism and Nonconformism during this time of political and religious upheaval . The recent discoveries of previously unknown manuscripts further establish Traherne 's reputation as an Anglican divine and his works offer fresh and comprehensive arguments on ongoing theological arguments regarding the nature of divinity , ethics and morality , and the nature of sin .
For instance , Traherne passionately critiques Roman Catholicism in Roman Forgeries ( 1673 ) — the only work published during his lifetime . It is a polemical treatise in the form of a dialogue between two men — a Protestant and a Roman Catholic . Relying on the Scriptures and the pronouncements of the First Council of Nicaea to formulate the idea of a legitimate church authority , Traherne criticises the state of the contemporary Catholic Church and claims through a conspiracy theory that because the Vatican has had control over the manuscripts that the Catholic Church was in a position to corrupt , misuse or suppress documents to support its claim to authority . The abusive nature of the narrator 's critique of the Church of Rome is in sharp contrast to the tenor of Traherne 's poetry or his other writings on theological topics . However , Traherne takes a less polemic tone in the posthumously published Christian Ethicks ( 1675 ) in which he explores theological implications of Calvinist thought on freedom and necessity . In this work , Traherne refuses to define ethics as a secular phenomenon — instead pointing to a firm reliance on the will of God . Because of human limitations and failings , one cannot build a suitable and coherent moral system of beliefs — those virtues must derive from a divine source and their reward from perceiving the infinite love of God at the root of all things .
Given some of the autobiographical and confessional material in his works ( notably in Centuries of Meditations ) , Traherne must have suffered from a lack of faith in his formative years at Oxford . He describes this as a period of Apostasy and that he later found his way back to faith :
" I knew by intuition those things which since my Apostasy , I collected again by the highest reason . My very ignorance was advantageous . I seemed as one brought into the Estate of Innocence . All things were spotless and pure and glorious : yea , and infinitely mine , and joyful and precious , I knew not that there were any sins or complaints or laws . "
Traherne dedicated considerable examination to the subject of sin and its place vis @-@ a @-@ vis the church doctrines . In the recently discovered work , A Sober View of Dr Twisse , Traherne discusses sin and salvation within the frame of a larger discussion of questions of election and reprobation . Traherne writes :
" He was excluded the Kingdom of Heaven , where nothing can enter that hates God , and whence nothing can be excluded that loves him . The loss of that Love is Hell : the Sight and Possession of that Love is Heaven . Thus did sin exclude him Heaven . "
= = = Mysticism and divine union = = =
Traherne 's works are inherently mystical in that they seek to understand and embrace the nature of God within his creation and within man 's soul . Traherne seems to describe his own journey of faith in Centuries of Meditation , which was likely written when Traherne was at Credenhill — a work that is noted for its " spiritual intensity , " and " the wide scope of the writer 's survey " which includes " all heaven and earth he takes for the province of the pious soul " . Traherne 's work is said to look " upon the hidden things of the soul , and , in them , he sees the image of the glory and love of God " and " the eternal theme of the goodness and the splendour of God . "
In the spirit of the gospels , Traherne 's " great theme is the visionary innocence of childhood , " and his writings suggest " that adults have lost the joy of childhood , and with it an understanding of the divine nature of creation . " Traherne seems to convey the idea that paradise can only be rediscovered and regained through reacquiring this childlike innocence — a state which " precedes the knowledge of good and evil " and seems to be composed of a boundless love and wonder .
In this respect , Traherne 's work is often compared to the abounding joy and mysticism found in the works of William Blake , Walt Whitman , and Gerard Manley Hopkins . According to Traherne scholar Denise Inge , Traherne 's introduction of a child 's viewpoint to narrate his theological and moral premises was unknown or certainly unappreciated in the literature of this time . His poems frequently explore the glory of creation and what he perceived as his intimate relationship with God . He drew deeply on the writings of Aristotle and on the early Church Fathers for his concept of Man and human nature . Little mention is made of sin and suffering in the works that have dominated 20th @-@ century criticism , and some critics have seen his verse as bordering upon pantheism ( or perhaps panentheism ) .
Traherne is heavily influenced by the works of Neoplatonist philosophers and several of his contemporaries who were called the Cambridge Platonists . The Cambridge Platonists were latitudinarians in that they argued for moderation and dialogue between the factions of Puritans and High Churchmen in the Anglican church . They believed that religion and reason could be in harmony with one another based on a mystical understanding of reason — believing that reason rose beyond mere sense perception but was " the candle of the Lord " and an echo of the divine residing within the human soul . Reason was both God @-@ given and of God . Indeed , critic K. W. Salter notes that Traherne " writes of the senses as if they were spiritual and of the spirit as if it were sensuous . "
However , according to Gladys Wade 's 1946 biography of Traherne , she distinguished that the Cambridge Platonists " wasted their energies on Hermetic and Cabalistic and Rosicrucian lore , and on incredible experiments in magic and necromancy , " and remarked that Traherne 's mysticism was " perfectly free from any taint of this . "
Another great passion that is depicted in Traherne 's work is his love of nature and the natural world , frequently displayed in a very Romantic treatment of nature that has been described as characteristically pantheist or panentheist . While Traherne credits a divine source for its creation , his praise of nature seems nothing less than what one would expect to find in Thoreau . Many scholars consider Traherne a writer of the sublime , and in his writing he seems to have tried to reclaim the lost appreciation for the natural world , as well as paying tribute to what he knew of in nature that was more powerful than he was . In this sense Traherne seems to have anticipated the Romantic movement more than 130 years before it actually occurred . There is frequent discussion of man 's almost symbiotic relationship with nature , as well as frequent use of " literal setting " , that is , an attempt to faithfully reproduce a sense experience from a given moment , a technique later used frequently by William Wordsworth .
= = Legacy = =
Because Traherne 's works were lost for 200 years after his death they did not influence other writers until the 20th century . Indeed , while Samuel Johnson included him in his criticism of what he termed " metaphysical " poetry , many of Johnson 's contemporaries did not know of Traherne . Since their rediscovery , however , they have influenced the thought and writings of Trappist monk , social activist , and author Thomas Merton , crime writer and Christian humanist Dorothy L. Sayers , poet Elizabeth Jennings and Christian apologist C. S. Lewis . Lewis called Centuries of Meditations " almost the most beautiful book in English . "
In 1939 the English composer Gerald Finzi ( 1901 – 1956 ) completed writing a cantata for solo voice ( typically a soprano or tenor soloist ) and string orchestra entitled Dies natalis ( his Opus number 8 ) of which four movements are settings of writings by Thomas Traherne : " The Rapture " , " Wonder " , " The Salutation " and ( the only prose piece among the four ) an extract from Centuries of Meditations . In each of these pieces , the text chosen by Finzi reflects the joy and wonder of a newborn child 's innocent perspective on the world and the wonderment in being born into a world of such beauty . The first performance of the cantata was delayed until 1946 because of the Second World War .
= = Veneration by the Anglican Church = =
In commemoration of his poems and spiritual writings , Thomas Traherne is venerated as a saint within Anglicanism and is included in the Calendar of Saints in many national churches within the Anglican Communion . The Anglican Communion does not have a formal process of sainthood and canonisation as is found in the Roman Catholic tradition , but has frequently " recognised or ' canonised ’ people of great holiness , sometimes by a formal process and sometimes by popular acclamation or local custom . The commemoration of Traherne is held on either 27 September ( the date of his death ) or 10 October ( the date of his burial ) . In 2009 the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States approved the following Collect for the observation of Traherne 's feast day :
" Creator of wonder and majesty , who didst inspire thy poet Thomas Traherne with mystical insight to see thy glory in the natural world and in the faces of men and women around us : Help us to know thee in thy creation and in our neighbors , and to understand our obligations to both , that we may ever grow into the people thou hast created us to be ; through our Savior Jesus Christ , who with thee and the Holy Spirit liveth and reigneth , one God , in everlasting light . Amen . "
Observed on 27 September
Episcopal Church in the United States
Observed on 10 October
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
The recovery of small wooden objects like longbows , suggest that Deane did manage to penetrate the Tudor levels at some point , though this has been disputed by the excavation project leader Margaret Rule . Newspaper reports on Deane 's diving operations in October 1840 report that the ship was clinker built , but since the sterncastle is the only part of the ship with this feature , an alternative explanation has been suggested : Deane did not penetrate the hard shelly layer that covered most of the ship , but only managed to get into remains of the sterncastle that today no longer exist . Despite the rough handling by Deane the Mary Rose escaped the wholesale destruction by giant rakes and explosives that was the fate of other wrecks in the Solent .
= = = Modern rediscovery = = =
The modern search for the Mary Rose was initiated by the Southsea branch of the British Sub @-@ Aqua Club in 1965 as part of a project to locate shipwrecks in the Solent . The project was under the leadership of historian , journalist and amateur diver Alexander McKee . Another group led by Lieutenant @-@ Commander Alan Bax of the Royal Navy , sponsored by the Committee for Nautical Archaeology in London , also formed a search team . Initially the two teams had differing views on where to find the wreck , but eventually joined forces . In February 1966 a chart from 1841 was found that marked the positions of the Mary Rose and several other wrecks . The charted position coincided with a trench ( one of the scour pits ) that had already been located by McKee 's team , and a definite location was finally established at a position 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour ( 50 ° 46 ′ N 1 ° 06 ′ W ) in water with a depth of 11 m ( 36 feet ) at low tide . Diving on the site began in 1966 and a sonar scan by Harold Edgerton in 1967 – 68 revealed some type of buried feature . In 1970 a loose timber was located and on 5 May 1971 , the first structural details of the buried hull were identified after they were partially uncovered by winter storms .
A major problem for the team from the start was that wrecksites in the UK lacked any legal protection from plunderers and treasure hunters . Sunken ships , once being moving objects , were legally treated as chattel and were awarded to those who could first raise them . The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 also stipulated that any objects raised from a wreck should be auctioned off to finance the salvage operations , and there was nothing preventing anyone from " stealing " the wreck and making a profit . The problem was handled by forming an organisation , the Mary Rose Committee , aiming " to find , excavate , raise and preserve for all time such remains of the ship Mary Rose as may be of historical or archaeological interest " .
To keep intruders at bay , the Committee arranged a lease of the seabed where the wreck lay from the Portsmouth authorities , thereby discouraging anyone from trespassing on the underwater property . In hindsight this was only a legalistic charade which had little chance of holding up in a court of law . In combination with secrecy as to the exact location of the wreck , it saved the project from interference . It was not until the passing of the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1973 that the Mary Rose was declared to be of national historic interest that enjoyed full legal protection from any disturbance by commercial salvage teams . Despite this , years after the passing of the 1973 act and the excavation of the ship , lingering conflicts with salvage legislation remained a threat to the Mary Rose project as " personal " finds such as chests , clothing and cooking utensils risked being confiscated and auctioned off .
= = = = Survey and excavation = = = =
Following the discovery of the wreck in 1971 , the project became known to the general public and received increasing media attention . This helped bring in more donations and equipment , primarily from private sources . By 1974 the Committee had representatives from the National Maritime Museum , the Royal Navy , the BBC and local organisations . In 1974 the project received royal patronage from Prince Charles , who participated in dives on the site . This attracted yet more publicity , and also more funding and assistance . The initial aims of the Mary Rose Committee were now more officially and definitely confirmed . The Committee had become a registered charity in 1974 , which made it easier to raise funds , and the application for excavation and salvage had been officially approved by the UK government .
By 1978 the initial excavation work had uncovered a complete and coherent site with an intact ship structure and the orientation of the hull had been positively identified as being on an almost straight northerly heading with a 60 @-@ degree heel to starboard and a slight downward tilt towards the bow . As no records of English shipbuilding techniques used in vessels like the Mary Rose survive , excavation of the ship would allow for a detailed survey of her design and shed new light on the construction of ships of the era . A full excavation also meant removing the protective layers of silt that prevented the remaining ship structure from being destroyed through biological decay and the scouring of the currents ; the operation had to be completed within a predetermined timespan of a few years or it risked irreversible damage . It was also considered desirable to recover and preserve the remains of the hull if possible . For the first time , the project was faced with the practical difficulties of actually raising , conserving and preparing the hull for public display .
To handle this new , considerably more complex and expensive task , it was decided that a new organisation was needed . The Mary Rose Trust , a limited charitable trust , with representatives from many organisations would handle the need for a larger operation and a large infusion of funds . In 1979 a new diving vessel was purchased to replace the previous 12 m ( 40 ft ) catamaran Roger Greenville which had been used from 1971 . The choice fell on the salvage vessel Sleipner , the same craft that had been used as a platform for diving operations on the Vasa . The project went from a team of only twelve volunteers working four months a year to over 50 individuals working almost around the clock nine months a year . In addition there were over 500 volunteer divers and a laboratory staff of about 70 that ran the shore base and conservation facilities . During the four diving seasons from 1979 to 1982 over 22 @,@ 000 diving hours was spent on the site , an effort that amounted to 11 @.@ 8 man @-@ years .
= = = = Salvage = = = =
Raising the Mary Rose meant overcoming a number of delicate problems that had never been encountered before . The salvage of the Swedish warship Vasa 1959 – 61 was the only comparable precedent , but it had been a relatively straightforward operation since the hull was completely intact and rested upright on the seabed . It had been raised with basically the same methods as were in use in Tudor England : cables were slung under the hull and attached to two pontoons on either side of the ship which was then gradually raised and towed into shallower waters . Only one third of the Mary Rose was intact and she lay deeply embedded in mud . If the hull were raised in the traditional way , there was no guarantee that it would have enough structural strength to hold together out of water . Many suggestions for salvage were discarded , including the construction of a cofferdam around the wreck site , filling the ship with small buoyant objects ( such as ping pong balls ) or even pumping brine into the seabed and freezing it so that it would float and take the hull with it . After lengthy discussions it was decided in February 1980 that the hull would first be emptied of all its contents and strengthened with steel braces and frames . It would then be lifted to the surface with floating sheerlegs attached to nylon strops passing under the hull and transferred to a cradle . It was also decided that the ship would be recovered before the end of the diving season in 1982 . If the wreck stayed uncovered any longer it risked irreversible damage from biological decay and tidal scouring .
During the last year of the operation , the massive scope of full excavation and salvage was beginning to take its toll on those closely involved in the project . In May 1981 , Alexander McKee voiced concerns about the method chosen for the salvage and openly questioned Margaret Rule 's position as excavation leader . McKee felt ignored in what he viewed as a project where he had always played a central role , both as the initiator of the search for the Mary Rose and other ships in the Solent , and as an active member throughout the diving operations . He had several supporters who all pointed to the risk of the project 's turning into an embarrassing failure if the ship were damaged during salvage . To address these concerns it was suggested that the hull should be placed on top of a supporting steel cradle underwater . This would avoid the inherent risks of damaging the wooden structure if it were lifted out of the water without appropriate support . The idea of using nylon strops was also discarded in favour of drilling holes through the hull at 170 points and passing iron bolts through them to allow the attachment of wires connected to a lifting frame .
In the spring of 1982 , after three intense seasons of archaeological underwater work , preparations began for the salvage . The operation soon ran into problems : early on there were difficulties with the custom @-@ made lifting equipment ; divers on the project belonging to the Royal Engineers had to be pulled because of the outbreak of the Falklands War ; and the method of lifting the hull had to be considerably altered as late as June . After the frame was properly attached to the hull it was slowly jacked up on four legs straddling the wreck site to pull the ship off the seabed . The massive crane of the barge Tog Mor was then used to lift the frame and hull on to the specially designed cradle which was padded with water @-@ filled bags . On the morning of 11 October 1982 , the final lift of the entire package of cradle , hull and lifting frame began . At 9 : 03 the first timbers of the Mary Rose broke the surface in the presence of the salvaging team , Prince Charles and curious spectators on boats circling the site . A second set of bags under the hull was inflated with air to cushion the waterlogged wood and finally the whole package was transferred to the barge that would take the hull ashore . Though eventually successful , the salvage operation was close to floundering on two occasions ; first when one of the supporting legs of the lifting frame was bent and had to be removed and later when a corner of the frame , with " an unforgettable crunch " , slipped more than a metre ( 3 feet ) and came close to crushing part of the hull .
= = Archaeology = =
As one of the most ambitious and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology , the Mary Rose project broke new ground within this field in the UK . Besides becoming one of the first wrecks to be protected under the new Protection of Wrecks Act in 1973 it also created several new precedents . It was the first time that a British privately funded project was able to apply modern scientific standards fully and without having to auction off part of the findings to finance its activities ; where previous projects often had to settle for just a partial recovery of finds , everything found in connection with the Mary Rose was recovered and recorded . The salvage made it possible to establish the first historic shipwreck museum in the UK to receive government accreditation and funding . The excavation of the Mary Rose wrecksite proved that it was possible to achieve a level of exactness in underwater excavations comparable to those on dry land .
Throughout the 1970s , the Mary Rose was meticulously surveyed , excavated and recorded with the latest methods within the field of maritime archaeology . Working in an underwater environment meant that principles of land @-@ based archaeology did not always apply . Mechanical excavators , airlifts and suction dredges were used in the process of locating the wreck , but as soon as it began to be uncovered in earnest , more delicate techniques were employed . Many objects from the Mary Rose had been well preserved in form and shape , but many were quite delicate , requiring careful handling . Artefacts of all sizes were supported with soft packing material , such as old plastic ice cream containers , and some of the arrows that were " soft like cream cheese " had to be brought up in special styrofoam containers . The airlifts that sucked up clay , sand and dirt off @-@ site or to the surface were still used , but with much greater precision since they could potentially disrupt the site . The many layers of sediment that had accumulated on the site could be used to date artefacts in which they were found , and had to be recorded properly . The various types of accretions and remnants of chemicals with artefacts were essential clues to objects that had long since broken down and disappeared , and needed to be treated with considerable care .
The excavation and salvage in the 1970s and early ' 80s meant that diving operations ceased , even though modern scaffolding and part of the bow were left on the seabed . The pressure on conservators to treat tens of thousands of artefacts and the high costs of conserving , storing and displaying the finds and the ship meant that there were no funds available for diving . In 2002 , the UK Ministry of Defence announced plans to build two new aircraft carriers . Because of the massive size of the new vessels , the outlet from Portsmouth needed to be surveyed to make sure that they could sail no matter the tide . The planned route for the underwater channel ran close to the Mary Rose wrecksite , which meant that funding was supplied to survey and excavate the site once more . Even though the planned carriers were down @-@ sized enough to not require alteration of Portsmouth outlet , the excavations had already exposed timbers and were completed in 2005 . Among the most important finds was the ten @-@ metre ( 32 feet ) stem , the forward continuation of the keel , which provided more exact details about the original profile of the ship .
= = = Finds = = =
Over 26 @,@ 000 artefacts and pieces of timber were salvaged along with remains of about half the crew members , The faces of some crew members have been reconstructed . Analysis of the crew skeletons shows many had suffered malnutrition , and had evidence of rickets , scurvy , and other deficiency diseases was found . Crew members also developed arthritis through the stresses on their joints from heavy lifting and maritime life generally , and suffered bone fractures . As the ship was intended to function as a floating , self @-@ contained community , it was stocked with victuals ( food and drink ) that could sustain its inhabitants for extended periods of time . The casks used for storage on the Mary Rose have been compared with those from a wreck of a trade vessel from the 1560s and have revealed that they were of better quality , more robust and reliable , an indication that supplies for the Tudor navy were given high priority , and their requirements set a high standard for cask manufacturing at the time . As a miniature society at sea , the wreck of the Mary Rose held personal objects belonging to individual crew members . This included clothing , games , various items for spiritual or recreation use , or objects related to mundane everyday tasks such as personal hygiene , fishing and sewing . The master carpenter 's chest , for example , contained a backgammon set , a book , three plates , a sundial , and a tankard , goods suggesting he was relatively wealthy .
The ship carried several skilled craftsmen and was equipped for handling both routine maintenance and repairing extensive battle damage . In and around one of the cabins on the main deck under the sterncastle , archaeologists found a " collection of woodworking tools ... unprecedented in its range and size " , consisting of eight chests of carpentry tools . Along with loose mallets and tar pots used for caulking , this variety of tools belonged to one or several of the carpenters employed on the Mary Rose .
Many of the cannons and other weapons from the Mary Rose have provided invaluable physical evidence about 16th @-@ century weapon technology . The surviving gunshields are almost all from the Mary Rose , and the four small cast iron hailshot pieces are the only known examples of this type of weapon .
Animal remains have been found in the wreck of the Mary Rose . These include the skeletons of a rat , a frog and a dog . The dog , a mongrel between eighteen months and two years in age , was found near the hatch to the ship 's carpenter 's cabin and is thought to have been brought aboard as a ratter . Nine barrels have been found to contain bones of cattle , indicating that they contained pieces of beef butchered and stored as ship 's rations . In addition , the bones of pigs and fish , stored in baskets , have also been found .
= = = = Musical instruments = = = =
Two fiddles , a bow , a still shawm or doucaine , three three @-@ hole pipes , and a tabor drum with a drumstick were found throughout the wreck . These would have been used for the personal enjoyment of the crew and to provide a rhythm to work on the rigging and turning the capstans on the upper decks . The tabor drum is the earliest known example of its kind and the drumstick of a previously unknown design . The tabor pipes are considerably longer than any known examples from the period . Their discovery proved that contemporary illustrations , previously viewed with some suspicion , were in fact accurate depictions of the instruments . Before the discovery of the Mary Rose shawm , an early predecessor to the oboe , instrument historians had been puzzled by reference to " still shawms " , or " soft " shawms , that were said to have a sound that was less shrill than earlier shawms . The still shawm disappeared from the musical scene some time in the 16th century , and the instrument found on the Mary Rose is the only surviving example . A reproduction has been made and played . Combined with a pipe and tabor , it provides a " very effective bass part " that would have produced " rich and full sound , which would have provided excellent music for dancing on board ship " . Only a few other fiddle @-@ type instruments from the 16th century exist , but none of them of the type found on the Mary Rose . Reproductions of both fiddles have been made , though less is known of their design than the shawm since the neck and strings were missing .
= = = = Navigation tools = = = =
In the remains of a small cabin in the bow of the ship and in a few other locations around the wreck was found the earliest dated set of navigation instruments in Europe found so far : compasses , divider calipers , a stick used for charting , protractors , sounding leads , tide calculators and a logreel , an instrument for calculating speed . Several of these objects are not only unique in having such an early , definite dating , but also because they pre @-@ date written records of their use ; protractors would have reasonably been used to measure distance on maps , but sea charts are not known to have been used by English navigators during the first half of the 16th century , compasses were not depicted on English ships until the 1560s , and the first mention of a logreel is from 1574 .
= = = = Barber @-@ surgeon 's cabin = = = =
The cabin located on the main deck underneath the sterncastle is thought to have belonged to the barber @-@ surgeon . He was a trained professional who saw to the health and welfare of the crew and acted as the medical expert on board . The most important of these finds were found in an intact wooden chest which contained over 60 objects relating to the barber @-@ surgeon 's medical practice : the wooden handles of a complete set of surgical tools and several shaving razors ( although none of the steel blades had survived ) , a copper syringe for wound irrigation and treatment of gonorrhoea , and even a skilfully crafted feeding bottle for feeding incapacitated patients . More objects were found around the cabin , such as earscoops , shaving bowls and combs . With this wide selection of tools and medicaments the barber @-@ surgeon , along with one or more assistants , could set bone fractures , perform amputations and deal with other acute injuries , treat a number of diseases and provide crew members with a minimal standard of personal hygiene .
= = = Conservation = = =
Preservation of the Mary Rose and her contents was an essential part of the project from the start . Though many artefacts , especially those that were buried in silt , had been preserved , the long exposure to an underwater environment had rendered most of them sensitive to exposure to air after recovery . Archaeologists and conservators had to work in tandem from the start to prevent deterioration of the artefacts . After recovery , finds were placed in so @-@ called passive storage , which would prevent any immediate deterioration before the active conservation which would allow them to be stored in an open @-@ air environment . Passive storage depended on the type of material that the object was made of , and could vary considerably . Smaller objects from the most common material , wood , were sealed in polyethylene bags to preserve moisture . Timbers and other objects that were too large to be wrapped were stored in unsealed water tanks . Growth of fungi and microbes that could degrade wood were controlled by various techniques , including low @-@ temperature storage , chemicals , and in the case of large objects , common pond snails that consumed wood @-@ degrading organisms but not the wood itself .
Other organic materials such as leather , skin and textiles were treated similarly , by keeping them moist in tanks or sealed plastic containers . Bone and ivory was desalinated to prevent damage from salt crystallisation , as was glass , ceramic and stone . Iron , copper and copper alloy objects were kept moist in a sodium sesquicarbonate solution to prevent oxidisation and reaction with the chlorides that had penetrated the surface . Alloys of lead and pewter are inherently stable in the atmosphere and generally require no special treatment . Silver and gold were the only materials that required no special passive storage .
Conserving the hull of the Mary Rose was the most complicated and expensive task for the project . In 2002 a donation of £ 4 @.@ 8 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund and equivalent monetary support from the Portsmouth City and Hampshire County Councils was needed to keep the work with conservation on schedule . During passive conservation , the ship structure could for practical reasons not be completely sealed , so instead it was regularly sprayed with filtered , recycled water that was kept at a temperature of 2 to 5 ° C ( 35 to 41 ° F ) to keep it from drying out . Drying waterlogged wood that has been submerged for several centuries without appropriate conservation causes considerable shrinkage ( 20 – 50 % ) and leads to severe warping and cracking as water evaporates from the cellular structure of the wood . The substance polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) had been used before on archaeological wood , and was during the 1980s being used to conserve the Vasa . After almost ten years of small @-@ scale trials on timbers , an active three @-@ phase conservation programme of the hull of the Mary Rose began in 1994 . During the first phase , which lasted from 1994 to 2003 , the wood was sprayed with low @-@ molecular @-@ weight PEG to replace the water in the cellular structure of the wood . From 2003 to 2010 , a higher @-@ molecular @-@ weight PEG was used to strengthen the mechanical properties of the outer surface layers . The third phase consisted of a controlled air drying ending in 2016 .
= = Display = =
After the decision to salvage the Mary Rose , discussions ensued as to where she would eventually go on permanent display . The east end of Portsea Island at Eastney emerged as an early alternative , but was rejected because of parking problems and the distance from the dockyard where she was originally built . Placing the ship next to the famous flagship of Horatio Nelson , HMS Victory , at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard was proposed in July 1981 . A group called the Maritime Preservation Society even suggested Southsea Castle , where Henry VIII had witnessed the sinking , as a final resting place and there was widespread scepticism to the dockyard location . At one point a county councillor even threatened to withdraw promised funds if the dockyard site became more than an interim solution . As costs for the salvage project mounted , there was a debate in the Council chamber and in the local paper The News as to whether the money could be spent more appropriately . Although author David Childs writes that in the early 1980s " the debate was as a fiery one " , the project was never seriously threatened because of the great symbolic importance of the Mary Rose to the naval history of both Portsmouth and England .
Since the mid @-@ 1980s , the hull of the Mary Rose has been kept in a covered dry dock while undergoing conservation . Although the hull has been open to the public for viewing , the need for keeping the ship saturated first with water and later a polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) solution has meant that visitors have been separated from the hull by a glass barrier . The specially built ship hall had been visited by over seven million visitors as of 2007 , since it first opened on 4 October 1983 , just under a year after it was successfully salvaged .
A separate Mary Rose Museum was housed in a structure called No. 5 Boathouse near the ship hall and was opened to the public on 9 July 1984 @.@ containing displays explaining the history of the ship and a small number of conserved artefacts , from entire bronze cannons to household items . In September 2009 the temporary Mary Rose display hall was closed to visitors to facilitate construction of the new £ 35 million museum building , which opened to the public on 31 May 2013 .
The new Mary Rose Museum was designed by architects Wilkinson Eyre , Perkins + Will and built by construction firm Warings . The construction has been challenging because the museum has been built over the ship in the dry dock which is a listed monument . During construction of the museum , conservation of the hull continued inside a sealed " hotbox " . In April 2013 the polyethylene glycol sprays were turned off and the process of controlled airdrying began . By 2016 the " hotbox " will be removed and for the first time since 1545 , the ship will be revealed dry . This new museum displays most of the artefacts recovered from within the ship in context with the conserved hull . Since opening it has been visited by over 500 @,@ 000 people .
= Battle of Bicocca =
The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca ( Italian : Battaglia della Bicocca ) was fought on 27 April 1522 , during the Italian War of 1521 – 26 . A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix , Vicomte de Lautrec , was decisively defeated by a Imperial – Spanish and Papal army under the overall command of Prospero Colonna . Lautrec then withdrew from Lombardy , leaving the Duchy of Milan in Imperial hands .
Having been driven from Milan by an Imperial advance in late 1521 , Lautrec had regrouped , attempting to strike at Colonna 's lines of communication . When the Swiss mercenaries in French service did not receive their pay , however , they demanded an immediate battle , and Lautrec was forced to attack Colonna 's fortified position in the park of the Arcimboldi Villa Bicocca , north of Milan . The Swiss pikemen advanced over open fields under heavy artillery fire to assault the Imperial positions , but were halted at a sunken road backed by earthworks . Having suffered massive casualties from the fire of Spanish arquebusiers , the Swiss retreated . Meanwhile , an attempt by French cavalry to flank Colonna 's position proved equally ineffective . The Swiss , unwilling to fight further , marched off to their cantons a few days later , and Lautrec retreated into Venetian territory with the remnants of his army .
The battle is noted chiefly for marking the end of the Swiss dominance among the infantry of the Italian Wars , and of the Swiss method of assaults by massed columns of pikemen without support from other troops . It was also one of the first engagements in which firearms played a decisive role on the battlefield .
= = Prelude = =
At the start of the war in 1521 , Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X moved jointly against the Duchy of Milan , the principal French possession in Lombardy . A large Papal force under Federico II Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua , together with Spanish troops from Naples and some smaller Italian contingents , concentrated near Mantua . The German forces which Charles sent south to aid this venture passed through Venetian territory near Vallegio unmolested ; the combined Papal , Spanish , and Imperial army then proceeded into French territory under the command of Prospero Colonna . For the next several months , Colonna fought an evasive war of maneuver against Odet de Foix , Vicomte de Lautrec , the French commander , besieging cities but refusing to give battle .
By the autumn of 1521 , Lautrec , who was holding a line along the Adda river to Cremona , began to suffer massive losses from desertion , particularly among his Swiss mercenaries . Colonna took the opportunity this offered and , advancing close to the Alps , crossed the Adda at Vaprio ; Lautrec , lacking infantry and assuming the year 's campaign to be over , withdrew to Milan . Colonna had no intention of stopping his advance , however . On the night of November 23 , he launched a surprise attack on the city , overwhelming the Venetian troops defending one of the walls . Following some abortive street @-@ fighting , Lautrec withdrew to Cremona with about 12 @,@ 000 men .
By January 1522 , the French had lost Alessandria , Pavia , and Como ; and Francesco II Sforza , bringing further German reinforcements , had slipped past a Venetian force at Bergamo to join Colonna in Milan . Lautrec had meanwhile been reinforced by the arrival of 16 @,@ 000 fresh Swiss pikemen and some further Venetian forces , as well as additional companies of French troops under the command of Thomas de Foix @-@ Lescun and Pedro Navarro ; he had also secured the services of the condottiere Giovanni de ' Medici , who brought his Black Bands into the French service . The French proceeded to attack Novara and Pavia , hoping to draw Colonna into a decisive battle . Colonna , leaving Milan , fortified himself in the monastery of Certosa south of the city . Considering this position to be too strong to be easily assaulted , Lautrec attempted instead to threaten Colonna 's lines of communication by sweeping around Milan to Monza , cutting the roads from the city into the Alps .
Lautrec was suddenly confronted , however , with the intransigence of the Swiss , who formed the largest contingent of the French army . They complained that they had not received any of the pay promised them since their arrival in Lombardy . The Swiss captains , led by Albert von Stein , demanded that Lautrec attack the Imperial army immediately — else the mercenaries would abandon the French and return to their cantons . Lautrec reluctantly acquiesced and marched south towards Milan .
= = Battle = =
= = = Dispositions = = =
Colonna had meanwhile relocated to a formidable new position : the manor park of Bicocca , about four miles ( 6 km ) north of Milan . The park was situated between a large expanse of marshy ground to the west and the main road into Milan to the east ; along this road ran a deep wet ditch , which was crossed by a narrow stone bridge some distance south of the park . The north side of the park was bordered by a sunken road ; Colonna deepened this and constructed an earthen rampart on the southern bank . The Imperial artillery , placed on several platforms jutting forward from the earthworks , was able to sweep the fields north of the park as well as parts of the sunken road itself . The entire length of the north side of the park was less than 600 yards ( 550 m ) , which permitted Colonna to place his troops quite densely . Immediately behind the rampart were four ranks of Spanish arquebusiers , commanded by Fernando d 'Avalos , Marquess of Pescara ; they were backed by Spanish pikemen and German landsknechts under Georg Frundsberg . Most of the Imperial cavalry was placed at the south end of the park , far behind the infantry ; a separate force of cavalry was positioned to the south , guarding the bridge .
On the evening of 26 April , Lautrec sent a force of about 400 cavalry under the Sieur de Pontdormy to reconnoiter the Imperial positions . The patrol reported that the ground was cut by irrigation ditches and ill @-@ suited for maneuvering , but this failed to dissuade the Swiss . Colonna , having observed the French presence , sent messengers to Milan to request reinforcements ; Francesco Sforza arrived the next morning with 6 @,@ 400 additional troops , joining the cavalry near the bridge to the south of Colonna 's camp .
At dawn on 27 April , Lautrec began his attack . The Black Bands brushed aside the Spanish pickets , clearing the ground before the Imperial positions . The French advance was headed by two columns of Swiss , each comprising about 4 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 000 men , accompanied by some artillery ; this party was to assault the entrenched front of the Imperial camp directly . Lescun , meanwhile , led a body of cavalry south along the Milan road , intending to flank the camp and strike at the bridge to the rear . The remainder of the French army , including the French infantry , the bulk of the heavy cavalry , and the remnants of the Swiss , formed up in a broad line some distance behind the two Swiss columns ; behind this was a third line , composed of the Venetian forces under Francesco Maria della Rovere , the Duke of Urbino .
= = = The Swiss attack = = =
The overall command of the Swiss assault was given to Anne de Montmorency . As the Swiss columns advanced towards the park , he ordered them to pause and wait for the French artillery to bombard the Imperial defences , but the Swiss refused to obey . Perhaps the Swiss captains doubted that the artillery would have any effect on the earthworks ; historian Charles Oman suggests that it is more likely they were " inspired by blind pugnacity and self @-@ confidence " . In any case , the Swiss moved rapidly towards Colonna 's position , leaving the artillery behind . There was apparently some rivalry between the two columns , as one , commanded by Arnold Winkelried of Unterwalden , was composed of men from the rural cantons , while the other , under Albert von Stein , consisted of the contingents from Bern and the urban cantons . The advancing Swiss quickly came into range of the Imperial artillery . Unable to take cover on the level fields , they began to take substantial casualties ; as many as a thousand Swiss may have been killed by the time the columns reached the Imperial lines .
The Swiss came to a sudden halt as the columns reached the sunken road in front of the park ; the depth of the road and the height of the rampart behind it — together higher than the length of the Swiss pikes — effectively blocked their advance . Moving down into the road , the Swiss suffered massive casualties from the fire of d 'Avalos 's arquebusiers . Nevertheless , the Swiss made a series of desperate attempts to breach the Imperial line . Some parties managed to reach the top of the rampart , only to be met by the landsknechts , who had come up from behind the arquebusiers . One of the Swiss captains was apparently killed by Frundsberg in single combat ; and the Swiss , unable to form up atop the earthworks , were pushed back down into the sunken road . After attempting to move forward for about half an hour , the remnants of the Swiss columns retreated back towards the main French line . In the fields which they had crossed and before the rampart , they left more than 3 @,@ 000 dead ; among these were twenty @-@ two captains , including both Winkelried and Albert von Stein . Of the French nobles who had accompanied the Swiss assault , only Montmorency survived .
= = = Denouement = = =
Lescun , with about 400 heavy cavalry under his command , had meanwhile reached the bridge south of the park and fought his way across it and into the Imperial camp beyond . Colonna responded by detaching some cavalry under Antonio de Leyva to halt the French advance , while Francesco Sforza came up the road towards the bridge , aiming to surround Lescun . Pontdormy held off the Milanese , allowing Lescun to extricate himself from the camp ; the French cavalry then retraced its path and rejoined the main body of the army .
Despite the urging of d 'Avalos and several other Imperial commanders , Colonna refused to order a general attack on the French , pointing out that much of Lautrec 's army — including the bulk of his cavalry — was still intact . Colonna suggested that the French were already beaten , and would soon withdraw ; this assessment was shared by Frundsberg . Nevertheless , some small groups of Spanish arquebusiers and light cavalry attempted to pursue the withdrawing Swiss , only to be beaten back by the Black Bands , which were covering the removal of the French artillery from the field .
Colonna 's judgement proved to be accurate . The Swiss were unwilling to make another assault , and marched for home on 30 April . Lautrec , believing that his resulting weakness in infantry made a further campaign impossible , retreated to the east , crossing the Adda into Venetian territory at Trezzo . Having reached Cremona , Lautrec left Lescun in command of the remnants of the French army and rode unescorted to Lyon , to make his report to Francis I.
= = Aftermath = =
Lautrec 's departure heralded a complete collapse of the French position in northern Italy . No longer menaced by the French army , Colonna and d 'Avalos marched on Genoa , capturing it after a brief siege . Lescun , learning of the loss of Genoa , arranged an agreement with Francesco Sforza by which the Castello Sforzesco in Milan , which still remained in French hands , surrendered , and the remainder of the French forces withdrew over the Alps . The Venetians , under the newly elected Doge Andrea Gritti , were no longer interested in continuing the war ; in July 1523 , Gritti concluded the Treaty of Worms with Charles V , removing the Republic from the fighting . The French would make two further attempts to regain Lombardy before the end of the war , but neither would be successful ; the terms of the Treaty of Madrid , which Francis was forced to sign after his defeat at the Battle of Pavia , would leave Italy in Imperial hands .
Another effect of the battle was the changed attitude of the Swiss . Francesco Guicciardini wrote of the aftermath of Bicocca :
They went back to their mountains diminished in numbers , but much more diminished in audacity ; for it is certain that the losses which they suffered at Bicocca so affected them that in the coming years they no longer displayed their wonted vigour .
While Swiss mercenaries would continue to take part in the Italian Wars , they no longer possessed the willingness to make headlong attacks that they had at Novara in 1513 or Marignano in 1515 ; their performance at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 would surprise observers by its lack of initiative .
More generally , the battle made apparent the decisive role of small arms on the battlefield . Although the full capabilities of the arquebus would not be demonstrated until the Battle of the Sesia ( where arquebusiers would prevail against heavy cavalry on open ground ) two years later , the weapon nevertheless became a sine qua non for any army which did not wish to grant a massive advantage to its opponents . While the pikeman would continue to play a vital role in warfare , it would be equal to that of the arquebusier ; together , the two types of infantry would be combined into the so @-@ called " pike and shot " units that would endure until the development of the bayonet at the end of the seventeenth century . The offensive doctrine of the Swiss — a " push of pike " unsupported by firearms — had become obsolete . Indeed , offensive doctrines in general were increasingly replaced with defensive ones ; the combination of the arquebus and effective field fortification had made frontal assaults on entrenched positions too costly to be practical , and they were not attempted again for the duration of the Italian Wars .
As a result of the battle , the word " bicoca " — meaning a bargain , or something acquired at little cost — entered the Spanish language .
= Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria =
Ivan Shishman ( Bulgarian : Иван Шишман ) ruled as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo from 1371 to 3 June 1395 . The authority of Ivan Shishman was limited to the central parts of the Bulgarian Empire . His indecisive and inconsistent policy did little to prevent the fall of his country under Ottoman rule . In 1393 the Ottoman Turks seized the capital Tarnovo . Two years later , they captured Ivan Shishman 's last strongholds and executed him .
Despite the military and political weakness , during his rule Bulgaria remained a major cultural center and the ideas of Hesychasm dominated the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . Patriarch Evtimiy of Tarnovo became the most prominent cultural figure of the country . A number of texts were written or translated and an orthographic reform of the Bulgarian language was issued with synchronised rules . After the fall of Bulgaria , a number of scholars found refuge in the other Orthodox countries and brought the achievements of the Bulgarian culture to them .
His reign was inextricably connected to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman domination . Although there exist no historical sources which prove that he took active role in the defence of the country , in Bulgarian folklore Ivan Shishman is portrayed as a legendary and heroic ruler who desperately fought against the overwhelming Ottoman forces . There are numerous sites , geographical features and fortresses named after him throughout Bulgaria .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Born in 1350 or 1351 , Ivan Shishman was the eldest son of emperor Ivan Alexander ( r . 1331 – 1371 ) and his second wife Sarah – Theodora , a Jewess converted to the Eastern Orthodox Church . His birth brought up the issue of the succession to the Bulgarian throne . Ivan Shishman had two elder brothers by the Ivan Alexander 's first wife , Theodora of Wallachia . The eldest one , Michael Asen , was proclaimed successor to the throne and co @-@ emperor shortly after Ivan Alexander 's accession to the throne . However , Michael Asen 's early death in battle against the Ottomans in 1355 put forward the question of succession once more . It is likely that Sarah – Theodora pressured Ivan Alexander to select her own son as his successor , although Ivan Sratsimir would have come next under the majorat system . The issue was decided in Ivan Shishman 's favour because the latter was born in the purple ( after his father was crowned ) , thus making him eligible as successor . By the end of 1355 , Ivan Shishman had been proclaimed heir to the throne and co @-@ emperor .
These events led to a conflict with Ivan Sratsimir , who was in turn given the rule of Vidin , probably as a compensation . Another indirect piece of evidence for the feud is the fact that Ivan Sratsimir 's portrait not included in the Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander , where the whole family of the emperor was otherwise presented . In 1356 Ivan Sratsimir proclaimed himself emperor of Vidin . Together with his father and younger brother Ivan Asen V , Ivan Shishman presided over the church synods at Tarnovo in the late 1360s .
= = = Emperor of Bulgaria = = =
= = = = Reign before 1388 = = = =
In his early twenties , Ivan Shishman was proclaimed emperor after the death of his father on 17 February . Ivan Shishman inherited only parts of his father 's realm : he ruled the lands between the Iskar River and Silistra , the valley of Sofia , parts of the Rhodope mountains and northern Thrace . To the west , the areas centred around Vidin recognised Ivan Sratsimir as emperor of Bulgaria , while to the east , the Principality of Karvuna , encompassing the coastal strip between the Danube Delta and Cape Emine and under the rule of despot Dobrotitsa , did not recognise the authority of the emperor of Tarnovo either . Contemporary chroniclers such as Johann Schiltberger speak of three regions , all of which were called Bulgaria . Thus , the country was divided on the eve of the Ottoman invasion , despite Ivan Shishman 's claims in his royal charters . In these , he styled himself as a primary emperor in an attempt to emphasise the existence of a hierarchy among the rulers of the three Bulgarias . However , that hierarchy remained only in paper ; to further assert their independence from Tarnovo , both Ivan Sratsimir and Dobrotitsa separated their dioceses from the Bulgarian Patriarchate in Tarnovo . According to Fine , immediately after the death of Ivan Alexander , Ivan Sratsimir tried to conquer the whole of Bulgaria . He was able to capture Sofia and managed to hold the city for one or two years . The rivalry between the two brothers for Sofia had a strong tradition in the Bulgarian historiography since the time of Konstantin Jireček , but it has been dismissed by many modern Bulgarian historians .
Only a few months after the ascension of Ivan Shishman to the throne , on 26 September 1371 , the Ottoman Turks defeated a large Christian army led by the Serbian brothers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa in the Battle of Chernomen . Although Uglješa had tried to create a broad coalition that would include Bulgaria , Ivan Shishman , who had to strengthen his own authority , did not join . After their victory at Chernomen , the Turks immediately turned on Bulgaria . Ottoman sultan Murad I forced Ivan Shishman to retreat to the north of the Balkan Mountains and conquered northern Thrace , the Rhodopes , Kostenets , Ihtiman and Samokov . Unable to resist the attacks , Ivan Shishman had to negotiate with the Ottomans in 1373 . He was forced to become an Ottoman vassal and to allow his sister Kera Tamara , who was known for her beauty , to become a wife of Murad I. Under this agreement , Bulgaria regained some of the conquered territories such as Ihtiman and Samokov , and began nearly ten years of uneasy peace with the Turks . Despite the vassalage and the peace treaty , Ottoman raids were renewed in the beginning of the 1380s and culminated in 1385 with the fall of Sofia , the last stronghold of Ivan Shishman to the south of the Balkan Mountains .
In the meantime , Ivan Shishman was engaged in a war against the voivode of Wallachia , Dan I , between 1384 and 1386 . There are few details about that war , only a brief note in the Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle that Dan I died 23 September 1386 after being poisoned . The war was linked to the hostilities between Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir ( Dan I 's uncle ) , who had the support of the Wallachian rulers and was married to Anna of the House of Basarab .
= = = = Fall of Bulgaria = = = =
In 1387 , the united forces of the Principality of Serbia and the Kingdom of Bosnia managed to defeat the Ottomans in the Battle of Pločnik . Encouraged by the Christian success , Ivan Shishman immediately invalidated his vassalage to Murad I and refused to send troops in his support in 1388 . The Ottomans reacted by sending a 30 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army , under the command of the grand vizier Ali Pasha , to the north of the Balkan Mountains . The Ottoman troops seized the fortresses of Shumen , Madara , Venchan and Ovech . Ivan Shishman left Tarnovo and headed to Nikopol , where he was besieged and forced to ask for peace . The Ottomans requested that he reconfirm his vassalage in addition to surrendering Silistra , at the time the most populous Bulgarian city along the Danube . However , Ivan Shishman , reassured by his neighbours that he would receive support and the preparations of Serbia for war , not only refused to let the Ottomans in the city , but also strengthened its walls . Ali Pasha crossed the Balkan Mountains for a second time to consecutively capture Shumen , Cherven , Svishtov and once again besiege Ivan Shishman in Nikopol . Surprised by the swift Ottoman response and having not received the promised assistance , the Bulgarian emperor had to ask for peace . His pleas were accepted , but the terms were harsher than the original : not only Silistra was to be surrendered , but Ottoman garrisons were to be stationed in other Bulgarian cities , most notably Shumen and Ovech .
After the defeat of the Serbs and Bosniaks in the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389 , Ivan Shishman had to seek help from Hungary . During the winter of 1391 – 1392 , he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Hungary Sigismund , who was planning a campaign against the Turks . The new Ottoman sultan Bayezid I pretended to have peaceful intentions in order to cut off Ivan Shishman from his alliance with the Hungarians . However , in the spring of 1393 Bayezid gathered a large army from his dominions in the Balkans and Asia Minor and attacked Bulgaria . The Ottomans marched to the capital Tarnovo and besieged it . The defence of the capital was led by Patriarch Evtimiy because Ivan Shishman was located in Nikopol , presumably for better communication with Sigismund . After a three @-@ month siege , Tarnovo fell on 17 July . According to the contemporary Bulgarian scholar and cleric Gregory Tsamblak , the city was not captured because of the Ottoman military strength but due to treason . The Ottoman campaign of 1393 devastated Bulgaria ; in the wake of that invasion , the lands of Ivan Shishman were limited to Nikopol and several towns along the Danube . Upon his return from Wallachia after the Battle of Rovine in 1395 , Bayezid I attacked and captured Nikopol and , according to the Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle , murdered Ivan Shishman on 3 June 1395 . A Byzantine chronicle gives the date as 29 October . However , some sources suggest that the Bulgarian ruler was captured and died in prison .
= = = Culture and religion = = =
The cultural revival that made the historians call the reign of Ivan Alexander a " Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture " continued under his son . The most prominent figure in that field during the last quarter of the 14th century was Patriarch Evtimiy of Tarnovo ( r . 1375 @-@ 1393 ) , a disciple of Theodosius of Tarnovo . In 1371 he established the Monastery of the Holy Trinity , a few kilometres to the north of Tarnovo , and turned it into an important cultural center and a major hub of the Tarnovo Literary School . Evtimiy wrote a number of religious works , including hagiographies , praises and letters , but is most famous with the orthographic reform and the standardization of the Bulgarian language , which had an impact in Serbia , Wallachia and the Russian principalities . Evtimiy thought that many of the scholars were not sufficiently prepared , and that the translations of Greek texts in local dialects and peculiarities could lead to misinterpretation of the original and eventually to heretism . The texts regarding the reform did not survive , although its character has been partly recreated by the historians and linguists by analyzing the works of Evtimiy himself and his disciples . The orthography was inspired by the original Old Church Slavonic during the heyday of the First Bulgarian Empire ; the reform also included syntax changes and enrichment of the lexicon with a number of synonyms to avoid repetition . To ensure the success of the reform , all texts had to receive approval before publishing , a move that was supported by Ivan Shishman in his edicts . The capital Tarnovo was the main cultural center at that time . Patriarch Evtimiy wrote about it :
Hesychasm remained the main movement in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church during the reign of Ivan Shishman and the Patriarch was its supporter . Bulgaria was a major center of hesychast ideas along with the Byzantine Empire . Evtimiy was an active opponent to heresies , but it appears that since the mid 14th century the influence of the Bogomils , the most prominent heretic movement in the Balkans at the time , had been greatly reduced in Bulgaria and no document mentions them after 1360 . Other sects , such as the Barlaamites , were also persecuted and repressed . Evtimiy had strict views on moral and took firm positions against divorce and third or fourth marriages for widowers and widows . After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire , many scholars emigrated to Serbia , Wallachia , Moldavia and the Russian principalities ; they brought Bulgarian cultural achievements , books , and hesychastic ideas to these lands . The Bulgarian influence was so great that is often referred to as a " Second South Slavic influence on Russia " . Some of the most prominent Bulgarian émigrés included Constantine of Kostenets , who worked in Serbia and Cyprian , and Gregory Tsamblak in the Russian lands . The economy was in decline since the loss of the major ports of Messembria and Anchialus to the Savoyard crusade a few years before Ivan Shishman was crowned . After the death of Ivan Alexander and the breakaway of Dobrotitsa 's Principality of
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Karvuna , Tarnovo also lost its most important port Varna , leading to a reduction in commerce and tax revenues . The persistent Ottoman raids brought devastation , hunger and depopulation which led to a sharp decline in the cultivated lands .
= = = Assessment and legacy = = =
Bulgarian historians have had mostly negative assessments of Ivan Shishman . He is often viewed as having intruded onto the throne due to the intrigues of his mother and thus taking the place of the rightful successor , his elder brother Ivan Sratsimir . This eventually resulted in the division of the country on the eve of the Ottoman invasion . There are no direct historical sources to suggest any significant attempts by Ivan Shishman to fight off the Turks . The inconsistent policy of Ivan Shishman has been described as revealing his weakness and inability to cope with the situation . His rule , however , was still remembered in the 16th century . In a treaty signed in 1519 between the Ottoman sultan Selim I and Louis II of Hungary , some of the lands in question were referred to as terra cesaris Sysman , “ the land of emperor Shishman ” .
The memory of Ivan Shishman remained during the first centuries of the Ottoman rule . During the First Tarnovo Uprising in 1598 , the one of the rebels ' leaders , whose name is unknown , claimed to have been a descendent of Ivan Shishman and was proclaimed emperor under the name Shishman III . Almost a century later , in 1686 , a second uprising in Tarnovo was headed by Rostislav Stratimirovic , who also claimed to have belonged to the Shishman dynasty and styled himself as Prince of Bulgaria .
Ivan Shishman is now among the most popular and well known rulers in the Third Bulgarian State . There are a number of works dedicated to him or his rule , including the 1969 film Tsar Ivan Shishman by Yuri Arnaudov and the song " Tsar Ivan Shishman " by the heavy metal band Epizod in the 2004 album " Saint Patriarch Evtimiy " . Shishman Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is also named after him .
= = Legends = =
Ivan Shishman is the most prominent medieval ruler in Bulgarian folklore . His name is heard in a number of legends , myths , tales and songs . He is represented as a heroic ruler who fought and died for his country , facing overwhelming enemy forces . There are a number of places throughout Bulgaria named after the him , ranging from castles and ruins to rocks , caves and localities . That legendary “ geography ” is mainly concentrated in the region of Sofia , Ihtiman and Samokov , though it extends to the Rhodope Mountains , Sredna Gora , Vratsa , Pleven , Prilep , Varna , etc . Near Samokov are the ruins of “ Shishman 's Fortress ” with the emperor 's wells , which reputedly spouted from the ruler 's seven wounds . Further north , along the cliffs and heights of the Iskar Gorge , are “ Shishman 's Holes ” , the caves where he hid while fighting the Ottomans for seven years . Other related toponyms usually associated with the emperor 's last stand are Kokalyane ( derived from kokal , meaning “ bone ” ) , Cherepish ( from cherep , “ skull ” ) and Lyutibrod ( “ Fierce Ford ” ) , all thought to be hinting at the fate of the perished Bulgarian troops .
One of the most famous legends is about Shishman 's final battle . The Ottomans camped at Kostenets , near the origins of the Maritsa river , while the Bulgarians were near Samokov , on a hill . After a fierce battle , Ivan Shishman was wounded seven times and retreated to the fortress , where he died ; on the battlefield seven springs appeared , one for each of the emperor 's wounds . He is also said to have fought in the Balkan mountains at Shishkin grad ( " Shishman 's town " ) , between Sliven and Kazanlak , where he killed 10 @,@ 000 janissaries in a huge battle . The 18th century Bulgarian enlightener Paisius of Hilendar wrote in his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya that during the siege of Tarnovo Ivan Shishman managed to reach Sofia with his boyars . He hid his treasury in the Iskar gorge and fought against the Turks for seven years before dying in battle . Some versions suggest that Kokalyanski Urvich remained the last fortress to fall and before Shishman died he buried treasure under the castle and tried to escape by cutting a passage through the mountain . The repeating motif of the treasure is a sacral symbol of the Bulgarian statehood and the usual locations of the imperial jewellery are monasteries , lakes or hideouts under rivers . Being undiscovered by the invaders , the treasure symbolises the sovereignty and power of the Bulgarian Empire and its inevitable resurrection . There are also a number of parallels between the legends about Ivan Shishman and the hagiography of saints , especially John of Rila , including the almost identical route of the emperor , Tarnovo @-@ Sofia @-@ Samokov in Rila , and the route of the return of the relics of Saint John of Rila to the Rila Monastery in 15th century – Tarnovo @-@ Sofia @-@ Rila , and also the motif of the immortal rulers who foresees the restoration of the country .
Extract of a folklore song , collected by the Miladinov Brothers .
Ivan Shishman is one of the few rulers to be mentioned in the Bulgarian folklore songs and , as in the legends , is a subject of mystification . His figure can even be seen in Christmas carols , where he is presented either as a saint in the role of protector or as a hero fighting dragons and oppressors , usually presented as Tatars because of the resemblance with the Tartarus . The songs about Ivan Shishman contain many parallels with nature and collocations which are typical of Bulgarian folklore . In a song from the region of Sliven , the death of the emperor brings chaos to nature and rivers of " black blood " ( typical folklore collocation ) start flowing .
The place of Ivan Shishman in the Bulgarian legends and folklore is most likely attributed to the fact that he was the last Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo . There are many similarities with his contemporary King Marko , the ruler of Prilep , who did little to resist the Ottoman invasion but later became the most popular character in the Bulgarian folklore . The people desired to berhyme the image of the " ideal emperor " , a defender and protector , whose strength they needed to survive under Ottoman domination , and not the actual historical personality . As time passed the mystification deepened and the legends became more distant from the actual events during his rule . During the Bulgarian National Revival the tales about Ivan Shishman began to increasingly include patriotic elements .
= = Family = =
Ivan Shishman was married first to a Bulgarian named Kira Maria , who died in the early 1380s . His second wife was Dragana Lazarević , a daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia and Milica Nemanjić and kin to the previous Serbian dynasty . His eldest son Alexander converted to Islam under the name Iskender , and died as governor of Smyrna in 1418 , while his second son Fruzhin participated in revolts and campaigns against the Ottomans , trying to liberate his father 's realm , and died in Hungary after 1444 . It has been speculated by historians , such as Plamen Pavlov , that Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople was an illegitimate son of Ivan Shishman . The claim is based on a Byzantine text which says " They said that he [ Jozeph II ] was an illegitimate son of the emperor Shishman . "
= = Timeline = =
1350 or 1351 — Ivan Shishman was born
By 1355 — Proclaimed heir to the throne and co @-@ emperor
17 February 1371 — Succeeds his father as Emperor of Bulgaria in Tarnovo
1373 — Becomes Ottoman vassal in return for some previously conquered lands
1378 — Issues the Rila Charter
1385 — Fall of Sofia
1384 to 1386 — War against Wallachia
1388 — The Ottomans invade eastern Bulgaria and conquer a number of towns
17 July 1393 — Fall of Tarnovo
3 June 1395 — The Ottomans capture Nikopol and Ivan Shishman is executed
= Selena Live ! =
Live ! or Selena Live ! is a live album by American Tejano pop singer Selena , which was released on May 4 , 1993 by EMI Latin . The album was re @-@ released on September 22 , 2002 as being part of the Selena : 20 Years of Music collection ; which included spoken liner notes by her family , friends and her former band members Selena y Los Dinos . Live ! includes three cumbia @-@ influenced studio tracks , while the rest of the album consists of live versions of previously released songs . The album was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi , Texas , on February 7 , 1993 . It was certified gold ( Latin type ) by the Recording Industry Association of America in its first year , double platinum ( Latin type ) in 1995 , and gold ( standard ) in 2002 .
Live ! led Selena to win a Grammy Award for Best Mexican / American Album at the 36th Grammy Awards , the first Tejano musician to do so . It had won two awards from the 1994 Billboard Latin Music Awards , and three awards at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards . Live ! peaked at number one on the US Regional Mexican Albums , number two on the Top Latin Albums and number 79 on the Billboard 200 . Soon after the release of Live ! , the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics who claimed the album was " foreshadowing " Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) , and that Selena was the Mexican equivalent of Madonna . The album spawned three singles , which were simultaneously in the top five positions on the Hot Latin Tracks chart .
= = Production and development = =
On February 7 , 1993 , Selena held a free concert in front of 3 @,@ 000 at the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi . The set list performed during the concert was released as a live album on May 4 , 1993 . Pete Astudillo , who was a former backup singer for Selena y Los Dinos , remained touring with Selena on the Live ! Tour . The song " Perdóname " , which is included in the track listing of the album , is performed as an original song by Astudillo . The song was later released on his second studio album Como nadie ( 1993 ) . Another original song performed by Astudillo , " ¿ Porque le gusta bailar cumbia ? " , is included in the track listing of Live ! and was released on Como nadie . The three cumbia @-@ influence tracks , " No debes jugar " , " La llamada " and " Tú robaste mi corazón " , are the only studio tracks on the album .
= = Song structure and lyrical content = =
" No debes jugar " , the lead single from Live ! , was written and produced by A.B. Quintanilla , Selena 's brother and the producer of her music , lead keyboardist for the band Ricky Vela , and Bebu Silvetti , an Argentine music producer . " No debes jugar " is a Mexican cumbia rock song that centers the organ as its musical instrument foundation . Ramiro Burr of the Houston Chronicle stated that Selena blended Mexican polka rhythms with melodic , synth @-@ driven pop hooks in " No debes jugar " and " La llamada " . " No debes jugar " received a Song of the Year nomination at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards . " No debes jugar " is performed on F major with 89 beats per minute . Lyrically the song describes a woman whose life is centered on being unappreciated by her boyfriend . Tired and ready to do anything , she finally stands up for herself announcing that she is done playing around and threatens to leave . It peaked at number three on the US Hot Latin Tracks , Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and the Latin Pop Airplay charts simultaneously .
" La llamada " , the first promotional single released from Live ! , was written and produced by Quintanilla III and Astudillo . Howard Blumenthal wrote in his book The world music CD listener 's guide that " La llamada " is an " energetic " song . It is set in A major with 90 beats per minute . " La llamada " describes a woman telling her boyfriend over the phone that she saw him kissing another girl , while her boyfriend tries to persuade to her that it was not him . It peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks , number six on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and number eight on the Latin Pop Airplay chart . " Tú robaste mi corazón " is a duet with " The King of Tejano music " singer Emilio Navaira . It was released as the second promotional single from Live ! and was written and produced by Quintanilla III , Vela and Silvetti . Blumenthal wrote in his book that the song is a " great love duet " . Paul Verna wrote that Selena 's fans were " not growing weary " of " Como quisiera " ( Preciosa ) and " Tú robaste mi corazón " . He also noted that the two songs were " slow @-@ paced love songs " and were potential singles from the posthumous album Siempre Selena ( 1996 ) . " Tú robaste mi corazón " is composed in the key F major with 130 beats per minute . The song describes a woman and a man finding harmony and love in each other while also feeling emotions never felt before in their lives . " Tú robaste mi corazón " peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks , number eight on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and number six on the Latin Pop Airplay charts .
= = Critical reception = =
Sarah M. Misemer wrote in her book Secular saints : performing Frida Kahlo , Carlos Gardel , Eva Perón , and Selena that Live ! and Amor prohibido ( 1994 ) were the two most successful albums of Selena 's career . Joey Guerra of Amazon.com wrote that Live ! is a " sizzling reminder of [ Selena 's ] electric stage charisma and blossoming talent as a performer " . Guerra also stated that the songs performed live had showcased Selena 's " uncanny ability to infuse a love song with both girlish innocence and a heated sexuality " . He noted that " Como la flor " , " Baila esta cumbia " and " La carcacha " were examples of his claims . He also states that any listener can feel the " heat seeping through your speakers " . Guerra ended his review stating that Live ! " foreshadows " Amor prohbidio ( 1994 ) . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that Live ! had offered proof of Selena being an " energetic [ and ] exciting performer " . Erlewine noted that Selena performed live versions of her " most popular numbers " in front of an " enthusiastic audience " . Erlewine ended his review stating that Live ! had " capture [ d ] some of that energy and shows why she was so popular " . Shortly after the album 's release music critics began calling Selena the Mexican equivalent of Madonna .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Live ! was the first Tejano album to have won a Grammy Award . The album won the Best Mexican / American Album at the 1994 ceremony . EMI Latin 's president believed Selena was ready to record and release a crossover album that would have catapulted her career into the English @-@ language market . Selena was then signed with SBK Records in November 1993 , however , recording for the album would not begin until a year later . In May 1994 , Live ! was named Album of the Year by the Billboard Latin Music Awards . The album also led Selena to win Regional Mexican Vocalist of the Year . At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards , Selena won Female Vocalist of the Year , Album of the Year – Orchestra and was named Female Entertainer of The Year , while the album was nominated for Record of the Year . At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards , it was nominated Regional Mexican Album of the Year .
= = Commercial performance = =
Live ! was released on May 4 , 1993 . It was certified gold ( Latin type ) by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies in the United States its first year . The album debuted at number 146 on the US Billboard 200 chart following Selena 's murder on April 22 , 1995 . The album peaked at number 79 on May 13 , 1995 before it slipped off the chart on June 3 , 1995 . Live ! debuted at number four on the Top Latin Albums chart , it then peaked at number three within three months of its release . The album remained on the chart , taking the top 20 spots . Live ! temporarily slipped off the charts and re @-@ entered at number 47 in January 1995 , before it went off the chart again . The album took the third spot on the chart following Selena 's murder . A week later , the album peaked at number two before it hovered the top ten spots and then slipped off the charts a year later . In 1997 , Live ! was then certified double platinum ( Latin type ) for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . Live ! debuted at number eight on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart , then slipped off the charts for nearly a month . It reentered and peaked at number one for seven consecutive weeks . The album remained in the top 10 for two years . The album went to number two following Selena 's murder . Live ! sold more than 250 @,@ 000 copies in Mexico .
= = Track listing = =
Track listing were adapted from Allmusic .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes .
Managerial
Performance credits
Vocals – Selena Quintanilla @-@ Pérez
Visuals and imagery
Instruments
Technical and production
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Boletus auripes =
Boletus auripes , commonly known as the butter @-@ foot bolete , is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae . First described from New York in 1898 , the fungus is found in eastern Asia , Central America , and eastern North America from Canada to Florida . It is a mycorrhizal species and typically grows in association with oak and beech trees .
The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) formed by the fungus have convex to nearly flat caps that are up to 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) wide . The stems are up to 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) long by 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick , and feature reticulations ( net @-@ like ridges ) on the upper portion . Other than the brownish upper cap , the entire surface of the mushroom is yellow . B. auripes is edible . It can be distinguished from other similar yellow boletes by differences in color , degree of stem reticulation , and distribution .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was originally described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1898 . Peck collected the type specimen in Port Jefferson , New York . In 1945 , Rolf Singer proposed the variety Boletus auripes var. aureissimus as a new combination of the name Ceriomyces aureissimus described by William Alphonso Murrill in 1938 ; this taxon is now regarded as a distinct species under the name Boletus aureissimus . In 1936 , Wally Snell reported finding a specimen of Boletus crassipes , another species described by Peck from Mount Gretna , Pennsylvania . Snell suggested that although B. crassipes might be a valid species distinguished from B. auripes by a deeper brown cap color , yellow flesh that does not fade to white , and a stem with a more orange @-@ yellow color and more extensive reticulation , he conceded that it was not clear that the morphological characteristics between the two did not overlap , and that further collections would be needed to clarify any differences between them . A couple of years later , he was more convinced of his stance and considered the two conspecific . The taxonomic authorities Index Fungorum and MycoBank , however , do not recognize this putative synonymy .
In the genus Boletus , B. auripes is classified in section Appendiculati . Species in this section are characterized by having a dry cap with a surface texture ranging from smooth to somewhat tomentose , yellow flesh , a reticulate stem , and a mild taste . Other North American boletes in this section include Boletus speciosus and Boletus regius .
The specific epithet auripes means " golden yellow foot " . It is commonly known as the " butter @-@ foot bolete " .
= = Description = =
The cap of B. auripes has a convex shape before flattening somewhat in maturity , and attains a diameter of 4 – 13 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 5 @.@ 1 in ) . The cap surface is dry , with a texture ranging from finely tomentose ( hairy ) to nearly smooth , and colored yellowish @-@ brown to chestnut brown or grayish @-@ brown . The cap color fades with age . Similarly , the flesh — initially yellow — fades to whitish in maturity . Unlike some other Boletus species , in B. auripes neither the surfaces nor the internal tissue turns blue when injured or exposed to air . The odor and taste of the mushroom are not distinctive .
Initially pale yellow to yellow , the pore surface develops olive tinges as it matures , and often becomes depressed near the stem attachement . Pores are circular to angular , and minute — typically less than 1 mm wide ; the tubes are 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) deep . The golden @-@ yellow stem is 7 – 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long by 2 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . Young stems are typically bulbous to club @-@ shaped , but this evens out somewhat as the mushroom grows , and mature stems are club @-@ shaped to nearly equal in width throughout . The stem is dry , solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) , and features yellow reticulation , at least on the upper portion . Mycelia at the base of the stem have a buff color . The fruit body does not have a partial veil or a ring on the stem . Boletus auripes is edible .
Mushrooms produce a spore prints that is yellow brown ( especially in fresh prints ) to olive brown . The smooth , yellowish spores measure 10 – 14 by 3 – 5 μm , and range in shape from roughly elliptic to cylindric to subfusoid ( somewhat spindle @-@ shaped ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored , and measure 27 @.@ 2 – 35 @.@ 2 by 9 @.@ 6 – 10 @.@ 4 μm . The cellular arrangement of the cap cuticle is a trichodermium ( whereby the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel , like hairs , perpendicular to the surface of the cap ) consisting of erect hyphae with a diameter of 3 @.@ 2 – 6 @.@ 4 μm .
= = = Similar species = = =
Field characteristics used to distinguish Boletus auripes from potential lookalike species include the yellowish brown to chestnut @-@ brown cap surface that becomes paler with age , yellow flesh that does not stain blue , and a reticulate stem . B. aureissimus has a similar appearance , but has a honey @-@ yellow to bright yellow or yellow @-@ ochre cap , less conspicuous stem reticulation , and a more limited range covering Florida west to Texas . B. aureissimus var. castaneus has a purplish @-@ brown cap with a texture like velvet .
Boletus auripes somewhat resembles B. aurantiosplendens , but the latter species has a more variably colored cap that can be orange , brownish @-@ orange , or yellowish , and variable degrees of stem reticulation . B. hortonii has a similar color scheme but lacks reticulation on the stem . B. auripes bears a superficial resemblance in coloration to the Costa Rican species B. lychnipes , known only from a limited area in the northern Cordillera de Talamanca . The latter species may be distinguished by the lack of reticulations on the upper half of the stem , a brown or salmon @-@ pink staining reaction on the stem in response to handling , and microscopically by a conspicuously sterile margin and prominent pseudocystidia . Retiboletus retipes is set apart from B. auripes by a darker cap , tubes that lack an olive tinge , and a stem that has more prominent reticulation extending down to the base . In contrast to B. auripes , B. impolitus has a floccose ( wooly ) or tomentose cap surface , and lacks an olive tinge on the tubes .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Boletus auripes is mycorrhizal , and fruits singly , scattered , or in groups on the ground under broadleaf trees , especially oak and beech , but it has also been recorded associating with mountain laurel ( Kalmia latifolia ) . Boletus auripes typically forms fruit bodies between June and November .
Boletus auripes has a disjunct distribution , and is one of several fungi found in both eastern Asia and eastern North America . In North America , where it is relatively common , the range of the fungus extends from Alaska south to Mexico , and east to New York . In Central America , it has been recorded in Belize . The mushroom has also been recorded from Taiwan , China ( including Yunnan , Sichuan , Guangdong , Kwangsi , and Hunan ) , and Japan . It was reported for the first time from the Russian Far East in 2008 .
= Lina Leandersson =
Lina Leandersson ( born 27 September 1995 ) is a Swedish actress . She played the lead role of Eli in the 2008 Swedish romantic vampire film Let the Right One In , based on the novel by the same name . Born in Falun , Leandersson started performing at an early age . She acted in local amateur theatre performances , and had a few brief television appearances in 2006 . At the age of eleven , Leandersson was cast to play one of the two leads in Tomas Alfredson 's film , Let the Right One In , after applying for the role through a web @-@ based casting service . The film was an international success , and Leandersson 's performance as the vampire Eli brought her widespread critical acclaim as well as several awards and nominations . She has stated that she wants to continue acting .
= = Early life and career = =
Lina Leandersson was born in Falun , Sweden . She took an interest in performing from an early age , acting in amateur theatre performances , attending drama courses , and performing street- and jazz dance . One of her first roles was in amateur theatre performance , playing the mother of a spoiled girl wanting new jeans . In 2006 she appeared as a jury member in the Swedish song competition Lilla Melodifestivalen . The same year , she was selected as one out of five , from a total of five hundred applicants , to participate in Nickelodeon 's programledarskola , which was televised in October 2006 .
= = Let the Right One In = =
Leandersson applied for the role in Let the Right One In through a web @-@ based casting service . After being contacted by child casting director Maggie Widstrand , she auditioned for the role three times before finally being cast . She was unaware that the role she was auditioning for was that of a vampire . " I was shocked " , she later told Expressen ; " I thought it was a more usual role . " But as soon as she grew accustomed to the idea , " it became even more fun . I wanted to be a vampire when I was little " , she said .
In the film , she plays Eli , a child vampire who develops a friendship with the main character , 12 @-@ year @-@ old Oskar ( played by Kåre Hedebrant ) . Oskar is frequently tormented by bullies . Eli initially tells Oskar to fight back , and rescues him in the end , killing three of the bullies in process . Because Eli is supposed to be an androgynous character in the film , director Tomas Alfredson decided to overdub Leandersson 's voice with a less feminine one . " Lina 's voice is beautiful , but I thought it was too high in pitch " , he said . Eli 's voice throughout the whole film was provided by Elif Ceylan . In an interview with Dagens Nyheter , Leandersson laughingly commented that " it was actually nice to be dubbed , my voice sounds weird " .
Leandersson and Hedebrant were never allowed to read the script . Instead , the director would read their lines aloud to them before every scene . According to Leandersson , " Tomas is a good teller . I listened very carefully . " She identified the most difficult parts as the ones where she was supposed to be angry , and the transitioning between being normal and " crazy " . In an interview , Leandersson recalled how she went totally into her role , to the point of " becoming " the character Eli , but affirmed that there are few similarities between herself and her character , describing Eli as more mature and contemplative . While she found it uncomfortable to film outdoor scenes in temperatures down to − 30 ° C , she described her experience as " the most fun [ she ] has ever had . "
When asked about the biggest challenge in making the film , Alfredson mentioned the fact that people already would have a perception of the characters and the surroundings from the novel . He especially felt that the depiction of Eli was difficult , but stated that he was " very happy about Lina " . On another occasion , he again commented positively on Leandersson 's appearance , stating that " [ w ] e hardly used makeup or anything in post @-@ production to make her like this , she is simply damn good . She 's also a very special girl , which I think shows in the film . " He has frequently commended Leandersson for her intelligence , often comparing her to " an 80 @-@ year @-@ old woman , very wise and very quiet . "
= = = Reception = = =
Let the Right One In was an international success . Critics lauded the performances of the young leads , often highlighting Leandersson for particular acclaim . According to Karen Durbin of Elle , she " evokes Eli 's radical apartness with an air of watchful caution and a contained stillness of body that not only belies her childish appearance ( ... ) " , and " In a performance devoid of sentimentality she perfectly captures the awful solitude of a creature who exists outside time " . James Berardinelli also praised Leandersson for " crafting an individual who is both mysterious and compelling " , while Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : " The youthful actors imbue even the most emotional and disturbing scenes with remarkable complexity . Leandersson is particularly impressive as the conflicted young vampire who wants nothing more than to be an ordinary girl again " . Luke Y. Thompson of LA Weekly compared her performance favorably to that of Kirsten Dunst as the child vampire Claudia in Interview with the Vampire . He concluded that , while Dunst " used to be the gold standard ; in Leandersson , I think we have a new champion . " The Oregonian called Leandersson 's performance " incredible " , and expressed doubt that any actress in the American remake could top it . While Swedish reviewers generally made positive comments about the two leads , Emma Engström of Göteborgs @-@ Posten felt that Leandersson 's character was lacking in depth .
Leandersson received several awards and award nominations for her performance in the film .
= = Future projects = =
In 2012 , Lina filmed for Estonian director Kadri Kousaar 's movie The Arbiter and Swedish director Sofia Norlin 's feature debut Tenderness .
= = Personal life = =
Leandersson lives in Falun with her mother , stepfather , and two younger sisters . She is of Swedish and Iranian descent . Leandersson has always liked to dance and play theatre . Though there are several athletes in her family , she is not particularly fond of sports . " I was on a football team when I was in third grade . But I was so bad that I wasn 't allowed to play in a match " , she recalled . She has stated on several occasions that she wants to continue acting , and has indicated that she would like to try different types of roles to challenge herself . Leandersson was a student at Gruvrisskolan . In an interview , she identified history as her favorite subject , because she finds it " interesting to know how people lived and died in the past " . She does not see school as a hindrance to continue acting , saying that she " will just have to work harder than everyone else . But school isn 't that difficult , it 's quite easy . " She is a fan of the Twilight film series She is studying theatre at Kulturama , a school for performing arts in Stockholm , Sweden .
= = Awards = =
= Burger 's Daughter =
Burger 's Daughter is a political and historical novel by the South African Nobel Prize in Literature @-@ winner Nadine Gordimer , first published in the United Kingdom in June 1979 by Jonathan Cape . The book was expected to be banned in South Africa , and a month after publication in London the import and sale of the book in South Africa was prohibited by the Publications Control Board . Three months later , the Publications Appeal Board overturned the banning and the restrictions were lifted .
Burger 's Daughter details a group of white anti @-@ apartheid activists in South Africa seeking to overthrow the South African government . It is set in the mid @-@ 1970s , and follows the life of Rosa , the title character , as she comes to terms with her father Lionel Burger 's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . The perspective shifts between Rosa 's internal monologue ( often directed towards her father or her lover Conrad ) , and the omniscient narrator . The novel is rooted in the history of the anti @-@ apartheid struggle and references to actual events and people from that period , including Nelson Mandela and the 1976 Soweto uprising .
Gordimer herself was involved in South African struggle politics , and she knew many of the activists , including Bram Fischer , Mandela 's treason trial defence lawyer . She modelled the Burger family in the novel loosely on Fischer 's family , and described Burger 's Daughter as " a coded homage " to Fischer . While banned in South Africa , a copy of the book was smuggled into Mandela 's prison cell on Robben Island , and he reported that he " thought well of it " .
The novel was generally well @-@ received by critics . A reviewer for The New York Times said that Burger 's Daughter is Gordimer 's " most political and most moving novel " , and a review in The New York Review of Books described the style of writing as " elegant " , " fastidious " and belonging to a " cultivated upper class " . A critic in The Hudson Review had mixed feelings about the book , saying that it " gives scarcely any pleasure in the reading but which one is pleased to have read nonetheless " . Burger 's Daughter won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980 .
= = Plot summary = =
The novel begins in Johannesburg , South Africa in 1974 during apartheid . Rosa is 26 , and her father , Lionel Burger , a white Afrikaner anti @-@ apartheid activist , has died in prison after serving three years of a life sentence for treason . When she was 14 , her mother , Cathy Burger , also died in prison . Rosa had grown up in a family that actively supported the overthrow of the apartheid government , and the house they lived in opened its doors to anyone supporting the struggle , regardless of colour . Living with them was " Baasie " ( little boss ) , a black boy Rosa 's age the Burgers had " adopted " when his father had died in prison . Baasie and Rosa grew up as brother and sister . Rosa 's parents were members of the outlawed South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , and had been arrested several times when she was a child . When Rosa was nine , she was sent to stay with her father 's family ; Baasie was sent elsewhere , and she lost contact with him .
With the Burger 's house now empty , Rosa sells it and moves in with Conrad , a student who had befriended her during her father 's trial . Conrad questions her about her role in the Burger family and asks why she always did what she was told . Later Rosa leaves Conrad and moves into a flat on her own and works as a physiotherapist . In 1975 Rosa attends a party of a friend in Soweto , and it is there that she hears a black university student dismissing all whites ' help as irrelevant , saying that whites cannot know what blacks want , and that blacks will liberate themselves . Despite being labelled a Communist and under surveillance by the authorities , Rosa manages to get a passport , and flies to Nice in France to spend several months with Katya , her father 's first wife . There she meets Bernard Chabalier , a visiting academic from Paris . They become lovers and he persuades her to return with him to Paris .
Before joining Bernard in Paris , Rosa stays in a flat in London for several weeks . Now that she has no intention of honouring the agreement of her passport , which was to return to South Africa within a year , she openly introduces herself as Burger 's daughter . This attracts the attention of the media and she attends several political events . At one such event , Rosa sees Baasie , but when she tries to talk to him , he starts criticising her for not knowing his real name ( Zwelinzima Vulindlela ) . He says that there is nothing special about her father having died in prison as many black fathers have also died there , and adds that he does not need her help . Rosa is devastated by her childhood friend 's hurtful remarks , and overcome with guilt , she abandons her plans of going into exile in France and returns to South Africa .
Back home she resumes her job as a physiotherapist in Soweto . Then in June 1976 Soweto school children start protesting about their inferior education and being taught in Afrikaans . They go on a rampage , which includes killing white welfare workers . The police brutally put down the uprising , resulting in hundreds of deaths . In October 1977 , many organisations and people critical of the white government are banned , and in November 1977 Rosa Burger is detained . Her lawyer , who also represented her father , expects charges to be brought against her of furthering the aims of the banned SACP and African National Congress ( ANC ) , and of aiding and abetting the students ' revolt .
= = Background = =
In a 1980 interview , Gordimer stated that she was fascinated by the role of " white hard @-@ core Leftists " in South Africa , and that she had long envisaged the idea for Burger 's Daughter . Inspired by the work of Bram Fischer , she published an essay about him in 1961 entitled " Why Did Bram Fischer Choose to Go to Jail ? " Fischer was the Afrikaner advocate and Communist who was Nelson Mandela 's defence lawyer during his 1956 Treason Trial and his 1965 Rivonia Trial . As a friend of many of the activist families , including Fischer 's , Gordimer knew these families ' children were " politically groomed " for the struggle , and were taught that " the struggle came first " and they came second . She modelled the Burger family in the novel loosely on Fischer 's family , and Lionel Burger on Fischer himself . While Gordimer never said the book was about Fischer , she did describe it as " a coded homage " to him . Before submitting the manuscript to her publisher , Gordimer gave it to Fischer 's daughter , Ilse Wilson ( née Fischer ) to read , saying that , because of connections people might make to her family , she wanted her to see it first . When Wilson returned the manuscript to Gordimer , she told the writer , " You have captured the life that was ours . " After Gordimer 's death in July 2014 , Wilson wrote that Gordimer " had the extraordinary ability to describe a situation and capture the lives of people she was not necessarily a part of . "
Gordimer 's homage to Fischer extends to using excerpts from his writings and public statements in the book . Lionel Burger 's treason trial speech from the dock is taken from the speech Fischer gave at his own trial in 1966 . Fischer was the leader of the banned SACP who was given a life sentence for furthering the aims of communism and conspiracy to overthrow the government . Quoting people like Fischer was not permitted in South Africa . All Gordimer 's quotes from banned sources in Burger 's Daughter are unattributed , and also include writings of Joe Slovo , a member of the SACP and the outlawed ANC , and a pamphlet written and distributed by the Soweto Students Representative Council during the Soweto uprising .
Gordimer herself became involved in South African struggle politics after the arrest of a friend , Bettie du Toit , in 1960 for trade unionist activities and being a member of the SACP . Just as Rosa Burger in the novel visits family in prison , so Gordimer visited her friend . Later in 1986 , Gordimer gave evidence at the Delmas Treason Trial in support of 22 ANC members accused of treason . She was a member of the ANC while it was still an illegal organization in South Africa , and hid several ANC leaders in her own home to help them evade arrest by the security forces .
The inspiration for Burger 's Daughter came when Gordimer was waiting to visit a political detainee in prison , and amongst the other visitors she saw a school girl , the daughter of an activist she knew . She wondered what this child was thinking and what family obligations were making her stand there . The novel opens with the same scene : a 14 @-@ year @-@ old Rosa Burger waiting outside a prison to visit her detained mother . Gordimer said that children like these , whose activist parents were frequently arrested and detained , periodically had to manage entire households on their own , and it must have changed their lives completely . She stated that it was these children who encouraged her to write the book .
Burger 's Daughter took Gordimer four years to write , starting from a handful of what she called " very scrappy notes " , " half sentences " and " little snatches of dialogue " . Once she got going , she said , the writing became an " organic process " . The Soweto riots in 1976 happened while she was working on the book , and she changed the plot to incorporate the uprising . Gordimer explained that " Rosa would have come back to South Africa ; that was inevitable " , but " [ t ] here would have been a different ending " . During those four years she also wrote two non @-@ fiction articles to take breaks from working on the novel .
Gordimer remarked that , more than just a story about white communists in South Africa , Burger 's Daughter is about " commitment " and what she as a writer does to " make sense of life " . After Mandela and Fischer were sentenced in the mid @-@ 1960s , Gordimer considered going into exile , but she changed her mind and later recalled " I wouldn 't be accepted as I was here , even in the worst times and even though I 'm white " . Just as Rosa struggles to find her place as a white in the anti @-@ apartheid liberation movement , so did Gordimer . In an interview in 1980 , she said that " when we have got beyond the apartheid situation — there 's a tremendous problem for whites , unless whites are allowed in by blacks , and unless we can make out a case for our being accepted and we can forge a common culture together , whites are going to be marginal " .
= = Publication and banning = =
Gordimer knew that Burger 's Daughter would be banned in South Africa . After the book was published in London by Jonathan Cape in June 1979 , copies were dispatched to South Africa , and on 5 July 1979 the book was banned from import and sale in South Africa . The reasons given by the Publications Control Board included " propagating Communist opinions " , " creating a psychosis of revolution and rebellion " , and " making several unbridled attacks against the authority entrusted with the maintenance of law and order and the safety of the state " .
In October 1979 the Publications Appeal Board , on the recommendation of a panel of literary experts and a state security specialist , overruled the banning of Burger 's Daughter . The state security specialist reported the book posed no threat to the security of South Africa , and the literary experts had accused the censorship board " of bias , prejudice , and literary incompetence " , and that " [ i ] t has not read accurately , it has severely distorted by quoting extensively out of context , it has not considered the work as a literary work deserves to be considered ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
7 's Graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 's 808s & Heartbreak " . Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration ( " arranging orchestral majesty " ) , DJ Toomp for Graduation ( " adapted DJ Toomp ’ s oozing menace " ) , and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak ( " Cudi ’ s moaning melodies became elemental " ) .
The music was described as maximalist by Jon Caramanica of The New York Times , who also took note of East Coast hip hop elements , and Ryan Dombal from Pitchfork Media , who deemed it a " culmination " of West 's past work : " Musically , [ the album ] largely continues where 2007 's Graduation left off in its maximalist hip @-@ hop bent , with flashes of The College Dropout 's comfort @-@ food sampling and Late Registration 's baroque instrumentation weaved in seamlessly " . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman views it as the " culmination " of those albums , while noting that " it does not merely draw characteristics from each one of them . The 13 tracks ... sometimes fuse them together simultaneously . Consequently , the sonic and emotional layers are often difficult to pry apart and enumerate " . Kellman denotes " All of the Lights " as most representative of the album 's " contrasting elements and maniacal extravagance " . By contrast , Robert Christgau from MSN Music comments that the music eschews the " grace " of The College Dropout and Late Registration for " grandiosity " and " the sonic luxuries of this world @-@ beating return to form " .
The album 's themes deal primarily with excess and celebrity , and also touch on decadence , grandiosity , escapism , sex , wealth , romance , self @-@ aggrandizement , and self @-@ doubt . Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine notes the album 's ethos as " more is more " and describes it as " a meditation on fame " , in which West decries the burden that it entails . My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy also features more open references to drinking and drug use than on West 's previous albums . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club describes it as " darkly funny , boldly introspective , and characteristically fame @-@ obsessed " , noting " manic highs and depressive lows emotionally " in the album . Christgau found the themes of insecurity and uncertainty on the album to be West 's " heart , his message , the reason he 's so major " , noting the tracks " Hell of a Life " and " Runaway " as examples . Greg Kot , writing in the Chicago Tribune , said West displayed a transparency and " almost pathological allegiance to expressing his emotions , unfiltered " .
In the opinion of Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was " a hedonistic exploration into a rich and famous American id " , while Chris Martins from Spin said it was an alternately grandiose and eloquent production that " owed as much to the artist 's self @-@ aggrandizing ego as to the voracious id that would destroy it publicly " . Music writer Ann Powers interprets West 's predominant theme on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to be " the crisis of the jet @-@ lagged cosmopolitan ... the exhausted cry of one who 's always new in town , chasing whatever goal or girl is in the room , fueled by consumer culture 's relentless buzz , but finally left unsatisfied " . Powers views the songs to work " as pornographic boasts , romantic disaster stories , devil @-@ haunted dark nights of the soul " and perceives West 's " uncertainty about his own place in the world " to be connected to the subject of race , stating " The rootlessness West celebrates and despairs of on ' Fantasy ' belongs to someone who feels unwelcome everywhere . This isn 't just a personal problem . It 's the curse of what the author Michael Eric Dyson has called ' the exceptional black man ' , embraced for his talents but singled out for the color of his skin " .
= = = Songs = = =
The album 's opening track , " Dark Fantasy " , is introduced with a narrative by Nicki Minaj , attempting an English accent , that serves as a retelling of writer Roald Dahl 's poetic rework of " Cinderella " . It introduces My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy 's themes of decadence and hedonism , with West musing how " the plan was to drink until the pain was over / But what ’ s worse , the pain or the hangover ? " . His lyrics on the track contain various musical and popular culture references , including those to the song " Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) " , the Lamborghini Murciélago sports car , rapper Nas , fashion designer Phoebe Philo , short story " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " , the song " Sex on Fire " , singer Leona Lewis , and television character Steve Urkel . " All of the Lights " incorporates drum ' n ' bass breaks and brass fanfare . West 's lyrics contain a reference to the death of Michael Jackson in the opening lines and present a narrative of a character who abuses his lover , does prison time , scuffles with her new boyfriend , and subsequently mourns his absence from his child 's life . For the song , West enlisted 11 guest vocalists , including Alicia Keys , John Legend , Elton John , Tony Williams , Elly Jackson , and Rihanna , who sings the song 's hook . In an interview for MTV , Jackson said of the song 's vocal layering , " He got me to layer up all these vocals with other people , and he just basically wanted to use his favorite vocalists from around the world to create this really unique vocal texture on his record , but it 's not the kind of thing where you can pick it out " .
" Devil in a New Dress " is built on a sample of Smokey Robinson 's " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " . Its lyrics are about lust and heartache , with sexual and religious imagery described by one critic as " part bedroom allure , part angelic prayer " . It is the only track without production by West but features his characteristic style of manipulating the pitch and tempo of classic soul samples . " Runaway " features a piano @-@ based motif comprising a series of sustained descending half and whole notes , with a coda that incorporates light strings and vocoder @-@ singing by West . The narrator 's self @-@ critical lyrics reflect on his personality and character flaws . Sean Fennessey cites the song as the point in the album in which " self @-@ laceration overtakes chest @-@ beating " , noting West 's sung @-@ line " I 'm so gifted at finding what I don 't like the most " . Inspired by his two @-@ year relationship with model Amber Rose , " Hell of a Life " contains a psychedelic rock sample and a narrative about marrying a porn star . According to critic Ryan Dombal , the song " attempts to bend its central credo — ' no more drugs for me , pussy and religion is all I need ' — into a noble pursuit ... The song blurs the line between fantasy and reality , sex and romance , love and religion , until no lines exist at all . It 's a zonked nirvana with demons underneath ; a fragile state that can 't help but break apart on the very next song " . " Blame Game " is a low @-@ key track about a painful domestic dispute . It features piano by producer Mike Dean , additional vocals by John Legend , and a profane skit by comedian Chris Rock .
" Lost in the World " features tribal drums and samples Bon Iver 's " Woods " , a song originally written about alienation , applied by West " as the centerpiece of a catchy , communal reverie . " It features several musical changes , beginning with Bon Iver frontman Justin Vernon 's faint vocals , followed by 4 / 4 drums , gospel @-@ styled chorus , and increased tempo , and a final measured tempo . " Lost in the World " transitions into the closing track " Who Will Survive in America " . It serves as the album 's coda and is built on a sample of Gil Scott @-@ Heron 's " Comment No. 1 " , a blunt , surrealist piece delivered by Scott @-@ Heron in spoken word about the African @-@ American experience and the fated idealism of the American dream . Scott @-@ Heron 's original speech , which criticized the 1960s Revolutionary Youth Movement for failing to recognize the more basic needs of the African @-@ American community , is edited to a reduced version on the track that , according to music writer Greg Kot , " retains its essence , that of an African @-@ American male who feels cut off from his country and culture " . By contrast , Sean Fennessey interprets it as " a too @-@ serious denouement for an album that is more about the self ’ s little nightmares than some aching societal rejection " .
= = Release and promotion = =
On October 4 , 2010 , the release date was announced as November 22 , 2010 . Prior to its release , West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website on August 20 , 2010 , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday of the week , a portion of which were included on the album . Titled after his imprint label GOOD Music , the program generated considerable publicity in the months leading up to the album 's release . Online marketing coordinator Karen Civil said of the program in retrospect , " It 's a genius idea . He did something no one had ever done before , and at a point when he was the most hated person in music , he brought excitement back with his Friday releases " . G.O.O.D. Fridays was originally intended to continue through December , but was extended by West through January 2011 . My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was released as a digital download on Amazon.com at a list price of $ 3 @.@ 99 , which coincided with the site 's $ 3 discount promotional offer on MP3 purchases made valid through the release week .
Following the release of the album , West performed headlining sets at several large festivals , including SXSW 2011 , Lollapalooza , Austin City Limits , and Coachella 2011 ; the latter was described by The Hollywood Reporter as " one of greatest hip @-@ hop sets of all time . " To promote My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West performed at Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade .
= = = Singles = = =
On May 28 , 2010 , an unfinished version of a speculative first single titled " Power " was leaked onto the Internet . It features additional vocals by Dwele and was co @-@ produced by Kanye West and S1 . The official remix , featuring Jay @-@ Z and Swizz Beatz , was premiered on August 20 , 2010 on Hot 97 by DJ Kayslay . The single spent eight weeks and peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance , presented at the 53rd Grammy Awards in 2011 .
On September 12 , West performed the second single " Runaway " at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . Three weeks later on October 2 , West performed the song on Saturday Night Live , along with " Power " . " Runaway " was officially released to the iTunes Store on October 4 , 2010 . It spent 12 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 12 on the chart . Rolling Stone named it the best single of 2010 in its year @-@ end list . A 35 @-@ minute short film of the same name , directed by West and containing the song 's official music video , was released on October 23 , 2010 . Filmed in Prague over a period of four days during Summer 2010 , the film stars West and model Selita Ebanks and features the script written by Hype Williams with the story written by West . West described the video as an " overall representation of what [ he dreams ] " and a parallel to his music career .
The third single " Monster " was sent out to radio on September 21 , and it was released to the iTunes Store on October 23 , 2010 . The song was originally released on August 27 , 2010 as part of West 's music program G.O.O.D. Friday . It spent five weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 18 on the chart . Rolling Stone ranked it number 10 on its list of the Best Singles of 2010 . The song was performed at Jay @-@ Z 's and Eminem 's " Home and Home " concert on September 14 , 2010 , along with Nicki Minaj .
In October , West announced " All of the Lights " as the fourth official single . Prior to its release as a single , it had debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 upon the album 's release , and the track " Dark Fantasy " entered the chart at number 60 the same week . The single was released on January 18 , 2011 , in the US and on February 21 , 2011 , in the UK . It reached number 18 and spent eight weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . By December 2011 , it had sold over 1 @,@ 561 @,@ 000 digital units in the US . " All of the Lights " also charted well worldwide , including number eight in Brazil , number 15 in the United Kingdom , number 13 in Ireland , number 14 in Scotland , and number 22 in South Korea , It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 copies in Australia , gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , for shipments of 7 @,@ 500 in New Zealand , and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of one million in the US .
= = = Cover art = = =
On October 17 , 2010 , Kanye West revealed through Twitter that My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy had been rejected by certain stores because of the cover art . The artwork ( a portrait by George Condo ) shows West being straddled by an armless winged female ( a phoenix ) . Both characters are depicted nude , and one nipple of the phoenix 's breasts and her buttocks are visible . The artist later said that Kanye wanted a cover image that would be banned . The painting is centered with a thin yellow border on a red background . The artwork follows along the apparent theme of the album , as well as West 's music film Runaway . This is one of five covers ; all of them were included with its purchase . A second cover , with a painting of a ballerina by Condo , was posted on the Amazon.com pre @-@ order page . It was intended to be the original artwork for Runaway , but West used a photograph of a ballerina instead .
George Condo and Kanye West met up for several hours where they listened to tapes of his music , and over the next few days Condo made eight or nine paintings for the album . Two of them were portraits of West , one in extreme closeup , with mismatched eyes and four sets of teeth . Another showed his head , crowned and decapitated , placed sideways on a white slab , impaled by a sword . There was also a painting of a dyspeptic ballerina in a black tutu , a painting of the crown and the sword by themselves in a grassy landscape , and a scene of a naked West on a bed , straddled by a naked white female creature with fearsome features , wings , no arms , and a long , spotted tail , the last one being the original album cover . According to New York , a new painting for the album , " The Priest " , was completed by Condo , who described it as an attempt to bring depictions of religious figures into the modern world .
= = Reception = =
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart , selling 496 @,@ 000 copies in the United States during its first week . It was West 's fourth consecutive US number @-@ one album , and its debut week served as the fourth @-@ best sales week of 2010 , while its first @-@ week digital sales of 224 @,@ 000 copies served as the fourth @-@ highest sales week for a digitally @-@ downloaded album . It spent 32 weeks on the Billboard 200 , and by July 2013 , it had sold 1 @,@ 351 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy received rave reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 94 , which indicates " universal acclaim " , based on 45 reviews . Andy Gill from The Independent called it " one of pop 's gaudiest , most grandiose efforts of recent years , a no @-@ holds @-@ barred musical extravaganza in which any notion of good taste is abandoned at the door " . In the Los Angeles Times , Ann Powers found the music " Picasso @-@ like , fulfilling the Cubist mandate of rearranging form , texture , color and space to suggest new ways of viewing things " . Time magazine 's David Browne viewed it as West 's most lavish record and said it proved again that few other artists shared his ability to adeptly combine diverse elements . Dan Vidal of URB highlighted West 's ability to bring out the best out of his collaborators , finding it comparable to the work of Miles Davis . Writing for Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield called the album West 's best and most wildly inspired album to date , claiming that no other artist was recording music as dark or uncanny , while Sputnikmusic critic Channing Freeman hailed it as " the first album in which he 's truly lived up to his potential in every way - as a rapper , as a lyricist , as a songwriter " . The Village Voice 's Sean Fennessey found the album overwhelming and skillfully produced because of how each song transitions over " like some long night out into the hazy morning after " .
In a less enthusiastic review for The Guardian , Kitty Empire was critical of West 's lyrics regarding " women as ruthless money @-@ grabbers " on an otherwise " herculean " and " flawed near @-@ masterpiece " . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman found his rapping inconsistent on what was nonetheless " a deeply fascinating accomplishment " in West 's catalogue : " As fatiguing as it is invigorating , as cold @-@ blooded as it is heart @-@ rending , as haphazardly splattered as it is meticulously sculpted , [ the album ] is an extraordinarily complex 70 @-@ minute set of songs ... As the ego and ambition swells , so does the appeal , the repulsiveness , and – most importantly – the ingenuity " .
= = = Accolades = = =
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy appeared on numerous year @-@ end top albums lists . Many critics named it the best album of 2010 , including Billboard , Time , Slant Magazine , Pitchfork Media , Rolling Stone , and Spin . My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was voted best album in The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll for 2010 , winning by the largest margin in the poll 's history . The singles " Power " , " Runaway " , and " Monster " were voted in the top @-@ 10 of the Pazz & Jop 's singles list . This is the third instance in which a Kanye West album topped the Pazz & Jop 's annual critics ' poll , followed by The College Dropout in 2004 and Late Registration in 2005 ; Yeezus would eventually be the fourth in 2013 . Metacritic , which collates reviews of music albums , named it the best @-@ reviewed album of 2010 .
In 2012 , Rolling Stone ranked the album number 353 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , and Complex included it in their list of " 25 Rap Albums From the Past Decade That Deserve Classic Status " . Entertainment Weekly named it 8th best album of all time on their 2013 list . In October 2013 , Complex named it the best hip hop album of the last five years . NME ranked the album at 24 on their 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time list .
In August 2014 , the song " Runaway " ( featuring Pusha T ) was ranked in the third position in Pitchfork Media 's list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . During the same week , the publication named it the best album of the 2010s decade — between 2010 and 2014 — commenting , " West broke the ground upon which the new decade 's most brilliant architects built their masterworks ; Bon Iver , Take Care , Channel Orange , and good kid , m.A.A.d city don ’ t exist without the blueprint of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The list ends here because it ’ s where the decade truly begins . " The critics ' aggregation site Acclaimed Music determined My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to be the 73rd most ranked record on all @-@ time best album lists .
= = = Grammy Awards = = =
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album , presented at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012 . The song " All of the Lights " was nominated for Grammy Awards for Song of the Year , Best Rap Song , and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration , winning in the latter two categories . However , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was not nominated for Album of the Year , which was viewed as a " snub " by several outlets , along with the rejection of Watch the Throne , West 's collaborative album with Jay @-@ Z , for that category . In an article for Time , music journalist Touré elaborated on the album 's acclaim , called West 's nominations in minor categories " booby prizes " , and stated , " MBDTF is by far the best reviewed album in many years : the critical community flipped out over it like nothing since Radiohead ’ s zenith . And it sold well , over 1 @.@ 2 million so far . So what happened ? How is it Grammy overlooked Kanye ’ s magnum opus and gave noms to four sonic widgets and Adele 's 21 ? " He explored possible reasons for The Recording Academy to snub him , including split votes between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and Watch the Throne , concerns over West 's past controversies , and more commercially appealing nominees , but ultimately stated :
What I think may be going on is a lack of respect for hip hop and its complexity from people who care about music but don 't know much about hip hop ... Predictably , Grammy tends toward pop @-@ friendly hip hop that 's easily understood by those who don 't understand hip hop . Pop in this regard is not meant as an insult , it 's merely music palatable to non @-@ aficionados of the genre ... But now that he 's released his most mature work , [ West is ] being ignored .
In the Los Angeles Times , music journalist Randall Roberts was critical of the nominations for the 54th Grammy Awards , particularly for the Album of the Year category , noting the exclusion of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , " the most critically acclaimed album of the year , a career @-@ defining record " , as a snub in favor of nominating less substantial albums . West , who was vocal in his displeasure with past award snubs , responded onstage during a concert on the Watch the Throne Tour , saying " That 's my fault for dropping Watch the Throne and Dark Fantasy the same year . I should 've just spaced it out , just a little bit more . "
= = Track listing = =
= = = Track notes = = =
^ a signifies a co @-@ producer
^ b signifies an additional producer
" Dark Fantasy " features background vocals by Nicki Minaj and Justin Vernon of Bon Iver , and additional vocals by Teyana Taylor and Amber Rose .
" Gorgeous " features background vocals by Tony Williams .
" POWER " features additional vocals by Dwele .
" All of the Lights " features additional vocals by Rihanna , Kid Cudi , Tony Williams , The @-@ Dream , Charlie Wilson , John Legend , Elly Jackson of La Roux , Alicia Keys , Elton John , Fergie , Ryan Leslie , Drake , Alvin Fields and Ken Lewis .
" Runaway " features background vocals by Tony Williams and additional vocals by The @-@ Dream .
" Hell of a Life " features additional vocals by Teyana Taylor and The @-@ Dream .
" Blame Game " features additional vocals by Chris Rock and Salma Kenas .
" Lost in the World " and " Who Will Survive in America " feature additional vocals by Charlie Wilson , Kay Fox , Tony Williams , Alicia Keys and Elly Jackson of La Roux .
" Dark Fantasy " contains samples of " In High Places , " written by Mike Oldfield and Jon Anderson , and performed by Oldfield .
" Gorgeous " contains portions and elements of the composition " You Showed Me , " written by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn , and performed by The Turtles .
" POWER " contains elements from " It 's Your Thing , " performed by Cold Grits ; elements of " Afromerica , " written by Francois Bernheim , Jean @-@ Pierre Lang , and Boris Bergman , and performed by Continent Number 6 ; and material sampled from " 21st Century Schizoid Man , " composed by Robert Fripp , Michael Giles , Greg Lake , Ian McDonald , and Peter Sinfield , and performed by King Crimson .
" So Appalled " contains samples of " You Are — I Am , " written by Manfred Mann , and performed by Manfred Mann 's Earth Band .
" Devil in a New Dress " contains samples of " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow , " written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin , and performed by Smokey Robinson
" Runaway " contains a sample of " Expo 83 , " written by J. Branch , and performed by Backyard Heavies ; and excerpts from Rick James Live at Long Beach , CA , 1981 .
" Hell of a Life " contains samples of " She ’ s My Baby , " written by Sylvester Stewart , and performed by The Mojo Men ; samples of " Stud @-@ Spider " by Tony Joe White ; and portions of " Iron Man , " written by Terence Butler , Anthony Iommi , John Osbourne , and William Ward , and performed by Black Sabbath .
" Blame Game " contains elements of " Avril 14th , " written by Richard James , and performed by Aphex Twin .
" Lost in the World " contains portions of " Soul Makossa " , written by Manu Dibango ; a sample of " Think ( About It ) , " written by James Brown , and performed by Lyn Collins ; samples of " Woods , " written by Justin Vernon , and performed by Bon Iver ; and samples of " Comment No. 1 , " written and performed by Gil Scott @-@ Heron .
" Who Will Survive In America " contains samples of " Comment No. 1 " performed by Gil Scott @-@ Heron .
= = Personnel = =
Credits were adapted from AllMusic .
= = = Musicians = = =
= = = Production = = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart precession and succession = = =
= = Certifications = =
= Russian battleship Imperator Aleksandr III ( 1901 ) =
Imperator Alexandr III ( Russian : Император Александр III ) was a Borodino @-@ class battleship built for the Russian Imperial Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . The design of the Borodino class was derived from that of the French @-@ designed battleship Tsesarevich . The ship was completed a few months before the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in February 1904 and was assigned to the Second Pacific Squadron sent to the Far East six months later to break the Japanese blockade of Port Arthur . The Japanese captured the port while the squadron was in transit and their destination was changed to Vladivostok . During the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 , Imperator Alexandr III was sunk by Japanese gunfire with the loss of her entire crew .
= = Design and description = =
Imperator Alexandr III was 397 feet ( 121 @.@ 0 m ) long overall , had a beam of 76 feet 1 inch ( 23 @.@ 19 m ) and a draft of around 29 feet 2 inches ( 8 @.@ 9 m ) at deep load . Designed to displace 13 @,@ 516 long tons ( 13 @,@ 733 t ) , she was over 600 long tons ( 610 t ) overweight and displaced 14 @,@ 181 long tons ( 14 @,@ 409 t ) . This caused a problem during sea trials on 6 October 1903 when Imperator Alexandr III made a high @-@ speed turn that caused her to heel 15 ° and submerged the embrasures for the 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns . Her intended crew consisted of 28 officers and 754 enlisted men , although she carried 826 – 46 crewmen in service . Her design was based on that of the Tsesarevich , modified to suit Russian machinery .
The ship was powered by two 4 @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 800 kW ) and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Imperator Alexandr III , however , only reached a top speed of 17 @.@ 7 knots ( 32 @.@ 8 km / h ; 20 @.@ 4 mph ) from 16 @,@ 225 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 099 kW ) during her official machinery trials on 23 July 1903 . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 350 long tons ( 1 @,@ 370 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 2 @,@ 590 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 2 @,@ 980 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of 12 Canet 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets . A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats . These included twenty 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) QF guns and twenty 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with four 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes , one each at the bow and stern above water and two submerged . Imperator Alexandr III 's waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp armor and was 5 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 64 inches ( 145 – 194 mm ) thick . The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and her deck ranged from 1 to 2 inches ( 25 to 51 mm ) in thickness . The 1 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 38 mm ) armored lower deck curved downwards and formed an anti @-@ torpedo bulkhead .
= = Service = =
Construction began on Imperator Alexandr III , named after Tsar Alexander III , on 5 September 1899 at the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg . The ship was laid down on 23 May 1900 and launched on 3 August 1901 . She was completed in November 1903 at the cost of 13 @,@ 979 @,@ 000 rubles .
On 15 October 1904 , Imperator Alexandr III set sail for Port Arthur from Libau along with the other vessels of the Second Pacific Squadron , under the overall command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky . Rozhestvensky led his squadron , including Imperator Alexandr III , down the Atlantic coast of Africa , rounding Cape Horn , and reached the island of Nosy Be off the north @-@ west coast of Madagascar on 9 January 1905 where they remained for two months while Rozhestvensky finalized his coaling arrangements . The squadron sailed for Camranh Bay , French Indochina , on 16 March and reached it almost a month later to await the obsolete ships of the 3rd Pacific Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov . The latter ships reached Camranh Bay on 9 May and the combined force sailed for Vladivostok on 14 May . While exact figures are not available for Imperator Alexandr III , it is probable that the ship was approximately 1 @,@ 700 long tons ( 1 @,@ 700 t ) overweight as she and her sisters were overloaded with coal and other supplies ; all of which was stored high in the ships and reduced their stability . The extra weight also submerged the waterline armor belt and left only about 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) of the upper armor belt above the waterline .
Rozhestvensky decided to take the most direct route to Vladivostok using the Tsushima Strait and was intercepted by the Japanese battlefleet under the command of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō on 27 May 1905 . At the beginning of the battle , Imperator Alexandr III was second in line behind Rozhestvensky 's flagship , Knyaz Suvorov . Very little is known of the ship 's actions during the battle as there were no survivors from the ship and visibility was poor for most of the battle , but Captain W. C. Pakenham , the Royal Navy 's official military observer under the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance , noted that she was set on fire early in the engagement . She did initially follow Knyaz Suvorov when that ship 's steering was damaged about a half @-@ hour after the Japanese opened fire at 14 : 10 , but turned north when her captain , Nikolai Bukhvostov , realized that Knyaz Suvorov was out of control . Tōgō tried to concentrate his fire on the crippled Knyaz Suvorov around 16 : 00 , but Bukhvostov turned Imperator Alexandr III straight for the Japanese battleline in a successful attempt to focus their attention on his ship . He was successful , but she was badly damaged in the process . Observers noted that her bow was badly damaged and that there was a large hole in the forward hull on the port side . When the shooting resumed around 18 : 00 , the Japanese concentrated their fire upon the ship and her sister , Borodino . Imperator Alexandr III sheered out of line to port around 18 : 30 and capsized , but did not sink until 19 : 07 ; there were no survivors .
= = Memory = =
In 1908 , a granite obelisk , designed by Artem Ober and Yakov Filote , was constructed in the surrounding gardens of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral , Saint Petersburg to remember the men of the Imperator Aleksandr III .
= Daniel E. Barbey =
Vice Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey ( 23 December 1889 – 11 March 1969 ) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in World War I and World War II . A graduate of the Naval Academy , he participated in the 1912 United States occupation of Nicaragua and the 1915 United States occupation of Veracruz . While serving with the War Plans Section of the Bureau of Navigation in Washington , D.C. between the World Wars , developed an interest in amphibious warfare . In 1940 he produced Fleet Training Publication 167 – Landing Operations Doctrine , United States Navy , which would become the Navy 's " bible " of amphibious operations , and would remain in use throughout World War II .
As commander Amphibious Force , Atlantic Fleet in 1940 and 1941 he supervised amphibious training and conducted Fleet Landing Exercises . In May 1942 , Barbey was appointed to organize a new Amphibious Warfare Section within the Navy Department , which was charged with responsibility for the coordination of amphibious training and the development and production of the new generation of landing craft . In January 1943 he assumed command of Amphibious Force , Southwest Pacific Force , which became the VII Amphibious Force . He planned and carried out 56 amphibious assaults in the Southwest Pacific Area between September 1943 and July 1945 . After the war , he commanded the Seventh Fleet and Fourth Fleet .
= = World War I = =
Daniel Edward Barbey was born in Portland , Oregon on 23 December 1889 . He graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in June 1912 . His first assignment was aboard the armored cruiser USS California , which participated in the 1912 United States occupation of Nicaragua . In May 1914 he was transferred to the destroyer USS Lawrence as engineering officer , participating in the United States occupation of Veracruz . He remained on Lawrence , where he was promoted to lieutenant ( junior grade ) on 8 June 1915 , serving first as engineering officer , and later as executive officer and commanding officer . In October 1916 he became engineering officer of the gunboat USS Annapolis , serving in Central American and Mexico waters . He received a Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for the ship 's service during the Mexican Revolution . Barbey was involved in the fitting out of the destroyer USS Stevens from December 1917 to May 1918 , becoming its executive officer when it was commissioned on 24 May . Under an accelerated wartime promotion system , he was promoted to Lieutenant on 8 June 1918 .
= = Between the wars = =
Barbey was assigned to the Naval Base at Cardiff , Wales in January 1919 , becoming the Naval Port Officer at Cardiff from July to August 1919 , when he was transferred to the U.S. Naval Headquarters in London . In November 1919 he became Naval Port Officer , Constantinople , Turkey . In October 1920 , he also became operations officer and flag secretary to Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol , Commander U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters and High Commissioner to Turkey . Barbey ceased to be Naval Port Officer in July 1921 , but continued as flag secretary to Admiral Bristol . During this time , Barbey served as the U.S. delegate on the Allied Commission for the Control of Trade with Turkey and as an observer with the White Army in the Crimea
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
Returning to the U.S. in February 1922 , he served briefly on the cargo ship USS Capella before becoming assistant engineering officer of the battleship USS Oklahoma in the Pacific . He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 October 1922 . Continuing the pattern of alternating duty afloat and ashore , he then spent two years as Officer in Charge of the Portland Navy Recruiting Station , before returning to the Atlantic as engineering officer of the light cruiser USS Cincinnati in June 1925 . From February 1927 to June 1928 , he was executive officer of the oil tanker USS Ramapo . He then spent the next three years as aide to the Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy , Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robison . From June 1931 to June 1933 he commanded the destroyer USS Lea . He then spent two years as an inspector of ordnance at the Mare Island Naval Ammunition Depot in California , where he was promoted to the rank of commander in September 1933 . In February 1935 , he was posted to the battleship USS New York as damage control officer . He briefly commanded the Ramapo before becoming Commander of Destroyer Division 17 in the Pacific .
In June 1937 Barbey was assigned to War Plans Section of the Bureau of Navigation in Washington , D.C .. During this assignment , he worked on mobilization plans , and developed an interest in amphibious warfare from studying reports of Japanese amphibious operations in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . He was particularly intrigued by photographs of special landing craft with hinged bow ramps . In 1940 he produced Fleet Training Publication 167 – Landing Operations Doctrine , United States Navy ( FTP 167 ) . This would become the Navy 's " bible " of amphibious operations , and would remain in use throughout World War II . He was promoted to captain in February 1940 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Amphibious warfare = = =
Barbey assumed command of New York in the Pacific but in January 1941 he returned to the Atlantic to become Chief of Staff to Rear Admiral Randall Jacobs , Commander Service Force , Atlantic Fleet . This included the embryo Amphibious Force , Atlantic Fleet . In 1940 and 1941 he supervised the amphibious training of the 1st Marine Division and the 1st Infantry Division , conducting Fleet Landing Exercises along the coast of North Carolina . In May 1942 , Admiral Ernest King , Commander in Chief U.S. Fleet appointed Barbey to organize a new Amphibious Warfare Section within the Navy Department . Barbey was charged with responsibility for the coordination of amphibious training and the burgeoning amphibious craft construction program . He became involved with the development and production of the new generation of landing craft . He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in December 1942 .
On 8 January 1943 Barbey assumed command of Amphibious Force , Southwest Pacific Force . He established his headquarters aboard the attack transport ( APA ) USS Henry T. Allen on the Brisbane River and set about building up his small training command into a major amphibious force capable of carrying out the strategy of the Supreme Commander , Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , General Douglas MacArthur , for an amphibious advance from Australia to the Philippines . On 15 March 1943 , " by a stroke of Admiral King 's pen , " the Southwest Pacific Force became the Seventh Fleet and its Amphibious Force became the VII Amphibious Force . On meeting Barbey for the first time , MacArthur had only one question : " are you a lucky officer ? "
The VII Amphibious Force inherited the Royal Australian Navy amphibious training center HMAS Assault at Port Stephens , New South Wales and a Combined Training School at Bribie Island and nearby Toorbul Point in Queensland . There was only one APA , the Henry T. Allen , which was in a poor state of repair and trailed an oil slick wherever it went , precluding its use in a combat zone , but VII Amphibious Force had three Australian assault transports , known as Landing Ships , Infantry ( LSI ) : HMAS Manoora , Kanimbla and Westralia . For the moment , they were too valuable to risk in forward areas . They were augmented by a flotilla each of the new beaching craft , Landing Ships , Tank ( LST ) , Landing Craft , Infantry ( LCI ) and Landing Craft , Tank ( LCT ) . There were also a small number of high speed transports ( APD ) . MacArthur directed that the two navies would use a common doctrine , FTP 167 . However , this was written with the assumption that APDs would be available and carry beach parties . Doctrine therefore required modification from the start .
= = = New Guinea campaign = = =
Operation Chronicle , the landings at Kiriwina and Woodlark Islands , was the VII Amphibious Force 's first operation , presented no great difficulty as the islands were known to be unoccupied . However half the assault troops experienced seasickness , problems were encountered with clearing the sand bar at the entrance to Guasopa Harbor , and Barbey 's decision to land at night and withdraw before dawn in order to avoid encountering Japanese aircraft highlighted the inexperience of his crews and deficiencies in their training . Unloading activities on the coral @-@ fringed Kiriwina dragged on for a fortnight .
For the landing at Lae , Barbey elected to make a night approach and a dawn landing . As the LCIs approached the beach , they were set upon by three Mitsubishi G4M " Betty " bombers which score a bomb hit and two near misses on USS LCI @-@ 339 . Badly damaged and riddled by strafing bullets and fragments , the ship was beached but became a total loss . That afternoon , six LSTs were attacked by a force of about 80 Japanese aircraft . Some 48 Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightnings were vectored to assist but USS LST @-@ 471 and USS LST @-@ 473 were hit , killing 57 crewmen and Australian troops .
A few weeks later Barbey was called upon to make a landing at Finschhafen . Not confident of the promised air support , Barbey decided to make another night landing , with the landing ships clearing the beach before dawn . Major General George Wootten , the commander of the assault troops , doubted that the VII Amphibious Force could find the correct beach in the dark , and was proven correct by events ; the VII Amphibious Force was not yet proficient enough to conduct night landings . Fortunately , this time Japanese air attacks failed to sink or damage any amphibious ships . For his part in the landings at Lae and Finschhafen , Barbey was awarded the Navy Cross . His citation read :
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Rear Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey ( NSN : 0 – 7930 ) , United States Navy , for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commander , Amphibious Force , Seventh Fleet , during attacks on Japanese @-@ occupied Lae and Finschafen in New Guinea , on 4 September and 22 September 1943 . With singular skill and inspiring courage , Rear Admiral Barbey personally led his forces to the beachheads under relentless air attacks and expertly directed the brilliantly executed landings which ultimately resulted in victory to our forces . The sound tactical knowledge , fearless leadership and inspiring devotion to duty displayed by Rear Admiral Barbey were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
The Battle of Arawe and the Battle of Cape Gloucester involved a number of " firsts " for the VII Amphibious Force . It marked the first use of an Australian LSI , HMAS Westralia , in combat , and the first appearance in SWPA of a Landing Ship , Dock ( LSD ) , USS Carter Hall . The LSD was used to carry amtracs , also making their debut in SWPA , which were necessary to cross the coral reefs . Fire support was provided by two LCIs equipped with rockets . This proved so successful that Barbey had another six modified for the purpose . Casualties were evacuated using specially modified LCTs and LSTS equipped as hospital ships . For the first time , Beach Party 1 participated , providing a fully trained naval beach party for the first time . Contrary to doctrine , it was not affiliated with a particular APA . The Arawe operation also saw the first use of another innovation of Barbey 's , the landing craft control officers . However , an attempt to land a force in rubber boats was a total failure , and was not repeated . Afterward , Barbey received his first properly equipped amphibious command ship , the USS Blue Ridge . He also acquired an experienced deputy in Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler . Fechteler commanded the assault on the Admiralty Islands , in which APDs were employed in order to meet the Army 's requirement for a reconnaissance in force .
= = = Western New Guinea campaign = = =
During Operations Reckless and Persecution , Barbey personally directed the landing at Tanahmerah Bay . The beaches there proved to be unsuitable , and Barbey diverted the follow @-@ up forces to Humboldt Bay . MacArthur told war correspondent Frazier Hunt that Barbey was " just about the number one amphibious commander in the world , " but Admiral Chester Nimitz was more critical . VII Amphibious Force carried nearly 80 @,@ 000 personnel , 50 @,@ 000 tons ( 56 @,@ 000 m3 ) of stores and 3 @,@ 000 vehicles to the area but the resulting accumulation of stores on and immediately behind the beach included dumps in which fuel and ammunition were stored together . A lone Japanese aircraft bombed a dump and set off fires and explosions . Twenty men were killed and over a hundred wounded , and twelve LST loads of stores were destroyed . Meanwhile , three Japanese bombers attacked and torpedoed the cargo ship USS Etamin . The ship was severely damaged and towed back to Finschhafen with half its cargo still on board . For these operations , Barbey was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read :
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey ( NSN : 0 – 7930 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States , in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Amphibious Forces of the Seventh Fleet from 8 January 1943 to 12 May 1944 . Skillfully building and developing an organization from men and material untried in battle , Rear Admiral Barbey succeeded in bringing the forces under his command to the high state of combat readiness within a few months which enabled them to enter upon the New Guinea operation at the peak of their efficiency . Working in closest cooperation with associated Army Commanders and ably planning for determined aggression , he aided essentially in overcoming Japanese resistance during numerous landing operations and rendered invaluable support for forces until they were firmly established in various strategic positions in this vital area . An inspiring and forceful leader , Rear Admiral Barbey contributed immeasurably to the success of the campaigns in New Britain , New Guinea and the Admiralties and his brilliant administration of exacting responsibilities throughout this period reflects the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service .
= = = Philippines campaign = = =
Barbey paid a visit to Washington , D.C. in June 1944 to discuss his needs but his trip was mistimed , for the Joint Chiefs of Staff had left for Europe to observe the Invasion of Normandy and Barbey had to wait for Admiral King to return . In their discussions , King emphasised that it was his intention that MacArthur 's advance would proceed no further than Mindanao . This was scuttled in September 1944 by his own admirals , who recommended a descent on Leyte . By July enough amphibious ships had arrived in SWPA to allow Barbey to divide the VII Amphibious Force . Fetchteler assumed command of Amphibious Group 8 , while Amphibious Group 9 was formed under Rear Admiral Arthur D. Struble . In 1945 , a third group , Amphibious Group 6 , was formed under Rear Admiral Forrest B. Royal . For the invasion of Leyte , MacArthur and his naval commander , Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid expected that Barbey would continue in command of the amphibious forces , but Nimitz preferred the commander of the III Amphibious Force , Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson , who was senior and in Nimitz 's opinion , more experienced . In the end , a compromise was reached , with both amphibious forces participating , and Kinkaid in overall command . For his part , Barbey was awarded a second Navy Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read :
The President of the United States of America , authorized by Act of Congress , 9 July 1918 , takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Vice Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey ( NSN : 0 – 7930 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States , in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Amphibious Forces of the Seventh Fleet , in action against enemy Japanese forces in the Southwest Pacific Area from 2 July 1944 to 1 February 1945 . Initiating a series of ably executed operations , Vice Admiral Barbey and the intrepid forces under his command effected successful surprise landings at Noemfoor on 2 July , at Sansapor on 30 July , and at Morotai on 15 September 1944 , thereby establishing Southwest Pacific Air Forces within effective striking distance of the Philippines . As Commander of the Northern Attack Force at Leyte on 20 October , he participated with distinction in the highly successful operation which gained lodgment for our forces in the Philippine Islands and , as Commander of the Northern Attack Force at Lingayen Gulf on 9 January 1945 , he again shared equally with the Commander Southern Attack Force the credit for the brilliant amphibious operation which finally assured the re @-@ conquest of Luzon and the Philippine Archipelago . By his inspiring leadership and outstanding performance of duty in the planning and execution of these vital operations , Vice Admiral Barbey upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
Promoted to vice admiral on 9 December 1944 , Barbey directed 30 more assaults in 1945 , mostly in the southern Philippines and Borneo . He conducted the last amphibious operation of the war , the landings at Balikpapan , Borneo on 1 July 1945 . In all , " Uncle Dan " , as he was known , planned and conducted 56 amphibious operations , landing more than one million Australian and American soldiers and marines . For his wartime service in the Southwest Pacific , the U.S. Army awarded Barbey the Army Distinguished Service Medal . On Australia Day in 1948 the Australian government honored him with an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire , which was presented at the Australian embassy in Washington by Norman Makin , the Australian Ambassador to the United States .
= = Post @-@ war = =
After the war , Barbey replaced Kinkaid as commander of the Seventh Fleet . He continued the task of landing occupation forces in South Korea and North China . While providing training , transportation and support to the Chinese Nationalist Party forces , he attempted to prevent his own forces from becoming embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , which was engulfing North China . In March 1946 he became Commander Amphibious Force , Atlantic Fleet . In September he became commander of the Fourth Fleet . He briefly returned to the Far East in February 1947 as Chairman of the Joint Military Board on fact @-@ finding mission to evaluate strategic requirements there . He returned to the U.S. in March to become Commandant of the 10th Naval District and commander of the Caribbean Sea Frontier from 1 May 1947 until 10 October 1950 . His final assignment was as Commandant of the 13th Naval District . He retired as a vice admiral on 30 June 1951 .
= = Retirement and last years = =
In retirement , Barbey published his memoirs of his wartime service as MacArthur 's Amphibious Navy in 1969 . He died at the Naval Hospital in Bremerton , Washington on 11 March 1969 . His papers are in the Naval Historical Center at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C. The Navy named a Knox @-@ class frigate , USS Barbey ( FF @-@ 1088 ) in his honor , which was launched at the Avondale Shipyards in Westwego , Louisiana by his widow on 4 December 1971 .
= = Decorations = =
Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey ´ s ribbon bar :
= Tone cluster =
A tone cluster is a musical chord comprising at least three adjacent tones in a scale . Prototypical tone clusters are based on the chromatic scale and are separated by semitones . For instance , three adjacent piano keys ( such as C , C ♯ , and D ) struck simultaneously produce a tone cluster . Variants of the tone cluster include chords comprising adjacent tones separated diatonically , pentatonically , or microtonally . On the piano , such clusters often involve the simultaneous striking of neighboring white or black keys .
The early years of the twentieth century saw tone clusters elevated to central roles in pioneering works by ragtime artists Jelly Roll Morton and Scott Joplin . In the 1910s , two classical avant @-@ gardists , composer @-@ pianists Leo Ornstein and Henry Cowell , were recognized as making the first extensive explorations of the tone cluster . During the same period , Charles Ives employed them in several compositions that were not publicly performed until the late 1920s or 1930s . Composers such as Béla Bartók and , later , Lou Harrison and Karlheinz Stockhausen became proponents of the tone cluster , which feature in the work of many twentieth- and twenty @-@ first @-@ century classical composers . Tone clusters play a significant role , as well , in the work of free jazz musicians such as Cecil Taylor and Matthew Shipp .
In most Western music , tone clusters tend to be heard as dissonant . Clusters may be performed with almost any individual instrument on which three or more notes can be played simultaneously , as well as by most groups of instruments or voices . Keyboard instruments are particularly suited to the performance of tone clusters because it is relatively easy to play multiple notes in unison on them .
= = Music theory and classification = =
Prototypical tone clusters are chords of three or more adjacent notes on a chromatic scale , that is , three or more adjacent pitches each separated by only a semitone . Three @-@ note stacks based on diatonic and pentatonic scales are also , strictly speaking , tone clusters . However , these stacks involve intervals between notes greater than the half @-@ tone gaps of the chromatic kind . This can readily be seen on a keyboard , where the pitch of each key is separated from the next by one semitone ( visualizing the black keys as extending to the edge of the keyboard ) : Diatonic scales — conventionally played on the white keys — contain only two semitone intervals ; the rest are full tones . In Western musical traditions , pentatonic scales — conventionally played on the black keys — are built entirely from intervals larger than a semitone . Commentators thus tend to identify diatonic and pentatonic stacks as " tone clusters " only when they consist of four or more successive notes in the scale . In standard Western classical music practice , all tone clusters are classifiable as secundal chords — that is , they are constructed from minor seconds ( intervals of one semitone ) , major seconds ( intervals of two semitones ) , or , in the case of certain pentatonic clusters , augmented seconds ( intervals of three semitones ) . Stacks of adjacent microtonal pitches also constitute tone clusters .
In tone clusters , the notes are sounded fully and in unison , distinguishing them from ornamented figures involving acciaccaturas and the like . Their effect also tends to be different : where ornamentation is used to draw attention to the harmony or the relationship between harmony and melody , tone clusters are for the most part employed as independent sounds . While , by definition , the notes that form a cluster must sound at the same time , there is no requirement that they must all begin sounding at the same moment . For example , in R. Murray Schafer 's choral Epitaph for Moonlight ( 1968 ) , a tone cluster is constructed by dividing each choir section ( soprano / alto / tenor / bass ) into four parts . Each of the sixteen parts enters separately , humming a note one semitone lower than the note hummed by the previous part , until all sixteen are contributing to the cluster .
Tone clusters have generally been thought of as dissonant musical textures , and even defined as such . As noted by Alan Belkin , however , instrumental timbre can have a significant impact on their effect : " Clusters are quite aggressive on the organ , but soften enormously when played by strings ( possibly because slight , continuous fluctuations of pitch in the latter provide some inner mobility ) . " In his first published work on the topic , Henry Cowell observed that a tone cluster is " more pleasing " and " acceptable to the ear if its outer limits form a consonant interval . " Cowell explains , " the natural spacing of so @-@ called dissonances is as seconds , as in the overtone series , rather than sevenths and ninths .... Groups spaced in seconds may be made to sound euphonious , particularly if played in conjunction with fundamental chord notes taken from lower in the same overtone series . Blends them together and explains them to the ear . " Tone clusters have also been considered noise . As Mauricio Kagel says , " clusters have generally been used as a kind of anti @-@ harmony , as a transition between sound and noise . " Tone clusters thus also lend themselves to use in a percussive manner . Historically , they were sometimes discussed with a hint of disdain . One 1969 textbook defines the tone cluster as " an extra @-@ harmonic clump of notes . "
= = Notation and execution = =
In his 1917 piece The Tides of Manaunaun , Cowell introduced a new notation for tone clusters on the piano and other keyboard instruments . In this notation , only the top and bottom notes of a cluster , connected by a single line or a pair of lines , are represented . This developed into the solid @-@ bar style seen in the image on the right . Here , the first chord — stretching two octaves from D2 to D4 — is a diatonic ( so @-@ called white @-@ note ) cluster , indicated by the natural sign below the staff . The second is a pentatonic ( so @-@ called black @-@ note ) cluster , indicated by the flat sign ; a sharp sign would be required if the notes showing the limit of the cluster were spelled as sharps . A chromatic cluster — black and white keys together — is shown in this method by a solid bar with no sign at all . In scoring the large , dense clusters of the solo organ work Volumina in the early 1960s , György Ligeti , using graphical notation , blocked in whole sections of the keyboard .
The performance of keyboard tone clusters is widely considered an " extended technique " — large clusters require unusual playing methods often involving the fist , the flat of the hand , or the forearm . Thelonious Monk and Karlheinz Stockhausen each performed clusters with their elbows ; Stockhausen developed a method for playing cluster glissandi with special gloves . Don Pullen would play moving clusters by rolling the backs of his hands over the keyboard . Boards of various dimension are sometimes employed , as in the Concord Sonata ( ca . 1904 – 19 ) of Charles Ives ; they can be weighted down to execute clusters of long duration . Several of Lou Harrison 's scores call for the use of an " octave bar " , crafted to facilitate high @-@ speed keyboard cluster performance . Designed by Harrison with his partner William Colvig , the octave bar is
a flat wooden device approximately two inches high with a grip on top and sponge rubber on the bottom , with which the player strikes the keys . Its length spans an octave on a grand piano . The sponge rubber bottom is sculpted so that its ends are slightly lower than its center , making the outer tones of the octave sound with greater force than the intermediary pitches . The pianist can thus rush headlong through fearfully rapid passages , precisely spanning an octave at each blow .
= = Use in Western music = =
= = = Before the 1900s = = =
The earliest example of tone clusters in a Western music composition thus far identified is in the Allegro movement of Heinrich Biber 's Battalia à 10 ( 1673 ) for string ensemble , which calls for several diatonic clusters . An orchestral diatonic cluster occurs also in the representation of chaos in the opening of Jean @-@ Féry Rebel 's 1737 – 38 ballet Les Elémens . From the next century @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half , only a few more examples have been identified , none calling for more than a fleeting instance of the form . These are mostly in French programmatic compositions for the harpsichord or piano that represent cannon fire with clusters , for example in works by François Dandrieu ( Les Caractères de la guerre , 1724 ) , Michel Corrette ( La Victoire d 'un combat naval , remportée par une frégate contre plusieurs corsaires réunis , 1780 ) , Claude @-@ Bénigne Balbastre ( March des Marseillois , 1793 ) , Pierre Antoine César ( La Battaille de Gemmap , ou la prise de Mons , ca . 1794 ) , Bernard Viguerie ( La Bataille de Maringo , pièce militaire et hitorique , for piano trio , 1800 ) , and Jacques @-@ Marie Beauvarlet @-@ Charpentier ( Battaille d 'Austerlitz , 1805 ) .
The next known compositions after Charpentier 's to feature tone clusters are Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan 's " Une fusée " ( A Rocket ) Op. 55 , published in 1859 , and his " Les Diablotins " ( The Imps ) , a miniature from the set of 49 Esquisses ( sketches ) for solo piano , published in 1861 . There is also the solo piano piece Battle of Manassas , written in 1861 by " Blind Tom " Bethune and published in 1866 . The score instructs the pianist to represent cannon fire at various points by striking " with the flat of the hand , as many notes as possible , and with as much force as possible , at the bass of the piano . " In 1887 , Giuseppe Verdi became the first notable composer in the Western tradition to write an unmistakable chromatic cluster : the storm music with which Otello opens includes an organ cluster ( C , C ♯ , D ) that also has the longest notated duration of any scored musical texture known . Still , it was not before the second decade of the twentieth century that tone clusters assumed a recognized place in Western classical music practice .
= = = In classical music of the early 1900s = = =
" Around 1910 , " Harold C. Schoenberg writes , " Percy Grainger was causing a stir by the near – tone clusters in such works as his Gumsuckers March . " In 1911 , what appears to be the first published classical composition to thoroughly integrate true tone clusters was issued : Tintamarre ( The Clangor of Bells ) , by Canadian composer J. Humfrey Anger ( 1862 – 1913 ) .
Within a few years , the radical composer @-@ pianist Leo Ornstein became one of the most famous figures in classical music on both sides of the Atlantic for his performances of cutting @-@ edge work . In 1914 , Ornstein debuted several of his own solo piano compositions : Wild Men 's Dance ( aka Danse Sauvage ; ca . 1913 – 14 ) , Impressions of the Thames ( ca . 1913 – 14 ) , and Impressions of Notre Dame ( ca . 1913 – 14 ) were the first works to explore the tone cluster in depth ever heard by a substantial audience . Wild Men 's Dance , in particular , was constructed almost entirely out of clusters ( listen ) . In 1918 , critic Charles L. Buchanan described Ornstein 's innovation : " [ He ] gives us masses of shrill , hard dissonances , chords consisting of anywhere from eight to a dozen notes made up of half tones heaped one upon another . "
Clusters were also beginning to appear in more pieces by European composers . Isaac Albéniz 's use of them in Iberia ( 1905 – 8 ) may have influenced Gabriel Fauré 's subsequent piano writing . Joseph Horowitz has suggested that the " dissonant star clusters " in its third and fourth books were particularly compelling to Olivier Messiaen , who called Iberia " the wonder of the piano . " The Thomas de Hartmann score for Wassily Kandinsky 's stage show The Yellow Sound ( 1909 ) employs a chromatic cluster at two climactic points . Alban Berg 's Four Pieces for clarinet and piano ( 1913 ) calls for clusters along with other avant @-@ garde keyboard techniques . Claude Debussy 's 1915 arrangement for solo piano of his Six Epigraphes Antiques ( 1914 ) , originally a set of piano duets , includes tone clusters in the fifth piece , Pour l 'Egyptienne . Richard Strauss 's An Alpine Symphony ( 1915 ) " starts and ends with the setting sun — a B flat minor chord cluster slowly built down . "
Though much of his work was made public only years later , Charles Ives had been exploring the possibilities of the tone cluster — which he referred to as the " group chord " — for some time . In 1906 – 7 , Ives composed his first mature piece to extensively feature tone clusters , Scherzo : Over the Pavements . Orchestrated for a nine @-@ piece ensemble , it includes both black- and white @-@ note clusters for the piano . Revised in 1913 , it would not be recorded and published until the 1950s and would have to wait until 1963 to receive its first public performance . During the same period that Ornstein was introducing tone clusters to the concert stage , Ives was developing a piece with what would become the most famous set of clusters : in the second movement , " Hawthorne , " of the Concord Sonata ( ca . 1904 – 15 , publ . 1920 , prem . 1928 , rev. 1947 ) , mammoth piano chords require a wooden bar almost fifteen inches long to play . The gentle clusters produced by the felt- or flannel @-@ covered bar represent the sound of far @-@ off church bells ( listen ) . Later in the movement , there are a series of five @-@ note diatonic clusters for the right hand . In his notes to the score , Ives indicates that " these group @-@ chords ... may , if the player feels like it , be hit with the clenched fist . " Between 1911 and 1913 , Ives also wrote ensemble pieces with tone clusters such as his Second String Quartet and the orchestral Decoration Day and Fourth of July , though none of these would be publicly performed before the 1930s .
= = = In the work of Henry Cowell = = =
In June 1913 , a sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Californian with no formal musical training wrote a solo piano piece , Adventures in Harmony , employing " primitive tone clusters . " Henry Cowell would soon emerge as the seminal figure in promoting the cluster harmonic technique . Ornstein abandoned the concert stage in the early 1920s and , anyway , clusters had served him as practical harmonic devices , not as part of a larger theoretical mission . In the case of Ives , clusters comprised a relatively small part of his compositional output , much of which went unheard for years . For the intellectually ambitious Cowell — who heard Ornstein perform in New York in 1916 — clusters were crucial to the future of music . He set out to explore their " overall , cumulative , and often programmatic effects . "
Dynamic Motion ( 1916 ) for solo piano , written when Cowell was nineteen , has been described as " probably the first piece anywhere using secundal chords independently for musical extension and variation . " Though that is not quite accurate , it does appear to be the first piece to employ chromatic clusters in such a manner . A solo piano piece Cowell wrote the following year , The Tides of Manaunaun ( 1917 ) , would prove to be his most popular work and the composition most responsible for establishing the tone cluster as a significant element in Western classical music ( listen ) . ( Cowell 's early piano works are often erroneously dated ; in the two cases above , as 1914 and 1912 , respectively . ) Assumed by some to involve an essentially random — or , more kindly , aleatoric — pianistic approach , Cowell would explain that precision is required in the writing and performance of tone clusters no less than with any other musical feature :
Tone clusters ... on the piano [ are ] whole scales of tones used as chords , or at least three contiguous tones along a scale being used as a chord . And , at times , if these chords exceed the number of tones that you have fingers on your hand , it may be necessary to play these either with the flat of the hand or sometimes with the full forearm . This is not done from the standpoint of trying to devise a new piano technique , although it actually amounts to that , but rather because this is the only practicable method of playing such large chords . It should be obvious that these chords are exact and that one practices diligently in order to play them with the desired tone quality and to have them absolutely precise in nature .
Historian and critic Kyle Gann describes the broad range of ways in which Cowell constructed ( and thus performed ) his clusters and used them as musical textures , " sometimes with a top note brought out melodically , sometimes accompanying a left @-@ hand melody in parallel . "
Beginning in 1921 , with an article serialized in The Freeman , an Irish cultural journal , Cowell popularized the term tone cluster . While he did not coin the phrase , as is often claimed , he appears to have been the first to use it with its current meaning . During the 1920s and 1930s , Cowell toured widely through North America and Europe , playing his own experimental works , many built around tone clusters . In addition to The Tides of Manaunaun , Dynamic Motion , and its five " encores " — What 's This ( 1917 ) , Amiable Conversation ( 1917 ) , Advertisement ( 1917 ) , Antinomy ( 1917 , rev. 1959 ; frequently misspelled " Antimony " ) , and Time Table ( 1917 ) — these include The Voice of Lir ( 1920 ) , Exultation ( 1921 ) , The Harp of Life ( 1924 ) , Snows of Fujiyama ( 1924 ) , Lilt of the Reel ( 1930 ) , and Deep Color ( 1938 ) . Tiger ( 1930 ) has a chord of 53 notes , probably the largest ever written for a single instrument until 1969 . Along with Ives , Cowell wrote some of the first large @-@ ensemble pieces to make extensive use of clusters . The Birth of Motion ( ca . 1920 ) , his earliest such effort , combines orchestral clusters with glissando . " Tone Cluster , " the second movement of Cowell 's Concerto for Piano and Orchestra ( 1928 , prem . 1978 ) , employs a wide variety of clusters for the piano and each instrumental group ( listen ) . From a quarter @-@ century later , his Symphony No. 11 ( 1953 ) features a sliding chromatic cluster played by muted violins .
In his theoretical work New Musical Resources ( 1930 ) , a major influence on the classical avant @-@ garde for many decades , Cowell argued that clusters should not be employed simply for color :
In harmony it is often better for the sake of consistency to maintain a whole succession of clusters , once they are begun ; since one alone , or even two , may be heard as a mere effect , rather than as an independent and significant procedure , carried with musical logic to its inevitable conclusion .
= = = In later classical music = = =
In 1922 , composer Dane Rudhyar , a friend of Cowell 's , declared approvingly that the development of the tone cluster " imperilled [ the ] existence " of " the musical unit , the note . " While that threat was not to be realized , clusters began to appear in the works of a growing number of composers . Already , Aaron Copland had written his Three Moods ( aka Trois Esquisses ; 1920 – 21 ) for piano — its name an apparent homage to a piece of Leo Ornstein 's — which includes a triple @-@ forte cluster . The most renowned composer to be directly inspired by Cowell 's demonstrations of his tone cluster pieces was Béla Bartók , who requested Cowell 's permission to employ the method . Bartók 's First Piano Concerto , Piano Sonata , and Out of Doors ( all 1926 ) , his first significant works after three years in which he produced little , extensively feature tone clusters .
In the 1930s , Cowell 's student Lou Harrison utilized keyboard clusters in several works such as his Prelude for Grandpiano ( 1937 ) . At least as far back as 1942 , John Cage , who also studied under Cowell , began writing piano pieces with cluster chords ; In the Name of the Holocaust , from December of that year , includes chromatic , diatonic , and pentatonic clusters . Olivier Messiaen 's Vingt regards sur l 'enfant Jésus ( 1944 ) , often described as the most important solo piano piece of the first half of the twentieth century , employs clusters throughout . They would feature in numerous subsequent piano works , by a range of composers . Karlheinz Stockhausen 's Klavierstück X ( 1961 ) makes bold , rhetorical use of chromatic clusters , scaled in seven degrees of width , from three to thirty @-@ six semitones , as well as ascending and descending cluster arpeggios and cluster glissandi . Written two decades later , his Klavierstück XIII employs many of the same techniques , along with clusters that call for the pianist to sit down on the keyboard . George Crumb 's Apparitions , Elegiac Songs , and Vocalises for Soprano and Amplified Piano ( 1979 ) , a setting of verse by Walt Whitman , is filled with clusters , including an enormous one that introduces three of its sections . The piano part of the second movement of Joseph Schwantner 's song cycle Magabunda ( 1983 ) has perhaps the single largest chord ever written for an individual instrument : all 88 notes on the keyboard .
While tone clusters are conventionally associated with the piano , and the solo piano repertoire in particular , they have also assumed important roles in compositions for chamber groups and larger ensembles . Robert Reigle identifies Croatian composer Josip Slavenski 's organ @-@ and @-@ violin Sonata Religiosa ( 1925 ) , with its sustained chromatic clusters , as " a missing link between Ives and [ György ] Ligeti . " Bartók employs both diatonic and chromatic clusters in his Fourth String Quartet ( 1928 ) . The sound mass technique in such works as Ruth Crawford Seeger 's String Quartet ( 1931 ) and Iannis Xenakis 's Metastaseis ( 1955 ) is an elaboration of the tone cluster . " Unlike most tonal and non @-@ tonal linear dissonances , tone clusters are essentially static . The individual pitches are of secondary importance ; it is the sound mass that is foremost . " In one of the most famous pieces associated with the sound mass aesthetic , containing , " one of the largest clustering of individual pitches that has been written " , Krzysztof Penderecki 's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima ( 1959 ) , for fifty @-@ two string instruments , the quarter @-@ tone clusters " see [ m ] to have abstracted and intensified the features that define shrieks of terror and keening cries of sorrow . " Clusters appear in two sections of the electronic music of Stockhausen 's Kontakte ( 1958 – 60 ) — first as " hammering points ... very difficult to synthesize " , according to Robin Maconie , then as glissandi . In 1961 , Ligeti wrote perhaps the largest cluster chord ever — in the orchestral Atmosphères , every note in the chromatic scale over a range of five octaves is played at once ( quietly ) . Ligeti 's organ works make extensive use of clusters . Volumina ( 1961 – 62 ) , graphically notated , consists of static and mobile cluster masses , and calls on many advanced cluster @-@ playing techniques .
The eighth movement of Messiaen 's oratorio La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus @-@ Christ ( 1965 – 69 ) features " a shimmering halo of tone @-@ cluster glissandi " in the strings , evoking the " bright cloud " to which the narrative refers ( listen ) . Orchestral clusters are employed throughout Stockhausen 's Fresco ( 1969 ) and Trans ( 1971 ) . In Morton Feldman 's Rothko Chapel ( 1971 ) , " Wordless vocal tone clusters seep out through the skeletal arrangements of viola , celeste , and percussion . " Aldo Clementi 's chamber ensemble piece Ceremonial ( 1973 ) evokes both Verdi and Ives , combining the original extended @-@ duration and mass cluster concepts : a weighted wooden board placed on an electric harmonium maintains a tone cluster throughout the work . Judith Bingham 's Prague ( 1995 ) gives a brass band the opportunity to create tone clusters . Keyboard clusters are set against orchestral forces in piano concertos such as Einojuhani Rautavaara 's first ( 1969 ) and Esa @-@ Pekka Salonen 's ( 2007 ) , the latter suggestive of Messiaen . The choral compositions of Eric Whitacre often employ clusters .
Three composers who made frequent use of tone clusters for a wide variety of ensembles are Giacinto Scelsi , Alfred Schnittke — both of whom often worked with them in microtonal contexts — and Lou Harrison . Scelsi employed them for much of his career , including in his last large @-@ scale work , Pfhat ( 1974 ) , which premiered in 1986 . They are found in works of Schnittke 's ranging from the Quintet for Piano and Strings ( 1972 – 76 ) , where " microtonal strings fin [ d ] tone clusters between the cracks of the piano keys , " to the choral Psalms of Repentance ( 1988 ) . Harrison 's many pieces featuring clusters include Pacifika Rondo ( 1963 ) , Concerto for Organ with Percussion ( 1973 ) , Piano Concerto ( 1983 – 85 ) , Three Songs for male chorus ( 1985 ) , Grand Duo ( 1988 ) , and Rhymes with Silver ( 1996 ) .
= = = In jazz = = =
Tone clusters have been employed by jazz artists in a variety of styles , since the very beginning of the form . Around the turn of the twentieth century , Storyville pianist Jelly Roll Morton began performing a ragtime adaptation of a French quadrille , introducing large chromatic tone clusters played by his left forearm . The growling effect led Morton to dub the piece his " Tiger Rag " ( listen ) . In 1909 , Scott Joplin 's deliberately experimental " Wall Street Rag " included a section prominently featuring notated tone clusters — apparently the first published work in the history of Western music with a cluster sequence . The fourth of Artie Matthews 's Pastime Rags ( 1913 – 20 ) features dissonant right @-@ hand clusters . Thelonious Monk , in pieces such as " Introspection " ( 1946 ) and " Off Minor " ( 1947 ) , uses clusters as dramatic figures within the central improvisation and to accent the tension at its conclusion . They are heard on Art Tatum 's " Mr. Freddy Blues " ( 1950 ) , undergirding the cross @-@ rhythms . By 1953 , Dave Brubeck was employing piano tone clusters and dissonance in a manner anticipating the style free jazz pioneer Cecil Taylor would soon develop . The approach of hard bop pianist Horace Silver is an even clearer antecedent to Taylor 's use of clusters . During the same era , clusters appear as punctuation marks in the lead lines of Herbie Nichols . In " The Gig " ( 1955 ) , described by Francis Davis as Nichols 's masterpiece , " clashing notes and tone clusters depic [ t ] a pickup band at odds with itself about what to play . " Recorded examples of Duke Ellington 's piano cluster work include " Summertime " ( 1961 ) and ... And His Mother Called Him Bill ( 1967 ) .
In jazz , as in classical music , tone clusters have not been restricted to the keyboard . In the 1930s , the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra 's " Stratosphere " included ensemble clusters among an array of progressive elements . The Stan Kenton Orchestra 's April 1947 recording of " If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight , " arranged by Pete Rugolo , features a dramatic four @-@ note trombone cluster at the end of the second chorus . As described by critic Fred Kaplan , a 1950 performance by the Duke Ellington Orchestra features arrangements with the collective " blowing rich , dark , tone clusters that evoke Ravel . " In the early 1960s , arrangements by Bob Brookmeyer and Gerry Mulligan for Mulligan 's Concert Jazz Band employed tone clusters in a dense style bringing to mind both Ellington and Ravel . Eric Dolphy 's bass clarinet solos would often feature " microtonal clusters summoned by frantic overblowing . " Critic Robert Palmer called the " tart tone cluster " that " pierces a song 's surfaces and penetrates to its heart " a specialty of guitarist Jim Hall 's .
Clusters are especially prevalent in the realm of free jazz . Cecil Taylor has used them extensively as part of his improvisational method since the mid @-@ 1950s . Like much of his musical vocabulary , his clusters operate " on a continuum somewhere between melody and percussion . " One of Taylor 's primary purposes in adopting clusters was to avoid the dominance of any specific pitch . Leading free jazz composer , bandleader , and pianist Sun Ra often used them to rearrange the musical furniture , as described by scholar John F. Szwed :
When he sensed that [ a ] piece needed an introduction or an ending , a new direction or fresh material , he would call for a space chord , a collectively improvised tone cluster at high volume which " would suggest a new melody , maybe a rhythm . " It was a pianistically conceived device which created another context for the music , a new mood , opening up fresh tonal areas .
As free jazz spread in the 1960s , so did the use of tone clusters . In comparison with what John Litweiler describes as Taylor 's " endless forms and contrasts , " the solos of Muhal Richard Abrams employ tone clusters in a similarly free , but more lyrical , flowing context . Guitarist Sonny Sharrock made them a central part of his improvisations ; in Palmer 's description , he executed " glass @-@ shattering tone clusters that sounded like someone was ripping the pickups out of the guitar without having bothered to unplug it from its overdriven amplifier . " Pianist Marilyn Crispell has been another major free jazz proponent of the tone cluster , frequently in collaboration with Anthony Braxton , who played with Abrams early in his career . Since the 1990s , Matthew Shipp has built on Taylor 's innovations with the form . European free jazz pianists who have contributed to the development of the tone cluster palette include Gunter Hampel and Alexander von Schlippenbach .
Don Pullen , who bridged free and mainstream jazz , " had a technique of rolling his wrists as he improvised — the outside edges of his hands became scarred from it — to create moving tone clusters , " writes critic Ben Ratliff . " Building up from arpeggios , he could create eddies of noise on the keyboard ... like concise Cecil Taylor outbursts . " In the description of Joachim Berendt , Pullen " uniquely melodized cluster playing and made it tonal . He phrases impulsively raw clusters with his right hand and yet embeds them in clear , harmonically functional tonal chords simultaneously played with the left hand . " John Medeski employs tone clusters as keyboardist for Medeski , Martin , and Wood , which mixes free jazz elements into its soul jazz / jam band style .
= = = In popular music = = =
Like jazz , rock and roll has made use of tone clusters since its birth , if characteristically in a less deliberate manner — most famously , Jerry Lee Lewis 's live @-@ performance piano technique of the 1950s , involving fists , feet , and derrière . Since the 1960s , much drone music , which crosses the lines between rock , electronic , and experimental music , has been based on tone clusters . On The Velvet Underground 's " Sister Ray , " recorded in September 1967 , organist John Cale uses tone clusters within the context of a drone ; the song is apparently the closest approximation on record of the band 's early live sound . Around the same time , Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek began introducing clusters into his solos during live performances of the band 's hit " Light My Fire . "
Kraftwerk 's self @-@ titled 1970 debut album employs organ clusters to add variety to its repeated tape sequences . In 1971 , critic Ed Ward lauded the " tone @-@ cluster vocal harmonies " created by Jefferson Airplane 's three lead singers , Grace Slick , Marty Balin , and Paul Kantner . Tangerine Dream 's 1972 double album Zeit is replete with clusters performed on synthesizer . In later rock practice , the D add9 chord characteristic of jangle pop involves a three @-@ note set separated by major seconds ( D , E , F ♯ ) , the sort of guitar cluster that may be characterized as a harp effect .
The sound of tone clusters played on the organ became a convention in radio drama for dreams . Clusters are often used in the scoring of horror and science @-@ fiction films . For a 2004 production of the play Tone Clusters by Joyce Carol Oates , composer Jay Clarke — a member of the indie rock bands Dolorean and The Standard — employed clusters to " subtly build the tension " , in contrast to what he perceived in the cluster pieces by Cowell and Ives suggested by Oates : “ Some of it was like music to murder somebody to ; it was like horror @-@ movie music ” .
= = Use in other music = =
In traditional Japanese gagaku , the imperial court music , a tone cluster performed on shō ( a type of mouth organ ) is generally employed as a harmonic matrix . Yoritsune Matsudaira , active from the late 1920s to the early 2000s , merged gagaku 's harmonies and tonalities with avant @-@ garde Western techniques . Much of his work is built on the shō 's ten traditional cluster formations . Lou Harrison 's Pacifika Rondo , which mixes Eastern and Western instrumentation and styles , mirrors the gagaku approach — sustained organ clusters emulate the sound and function of the shō . Traditional Korean court and aristocratic music employs passages of simultaneous ornamentation on multiple instruments , creating dissonant clusters ; this technique is reflected in the work of twentieth @-@ century Korean German composer Isang Yun .
Several East Asian free reed instruments , including the shō , were modeled on the sheng , an ancient Chinese folk instrument later incorporated into more formal musical contexts . Wubaduhesheng , one of the traditional chord formations played on the sheng , involves a three @-@ pitch cluster . Malayan folk musicians employ an indigenous mouth organ that , like the shō and sheng , produces tone clusters . The characteristic musical form played on the bin @-@ baja , a strummed harp of central India 's Pardhan people , has been described as a " rhythmic ostinato on a tone cluster . "
Tone clusters are used in traditional Asante trumpet music : " Intentional dissonance dispels evil spirits , and the greater the clangor , the greater the barrage .
= = = Listening = = =
American Mavericks : Program 1 — The Meaning of Maverick three works by Cowell on demand , including Concerto for Piano and Orchestra — its second movement is titled " Tone Cluster , " though all three movements feature them
Art of the States : Henry Cowell six works by the composer , including The Tides of Manaunaun and The Harp of Life , with their chromatic and diatonic clusters , and Exultation , which features pentatonic clusters
Art of the States : John Cage three works by the composer , including In the Name of the Holocaust
John Cage — In The Name Of The Holocaust video of performance by Margaret Leng Tan
Ornstein Piano Music Marc @-@ André Hamelin 's performance of Suicide in an Airplane from Leo Ornstein : Piano Music ( Hyperion 67320 )
= 2015 Tour de France =
The 2015 Tour de France was the 102nd edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The 3 @,@ 360 @.@ 3 km ( 2 @,@ 088 mi ) -long race started in Utrecht , the Netherlands , on 4 July 2015 , and concluded with the Champs @-@ Élysées stage in Paris , on 26 July . A total of 198 riders from 22 teams entered the 21 @-@ stage race , which was won by Chris Froome of Team Sky . The second and third places were taken by the Movistar Team riders Nairo Quintana and Alejandro Valverde , respectively .
BMC Racing Team 's Rohan Dennis won the first stage to take the race leader 's yellow jersey . Trek Factory Racing rider Fabian Cancellara claimed it on the second , only to lose it after crashing out on the following stage . This put Froome in the lead , after the Tour 's first uphill finish . He lost the position to Etixx – Quick @-@ Step 's Tony Martin at the end of the fourth stage , but Martin 's withdrawal from the race after a crash at the end of the sixth stage put Froome back into the lead . He extended this lead during the stages in the Pyrenees and defended it successfully against attacks from Quintana during the final stages that took place in the Alps .
Froome became the first British rider to win the Tour twice , after his 2013 victory . Peter Sagan of Tinkoff – Saxo won the points classification . Froome also won the mountains classification . The best young rider was Quintana , with his team , Movistar Team , the winners of the team classification . Romain Bardet of AG2R La Mondiale was given the award for the most combative rider .
= = Teams = =
Twenty @-@ two teams participated in the 2015 edition of the Tour de France . All of the seventeen UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited , and obliged , to attend the race . On 14 January 2015 , the organiser of the Tour , Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the five second @-@ tier UCI Professional Continental teams given wildcard invitations , one of which , MTN – Qhubeka , was to become the first African @-@ registered trade team to participate in the race 's history . The team presentation – where each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries – took place at Lepelenburg Park in Utrecht , the Netherlands , on 2 July , two days before the opening stage held in the city . Each team arrived in small boats along the Oudegracht canal .
The number of riders allowed per squad was nine , therefore the start list contained a total of 198 riders . From the riders that began the race , 160 made it to the finish in Paris . The riders came from 32 countries ; France , the Netherlands , Italy , Spain , Belgium , Australia , Germany , Great Britain and Switzerland all had 10 or more riders in the race . Eritrean riders Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus , both of MTN – Qhubeka , became the first black Africans to compete in the Tour de France . The average age of all the riders was 29 @.@ 67 ; the youngest was Kudus , at 21 , and the oldest was the 41 @-@ year @-@ old Matteo Tosatto of Tinkoff – Saxo . Cofidis was the youngest team and Trek Factory Racing the oldest .
The teams entering the race were :
= = Pre @-@ race favourites = =
In the lead up to the Tour , the main contenders for the general classification , known in the media as the ' big four ' , were Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) , Alberto Contador ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , Nairo Quintana ( Movistar Team ) and Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) . All had won at least one Grand Tour , amassing a total of twenty Grand Tour podiums . Former Tour de France winners Froome ( 2013 ) and Contador ( 2007 and 2009 ) returned to the race having crashed out of the 2014 edition . The riders considered outsiders were Tejay van Garderen ( BMC Racing Team ) , Thibaut Pinot ( FDJ ) , Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) , followed by AG2R La Mondiale 's Jean @-@ Christophe Péraud and Romain Bardet .
Froome had shown his form during the season with overall victories at the Vuelta a Andalucía and the Critérium du Dauphiné , the Tour 's warm @-@ up race . Contador had earlier in the season won the Giro d 'Italia and was aiming to become the first rider since Marco Pantani in 1998 to achieve the Giro @-@ Tour double . He was also aiming to hold all three Grand Tour titles simultaneously , having won the 2014 Vuelta a España . Thirteen days before the start of the Tour , Contador won the Route du Sud , defeating Quintana by seventeen seconds . Quintana placed second in the 2013 Tour , winning the mountains and young rider classifications . He was absent in 2014 as he concentrated on the 2014 Giro d 'Italia , which he won . His major victory of the 2015 season was the Tirreno – Adriatico . The defending champion Nibali was considered a contender , although his best result of the season was tenth in the Tour de Romandie , and placed thirteenth at the Dauphiné .
The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Alexander Kristoff ( Team Katusha ) , Mark Cavendish ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , Andre Greipel ( Lotto – Soudal ) , Peter Sagan ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) and John Degenkolb ( Giant – Alpecin ) . Kristoff and Cavendish both showed their form during the season coming into the Tour , with eighteen and twelve wins , respectively . Greipel was also a contender , spearheaded by his sprint train , much like Cavendish . Three @-@ time consecutive winner of the points classification Sagan was expected to have a hard time repeating as winner due to the changes in the classification 's point structure and also due to the fact he had to ride in support of Contador . Degenkolb , who won the one @-@ day classic races Milan – San Remo and Paris – Roubaix in the season , would take the lead of the Giant – Alpecin team due to the absence of the 2014 Tour 's four @-@ stage winner Marcel Kittel , who was not selected due to lack of fitness .
= = Route and stages = =
On 8 November 2013 , the ASO announced Utrecht would host the 2015 edition 's Grand Départ ( the Tour 's opening stages ) . It was the sixth time the Tour had started in the Netherlands , a record for a country outside France . The previous five were : 1954 , in Amsterdam ; 1973 , in Scheveningen ; 1978 , in Leiden ; 1996 , in ' s @-@ Hertogenbosch ; and 2010 , in Rotterdam . Utrecht paid the ASO a reported € 4m to host the Grand Départ . The full route of the Tour was unveiled on 22 October 2014 at the Palais des Congrès in Paris .
After the first stage in Utrecht , the second stage left the city to finish in the region of Zeeland in the south of the Netherlands . The third began in Antwerp , Belgium , and concluded at the Mur de Huy , a steep climb known for its inclusion in the one @-@ day classic race La Flèche Wallonne . Stage four started in Seraing , before ending in Cambrai , France ; it featured seven cobbled sectors with a combined distance of 13 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) . Stages five to nine crossed northern France westwards , beginning in the region of Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais and ending in Brittany . The riders then took an air transfer to the south of the country for next three stages through the Pyrenees , which include the Tour 's most climbed mountain , the Col du Tourmalet , on stage eleven . Stages 13 to 16 formed a continuous four @-@ stage journey that navigated eastwards to the Alps . Four stages took place in and around the mountain range , before a second air transfer taking the Tour back to the north east to finish with the Champs @-@ Élysées stage in Paris . The Tour included six new start or finish locations : Utrecht , in stage 1 ; Zeeland , in stage 2 ; Livarot , in stage 7 ; La Pierre Saint @-@ Martin , in stage 10 ; Muret , in stage 13 ; and Sèvres , in stage 21 .
At the announcement of the route , the race director Christian Prudhomme described it as " atypique " ( English : " untypical " ) , adding " If you do not climb , you will not win the Tour in 2015 . " The most noticeable differences were the lack of time trial kilometers and the mountainous terrain . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3 @,@ 360 @.@ 3 km ( 2 @,@ 088 mi ) , 298 @.@ 7 km ( 185 @.@ 6 mi ) shorter than the 2014 Tour . The longest race stage was the fourth at 223 @.@ 5 km ( 139 mi ) , and stage 21 the shortest at 110 @.@ 5 km ( 69 mi ) . The opening individual time trial was 13 @.@ 8 km ( 8 @.@ 6 mi ) – although it was too long to be classified a prologue – and the team time trial on stage 9 was 28 km ( 17 @.@ 4 mi ) . Stages 3 and 8 , although officially classified flat , finished at the Mur de Huy and Mûr @-@ de @-@ Bretagne respectively , whilst the hilly stage 14 ended at the Côte de la Croix Neuve . There were seven stages defined as mountainous , six of which had summit finishes : stage 10 , to La Pierre Saint @-@ Martin ; stage 11 , to Cauterets ; stage 12 , to Plateau de Beille ; stage 17 , to Pra Loup ; stage 19 , to La Toussuire - Les Sybelles ; and stage 20 , to Alpe d 'Huez ) . On 25 June , it was announced that due to a landslide , the route of stage twenty would be changed , bypassing the Col du Galibier and instead climbing the Col de la Croix de Fer . The stage distance , however , remained intact . The rest days were after stage 9 , in Pau , and 16 , in Gap .
= = Race overview = =
The race 's opening individual time trial stage in Utrecht was won by Rohan Dennis of BMC Racing Team by a margin of five seconds over Etixx – Quick @-@ Step 's Tony Martin , with Trek Factory Racing 's Fabian Cancellara a further second down . Dennis set the record for the fastest average speed in a time trial at the Tour , with 55 @.@ 446 km / h ( 34 @.@ 5 mph ) . His win put him in the race leader 's yellow jersey . On stage two , crosswinds along the coastal route to the finish in Zeeland caused the peloton ( the main group ) to split into echelons , resulting in time gaps between riders . The stage ended in a bunch sprint , won by André Greipel , putting
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= Recording and production = =
" Take a Bow " was conceived during recording sessions for Lewis ' debut studio album , Spirit , which was released in November 2007 . It was written by Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello and Ryan Tedder , and was produced by The Runaways , Sam Watters , Wilkins , Biancaniello and Tedder . The music production , keyboards and programming were carried out by Wilkins , Biancaniello and Tedder , while vocal production was helmed by Watters . Lewis performs the lead vocals , and ReVaughn Brown performs background vocals . " Take a Bow " was recorded and mixed by Biancaniello , Mani , Watters and Omley at The Record Plant , Hollywood , California . As reported by Digital Spy , Tedder revealed that the types of songs that people expected to hear on Spirit , such as powerful vocal performance ballads , needed to be different and stand out rather than conventional , " if you 're going to push that kind of music [ these days ] - big ballads and big songs - you have to be edgier ; they can 't be clean and polished . "
= = Composition and critical reception = =
" Take a Bow " is a contemporary R & B and urban music song , which lasts for a duration of 3 : 54 , and appears as the sixth track on the standard and deluxe versions of the album . On the North American track listing , the song appears as the eleventh track and last for a duration of 3 : 53 . Its instrumentation consists of " daring , machine @-@ made " pan pipes , " melodramatic " synths , a piano and a guitar . It features an Ebb and Flo groove , and was composed in the key of A minor using common time at 70 beats per minute . Lewis ' vocal range spans over two octaves from low note of A3 to the high note of Eb6 . The song 's opening lyrics are " The flowers are faded now , along with your letters . " Chad Grischow for IGN and Sarah Rodman for The Boston Globe compared the song 's production to Justin Timberlake 's song " Cry Me a River " ( 2002 ) . The lyrics of " Take A Bow " pertain to a failed relationship , which Nick Levine for Digital Spy described as " admirably stark . "
" Take a Bow " garnered a positive response from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy described the track as " unexpected " due to its urban edge . Sarah Rodman for The Boston Globe wrote it was a " contender " to be released as a single because of how it is a mix of " classic and au courant " music . Linda McGee for RTÉ was complimentary of Lewis decision to experiment with the song instead of taking a " slushy ballad " approach and remaining in her comfort zone . She continued to write that it is for this reason that she is more suited to " the Beyoncé end of the market than the Mariah end . " Kitty Empire for The Guardian noted that all of the songs on Spirit are love songs , but only " Take a Bow " feels like it is from the 21st century . Chad Grischow for IGN wrote that the " Take a Bow " ' s production distracted from Lewis ' vocal performance .
= = Live performances = =
Lewis performed " Take a Bow " at the Rock in Rio festival held in Lisbon on 22 May 2010 . " Take a Bow " was included as the fifth song on the set list of her debut concert tour , called The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) . It was later included on the tour 's DVD release The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 . Lewis performed the song in the first section of the set list , along with " Brave " as the opener , " Don 't Let Me Down " , " Better in Time " and " Whatever It Takes " . The set was decorated in the style of a castle ; acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a gold sequined dress and thigh high boots .
= = Track listing = =
Spirit standard / deluxe edition
" Take a Bow " – 3 : 54
Spirit United States standard / deluxe version
" Take a Bow " – 3 : 53
The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2
" Take a Bow " ( Live from the 02 ) – 5 : 41
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded and mixed at The Record Plant , Hollywood , California .
Personnel
Lead vocals – Leona Lewis
Background vocals – RaVaughn Brown
Songwriting – Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan Tedder
Production – The Runaways , Sam Watters , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan " Alias " Tedder
Music production – Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan " Alias " Tedder
Recording and mixing – Louis Biancaniello , Michael Mani , Sam Watters , Jordon Omley
Vocal production – Sam Watters
Keyboards and programming – Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan " Alias " Tedder
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spirit .
= = Chart = =
Upon the release of Spirit , " Take a Bow " debuted at number 97 on the strength of digital download sales in the chart issue released on 24 November 2007 .
= Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia ( 1899 – 1918 ) =
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia ( Maria Nikolaevna Romanova ; Russian : Великая Княжна Мария Николаевна , June 26 ( 27th starting in 1900 ) [ O.S. June 14 ] 1899 – July 17 , 1918 ) was the third daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna ( Alix of Hesse ) . In 1900 and later , her birthday came on June 27 new style . Her murder following the Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in her canonization as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church .
During her lifetime , Maria , too young to become a Red Cross nurse like her elder sisters during World War I , was patroness of a hospital and instead visited wounded soldiers . Throughout her lifetime she was noted for her interest in the lives of the soldiers . The flirtatious Maria had a number of innocent crushes on the young men she met , beginning in early childhood . She hoped to marry and have a large family .
She was an elder sister of the famous Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia , whose alleged escape from the assassination of the imperial family was rumored for nearly 90 years . However , it was later proven that Anastasia did not escape . In the 1990s , it was suggested that Maria might have been the grand duchess whose remains were missing from the Romanov grave that was discovered near Yekaterinburg , Russia and exhumed in 1991 . However , further remains were discovered in 2007 , and DNA analysis subsequently proved that the entire Imperial family had been murdered in 1918 .
= = Life and characteristics = =
Contemporaries described Maria as a pretty , flirtatious girl , broadly built , with light brown hair and large blue eyes that were known in the family as " Marie 's saucers " . Her French tutor Pierre Gilliard said Maria was tall and well @-@ built , with rosy cheeks . Tatiana Botkina thought the expression in Maria 's eyes was " soft and gentle . " As an infant and toddler , her physical appearance was compared to one of Botticelli 's angels . Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia nicknamed her " The Amiable Baby " because of her good nature .
As a toddler , little Maria once escaped from her bath and ran naked up and down the palace corridor while her distracted Irish nurse , Margaretta Eagar , who loved politics , discussed the Dreyfus Affair with a friend . " Fortunately , I arrived just at that moment , picked her up and carried her back to Miss Eagar , who was still talking about Dreyfus , " recalled her aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia . Her older sisters objected to including Maria in their games and once referred to Maria as their " stepsister " because she was so good and never got into trouble , recalled Margaretta Eagar in her own memoirs . However , on occasion the sweet @-@ natured Maria could be mischievous . Once , as a little girl , she stole some biscuits from her mother 's tea table . As a punishment for her surprising behavior , the governess and Alexandra suggested she be sent to bed ; however Nicholas objected , stating , " I was always afraid of the wings growing . I am glad to see she is only a human child . " Eagar noted that Maria 's love for her father was " marked " and she often tried to escape from the nursery to " go to Papa . " When the Tsar was ill with typhoid , the little girl covered a miniature portrait of him with kisses every night .
Maria 's siblings were Grand Duchess Olga of Russia , Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia , Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia , and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia . Maria 's Russian title ( Velikaya Knyazhna Великая Княжна ) is most precisely translated as " Grand Princess " , meaning that Maria , as an " Imperial Highness " was higher in rank than other Princesses in Europe who were " Royal Highnesses " . " Grand Duchess " is the most widely used English translation of the title . However , in keeping with her parents ' desire to raise Maria and her siblings simply , even servants addressed the Grand Duchess by her first name and patronym , Maria Nikolaevna . She was also called by the French version of her name , " Marie , " or by the Russian nicknames " Masha " or " Mashka " .
Maria and her younger sister Anastasia were known within the family as " The Little Pair . " The two girls shared a room , often wore variations of the same dress , and spent much of their time together . Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as " The Big Pair . " The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nickname OTMA , which was derived from the first letters of their first names .
Maria and Anastasia were dressed similarly for special occasions , when they wore variations of the same dress . She tended to be dominated by her enthusiastic and energetic younger sister . When Anastasia tripped people who walked by , teased others or caused a scene with her dramatics , Maria always tried to apologize , though she could never stop her younger sister . Maria had simple tastes and was so kind @-@ hearted that she was sometimes taken advantage of by her sisters , who nicknamed her " fat little bow @-@ wow . " In 1910 , her fourteen @-@ year @-@ old sister Olga persuaded ten @-@ year @-@ old Maria to write their mother a letter asking that Olga be given her own room and be allowed to let down her dresses . Maria tried to persuade her mother that it was her own idea to write the letter . Her mother 's friend , Lili Dehn , said that while Maria was not as lively as her three sisters , she knew her own mind . Maria had a talent for drawing and sketched well , always using her left hand , but was generally uninterested in her schoolwork . She was surprisingly strong and sometimes amused herself by demonstrating how she could lift her tutors off the ground . Though usually sweet @-@ natured , Maria could also be stubborn and occasionally lazy . Her mother complained in one letter that Maria was grumpy and " bellowed " at the people who irritated her . Maria 's moodiness coincided with her menstrual period , which the Tsarina and her daughters referred to as a visit from " Madame Becker . "
Young Maria enjoyed innocent flirtations with the young soldiers she encountered at the palace and on family holidays . She particularly loved children and , had she not been a Grand Duchess , would have loved nothing more than to marry a Russian soldier and raise a large family . Maria was fond of soldiers from a very early age , according to Margaretta Eagar :
Until his own assassination in 1979 , her first cousin , Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , kept a photograph of Maria beside his bed in memory of the crush he had upon her .
Alexandra 's letters reveal that Maria , the middle child of the family , sometimes felt insecure and left out by her older sisters and feared she wasn 't loved as much as the other children . Alexandra reassured her that she was as dearly loved as her siblings . At age eleven , Maria apparently developed a painful crush on one of the young men she had met . " Try not to let your thoughts dwell too much on him , that 's what our Friend said , " Alexandra wrote to her on December 6 , 1910 . Alexandra advised her third daughter to keep her feelings hidden because others might say unkind things to her about her crush . " One must not let others see what one feels inside , when one knows it 's considered not proper . I know he likes you as a little sister and would like to help you not to care too much , because he knows you , a little Grand Duchess , must not care for him so . "
Maria , like all her family , doted on the long @-@ awaited heir Tsarevich Alexei , or " Baby , " who suffered frequent complications of hemophilia and nearly died several times . Her mother relied on the counsel of Grigori Rasputin , a Russian peasant and wandering starets or " holy man " and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions . Maria and her siblings were also taught to view Rasputin as " Our Friend " and to share confidences with him . In the autumn of 1907 , Maria 's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia was escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin . Maria , her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns . " All the children seemed to like him , " Olga Alexandrovna recalled . " They were completely at ease with him . "
Rasputin 's friendship with the imperial children was evident in the messages he sent to them . " My Dear Pearl M ! " Rasputin wrote the nine @-@ year @-@ old Maria in one telegram in 1908 . " Tell me how you talked with the sea , with nature ! I miss your simple soul . We will see each other soon ! A big kiss . " In a second telegram , Rasputin told the child , " My Dear M ! My Little Friend ! May the Lord help you to carry your cross with wisdom and joy in Christ . This world is like the day , look it 's already evening . So it is with the cares of the world . " In February 1909 , Rasputin sent all of the imperial children a telegram , advising them to " Love the whole of God 's nature , the whole of His creation in particular this earth . The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework . "
One of the girls ' governesses , Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva , was horrified in 1910 because Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns . Tyutcheva wanted Rasputin barred from the nurseries . In response to Tyutcheva 's complaints , Nicholas did ask Rasputin to end his nursery visits . " I am so afr ( aid ) that S.I. can speak ... about our friend something bad , " Maria 's twelve @-@ year @-@ old sister Tatiana wrote to her mother on March 8 , 1910 , after begging Alexandra to forgive her for doing something she didn 't like . " I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now . " Alexandra eventually had Tyutcheva fired .
Tyutcheva took her story to other members of the family , who were scandalized by the reports , though Rasputin 's contacts with the children were by all accounts completely innocent . Nicholas 's sister Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia was horrified by Tyutcheva 's story . She wrote on March 15 , 1910 that she couldn 't understand " ... the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory ( whom they consider to be almost a saint , when in fact he 's only a khlyst ! ) He 's always there , goes into the nursery , visits Olga and Tatiana while they are getting ready for bed , sits there talking to them and caressing them . They are careful to hide him from Sofia Ivanovna , and the children don 't dare talk to her about him . It 's all quite unbelievable and beyond understanding . "
Another of the nursery governesses claimed in the spring of 1910 that she was raped by Rasputin . Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova had at first been a devotee of Rasputin , but later was disillusioned by him . The empress refused to believe Vishnyakova " and said that everything Rasputin does is holy . " Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova 's claim had been immediately investigated , but " they caught the young woman in bed with a Cossack of the Imperial Guard . " Vishnyakova was dismissed from her post in 1913 .
It was whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses . Rasputin had released ardent letters written to him by the Tsarina and the four grand duchesses . The letters circulated throughout society , fueling the rumors . Pornographic cartoons also circulated that depicted Rasputin having sexual relations with the empress , with her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova nude in the background . Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time , much to Alexandra 's displeasure , and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage to Palestine . Despite the scandal , the imperial family 's association with Rasputin continued until Rasputin was murdered on December 17 , 1916 . " Our Friend is so contented with our girlies , says they have gone through heavy ' courses ' for their age and their souls have much developed , " Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on December 6 , 1916 . In his memoirs , A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared " cold and visibly terribly upset " by Rasputin 's death and sat " huddled up closely together " on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news . Mordvinov reported that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed . Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse side by Maria , her sisters , and mother . Maria attended Rasputin 's funeral on December 21 , 1916 and her family planned to build a church over his grave site .
Maria , like her mother , was likely a carrier of the hemophilia gene and might have passed on the disease to another generation if she had survived to have the children she dreamed of . One of Alexandra 's brothers and two of her nephews , as well as one of her maternal uncles and two children of one of her first cousins were all hemophiliacs , as was Maria 's brother Alexei . Maria herself reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils , according to her paternal aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia , who was interviewed later in her life . The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria 's mother , Tsarina Alexandra . Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of the hemophilia gene like their mother . Symptomatic carriers of the gene , while not hemophiliacs themselves , can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normal blood clotting factor that can lead to heavy bleeding during childbirth or surgical procedures such as a tonsillectomy . DNA testing on the remains of the royal family proved in 2009 that Alexei suffered from hemophilia B , a rarer form of the disease . The same testing proved that his mother and one of the four Grand Duchesses were carriers . Russians identify the grand duchess who carried the gene as Anastasia , but American scientists identified the young woman as Maria .
Like her younger sister Anastasia , Maria visited wounded soldiers at a private hospital on the grounds of the palace at Tsarskoye Selo during World War I. The two teenagers , who were too young to become nurses like their mother and elder sisters , played games of checkers and billiards with the soldiers and attempted to uplift their spirits . A wounded soldier named Dmitri signed Maria 's commonplace book and addressed her by one of her nicknames : " the famous Mandrifolie " .
During the war , Maria and Anastasia also paid a visit to a nurses ' school and helped to tend to the children . She wrote her father that she thought of him when she was feeding the children and cleaned the gruel running down their chins with a spoon . For a break during the war , Maria , her sisters and mother sometimes visited the Tsar and Tsarevich Alexei at the war headquarters in Mogilev . During these visits , Maria developed an attraction to Nikolai Dmitrievich Demenkov , an officer of the day at the Tsar 's Headquarters . When the women returned to Tsarskoye Selo , Maria often asked her father to give her regards to Demenkov and sometimes jokingly signed her letters to the Tsar " Mrs. Demenkov . "
= = Revolution and captivity = =
Revolution broke out in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1917 . At the height of the chaos , Maria and her siblings were stricken with measles . The Tsarina was reluctant to move the children to the safety of the imperial residence at Gatchina , even though she was advised to do so . Maria was the last of the five to fall ill and , while she was still healthy , was a major source of support to her mother . Maria went outside with her mother on the night of March 13 , 1917 to plead with the soldiers to remain loyal to the imperial family . Shortly afterwards , the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old fell ill with measles and virulent pneumonia and nearly died . She was not told that her father had abdicated the throne until after she began to recover .
The family was arrested and imprisoned , first in their home at Tsarskoye Selo and later at residences in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg in Siberia . Maria attempted to befriend her guards both at Tsarskoye Selo and Tobolsk and soon learned their names and details about their wives and children . Unaware of her danger , she commented at Tobolsk that she would be happy to live there indefinitely if only she could take a walk outside without being guarded continuously . Still , she was aware that she was being watched constantly . Maria and her sister Anastasia burned their letters and diaries in April 1918 because they feared their possessions would be searched .
Tsarina Alexandra chose Maria to accompany Tsar Nicholas II and herself to Yekaterinburg when the family was briefly separated in April 1918 . Maria had grown from a child to a woman during the years of captivity , according to the Baroness Sophie Buxhoevden , a lady in waiting , and the Tsarina felt she could depend upon her third daughter to help her as she could not rely upon the deeply depressed Olga or Anastasia , who was still a child . Level @-@ headed Tatiana was needed to watch over her ill brother . They were forced to leave their other children behind in Tobolsk because Maria 's brother Alexei was ill . The four other children joined their family in Yekaterinburg several weeks later .
In her letters to her siblings in Tobolsk , Maria described her unease at the new restrictions on the family at Yekaterinburg . She and her parents were searched by guards at the Ipatiev House and were warned they would be subject to further searches . A wooden fence was installed around the house , limiting their view of the street . " Oh , how complicated everything is now , " she wrote on May 2 , 1918 . " We lived so peacefully for eight months and now it 's all started again . " Maria passed the time by attempting to befriend members of the Ipatiev House Guard . She showed them pictures from her photo albums and talked with them about their families and her own hopes for a new life in England if she was released . Alexander Strekotin , one of the guards , recalled in his memoirs that she " was a girl who loved to have fun . " Another of the guards recalled Maria 's buxom beauty with appreciation and said she didn 't assume an air of grandeur . One former sentry recalled that Maria was often scolded by her mother in " severe and angry whispers , " apparently for being too friendly with the guards at Yekaterinburg . Strekotin wrote that their conversations always began with one of the girls saying , " We 're so bored ! In Tobolsk there was always something to do . I know ! Try to guess the name of this dog ! " The teenage girls walked by the sentries , whispering and giggling in a manner that the guards considered flirtatious .
In his memoirs , one guard recalled that on one occasion another guard forgot himself and told an off @-@ color joke to the grand duchesses during one of these meetings . The offended Tatiana ran from the room , " pale as death . " Maria eyed the man and said , " Why are you not disgusted with yourselves when you use such shameful words ? Do you imagine that you can woo a well @-@ born woman with such witticisms and have her be well disposed towards you ? Be refined and respectable men and then we can get along . " Ivan Kleschev , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old guard , declared that he intended to marry one of the grand duchesses and if her parents said no he would rescue her from the Ipatiev House himself .
Ivan Skorokhodov , yet another of the guards , smuggled in a birthday cake to celebrate Maria 's nineteenth birthday on June 26 , 1918 . Maria slipped away from the group with Ivan Skorokhodov for a private moment and they were discovered together in a compromising position when two of his superiors conducted a surprise inspection of the house . Skorokhodov was removed from his position after his actions and friendliness towards the grand duchess were discovered by his commanding officers . In their memoirs , several guards reported that both the Tsarina and her older sister Olga appeared angry with Maria in the days following the incident and that Olga avoided her company . After this incident , a new command was installed , the family was forbidden from fraternizing with the officers and the conditions of their imprisonment became even more strict .
On July 14 , 1918 , local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family and reported that Maria and her family , contrary to custom , fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead . The following day , on July 15 , Maria and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked with one another and moved the beds in their room so visiting cleaning women could scrub the floor . They got down on their hands and knees to help the women and whispered to them when the guards weren 't looking . All four young women wore long black skirts and white silk blouses , the same clothing they had worn the previous day . Their short hair was " tumbled and disorderly . " They boasted that Maria was so strong she could lift Alexei and told the women how much they enjoyed physical exertion and wished there was more of it for them to do in the Ipatiev House . On the afternoon of July 16 , 1918 , the last full day of her life , Maria walked in the garden with her father and sisters and the guards observed nothing unusual in the family 's spirits . As the family was eating dinner that night , Yakov Yurovsky , the head of the detachment , came in and announced that the family 's kitchen boy and Alexei 's playmate , 14 @-@ year @-@ old Leonid Sednev , must gather his things and go to a family member . The boy had actually been sent to a hotel across the street because the guards did not want to kill him along with the rest of the Romanov party . The family , unaware of the plan to kill them , was upset and unsettled by Sednev 's absence , which came after five other members of their detachment had already been sent away . Dr. Botkin and Tatiana went that evening to Yurovsky 's office , for what was to be the last time , to ask for the return of the kitchen boy who kept Alexei amused during the long hours of captivity . Yurovsky placated them by telling her the boy would return soon , but the family was unconvinced .
Late that night , on the night of July 16 , the family was awakened and told to come down to the lower level of the house because there was unrest in the town at large and they would have to be moved for their own safety . The family emerged from their rooms carrying pillows , bags , and other items to make Alexandra and Alexei comfortable . Anastasia carried one of the family 's three dogs , a Pekinese named Jimmy . The family paused and crossed themselves when they saw the stuffed mother bear and cubs that stood on the landing , perhaps as a sign of respect for the dead . Nicholas told the servants and family " Well , we 're going to get out of this place . " They asked questions of the guards but did not appear to suspect they were going to be killed . Yurovsky , who had been a professional photographer , directed the family to take different positions as a photographer might . Alexandra , who had requested chairs for herself and Alexei , sat to her son 's left . The Tsar stood behind Alexei , Dr. Botkin stood to the Tsar 's right , Maria and her sisters stood behind Alexandra along with the servants . They were left for approximately half an hour while further preparations were made . The group said little during this time , but Alexandra whispered to the girls in English , violating the guard 's rules that they must speak in Russian . Yurovsky came in , ordered them to stand , and read the sentence of execution . Maria and her family had time only to utter a few incoherent sounds of shock or protest before the death squad under Yurovsky 's command began shooting . It was the early hours of July 17 , 1918 .
The first volley of gunfire killed the Tsar , the Empress and two male servants , and wounded the family 's doctor and the empress ' maidservant . Maria tried to escape through the doors at the rear of the room , which led to a storage area , but the doors were nailed shut . The noise as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of the drunken military commissar Peter Ermakov . A heavy layer of smoke had accumulated in the room from the gunfire and from plaster dust released from the walls by errant bullets , and the gunmen could see only the lower bodies of those who were still alive . Ermakov fired at Maria , and his bullet struck her in the thigh . She fell to the floor with Anastasia and Demidova and lay there moaning . The assassins then left the room for several minutes to let the haze clear , and when they returned they killed Dr Botkin , Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana . Ermakov then turned on the wounded Maria and Anastasia , who was still unharmed . He struggled with Maria and tried to stab her with a bayonet . The jewels sewn into her clothes protected her , and he said he finally shot her in the head . But the skull that is almost certainly Maria 's has no bullet wound . Perhaps the drunken Ermakov inflicted a scalp wound , knocking her unconscious and producing a considerable flow of blood , leading Ermakov to think he had killed her . He then struggled with Anastasia , whom he also claimed he shot in the head . As the bodies were being removed from the house , Maria regained consciousness and screamed . Ermakov tried to stab her again but failed , and struck her in the face until she was silent . The facial area of Maria 's skull was indeed destroyed , but Yurovsky wrote that the victims ' faces were shattered with rifle butts at the burial site . Though Maria unquestionably died with her family , the exact cause of her death remains a mystery .
= = Rediscovery and reports of survival = =
According to the accounts of some of the guards , there may have been an opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor . Yurovsky demanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the assassinations . There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck , in the basement , and in the corridor of the house . Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were left in the basement with the bodies .
At least two of the Grand Duchesses were said to have survived the initial attack on the Imperial Family . Two of the Grand Duchesses , Maria and Anastasia , " sat up screaming " when they were being carried out to a waiting truck . They were then attacked again . There have been claims made that Maria was the Grand Duchess who survived . A man named Alex Brimeyer claimed to be Maria 's grandson " Prince Alexis d 'Anjou de Bourbon @-@ Condé Romanov @-@ Dolgoruky . " He said Maria had escaped to Romania , married and had a daughter , Olga @-@ Beata . Olga @-@ Beata then allegedly married and had a son named " Prince Alexis " . Brimeyer was sentenced to 18 months in prison by a Belgian court after he was sued in 1971 by the Dolgoruky family and the Association of Descendants of the Russian Nobility of Belgium . Two young women claiming to be Maria and her sister Anastasia were taken in by a priest in the Ural Mountains in 1919 , where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964 . They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna .
More recently , Gabriel Louis Duval wrote a book , A Princess in the Family , claiming that his foster grandmother " Granny Alina " might have been the Grand Duchess Maria . According to Duval , Granny Alina married a man named Frank and emigrated to South Africa . She later lived with his family before dying in 1969 . Her body was exhumed , but DNA was too degraded to be useful in determining whether she shared DNA with the imperial family . Most historians discount the claims that Maria or another member of the family survived the killings . Until his own assassination in 1979 , her first cousin , Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , kept a photograph of Maria beside his bed in memory of the crush he had upon her .
In 1991 , bodies believed to be those of the Imperial Family and their servants were finally exhumed from a mass grave in the woods outside Yekaterinburg . The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier , but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who still ruled Russia when the grave was originally found . Once the grave was opened , the excavators realized that instead of eleven sets of remains ( Tsar Nicholas II , Tsarina Alexandra , Tsarevitch Alexei , the four Grand Duchesses , Olga , Tatiana , Maria and Anastasia ; the family 's doctor , Yevgeny Botkin ; their valet , Alexei Trupp ; their cook , Ivan Kharitonov ; and Alexandra 's maid , Anna Demidova ) the grave held only nine . Alexei and , according to the late forensic expert Dr. William Maples , Anastasia were missing from the family 's grave . Russian scientists contested this , however , and claimed it was Maria 's body that was missing . The Russians identified Anastasia by using a computer program to compare photos of the youngest Grand Duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave . They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing . American scientists found this method inexact . A Russian forensic expert said none of the skulls attributed to the Grand Duchesses had a gap between the front teeth as Maria did .
American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity , such as an immature collarbone , undescended wisdom teeth , or immature vertebrae in the back , that they would have expected to find in the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Anastasia . In 1998 , when the bodies of the Imperial Family were finally interred , a body measuring approximately 5 feet 7 inches was buried under the name of Anastasia . Photographs taken of the four sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Maria was several inches taller than Anastasia and was also taller than her sister Olga . However , the heights of the skeletons had to be estimated because some of the bones had been cut and portions of the skeletons were missing . Since teeth and large portions of the jaw were missing in several of the skeletons , the Russian scientists ' assertion that Anastasia 's remains rather than those of Maria were in the grave because none of the skeletons had a gap between the front teeth also appeared questionable to American scientists .
The mitochondrial DNA from the skeletons was compared against mitochondrial DNA from relatives of the imperial family in the maternal line of descent , including the Tsarina 's great @-@ nephew Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , and was found to be a match . Scientists believed that the matching DNA was enough to identify the remains of the Imperial Family and their servants . The " Yurovsky Note " , a report filed by commander Yakov Yurovsky with his superiors following the murders , stated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area . If the Whites ever discovered the grave , Yurovsky believed they would doubt the grave belonged to the Tsar and his retinue because the body count would be incorrect . Some forensic experts believe the complete burning of two bodies in so short a time would have been impossible given the environment and materials possessed by Yurovsky and his men . Initial searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children .
However , on August 23 , 2007 , a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned , partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky 's memoirs . The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty @-@ three years old . Maria was nineteen years , one month old at the time of the assassinations while her sister Anastasia was seventeen years , one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday . Maria 's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty @-@ two and twenty @-@ one years old at the time of the assassinations . Along with the remains of the two bodies , archaeologists found " shards of a container of sulfuric acid , nails , metal strips from a wooden box , and bullets of various caliber . " The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes .
Preliminary testing indicated a " high degree of probability " that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters , Russian forensic scientists announced on January 22 , 2008 . The testing began in late December 2007 . On April 30 , 2008 , Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to a young woman the Russians continue to identify as Maria . Eduard Rossel , governor of the region 900 miles east of Moscow , said tests done by a U.S. laboratory had identified the shards as those of Alexei and Maria . In March 2009 , results of the DNA testing were published , confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Tsarevich Alexei and one of the four Grand Duchesses .
" This has confirmed that indeed it is the children , " he said . " We have now found the entire family . "
= = Sainthood = =
For more information , see Romanov sainthood
In 2000 , Maria and her family were canonized as passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church . The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad as holy martyrs . The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II , Tsarina Alexandra , and three of their daughters were finally interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on July 17 , 1998 , eighty years after they were murdered .
= = Murder Case Reopened = =
On September 11 , 2015 it was announced that the remains of Maria and Alexei , which had been sitting in storage in the state archives for 8 years , are to be buried alongside their family on October 15 , 2015 . However , the Russian Government has given the Russian Orthodox Church permission to do one last DNA test of the two Romanov children against DNA from a blood stained cloth from their great @-@ grandfather Emperor Alexander II , who was killed by a bomb and their aunt Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna .
Nicholas II and Alexandra Fyodorovna ( Alix of Hesse ) are to be exhumed from their tombs in September 2015 for testing and new discovered material are to be brought into the investigation . This test will be done so the Church and a branch of the Romanov line can set aside their doubts . The burial of what now are considered to be Maria 's and Alexei 's remains , to be with those of the family , was planned for 2015 but has been delayed mainly due to the insistence of the Russian Orthodox Church on more DNA @-@ testing .
= = Ancestry = =
= Compsognathus =
Compsognathus ( / kɒmpˈsɒɡnəθəs / ; Greek kompsos / κομψός ; " elegant " , " refined " or " dainty " , and gnathos / γνάθος ; " jaw " ) is a genus of small , bipedal , carnivorous theropod dinosaurs . Members of its single species Compsognathus longipes could grow to the size of a turkey . They lived about 150 million years ago , the Tithonian age of the late Jurassic period , in what is now Europe . Paleontologists have found two well @-@ preserved fossils , one in Germany in the 1850s and the second in France more than a century later . Today , C. longipes is the only recognized species , although the larger specimen discovered in France in the 1970s was once thought to belong to a separate species and named C. corallestris .
Many presentations still describe Compsognathus as " chicken @-@ sized " dinosaurs because of the small size of the German specimen , which is now believed to be a juvenile . Compsognathus longipes is one of the few dinosaur species for which diet is known with certainty : the remains of small , agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens . Teeth discovered in Portugal may be further fossil remains of the genus .
Although not recognized as such at the time of its discovery , Compsognathus is the first theropod dinosaur known from a reasonably complete fossil skeleton . Until the 1990s , it was the smallest known non @-@ avialan dinosaur ; earlier it was incorrectly thought to be the closest relative of Archaeopteryx .
= = Description = =
For decades , Compsognathus were famed as the smallest dinosaurs known ; the first specimen collected was around 1 m ( 3 ft ) in length . However , dinosaurs discovered later , such as Caenagnathasia , Microraptor and Parvicursor , were even smaller . The largest Compsognathus specimen is estimated to have weighed somewhere between 0 @.@ 83 and 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 1 @.@ 8 and 7 @.@ 7 lb ) .
Compsognathus were small , bipedal animals with long hind legs and longer tails , which they used for balance during locomotion . The forelimbs were smaller than the hindlimbs and featured three digits equipped with solid claws suited for grasping prey . Their delicate skulls were narrow and long , with tapered snouts . The skull had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) , the largest of which was for the orbit ( eye socket ) . The eyes were large in proportion to the rest of the skull .
The lower jaw was slender and had no mandibular fenestra , a hole in the side of the lower jawbone commonly seen in archosaurs . The teeth were small but sharp , suited for its diet of small vertebrates and possibly other small animals , such as insects . Its frontmost teeth ( those on the premaxilla ) were unserrated , unlike those further back in the jaw which were flattened and more strongly recurved . Scientists have used these dental characteristics to identify Compsognathus and its closest relatives . Reisdorf and Wuttke ( 2012 ) described the taphonomical phenomena of the German specimen of Compsognathus .
The Compsognathus specimen discovered in Germany in the 19th century featured only two digits on each forelimb , leading scientists to conclude that this was how the creature appeared in life . However , the fossil discovered later in France revealed the manus ( hands ) to have had three digits , similar to other members of compsognathid genera . The fossilization of the German Compsognathus had simply failed to preserve the specimen 's hands completely . Bidar supposed that the French specimen had webbed hands , which would look like flippers in life . In the 1975 book The Evolution and Ecology of the Dinosaurs , L. B. Halstead depicts the animal as an amphibious dinosaur capable of feeding on aquatic prey and swimming out of reach of larger predators . Ostrom debunked this hypothesis by showing conclusively that the French specimen was nearly identical to the German specimen in every aspect but its size . Peyer confirmed these conclusions .
= = = Integument = = =
Some relatives of Compsognathus , namely Sinosauropteryx and Sinocalliopteryx , have been preserved with the remains of simple feathers covering the body like fur , promoting some scientists to suggest that Compsognathus might have been feathered in a similar way . Consequently , many depictions of Compsognathus show them with coverings of downy proto @-@ feathers . However , no feathers or feather @-@ like covering have been preserved with Compsognathus fossils , in contrast to Archaeopteryx , which are found in the same sediments . Karin Peyer , in 2006 , reported skin impressions preserved on the side of the tail starting at the 13th tail vertebra . The impressions showed small bumpy tubercles , similar to the scales found on the tail and hind legs of Juravenator . Additional scales had in 1901 been reported by Von Huene , in the abdominal region of the German Compsognathus , but Ostrom
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
depleted .
Individual nations are beginning to note the effect of fishing on seamounts , and the European Commission has agreed to fund the OASIS project , a detailed study of the effects of fishing on seamount communities in the North Atlantic . Another project working towards conservation is CenSeam , a Census of Marine Life project formed in 2005 . CenSeam is intended to provide the framework needed to prioritise , integrate , expand and facilitate seamount research efforts in order to significantly reduce the unknown and build towards a global understanding of seamount ecosystems , and the roles they have in the biogeography , biodiversity , productivity and evolution of marine organisms .
Possibly the best ecologically studied seamount in the world is Davidson Seamount , with six major expeditions recording over 60 @,@ 000 species observations . The contrast between the seamount and the surrounding area was well @-@ marked . One of the primary ecological havens on the seamount is its deep sea coral garden , and many of the specimens noted were over a century old . Following the expansion of knowledge on the seamount there was extensive support to make it a marine sanctuary , a motion that was granted in 2008 as part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary . Much of what is known about seamounts ecologically is based on observations from Davidson . Another such seamount is Bowie Seamount , which has also been declared a marine protected area by Canada for its ecological richness .
= = Exploration = =
The study of seamounts has been stymied for a long time by the lack of technology . Although seamounts have been sampled as far back as the 19th century , their depth and position meant that the technology to explore and sample seamounts in sufficient detail did not exist until the last few decades . Even with the right technology available , only a scant 1 % of the total number have been explored , and sampling and information remains biased towards the top 500 m ( 1 @,@ 640 ft ) . New species are observed or collected and valuable information is obtained on almost every submersible dive at seamounts .
Before seamounts and their oceanographic impact can be fully understood , they must be mapped , a daunting task due to their sheer number . The most detailed seamount mappings are provided by multibeam echosounding ( sonar ) , however after more than 5000 publicly held cruises , the amount of the sea floor that has been mapped remains minuscule . Satellite altimetry is a broader alternative , albeit not as detailed , with 13 @,@ 000 catalogued seamounts ; however this is still only a fraction of the total 100 @,@ 000 . The reason for this is that uncertainties in the technology limit recognition to features 1 @,@ 500 m ( 4 @,@ 921 ft ) or larger . In the future , technological advances could allow for a larger and more detailed catalogue .
Observations from CryoSat @-@ 2 combined with data from other satellites has shown thousands of previously uncharted seamounts , with more to come as data is interpreted .
= = Deep @-@ sea mining = =
Seamounts are a possible future source of economically important metals . Even though the ocean makes up 70 % of Earth 's surface area , technological challenges with deep sea mining have severely limited its extent . But with the constantly decreasing supply on land , many see oceanic mining as the destined future , and seamounts stand out as candidates .
Seamounts are abundant , and all have metal resource potential because of various enrichment processes during the seamount 's life . An example for epithermal gold mineralization on the seafloor is Conical Seamount , located about 8 km south of Lihir Island in Papua New Guinea . Conical Seamount has a basal diameter of about 2 @.@ 8 km and rises about 600 m above the seafloor to a water depth of 1050 m . Grab samples from its summit contain the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor ( max . 230 g / t Au , avg . 26 g / t , n = 40 ) . Iron @-@ manganese , hydrothermal iron oxide , sulfide , sulfate , sulfur , hydrothermal manganese oxide , and phosphorite ( the latter especially in parts of Micronesia ) are all mineral resources that are deposited upon or within seamounts . However , only the first two have any potential of being targeted by mining in the next few decades .
= = Dangers = =
Some seamounts have not been mapped and thus pose a navigational danger . For instance , Muirfield Seamount is named after the ship that hit it in 1973 . More recently , the submarine USS San Francisco ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of 35 knots ( 40 @.@ 3 mph ; 64 @.@ 8 km / h ) , sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman .
One major seamount risk is that often , in the late of stages of their life , extrusions begin to seep in the seamount . This activity leads to inflation , over @-@ extension of the volcano 's flanks , and ultimately flank collapse , leading to submarine landslides with the potential to start major tsunamis , which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world . In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses , a summit collapse on the northern edge of Vlinder Seamount resulted in a pronounced headwall scarp and a field of debris up to 6 km ( 4 mi ) away . A catastrophic collapse at Detroit Seamount flattened its whole structure extensively . Lastly , in 2004 , scientists found marine fossils 61 m ( 200 ft ) up the flank of Kohala mountain in Hawaii ( island ) . Subsidation analysis found that at the time of their deposition , this would have been 500 m ( 1 @,@ 640 ft ) up the flank of the volcano , far too high for a normal wave to reach . The date corresponded with a massive flank collapse at the nearby Mauna Loa , and it was theorized that it was a massive tsunami , generated by the landslide , that deposited the fossils .
= Elizabeth II =
Elizabeth II ( Elizabeth Alexandra Mary ; born 21 April 1926 ) is , and has been since her accession in 1952 , Queen of the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand , and Head of the Commonwealth . She is also Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession : Jamaica , Barbados , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Kitts and Nevis .
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and was the elder of their two daughters . She was educated privately at home . Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936 , from which time she was the heir presumptive . She began to undertake public duties during World War II , serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service . In 1947 , she married Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , with whom she has four children : Charles , Anne , Andrew , and Edward .
Elizabeth 's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope . She has seen major constitutional changes , such as devolution in the United Kingdom , Canadian patriation , and the decolonisation of Africa . She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms . She is the world 's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain 's longest @-@ lived . In 2015 , she surpassed the reign of her great @-@ great @-@ grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest @-@ reigning British monarch and the longest @-@ reigning queen regnant in world history .
Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children , grandchildren and great grandchildren , her coronation in 1953 , and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver , Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 , respectively . Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father , aged 56 ; the assassination of Prince Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten ; the breakdown of her children 's marriages in 1992 ( her annus horribilis ) ; the death in 1997 of her son 's ex @-@ wife , Diana , Princess of Wales ; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002 . Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family but support for the monarchy remains high , as does her personal popularity .
= = Early life = =
Elizabeth was born at 02 : 40 ( GMT ) on 21 April 1926 , during the reign of her paternal grandfather , King George V. Her father , Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later King George VI ) , was the second son of the King . Her mother , Elizabeth , Duchess of York ( later Queen Elizabeth ) , was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes @-@ Lyon , 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne . She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather 's London house : 17 Bruton Street , Mayfair . She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York , Cosmo Gordon Lang , in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May , and named Elizabeth after her mother , Alexandra after George V 's mother , who had died six months earlier , and Mary after her paternal grandmother . Called " Lilibet " by her close family , based on what she called herself at first , she was cherished by her grandfather George V , and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery .
Elizabeth 's only sibling , Princess Margaret , was born in 1930 . The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess , Marion Crawford , who was casually known as " Crawfie " . Lessons concentrated on history , language , literature and music . Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret 's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950 , much to the dismay of the royal family . The book describes Elizabeth 's love of horses and dogs , her orderliness , and her attitude of responsibility . Others echoed such observations : Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as " a character . She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant . " Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as " a jolly little girl , but fundamentally sensible and well @-@ behaved " .
= = Heir presumptive = =
During her grandfather 's reign , Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne , behind her uncle Edward , Prince of Wales , and her father , the Duke of York . Although her birth generated public interest , she was not expected to become queen , as the Prince of Wales was still young . Many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own . When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII , she became second @-@ in @-@ line to the throne , after her father . Later that year Edward abdicated , after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis . Consequently , Elizabeth 's father became king , and she became heir presumptive . If her parents had had a later son , she would have lost her position as first @-@ in @-@ line , as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession .
Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten , Vice @-@ Provost of Eton College , and learned French from a succession of native @-@ speaking governesses . A Girl Guides company , the 1st Buckingham Palace Company , was formed specifically so that she could socialise with girls her own age . Later , she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger .
In 1939 , Elizabeth 's parents toured Canada and the United States . As in 1927 , when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand , Elizabeth remained in Britain , since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours . Elizabeth " looked tearful " as her parents departed . They corresponded regularly , and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May .
= = = Second World War = = =
In September 1939 , Britain entered the Second World War , which lasted until 1945 . During the war , many of London 's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing . The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth 's mother , who declared , " The children won 't go without me . I won 't leave without the King . And the King will never leave . " Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle , Scotland , until Christmas 1939 , when they moved to Sandringham House , Norfolk . From February to May 1940 , they lived at Royal Lodge , Windsor , until moving to Windsor Castle , where they lived for most of the next five years . At Windsor , the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen 's Wool Fund , which bought yarn to knit into military garments . In 1940 , the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC 's Children 's Hour , addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities . She stated : " We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors , soldiers and airmen , and we are trying , too , to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war . We know , every one of us , that in the end all will be well . "
In 1943 , at the age of 16 , Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards , of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year . As she approached her 18th birthday , parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father 's incapacity or absence abroad , such as his visit to Italy in July 1944 . In February 1945 , she joined the Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873 . She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later .
At the end of the war in Europe , on Victory in Europe Day , Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London . Elizabeth later said in a rare interview , " We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves . I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall , all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief . "
During the war , plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales . Proposals , such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru ( the Welsh League of Youth ) , were abandoned for various reasons , which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd , at a time when Britain was at war . Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday . Home Secretary , Herbert Morrison supported the idea , but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent . In 1946 , she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales .
In 1947 , Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour , accompanying her parents through southern Africa . During the tour , in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday , she made the following pledge : " I declare before you all that my whole life , whether it be long or short , shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong . "
= = = Marriage and family = = =
Elizabeth met her future husband , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark , in 1934 and 1937 . They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria . After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939 , Elizabeth – though only 13 years old – said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters . She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 .
The engagement was not without controversy : Philip had no financial standing , was foreign @-@ born ( though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War ) , and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links . Marion Crawford wrote , " Some of the King 's advisors did not think him good enough for her . He was a prince without a home or kingdom . Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip 's foreign origin . " Later biographies reported that Elizabeth 's mother initially opposed the union , dubbing Philip " The Hun " . In later life , however , the Queen Mother told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was " an English gentleman " .
Before the marriage , Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles , converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism , and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten , taking the surname of his mother 's British family . Just before the wedding , he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness .
Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey . They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world . Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war , Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown , which was designed by Norman Hartnell . In post @-@ war Britain , it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh 's German relations , including his three surviving sisters , to be invited to the wedding . The Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , was not invited , either .
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child , Prince Charles , on 14 November 1948 . One month earlier , the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess , to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince . A second child , Princess Anne , was born in 1950 .
Following their wedding , the couple leased Windlesham Moor , near Windsor Castle , until July 1949 , when they took up residence at Clarence House in London . At various times between 1949 and 1951 , the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer . He and Elizabeth lived intermittently , for several months at a time , in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa , at Villa Guardamangia , the rented home of Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten . The children remained in Britain .
= = Reign = =
= = = Accession and coronation = = =
During 1951 , George VI 's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events . When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington , D.C. , in October 1951 , her private secretary , Martin Charteris , carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour . In early 1952 , Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya . On 6 February 1952 , they had just returned to their Kenyan home , Sagana Lodge , after a night spent at Treetops Hotel , when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth 's immediate accession to the throne . Philip broke the news to the new Queen . Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name ; she chose to remain Elizabeth , " of course " . She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom . She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace .
With Elizabeth 's accession , it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband 's name , becoming the House of Mountbatten , in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband 's surname on marriage . The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and Elizabeth 's grandmother , Queen Mary , favoured the retention of the House of Windsor , and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house . The Duke complained , " I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children . " In 1960 , after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955 , the surname Mountbatten @-@ Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth 's male @-@ line descendants who do not carry royal titles .
Amid preparations for the coronation , Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend , a divorcé ‚ 16 years Margaret 's senior , with two sons from his previous marriage . The Queen asked them to wait for a year ; in the words of Martin Charteris , " the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess , but I think she thought — she hoped — given time , the affair would peter out . " Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce . If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage , she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession . Eventually , she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend . In 1960 , she married Antony Armstrong @-@ Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year . They divorced in 1978 ; she did not remarry .
Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March , the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned , as Mary had asked before she died . The ceremony in Westminster Abbey , with the exception of the anointing and communion , was televised for the first time . Elizabeth 's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries : English Tudor rose ; Scots thistle ; Welsh leek ; Irish shamrock ; Australian wattle ; Canadian maple leaf ; New Zealand silver fern ; South African protea ; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon ; and Pakistan 's wheat , cotton , and jute .
= = = Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth = = =
From Elizabeth 's birth onwards , the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations . By the time of her accession in 1952 , her role as head of multiple independent states was already established . In 1953 , the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven @-@ month round @-@ the @-@ world tour , visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40 @,@ 000 miles by land , sea and air . She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations . During the tour , crowds were immense ; three @-@ quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her . Throughout her reign , the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth ; she is the most widely travelled head of state .
In 1956 , the British and French prime ministers , Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet , discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth . The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community , the precursor to the European Union . In November 1956 , Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal . Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion , though Eden denied it . Eden resigned two months later .
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that , following Eden 's resignation , it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government . Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury , the Lord President of the Council . Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir , the Lord Chancellor , consulted the British Cabinet , Winston Churchill , and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee , resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate : Harold Macmillan .
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden 's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen . In a magazine , which he owned and edited , Lord Altrincham accused her of being " out of touch " . Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments . Six years later , in 1963 , Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister , advice that she followed . The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister . In 1965 , the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader , thus relieving her of involvement .
In 1957 , she made a state visit to the United States , where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth . On the same tour , she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament , becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session . Two years later , solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada , she revisited the United States and toured Canada . In 1961 , she toured Cyprus , India , Pakistan , Nepal , and Iran . On a visit to Ghana the same year , she dismissed fears for her safety , even though her host , President Kwame Nkrumah , who had replaced her as head of state , was a target for assassins . Harold Macmillan wrote , " The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed ' the heart and stomach of a man ' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen . " Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964 , the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth 's assassination . No attempt was made , but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal ; the Queen 's " calmness and courage in the face of the violence " was noted .
Elizabeth 's pregnancies with Princes Andrew and Edward , in 1959 and 1963 , mark the only times she has not performed the State Opening of the British parliament during her reign . In addition to performing traditional ceremonies , she also instituted new practices . Her first royal walkabout , meeting ordinary members of the public , took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970 .
= = = Acceleration of decolonisation = = =
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean . Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self @-@ government . In 1965 , however , the Rhodesian Prime Minister , Ian Smith , in opposition to moves toward majority rule , declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing " loyalty and devotion " to Elizabeth . Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration , and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia , his regime survived for over a decade . As Britain 's ties to its former empire weakened , the British government sought entry to the European Community , a goal it achieved in 1973 .
In February 1974 , the British Prime Minister , Edward Heath , advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim , requiring her to fly back to Britain . The election resulted in a hung parliament ; Heath 's Conservatives were not the largest party , but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals . Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered , after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition , Labour 's Harold Wilson , to form a government .
A year later , at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , the Australian Prime Minister , Gough Whitlam , was dismissed from his post by Governor @-@ General Sir John Kerr , after the Opposition @-@ controlled Senate rejected Whitlam 's budget proposals . As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives , Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr 's decision . She declined , stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor @-@ general . The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism .
= = = Silver Jubilee = = =
In 1977 , Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession . Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth , many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours . The celebrations re @-@ affirmed the Queen 's popularity , despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret 's separation from her husband . In 1978 , the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania 's communist dictator , Nicolae Ceaușescu , and his wife , Elena , though privately she thought they had " blood on their hands " . The following year brought two blows : one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt , former Surveyor of the Queen 's Pictures , as a communist spy ; the other was the assassination of her relative and in @-@ law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army .
According to Paul Martin , Sr. , by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown " had little meaning for " Pierre Trudeau , the Canadian Prime Minister . Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau " rather disappointing " . Trudeau 's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics , such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen 's back in 1977 , and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office . In 1980 , Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen " better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats " . She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C @-@ 60 , which would have affected her role as head of state . Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution , but the monarchy was retained . Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by " the grace she displayed in public " and " the wisdom she showed in private " .
= = = 1980s = = =
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony , six weeks before the wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer , six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse , Burmese . Police later discovered that the shots were blanks . The 17 @-@ year @-@ old assailant , Marcus Sarjeant , was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three . The Queen 's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised .
From April to September 1982 , the Queen was anxious but proud of her son , Prince Andrew , who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War . On 9 July , the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder , Michael Fagan , in the room with her . Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard , she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later . After hosting US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983 , the Queen was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada , one of her Caribbean realms , without informing her .
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press , not all of which were entirely true . As Kelvin MacKenzie , editor of The Sun , told his staff : " Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals . Don 't worry if it 's not true — so long as there 's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards . " Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986 : " The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don 't check their facts or accept denials : they don 't care if the stories are true or not . " It was reported , most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986 , that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher 's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment , a series of riots , the violence of a miners ' strike , and Thatcher 's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa . The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary @-@ General Shridath Ramphal , but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation . Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party – Thatcher 's political opponents . Thatcher 's biographer John Campbell claimed " the report was a piece of journalistic mischief @-@ making " . Belying reports of acrimony between them , Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen , and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift – membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter – to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major . Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a " behind the scenes force " in ending apartheid .
In 1987 , in Canada , Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments , prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes , including Pierre Trudeau . The same year , the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup . As monarch of Fiji , Elizabeth supported the attempts of the Governor @-@ General , Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau , to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement . Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic . By the start of 1991 , republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen 's private wealth – which were contradicted by the Palace – and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family . The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It 's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed , and the Queen was the target of satire .
= = = 1990s = = =
In 1991 , in the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War , the Queen became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress .
In a speech on 24 November 1992 , to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession , Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis , meaning horrible year . In March , her second son , Prince Andrew , Duke of York , and his wife , Sarah , separated ; in April , her daughter , Princess Anne , divorced Captain Mark Phillips ; during a state visit to Germany in October , angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her ; and , in November , a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle , one of her official residences . The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny . In an unusually personal speech , the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism , but suggested it be done with " a touch of humour , gentleness and understanding " . Two days later , the Prime Minister , John Major , announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year , including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards , and a reduction in the civil list . In December , Prince Charles and his wife , Diana , formally separated . The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast . The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £ 200 @,@ 000 to charity .
In the years to follow , public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana 's marriage continued . Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory , republicanism was still a minority viewpoint , and the Queen herself had high approval ratings . Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen 's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions . In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister , John Major , as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury , George Carey , and her private secretary , Robert Fellowes , she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995 , saying that a divorce was desirable .
In 1997 , a year after the divorce , Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris . The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral . Diana 's two sons by Charles – Princes William and Harry – wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning . After that single public appearance , for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private , but the royal family 's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half @-@ mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay . Pressured by the hostile reaction , the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September , the day before Diana 's funeral . In the broadcast , she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings " as a grandmother " for the two princes . As a result , much of the public hostility evaporated .
= = = Golden Jubilee = = =
In 2002 , Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee . Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively , and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure . She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms , which began in Jamaica in February , where she called the farewell banquet " memorable " after a power cut plunged the King 's House , the official residence of the governor @-@ general , into darkness . As in 1977 , there were street parties and commemorative events , and monuments were named to honour the occasion . A million people attended each day of the three @-@ day main Jubilee celebration in London , and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected .
Though generally healthy throughout her life , in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees . In October 2006 , she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer .
In May 2007 , The Daily Telegraph , citing unnamed sources , reported that the Queen was " exasperated and frustrated " by the policies of the British Prime Minister , Tony Blair , that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan , and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair . She was , however , said to admire Blair 's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland . On 20 March 2008 , at the Church of Ireland St Patrick 's Cathedral , Armagh , the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales . At the invitation of the Irish President , Mary McAleese , the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 .
The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010 , again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth . The UN Secretary General , Ban Ki @-@ moon , introduced her as " an anchor for our age " . During her visit to New York , which followed a tour of Canada , she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks . The Queen 's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her " farewell tour " in the press because of her age .
= = = Diamond Jubilee and beyond = = =
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne , and celebrations were held throughout her realms , the wider Commonwealth , and beyond . In a message released on Accession Day , Elizabeth wrote :
In this special year , as I dedicate myself anew to your service , I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family , friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart .
She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom , while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf . On 4 June , Jubilee beacons were lit around the world . On 18 December , she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 .
The Queen , who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London , making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries . For the London Olympics , she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony , alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond . On 4 April 2013 , she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called " the most memorable Bond girl yet " at the award ceremony .
On 3 March 2013 , Elizabeth was admitted to the King Edward VII 's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis . She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day . Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling , in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial meeting of Commonwealth heads of government for the first time in 40 years . She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by her son , Prince Charles .
The Queen surpassed her great @-@ great @-@ grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest @-@ lived British monarch in December 2007 , and the longest @-@ reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 . She was celebrated in Canada as the " longest @-@ reigning sovereign in Canada 's modern era " . ( King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer . ) She is the longest @-@ reigning queen regnant in history , the world 's oldest reigning monarch and second @-@ longest @-@ serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand .
The Queen does not intend to abdicate , though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her workload as Elizabeth , who celebrated her ninetieth birthday in 2016 , carries out fewer public engagements .
= = Public perception and character = =
Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews , little is known of her personal feelings . As a constitutional monarch , she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum . She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty , and takes her coronation oath seriously . Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England , she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland . She has demonstrated support for inter @-@ faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions , including five popes : Pius XII , John XXIII , John Paul II , Benedict XVI and Francis . A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth . In 2000 , she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus :
To many of us , our beliefs are of fundamental importance . For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life . I , like so many of you , have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ 's words and example .
She is patron of over 600 organisations and charities . Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs , especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis . Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie , the first corgi owned by her family . Scenes of a relaxed , informal home life have occasionally been witnessed ; she and her family , from time to time , prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards .
In the 1950s , as a young woman at the start of her reign , Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous " fairytale Queen " . After the trauma of the Second World War , it was a time of hope , a period of progress and achievement heralding a " new Elizabethan age " . Lord Altrincham 's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a " priggish schoolgirl " was an extremely rare criticism . In the late 1960s , attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles 's investiture as Prince of Wales . In public , she took to wearing mostly solid @-@ colour overcoats and decorative hats , which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd .
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977 , the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic , but in the 1980s , public criticism of the royal family increased , as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth 's children came under media scrutiny . Elizabeth 's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s . Under pressure from public opinion , she began to pay income tax for the first time , and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public . Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , though Elizabeth 's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana 's death .
In November 1999 , a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state . Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth , and in 2012 , her Diamond Jubilee year , approval ratings hit 90 percent . Referenda in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics .
Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists , including painters Lucian Freud , Peter Blake , Juliet Pannett , Chinwe Chukwuogo @-@ Roy , Terence Cuneo , Tai @-@ Shan Schierenberg and Pietro Annigoni . Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton , Yousuf Karsh , Lord Lichfield , Terry O 'Neill , Annie Leibovitz and John Swannell . The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 .
= = = Finances = = =
Elizabeth 's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( equivalent to about £ 25 million today ) . In 1993 , Buckingham Palace called estimates of £ 100 million " grossly overstated " . She inherited an estimated £ 70 million estate from her mother in 2002 . The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £ 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the UK .
The Royal Collection , which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust , as are her official residences , such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , and the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £ 442 million . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen . The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £ 9 @.@ 4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity .
= = Titles , styles , honours and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth , is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries , and has received honours and awards from around the world . In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula : Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica , Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia , etc . In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man , which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms , she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann , respectively . Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster . When in conversation with the Queen , the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma 'am .
= = = Arms = = =
From 21 April 1944 until her accession , Elizabeth 's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George . Upon her accession , she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign . The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , and elsewhere .
= = Issue = =
= = Ancestry = =
= U.S. Route 161 =
U.S. Highway 161 ( US 161 ) was a U.S. Highway in Iowa that ran from Keokuk to Dubuque by way of Cedar Rapids . It was designated in 1925 and signed in 1926 along two primary highways . The route began at the Missouri River with US 61 southwest of Keokuk ran north through Mount Pleasant and Iowa City to Cedar Rapids . There , it turned to the northeast through Anamosa and Monticello towards Dubuque . The route ended at US 61 in Key West , a few miles west of Dubuque .
The route changed very little while it was in service . It was paved from end to end by the summer of 1932 . In January 1938 , it was removed from the US Highway System . From Keokuk to Cedar Rapids , it was replaced by US 218 , which was extended southward . From Cedar Rapids to Key West it was replaced by US 151 , which was extended westward .
= = Route description = =
US 161 began on the US 61 bridge over the Des Moines River , which represents the border between Missouri and Iowa . The two routes ran concurrently within one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) of the Mississippi River until they reached Keokuk , where the two routes turned to the northeast and turned away from the river . As the highway curved to the north , it passed the now @-@ unincorporated towns of Mooar and Summitville . Southwest of Montrose , US 61 split off to the northeast to run along the banks of the Mississippi .
After the US 61 split , US 161 continued northeast towards Donnellson along Main Street where it met Iowa Highway 3 ( Iowa 3 ) . North of Donnellson , the highway diverted away from the Keokuk and Northwestern Railroad , which the highway had theretofore closely paralleled the railway . As the highway headed due north towards Mount Pleasant , it passed many small communities , but did not enter any of them . West of West Point , it intersected Iowa 103 , which served as a shortcut to Fort Madison until 2003 . Iowa 16 intersected the highway in northern Lee County .
Shortly after it entered Henry County , US 161 intersected Iowa 125 , a short spur highway that connected Salem to the primary highway system . The road headed due north , jogging to the east only slightly to cross the Skunk River . In Mount Pleasant , it intersected US 34 and Iowa 133 . Further north , it briefly overlapped Iowa 78 near Olds .
In Washington County , US 161 only intersected two primary highways : Iowa 2 near Ainsworth and Iowa 22 near Riverside . In Johnson County , the highway entered the Iowa City area from the south . Iowa 1 joined US 161 from the southwest and the two routes briefly headed north together . At the banks of the Iowa River , they were joined by US 6 , and all three routes crossed the river . US 6 split away from the two routes near the University of Iowa Pentacrest . A few blocks north of campus , Iowa 1 split away to the east . A few more blocks north was the southern end of Iowa 261 . North of Iowa City , the highway crossed back over the Iowa River and headed to the northwest towards North Liberty , where it intersected Iowa 153 .
US 161 continued to the northwest before turning north at its last Iowa River crossing . It passed through Shueyville and entered Linn County . It entered the Cedar Rapids area from the southwest side , where it intersected US 30 and Iowa 64 . The three highways headed to the northeast towards and crossed the Cedar River before entering downtown . East of downtown , US 30 split away to the east near the intersection with Iowa 11 . US 161 and Iowa 64 continued northeast towards Marion , where they met Iowa 94 near its downtown . Outside of Marion , they intersected Iowa 13 .
Southwest of Anamosa , the two routes met the northern end of Iowa 261 . Closer to Anamosa , they crossed the Wapsipinicon River before Iowa 64 split away to the east . Now heading northeast , US 161 traversed the farmland of Jones County . In Monticello , it met the ends of Iowa 38 and Iowa 113 . It crossed the South Fork Maquoketa River and headed towards Cascade , where it crossed the north fork of the river . At Cascade , US 161 met the ends of Iowa 136 and Iowa 188 . Now in Dubuque County , the highway continued northeast past the New Melleray Abbey . The route ended at an intersection with US 61 in Key West , a few miles west of Dubuque .
= = History = =
US 161 was an original U.S. Highway ; it and the rest of the system were designated in 1925 and were signed by the summer of 1926 . US 161 replaced parts of two primary roads in eastern Iowa – Primary Road No. 40 , which was known as the Red Ball Route , from Keokuk to Cedar Rapids , and Primary Road No. 28 , parts of which were known as the Red X Route . The northernmost forty miles ( 64 km ) of US 161 were a part of a territorial and military road from Dubuque to Iowa City . This road , authorized by President Martin Van Buren in 1839 , was known as Dillon 's Furrow , named after the Dubuque merchant Lyman Dillon who surveyed the route and marked it with a furrow .
Upon designation , only a small portion of US 161 was paved , all of which was located in and around Cedar Rapids . A short section in Keokuk and the remainder of the route north of Cedar Rapids was graveled , but not paved . A $ 100 million bond bill ( $ 1 @.@ 38 billion in 2016 dollars ) passed and approved by a plebiscite in 1928 allowed paving to commence in earnest . The entire routing of US 161 was to be completed within six years . Paving work progressed faster in some counties than it did in others . By 1930 , a hard @-@ surfaced road existed from the Missouri state line to Olds in Henry County ( 55 mi or 89 km ) and from Iowa City to northeast of Cascade in Dubuque County ( 75 mi or 121 km ) . All 185 miles ( 298 km ) of the route were paved by June 1932 .
In January 1938 , US 161 was removed from the U.S. Highway System . From Keokuk to Cedar Rapids , it was replaced by US 218 , which had previously ended at US 30 south of Vinton . US 218 was extended eastward along US 30 and then southward towards Keokuk . From Cedar Rapids to Key West , it was replaced by US 151 , which had previously only existed in Wisconsin . US 151 was routed westward from Madison along US 18 to Dodgeville , then along US 118 to Dickeyville , then along US 61 into Iowa to Key West , and then along US 161 to Cedar Rapids .
= = Major intersections = =
= Michael Rankine =
Michael Lee Rankine ( born 15 January 1985 ) is an English semi @-@ professional footballer who plays as a striker for National League club Guiseley .
Rankine began his career with the Doncaster Rovers youth system , before playing for Armthorpe Welfare and Barrow in non @-@ League football . He moved to Football League team Scunthorpe United in 2004 but after only scoring one goal for them he signed for Alfreton Town . He joined Conference National team Rushden & Diamonds in 2006 , where he played for three seasons , before signing for divisional rivals York City in 2009 . He played for them in the 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final before signing for Aldershot Town in 2011 . He spent two seasons at Aldershot and during that time had loan spells with Grimsby Town and York . After a season with Hereford United he joined Gateshead in 2014 .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire , Rankine started his career in the youth system of hometown club Doncaster Rovers . He played for Armthorpe Welfare on work experience in 2002 and was released by Doncaster at the end of the 2002 – 03 season after failing to progress into their first team . He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Barrow in the summer of 2003 after impressing against them for Armthorpe during a pre @-@ season friendly . He was unable to play for them in the opening game of 2003 – 04 after suffering whiplash following a car crash . He made 47 appearances and scored nine goals in 2003 – 04 .
= = = Scunthorpe United = = =
Rankine signed for League Two team Scunthorpe United on non @-@ contract terms on 15 September 2004 , following a trial after being recommended to the club by Barrow manager Lee Turnbull . The move came having made 11 appearances and scored three goals for Barrow up to that point during 2004 – 05 . He scored the winning goal for Scunthorpe away at Bury on his debut with a close range finish from Andy Crosby 's knock @-@ down in the 89th minute , which gave his team a 1 – 0 victory . He started for Scunthorpe in a 3 – 1 defeat to eventual FA Premier League champions Chelsea in the FA Cup third round in January 2005 , after which he was given the shirt of striker Didier Drogba . He scored one goal for Scunthorpe in 2004 – 05 , in which he made 24 appearances , as they won promotion into League One as League Two runners @-@ up . He signed a new six @-@ month contract with the club in June 2005 .
Rankine rejoined former club Barrow on a one @-@ month loan in August 2005 , and after scoring two goals , the loan was extended for a second month in September . During the second month , he was recalled by Scunthorpe , due to injuries at the club , meaning he finished the loan period with 11 appearances and three goals . He was reported to have joined Lincoln City on trial in December , but this claim was rejected by Lincoln manager Keith Alexander . Following the expiry of his Scunthorpe contract on 9 December 2005 , he later joined Conference National team Altrincham on trial and scored for their reserve team .
= = = Alfreton Town and Rushden & Diamonds = = =
After his contract at Scunthorpe expired , he had a period with former club Armthorpe Welfare to help his fitness , before joining Alfreton Town of the Conference North in January 2006 . He finished 2005 – 06 with 22 appearances and three goals for Alfreton , after which he was offered a new contract in May 2006 . However , Rankine joined Conference National team Rushden & Diamonds on a one @-@ year contract on 24 July 2006 , after being on trial for three weeks . He made his debut in a 1 – 0 defeat to Crawley Town on 12 August 2006 , which was followed by his first goal in the following game three days later , converting a Glenn Wilson cross in a 3 – 1 defeat to Grays Athletic . He next scored with two goals in a 3 – 1 victory over League One team Yeovil Town in the FA Cup first round in November . He signed a new two @-@ year contract with Rushden in March 2007 , which contracted him at the club until the summer of 2009 , with the option of a further two years . He scored two goals in the last five minutes against Weymouth on 3 April to help Rushden to a 4 – 1 victory . He finished 2006 – 07 with 46 appearances and 10 goals for Rushden .
Rankine played for Rushden in the Conference League Cup Final against Aldershot Town on 3 April 2008 , and scored a goal during the first minute of stoppage time in extra time , ensuring a 3 – 3 draw and a penalty shoot @-@ out , which Rushden lost 4 – 3 . He finished 2007 – 08 with 52 appearances and 15 goals for Rushden . He joined League Two team Bournemouth on a one @-@ month loan on 8 October 2008 , after having made eight appearances for Rushden up to that point during 2008 – 09 . He made his debut in a 0 – 0 draw with Rotherham United three days later before finishing the loan period with four appearances . Bournemouth were hoping to extend the loan , but Rushden wanted him to return . He scored two goals for Rushden in a 9 – 0 victory over Weymouth on 20 February 2009 , who had been forced to field a youth team . He finished 2008 – 09 with 38 appearances and eight goals for Rushden .
= = = York City = = =
He joined Conference Premier rivals York City on a two @-@ year contract on 12 June 2009 for a fee of £ 10 @,@ 000 , with York 's Craig Farrell moving in the opposite direction . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 defeat to Oxford United on 8 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for York after winning and scoring a penalty kick in a 2 – 0 victory over Forest Green Rovers on 15 August . He played in both legs of York 's play @-@ off semi @-@ final victory over Luton Town , which finished 2 – 0 on aggregate . He started in the 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium on 16 May 2010 , being substituted on 70 minutes , which was lost 3 – 1 to Oxford . He finished 2009 – 10 with 55 appearances and 10 goals for York .
Rankine made his first appearance of 2010 – 11 in the opening game , a 2 – 1 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers on 14 August 2010 , entering the game as a substitute in the 65th minute and scoring a penalty in the 86th minute . His first goals of the season from open play came after scoring twice in a 3 – 0 victory over Altrincham on 28 August 2010 . Rankine finished the season as York 's top scorer with 14 goals in 48 appearances .
= = = Aldershot Town = = =
He rejected a new contract with York during 2010 – 11 and manager Gary Mills confirmed he was to leave the club to sign for League Two side Aldershot Town . He agreed to sign for Aldershot on a free transfer on 12 May 2011 .
Rankine signed for Conference Premier club Grimsby Town on a one @-@ month loan deal on 23 November 2012 . He made his debut a day later as a 66th @-@ minute substitute in Grimsby 's 0 – 0 home draw with Buxton in the FA Trophy first round . Rankine returned to Aldershot on 4 January 2013 as he wanted a more long @-@ term extension to his loan at Grimsby , who were only offering a one @-@ month extension . He had made six appearances for Grimsby . Rankine returned to former club York , by this time playing in League Two , on loan until the end of 2012 – 13 on 12 February 2013 . He made his first appearance since returning later that day , playing in York 's 0 – 0 home draw with Gillingham . Rankine was sent back to Aldershot on 4 April 2013 having been deemed surplus to requirements by new manager Nigel Worthington . He had made eight appearance for York . He finished the season with two goals in 28 games for Aldershot as they were relegated into the Conference Premier .
= = = Hereford United = = =
He joined Tamworth on trial in July 2013 , scoring in the club 's 2 – 0 friendly win over Atherstone Town . Shortly afterwards he joined Conference Premier club Hereford United on a one @-@ year contract following a trial . He made his debut in Hereford 's 1 – 1 draw at home to Braintree Town in the opening match of 2013 – 14 on 10 August 2013 . Rankine scored his first goal for Hereford with the equalising goal in the 70th minute of a 2 – 2 draw away to Hyde on 17 August 2013 . He scored an 88th @-@ minute winner for Hereford in a 2 – 1 away win over Aldershot , a result that saw the club avoid relegation on goal difference . However , Hereford were later expelled from the Football Conference and he commented that the situation at the club was " embarrassing " and a " disgrace " . He had made 34 appearances and scored seven goals for Hereford in the 2013 – 14 season .
= = = Gateshead = = =
Rankine signed for Conference Premier club Gateshead , managed by his former Alfreton and York manager Mills , on a one @-@ year contract 30 June 2014 . He made his debut on 13 September 2014 as a 61st @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 win against Dartford , and scored his first goal for the club with a close @-@ range finished from a Carl Finnigan cross in the 86th minute of a 2 – 2 extra time draw to Wrexham in the FA Trophy third round on 7 February 2015 , with Gateshead losing 5 – 3 in a penalty shoot @-@ out . Rankine made 36 appearances and scored five goals in 2014 – 15 as Gateshead finished 10th in the Conference Premier .
= = = Altrincham = = =
Rankine signed for National League side Altrincham on 3 June 2015 , leaving Gateshead as he was unhappy with how regularly he was playing there . He made his debut in a 1 – 0 home defeat to Forest Green on 8 August 2015 and scored his first goal with a looping header from a James Lawrie cross in the 29th @-@ minute of a 2 – 1 home victory over Tranmere Rovers on 29 August . Rankine finished 2015 – 16 with 15 goals from 45 appearances as Altrincham were relegated in 22nd @-@ place in the National League .
= = = Guiseley = = =
Rankine joined National League club Guiseley on 26 May 2016 .
= = Style of play = =
Rankine plays as a striker and has been described as a target man , not being a prolific goalscorer , and he has said " I just like to chip away and work as hard as I can and , hopefully , then you get rewarded with goals " . He has the " ability to hold the ball up , and cause the defenders problems " and is in possession of the long throw @-@ in ability . After Rankine signed for Bournemouth , manager Jimmy Quinn said " He 's big , he 's strong and I 'm pleased to get him in " . York manager Martin Foyle said Rankine " will also work hard , close down and give us a presence in the final third . He 's a good size , mobile and will certainly run the channels . "
= = Personal life = =
Rankine is the nephew of former player Mark Rankine and cousin of Tottenham Hotspur 's Danny Rose . He has one child , a boy , with his girlfriend . He was arrested along with York players Michael Gash , Michael Ingham
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the grounds that they have better potential for successful integration to the society than refugees of other religions .
= = = = Green League = = = =
The Green League , which was part of the governing coalition , announced that it will not participate in any coalition that plans to give licences to new nuclear reactors .
The Green League also hosted members from the German Green Party ; however , they did not partake in campaign events but instead were only present to learn about Finland 's style of street campaigning .
= = = = Left Alliance = = = =
As a defender of high taxes , the Left Alliance 's leader Paavo Arhinmäki has said that the party can be described as " supportive of income redistribution . " The Left Alliance is critical of nuclear energy and is also against Finland 's participation in the EU @-@ sponsored Portuguese bailout .
= = = = National Coalition Party = = = =
Traditionally a pro @-@ market economy and pro @-@ EU centre @-@ right party , the NCP were the largest party in the parliament for the first time in its history , though losing seats since the 2007 election . Although leading in the opinion polls for several years , it started to see some loss of support after the rise of the True Finns . Despite being originally founded as a primarily conservative party , an analysis on the party 's programmes made by an NCP @-@ affiliated think tank concluded that in the 2000s the liberal wing had gained the upper hand and had started to change the party 's political ideology . At the party conference in 2010 , the NCP delegates voted in favour of legalising same @-@ sex marriage . The party 's supporters are also generally very supportive of market economy , nuclear power and Finland 's admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation .
Led by incumbent Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen , the NCP has been strongly supportive of Finland 's participation in EU bailouts with Katainen underlining the importance of what he calls " European responsibility . " He also invited Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt to observe the campaign , though Reinfeldt did not address a party rally . MP Ben Zyskowicz said that he could not estimate Reinfeldt 's effect on voters .
= = = = Social Democratic Party = = = =
Polls concerning preference for the favourite candidate for Prime Minister indicated that SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen did not enjoy the support of everyone in her party . Urpilainen herself has denied claims of a leadership crisis .
In early April , the new leader of the Swedish Social Democrats , Håkan Juholt , visited Finland in order to show support for the SDP in the election . The party also invited other foreign politicians and ministers for a campaign rally in the week before the election . Liisa Jaakonsaari , an SDP MEP , justified this by saying that it was a tradition to invite colleagues from other states . The party 's main guest was the German chairman of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Martin Schulz . In the interim , the party also invited Swedish Social Democrat Marita Ulvskog who echoed the view that " investors and banks need to take responsibility . " Former Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen was also present ; he praised the EU and EMU and said that Finland is in a " psychological and moral slump . " Following a recent election of his own , the leader of the Estonian Social Democratic Party Sven Mikser and MEP Ivari Padar traveled to campaign rallies in Helsinki and Espoo on 11 April to show support for their " sister party 's field campaign . " Mikser said that the " Social Democrats recently garnered a strong vote in Estonia and are clearly on the rise . Now we need the same to happen in Finland . " Padar also said that because of the rise of anti @-@ EU parties in both Finland and other countries : " That is why I personally consider it important to explain to the Finnish people that Europe should not be feared . Since Estonia and Finland are the only Nordic countries in the Eurozone , we need to have [ a ] strong partnership in the region . "
= = = = Swedish People 's Party = = = =
The Swedish People 's Party of Finland ( SPP ) is the dominant party amongst Swedish @-@ speaking voters ; a poll has indicated that 75 % of them support the party . Led by Stefan Wallin , the party is resolute on preserving the mandatory teaching of Swedish in schools . The SPP also wants to preserve the current immigration laws , which were passed on the initiative of incumbent Minister of Migration Astrid Thors , a member of the SPP .
= = = = True Finns = = = =
True Finns have said that Finland should not financially support the European Financial Stability Facility that led to bailouts for Ireland and Greece . Timo Soini asked : " How come they ( the European Union ) can 't see the euro doesn 't work ? " The party manifesto said that they would support a capital gains tax increase from 28 % to 30 % and an increased tax on alcohol . The party also opposed mention of Finland 's EU membership in the constitution and want to cut social welfare for immigrants . Soini also suggested Finland should unilaterally withdraw from the European Union Emission Trading Scheme and some other international commitments and that giving up the euro was an option . While speculating about a possible ministerial portfolio he later backed down on commitments when journalists asked him if the issues would be True Finns ' demands in any possible government formation talks , citing the proposals as his personal opinion and not necessarily incorporated into a prospective government policy programme . He continued to maintain that the EU membership issue in the constitution would be a threshold for their participation in government formation talks . Helsingin Sanomat suggested that these demands could prove detrimental to a chance for True Finns to join a governing coalition . The True Finns also support the continuation of social welfare benefits . The party 's support for the benefits along with its stance on the EU bailouts was also seen as one reason for its growth in popularity at a time when the country was facing welfare cuts by the government . The True Finns ' vice @-@ chairman Vesa @-@ Matti Saarakkala said that " the True Finns will not participate in a coalition government with any party ready to give further loan guarantees " . This stance on the EU 's bailout was read by The Wall Street Journal as detrimental to the euro zone 's attempt to reassure bond investors that it would not face debt problems . It also said that a good showing for the True Finns could threaten Portugal 's EU @-@ sponsored bailout .
Incumbent Prime Minister Kiviniemi said that she was ready to work with any party in Finland . When pressed by the media she said that she would not rule out working with the True Finns pending cooperation on negotiating a government platform . The True Finns and the Green League have both confirmed that the two parties are ideologically too far from each other to sit in the same coalition . The True Finns ' main campaign issues — lowering refugee quotas and cutting foreign aid and Finland 's financial contribution to the EU — were seen as a possible hindrance to coalition talks .
= = = Debates = = =
In February the three biggest parties partook in a debate organised by the Finnish Business and Policy Forum in front of an audience consisting of people from the field of business . The National Coalition 's Katainen said that as a result of February polling there were now four prime ministerial candidates from the four largest parties . However , the True Finns ' chairman and MEP Timo Soini was excluded because the various pollings presented at the time were different . All parties insisted that the retirement age must not be lowered from 63 . The SDP 's Urpilainen said that the party would continue with what they said was a need to cut pensions and that increasing the retirement age is a form of cutting pensions ; to support this she pointed out an earlier retirement age law of 65 years and that the age had been lowered . She also added that because of a large proportion of disabled pensioners , younger people should join the workforce quickly after graduation . Katainen and the Centre Party 's Kiviniemi said they would consider raising the retirement age to lengthen work careers . Kiviniemi said that " some of the directors of our large corporations are retiring at the age of 59 – 60 " and that , at the same time , " demands are being presented that people should work longer . " Urpilainen also said that lowering the value added tax on food was mistake , though she said that it should not be raised either .
The first televised prime ministerial debate was organised by the state @-@ owned broadcaster Finnish Broadcasting Company on 31 March in Tampere and included the chairpersons of the four parties leading in the opinion polls . The European sovereign debt crisis featured prominently in the debate ; the leaders of the governing coalition , Katainen and Kiviniemi , defended Finland 's participation in guaranteeing the loans to crisis @-@ ridden EU countries claiming that Finland would otherwise risk plunging into a new recession as the country is dependent on exports to other European countries . As the chairpersons of the leading opposition parties , Soini and Urpilainen denied this claim and insisted that the debt @-@ ridden countries should rather be allowed to go into their own debt restructuring . Urpilainen was not entirely against emergency measures aimed at saving these countries , but insisted that the major European banks ought to play a larger role in the guarantees . Soini continued his criticism of the euro , reiterating that no referendum was ever called on the currency union — he remained steadfast on his party 's opposition to Finland guaranteeing the loans and presented the upcoming election as a referendum on the issue . On other economic issues , Kiviniemi continued to insist that spending cuts are not necessary in the following years — a claim repudiated by the other party leaders . Urpilainen and , initially , also Katainen were willing to make cuts on military spending ; Soini , however , contested the cut but was instead ready to cut development aid and immigration @-@ related expenses .
On 6 April , the television station MTV3 organised a debate for all the incumbent parties represented in the parliament . On the question of Finland 's participation in NATO operations in Libya during the 2011 Libyan civil war , Soini , saying " Finland should not be taken into wars , " was accompanied by the Left Alliance 's leader Paavo Arhinmäki on disagreeing with the other party leaders ' stance on supporting Finland 's participation . All the opposition parties criticised the government 's tax policies which they claimed were aiming towards the establishment of a flat tax . On the question of energy policy , the chairpersons of the NCP , True Finns and SPP were in favour of building more nuclear energy on the grounds of achieving energy self @-@ sufficiency . Jyrki Katainen said that " we need to decide to either import nuclear energy from Russia or produce it ourselves " and Soini pointed out that the steel industry does not get along with mere wind energy , — while the leaders of the other five parties were against it , with some preferring instead to build more renewable energy infrastructure . Anni Sinnemäki of the Green League said that " not all renewable energy is expensive " and Urpilainen insisted that after the summer 2010 decisions to give licences for two nuclear plants , a halt was needed for reconsideration in any decision to further nuclear projects . Stefan Wallin of the SPP was the only party leader willing to force municipalities to take in the refugees allocated to them .
On 13 April , MTV3 organised another debate , which featured the same four party chairpersons as the debate by the Finnish Broadcasting Company two weeks earlier ; Katainen , Kiviniemi , Urpilainen and Soini . The party leaders reiterated their stances regarding the EU @-@ sponsored Portuguese bailout ; Katainen and Kiviniemi were in favour of it , insisting that the bailout is necessary in order to assure the stability of the European economy and thus in the interest of Finland . Urpilainen and Soini were against the bailout , with Urpilainen demanding more responsibility from banks and investors and Soini repeating his stance that the eurozone cannot possibly function properly with countries like Portugal and Greece as members . Soini also criticised the governing parties for using scare tactics in the form of threatening Finns with rising unemployment if the bailout fails to pass . On other issues , Katainen , as he had stated earlier , willing to consider raising the minimum retirement age , while Urpilainen announced that the SDP would not join any coalition that does so . Katainen was the only party leader in favour of Finland 's admission to NATO . However , even he said that the admission does not seem possible during the next four years as the majority of Finns are against NATO membership .
The second televised debate organised by the Finnish Broadcasting Company on 14 April was the last before the election and it included all the eight parliamentary parties . The economy was a dominant theme of the debate . Jutta Urpilainen reiterated her claim that the incumbent government was furthering the establishment of a flat tax . She also accused the government for advancing the interests of the richest percentage at the expense of the poor people . Jyrki Katainen denied the claims , but the two main governing coalition parties , the NCP and the Centre Party , were the only parties opposed to increasing welfare for the unemployed . Prime Minister Mari Kiviniemi of the Centre Party had previously been quiet on spending cuts , but when pressed on the issue by the debate 's moderator she was rather indiscreet on cutting funding for the public sector and the Defence Forces . However , she still insisted that cuts may not be necessary if the economic growth is sufficiently high in the following years . Cuts on defence spending were supported by most parties , but Timo Soini contested this by saying that national security can not depend on economic conjectures . The crisis concerning the breaches against the campaign funding laws during the previous electoral campaign in 2007 was also discussed . Kiviniemi admitted that mistakes had been made . Soini called the mishandling an example of corruption and was glad that it was exposed . Kiviniemi discreetly said to Soini that the press had written about events in Soini 's party as well . Soini 's reply to this was : " The press ? Your people are on trial ! "
= = = Controversies = = =
During the night between Sunday 10 and Monday 11 April animal rights activists opposing fur farming systematically sabotaged a large number of the Centre Party 's electoral billboards in Helsinki and Turku . The billboards , featuring a portrait of incumbent Prime Minister Kiviniemi , were replaced with similar @-@ looking posters featuring a blood @-@ mouthed Kiviniemi and a text that read " Do you want to close the animals in small cages ? – I do as well . " Kiviniemi was known for having received support from fur industry . In a comment to the Finnish Broadcasting Company , Secretary of the Centre Party Timo Laaninen condemned the action as " a serious violation of the democratic order that would be met with harsh countermeasures " , as volunteers hoped to restore the billboards by the morning of 13 April . In an official statement , Minister of Justice Tuija Brax of the Green League condemned the acts of vandalism as both alarming and illegal and urged citizens to report all vandalism to the authorities so as to allow the parties to replace the boards and bring the culprits to justice . Other parties also joined the Centre Party 's concern that election billboards were being repeatedly vandalised , bringing unwelcome expenses especially for the smaller parties . The Centre Party lodged an official complaint against the vandalism with the police . A police investigation has been launched into the incident .
Some campaigning by party workers of the True Finns caused controversy over the nature of their actions . Most complaints emanated from the Helsinki region . Jussi Saramo of the Left Alliance in the Uusimaa electoral district said of their actions that " [ ever since ] I have been involved in politics for 12 years and I have never seen such excesses . " This followed an event in Korso in Vantaa where he parked his campaign trailer in a spot the True Finns said was reserved for party chairman Timo Soini . True Finns ' candidate Mika Niikko however said those involved in the spat were no longer working for his campaign and he apologised to Saramo despite maintaining his stance that the placement of the trailer was a deliberate provocation : " I do not approve of being provoked when someone tries to provoke ; " he also added that the volunteers working for the True Finns campaign come " from here and there " and it was not possible to verify everyone beforehand . He further added a claim that True Finns supporters have also been targets of aggressive behaviour . " A month ago we were not verbally abused , but now you can hear all kinds of language . " The Social Democrats ' foreign @-@ born candidate Ranbir Sodhi was allegedly confronted by True Finns supporters in the Myyrmäki district of Vantaa who were said to have told him to go back " to his own country " where he could become a politician . A week after the confrontations , however , he said that " the same guys came to Tikkurila to apologise . " The National Coalition Party MP Raija Vahasalo also complained that during a campaign event in Kirkkonummi the True Finns handed out leaflets at the same time that claimed she favoured Swedish @-@ speaking residents in allocating local school funding . The action was due to two local members of the True Finns who are not running to become MPs . The chairman of Kirkkonummi True Finns and a candidate in the election Pekka Sinisalo said he confiscated the remainder of the leaflets . " I do not approve of attacking Vahasalo ’ s person . Election fever sometimes leads to these kinds of excesses . " This was controversial as negative campaigning is unusual in Finnish elections . In response to such actions the party secretaries of the largest political parties held a meeting to discuss certain ground rules for the rest of the campaign , however the True Finns ' Ossi Sandvik could not make it .
= = Opinion polls = =
Taloustutkimus carried out monthly telephone polls on party popularity for the Finnish Broadcasting Company . Since April 2007 , the monthly sample size has varied between 2 @,@ 900 – 3 @,@ 900 with a margin of error of about ± 1 @.@ 8 % . ( Polling does not include Åland as it has its own party system . ) However , there were also other less frequent opinion polls .
Most notably the True Finns saw a significant rise since the last election , becoming one of the top four parties . According to Taloustutkimus , the True Finns polled 6 @.@ 4 % in January 2010 and 17 @.@ 2 % in March 2011 , while all the traditional top @-@ three parties , the National Coalition Party , the Centre Party and the Social Democrats , lost popularity .
= = Conduct = =
The election saw a substantial increase in international media coverage . Eighty foreign media representatives from a multitude of countries registered for an event at the Foreign Ministry held during the election weekend as it usually is . The journalists also got to ask questions to the representatives of the various political parties . As the results came in , the Foreign Ministry set up broadcast coverage with interpreters on hand . Notably , most journalists were interested in the True Finns and their background . The following day , the Foreign Ministry invited professor Jan Sundberg of the Department of Political and Economic Studies at the University of Helsinki to lead an analysis of the result . He was asked about the reasons for the True Finns ' performance and the commonality with other European populist movements . There was also discussion about the possible composition of a new government and how the different parties could find common ground during talks on government formation . Sundberg said he believed an agreement could be found within the following few weeks .
= = = Advance voting = = =
At the end of the advance voting period , the total number of votes was 1 @,@ 249 @,@ 198 , or 31 @.@ 2 % of the electorate , with more women voting . In the previous election , 29 @.@ 2 % voted in advance . Significantly , President Tarja Halonen voted during advance voting . However , there were some problems with expatriate voting as the embassy in Germany ran out of ballots on 9 April forcing an extension to 11 April . The expatriate vote was considerably higher than in the previous election , up from 8 @.@ 6 % in 2007 to 15 % . The Foreign Ministry said that out of a total of 228 @,@ 000 expatriates eligible to vote 35 @,@ 049 cast their ballots at the Finnish diplomatic missions , which was up from 27 @,@ 399 .
Advance voting took place in 901 polling stations in the country . Expatriate voting took place between 6 and 9 April at 241 polling stations at embassies and consulates . One national electronic voter list was used for early voting ; though for the 17 April poll , voters could only vote at their designated local polling station . The expatriate voter turnout in 91 countries rose by 2 @.@ 2 % to a record @-@ high 10 @.@ 7 % , with 35 @,@ 000 people casting their votes . In addition , 400 Finns voted on ships at sea .
However , despite the large advance voting , the race was not considered to have ended because the undecided voters , whose impact was termed crucial , were still being targeted during the remaining few days . As parties and candidate issues were already known by most of the electorate , the remaining days were seen as important over " image and force of personality " . Jan Sundberg said that " the more crisis [ sic ] out in the world , the better for the parties in opposition . "
= = Results = =
Anti @-@ incumbency led to the defeat of 47 incumbent members of parliament , including the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Paavo Väyrynen of the Centre Party and the Minister for Communication Suvi Lindén of the NCP . Among other notable MPs who failed to hold on to their seats were former Minister for Agriculture Juha Korkeaoja of the Centre Party , the vice @-@ chairman of the Centre Party Timo Kaunisto and Marja Tiura of the NCP , who had been elected with the highest number of votes for a female candidate in the 2007 election .
The True Finns ' Timo Soini got the most individual votes with 43 @,@ 437 , followed by incumbent Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb of the NCP with 41 @,@ 768 . The new parliament has 115 male MPs and 85 female MPs .
In Åland , Elisabeth Nauclér was elected to represent the islands for Åland Coalition . In the parliament , Nauclér sits in the same group as the SPP .
Result by municipality for the four largest parties :
= = = Reactions = = =
= = = = Political = = = =
Domestic
The National Coalition Party 's leader Jyrki Katainen said of potential government formation talks that " this is a challenging time but it is the politicians ' job to solve problems " , adding that " we will be fine . " Alexander Stubb , the biggest individual winner of the party , said that " it will be very difficult to keep a party with 39 seats out of government . " If able to find compromises , he believed the NCP can have the True Finns in the government . He also played down external fears of a government with the True Finns saying that " we Finns are very pragmatic and responsible . " He also claimed that " 80 % of Finns voted in favour of Europe and in favour of bail @-@ outs . "
Despite the loss of votes the SPP retained their number of seats in parliament . Party chairman Stefan Wallin described the election result as " interesting . "
Supranational bodies
EU – An unnamed representative of the European Union said that the result " would not affect the bailout for Portugal . " A spokesman said that : " There are no changes in plans . Negotiations are underway with Portugal . We 're certainly not going to interfere with talks in Finland to form a new government . We 're fully confident that member states will honour their commitments . "
States
Portugal – Former President Mario Soares wrote that Finland had become an " ultra @-@ conservative " country . He also recalled his positive memories of the former Finnish Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa and , in comparison , called those politicians that now wish to rule Finland " midgets , " who he claimed are hostile toward Portugal .
Sweden – Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt congratulated Jyrki Katainen and called the National Coalition Party a sister party of the Swedish Moderate Party . However , Foreign Minister Carl Bildt was concerned that Finland might " turn its back " on both the Nordic countries and Europe , in referring to the True Finns ' electoral success.Jimmie Åkesson of the Sweden Democrats , coming off a surprising electoral result himself , called the result delightful and that his party has such common themes with the True Finns as criticism of the EU and immigration .
UK – Nigel Farage of the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) congratulated Timo Soini saying that he had proven the power of the eurosceptic movement ( UKIP and the True Finns were both members of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy group in the European Parliament at the moment ) .
= = = = Economic = = = =
The euro fell against the US dollar for the two trading days preceding the vote on speculation that a win for the True Finns would hinder the prospects for the Portuguese bailout . Questions were raised whether the fall of the US dollar to a one @-@ year low could be stemmed . The questions were partially answered on the last trading day before the election , when the dollar rose on concern for a shake @-@ up for European confidence as a result of the election which caused bearish traders to cover their open positions . The strong showing by the True Finns and the Social Democrats caused EU leaders to worry that they may not be able to count on Finland 's future support for any such bailout measure . Concerns for the euro grew in the run @-@ up to the election and caused worry after the result . Eurozone stock markets were also upset and could be further upset as the bailout talks , expected to be concluded in mid @-@ May , were affected . While there was no expectation that the bailout wound be derailed , " caution " was said to be the " watchword . " The London Stock Exchange also considered the result a possible obstruction to the bailout .
= = = = Media = = = =
Helsingin Sanomat called the result " shocking " and " exceptional , " as well terming the result a " protest vote . " In an editorial on the day after the election , the newspaper wrote that , as the biggest winner of the election , the True Finns have both the right and the responsibility to go into a coalition government . However , it was uncertain on whether the party can reach a compromise with the National Coalition Party .
The international media also interpreted the result as a new government that could cause hurdles to the Portuguese bailout . The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal wrote that the result of the election might complicate the realisation of the Portuguese bailout . The BBC described the result as " a tremor [ that ] hit the EU . " An article in The Guardian pointed out that :
These electoral successes tap into the the [ sic ] complex politics of these countries . Viewed from afar , they are all open , successful , externally orientated . Seen from inside , they address a fear that things are not as they were , that a combination of immigration and membership of the European Union poses a challenge to the traditions of the Nordic way of life . In some way the fact that Finland has joined the EU demonstrates that the country is no longer just the small , poor , well @-@ behaved neighbour of the Nordic block .
It gave two reasons for the populist surge across Europe : The " movements tap into a deep discontent with the mainstream parties in Europe 's political systems . Every funding scandal , every politician found to be corrupt , adds more wind to these parties ' sails . The European Union , lacking decisive leadership in times of financial difficulty , is an ideal further focus for this ire ; " and that populist appeals rely on having " an enemy to hand . This enemy is anyone coming from the outside – immigrants . Anti @-@ immigrant rhetoric is the only thing in common between the politics of these parties . More mainstream politicians such as David Cameron or Angela Merkel then start to adopt this rhetoric . Add to this the hurt inflicted on Europe 's populations due to the financial crisis and stagnant growth , and populists have ready material with which to work . " It postulated that a solution could lie with a " traditional approach " , which the UK @-@ based paper said was most effectively implemented by the group Hope Not Hate , though it only solved a part of the problem in " exposing the extremes of the populist parties " . It added that more mainstream parties on both sides of the political spectrum need to change as well by ensuring high standards of propriety and ethics and by articulating what it termed " positive and optimistic economic and political solutions " rather than what it said was populist rhetoric .
= = = Analysis = = =
Risto Uimonen , an election analyst for the Finnish Broadcasting Company , predicted " the toughest negotiations on government formation since the 1970s " , as the three biggest parties have differing stances on many issues . Some analysts said that government formation talks could take weeks or even months due to disparities on such issues as the eurozone bail @-@ outs , taxation , pension reform , foreign aid and immigration . Pasi Saukkonen , a political scientist at the University of Helsinki , made a comparison between similar EU referendums in Denmark and Ireland ( following which a similar referendum passed the measure , though it was in turn followed by a similar proposed measure ) where the smaller EU member states wielded immense influence ; though he said that such controversial matters usually work out in the end .
= = = = Centre Party = = = =
The party of incumbent Prime Minister Mari Kiviniemi suffered the heaviest defeat in the election . This was also the biggest loss in the party 's history and the biggest loss for any party in the country 's post @-@ World War II history . The leader of the Centre Party Kiviniemi called the result " catastrophic " for her party and said that the party 's immediate future would be in the opposition . The Centre Party 's support was highest in the Oulu electoral district with 33 @.@ 4 % of the votes and lowest in the Helsinki electoral district with 4 @.@ 5 % .
= = = = Christian Democrats = = = =
The Christian Democrats ' leader Päivi Räsänen considered the party 's loss of one seat relatively small considering what she termed the " political storm " that had swept through Finland during the electoral campaign . Support for the Christian Democrats was highest in the Tavastia electoral district with 6 @.@ 8 % of the votes and lowest in the Lapland electoral district with 1 @.@ 6 % of the votes .
= = = = Green League = = = =
As a result of the Green League 's loss of one third of their MPs , party leader Anni Sinnemäki said on the election evening that " the objectives and values advocated by the party had suffered a clear defeat " . She added that the party would sit in the opposition . Sinnemäki was also considering her resignation from the head of the party . In the end , she did run for re @-@ election , but placed only third as the party 's members elected Ville Niinistö as the new chairman on 11 June . The Green League 's support was highest in the Helsinki electoral district with 16 @.@ 7 % of the votes and lowest in the electoral district of Vaasa with 1 @.@ 4 % .
= = = = Left Alliance = = = =
Despite the Left Alliance 's loss of seats , its chairman Paavo Arhinmäki was still reasonably satisfied with the party 's performance in the election , due to his claims that the media had concentrated on the four major parties during the campaign . However , Arhinmäki got the most personal votes in his electoral district of Helsinki . The Left Alliance 's support was highest in Lapland with 16 @.@ 7 % of the votes and lowest in Southern Savonia with 2 @.@ 2 % .
= = = = National Coalition Party = = = =
Despite a loss in support , the NCP became the largest party in the parliament for the first time in its history . The NCP 's support was highest in Uusimaa with 28 @.@ 4 % of the votes and lowest in North Karelia with 10 @.@ 5 % of the votes .
= = = = Social Democratic Party = = = =
Although the SDP 's number of seats was lower than ever with the exception of the 1962 election , party leader Jutta Urpilainen was proud of her party finishing second in the election after placing third in the previous election . The SDP 's support was highest in North Karelia with 26 @.@ 4 % of the votes and lowest in the electoral district of Oulu with 11 % of the votes .
= = = = Swedish People 's Party = = = =
The SPP 's support was highest in the Vaasa electoral district with 19 @.@ 4 % of the votes and lowest in the Oulu electoral district with 0 @.@ 2 % of the votes . However , the party was the only one that did not field candidates in all electoral districts .
= = = = True Finns = = = =
The True Finns gained the highest support in their electoral history ; and the rise of 15 % was also the largest electoral victory for any party in Finland 's post @-@ war history . Their support was highest in Satakunta with 23 @.@ 6 % of the votes and lowest in Helsinki with 13 % of the votes . Their rise was said to be because of being a " one @-@ man party " led by Soini 's " verbal acuity and political agility " that resulted in the " closest thing to a landslide victory obtainable in Finland 's multiparty politics . " With the exception of Helsinki , the support for True Finns was spread out evenly across the country . The party enjoyed strongest support in the municipality of Kihniö , where the party received an absolute majority of votes with 53 @.@ 2 % — largely due to Lea Mäkipää who gained 665 votes , nearly 50 % of all the votes cast . Four members of Suomen Sisu were elected to the Eduskunta as True Finns MPs ( Jussi Halla @-@ aho , Juho Eerola , James Hirvisaari , Olli Immonen ) .
= = Government formation = =
As the leader of the NCP , the largest party in parliament , Jyrki Katainen was tasked with forming a new coalition government . He said that the result of the election supported a coalition consisting of the three largest parties , i.e. the National Coalition , the Social Democratic Party and the True Finns . The most problematic question was believed to be the EU bailout policy , where the True Finns most differ from the other parties . Formal negotiations on government formation started after 24 April and the Kiviniemi government submitted its resignation on 29 April , starting to serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed .
On 12 May , the True Finns announced that they would withdraw from the government formation negotiations due to the bailout issue . Soini said he would remain true to the True Finns ' campaign promises and not compromise the party 's core principles . After Soini 's announcement , Jyrki Katainen invited the SDP , Green League , SPP and Christian Democrats to negotiate on forming a coalition led by the NCP . On 18 May , Katainen announced that he would invite the Left Alliance to negotiate as well , beginning on 20 May . The Left Alliance 's participation had been demanded by the Social Democrats .
On 17 June , the six parties came to an agreement on forming a coalition government . The Katainen government will have 19 ministers with the portfolios divided with the NCP and the SDP both having six ministers , while the Left Alliance , the Greens and the SPP would each have two ministers and the Christian Democrats would have one . The NCP , SDP , SPP and the Christian Democrats announced their candidates for minister positions on 18 June , while the Left Alliance — with some of its notable members opposing joining the government — confirmed its participation in the government and its candidates for ministeral portfolios on its party council on 19 June . The Green League announced its ministers on 20 June . On 22 June , the parliament elected Katainen as prime minister by a vote of 118 – 72 ; two Left Alliance MPs voted against Katainen , for which they were formally reprimanded by the Left Alliance parliamentary group . President Tarja Halonen then formally inaugurated the government at the government palace in Helsinki the same afternoon .
= Battle of Kemp 's Landing =
The Battle of Kemp 's Landing , also known as the Skirmish of Kempsville , was a skirmish in the American Revolutionary War that occurred on November 15 , 1775 . Militia companies from Princess Anne County in the Province of Virginia assembled at Kemp 's Landing to counter British troops under the command of Virginia 's last colonial governor , John Murray , Lord Dunmore , that had landed at nearby Great Bridge . Dunmore was investigating rumors of Patriot troop arrivals from North Carolina that turned out to be false ; he instead moved against the Princess Anne militia , defeating their attempt at an ambush and routing them .
Dunmore followed up the victory with a reading of his proclamation declaring martial law and promising freedom to slaves belonging to Patriot owners if they served in the British military . This increased opposition to his activities , and he was eventually forced to leave Virginia .
= = Background = =
Tensions in the British Colony of Virginia were raised in April 1775 at roughly the same time that the hostilities of the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Province of Massachusetts Bay with the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Rebellious Whigs in control of the provincial assembly had begun recruiting troops by March 1775 , leading to a struggle for control of the colony 's military supplies . Under orders from John Murray , 4th Earl of Dunmore , the royal governor of Virginia , British troops removed gunpowder from the colonial storehouse in Williamsburg , alarming the Whigs that dominated the colonial legislature . Although the incident was resolved without violence , Dunmore , fearing for his personal safety , left Williamsburg in June 1775 and placed his family on board a Royal Navy ship . He then assembled a small British fleet at Norfolk , a port town whose merchants had significant Loyalist ( Tory ) tendencies . The threat posed by this fleet may have played a role in minimizing Whig activity in the town .
Incidents continued between Whigs on one side and Tories on the other until October , when Dunmore had acquired enough military support to begin operations , and the rebellious Whigs had accumulated a significant body of men at Williamsburg . General Thomas Gage , the British commander @-@ in @-@ chief for North America , had ordered small detachments of the 14th Regiment of Foot to Virginia in response to pleas by Dunmore for military help . These troops began raiding surrounding counties for rebel military supplies on October 12 . This activity continued through the end of October , when a small British ship ran aground and was captured by Whigs during a skirmish near Hampton . Navy boats sent to punish the townspeople were repulsed by Continental Army troops and militia in a skirmish that resulted in the killing and capture of several sailors . Dunmore reacted to this event by writing a proclamation on November 7 in which he declared martial law , and offered to emancipate Whig @-@ held slaves in Virginia willing to serve in the British Army . Although he did not immediately publicize the proclamation , Dunmore was able to recruit enough slaves to form the Ethiopian Regiment , as well as raising a company of Tories he called the Queen 's Own Loyal Virginia Regiment . These local forces supplemented the two companies of the 14th Foot that were the sole British military presence in the colony .
= = Prelude = =
Virginia 's Committee of Safety began organizing troops at Williamsburg to send to Norfolk in response to Dunmore 's actions . The forces raised , led by Continental Army Colonel William Woodford , did not leave Williamsburg until November 7 due to shortages of equipment and supplies . They were prevented from crossing the James River for a week by British ships sent by Dunmore to patrol the river . Dunmore , who was operating from a Royal Navy ship , landed " 109 Rank and file , with 22 Voluntteers from Norfolk " near Great Bridge on November 14 , to investigate rumors that Patriot militia had arrived in the area from North Carolina . His landing prompted the militia of Princess Anne County to be called out . About 170 men responded to the militia call issued by Joseph Hutchings , the local militia commander , and Anthony Lawson , a prominent local landowner . They mustered at Kemp 's Landing , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Great Bridge , and set up an ambush along the road to Great Bridge .
Dunmore 's search of the Great Bridge area the next day confirmed that the rumors were false , but heard of the militia mustering at Kemp 's Landing . Leaving a company of troops to defend the causeway to the bridge and begin construction of defenses , he took 100 regulars and 20 Loyalists toward Kemp 's Landing .
= = Skirmish = =
The Patriot ambush was spoiled when Hutchings ' inexperienced militiamen opened fire too early . Dunmore 's disciplined regulars returned fire , moving through the woods to flush out the rebels . The militia scattered , and in the ensuing chase , Hutchings was captured by one of his former slaves . Lawson was able to escape the battle , but was captured a few days later . In total , 18 Patriots were captured and seven were killed ; one British soldier suffered a single minor wound .
= = Aftermath = =
After securing the town , Dunmore raised the British standard , and read out the text of his proclamation . The next day more than 100 militiamen that had previously opposed him swore an oath to the Crown , claiming that they had been forced into arms by the Patriots . Dunmore then moved on to Norfolk , where he again raised the standard , and began developing defenses in and around the town .
Woodford 's force eventually reached Great Bridge , and was joined by companies from North Carolina . This threat prompted Dunmore to order an attack against them ; in the December 9 Battle of Great Bridge Woodford won a decisive victory . Dunmore afterward withdrew from Norfolk , which was then burned on January 1 , 1776 , by a combination of Patriot and Loyalist action . He continued raiding operations against Virginia coastal communities until August 1776 , when he departed for New York City .
Kemp 's Landing incorporated in 1778 as Kempsville , and became the county seat for Princess Anne County . Princess Anne County was merged into Virginia Beach in 1963 ; Kempsville is now an urban neighborhood of the city .
= 30 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 50 gun =
The 30 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 50 gun was a heavy German gun mounted on 16 of the 26 German capital ships built shortly before World War I. Designed in 1908 , it fired a shell slightly greater than 12 inches in diameter and entered service in 1911 when the four Helgoland @-@ class battleships carrying it were commissioned into the High Seas Fleet .
It was also fitted on the four subsequent Helgoland class five Kaisers , four König @-@ class battleships , and three Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruisers . The guns were used to great effect at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , when the two Derfflinger @-@ class ships , Derfflinger and Lützow , used them to destroy the British battlecruisers Queen Mary and Invincible . The gun was eventually superseded in German naval use by the much larger and more powerful 38 cm SK L / 45 .
Before World War I , 30 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 50 guns were emplaced on the islands of Helgoland and Wangerooge to defend Germany 's North Sea coast . One battery was emplaced during the war to defend the port of Zeebrugge in Occupied Flanders . The guns on Helgoland were destroyed by the victorious Allies at the end of the war , but the battery at Wangerooge survived intact . Three of its guns were transferred to Helgoland after the island was remilitarized in 1935 . During the Second World War , the other three guns were transferred to France and employed in coastal defense positions along the English Channel .
= = Specifications = =
= = = Naval Turrets = = =
The 30 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 50 guns were mounted in twin gun turrets . The Helgoland @-@ class ships used six Drh LC / 1908 mountings ; these turrets had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) -thick roofs and 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) -thick sides . Later ship classes used improved designs . The Kaiser class carried five Drh LC / 1909 gun houses , while the subsequent König class carried five turrets of the Drh LC / 1911 type . The primary improvement for the LC / 1909 turret was an increase in armor thickness of the roof , from 100 mm to 300 mm ; side armor remained the same . The turret roofs on the LC / 1911 mounts were reduced to 110 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) ; again , the sides remained at a thickness of 300 mm . Derfflinger and Lützow used four Drh LC / 1912 mountings , while their half sister Hindenburg carried an improved Drh LC / 1913 type . The LC / 1912 mounts had 110 mm @-@ thick roofs and 270 mm @-@ thick sides . The turrets on the newer Hindenburg had the thickness of their roofs increased to 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) , though the sides were the same as in the preceding LC / 1912 type . Weights for the gun houses ranged from 534 – 549 tons ( 543 – 558 metric tons ) ; the variations depended primarily on the thickness of armor .
In the König @-@ class ships , each gun turret had a working chamber beneath it that was connected to a revolving ammunition hoist leading down to the magazine below . The turrets were electrically controlled , though the guns were elevated hydraulically . In an effort to reduce the possibility of a fire , everything in the turret was constructed of steel . This layout was also used in the preceding battleships . On the Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruisers , the two forward and the superfiring rear turret used this configuration , although the rearmost gun turret had its magazine and shell room inverted .
All of the German gun turrets initially allowed for elevation to 13 @.@ 5 degrees , although after the battle of Jutland , they were modified to allow elevation to 16 degrees . The centerline turrets on the warships could train 150 degrees in either direction , though the wing turrets on the Helgoland and Kaiser classes were limited to an arc of 80 degrees in either direction .
= = = Coast defense mounts = = =
The island of Helgoland received four twin gun turrets between 1909 – 12 , although their exact type is unknown . Battery Kaiser Wilhelm II was built to protect the port of Zeebrugge in Occupied Flanders during World War I. It consisted of four guns in concrete barbettes mounted on Bettungsschiessgerüst ( BSG ) ( firing platforms ) . These manually powered mounts rotated on a pivot at the front of the mount and the rear was supported by rollers resting on a semi @-@ circular rail . They were equipped with a gun shield and capable of all @-@ around fire . They were manned by sailors from Naval Artillery Regiment ( Matrosen Artillerie Regiment ) 1 .
By the end of World War I , six guns in BSG mounts equipped Battery Friedrich August on the island of Wangerooge . Three of these were transferred to Helgoland after 1935 when Hitler renounced the Treaty of Versailles which had demilitarized the island . By 1938 , they equipped Battery von Schröder and were manned by troops of the Second Naval Artillery Battalion ( II . Marine @-@ Artillerie @-@ Abteilung ) , later 122nd Naval Artillery Battalion ( 122 . Marine @-@ Artillerie @-@ Abteilung ) . After the French were defeated in 1940 all three guns were transferred to Le Trésorerie , near Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer , France where they assumed their former name of Battery Friedrich August . These guns were initially in open barbettes with 360 ° traverse , but these were later rebuilt into concrete casemates with overhead cover. that could elevate to 50 degrees and train 220 degrees in either direction .
= = = Ammunition = = =
These guns fired two types of shells during World War I : armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) L / 3 @.@ 1 and high explosive ( HE ) L / 4 types . During World War II , the guns fired a wider variety of shells , including armor @-@ piercing L / 3 @,@ 4 and L / 4 @,@ 9 types , and high explosive L / 3 @.@ 8 , L / 5 , and L / 4 @.@ 8 shells , as well as specially designed coast defense artillery projectiles . The AP and HE rounds weighed between 405 and 415 kg ( 915 lb ) , while the coastal artillery projectiles weighed only 250 kg ( 551 lb ) .
Shells used during World War I used an RP C / 12 main propellant charge that weighed 91 kg ( 201 lb ) and a smaller RP C / 12 fore charge that weighed 34 @.@ 5 kg ( 76 lb ) ; this gave the guns a muzzle velocity of 855 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 805 feet per second ) . Coast defense guns used RP C / 32 charges that weighed 85 @.@ 4 kg ( 188 @.@ 3 lb ) for the main charge and 41 @.@ 6 kg ( 91 @.@ 7 lb ) for the fore charge . After 1942 , these were increased to 121 @.@ 5 kg ( 268 lb ) RP C / 38 for AP shells and 143 kg ( 315 lb ) RP C / 38 for HE rounds . These shells were fired with a muzzle velocity of between 850 – 855 m / s ( 2 @,@ 789 – 2 @,@ 805 ft / s ) , but the lightweight coast defense shell had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 120 m / s ( 3 @,@ 700 ft / s ) .
= = = Performance = = =
At 13 @.@ 5 degrees of elevation , the 30 @.@ 5 cm gun could hit targets out to 16 @,@ 200 m ( 17 @,@ 717 yards ) with armor @-@ piercing shells . After the turrets were improved to allow elevation to 16 degrees , the range correspondingly increased to 20 @,@ 400 m ( 22 @,@ 310 yd ) . At a range of 12 @,@ 800 m ( 14 @,@ 000 yd ) , the L3 armor @-@ piercing shells fired by the gun were expected to penetrate 254 mm ( 10 in ) of armor plate . At 15 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 yd ) the effectiveness of the shell decreased ; it was able to pierce 229 mm ( 9 in ) -thick plate . The range of the World War II guns was significantly greater than the guns used in World War I. With the 405 kg shell at 45 degrees , the guns had a maximum range of 32 @,@ 000 m ( 35 @,@ 000 yd ) . With the 415 kg shell at 49 @.@ 2 degrees , the range was 41 @,@ 300 m ( 45 @,@ 166 yd ) , and with the lighter 250 kg round at 49 @.@ 1 degrees , the maximum range was 51 @,@ 400 m ( 56 @,@ 200 yd ) .
= = = Weapons of comparable role , performance and era = = =
BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun British contemporary guns
Obukhovskii 12 " / 52 Pattern 1907 gun Russian contemporary gun
= Hella Good =
" Hella Good " is a song by the American rock band No Doubt , taken from their fifth studio album Rock Steady ( 2001 ) . The song is influenced by electro , rock , punk , and funk music . It received positive reviews from contemporary music critics , who made comparisons to the work of a diverse range of artists such as Afrika Bambaataa and Madonna .
" Hella Good " was released as the album 's second single in April 2002 ( see 2002 in music ) . It was successful , and Roger Sanchez 's remix of the song topped the Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play . At the 45th Grammy Awards , " Hella Good " was nominated for Best Dance Recording , and Sanchez 's remix won for Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical . A black @-@ and @-@ white music video was produced , featuring the band squatting in an abandoned ship .
= = Background and writing = =
No Doubt decided to work with hip hop production duo The Neptunes as a sort of " cultural collision " . Lead singer Gwen Stefani wanted to write a high @-@ spirited and celebratory song about the positive things in her life , so they wrote an optimistic club song . The word hella was a slang term used mostly in the San Francisco Bay Area and other parts of California to mean " very " . Having toured in the Bay Area , Stefani borrowed the term to describe her mood . Stefani wanted to use the word dance in a chorus , so she decided to end each line of " Hella Good " ' s chorus with the phrase " keep on dancing " . The song 's funk sound is based on songs such as Queen 's 1980 single " Another One Bites the Dust " and The Commodores ' 1977 single " Brick House " .
" Hella Good " is a rock song composed in the key of G minor . It is written in common time and moves at a moderately fast 115 beats per minute . The song 's beat drew several comparisons to that of Michael Jackson 's 1983 single " Billie Jean " . Its hook comes from a simple progression of power chords alternating between G and A flat , suggesting Phrygian mode . " Hella Good " follows a verse @-@ chorus form with a chorus following each of the two verses . Following the bridge , the chorus is repeated and the song closes with an outro .
= = Critical reception = =
About.com ranked the song number one in a list of the top five singles from Stefani 's career , with the band as well as solo , reasoning by saying that the song 's " bumping contemporary beat pushes along 80 's style keyboards making it nearly impossible to keep from moving your body . " Blender described it as a " blazing start " to Rock Steady and compared it to the work of pop group Was ( Not Was ) , rapper and producer Timbaland , ska punk band Fishbone , and electro DJ Afrika Bambaataa . The NME also compared the song to Bambaataa 's music as well as that of Britney Spears and Duran Duran . PlayLouder called the track outstanding and compared Nellee Hooper 's production to the electroclash style of Chicago house DJ Felix da Housecat .
Entertainment Weekly characterized the song as a sequel to Madonna 's 1985 synthpop single " Into the Groove " . The publication listed " Hella Good " seventh on its list of the top singles of 2002 . It went on to include the song in its list of the top five No Doubt songs , in which it described the song as " a dance @-@ pop delight irresistible enough to make you forget that ' ' hella ' ' is one of history 's most irritating slang terms . " Stylus Magazine was pleased with the use of overdubbing in the song 's " anthemic rock chorus " , but referred to its lyrics as stupid . Billboard referred to the group as the B @-@ 52 's of the 2000s and praised " Hella Good " ' s combination of a strong bassline ; " fairly aggressive electric guitar accents " ; Kraftwerk @-@ style electronics ; and Stefani 's " loose , playful " vocals . The song was listed at number twenty @-@ six on the 2002 Pazz & Jop list , a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Hella Good " reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was more successful in mainstream markets , reaching number three on the Top 40 Mainstream and number nine on the Top 40 Tracks , and in clubs , topping the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . It had success on adult contemporary stations , peaking at number nine on the Adult Top 40 and later appearing at number three on the Top 40 Adult Recurrents . It had some crossover success in urban contemporary markets and reached number twenty @-@ nine on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart . Interscope Records approached house DJ Roger Sanchez to produce a remix of the song , which went on to top the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . The song was less successful on the Canadian Singles Chart , where it peaked at number twenty @-@ six for three non @-@ consecutive weeks .
For the 2003 Grammy Awards , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences introduced new categories for Best Dance Recording and Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical . " Hella Good " was nominated for Best Dance Recording at but lost to Dirty Vegas ' " Days Go By " , and Sanchez 's remix won for Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical . No Doubt performed a medley of " Underneath It All " and " Hella Good " at the show .
On the UK Singles Chart , " Hella Good " debuted at number twelve but was unable to reach a higher position . The song peaked at number eight on the ARIA Singles Chart in June 2002 and remained on the chart for three months . It was listed at number sixty @-@ four on the 2002 end of year chart , and it was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association . " Hella Good " was successful in South America and reached the top five in Argentina and Chile . In New Zealand , It peaked at # 17 and spent 15 weeks in the chart .
The song was featured in the opening sequence of the 2005 film The Longest Yard . The song was covered by Rita Ora at Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Derry , Northern Ireland . " Hella Good " was also used in 2003 for the second season Alias episode " The Getaway " and in 2007 for the pilot episode of The Black Donnellys .
= = Music video = =
The song 's music video was directed by Mark Romanek . Not following any plot , the video depicts the band as a group of punk rockers squatting in an abandoned ship while the rest are chasing Stefani throughout the ship . During the course of the video , the band members perform the song , using bodyboards to float electronic equipment , and they and their friends explore and dance throughout the ship . There are also sequences of people riding on personal water crafts , Stefani performing on a coiled rope , people playing Jet Set Radio Future , and Stefani broadcasting on a pirate radio station .
Romanek came up with the video 's concept it and e @-@ mailed it to the band . He based it on a black @-@ and @-@ white Italian Vogue fashion shoot from the mid @-@ 1990s which featured models on waverunners . The video was then filmed over three days in March 2002 in Long Beach , California . The scenes inside the ship were filmed from man @-@ made sets at South Bay Studios .
The music video was moderately successful . Following a premiere on an episode of MTV 's Making the Video , it reached number four on the network 's video countdown Total Request Live . The video debuted on MuchMusic 's Countdown in April 2002 and peaked at number six , spending over four months on the program .
= = Track listing = =
" Hella Good " ( album version ) – 4 : 02
" Hey Baby " - " Stank Remix " featuring Outkast and Killer Mike ( dirty version ) – 4 : 06
" Hey Baby " - " Kelly G 's Bumpin ' Baby Club Mix " – 8 : 14
" Hella Good " video – 4 : 02
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= Battle of Haman =
The Battle of Haman was one engagement in the larger Battle of Pusan Perimeter between United Nations ( UN ) and North Korean ( NK ) forces early in the Korean War from August 31 to September 19 , 1950 , in the vicinity of Haman County in South Korea . The engagement ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States and Republic of Korea ( ROK ) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack on the town of Haman .
Operating in defense of Masan during the Battle of Masan , the US Army 's 24th Infantry Regiment was stretched along a long line on a ridge to the west of the town , at Haman . When the North Korean People 's Army 6th Division attacked the town , the US troops fought to repel their advance in a weeklong battle in which the 24th Infantry performed poorly , and other US reinforcements were brought in to assist in fighting off the attack . The battle remained bitterly deadlocked long enough for another UN force to counterattack at Inchon , forcing the North Korean Army to retreat from Masan .
= = Background = =
= = = Outbreak of war = = =
Following the June 25 , 1950 , outbreak of the Korean War after the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , the United Nations voted to commit troops to the conflict in support of South Korea . The United States , as a member of the UN , committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goals of repelling the North Korean invasion and preventing South Korea from collapsing . By 1950 , US forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II , five years earlier , and at the time the closest forces were the US 24th Infantry Division , headquartered in Japan . The division was understrength , and most of its equipment was antiquated due to reductions in military spending . Regardless , the 24th was ordered to South Korea . However , it faced numerous disadvantages . The forces were poorly equipped ; many battalions had only two companies of infantry , as opposed to the regulation three . Headquarters Company , and supporting platoon elements were much smaller than regulation stated , making them substantially less effective . Most of the soldiers of the division had no combat experience and used to the luxuries of life in occupied Japan . Only one third of the officers in the Task Force had combat experience from World War II , and only one in six enlisted soldiers had combat experience . Many of them nevertheless volunteered to join the task force . The soldiers were each equipped with only 120 rounds of ammunition and two days of C @-@ rations .
The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea with the mission to take the initial " shock " of North Korean advances , delaying much larger North Korean units for several weeks to buy time to allow reinforcements to arrive , such as the 1st Cavalry and the 7th and 25th Infantry Divisions . Advance elements of the 24th Infantry were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on July 5 , the first encounter between American and North Korean forces . For the first month after the defeat of Task Force Smith , the 24th Infantry was repeatedly defeated and forced south by superior North Korean numbers and equipment . The regiments of the 24th Infantry were systematically pushed south in engagements around Chochiwon , Chonan , and Pyongtaek . They made a final stand in the Battle of Taejon , where they were almost completely destroyed , but their resistance kept the North Koreans from advancing until July 20 . By that time , the number of Eighth Army front @-@ line combat troops was roughly equal to number of North Korean forces attacking the region , with new UN units arriving every day .
= = = North Korean advance = = =
With Taejon captured , North Korean forces began surrounding the Pusan Perimeter from all sides in an attempt to envelop it . The 4th and 6th North Korean Infantry Divisions advanced south in a wide flanking maneuver . The two divisions attempted to penetrate the UN 's left flank , but became highly dispersed in the process . They advanced on UN positions with armor and superior numbers , repeatedly pushing back US and South Korean forces .
American forces were repeatedly defeated before finally halting the North Korean advance in a series of engagements in the southern section of the country . Forces of the 3rd Battalion , 29th Infantry Regiment , newly arrived in the country , were wiped out at Hadong in a coordinated ambush by North Korean forces on July 27 , opening a pass into the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after , North Korean forces took Chinju to the west , pushing back the US 19th Infantry Regiment and leaving routes to the perimeter open for more North Korean attacks . US formations were subsequently able to defeat and push back the North Koreans on the flank in the Battle of the Notch on August 2 . Suffering mounting losses , the KPA force in the west withdrew for several days to reequip and receive reinforcements . This granted both sides a reprieve to prepare for the attack on the Pusan Perimeter .
= = = Attack on Masan = = =
Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker then ordered the US 25th Infantry Division , under Major General William B. Kean , to take up defensive positions on the Pusan Perimeter southern flank west of Masan . By August 15 , the 25th Infantry Division had moved into these positions . Rough terrain west of Masan limited the choice of the positions . The mountain group west of Masan was the first readily defensible ground east of the Chinju pass . The 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 610 m ) mountain ridges of Sobuk @-@ san dominated the area and protected the road from Komam @-@ ni to Haman to Chindong @-@ ni , which was the only means of north – south communication west of Masan .
To the north , from the Masan – Chinju highway to the Nam River , there were several easily defensible positions . The best one was the high ground near Chungam @-@ ni , which controlled the important road junction connecting the Masan road with the one over the Nam River to Uiryong . It was essential for the 25th Infantry Division 's right flank connect with the left flank of the 24th Infantry Division at the confluence of the Nam and the Naktong Rivers . Therefore , the 25th Infantry Division also moved to protect the Komam @-@ ni road intersection where the Chindong @-@ ni – Haman road met the Masan – Chinju highway .
Meanwhile , the NK 6th Division was ordered to await reinforcements before continuing the attack . The division 's 13th , 15th and 14th regiments stretched from north to south . The first replacements arrived at Chinju on about August 12 . Approximately 2 @,@ 000 unarmed South Koreans conscripted in the Seoul area joined the division by August 15 . At Chinju , the 6th Division issued them grenades and told the recruits they would have to pick up weapons from killed and wounded soldiers on the battlefield . Another group of 2 @,@ 500 South Koreans joined the 6th Division on August 21 , bringing the division strength to approximately 8 @,@ 500 men . In the last week of August and the first week of September , 3 @,@ 000 more recruits conscripted in southwest Korea joined the division . The 6th Division used these last recruits in labor details at only later employed them as combat troops . As part of the North Korean build @-@ up in the south , the untried NK 7th Division also arrived near Masan with another 10 @,@ 000 men . The 7th Division occupied key ports to protect the 6th Division against possible amphibious landings in its rear .
On August 31 , 1950 , the 25
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
th Division held a front of almost 30 miles ( 48 km ) , beginning in the north at the Namji @-@ ri bridge over the Naktong River and extending west along the hills south of the river to the Nam 's confluence with it . It then bent southwest up the south side of the Nam to where the Sobuk @-@ san mountain mass tapered down in its northern extremity to the river . There the line turned south along rising ground to Sibidang @-@ san , crossed the saddle on its south face through which passed the Chinju @-@ Masan railroad and highway , and continued southward up to Battle Mountain and on to P 'il @-@ bong . From P 'il @-@ bong the line dropped down spur ridge lines to the southern coastal road near Chindong @-@ ni . The US 35th Infantry Regiment held the northern 26 @,@ 000 yards ( 24 @,@ 000 m ) of the division line , from the Namji @-@ ri bridge to the Chinju @-@ Masan highway . The regiment was responsible for the highway . The regiment 's weakest and most vulnerable point was a 3 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) gap along the Naktong River between most of F Company on the west and its 1st Platoon to the east . This platoon guarded the Namji @-@ ri cantilever steel bridge on the division extreme right at the boundary with the US 2nd Infantry Division , which was across the Naktong River . South of the highway , the US 24th Infantry Regiment held the high ground west of Haman , including Battle Mountain and P 'il @-@ bong . Colonel John L. Throckmorton 's US 5th Infantry Regimental Combat Team held the southern spur of Sobuk @-@ san to the coastal road at Chindong @-@ ni . From Chindong @-@ ni some ROK Marine Corps units continued the line to the southern coast . Kean 's 25th Division command post was at Masan , the 35th Infantry command post was on the east side of the Chirwon – Chung @-@ ni road , the 24th Infantry command post was at Haman and Colonel Throckmorton 's command post was at Chindong @-@ ni . By August 31 , the division was suffering manpower shortages , and a limited number of KATUSAs ( English @-@ speaking Korean troops ) were brought in to replenish its ranks .
= = Battle = =
In the southern part of its sector , where the US 25th Infantry Division held the UN line , the NK I Corps planned a strong attack , coordinating it with an attack against the US 2nd Infantry Division to the north . The North Korean 6th and 7th Divisions received their attack orders on August 20 . The North Korean operations order called for the NK I Corps to assault all along the line at 22 : 00 on August 31 . The 6th Division , farthest south on the right flank , was to attack through Haman , Masan , and Chinhae and then capture Kumhae , on the west side of the Naktong River delta 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Pusan , by September 3 . The division zone of attack was to be south of the highway from Chinju to Komam @-@ ni to Masan . The 7th Division , next in line north of the 6th Division , was to attack north of the Masan highway , wheel left to the Naktong , and wait for the 6th Division on its right and the NK 9th Division on its left to join it . Part of the 7th Division was concentrated in the Uiryong area west of the Nam River . This plan pitted the 6th Division against the US 24th Infantry Regiment and the 7th Division against the US 35th Infantry Regiment . As a part of this plan , the NK 6th Division had been engaging the 24th Infantry at Battle Mountain for several weeks prior , with no gains for either side . Kean , aware of a pending offensive and distrusting the 24th Infantry 's ability , began to compile a report on the regiment 's performance to determine how to improve its capabilities .
= = = North Korean attack = = =
In the left center of the 25th Division line , Lieutenant Colonel Paul F. Roberts ' 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , held the crest of the second ridge west of Haman , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the town . From Chungam @-@ ni , in North Korean territory , a secondary road led to Haman along the shoulders of low hills and across rice paddy ground , running east 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the main Chinju – Masan road . It came through Colonel Roberts ' 2nd Battalion position in a pass 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Late in the afternoon of August 31 , observers with G Company , 24th Infantry , noticed activity 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in front of their positions . They called in two air strikes that hit this area at dusk . US artillery sent a large concentration of fire into the area , but the effect of this fire was not known . All US units on the line were alerted for a possible North Korean attack .
That night the North Koreans launched a coordinated offensive against the entire UN force . The NK 6th Division advanced first , hitting F Company on the north side of the pass on the Chungam @-@ ni @-@ Haman road . The ROK troops in the pass left their positions and fell back on G Company south of the pass . The North Koreans captured a 75 mm recoilless rifle in the pass and turned it on American tanks , knocking out two of them . They then overran a section of 82 mm mortars at the east end of the pass . South of the pass , at dawn , First Lieutenant Houston M. McMurray found that only 15 out of 69 men assigned to his platoon remained with him , a mix of US and ROK troops . The North Koreans attacked this position at dawn . They came through an abandoned opening in the barbed wire perimeter . Throwing grenades and spraying the area with burp gun fire , the North Koreans quickly overran the position . Numerous officers and non @-@ commissioned officers attempted to get the men back into line , but they would not follow these orders . In one instance South Korean troops killed their own company commander when he tried to stop them from escaping .
On the line farther to the south , North Korean T @-@ 34 tank fire hit E Company at midnight . First Lieutenant Charles Ellis , the company commander , attempted to rally his men but they crumbled under fire , retreating without orders . During the night everyone in E Company ran off the hill except Ellis and 11 men . Several E Company men fled through a mine field they had set up and were killed . North Korean fire pinned Ellis ' men down after dawn on September 1 . When three or four of the group tried to escape , North Korean machine gun fire killed them . Ellis and the remaining men stayed in their foxholes on the hill for two days , repelling several attacks in that time . Ellis was then able to withdraw south , up the mountain to the 3rd Battalion 's position . In his withdrawal , Ellis , discovering a man who had been injured earlier in a mine explosion , entered the mine field to rescue him .
= = = 24th Infantry collapses = = =
Shortly after the North Korean attack started most of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , fled its positions . One company at a time , the battalion was struck with strong attacks all along its front , and with the exception of a few dozen men in each company , each formation quickly crumbled , with most of the troops running back to Haman against the orders of their officers . The North Koreans passed through the crumbling US lines quickly and overran the 2nd Battalion command post , killing several men there and destroying much of the battalion 's equipment . With the 2nd Battalion broken , Haman was open to direct North Korean attack . As the North Koreans encircled Haman , Lieutenant Colonel Paul F. Roberts , the 2nd Battalion commander , ordered an officer to take remnants of the battalion and establish a roadblock at the south edge of the town . Although the officer directed a large group of men to accompany him , only eight did so . The 2nd Battalion was no longer an effective fighting force . Pockets of its soldiers remained in place and fought fiercely , but the majority fled upon attack , and the North Koreans were able to move around the uneven resistance . They surrounded Haman as the 2nd Battalion crumbled in disarray .
Regimental commander Colonel Arthur S. Champney moved the 24th Regiment command post from Haman 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) northeast to a narrow defile on a logistics road the regimental engineers had constructed to improve supply movement , called the Engineer Road . At this time , a North Korean group attacked C Battery , 159th Field Artillery Battalion , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Haman . Two tanks of the 88th Tank Battalion helped defend the battery until the artillerymen could pack up the howitzers and escape back through Haman and then eastward over the Engineer Road . Troops of the US 27th Infantry Regiment and the 35th Infantry Regiment were alerted to begin to reform their lines to compensate for the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry 's collapse . At the time commanders blamed the African American troops for being sub @-@ par soldiers , but officers later contended that poor organization of defensive positions , over @-@ extension of the already weakened battalion , and reliance on unreliable South Korean troops to plug numerous gaps in the line were the primary factors in the quick defeats of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry .
The assault did not strike the southern part of the line held by Lieutenant Colonel John T. Corley 's 3rd Battalion , 24th Infantry , and Throckmorton 's 5th Infantry . That part of the line , however , did receive artillery and mortar fire and some diversionary light attacks . At about 02 : 00 on September 1 , men in an outpost on the right flank of Corley 's battalion watched an estimated 600 North Korean soldiers file past at a distance of 100 yards ( 91 m ) , going in the direction of Haman . Viewed during the night from the high ground of the 3rd Battalion , Haman seemed to be in flames . At dawn , men in the battalion saw an estimated 800 North Korean troops enter the town .
When the North Korean attack broke through the 2nd Battalion , Champney ordered the 1st Battalion , about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Haman on the Chindong @-@ ni road , to counterattack and restore the line . Roberts assembled 40 men , all he could find of the disorganized 2nd Battalion , to join in this counterattack , which got under way at 07 : 30 . Upon contact with the enemy , the 1st Battalion broke and fled to the rear . Thus , shortly after daylight the scattered and disorganized men of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 24th Infantry had fled to the high ground 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Haman . The better part of two regiments of the NK 6th Division poured into and through the Haman gap , now that they were holding the town .
= = = North Korean breakthrough = = =
Kean saw the North Korean breakthrough at Haman as a serious threat to his division 's line . At dawn on September 1 , Kean requested permission from Walker to commit the entire 27th Infantry Regiment , just arrived at Masan the previous evening and still held in Eighth Army reserve . Walker denied this request , but did release one battalion of the regiment to Kean 's control .
Kean immediately dispatched Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert J. Check 's 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry from its assembly area near Masan toward Haman , to be attached to the 24th Infantry upon arrival at the regimental command post . The 1st Platoon of the 27th Regiment 's Heavy Mortar Company ; a platoon of B Company , 89th Tank Battalion ; and A Battery , 8th Field Artillery Battalion , reinforced Check 's battalion . Check with his battalion arrived at Champney 's 24th Infantry command post 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Haman at 10 : 00 .
The scene there was chaotic . Large numbers of vehicles loaded with soldiers were moving down the road to the rear . Many soldiers on foot were on the road . Champney tried repeatedly but in vain to get these men to stop and turn around . The few North Korean mortar shells falling occasionally in the vicinity did no damage except to cause the troops of the 24th Infantry and intermingled South Koreans to panic further and increase their speed to the rear . The road was so clogged with retreating troops that Check had to delay his counterattack . In the six hours he waited at this point , Check observed that none of the retreating troops of the 1st and 2nd Battalions , 24th Infantry , could be assembled as units . Military police tried in vain to reassemble troops , but they refused even at gunpoint . At 16 : 00 , the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , assembling in the rear of the 27th Infantry , could muster only 150 to 200 men .
The North Koreans , in the meantime , were suffering serious logistics problems which prevented them from supplying their troops effectively with ammunition , food , and medical care . At the same time , elements of the division , including thousands of people forcibly conscripted from South Korea , were becoming increasingly hard to keep in place . The division was having difficulty strengthening its position at Haman .
= = = UN counterattack = = =
At 14 : 45 on September 1 , Kean ordered an immediate counterattack to restore the 24th Infantry positions . For 30 minutes US Air Force aircraft , including F @-@ 51 Mustangs and F @-@ 80 Shooting Stars , struck North Korean positions around Haman with bombs , napalm , rockets , and machine gun fire . They also attacked the North Korean @-@ held ridges around the town . Fifteen minutes of concentrated artillery fire followed . Fires spread in Haman . Check 's infantry attacked west at 16 : 30 , reinforced by a platoon of tanks from A Company , 79th Tank Battalion . Eight tanks , mounting infantry , spearheaded the attack into Haman , capturing the city easily , as most of the North Korean troops had abandoned it . North Koreans in force held the ridge on the west side of the town , and their machine gun fire swept every approach . North Korean fire destroyed one tank and the attacking infantry suffered heavy casualties . But Check 's battalion pressed the attack and by 18 : 25 had seized the first long ridge 500 yards west of Haman . By 20 : 00 it had secured half of the old battle position on the higher ridge beyond , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Just 200 yards ( 180 m ) short of the crest on the remainder of the ridge , the infantry dug in for the night . It had recaptured Haman and was pushing back to the 24th 's old positions .
All day September 2 , air strikes harassed the North Koreans and prevented them from consolidating their gains and reorganizing for further coordinated attack . Some of the planes came from the carriers USS Valley Forge and USS Philippine Sea , 200 miles ( 320 km ) away in the Yellow Sea and steaming toward the Masan battlefield . At 10 : 45 , Eighth Army messaged Kean that the 27th Infantry was to be alerted for a possible move north into the US 2nd Infantry Division sector . West of Haman the North Koreans and US troops faced each other during the night without further battle , but the North Koreans kept flares over their position . In the rear areas , North Korean mortar fire on the 24th Regiment command post caused Champney to move it still farther to the rear .
In the morning , under cover of a heavy ground fog , the North Koreans struck Check 's battalion in a counterattack . This began a heavy fight which lasted all morning . Air strikes using napalm incinerated many North Korean troops and helped the infantry to gain the ridge . At 12 : 00 , the 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry , secured the former positions of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , and took over the same foxholes that unit had abandoned two nights before . During September 2 , the Air Force flew 135 sorties in the 25th Infantry Division sector , reportedly destroying many North Korean units , several tanks and artillery pieces , and three villages containing ammunition dumps .
Early the next morning , September 3 , the North Koreans heavily attacked Check 's men in an effort to regain the ridge . Artillery , mortar , and tank fire barrages , and an air strike directed from the battalion command post , met this attack . Part of the battalion had to turn and fight toward its rear . After the attack had been repulsed hundreds of North Korean lay dead around the battalion position . A prisoner estimated that during September 2 and 3 the four North Korean battalions fighting Check 's battalion had lost 1 @,@ 000 men .
Check 's battalion held the ridge until dark on September 4 , then the 1st Battalion and F Company of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , which had reorganized in the rear , relieved it . The 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry moved back into a secondary defensive position at 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) east of Haman . Champney moved his command post back into Haman , placing it at the base of a hill 300 metres ( 980 ft ) west of the center of the town .
= = = Infiltration = = =
Before dawn on September 5 , a North Korean force of two companies moved against Haman again . A part of this force approached the hill at the western edge of Haman , where H Company was posted as security for the 24th Regimental command post situated at its base . Most of the H Company men left their post without firing a shot , abandoning two new machine guns . North Koreans captured the guns and opened fire on the regimental command post . A small group of North Koreans infiltrated into Haman within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of the command post , where members of the Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon drove them off in a grenade battle .
About 20 North Korean soldiers approached , undiscovered , close enough to the 1st Battalion , 24th Infantry , command post west of Haman to throw grenades and fire into it . About 45 soldiers of the battalion command group and 20 South Korean recruits were in position there at the time . The North Koreans were driven off at dawn , but Major Eugene J. Carson , battalion executive officer , then discovered that he had on the position with him only 30 men , 7 of them wounded . Looking back down the hill , Carson saw approximately 40 men get up out of the rice paddies and go over to a tank at a roadblock position . These men reported to the regiment that they had been driven off the hill . Three tanks near the command post helped clear the town of North Koreans .
At the time of this infiltration , a white officer and 35 – 40 African @-@ American soldiers left their position south of Haman at a roadblock and fled to the rear until they reached Check 's 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry , command post 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) away . There , at 05 : 00 this officer said 2 @,@ 000 North Koreans had overrun his position and others near Haman , including the 24th Regiment command post . Check reported this story to Kean , and then sent a platoon of tanks with a platoon of infantry toward Haman to find out what had happened . Some of his officers , meanwhile , had stopped about 220 soldiers streaming to the rear . Check ordered these men to follow his tank and infantry patrol back into Haman . Some of them did so only when threatened with being shot . The tank @-@ led column entered Haman unopposed , where they found the 24th Regiment command post intact and everything quiet . The next day , September 6 , a sniper severely wounded Champney while he was inspecting his front @-@ line positions west of Haman . Champney was evacuated immediately . The commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion , Corley , succeeded to the command of the regiment .
Corley instituted sweeping changes in leadership in the regiment , hoping to improve its combat performance . He was able to cut down on straggling to a degree with more strict threats of court martial , but this had a negative effect on the regiment 's morale . He began a unit newspaper , eventually called Eagle Forward , and moved to allow more discourse for the soldiers and leaders of the unit , and this was shown to improve the morale to a degree . Wanting to build a sense of pride in the unit , he sought to emphasize the toughness of the battles the regiment had seen , and played up its victory at the Battle of Yechon while downplaying other poor performances .
After the North Korean infiltration on September 7 was repelled , the North Korean attack on Haman ground to a halt . The North Koreans , racked by logistical and manpower shortages , focused more heavily on their attacks against 24th Infantry positions on Battle Mountain , as well as 35th Infantry positions at the Nam River . 24th Infantry troops at Haman encountered only probing attacks until September 18 .
= = = North Korean withdrawal = = =
The UN counterattack at Inchon collapsed the North Korean line and forced them back on all fronts . On 16 September , however , 25th Infantry Division was still fighting North Korean forces behind its lines , and North Korean strong points existed on the heights of Battle Mountain , P 'il @-@ bong , and Sobuk @-@ san . Kean felt that the division could advance along the roads toward Chinju only when the mountainous center of the division front was clear . He therefore believed that the key to the advance of the 25th Division lay in its center where the North Koreans held the heights and kept the 24th Infantry Regiment under daily attack . The 27th Infantry on the left and the 35th Infantry on the right , astride the roads between Chinju and Masan , held their positions and could not advance until the situation in front of the 24th Infantry improved .
On September 19 the UN discovered the North Koreans had abandoned Battle Mountain during the night , and the 1st Battalion , 24th Infantry , moved up and occupied it . On the right , the 35th Infantry began moving forward . There was only light resistance until it reached the high ground in front of Chungam @-@ ni where hidden North Korean soldiers in spider holes shot at 1st Battalion soldiers from the rear . The next day the 1st Battalion captured Chungam @-@ ni , and the 2nd Battalion captured the long ridge line running northwest from it to the Nam River . Meanwhile , the North Koreans still held strongly against the division left where the 27th Infantry had heavy fighting in trying to move forward .
The North Koreans withdrew from the Masan area the night of September 18 – 19 . The NK 7th Division withdrew from south of the Nam River while the 6th Division sideslipped elements to cover the entire front . Covered by the 6th Division , the 7th had crossed to the north side of the Nam River by the morning of September 19 . Then the NK 6th Division had withdrawn from its positions on Sobuk @-@ san . The US units rapidly pursued them north , passing over the Battle Mountain positions , which were no longer of strategic importance .
= = Aftermath = =
The 24th Infantry suffered 267 killed , 796 wounded , one captured and two missing during its time at the Pusan Perimeter , of which 450 were wounded and 150 were killed at Battle Mountain . The 8th Field Artillery Battalion , supporting the 24th Infantry , suffered 18 killed and 26 wounded , while the 79th Tank Battalion , also in support , suffered two killed and 20 wounded .
The North Korean troops suffered heavily in the fight for Masan , and most became casualties in the attack . By mid @-@ September , the NK 7th Division was reduced to just 4 @,@ 000 men , a loss of 6 @,@ 000 from when it was committed to the perimeter . Only 2 @,@ 000 from the NK 6th Division returned to North Korea , a loss of 80 percent of its strength . Up to 3 @,@ 000 troops were captured as they attempted to return to North Korea . The attacking force of over 20 @,@ 000 had been reduced to only 6 @,@ 000 by the end of the fights around Masan . It is nearly impossible , however , to calculate how many were lost in each individual engagement .
Desertion was a problem for the 24th Infantry ; the 25th Infantry Division had to detain 116 deserters from the 24th Infantry during August , compared to 15 from the 27th Infantry and 12 from the 35th Infantry . In late August , Kean began investigating the unit 's behavior , including its poor performance at the battle of Sangju several weeks earlier , and found its performance was affecting other units of the division . After the 24th 's performance at the battles of Battle Mountain and Haman , Kean suggested to Walker that the regiment be disbanded and its troops be used as replacements for other units in the field . Virtually all of the officers and enlisted men in the regiment were supportive of this idea , but Walker declined , feeling he could not afford to lose a regiment . Even if his other units were reinforced , he did not feel they could be extended to cover the entire line .
= = = Note = = =
= Milwaukee Avenue Historic District =
The Milwaukee Avenue Historic District is a historic district in Minneapolis , Minnesota in the Seward neighborhood . The district comprises two city blocks of small homes on quarter @-@ sized lots . These houses were built between 1884 and 1890 by William Ragan , a Minneapolis real estate speculator . Built for lower @-@ income residents , the houses had deteriorated in condition by the end of World War II , and by the 1970s , were planned for demolition . A group of residents and concerned citizens fought to save the houses , eventually leading to their inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and the federal protection and rehabilitation that comes with the designation . Today , the houses sit along a bike- and pedestrian @-@ friendly mall on which motor traffic is prohibited .
= = Early history = =
During the late 19th century , the population of Minneapolis was growing rapidly , increasing 351 percent from 1880 to 1890 . With the number of people moving into the city , lower @-@ cost housing was needed for immigrants who were new to Minnesota . The street had originally been platted as an alley between 22nd and 23rd Avenues South , but William Ragan developed it as a street and labeled it 22 ½ Avenue . The houses were situated close together on narrow lots , with very narrow side yards and no front yards . This almost gives the impression of rowhouses . Most of the houses were built with brick veneer on timber frames , and they have uniform @-@ sized roof slopes , modified flat arch windows , and open front porches .
The street kept its ' ½ ' until 1906 , when petitioners asked the Minneapolis City Council to change the street 's name to Woodland Avenue because they said the ' ½ ' made them feel like they lived in an alley . For an unknown reason , the street 's name was not changed to Woodland Avenue , but to Milwaukee Avenue . The Avenue 's proximity to the Milwaukee Short Line Railroad has been suggested as a cause .
= = Deterioration and restoration = =
By the time World War II was over , the houses on Milwaukee Avenue were falling into disrepair . They had been neglected throughout the Great Depression and wartime . In 1959 , the City of Minneapolis presented a plan for the Seward neighborhood , which listed the houses on Milwaukee Avenue in ' deteriorated ' condition , meaning they had no indoor plumbing or were severely battered .
In many other neighborhoods , the City had renewed and thus gentrified areas without public hearings , because residents of those neighborhoods were low @-@ income renters . In Milwaukee Avenue 's case , however , the residents were of medium income , and seasoned protesters , since many had protested the Vietnam War . By 1970 , the City of Minneapolis planned to raze the Milwaukee Avenue houses using funds from the Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) program .
The residents of Milwaukee Avenue and the surrounding Seward neighborhood formed the Seward West Project Area Committee ( PAC ) in order to try to save the Milwaukee Avenue homes . They argued that the houses had significant historic value and needed to be preserved . The City argued that the houses were legally nonconforming , and rehabilitating them would cost more than just building new houses .
The City furthered its plan of renewing the area and took no heed of the PAC . In response , the PAC secretly submitted an application to the National Register of Historic Places for the Milwaukee Avenue district . It was approved on May 2 , 1974 by Secretary of the Interior Rogers CB Morton . This meant that the City could not alter or destroy the houses using federal funds without a public hearing .
Nine of Milwaukee Avenue 's houses had to be destroyed due to their decrepit conditions and a tenth was moved elsewhere . In the spaces where these houses once stood , townhomes were built , mirroring the style of the original houses . The rest of the houses got indoor plumbing , new basements , improved woodwork and porches added on . Additionally , a pedestrian mall was built down the center of Milwaukee Avenue to replace a one @-@ way street . The Avenue is now bike and pedestrian friendly , and cars are prohibited .
= = Milwaukee Avenue today = =
Milwaukee Avenue still stands today . In 2007 , to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Milwaukee Avenue 's rehabilitation , self @-@ guided walking tours of eight of the houses were offered to the public .
The houses were featured on local CBS station WCCO @-@ TV 's Finding Minnesota series in 2005 . The two @-@ minute video segment about the avenue featured interviews with a resident of Milwaukee Avenue , as well as Bob Roscoe , an activist who led the fight to save Milwaukee Avenue .
= Free State of Galveston =
The Free State of Galveston ( sometimes referred to as the Republic of Galveston Island ) was a whimsical name given to the coastal city of Galveston in the U.S. state of Texas during the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 20th century . Today , the term is sometimes used to describe the culture and history of that era .
During the Roaring Twenties , Galveston Island emerged as a popular resort town , attracting celebrities from around the country . Gambling , illegal liquor , and other vice @-@ oriented businesses were a major part of tourism . The Free State moniker embodied a belief held by many locals that Galveston was beyond what they perceived were repressive mores and laws of Texas and the United States . Two major figures of the era were the organized @-@ crime bosses Sam and Rosario Maceo , who ran the chief casinos and clubs on the island and were heavily involved in the government and the tourism industry . The success of vice on the island , despite being illegal , was enabled by lax attitudes in the society and the government , both on the island and in the county . In one of the more famous examples of this , a state committee , investigating gambling at the fabled Balinese Room , was told by the local sheriff that he had not raided the establishment because it was a " private club " and because he was not a " member " .
Much of this period represented a high point in Galveston 's economy . It is sometimes referred to as the " open era " or the " wide @-@ open era " because the business owners and the community made little effort to hide the illegal vice activities . The tourist industry spawned by the illegal businesses helped to offset Galveston 's decline as a commercial and shipping center following a devastating hurricane in 1900 . However , crackdowns against gambling and prostitution in Texas during the mid @-@ 20th century made these businesses increasingly difficult to sustain . By the 1950s , this era of Galveston 's history had ended .
= = Background = =
The island of Galveston , which lies on the Gulf of Mexico , held one of the first major settlements in the eastern part of what is now Texas . During the mid @-@ to @-@ late @-@ 19th century , it became the largest city in the state . Galveston was also an important national commercial center and one of the busiest seaports in the United States , as the Port of Galveston was able to capitalize on Texas ' rapid rise in the cotton trade . Though nearby Houston was emerging as an important city in its own right , Galveston was the state 's cultural and economic center at the time . Vices such as prostitution and gambling , which were common throughout Texas during the 19th century , continued to be tolerated to various degrees on the island in the early 20th century .
The 1900 Galveston hurricane was an unparalleled disaster . According to some estimates 6 @,@ 000 people died on the island , in addition to thousands more on the Gulf Coast and along the shores of the bay . Immediately after the hurricane , Galveston worked to revive itself as a port and an entertainment center , including the construction of tourist destinations such as the Hotel Galvez , which opened in 1911 . In the same year , the Galveston – Houston Electric Railway opened and became recognized as the fastest interurban rail system in the country . Galveston 's port was also rebuilt quickly , and by 1912 had become the second @-@ leading exporter in the nation , behind New York . Nevertheless , after the 1900 storm and another in 1915 , many avoided investing in the island .
Galveston had been a major port of entry for Texas and the West during the 19th century , and a new wave of immigration came through the port in the early 20th century . In contrast to the heavily German immigration of the 19th century , the new arrivals in Galveston were Greeks , Italians , Russian Jews ( part of the Galveston Movement ) , and others who came to settle in many parts of the country , including some who remained on the island itself . Of particular note are the Sicilian immigrants who formed a significant community in Galveston County , as well as the nearby city of Brazoria .
The opening of the Houston Ship Channel in 1915 further challenged the port city . Houston and Texas City , as well as other ports , rapidly overtook Galveston as leading ports and commercial centers ; by 1930 map makers were showing Houston as the major city on the Texas coast , instead of Galveston . Cotton shipping , which Galveston had thoroughly dominated on a worldwide level , began migrating to other ports in Texas and on the West Coast .
As Galveston 's traditional economy declined , Texas ' oil boom began in 1901 , with oil wells and refineries constructed throughout the state . Galveston 's direct role in this boom was minimal as investors avoided building pipelines and refineries on the island itself ( though for a time oil was shipped through the island ) . Nevertheless , wealth brought on by the boom transformed nearby Houston , Texas City , Goose Creek ( modern Baytown ) , and other communities . Houston in particular became home to a large community of wealthy businessmen and investors . Galveston became even more tourism @-@ focused as the city sought to attract these nearby nouveau riche . Still , in the first two decades after the 1900 storm , the city 's economy struggled to recover .
= = Prohibition and the Maceos = =
During the early 20th century , reform movements in the United States ( the so @-@ called Progressive movement ) made most forms of gambling illegal in most communities . Gambling continued illegally in many places , though , creating new opportunities for criminal enterprises . The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , ratified in 1919 , outlawed the manufacture , transportation , importation , and sale of alcoholic beverages and initiated the Prohibition era . The new law was widely unpopular , and bootlegging became rampant . Galveston 's already lax social attitudes allowed this , as well as brothels and other illegal businesses , to blossom in the city . These institutions were so accepted that at one point , the city required health inspections for prostitutes to ensure the safety of their clients .
At the beginning of Prohibition , two main gangs divided the city : the Beach Gang led by Ollie Quinn , and the Downtown Gang led by Johnny Jack Nounes . Though the gangs largely kept to themselves , shootouts and gang @-@ related killings were not unheard of . Rum @-@ running became big business ; liquor was imported from overseas and distributed throughout the city , the state , and other parts of the country . A rum row ( a line of booze @-@ laden ships from Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamas ) became a fixture approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) beyond the coastline where smaller boats fetched the goods and brought them to shore .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
a larger proportion of its forces deployed in the final months of the conflict than at any other time .
= = = Papuan campaign = = =
Japanese forces first landed on the mainland of New Guinea on 8 March 1942 when they invaded Lae and Salamaua to secure bases for the defence of the important base they were developing at Rabaul . In response , Australian guerrillas from the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles established observation posts around the Japanese beachheads and the 2 / 5th Independent Company successfully raided Salamaua on 29 June . After the Battle of the Coral Sea frustrated the Japanese plan to capture Port Moresby via an amphibious landing , they attempted to capture the town by landing Major General Tomitarō Horii 's South Seas Force at Buna on the north coast of Papua and advancing overland using the Kokoda Track to cross the rugged Owen Stanley Range . The Kokoda Track campaign began on 22 July when the Japanese began their advance , opposed by an ill @-@ prepared Militia brigade designated " Maroubra Force " . This force was successful in delaying the South Seas Force but was unable to halt it .
In late August and early September 1942 Australian forces at Milne Bay inflicted the first notable land defeat of the war upon the Japanese . After the Japanese landed a unit of Special Naval Landing Forces to capture the airbases that the Allies had established in the area , two brigades of Australian troops — the Militia 7th and AIF 18th — designated " Milne Force " , supported by two RAAF fighter squadrons and US Army engineers , launched a counter @-@ attack . Outnumbered , lacking supplies and suffering heavy casualties , the Japanese were forced to withdraw . The victory helped raise Allied morale across the Pacific Theatre , especially on the Kokoda Track where the Japanese had continued to make progress throughout August .
On 26 August two AIF battalions from the 7th Division reinforced the remnants of Maroubra Force but the Japanese continued to advance along the Kokoda Track and by 16 September they reached the village of Ioribaiwa near Port Moresby . After several weeks of exhausting fighting and heavy losses , the Japanese troops were within 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) of Port Moresby . Yet supply problems made any further advance impossible , and the Japanese began to fear an Allied counter @-@ landing at Buna . Following reverses at the hands of US forces on Guadalcanal the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters decided they could not support fronts on both New Guinea and Guadalcanal . Horii was subsequently ordered to withdraw his troops on the Kokoda Track until the issue at Guadalcanal was decided .
After this , the Australian forces were heavily reinforced by the 7th Division 's 21st and 25th Brigades . Supported logistically by native Papuans who were recruited by the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit , often forcibly , to carry supplies and evacuate wounded personnel , the Australians pursued the Japanese back along the Kokoda Track . In early November , they had been forced into a small bridgehead on the north coast of Papua . Australian and US forces attacked the Japanese bridgehead in Papua in late November 1942 . The Allied force consisted of the exhausted 7th Division and the inexperienced and ill @-@ trained US 32nd Infantry Division , and was short of artillery and supplies . Due to a lack of supporting weapons and MacArthur and Blamey 's insistence on a rapid advance the Allied tactics during the battle were centred on infantry assaults on the Japanese fortifications . These resulted in heavy casualties and the area was not secured until 22 January 1943 .
Throughout the fighting in Papua , most of the Australian personnel captured by Japanese troops were murdered . In response , for the remainder of the war Australian soldiers generally did not attempt to capture Japanese personnel and aggressively sought to kill their Japanese opponents including some that had surrendered . Following the defeats in Papua and Guadalcanal the Japanese withdrew to a defensive perimeter in the Territory of New Guinea . Meanwhile , during the fighting in 1942 – 43 the Australian Army increasingly developed a tactical superiority over the Japanese in jungle warfare .
The Papuan campaign led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army . During the campaign , the restriction banning Militia personnel from serving outside of Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and Militia . In late 1942 and early 1943 Curtin overcame opposition within the Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943 . This made deploying the Militia easier , but ultimately only one brigade , the 11th , was dispatched outside of Australian territory , being deployed to Merauke on the south coast of Dutch West Papua in the NEI during 1943 and 1944 as part of " Merauke Force " .
= = = New Guinea offensives = = =
After halting the Japanese advance , Allied forces went on the offensive across the SWPA from mid @-@ 1943 . Australian forces played a key role throughout this offensive , which was designated Operation Cartwheel . In particular , Blamey oversaw a series of highly successful operations around the north @-@ east tip of New Guinea which " was the high point of Australia 's experience of operational level command " during the war . After the successful defence of Wau the 3rd Division began advancing towards Salamaua in April 1943 . This advance was mounted to divert attention from Lae , which was one of the main objectives of Operation Cartwheel , and proceeded slowly . In late June the 3rd Division was reinforced by the US 162nd Regimental Combat Team , which staged an amphibious landing to the south of Salamaua . The town was eventually captured on 11 September 1943 .
In early September 1943 Australian @-@ led forces mounted a pincer movement to capture Lae . On 4 September the 9th Division made an amphibious landing to the east of the town and began advancing to the west . The following day , the US 503rd Parachute Regiment made an unopposed parachute drop at Nadzab , just west of Lae . Once the airborne forces secured Nadzab Airfield , the 7th Division was flown in and began advancing to the east in a race with the 9th Division to capture Lae . This race was won by the 7th Division , which captured the town on 15 September . The Japanese forces at Salamaua and Lae suffered heavy losses during this campaign , but were able to escape to the north .
After the fall of Lae the 9th Division was given the task of capturing the Huon Peninsula . The 20th Brigade landed near the strategic harbour of Finschhafen on 22 September 1943 and secured the area . The Japanese responded by dispatching the 20th Division overland to the area and the remainder of the 9th Division was gradually brought in to reinforce the 20th Brigade against the expected counter @-@ attack . The Japanese mounted a strong attack in mid @-@ October which was defeated by the 9th Division after heavy fighting . During the second half of November the 9th Division captured the hills inland of Finschhafen from well dug in Japanese forces . Following its defeat , the 20th Division retreated along the coast with the 9th Division and 4th Brigade in pursuit .
While the 9th Division secured the coastal region of the Huon Peninsula the 7th Division drove the Japanese from the inland Finisterre Range . The Finisterre Range campaign began on 17 September when the 2 / 6th Independent Company was air @-@ landed in the Markham Valley . The company defeated a larger Japanese force at Kaiapit and secured an airstrip which was used to fly in the division 's 21st and 25th Brigades . Through aggressive patrolling the Australians forced the Japanese out of positions in extremely rugged terrain and in January 1944 the division began its attack on the key Shaggy Ridge position . The ridge was taken by the end of the month , with the RAAF playing a key supporting role . Following this success the Japanese withdrew from the Finisterre Range and Australian troops linked up with American patrols from Saidor on 21 April and secured Madang on 24 April .
= = = Advance to the Philippines = = =
The Australian military 's role in the South @-@ West Pacific decreased during 1944 as US forces took over responsibility for the main Allied effort in the region . In the latter half of 1943 the Australian Government decided , with MacArthur 's agreement , that the size of the military would be decreased to release manpower for war @-@ related industries which were important to supplying Britain and US forces in the Pacific . Australia 's main role in the Allied war effort from this point forward was supplying the other Allied countries with food , materials and manufactured goods needed for the defeat of Japan . As a result of this policy , the size of the Army was reduced from late 1943 onwards , though an offensive force of six infantry divisions ( three AIF and three Militia divisions ) was maintained until the end of the war . In early 1944 all but two of the Army 's divisions were withdrawn to the Atherton Tableland for training and rehabilitation . However , several new battalions of Australian @-@ led Papuan and New Guinea troops were formed during 1944 and organised into the Pacific Islands Regiment . These troops had earlier seen action alongside Australian units throughout the New Guinea campaign , and they largely replaced the Australian Army battalions disbanded during the year .
While the Australian Government offered I Corps for use in Leyte and Luzon , nothing came of several proposals to utilise it in the liberation of these islands . The Army 's prolonged period of relative inactivity during 1944 led to public concern , and many Australians believed that the AIF should be demobilised if it could not be used for offensive operations . This was politically embarrassing for the government , and helped motivate it to look for new areas where the military could be used . It also impacted upon the Army 's morale ; as the Allies advanced further towards Japan , the Army was increasingly relegated to " second string " roles , despite having fought " above its weight " for most of the war .
= = = Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons = = =
In late 1944 , the Australian Government committed twelve Australian Army brigades to replace six US Army divisions which were conducting defensive roles in Bougainville , New Britain and the Aitape – Wewak area in New Guinea in order to free up the American units for operations in the Philippines . While the US units had largely conducted a static defence of their positions , their Australian replacements mounted offensive operations designed to destroy the remaining Japanese forces in these areas . The value of these campaigns was controversial at the time and remains so to this day as the Australian Government authorised these operations for primarily political , rather than military , reasons . It was believed that keeping the Army involved in the war would give Australia greater influence in any post @-@ war peace conferences and that liberating Australian territories would enhance Australia 's influence in its region . Critics of these campaigns , such as author Peter Charlton , argue that they were unnecessary and wasteful of the lives of the Australian soldiers involved as the Japanese forces were already isolated and ineffective .
The 5th Division replaced the US 40th Infantry Division on New Britain during October and November 1944 and continued the New Britain campaign with the goals of protecting Allied bases and confining the large Japanese force on the island to the area around Rabaul . In late November the 5th Division established bases closer to the Japanese perimeter and began aggressive patrols supported by the Allied Intelligence Bureau . The division conducted amphibious landings at Open Bay and Wide Bay at the base of the Gazelle Peninsula in early 1945 and defeated the small Japanese garrisons in these areas . By April the Japanese had been confined to their fortified positions in the Gazelle Peninsula by the Australian force 's aggressive patrolling . The 5th Division suffered 53 fatalities and 140 wounded during this campaign . After the war it was found that the Japanese force was 93 @,@ 000 strong , which was much higher than the 38 @,@ 000 which Allied intelligence had estimated remained on New Britain .
The II Corps continued the Bougainville campaign after it replaced the US Army 's XIV Corps between October and December 1944 . The corps consisted of the 3rd Division , 11th Brigade and Fiji Infantry Regiment on Bougainville and the 23rd Brigade which garrisoned neighbouring islands and was supported by RAAF , Royal New Zealand Air Force and United States Marine Corps air units . While the XIV Corps had maintained a defensive posture , the Australians conducted offensive operations aimed at destroying the Japanese force on Bougainville . As the Japanese were split into several enclaves the II Corps fought separate offensives in the northern , central and southern portions of the island . The main focus was against the Japanese base at Buin in the south , and the offensives in the north and centre of the island were largely suspended from May 1945 . While Australian operations on Bougainville continued until the end of the war , large Japanese forces remained at Buin and in the north of the island .
The 6th Division was assigned responsibility for completing the destruction of the Japanese Eighteenth Army , which was the last large Japanese force remaining in the Australian portion of New Guinea . Supported by several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships , the division was reinforced by Militia and armoured units and began arriving at Aitape in October 1944 . In late 1944 the Australians launched a two @-@ pronged offensive to the east towards Wewak . The 17th Brigade advanced inland through the Torricelli Mountains while the remainder of the division moved along the coast . Although the Eighteenth Army had suffered heavy casualties from previous fighting and disease , it mounted a strong resistance and inflicted significant casualties . The 6th Division 's advance was also hampered by supply difficulties and bad weather . The Australians secured the coastal area by early May , and Wewak was captured on 10 May after a small force was landed east of the town . By the end of the war the Eighteenth Army had been forced into what it had designated its " last stand " area . The Aitape – Wewak campaign cost 442 Australian lives while about 9 @,@ 000 Japanese died and another 269 were taken prisoner .
= = = Borneo campaign = = =
The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific . In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July , the Australian I Corps , under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead , attacked Japanese forces occupying the island . Allied naval and air forces , centred on the US 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and the US Thirteenth Air Force , also played important roles in the campaign . The goals of this campaign were to capture Borneo 's oilfields and Brunei Bay to support the US @-@ led invasion of Japan and British @-@ led liberation of Malaya which were planned to take place later in 1945 . The Australian Government did not agree to MacArthur 's proposal to extend the offensive to include the liberation of Java in July 1945 , however , and its decision not to release the 6th Division for this operation contributed to it not going ahead .
The campaign opened on 1 May 1945 when the 26th Brigade Group landed on the small island of Tarakan off the east coast of Borneo to secure the island 's airstrip as a base to support the planned landings at Brunei and Balikpapan . While it had been expected that it would take only a few weeks to secure Tarakan and re @-@ open the airstrip , intensive fighting on the island lasted until 19 June and the airstrip was not opened until 28 June . As a result , the operation is generally considered to have not been worthwhile .
The next phase began on 10 June when the 9th Division conducted simultaneous assaults in north @-@ west Labuan and on the coast of Brunei . While Brunei was quickly secured , the Japanese garrison on Labuan held out for over a week . After the Brunei Bay region was secured the 24th Brigade was landed in North Borneo and the 20th Brigade advanced along the western coast of Borneo south from Brunei . Both brigades rapidly advanced against weak Japanese resistance and most of north @-@ west Borneo was liberated by the end of the war . During the campaign the 9th Division was assisted by indigenous fighters who were waging a guerrilla war against Japanese forces with the support of Australian special forces such as Z Special Unit .
The third and final stage of the campaign was the capture of Balikpapan on the central east coast of Borneo . This operation had been opposed by Blamey , who believed that it was unnecessary , but went ahead on the orders of MacArthur . After a 20 @-@ day preliminary air and naval bombardment the 7th Division landed near the town on 1 July . Balikpapan and its surrounds were secured after some heavy fighting on 21 July but mopping up continued until the end of the war as isolated pockets of Japanese resistance remained . The capture of Balikpapan was the last large @-@ scale land operation conducted by the Western Allies during World War II . Although the Borneo campaign was criticised in Australia at the time , and in subsequent years , as pointless or a waste of soldiers ' lives , it did achieve a number of objectives , such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the NEI , capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war , who were being held in deteriorating conditions .
= = = Post @-@ war years = = =
Prior to the end of the war on 15 August 1945 , the Australian military was preparing to contribute forces to the invasion of Japan . Australia 's participation in this operation would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces . It was planned to form a new 10th Division from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the Commonwealth Corps with British , Canadian and New Zealand units . The corps ' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps , and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of Honshū which was scheduled for March 1946 under Operation Coronet . Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945 when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Japanese field commanders subsequently surrendered to Allied forces across the Pacific Theatre and Australian forces accepted the surrender of their Japanese opponents at ceremonies conducted at Morotai , several locations in Borneo , Timor , Wewak , Rabaul , Bougainville and Nauru . Following the surrender the Australian Army faced a number of immediate operational and administrative issues , including the need to maintain security in the areas it occupied , the disarming and administration of surrendered Japanese forces in these areas , organising the return of approximately 177 @,@ 000 soldiers ( including prisoners of war ) to Australia , the demobilisation and discharge of the bulk of the soldiers serving in the Army , and the raising of an occupation force for service in Japan .
Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces following the Japanese surrender . Under the terms of an agreement reached between Blamey and Admiral Louis Mountbatten , the head of South East Asia Command , Australia was responsible for providing occupation forces for all of Borneo , the NEI east of Lombok ( including western New Guinea ) and the pre @-@ war Australian and British territories in eastern New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as well as Nauru and Ocean Islands in the Pacific . The Australian forces in Borneo and the NEI were to remain in place only until they were relieved by British and Dutch units in late 1945 . I Corps was responsible for garrisoning Borneo and the eastern NEI , and the First Army disarmed Japanese forces in the pre @-@ war British and Australian territories in and around New Guinea . After the surrender documents were signed the 7th and 9th Divisions took control of Borneo and five forces were dispatched from Morotai and Darwin to the key islands in the eastern NEI . While the British forces in the western NEI took part in fighting against Indonesian nationalists , the Australians were careful to not become involved in the Indonesian National Revolution and sought to hand control of their occupation zones to the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration as quickly as possible . Relations between the Australian troops and Indonesians were generally good , due in part to the decision by the Waterside Workers ' Federation of Australia to not load Dutch ships which were carrying military supplies bound for the NEI . The last Australian occupation troops left the NEI in February 1946 .
The Australian Army also contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan . Volunteers for this force were recruited in late 1945 , with most being assigned to three new infantry battalions : the 65th Battalion was formed from volunteers from the 7th Division , the 66th Battalion by men from the 6th Division and the 67th from 9th Division personnel . These and other units were grouped at Morotai as the 34th Brigade in October 1945 . The brigade 's departure for Japan was delayed until February 1946 by inter @-@ Allied negotiations , but it eventually took over responsibility for enforcing the terms of the Japanese surrender in Hiroshima Prefecture . The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st , 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment in 1949 , and the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade when it returned to Australia in December 1948 , forming the basis of the post @-@ war Regular Army . From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under @-@ strength battalion . Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations , although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsular following the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 .
= = Leadership = =
When the war began the Army was on the cusp of a generational change . At the time , the senior officers on the active list were Major Generals Gordon Bennett and Thomas Blamey , although Bennett had not held an appointment for seven years and Blamey for the last two . Then came the Chief of the General Staff , Major General John Lavarack ; the Adjutant General , Major General Sir Carl Jess ; Major General Owen Phillips , the Quartermaster General ; Major General Edmund Drake @-@ Brockman , the commander of the 3rd Division ; and Major General Iven Mackay , the commander 2nd Division . All were over 50 years of age and all except Bennett , Drake @-@ Brockman and Mackay were serving or former regular soldiers . Only the first three were considered to command the 6th Division and Second AIF , for which posts Blamey was selected by Prime Minister Menzies . Both Blamey and Lavarack were promoted to lieutenant general on 13 October 1939 . Blamey was subsequently appointed General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) I Corps following its raising in March 1940 , while Mackay was appointed to succeed him in command of the 6th Division and Lavarack assumed command of the newly formed 7th Division .
The next most senior regular officers , all colonels , included men like Vernon Sturdee , Henry Wynter and John Northcott , all of whom had joined the Army before World War I. These officers held senior commands throughout the war , but seldom active ones . Below them were a distinct group of regular officers , graduates of the Royal Military College , Duntroon , which had opened in 1911 . Their number included Frank Berryman , William Bridgeford , Cyril Clowes , Horace Robertson , Sydney Rowell and George Alan Vasey . These officers had fought in World War I and reached the rank of major , but their promotion prospects were restricted and they remained majors for twenty years . Many left the Army to join the British or Indian armies , or the RAAF , or to return to civilian life . As a group , they had become embittered and resentful , and determined to prove that they could lead troops in battle . Many regular officers had attended training courses or been on exchange with the British Army , which was important in the early years of the war when there was close cooperation between the two armies .
Between the wars , the reservists enjoyed much better promotion prospects . While Alan Vasey , a major in the First AIF , was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel until 1937 , Kenneth Eather , a reservist who was too young to serve in World War I , was commissioned in 1923 and promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1935 . Menzies ordered that all commands in the 6th Division be given to reservists rather than regular officers , who had become political adversaries through their outspoken opposition to the Singapore strategy . Appointments therefore went to reservists like Stanley Savige , Arthur Allen , Leslie Morshead and Edmund Herring . Later other Militia officers rose to prominence as brigade and division commanders . The distinguished records of officers like Heathcote Hammer , Ivan Dougherty , David Whitehead , Victor Windeyer and Selwyn Porter would challenge the regular officers ' contention that they had a special claim to senior command ability .
At the start of the war , the majority of battalion commands went to older reservists , many of whom had commanded battalions or served in the First AIF . As the war went on , the average age of battalion commanders declined from 42 @.@ 9 years old in 1940 to 35 @.@ 6 in 1945 . The prevalence of regular officers in senior positions also rose , and in 1945 they held half of all senior appointments . They remained under @-@ represented in unit commands , and , as in 1940 , there was still only one infantry battalion commanded by a regular officer . Following the outbreak of war with Japan , many senior officers with distinguished records in the Middle East were recalled to Australia to lead Militia formations and fill important staff posts as the Army expanded . The following year , though , the Army reached its greatest extent after which it shrank in size . With a limited number of senior appointments and more senior officers than required , Blamey faced public and political criticism after he " shelved " several senior officers . The career prospects of junior officer were also affected , particularly in the infantry . Of the 52 officers promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel in the last six months of 1944 only five were infantrymen , while two were engineers , and 45 were from the supporting arms .
Meanwhile , the return of the AIF divisions to Australia from the Middle East in 1942 coincided with the arrival of large numbers of American troops , including the US 32nd and 41st Infantry Divisions . From April 1942 MacArthur took over command of all US and Australian forces in the newly formed South West Pacific Area as Supreme Commander . Blamey had been appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief AMF in March following his promotion to general , setting up Land Headquarters to subsume the role of the Military Board , which was suspended on 30 July . As Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief AMF he reported directly to MacArthur and was subsequently also given command of Allied Land Forces in the theatre . Yet although Australian forces made up the bulk of the Allied forces in SWPA until 1944 in practice for political reasons MacArthur ensured that Blamey only commanded Australian forces , while he also limited the number of Australian staff officers posted to General Headquarters , and they remained underrepresented for the remainder of the war .
= = Equipment = =
The Australian Army generally had a long @-@ standing policy of using British @-@ designed equipment , but equipment from Australia , the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war 's later years . Pre @-@ war defence policies favoured the RAN , which received the majority of defence spending in the interwar period . The result was that when war came in 1939 , the Army 's equipment was of World War I vintage , and Australian factories were only capable of producing small arms . Most equipment was obsolescent and had to be replaced , and new factories were required to produce the latest weapons , equipment and motor vehicles . Some 2 @,@ 860 motor vehicles and motorcycles suitable for military use were purchased in 1939 for the Militia and another 784 for the 6th Division , but since a division 's war establishment was around 3 @,@ 000 , this was only enough for training . In February 1940 , the Treasury urged the War Cabinet to slow orders of motor vehicles to save the shipping space used for sending them to the Middle East for wheat cargoes .
Throughout the war , Australian infantry units were largely equipped with British @-@ designed but Australian @-@ made small arms and support weapons . The standard rifle was the SMLE No 1 Mk III * , manufactured since 1912 at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory . Small quantities of the Lee – Enfield No.4 Mk I / Mk I * rifle , made by the Long Branch Arsenal in Canada and Savage @-@ Stevens Firearms in the US , were used in New Guinea although most of these rifles were provided to other branches of the Australian military and to the Volunteer Defence Corps in order to free up No.1 MkIII * rifles for frontline infantry units . American @-@ made M1 Garand semi @-@ automatic rifles and M1 carbines were also issued to some Australian infantry units attached to US Army formations in New Guinea . Direct fire support was provided by a mixture of machine guns , including the Vickers machine gun which was produced at Lithgow from 1929 , which were utilised by specialised machine @-@ gun battalions and , later , also medium machine @-@ gun platoons within infantry battalions . The Bren Gun replaced Lewis Gun as the standard automatic rifle in the early years of the war , and within infantry battalions was utilised at the section level . Their manufacture in Australia started in 1941 . To improve rates of fire , the American Thompson submachine gun was introduced but it was eventually replaced by the Australian @-@ designed Owen Gun and the British @-@ designed but Australian @-@ modified and -made Austen submachine gun . Infantry platoons were also equipped with M36 grenades . The Boys anti @-@ tank rifle was the standard infantry anti @-@ tank weapon at the start of the war , but was replaced with the PIAT in 1943 . The heavier support weapons used by infantry battalions the war included the 2 @-@ inch mortar and Stokes 3 @-@ inch mortar . Infantry battalions were also equipped with Universal Carriers until being converted to the tropical warfare establishment in 1943 , when the organic carrier platoons were consolidated into companies assigned at divisional level . A man @-@ pack flamethrower was also introduced in 1945 .
Not until 17 January 1940 did Richard Casey obtain Cabinet 's approval to spend £ 400 @,@ 000 to construct a plant to manufacture 25 pounder field guns and 2 pounder anti @-@ tank guns . Until the 25 pounder could become available in quantity , units in Australia and the Far East were equipped with the old 18 pounder . Some units in the Middle East operated the 18 / 25 pounder , an 18 pounder that had been re @-@ bored to take 25 pounder ammunition , until they received British 25 pounders . The old 4 @.@ 5 inch howitzer also saw service , with the 2 / 10th Field Regiment employing them in support of the 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk . A collection of captured Italian guns , known as the " Bush Artillery " , were also employed . These were rendered obsolete when the 25 pounder became available in quantity . Eventually , 1 @,@ 527 were manufactured in Australia . A special light weight version known as the Short 25 pounder was developed for jungle warfare . The requirement for a portable field piece in mountainous jungle led to the use of the 3 @.@ 7 inch Mountain Howitzer in the New Guinea campaign . The American 75 mm Pack Howitzer M1 was also employed . Experience in the Western Desert campaign soon showed that the 2 pounder could not deal with German tanks , and it was superseded by the 6 pounder , which began coming off the assembly lines in Australia in July 1942 . In turn it was replaced in 1944 by the 17 pounder , which was manufactured at the Maribyrnong Ordnance Factory . The anti @-@ aircraft artillery were equipped with the Swedish @-@ designed Bofors 40 mm gun , which was manufactured in Australia , and the British 3 @.@ 7 inch Anti @-@ Aircraft gun . Medium artillery included the American 155 mm Long Tom and the British 5 @.@ 5 inch gun .
The need for tanks to equip armoured units led the War Cabinet to approve the manufacture of the Sentinel tank in 1940 . Some 66 of them were delivered by the time manufacture ceased in July 1943 , but none were used in action . Otherwise tanks were sourced from overseas . A quantity of M3 Stuart light tanks were received in September 1941 , while the first shipment of British Matilda II tanks arrived in July 1942 , and these proved to be the most suitable type for jungle warfare . A flame @-@ thrower variant was produced and eventually saw action in the Borneo campaign . The most numerous tank used by the Australian Army was the M3 Lee . Several hundred of these equipped the armoured divisions , but unlike the Stuarts and Matildas , they did not see action . An Australian scout car known as the Dingo was produced as an interim measure until adequate supplies of the Canadian Staghound armoured car became available in 1944 . The Australian Army also operated some amphibious tractors .
The Australian Army developed its own landing craft . Development of an Australian version of the Landing Craft Assault , the ALCV ( Australian Landing Craft , Vehicle ) , was carried out by Army personnel working alongside the Ford Motor Company . Prototypes were constructed by sappers and launched on the Brisbane River . The initial version , known as the ALCV I was found to be too small , so the larger 12 @-@ metre ALCV II was developed . An Australian version of the Landing Craft Mechanized , the ALCM , was also developed and manufactured by Ford in Brisbane and later at Geelong . Operational experience demonstrated the need for larger landing craft , so the ALCV III , an enlarged version of the ALCM II with four Ford V8 engines and twice the cargo capacity , was produced . The Army also ordered 15 ALCM IIIs , a type of similar capacity to an American Landing Craft Tank , with five Ford V8 engines . Only four were delivered before the end of the war , but they arrived in time to see service in New Guinea .
By 1945 , due to a shrinking number of operational units and stepped up production , equipment shortages were a thing of the past . Indeed , the Army had more equipment that it actually needed . For example , a total of 368 25 pounders were required for combat and 38 for training but there were a total of 1 @,@ 516 on hand . Additionally , a total of 530 2 pounder and 6 pounder anti @-@ tank guns were required , but the Army had 1 @,@ 941 , while 68 3 @.@ 7 inch anti @-@ aircraft guns were needed for combat and five for training , but there were 640 pieces available . Similar surpluses existed with small arms such as the Bren , of which 9 @,@ 438 were required , but there were 21 @,@ 139 in the system . The situation in relation to Bren gun carriers was even more marked with only 123 of the 3 @,@ 767 vehicles actually being required , due to the decreased requirements for mobility vehicles in jungle warfare .
= = Training and doctrine = =
The Australian Army 's pre @-@ war doctrine was focused on conventional warfare in a European environment . This doctrine and the supporting training manuals were common to those of all Commonwealth countries . Following the outbreak of war the Army continued to focus on preparing its units to fight in Europe and North Africa . By far the single greatest difficulty in training in the early war years was the shortage of equipment . However , there were also critical shortages of instructors . The decision to form the 1st Armoured Division created a requirement for large numbers of highly skilled personnel , but there were few officers and men with the required skills in the small pre @-@ war Army and many of them were already serving in the AIF 's divisional mechanised cavalry regiments . An Armoured Fighting Vehicles School was created at Puckapunyal , Victoria , in 1941 , and in March 1943 , the Armoured Corps Training Centre was moved there .
Another problem for the Militia was a lack of continuity in the training . When the war began , men were called up for only one month 's additional training . This was then increased to three months ' additional training . In 1940 – 41 , officers and non @-@ commissioned officers were intensively trained for 18 to 24 days , after which there was a camp for 70 days . Meanwhile , soldiers who had been through the 90 @-@ day training regimen in 1939 – 40 were given 12 days ' additional training , while those who had not completed this training undertook 70 days . This allowed for individual training , but prevented proper unit training . In July 1941 , fully trained soldiers who had completed 90 days ' training became liable for three months ' additional training per year while new recruits were liable for six months . At the same time , the War Cabinet provided for more intensive training for the full @-@ time cadre of Militia units , which were not to exceed 25 percent of the unit 's strength . Training for the Militia and the VDC was also hampered in the early war years by a lack of small arms , particularly after the Dunkirk evacuation when Australia dispatched its reserve stock of rifles to Britain , in an effort to help replace equipment lost by the British Army , amidst concerns of an invasion of the United Kingdom after the Fall of France .
Although the Army 's focus was on conventional warfare , in late 1940 Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Mawhood , a British officer , arrived in Australia with a small specialist staff to conduct training in unconventional warfare . A school , known as No. 7 Infantry Training Centre , was opened at Wilsons Promontory , Victoria , which was described as " an isolated area of high , rugged and heavily timbered mountains , precipitous valleys , swiftly running streams , and swamps . " The 1st , 2nd and 3rd Independent Companies and a nucleus of the 4th were raised by October 1941 when training was discontinued . After the outbreak of the war with Japan , the school was reopened as the Guerrilla Warfare School , the training of the fourth company was completed . These independent companies were later redesignated as commando squadrons , of which twelve were eventually raised , including the 1st , which had been destroyed early in the war ; as the war progressed they were used more in the flank protection and reconnaissance roles than for unconventional warfare .
The Australian Army did not have any doctrine for jungle warfare prior to 1942 . Some lessons were passed on by officers who escaped from Malaya and Singapore , however , and these were incorporated into a training memorandum in May that year . AIF units that returned from North Africa undertook some training in jungle tactics before going into action , but the Militia units which initially faced the Japanese in New Guinea suffered from inadequate training , and this led to them suffering heavy casualties .
In order to be able to move troops to the front in New Guinea more rapidly , to acclimatise them during the process , and to allow more realistic training of large formations in jungle and mountainous but malaria @-@ free terrain , Blamey decided to establish a training and staging area on the Atherton Tableland in November 1942 . Eventually , accommodation was provided there for 70 @,@ 000 troops . As divisions returned from tours of duty in New Guinea in 1943 and 1944 , they
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
asimha , Vishnu 's man @-@ lion incarnation , creates a host of thirty @-@ two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible , fire @-@ breathing Matrikas . Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world , instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind . At the end of the episode , Shiva 's terrible form Bhairava is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place . This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana . Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy , pride , anger etc .
In Varaha Purana , they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi , who loses her concentration while doing asceticism . They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses ' attendants on the battlefield . In Bhagavata Purana , when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted ; the Matrikas are listed with rakshasas ( demons ) , bhutas ( ghosts ) , pretas , dakinis and other dangerous beings . In the same text , milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant @-@ god Krishna from the Matrikas .
The Devi Purana ( 6th – 10th century ) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned , apart from the Saptamatrikas . It introduces the Loka @-@ matara ( mothers of the world ) , a term used in the Mahabharata , in the very first chapter . Kind to all creatures , the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children . The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma , Vishnu , Shiva , Indra as well as being their mothers . Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas , who help Ganesha to kill demons . Further , sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the Māṭrpaňcaka ( the five mothers ) named Ambika ( Kaumari ) , Rudrani , Chamunda , Brahmi and Vaishnavi and who have been established by Brahma ; for saving king Harishchandra from calamities . The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of Māṭrchakra ( interpreted as a Yantra or Mandala or a circular shrine to the Matrikas ) , established by Vishnu on the Vindhya mountains , by meat and ritual sacrifice .
= = = Mahabharata = = =
The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior @-@ god Skanda ( the son of Shiva and Parvati ) and his association with the Matrikas – his adopted mothers .
In one version , Indra ( king of gods ) sends the goddesses called " mothers of the world " to kill him . However , upon seeing Skanda , instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him . In the chapter Vana @-@ parva version , the Saptamatrikas are mentioned . Later in the Mahabharata ; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Brahmanic pantheon was initiated , a standardized group of seven goddesses – the Saptamatrikas , Shaktis or powers of Brahmanic gods are mentioned as Brahmi , Maheshvari , Kumari , Vaishnavi , Varahi , Indrani and Chamunda .
In other accounts of Skanda 's birth in Mahabharata , eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda , when struck by Indra 's Vajra ( thunderbolt ) . These are Kāki , Halimā , Mālinī , Bṛhalī , Āryā , Palālā and Vaimitrā , which Skanda accepted as his mothers , who stole other children – a characteristic of the Matrikas .
Another account mentions the Maha @-@ matrikas ( the great mothers ) , a group of the wives of six of the Saptarishis ( 7 great sages ) , who were accused of being Skanda 's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands . They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers . Skanda agrees and grants them two boons : to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors . These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with Vedic Krittikas , the constellation Pleiades .
The Shalya Parva of the Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas , who serve Skanda . Ninety @-@ two of them are named but the text says there exist more . The Shalya Parva describes them as young , cheerful , most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth . They are said to fight like Indra in battles , invoking terror in minds of enemies ; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads , caves , mountains , springs , forests , riverbanks and cremation grounds . Notable among these lists of Matrikas is Putana , a goddess who tried to kill the infant Krishna ( an incarnation of Vishnu ) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and consequently killed by Krishna .
= = Depictions = =
The textual description of Matrikas is generally awesome , frightening and ferocious . In the Mahabharata , all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants . They are described as living in trees , crossroads , caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful . But , in the sculptural portrayal , they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers . They are armed with the same weapons , wear the same ornaments , and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities .
The Saptamatrkas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani , Maheshvari , Kumari , Vaishnavi , Varahi , Indrani and Chamunda , being flanked by two male figures – a terrible form of Shiva ( Virabhadra ) and his son Ganesha in both sides ( first – on their right and last – on their left ) . Thus , the Matrikas are considered Saivite goddesses . They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva temple – mainly in Jaunsar @-@ Bawar region , with their respective mounts forming the pedestal . Sometimes , they are occupied by the couple Uma @-@ Maheshvara ( Parvati and Shiva ) . The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma @-@ Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika , Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away . The 12th century Sanskrit author Kalhana mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva in Kashmir , his work Rajatarangini .
Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva cave at Udayagiri , Bhopal . They are also depicted in the Shaiva caves of Elephanta and Ellora ( Caves 21 , 14 , 16 and 22 ) . In sixth century Rameshvara cave ( Cave 21 ) at Ellora , " With the terrific aspect repressed entirely , the matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation . Sensuous , elegant , tender , beautiful adolescents , they are yet haughty and grand , quintessentially the creatrix . " Karrtikkeyi ( Kumari ) is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head , rather than the usual boar one . In Ravana @-@ ka @-@ kai cave ( Cave 14 ) , each of the matrikas is with a child . In eighth century Kailash Temple ( cave 16 ) – dedicated to Shiva – of Rashtrakuta period , the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple . As the influence of Tantra rose , the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed .
In each of the four depictions at Ellora , the matrikas are accompanied by Virabhadra , Ganesha and also on their left ( besides Ganesha ) by Kala ( Time personified or Death ) . The presence of Kala in form of a skeleton , seems to indicate the darker aspect of the matrikas ' nature . At Osian , the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and Kubera ( the treasurer of the gods and a devotee of Shiva ) while Virabhadra sits in the middle of the group . In Gupta and post @-@ Gupta art , like in 6th Century caves of Shamalaji , the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva 's son Skanda .
= = Associations = =
= = = Yoginis = = =
Often the Matrikas are confused with the Yoginis , a group of sixty @-@ four or eighty @-@ one Tantric goddesses . In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess Durga engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha , and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas . Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas . The derivation of sixty @-@ four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition , by mid- 11th century . The Mandala ( circle ) and chakra of Yoginis were used alternatively . The eighty @-@ one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas , instead of seven or eight . The Saptamatrika ( Brahmi , Maheshvari , Kumari , Vaishnavi , Varahi , Indrani and Chamunda ) joined by Chandika and Mahalakshmi form the nine Matrika cluster . Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty @-@ one ( nine times nine ) . Thus , Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas .
The yoginis also occupy an important place in Tantra , one of their chief temples in India are in ' Ranipur @-@ Jharial ' and the ' Chaushathi Jogini ' ( the 64 yoginis ) temple near Bhubaneswar , Odisha . The rise of Yogini cult is also analogous to the rise of the Matrikas ' cult . Bhattacharyya sums it this way : " The growing importance of Shaktism [ of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE ] brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide . [ ... ] The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influenced of the cult of the Seven Mothers . "
= = = Script characters = = =
Matrika ( Sanskrit mātṛkā ) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts ( also in combination with aksara , matrikaksara ) , though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another . Sometimes it denotes a single character , the entire collection of characters ( an " alphabet " ) , the alphabetic " matrix " used as a collation tool , vowels in particular ( considered erroneous by Georg Bühler ) , or the sound of the syllable represented by the character . Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the personified divine Matrikas .
According to K.C. Aryan , the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the Devanagari alphabet . First is the ( A ) group which contains the vowels , then the ( Ka ) , ( Cha ) , ( Ta ) , ( ta ) , ( Pa ) , ( Ya ) and ( Ksha ) groups . The seven mother goddesses ( Saptamatrikas ) correspond to the seven consonant groups ; when the vocalic ( A ) group is added to it , the eight mother goddesses ( Ashtamatrikas ) are obtained . The Shaktas hold that the Mothers preside over impurities ( mala ) and over sounds of the language . The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the anusarva and visarga – making their number sixteen .
In Tantra , the fifty or fifty @-@ one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha , of the Devanagari alphabet itself , the Varnamala of bija , have been described as being the Matrikas themselves . It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself . The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters ( varna ) . These letters combined make up syllables ( pada ) which are combined to make sentences ( vakya ) and it is of these elements that mantra is composed . It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess . The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows : Nivritti , Pratishtha , Vidya , Shanti , Indhika , Dipika , Mochika , Para , Sukshma , Sukshmamrita , Jnanamrita , Apypayani , Vyapini , Vyomarupa , Ananta , Srishti , Riddhi , Smriti , Medha , Kanti , Lakshmi , Dyuti , Sthira , Sthiti , Siddhi , Jada , Palini , Shanti , Aishvarya , Rati , Kamika , Varada , Ahladini , Pritih , Dirgha , Tikshna , Raudri , Bhaya , Nidra , Tadra , Kshudha , Krodhini , Kriya , Utkari , Mrityurupa , Pita , Shveta , Asita , Ananta . Sometimes , the Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter , believed to possess magical powers .
= = Worship = =
= = = In India = = =
According to Leslie C. Orr , the Saptamatrika , who first appeared in South India in the eighth century , had once temples dedicated exclusively to them , but the ninth century onwards , they were demoted to status of " deities of the entourage " ( parivara devata ) of Shiva . Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines . The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as Saptakanyakas ( the celestial nymphs ) in most South Indian Shiva temples . But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in Tiruchirapalli district ( In 1909 called Trichonopoly district ) is important in worship of the Matrikas . Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrika , which was replaced by the present temple .
In India , shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in " the wilderness " , usually near lakes or rivers , and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones . It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women . Devdutt Pattanaik says : " The cult of the Seven Mothers is found all over India . ... Pregnant women and nursing mothers worship them . When these goddesses are angry , they make women barren and strike newborns with fatal fevers . When they are appeased , they ensure the health and happiness of children . " A prominent Saptamatrika temple is located near Baitarani River , in Jajpur .
The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on Pithori – new moon day , with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts . The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruit and flower and mantras .
= = = In Nepal = = =
The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and Buddhism . The Astha matrika are considered as Ajimas ( grandmother goddesses , who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses ) in the Newar pantheon . Temples ( pithas i.e. seats ) of the ashta matrika built in and around Kathmandu are considered powerful places of worship .
The pithas are usually open @-@ air shrines , but may be closed structures too . In these pithas , the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers ( ganas ) in form of stone statues or natural stones , while in dyochems ( god @-@ houses ) in towns and villages , they are represented in brass images . The brass images ( utsav @-@ murtis ) are paraded around town and placed at their respective pithas once every year . Like Vishnudharmottara Purana ( discussed in Legends ) , the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by pithapuja ( a pilgrimage around the pithas ) to free oneself from them . Though each pitha is primarily dedicated to a Matrika , the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities . The pithas , which are " theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city " are said to form a protective mandala around the city and assisted to a certain compass point . In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava , the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones . In Bhaktapur , the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions . Mary Sluser says " Not only do the Mātṛkās guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky . " Sometimes , they are paired with the Ashta Bhairava ( Eight aspects of Bhairava ) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces . Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas .
The Malla king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the Patan durbar ( court ) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night . The king ordered that the Ashta @-@ matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin Navaratri and cost is defrayed by the durbar . The custom continues til this day . Another festival Ghorajatra is celebrated in Patan with animal sacrifices to the Matrikas .
In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal , the Ashta @-@ matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town . They are identified with the guardians of directions ( digpala ) , places ( lokapala ) or lands ( kshatrapala ) , satiated by blood sacrifice . Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities , which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika pithas .
= = = Tantric worship = = =
The 7th century Sanskrit author Banabhatta mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his Harshacharita . The text mentions use of māṭrmandala ( mandala of the Matrikas ) or Yantra along with a special anusthana ( ritual ) to cure the ailing king . The text describes " young nobles [ .. ] ( of the king ) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas ( maṭṛ @-@ gṛha ) . Banabhatta 's Kadambari , Bhasa 's Cārudatta , Shudraka 's Mrichakatika mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at crossroads . Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas . Tantric works like Tantrarāja @-@ Tantra ( unknown date , author ) and Kulacūḍāmaṇi discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet . A process of this worship , Matrika @-@ nyasa ( lit . " installation of the Mothers " ) , is described in Devi Gita , part of Devi Bhagavata Purana . It involves installation of powers of Matrikas – as letters of the alphabet – in one 's body , by " feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body " like head , face , anus and legs and reciting mantras . The Hrillekha @-@ matrika @-@ nyasa , a more specialized form of Matrika @-@ nyasa , combines the installation of " most powerful set of all letters ( Matrikas ) " with the seed syllable Hrīṃ of Goddess Bhuvaneshvari .
Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of The Matrikas are found in Gangadhar , Rajasthan ( by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E. , identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship ) ; in Bihar ( by Guptas – fifth century ) and in Deogarh , Uttar Pradesh ( by Svāmibhaṭa – sixth century ) . The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas , " who are attended by Dakinis ( female demons ) " and rituals of daily Tantric worship ( Tantrobhuta ) like the ritual of Bali ( offering of grain ) .
The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of bhupura in Sri Chakra . They are frequently aligned with the Eight Bhairavas , as in Jňānārṇava Tantra . The Svacchaṇḍa Tantra ( 1 @.@ 33 ) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups ( vargas ) of letters of Devanagari alphabet , while Brahmayāmala states they issue originate from the vowels .
= = = Rituals and goals of worship = = =
The Natya Shastra ( 13 @.@ 66 ) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances . Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities , villages , towns and shields . Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with Navagraha ( the nine planets ) and the Dikpala ( Guardians of the directions ) and at night with the Goddess .
The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that Matrika shrines should be north @-@ facing and be placed in northern part of a temple @-@ complex . The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence , it is predicated that " there must be impressive shrines all over the [ Indian ] subcontinent " . Although circular Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts , most existing shrines are rectangular in nature . Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines , which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines .
The Devi Purana mentions the Matrikas or Deva Shaktis ( powers of the gods ) as group of seven or more , who should be worshipped for Mukti ( liberation ) by all , but particularly kings for powers of domination . The Saptamatrika are worshipped for " personal and spiritual renewal " with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires ( Bhukti ) . Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas , which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves . These banners are called " Indra 's sisters " in the Devi Purana . The Purana lists them as : swan , bull , peacock , conch , discus , elephant and skeleton – attributes of the Matrikas . A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti . As per the Nitisara , Matrikas acted as the king 's tangible Shaktis and conferred the power to conquer and rule .
= Politics of Vietnam =
The politics of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are defined by a single @-@ party socialist republic framework , where the President of Vietnam is the head of state and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government , in a one @-@ party system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam . Executive power is exercised by the government and the President of Vietnam . Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Quốc hội ) . The Judiciary is independent of the executive . The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Vietnam ; its fourth , on 15 April 1992 , and it has been amended once since then .
The ( Chủ tịch nước ) is elected by the National Assembly for a five @-@ year term and acts as the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Vietnam People 's Armed Forces and Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security . The government ( Chính phủ ) , the main executive state power of Vietnam , is headed by the Prime Minister , who has several Deputy Prime Ministers and several ministers in charge of particular activities . The executive branch is responsible for the implementation of political , economic , cultural , social , national defence , security and external activities of the state . The National Assembly is a unicameral legislative body . The National Assembly has 500 members , elected by popular vote to serve four @-@ year terms . The legislature is , according to the constitution , the highest organ of the state . Its powers includes the enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws ; the adoption of the government budget ; supervising the Government of Vietnam and other holders of public powers responsible to the National Assembly ; and appointing members of the judiciary . The Vietnamese constitution and legislation provide for regular elections for the office of the President of the Socialist Republic , the National Assembly and the People 's Councils .
Vietnam has , officially at least , an independent judicial system governed by the Constitution of Vietnam and national legislation enacted by National Assembly . The Supreme People 's Court ( Tòa án Nhân dân Tối cao ) is the highest court of appeal in Vietnam . There are other specialised courts in Vietnam , including the Central Military Court , the Criminal Court , the Civil Court and the Appeal Court . The Supreme People 's Procuracy observes the implementation of state organs and makes sure that Vietnamese citizens follow the law .
= = Legal framework = =
Vietnam is a one @-@ party socialist republic . The current Vietnamese state traces its direct linage back to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) and the 1945 August Revolution led by Hồ Chí Minh . The current constitution was adopted on 15 April 1992 by the National Assembly of Vietnam . There have been three other constitutions in Vietnamese history : the 1946 , 1959 and 1980 constitutions . The current constitution has been amended once , during the 10th session of the National Assembly on 25 December 2001 . The Communist Party of Vietnam , the leading non @-@ State organ , operates in accordance with the laws . Government powers in Vietnam are divided into legislative , executive and judiciary powers . Vietnam 's legal system is based upon socialist legality according to Article 12 of the constitution .
= = State ideology = =
Vietnam is a socialist republic with a one @-@ party system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam ( CPV ) . The CPV espouses Marxism – Leninism and Hồ Chí Minh Thought , the thoughts of the late Hồ Chí Minh . The two ideologies function as a firm ideological basis and serve as guidance for the activities of the Party and state . According to the Constitution , Vietnam is " in the period of transition to socialism " . Marxism – Leninism was introduced to Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s , and Vietnamese culture has been led under the banner of patriotism and Marxism – Leninism . Hồ Chí Minh 's beliefs were not systematised during his life , nor quickly following his death . Trường Chinh 's biography of " Chairman Hồ " in 1973 emphasised his revolutionary policies . The thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh were systematised in 1989 , under the leadership of Nguyễn Văn Linh . Hồ Chí Minh Thought , alongside Marxism – Leninism , became the official ideology of the CPV and the state in 1991 . The CPV 's claim to legitimacy was retained following the collapse of communism in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 by its commitment to the thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh , according to Sophie Quinn @-@ Judge . According to Pierre Brocheux , the author of Ho Chi Minh : a Biography , the current state ideology is Hồ Chí Minh Thought , with Marxism – Leninism playing a secondary role . While some claim that Hồ Chí Minh Thought is used as a veil for the Party leadership since they , according to this version , have stopped believing in communism , however this is false when considering that Hồ Chí Minh was an avid supporter of Vladimir Lenin and the dictatorship of the proletariat . Others see Hồ Chí Minh Thought as a political umbrella term whose main function is to smuggle in non @-@ socialist ideas and policies without challenging socialist legality .
Since its foundation , the key ideology has been Marxism – Leninism , but since the introduction of a mixed economy in the late 1980s and 1990s , it has lost its monopolistic ideological and moral legitimacy . Marxism – Leninism , which is a class @-@ based ideology , lost its legitimacy because of the mixed economy . As became clear because of the Đổi Mới reforms , the Party could not base its rule on defending only the workers and the peasants , which was officially referred to as the " working class @-@ peasant alliance " . In the constitution introduced in 1992 , the State represented the " workers , peasants and intellectuals " . In recent years , the Party has stopped representing a specific class , but instead the " interests of the entire people " , which includes entrepreneurs . The final class barrier was removed in 2002 , when party members were allowed to engage in private activities . In the face of de @-@ emphasising the role of Marxism – Leninism , the Party has acquired a broader ideology , laying more emphasis on nationalism , developmentalism and becoming the protector of tradition .
= = Communist Party = =
According to the official version , the Communist Party of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam ) is leading the Vietnamese people " in carrying out the country 's renovation , modernisation and industrialisation . " According to the Party 's statute , amended at the 9th National Congress on 22 April 2001 , the CPV was " established and trained by President Hồ Chí Minh , has led the Vietnamese people to carry out successfully the August Revolution , establishing the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam , now the Socialist Republic of Việt Nam , to defeat foreign invaders , to abolish the colonial and feudalist regime , to liberate and reunify the country , and then carry out the cause of renovation and socialist construction and firmly defend national independence . " It believes in socialist internationalism of the working class , and supports the " struggle for peace , national independence , democracy and social progress of the world 's people . " The CPV acts as the vanguard of the working people and the whole nation by representing their interests . Its aim is to create " a strong , independent , prosperous and democratic country with an equitable and civilized society , to realise socialism and ultimately , communism . " The Party 's ideological foundation is Marxism – Leninism and Hồ Chí Minh Thoughts . These ideologies guide the activities of the Party , while promoting " the nation 's traditions , and absorbing other nations ' essential ideas . "
The CPV is organised on the principles of democratic centralism . It practices " criticism , self @-@ criticism , and strict discipline " and pursues " collective leadership and individual responsibility , and promoting comradeship and solidarity in line with the Party 's political programs and statutes . " The CPV is subject to Vietnamese laws and the Constitution . It is the country 's ruling party , and promotes the " mastery of the people over the country " . The Party is under the supervision of the people . It is dependent on having the people contributing the party , by strengthening , uniting and leading the people in the revolutionary cause . The political system in Vietnam is led by the CPV , and it " leads , respects and promotes the role of the State , the Vietnamese Fatherland Front ( VFF ) and other socio @-@ political organisations . "
= = = Congress = = =
The National Congress is the party 's highest organ . The direction of the Party and the Government is decided at the National Congress , held every fifth year . The Central Committee is elected by the National Congress . Delegates vote on policies and candidates posts within the central party leadership . Following ratification of the decisions taken at the National Congress , the National Congress dissolves itself . The Central Committee , which is elected by the National Congress every fifth year , implements the decisions of the National Congress in the five @-@ year period . Since the Central Committee only meets twice a year , the Politburo implements the policies of the National Congress .
= = = Central Committee = = =
The Central Committee ( CC ) is the CPV 's most powerful institution . It delegates some of its powers to the Secretariat and the Politburo when it is not in session . When the Vietnam War ended in 1975 , the Vietnamese leadership , led by Lê Duẩn , began to centralise power . This policy continued until the 6th National Congress , when Nguyễn Văn Linh took power . Linh pursued a policy of economic and political decentralisation . The party and state bureaucracy opposed Linh 's reform initiatives ; because of this , Linh tried to win the support of provincial leaders . This caused the powers of the provincial chapters of the CPV to increase in the 1990s . The CPV lost its power to appoint or dismiss provincial @-@ level officials in the 1990s ; this is proven by the fact that Võ Văn Kiệt tried to wrestle this power back to the centre during the 1990s without success . These developments led to the provincialisation of the Central Committee ; for example , more and more CC members have a background in provincial party work . Because of these changes , power in Vietnam has become increasingly devolved . The number of Central Committee members with a provincial background increased from a low of 15 @.@ 6 percent in 1982 to a high of 41 percent in 2001 . The current President of the Socialist Republic , Trương Tấn Sang , was directly elected from the provinces at the 8th Party Congress , held 1996 . Because of the devolution of power , the powers of the Central Committee have increased substantially ; for instance , when a two @-@ thirds majority of the Politburo voted in favour of retaining Lê Khả Phiêu as General Secretary ( the leader of Vietnam ) , the Central Committee voted against the Politburo 's motion and voted unanimously in favour of removing Lê Khả Phiêu from his post of General Secretary . The Central Committee did this because the majority of its members were of provincial background , or were working in the provinces ; because of this , these members were the first to feel the pinch when the economy began to stagnate during Lê Khả Phiêu 's rule .
The Central Committee elects the Politburo in the aftermath of the Party Congress . Since the full Central Committee meets only once a year , the Politburo functions as the Party 's leading collective decision @-@ making body . The Secretariat is also elected by the Central Committee , and is headed by the General Secretary . It is responsible for solving organisational problems and implementing the demands of the Central Committee . The Secretariat oversees the work of the Commissions of the Central Committee .
The following is the official order of precedence of the Politburo according to the 12th National Party Congress .
1st Nguyễn Phú Trọng – General Secretary of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Military Commission
2nd General Trần Đại Quang – President of Vietnam
3rd Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân – Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly
4th Ngô Xuân Lịch – General , Minister of National Defense
5th General Tô Lâm – Senior Lieutenant , Minister of Public Security
6th Nguyễn Xuân Phúc – Prime Minister
7th Nguyễn Thiện Nhân – President of the Vietnam Fatherland Front
8th Đinh Thế Huynh- Executive Secretary of the Secretariat , Chairman of the Theoretical Council and member of the Secretariat
9th Phạm Minh Chính – Head of the PCC Commission on Organization
10th Tòng Thị Phóng - Deputy Chairwoman of the National Assembly and Deputy Secretary of the National Assembly Party Caucus
11th Vương Đình Huệ – Deputy Prime Minister
12th Trần Quốc Vượng – Head of the PCC Commission on Inspection and member of the Secretariat
13th Phạm Bình Minh – Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Foreign Affairs
14th Trương Thị Mai – Head of the Central Commission of Popularization
15th Trương Hòa Bình – Deputy Prime Minister , Deputy Secretary of the Government – Party Committee
16th Nguyễn Văn Bình – Head of the PCC Commission on Economics
17th Võ Văn Thưởng - Head of the Central Commission of Propaganda
18th Đinh La Thăng - Secretary of the Ho Chi Minh city Party Committee
19th Hoàng Trung Hải - Secretary of the Ha Noi city Party Committee
Secretariat :
1st Nguyễn Phú Trọng – General Secretary of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Military Commission
2nd Đinh Thế Huynh - permanent member of the Party Central Committee ’ s Secretariat
3rd Trần Quốc Vượng - Head of the PCC Commission on Inspection
4th Phạm Minh Chính -Head of the PCC Commission on Organization
5th Võ Văn Thưởng - Head of the Central Commission of Propaganda of the Communist Party of Vietnam
6th Trương Thị Mai - Head of the Central Commission of Popularization of the Communist Party of Vietnam
7th Lương Cường - Senior Lieutenant , Chief of the General Department of Politics under the Vietnam People 's Army
8th Nguyễn Văn Nên - Head of the Central Office of the Communist Party of Vietnam
9th Nguyễn Hòa Bình - Chief Justice of the Supreme People 's Court
= = Fatherland Front = =
The Vietnamese Fatherland Front ( VFF ) is an umbrella group of pro @-@ communist movements . According to Article 9 of the Constitution , the VFF and its members constitute " the political base of people 's power " . The state must create a favorable environment for the VFF and its member organisations . The VFF is a voluntary mass organisation of political , socio @-@ political and social organisations and " individuals from all classes , social strata , ethnic groups , and religions , including overseas Vietnamese . " Its main objectives are to gather and build a people unity bloc , " strengthen the people 's political and spiritual consensus , encourage the people to promote their mastership , to implement the CPV 's guidelines and policies , and to abide by the Constitution and laws . " The VFF is governed on the principles of " democratic consensus , coordinated and united action . " Its organisation has been modelled after the state structure , and the VFF has its own independent statute . Notable member organisations of the VFF include the General Confederation of Labour , the Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union and the Veteran Association , among others .
= = Executive = =
The President of the Republic ( Vietnamese : Chủ tịch nước Việt Nam ) is the head of state and head of government , elected to a five @-@ year term by the National Assembly , and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum tenure of 2 terms . In addition to being the Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Vietnam People 's Armed Forces , the president has the procedural duty of appointing or dismissing of the Vice Presidents , Prime Minister , Deputy Chief Judge of the Supreme People 's Court and Head of the Supreme People 's Procuracy , with the consent of the National Assembly through a simple majority vote . The President has influence on foreign policy , and has the right to declare a state of emergency and to declare war . The most recent presidential elections were held on 25 July 2011 , when Trương Tấn Sang , the incumbent , was re @-@ elected by the deputies ( members ) of the National Assembly .
The government ( Vietnamese : Chính phủ ) is the executive arm of the National Assembly and the highest administrative body of the Vietnamese state . It is headed by the prime minister and consists of deputy prime ministers , ministers and other members . The government is a unified administration responsible for the implementation of political , economic , cultural , social , national defence , security and external activities of the state . It is also responsible for the effectiveness of the state apparatus itself from the top down , stabilisation in the country and the observance of the constitution . As with the President , the government is elected by the deputies of the National Assembly for a five @-@ year term . The Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic is elected or dismissed by the National Assembly , at the request of the president . Since 7 April 2016 , the prime minister of the government has been Nguyễn Xuân Phúc .
= = Legislative = =
The National Assembly ( Vietnamese : Quoc hoi ) is a unicameral legislative body , and is governed on the basis of democratic centralism . It is the highest representative organ and the highest state organ . The National Assembly is the only organ vested with constitutional and legislative powers . It is responsible for fundamental domestic and foreign policies , socio @-@ economic policies , defence and security issues , and it exercises supreme control over all state activities . Deputies ( members ) of the National Assembly are elected through secret ballots in democratic elections which are held every fifth year . The National Assembly is convened twice a year , and its Standing Committee represents it between sessions .
The membership of the Standing Committee consists of the chairman , deputy chairmen and other members ; these members are elected by the National Assembly . Standing Committee members cannot simultaneously be members of the Government . Members work on a full @-@ time basis , and their terms of office correspond with the term of the National Assembly . The Standing Committee continues to function until a new National Assembly is elected . According to the constitution , the Standing Committee is responsible for 12 duties . Of these , the most important are the powers to announce , convene and chair the National Assembly sessions , to interpret the constitution , laws and ordinances , and to issue ordinances on those matters assigned by the National Assembly . It supervises and guides the People 's Councils and their activities , and directs , regulates and coordinates the activities of the Ethnic Council and the committees of the National Assembly .
There are seven committees of the National Assembly . Committee membership is determined by the National Assembly . They are responsible for the studying and examination of bills , legislative initiatives , drafts of ordinances and other drafts of legal documents and reports assigned by the National Assembly or the Standing Committee . The committees provide the National Assembly and its Standing Committee with their opinions on the legislative programme . The committees supervise and conduct investigations within their respective competency and exercise powers which are stipulated by law . The National Assembly elects the Ethnic Council , which consists of a Chairman , Deputy Chairmen and other members . The Ethnic Council studies and recommends actions to the National Assembly ; the National Assembly has to consult with the Ethnic Council before issuing any decisions on ethnic policy . The Chairman of the Ethnic Council has to attend meetings of the Government which concern ethnic policy . The powers of the Ethnic Council are comparable to those of the committees .
= = Judiciary = =
The Vietnamese judicial system is based upon Socialist legality . The country 's highest judicial organ is the Supreme People 's Court ( SPC ) . The composition of the SCP includes the Chief Justice , Deputy Chief Judge , jurors and court secretaries . The structure of the SCP ( from the top down ) is as follows : Council of Judges , Commission of Judges , Central Military Court , Criminal Court , Civil Court , Appeal Court , and assisting staff . The Chief Judge of the SCP is elected by the National Assembly , while the President of the Socialist Republic has the power to nominate and dismiss the Deputy Chief Judge and judges at the Chief Judge 's request . The Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front introduces People 's Jurors , which are in turn appointed by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly . According to the Government Web Portal , the operating principles of the courts are , during hearings , that the " judges and jurors are independent and only obey the laws . " Justice and democracy within the system is supposedly ensured because legal decision @-@ making is an open process . Jurors play an essential role , and defenders have the right of defence and to hire a lawyer .
The Supreme People 's Prosecutor ( SPP ) , the Vietnamese equivalent to an attorney general , observes the implementation process of the Ministries , ministerial @-@ level agencies , government organs , local authorities , social and economic organisations , the armed forces , security forces and the Vietnamese citizens in general . The SPP respects the Constitution and state laws , practices public prosecution as stated by the law and ensures law enforcement . The head of the SPP is elected , dismissed , or removed from office by a proposal of the President . The Deputy Heads , prosecutors and inspectors appointed by the SPP head can be dismissed by the President on the Head 's request .
The SPC is the highest court for appeal and review , and it reports to the National Assembly , which controls the judiciary 's budget and confirms the president 's nominees to the SPC and SPP . The SPP issues arrest warrants , sometimes retroactively . Below the SPC are district and provincial people 's courts , military tribunals , and administrative , economic and labor courts . The people 's courts are the courts of first instance . The Ministry of Defence ( MOD ) has military tribunals , which have the same rules as civil courts . Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and the SPC , but the SPC has supervisory responsibility . Although the constitution provides for independent judges and lay assessors ( who lack administrative training ) , the United States Department of State maintains that Vietnam lacks an independent judiciary , in part because the Communist Party selects judges and vets them for political reliability . Moreover , the party seeks to influence the outcome of cases involving perceived threats to the state or the party 's dominant position . In an effort to increase judicial independence , the government transferred local courts from the Ministry of Justice to the SPC in September 2002 . However , the Department of State saw no evidence that the move actually achieved the stated goal . Vietnam 's judiciary is also hampered by a shortage of lawyers and by rudimentary trial procedures . The death penalty often is imposed in cases of corruption and drug trafficking .
= = Elections = =
Article 6 of the Constitution states that " The people make use of state power through the agency of the National Assembly and the People 's Councils , which represent the will and aspirations of the people , are elected by them and responsible to them " . Deputies ( members ) of the National Assembly are directly elected on a democratic basis through secret ballots . All citizens who are 18 or older , regardless of ethnic group , gender , social position , belief , religion , level of education , occupation or length of residency have the right to vote , the exceptions being the mentally disabled and those people who have been deprived of the right to vote by law . People aged 21 or older have the right to stand as a candidate at elections . Three election commissions have been established to manage elections ; at the central level is the Election Council , at the provincial level and in centrally @-@ run cities the Election Committee is responsible for election monitoring and the Election Commission is responsible for election monitoring at constituencies .
The current 500 members of the National Assembly were elected during the 2011 parliamentary election , and they have a five @-@ year term . Despite foreign criticism , it is generally believed that the National Assembly has become more powerful in recent years . The last election was held , according to the authorities , in a democratic , fair , lawful and safe manner and was considered a success . Voter turnout was 99 @.@ 51 percent ; nearly 62 million people voted . In their respective constituencies , Nguyễn Phú Trọng , the General Secretary , was elected to the National Assembly with 85 @.@ 63 percent of the votes , Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng was elected with 95 @.@ 38 percent and President Trương Tấn Sang was elected with 80 @.@ 19 percent . Outside the ruling troika , it was Nguyễn Xuân Phúc , the Chairman of the Government Office , who was elected with the highest margin , with 94 @.@ 59 percent of the votes . The number of self @-@ nominated candidates was four times higher than the previous election . Fifteen out of the 182 candidates nominated by the central government and the central party leadership were defeated in the elections . Lê Thị Thu Ba , a member of the Party 's Central Committee and Chairman of the Committee of Law during the 12th National Assembly ( 2007 – 2011 ) , was not re @-@ elected to the National Assembly . Several capitalists were elected to the assembly , but due to the socialist ideology of the state , they are not allowed to sit on the assembly 's Committee on Economy and Budget .
Nguyễn Sinh Hùng , the Chairman of the National Assembly , nominated Trương Tấn Sang for the Presidency . 487 deputies of the National Assembly , meaning 97 @.@ 4 percent , voted in favour of Trương Tấn Sang . In his victory speech , Trương Tấn Sang said , " I pledge to improve my moral quality and study the example of the late President Hồ Chí Minh to cooperate with the government to bring Vietnam to become a fully industrialized country by 2015 . "
= = = Latest parliamentary election = = =
= = = Latest presidential election = = =
= = Local government = =
Provinces and municipalities are subdivided into towns , districts and villages . Provinces and municipalities are centrally controlled by the national government . Towns , districts and villages are locally accountable to some degree through elected people 's councils . Certain cities and provinces are under direct control of the central government . The provinces are divided into districts , provincial cities and towns ; cities under direct rule are divided into towns , urban and rural districts . In turn , the district is divided into communes and townlets . In the words of Article 118 of the Constitution , the " provincial city and the town are divided into wards and communes ; the urban district is divided into wards . " The establishment of People 's Council and People 's Committees is determined by law .
In the provinces , the People 's Council is the " local organ of State power " , and it represents the " aspirations , and mastery of the people " . The People 's Council is democratically elected , and is accountable to the people and to superior organs of the state . It must pass resolutions which are formal orders of superior organs of state , and it acts on behalf of the constitution . The People 's Council decides the plans for socio @-@ economic development , decides the budget and is responsible for national defence and security at the local level . The deputy ( member ) of the People 's Council acts on the behalf of the people , and has the right to make proposals to the People 's Council and other local State organs . In turn , officials of these local organs have the responsibility to receive and to examine them . The People 's Council have to elect a People 's Committee , the executive organ of the People 's Council . It is the People 's Committee which has the responsibility to implement " the Constitution , the law , the formal written orders of superior State organs and the resolutions of the People 's Council . " The People 's Committee is headed by a Chairman , who acts as the body 's leader . All decisions of the People 's Committee are taken through a collegial decision @-@ making process , and have to " conform to the will of the majority . " The chairman has the power to annul decisions of lower standing organs . Local officials of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front , its local head , and officials from other mass organisations in the locality have the right to attend the meetings of the People 's Council and the People 's Committee if relevant problems are discussed . According to Article 125 of the constitution , " The People 's Council and the People 's Committee shall make regular reports on the local situation in all fields to the Fatherland Front and the mass organisations ; shall listen to their opinions and proposals on local power building and socio @-@ economic development ; shall cooperate with them in urging the people to work together with the State for the implementation of socio @-@ economic , national @-@ defence , and security tasks in the locality . "
= = = List of provinces = = =
= Drushyam =
Drushyam ( English : Visual ) is a 2014 Indian Telugu @-@ language thriller film directed by Sripriya and jointly produced by Daggubati Suresh Babu and Rajkumar Sethupathi . It is a remake of Jeethu Joseph 's 2013 Malayalam film Drishyam and features Daggubati Venkatesh , Meena and Nadhiya reprising the respective roles played by Mohanlal , Meena and Asha Sarath in the original .
The film tells the story of Rambabu , a middle @-@ class cable TV operator , and his family . They come under suspicion when Varun , the son of the Inspector @-@ general of police ( IG ) , goes missing soon after harassing Rambabu 's daughter . The rest of the film reveals how Varun disappeared and what Rambabu does to keep his family from going to prison .
The production work of Drushyam was undertaken by Suresh Balaje and George Pious . Music for the film was composed by Sharreth . The cinematography was led by S. Gopal Reddy and the editing by Marthand K. Venkatesh . Principal photography commenced on 8 March 2014 and lasted three months . It was shot primarily in Kerala , similar to the original , and also filmed at Araku , Simhachalam , Vizianagaram and Hyderabad . The post @-@ production phase ended after one month . Drushyam released on 11 July 2014 to positive feedback from critics . It went on to become one of the highest @-@ grossing Telugu films of the year , collecting a worldwide distributor share of ₹ 200 million .
= = Plot = =
Rambabu is a cable network operator who lives in Rajavaram , a village located in the Araku region , with his wife Jyothi and their daughters – Anju , a twelfth @-@ grade student , and Anu , who is in secondary school . By virtue of his job , Rambabu spends a lot of time watching films in multiple languages . He does so with so much interest that he makes major life decisions by subconsciously taking on the behaviours of characters from these films .
During a school trip to a camp , a nude photograph of Anju is taken on a cell phone camera hidden in the bathroom . The culprit is revealed as Varun , the son of the Inspector @-@ general of police , Geetha . When Varun meets Anju later to blackmail her , she breaks his cell phone and inadvertently kills him . With her mother 's help , she hides his body in a compost pit that was originally made for manure . Unbeknownst to them , this is witnessed by Anu . Jyothi tells Rambabu about the incident and he devises a plan to save his family from imprisonment . He gets rid of the broken cell phone . However , as he is disposing of Varun 's car , Rambabu is seen by a corrupt police constable named Veerabhadram , who holds a grudge against him . Rambabu then takes his family out on a trip to Vizianagaram , where they attend a religious meeting , watch a movie and dine at a restaurant .
Meanwhile , Geetha starts an investigation when she realises that her son has gone missing . After a preliminary investigation , Geetha calls Rambabu and his family in for questioning . Rambabu , predicting that this would happen , coaches his family on how to present their alibi . As a result , when questioned individually , their responses are consistent . They also produce the restaurant receipt , the movie tickets and the tickets of the bus journey as proof of their alibi . The statements of the people who own the establishments that the family visited in Vizianagaram further solidify Rambabu 's alibi . However , after a thorough investigation , Geetha realises that Rambabu had acquired the tickets and the receipt on the day of the incident , made an acquaintance with the owners , and had only actually taken the trip a day later with his family .
Geetha arrests Rambabu and his family , and Veerabhadram uses force to beat the truth out of them . As Rambabu , Jyothi and Anju are severely injured , Geetha 's husband , Prabhakar , asks her to put a stop to this . Out of fear , Anu reveals what she saw and Varun 's friend describes the transgression at the camp . After digging up the compost pit , the police find the carcass of a pig instead of Varun 's body , indicating that Rambabu had already moved it . Jyothi 's brother , Rajesh , and her father call the media and Anu complains to them about Veerabhadram 's ill @-@ treatment of her family . After Veerabhadram manhandles Rambabu and his relatives , he is beaten by the local people who learn about him from the media . Rambabu 's goodwill remains intact and all the locals extend their support to him . Veerabhadram is suspended , the remaining staff transferred , and Geetha resigns from her post as IG .
Before leaving for the United States , Geetha and Prabhakar meet Rambabu to apologise for their deeds , and express their hope that Varun will return some day . But Rambabu indirectly tells them that he killed Varun to save his family and asks them to forgive him .
The film comes to an end with Rambabu signing a register at the newly constructed Rajavaram police station . As he leaves , a flashback shows him during the construction of the station with a shovel in hand , indicating that Varun 's body is hidden in the building 's foundation .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Rajkumar Sethupathi acquired the rights to remake Jeethu Joseph 's Drishyam ( 2013 ) , which starred Mohanlal , Meena and Asha Sarath in the lead roles . Following Kamal Haasan 's suggestion , Sethupathi chose Daggubati Venkatesh to play the lead role in the Telugu version . Haasan previously met Venkatesh in Goa and advised him to act in a film that challenges him as an actor . Venkatesh , along with his brother Daggubati Suresh Babu , then watched Drishyam .
Suresh Babu joined Sethupathi as a co @-@ producer , while Sripriya was approached to direct the film . This was Venkatesh 's first collaboration with a female director . It was also his first non @-@ commercial film . Based on Sripriya 's and Sethupathi 's previous collaboration with Suresh Balaje and George Pius 's Wide Angle Creations ( on Malini 22 Palayamkottai ) , the production house was given the contract for this film .
After Drishyam 's Telugu remake was confirmed , Haasan called Venkatesh to tell him that he was happy that Venkatesh was going to reprise Mohanlal 's role from the original . After considering other potential titles , Drushyam was finalised because of its relevance to the film 's storyline . ' Darling ' Swami and the Paruchuri brothers wrote the dialogues . The film had its formal launch ceremony on 21 February 2014 in Hyderabad . Sharreth composed the music . S. Gopal Reddy took charge of the film 's cinematography and Marthand K. Venkatesh its editing . With this film , Suresh Productions completed its golden jubilee in Telugu cinema as a production and distribution company .
= = = Casting = = =
Meena reprised her role from the original , marking her comeback to Telugu cinema after sixteen years . It was her fifth collaboration with Venkatesh . She called her character " innocent , vulnerable , emotional , sweet , funny and strong all at the same time " , adding that she was initially sceptical to play a mother to adolescents because Telugu film sensibilities were different from that of Malayalam ones , but accepted it due to the script 's novelty . Nadhiya was selected to play Asha Sarath 's role of a police officer from the original . She confirmed later that she would be playing an Inspector General of Police , which is a role she found being " almost like a role of a lioness that is trying to protect her family and yet is ferocious from the inside " , calling it a " challenging and different " one .
A casting call was announced by Suresh Productions for the roles of Venkatesh 's daughters in the film . They were looking for a girl aged 14 – 17 years to play the role of the elder daughter named Anjali , and another aged 8 – 12 years to play her younger sibling , Anu . Esther Anil was confirmed to reprise her role as the younger sister . Kruthika Jayakumar , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old science student from Bangalore , was selected to play the role of elder sister in the film . This happened when a Malayalam filmmaker visited her dance performance in Thiruvananthapuram , and was struck by her expressions and photogenic features . He suggested that she pursue a career in the film industry . She referred to her character as a simple and vulnerable girl , who gets exploited . Her family is her world and she is particularly attached to her father . Kalabhavan Shajon was initially reported to reprise his role of a corrupt police officer from the original , but Ravi Kale was chosen instead .
Chaitanya Krishna confirmed his inclusion in the cast by the end of March 2014 . In late April 2014 , Naresh was chosen to play an important role in the film , which he later described as one of the best roles of his career . Roshan Basheer was selected to reprise the role of Varun , the son of the Inspector General of Police , in the remake . He did not feel that he was being typecast and he accepted the role , adding that it is not often that a Malayalam actor gets a chance to act in the Telugu films .
= = = Filming = = =
During the pre @-@ production phase , Venkatesh allocated bulk dates and the film 's shoot was expected to be completed in a single schedule . Principal photography began in the locales of Kerala on 8 March 2014 . Filming continued in the Idukki district of Kerala , where the original was primarily shot . The film 's spokesperson told IANS that most of the film would be shot in Kerala , at locations similar to the original , except for a few scenes . Sripriya chose Kerala for two reasons – its greenery , and to avoid local interference from crowds that would ensue if shot in Andhra Pradesh , where Venkatesh is a star . After filming crucial scenes at a few villages near Kochi for more than three weeks , the film 's unit shot at Araku and Simhachalam beginning mid April 2014 . Subsequently , they planned to continue at Vizianagaram .
The film 's shooting reached its final stages at Hyderabad in late May 2014 , and the post @-@ production phase began . A statement from the film 's unit on 8 June 2014 stated that the principal photography had been wrapped up and post production work was under way , targeting a July 2014 release .
The violence in the pre @-@ climax sequences was toned down to match the sensibilities of the Telugu audience after Venkatesh expressed scepticism as to whether the audience would accept him getting beaten up badly in the police station . During set construction for the police station and the house in the film , the producer and the director wanted to get rid of some coconut trees . However , art director Vivek managed to erect those sets without cutting down any trees .
= = Release = =
The film was initially planned to be released on or after 15 August 2014 , to coincide with the Independence Day of India . The release plans were advanced to July 2014 because a lack of new releases that month provided an opportunity to cash in . The release date was later finalised as 11 July 2014 . The final copy of the film was sent to the Central Board of Film Certification on 7 July 2014 for censoring .
A special preview was held two days before the film 's release , on 9 July 2014 , with the intention of getting feedback from trial audiences . It was hosted as an " Audience and Media Research screening " at a city multiplex in Hyderabad . This was a first @-@ of @-@ its @-@ kind event in Telugu cinema .
= = = Distribution = = =
A press release on 6 July 2014 stated that Suresh Productions and iDream Media , a South Indian digital content and entertainment company , would distribute the film overseas . Errabus distributed the film in the United Kingdom . It released in London 's renovated and then @-@ full @-@ digital East Ham Boleyn Cinema with a 7 @.@ 1 sound system . The film was released on 64 screens across the United States , with premieres on 10 July 2014 . It was also released in the overseas markets of Singapore , Malaysia and Tanzania in East Africa .
= = = Marketing = = =
The film 's first look poster featured a photograph of Ven
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
" The Roof Is on Fire " by Rock Master Scott & the Dynamic Three and also features the lyrics ' I am white like Frank Black is / So if man is five and the devil is six then that must make me seven / This honkey 's gone to heaven , ' a direct reference to the post @-@ 1993 stage name of Black Francis who wrote the Pixies song " Monkey Gone to Heaven " to which the lyrics allude . " Why 's Everybody Always Pickin ' On Me ? " is built around a re @-@ recorded sample of " Spooky " , by Mike Sharpe as performed by Classics IV and also features a small lift from the Bill Cosby track " Greasy Kid Stuff . " Finally , the track " Your Only Friends Are Make Believe " features a chorus melody lifted from the Duran Duran song " Hungry Like the Wolf . "
Originally , the Republic Records version of the album contained a sample from the Men At Work single " Down Under " in the song " Shut Up " and a scratchy recording introducing the album at the beginning of " Kiss Me Where It Smells Funny " . The samples were subsequently removed on Geffen pressings .
= = = Lyricism = = =
The lyrics for One Fierce Beer Coaster utilize over @-@ the @-@ top satire and toilet humor to provide comedy . For instance the album opener , " Kiss Me Where It Smells Funny " , is a song about a man and his new girlfriend and their adventures in cunnilingus . It was written by Jimmy Pop about his then @-@ girlfriend ; the two subsequent albums would each have one song about said girlfriend - " Three Point One Four " and " No Hard Feelings , " respectively . " Lift Your Head Up High ( And Blow Your Brains Out ) " is a satirical call for people who have considered suicide to go through with the act , because their life is worthless . Three minutes into the song , Jimmy Pop says " Rewind and let me reverse it backwards like Judas Priest first did . " Immediately after this , a four @-@ second segment of backwards vocals repeats four times . When played in reverse , this segment says , " Devil shall wake up and eat Chef Boyardee Beefaroni . "
The album 's best @-@ known single , " Fire Water Burn " , is a diatribe against a white boy who attempts , and fails , to act like a black thug . " I Wish I Was Queer So I Could Get Chicks " is satirical song about the belief that girls only like gay men , playing on the stereotype that gay men are often better looking and more sensitive than straight men . " Why 's Everybody Always Pickin ' On Me ? " is mainly about how Jimmy Pop was constantly picked on in high school and has since developed extreme katagelophobia , an intense fear of being ridiculed .
The album also includes a cover of Run DMC 's " It 's Tricky " and " Boom " , which features an appearance by Vanilla Ice . Vanilla Ice later incorporated his verse into the song " Prozac " , which appeared on the album Hard to Swallow .
= = Release and promotion = =
One Fierce Beer Coaster was originally released on Republic Records , which , under its earlier name , Cheese Factory Records , had previously released material by the band . As word @-@ of @-@ mouth praise for the album spread , however , Geffen Records signed the band after two months . Packaging design was created by designer Michael Calleia .
The original release contained a song called " Yellow Fever " , which was about having sex with Asian women , as well as a hidden track on track number 69 on the original release . It consisted of an audio collage featuring Howard Stern talking about peanut butter , a televangelist , a news broadcast on the disease Lupus ( a reference to Lüpüs Thünder ) , a phone call from a drunk friend of Jimmy 's , and other assorted oddities . The Geffen re @-@ release omitted this track . " Yellow Fever " and the hidden track were later released on an EP called One Censored Beer Coaster .
" Fire Water Burn " played a major role in the slow build of interest that ultimately led to the band 's mainstream breakthrough . Because the band could not afford financially solvent national tours , they promoted themselves by sending their music to alternative rock @-@ based radio stations across the country . Eventually , an intern brought the band to the attention of the music director of 107 @.@ 7 The End in Seattle . The director , liking what he heard , played " Fire Water Burn " on his Friday night show . After airing , the station was flooded with phone calls asking about the song and the band and the director passed the song onto the music director at KROQ @-@ FM in Los Angeles . This snowball effect eventually overwhelmed the band with demands for their new record . After hearing of the underground success One Fierce Beer Coaster was receiving , many record labels began courting the band . According to manager Brett Alperowitz in an interview with HitQuarters , Madonna 's label Maverick " really wanted to sign the band in the worst possible way , even to the point where I had to tell Madonna that I couldn ’ t put her on the phone with Jimmy Pop . " The band eventually signed a record deal with Geffen Records .
= = = Controversy = = =
When Geffen Records re @-@ released the album , the label refused to release the song " Yellow Fever " because of its graphic lyrical content . As such , the song was removed from Geffen pressings of the album . In response , Jimmy Pop told Yahoo ! Launch that the Gang 's lyrical matter was not intended to be taken literally .
In 2000 , the song was the subject of further controversy when students at the University of Maryland , including members of the East Coast Asian American Student Union ( ECAASU ) and the Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender Alliance demanded the band ’ s removal from a concert line @-@ up .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
One Fierce Beer Coaster has received mixed to moderately favorable reviews . Roni Sarig said that it was " full of smart lines , great hooks , and creative arranging . " AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that , " One Fierce Beer Coaster was picked up by DGC about two months after its release [ ... ] And , listening to the single , " Fire Water Burn , " it 's possible to hear why . "
However , not all reviews were complimentary . In his review of the lead single " Fire Water Burn , " Entertainment Weekly reviewer Matt Diehl referred to the band 's music as " mumbling hip @-@ hop slang with self @-@ conscious Caucasian stiffness . " The album was also panned for its heavy use of toilet and sex @-@ based humor . Stephen Thomas Erlewine writes that , " what really sinks the album is the revolting , sophomoric humor that passes for lyrics . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
On January 18 , 1997 , One Fierce Beer Coaster debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 132 . It peaked at number 57 less than a month later , dropping off the charts over the next few weeks . It later made a final reappearance at number 170 . The album spent a total of 26 weeks on the chart .
On October 16 , 1998 , the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Jimmy Pop except when noted .
= = Credits = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
Singles
= Doug Stone =
Douglas Jackson " Doug " Brooks ( born June 19 , 1956 ) , known professionally as Doug Stone , is an American country music singer . He debuted in 1990 with the single " I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) " , the first release from his 1990 self @-@ titled debut album for Epic Records . Both this album and its successor , 1991 's I Thought It Was You , earned a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . Two more albums for Epic , 1992 's From the Heart and 1994 's More Love , are each certified gold . Stone moved to Columbia Records to record Faith in Me , Faith in You , which did not produce a Top Ten among its three singles . After suffering a heart attack and stroke in the late 1990s , he exited the label and did not release another album until Make Up in Love in 1999 on Atlantic Records . The Long Way was released in 2002 on the Audium label ( now part of E1 Music ) , followed by two albums on the independent Lofton Creek Records .
Stone has charted twenty @-@ two singles on Hot Country Songs , with his greatest chart success coming between 1990 and 1995 . In this timespan , he charted four number 1 singles : " In a Different Light " , " A Jukebox with a Country Song " , " Too Busy Being in Love " , and " Why Didn 't I Think of That " , plus eleven more top ten singles . He is known for his neotraditionalist country sound and his frequent recording of ballads .
= = Early life = =
Stone was born as Douglas Jackson Brooks on June 19 , 1956 in Marietta , Georgia . His mother , who was also a country music singer , taught him how to play guitar when he was five . When he was seven years old , his mother placed him onstage to open for Loretta Lynn . His mother and father later divorced , and afterward , he moved to live with his father . He found additional work singing as a teenager : first at local skating rinks , and then at local bars , and later as one member of a short @-@ lived trio ; in addition , he and his father worked as mechanics to make ends meet . He also built a recording studio in his house , while performing in local clubs . By 1982 , Stone was suffering from depression brought on by his musical career , when a friend introduced him to Carie Cohen , who would later become his second wife . He played various local venues , and was discovered by a record label manager while singing at a Veterans of Foreign Wars hall . The manager asked him for demos , which she then sent to Epic Records . He chose to record under the name Doug Stone , so as to avoid confusion with Garth Brooks . Record producer Doug Johnson played three tunes for Epic Records producer Bob Montgomery , who disliked the first two that he heard but enjoyed the third one . Through Montgomery 's assistance , Stone signed with Epic in 1989 , thus becoming the only artist that Montgomery ever signed without seeing perform live .
= = Musical career = =
= = = 1990 – 1991 : Doug Stone = = =
Stone 's self @-@ titled debut album was released in 1990 with Johnson as producer . Mac McAnally , Mark O 'Connor , Paul Franklin , Brent Rowan , and Willie Weeks were among the session musicians on it . Contributing songwriters included David Lee Murphy , Larry Boone , Randy Boudreaux , A.L. " Doodle " Owens , and Keith Palmer , who would later chart two singles for Epic in 1991 . Its first single , " I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) , " spent twenty @-@ five weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and peaked at No. 4 . In addition , the single was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song , and the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for U.S. shipments of one million copies . The album 's next two singles were both Top Ten singles as well : " Fourteen Minutes Old " at No. 6 and " These Lips Don 't Know How to Say Goodbye " at No. 5 . Following these songs was " In a Different Light " , co @-@ written by Dickey Lee , which became Stone 's first number 1 on Billboard . Stone received three music award nominations in 1991 : the Horizon Award ( now New Artist Award ) from the Country Music Association , Star of Tomorrow from Music City News , and Top New Male Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music .
Brian Mansfield gave Doug Stone a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star rating out of five in his review for Allmusic . His review praised " I 'd Be Better Off " in particular , calling the song a " towering expression of self @-@ pity that most singers could spend a career trying to top , " also saying that Stone " came close " to matching that song 's quality in the album 's ballads .
= = = 1991 @-@ 1992 : I Thought It Was You , From the Heart , and The First Christmas = = =
I Thought It Was You , his second album , was released in August 1991 . Also certified platinum , it produced three more chart singles : the No. 4 title track , followed by the number 1 " A Jukebox with a Country Song " and " Come In Out of the Pain " at No. 3 . " A Jukebox with a Country Song " spent two weeks at number 1 , thus becoming his only multi @-@ week number 1 single . Stone co @-@ wrote the track " The Feeling Never Goes Away " with Kim Williams and Phyllis Bennett , and then @-@ labelmate Joe Diffie co @-@ wrote " Burning Down the Town " . Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an " A " , saying that it contained " sex @-@ and @-@ smolder ballads " comparable to Conway Twitty . Mansfield was less favorable , saying that Stone " seems to wallow in sorrow " .
In early 1992 , Stone began experiencing dizziness and pain in one of his arms . He also began feeling chest pains which he initially thought were heartburn . After feeling disoriented at a concert in Oregon , he canceled an appearance at the Academy of Country Music telecast . He then underwent quadruple bypass surgery at Centennial Medical Center to alleviate four severe arterial blockages near his heart which had initially gone undiscovered by doctors . Following the surgery , Stone changed his diet and began exercising , in addition to touring in support of his third album , From the Heart , released that August . The album 's title was seen by many music writers , including Irwin Stambler and Grelun Landon of Country Music : The Encyclopedia , as ironic in the wake of Stone 's heart surgery .
With a gold certification for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies , From the Heart produced two more number 1 singles in " Too Busy Being in Love " and " Why Didn 't I Think of That " . The other two singles were " Warning Labels " and " Made for Lovin ' You " , at No. 4 and No. 6 respectively . The latter had previously been recorded by both Dan Seals and Clinton Gregory . Mansfield thought that From the Heart was more consistent than Stone 's previous two albums , saying that his " voice is at its pain @-@ wracked best " on " Warning Labels " and that " The heart references take on a special meaning given the open @-@ heart surgery that preceded this album " . Nash criticized the album as " sappy , lightweight tales of infatuation and starry @-@ eyed courtship " . One month after From the Heart , Stone released a Christmas album titled The First Christmas . Although this album produced no singles , " Sailing Home for Christmas " was made into a music video . Stone was nominated in both 1992 and 1993 for Star of Tomorrow by Music City News , and Top Male Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music , winning the former award in 1993 . He toured in 1992 with Patty Loveless , Lynyrd Skynyrd , and Hank Williams , Jr .
= = = 1993 @-@ 1995 : More Love and Greatest Hits , Vol . 1 = = =
His fourth album , More Love , was released in November 1993 . Unlike his previous albums , Stone co @-@ produced with James Stroud , except on the track " Dream High " , which Stroud produced with Tom Bahler and Bruce Swedien . It also included different session musicians than his previous albums , such as guitarist Dann Huff and backing vocalist Curtis Wright . Its lead @-@ off single was " I Never Knew Love " , which spent two weeks at No. 2 on the country singles charts and accounted for his only entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at No. 81 . The album 's next two singles were the No. 4 " Addicted to a Dollar " and the title track , which Stone wrote with Gary Burr , at No. 6 . Tom Roland of New Country magazine criticized the album for " continu [ ing ] to mine the drippy side of Stone " through " manipulative " ballads , but cited " Addicted to a Dollar " and " Love , You Took Me by Surprise " as being " tougher " than Stone 's previous works .
Starting in June 1994 , Stone discovered that he was having breathing problems which were affecting his singing . He consulted throat doctors at Vanderbilt University 's medical center , who failed to find any problems in his throat , while a second consultation revealed a lump in his left nostril . Upon its discovery , Stone feared that it might be cancer , and that it would put an end to his career . As a result , Stone quit smoking , although the lump was later discovered not to be cancerous and was successfully removed . While Stone was undergoing treatment , his Greatest Hits , Vol . 1 compilation was released in late 1994 . Also receiving a gold certification , the album comprised nine of his previous hits and the new song " Little Houses " , which debuted on the charts in October 1994 and peaked at No. 7 in early 1995 . After its release , Stone made his acting debut in the 1995 film Gordy , in which he starred as Luke McAllister , a struggling musician . The movie 's soundtrack featured four songs from More Love : " More Love " , " That 's a Lie " , " Wishbone " , and " Dream High " , as well as two other songs that Stone performed : " The Heart I Broke " and " I Could Always Count on You " .
= = = 1995 @-@ 1999 : Faith in Me , Faith in You and Make Up in Love = = =
Also in 1995 , parent company Sony Music Entertainment chose to move Stone from the Nashville division of Epic Records to that of Columbia Records . This decision was made to give Stone a new promotional team . His only Columbia album , Faith in Me , Faith in You , was released in March of that year , with Stroud again serving as co @-@ producer . This album 's three singles were comparatively less successful than his previous singles , with none reaching Top 10 : the title track peaked at No. 13 , followed by " Sometimes I Forget " at No. 41 ( his first single to miss the Top 40 ) and " Born in the Dark " at No. 12 . Stone suffered a nearly @-@ fatal heart attack in December 1995 and a mild stroke in 1996 , reducing his ability to record and tour . Stone would later remark that he was " lucky " to have survived his health issues in this timespan . One of his few performances in this timespan was at a show in Dollywood , a theme park owned by Dolly Parton , in mid @-@ 1996 . His last charting single for Columbia was " Gone Out of My Mind " , which he recorded for the multi @-@ artist compilation album A Tribute to Tradition in 1998 .
Stone signed with Atlantic Records and released Make Up in Love in 1999 under the production of Wally Wilson . A more pop @-@ oriented album than his previous ones , the album produced a minor Top 20 hit in its title track . Its next singles were a cover of R.B. Greaves 's 1969 single " Take a Letter Maria " , which Stone took to number 45 , and " Surprise " , which spent only one week on the country charts , at number 64 . Also included on the album were a duet with Leslie Satcher titled " The Heart Holds On " , and the Bobby Braddock @-@ penned " The Difference Between a Woman and a Man " , which was later recorded by Josh Turner on his 2003 debut album Long Black Train . Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album a mixed review , saying that " Since Stone 's voice is pleasant , the music is often pleasant , but it 's hardly memorable . " Andy Turner of Country Standard Time was more favorable , saying that it " does not come off ' too country for country ' yet is still engaging largely because of Stone 's voice — soft with built @-@ in teardrops . " Also in 1999 , Stone and Skip Ewing co @-@ wrote " In the Name of Love " on the only album released by female country duo Redmon & Vale .
= = = 2000 @-@ present : The Long Way , In a Different Light , and My Turn = = =
In December 1999 , Stone was aboard an airplane which skidded off a snowy runway at O 'Hare Airport in Chicago ; there were no injuries . Stone began piloting ultra @-@ light airplanes as a hobby in 1999 and 2000 . In March 2000 , he suffered a broken left ankle , cracked rib , concussion , and bruised kidney after crashing his plane in Robertson County , Tennessee , and was briefly hospitalized before he resumed touring . Stone later said that the accident made him decide to quit flying planes . After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , rumors circulated that Stone had been on one of the hijacked planes ; a spokeswoman for the singer confirmed that he was at home with his family that day .
Stone signed to Audium Entertainment in 2002 and recorded The Long Way . This album included seven new songs and acoustic re @-@ recordings of " More Love " , " Born in the Dark " , and " I 'd Be Better Off " . One of the original songs on it was " POW 369 " , which was later recorded by Darryl Worley . Stewart Mason thought that it was " not nearly as suffocatingly slick " as Stone 's previous albums , but questioned its commercial success . His next album did not come out until 2005 , when he signed to the independent label Lofton Creek Records , recording the album In a Different Light . The album included a cover of " Georgia on My Mind " , which was the first single , and re @-@ recordings of " In a Different Light " and " Why Didn 't I Think of That " . A second album for Lofton Creek , My Turn , followed in 2007 . It was led off by the single " Nice Problem " . William Ruhlmann praised this album for having " a timeless country feel " , also saying that " Stone sings with as much fervor and sincerity as ever . " Ken Tucker of Billboard wrote that " He sounds as good as ever and his music is still relevant " .
In 2013 , Stone toured with Bryan White and Shenandoah as part of the " Reliving the 90s Tour " . He also returned to acting , with roles in the films When the Storm God Rides and The Story of Bonnie and Clyde .
= = Personal life = =
Stone married his second wife , Carie Cohen , in 1982 . The couple separated in July 1994 , and Cohen filed for divorce two months later , accusing Stone of excessive drinking and infidelity . He married Beth Snyder in December 1996 after being engaged to her for a year . As of 2005 , he had one daughter , Baili , with Beth , and five children from his previous marriages : daughter Michelle and son Daniel from his first marriage , son Chanse and daughter Kala from his marriage to Cohen , and another son , Dustin , who played in Stone 's road band in the 2000s .
In 2005 , Stone was sentenced to six months in jail for civil and criminal contempt for failing to release his financial records and failing to pay alimony and child support . Stone was arrested on April 9 , 2009 in Panama City , Florida , for domestic violence against Dustin . They reportedly engaged in a heated dispute over his son 's disabled car and Stone 's drinking . In August 2010 , he was jailed for driving under the influence in Gallatin , Tennessee , and released the same day on $ 3 @,@ 000 bail .
On March 29 , 2015 , Stone married fiddler Jade Jack in Oklahoma .
= = Musical styles = =
Stone is known primarily for his neotraditionalist country sound , his baritone singing voice , and emphasis on ballads . In Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary , Richard Carlin describes him as " a solid country crooner whose style is reminiscent of Merle Haggard . " Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that Stone " made his name as a lonesome baritone balladeer , though he 's also adept at hard uptempo country . " Zell Miller , author of They Heard Georgia Singing , wrote that Stone has " established himself as a mellow country crooner who is known as ' Mr. Sensitive ' " and " the Dean Martin of country music because of his unique flair for communicating the fragility of a broken heart with his delicate baritone voice and laid @-@ back style . "
Kurt Wolff of Country Music : The Rough Guide described Stone 's musical style less favorably . He wrote that Stone seemed " schizophrenic . Half his reputation was established with self @-@ deprecating downers like ' I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) ' , but then he 'd just as easily turn around with a schmaltzy love song like ' Too Busy Being in Love ' . " He compared " I 'd Be Better Off " and " Warning Labels " favorably to Haggard as well , and thought that the change of producers on More Love gave him a " much beefier sound " .
= = Discography = =
Albums
Doug Stone ( 1990 )
I Thought It Was You ( 1991 )
From the Heart ( 1992 )
The First Christmas ( 1992 )
More Love ( 1993 )
Greatest Hits , Vol . 1 ( 1994 )
Faith in Me , Faith in You ( 1995 )
Make Up in Love ( 1999 )
The Long Way ( 2002 )
In a Different Light ( 2005 )
My Turn ( 2007 )
Number @-@ one singles
" In a Different Light " ( 1991 )
" A Jukebox with a Country Song " ( 1991 @-@ 1992 )
" Too Busy Being in Love " ( 1992 @-@ 1993 )
" Why Didn 't I Think of That " ( 1993 )
= Soul Food Taqueria =
Soul Food Taqueria is the third studio album by former professional skateboarder and Quannum Projects @-@ member Tommy Guerrero , released April 8 , 2003 , on Mo ' Wax Records . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2002 and 2003 at the Function 8 record label 's studio in San Francisco , California . Production , instrumentation and songwriting was primarily handled by Guerrero , with contributions from producers Gadget and Monte Vallier .
The album consists mostly of downtempo , instrumental and sample @-@ based chill @-@ out music with musical influences such as Latin soul , R & B , trip hop and lo @-@ fi music . It also features only a few vocal contributions from guest artists , which include rapper Lyrics Born and singer Gresham Taylor . Its cover artwork , depicting a taquería that also serves soul food , was designed by artist Stephen Powers .
The album was not promoted well , no radio singles were issued , and it did not chart . Despite no commercial and sales success , Soul Food Taqueria was mostly well received by music critics , who commended its diverse style , production quality , and viewed it as a progression for Guerrero from his 2000 album A Little Bit of Somethin ' .
= = Background and recording = =
Recording for Soul Food Taqueria took place at the recording studio of the San Francisco @-@ based independent label Function 8 from 2002 to 2003 . Mostly handled by Tommy Guerrero , production for the album also featured audio mixing contributions from producer / engineers Gadget and Monte Vallier . Prior to these sessions , Gadget and Guerrero had previously worked together on independent label projects and collaborations , including their collaborational studio effort , Hoy Yen Ass 'n ( 2000 ) for Function 8 . Most of the instrumentation for the album was employed by Guerrero , while session drummer Chuck Treece and keyboardist Greg Galbreath also contributed to Soul Food Taqueria . All of the album 's material was written and arranged by Tommy Guerrero .
The album is primarily sample @-@ based and instrumental , as recording and production followed a lo @-@ fi and downtempo aesthetic . Gadget also assisted in vocal production for the album 's three vocal tracks , " Organism " , " It Gets Heavy " and " Getting It Together " . In contrast to Guerrero 's previous studio album A Little Bit of Somethin ' ( 2000 ) , production for Soul Food Taqueria was more polished , despite Guerrero stating that he is " still down with the fucked up 4 track action " upon the album 's release . During recording , the instrumentation , sequencing and mixing were more detailed than its predecessor 's , as noted by one critic who wrote " everything sounds much more polished and in tune with their surroundings . "
= = Composition = =
Music writers note that the album was inspired by the San Francisco music scene , with Allmusic 's Bryan Carroll citing the " general street vibe of San Francisco 's Mission district " . BBC Collective editor Matt Walton described the music as " chillout music " . According to one music writer , the title of the album reflects its " spicy fusion of soul , funk , hip @-@ hop and Latin flavors stirred up in an intoxicating downtempo gumbo that is hard to resist " . According to Carmen Johnson of Prefix magazine , the album has Tommy Guerrero , a San Francisco @-@ native , " oozing soul in every track " . She also described the music of Soul Food Taqueria as " an exploration into soulful , bass @-@ heavy trip @-@ hop that combines a lot of twists and sweeps through many genres and styles " .
The album 's music mixes 1970s soul music elements with Latin @-@ style grooves , as well as R & B , samba , drum and bass , and trip hop . The songs also have a retro vibe . One writer noted the diverse musical elements of the album , writing that it contains a " hybrid sound that ’ s hard to categorize and easy to enjoy " . Several of the songs on the album are built on laid @-@ back breakbeat samples . A notable influence on the music is the West Coast jazz of Chet Baker . Similar to Guerrero 's previous work , which has been described as " instrumental neo @-@ funk " , Soul Food Taqueria encompasses influences from stripped down folk , jazz , lounge , guitar @-@ blues , rock and minimal funk , as well as indie rock . Despite Guerrero 's musical background , a CMJ columnist noted the album 's similarity to New York City 's experimental music scene , citing artists such as the Beastie Boys , Cibo Matto , JSBX and Luscious Jackson . Lily Moayeri of Remix Magazine noted the similarity of the album 's " low @-@ key soul threaded through the understated funk " to the work of underground artist Money Mark .
Guerrero 's guitar work for the album encompasses styles such as blues and flamenco music , and uses chord progressions and four note melodies , creating " nimble and colorful pieces of musical texture " when mixed in with the rest of the tracks ' instrumentation . His guitar playing utilizes a minimal , acoustic and sparse sound and space blended with the live percussion of drummer Chuck Treece , Jupiter @-@ heavy bass lines and keyboardist Greg Galbreath 's synths . Vocals are more prevalent on the album than on Guerrero 's previous recordings , with vocal tracks from rapper Lyrics Born of Blackalicious , Quannum and Latyrx fame , and long time friend and collaborator , lo @-@ fi and indie pop singer @-@ songwriter Gresham Taylor , credited as Gresham for the album .
= = Songs = =
The minute @-@ long intro track , entitled " Lectric Chile Goat " , is a blues @-@ based guitar instrumental performed alone by Tommy Guerrero . The album opener " Abierto " ( open in Spanish ) consists of low bass lines , allowing for guitar solo interplay that stylistically contrasts the bass , while bells jingle quietly with the drums . " Organism " contains predominant wah @-@ wah guitar effects , which accompany a notable funk groove . " Thank You ( MK ) " is an ode to the tropics and features soft , jazz instrumentation . Guerrero 's guitar arrangement for the song is reminiscent of the music of Brazilian bossa nova musician João Gilberto and American jazz saxophonist Stan Getz , with guitar licks similar to the playing @-@ style of jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery .
Accompanied by delicate harmonies , " Tatanka " is a funk @-@ infused and bass @-@ driven track that features intricate percussion and guitar riffs , as well as unique fret @-@ work by Guerrero . The album contains three atmospheric break tracks , " Train of Thought " , " So Many Years Ago " and " And the Day Goes By " . One critic stated that the interludes " render the ambience palpable " . The adumbral " It Gets Heavy " features melancholic lyrics and folk vocals by Gresham Taylor , which are similar to those of singer @-@ songwriter John Secada . " Thin Brown Layer " has a noticeable Latin rhythm and guitar arrangement . The song also contains a predominant hypnotic beat , which , according to one music critic , " makes you feel stoned even after completing a Twelve step program " . " Terra Unifirma " , " Another Brother Gone " and " Broken Blood " are built around laid @-@ back grooves and detailed guitar orchestrations .
The moody " It Gets Heavy " features Guerrero and Gresham Taylor singing , and is reminiscent of trip hop artist Tricky , contributing to the album 's general sound of hip @-@ hop infected Latin soul . Its lyrics have been described as " socially conscious but thought @-@ provoking " . Cited by critics as the standout track on the album , Bryan Carroll described it as " the sole hip @-@ shaker among a gaggle of moodier pieces " . The bongo @-@ driven track " Lost Unfound " has Guerrero occupying all instruments , and the album 's third vocal track , " Gettin ' It Together " , features rapper Lyrics Born delivering a blend of emceeing and singing , which is a departure from his previous work . One music writer described the album 's closing track , " Falling Awake " , as " the most beautiful song Guerrero ’ s written to date " . The song contains melancholic piano arrangements . Another critic noted " Falling Awake " ' s meditative sound , writing that its light guitar melodies are " slowly ascending on a journey of Satori " .
= = Artwork = =
The album 's front and back cover artwork , which depict a taquería that serves soul food , was designed by world @-@ renowned graffiti artist and graphic designer Stephen J. Powers , also known as by his moniker ESPO . On September 29 , 2007 , the album 's artwork and other similar works by Powers were displayed at Coney Island 's Dreamland Artist Clubhouse in Brooklyn , New York during his studio visit there .
Music journalists have noted the title and artwork as reflective of the album 's musical influences . A columnist for the Santa Fe Reporter later described the artwork as " totally cool , with a blocky style depicting some kind of Miami soul food / taco stand . " Music journalist Kimberley Chun of the San Francisco Bay Guardian wrote of the concept , stating " So what is a soul food taquería ? Do you get a side of collard greens with your menudo ? " In an interview with Chun , Guerrero discussed the concept and title , stating " It 's just this funny idea I had , growing up in the city – it 's so diverse . The city itself is just down @-@ home , down @-@ to @-@ earth , blue @-@ collar , full of everyday kind of people . My music is along the same lines , just being simple – I just try to be honest in what I do . "
= = Commercial performance = =
The album featured release in three different countries ; the United States on April 8 , 2003 and the United Kingdom on April 14 of that same year on Mo ' Wax Records , and Japan on April 26 , 2003 through the Japanese record label Flavour of Sound Ltd . Released by Flavour of Sound , the Japanese issue of the album contains bonus material previously featured on Guerrero 's Junk Collector EP ( 2001 ) . Soul Food Taqueria was released on the iTunes Store as a digital download on April 28 , 2003 .
According to website sources such as Allmusic and Billboard.com , the album has not exhibited any charting in the United States since its release . Soul Food Taqueria received some airplay on the college radio station KALX . In Canada , it peaked at number 6 on the CKUA Radio Network 's Best of 2003 chart . No promotional or radio singles were released from the album . " Gettin ' It Together " later featured a limited edition single release in 12 " vinyl format on March 22 , 2004 , through the Santa Cruz @-@ based label Galaxia . The cover art for the single was designed by Stephen ( ESPO ) Powers , designer of the album 's artwork .
= = Critical reception = =
Soul Food Taqueria was well received by music critics . Exclaim ! editor Noel Dix observed an improvement in production and complexity of instrumentation by Guerrero from his earlier work , and stated , " This record pours so much heart and emotion into it that you ’ re bound to feel its warmth and splendor while it ’ s bumping in your walkman as you trek the city streets . " Noting that A Little Bit of Somethin ' was criticized as a " lifeless piece of pop @-@ trip @-@ hop " , Brian Ho of Dusted praised Guerrero 's artistic growth and found " everything " to be " an improvement over its predecssor " , writing that the album " is filled to the brim with body and life in a way that few albums can claim " . XLR8R critic Liz Cordingley called the album a " nice case of dubby , electric guitar @-@ driven downtempo " , and called its music " dusty lo @-@ fi soul that is seductively languid " . Joe Warminsky of the Washington City Paper praised Guerrero 's minimalist approach to the album 's chill @-@ out sound , as the chill @-@ out music genre mostly features implementation of a slicker production . He also compared the lo @-@ fi grooves of Soul Food Taqueria to " Shuggie Otis with Baja roots " . Carmen Johnson of Prefix Mag called it a " stellar follow @-@ up to 2000 's A Little Bit of Somethin ' " , and commended Guerrero for producing " his own organic , subterranean blend of bohemian blues , hip @-@ hop and salsa that 's creative and adventurous " . Johnson called it " the perfect soundtrack for the lazy days that hearken back to the end of summer . "
In a mixed review , Luke McManus of RTÉ compared its songs to " those jazzy Beastie Boys tracks " , and described the sound as " undemanding and smooth " . However , McManus criticized the album 's mood and wrote , " Soporific , over polite and too damn quiet , Soul Food Taqueira veers dangerously close to snooze territory . " Bryan Carroll of Allmusic criticized the predominance of " mood pieces " , and stated , " on the whole Soul Food Taqueria fails to stick to the ribs because it simply lacks the proper spice " . Other critics cited Guerrero 's simple , inventive style and sound for the album as one of its better qualities . Bill Campbell of Ink 19 called the album an " exemplary album ... 100 % soul " . He also commended Guerrero 's musicality , " he constructs heartfelt music with a complexity few can pull off successfully " , as well as his guitar playing , as Campbell wrote " his guitar work is subtle and works the spaces between the beats marvelously " .
Canadian radio station CKUA ranked the album number 93 on its Best of 2003 Chart . Uptown contributor Anthony Augustine named Soul Food Taqueria as one of the Top 10 albums of 2003 . In a January 2004 issue , Ulli Pfleger of Germany 's publication of Rolling Stone ranked the album number two on his " best of list " of 2003 .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Tommy Guerrero .
* Co @-@ producer
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from album sleeve liner notes .
= = Release history = =
= Lisa 's Rival =
" Lisa 's Rival " is the second episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 11 , 1994 . It was the first episode to be written by Mike Scully , and was directed by Mark Kirkland . Winona Ryder guest stars as Allison Taylor , a new student at Springfield Elementary School . Lisa Simpson begins to feel threatened by Allison because she is smarter , younger and a better saxophone player than she is . Their rivalry reaches a climax at the school 's diorama contest , as Lisa plans to sabotage Allison 's entry . The episode 's subplot sees Homer steal a large pile of sugar from a crashed truck , and begin selling it door @-@ to @-@ door .
Although written by Scully , the episode was originally pitched by former writer Conan O 'Brien , while the subplot was suggested by George Meyer . It features references to films such as The Fugitive and Scarface , while production of the episode was affected by the 1994 Northridge earthquake .
= = Plot = =
Lisa feels her status as top student in the class is threatened when a new student named Allison Taylor arrives at Springfield Elementary . While Lisa initially admires having another 8 year old who matches her intellectual prowess , she becomes shocked upon learning that in fact Allison is a year younger than her and had been skipped ahead from the 1st grade in addition to which she is also an aspiring saxophone player .
Lisa tries to befriend her , though she battles her envy and fears that she will lose her purpose . At a band practice , the two girls end up in a saxophone duel that results in Lisa passing out from over @-@ exertion . Their rivalry comes to a head during Springfield Elementary 's annual diorama building competition . Allison constructs a scene from " The Tell @-@ Tale Heart " , by Edgar Allan Poe . Lisa goes to great efforts to produce a better diorama , a scene from Oliver Twist , but it is immediately destroyed by an electric fan that Lisa utilizes , along with fake snow , to simulate a " bitter snowstorm " . Bart decides to intervene and help Lisa sabotage Allison 's entry so she can win . On the day of the diorama contest , he distracts the other students with his own demonstrations to give Lisa time to switch Allison 's entry with one containing a cow 's heart . After Principal Skinner chases Bart away , he discovers the cow 's heart in the diorama and proceeds to humiliate Allison in front of the entire school . Soon Lisa 's conscience intervenes and she produces the real diorama .
However , Skinner is unimpressed by both Lisa 's and Allison 's work and declares Ralph Wiggum 's collection of Star Wars action figures to be the winner . In the end , Lisa and Allison put aside their differences and become friends as they walk off into the sunset , picking up Ralph along the way after he accidentally trips and breaks his action figures .
The episode 's subplot follows Homer after he encounters and then steals hundreds of pounds of sugar he finds at the site of Hans Moleman 's truck accident . Homer decides he can get rich by selling the sugar door @-@ to @-@ door . He keeps the sugar in a pile in his back yard , where he obsessively guards it from thieves . Soon , the sugar attracts bees from a local apiary . The beekeepers track the swarm down and offer to buy the bees back from Homer for $ 2 @,@ 000 . Before the transaction can be completed , however , it begins to rain , dissolving the sugar ; the bees fly away , leaving Homer without any money or sugar .
= = Production = =
Production of the episode was disrupted by the 1994 Northridge earthquake , which also affected the previous episode " Bart of Darkness " . The Film Roman building used by the staff was so badly damaged it had to be condemned . They were relocated to a new building for a year , and much of the animation for the episode was done by people at home . The day after the earthquake , the only staff members who turned up for work were Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein . Overall production of The Simpsons was disrupted for six months , with a month of production time being lost .
Although written by Mike Scully , the episode 's original concept was pitched by Conan O 'Brien before he left the show . O 'Brien suggested having an episode about a rival for Lisa , but the rest of the episode 's storyline was written by Scully and other staff members . It was the first episode Scully wrote for the show , and he would later become showrunner . Winona Ryder guest starred as Allison Taylor . She was a fan of the show and was popular amongst the staff . David Mirkin recalled that more writers came to her recording session than any other . Her character 's name was derived from the names of two of Scully 's daughters , Allison and Taylor . The subplot was pitched by George Meyer . Homer 's sugar diatribe was pitched by Meyer off the top of his head and animated by David Silverman , who specifically asked to animate the scene after listening to Dan Castellaneta 's performance .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode contains several references to film , television , literature and music . For example , Milhouse 's sub @-@ story is a reference to the 1993 film The Fugitive . The film is principally parodied in the scene where Milhouse is at the end of a dam drainpipe and dives into a waterfall when being held at gunpoint by an FBI agent resembling Tommy Lee Jones , who uses the film 's famous line " I don 't care " . Homer 's " In America " speech while guarding his sugar pile is a direct reference to one of Tony Montana 's lines in Scarface , and his line " Oh what a world ! " when the sugar melts is the same line used by the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz , when she melts . Additionally , Ralph 's diorama contest entry is just original Star Wars action figures : his collection includes Luke Skywalker , Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi and Chewbacca . Lisa 's hiding of The Tell @-@ Tale Heart diorama under the gym floorboards is a parody of Edgar Allan Poe 's " The Tell @-@ Tale Heart " , while the speech patterns of the beekeeper voiced by Hank Azaria are based on Adam West 's portrayal of Batman . Finally , Lisa 's imagination features her playing in a band with famous backup artists : Art Garfunkel , John Oates and Jim Messina .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Lisa 's Rival " finished tied for 23rd place ( with Dateline NBC ) in the weekly ratings for the week of September 5 to September 11 , 1994 with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 9 . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox Network that week .
In a 2008 article , Entertainment Weekly named Winona Ryder 's role as Allison Taylor as one of the sixteen best The Simpsons guest stars , while IGN placed her sixth on their list of the " Top 25 Simpsons Guest Stars . " They also highlighted Ralph 's " classic " lines : " I bent my Wookiee " , and " My cat 's breath smells like cat food . " Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , stated : " Despite being a Lisa show , it is poor Ralph Wiggum who steals the show with three great irrelevant replies , especially those concerning his cat 's breath . " They also highlighted " great scenes between the Simpson siblings , especially Bart 's idea to conquer Allison using a hose pipe . "
= Cyclone Ilona =
Severe Tropical Cyclone Ilona caused moderate damage across the Pilbara region of Western Australia in mid @-@ December 1988 . The system originated from a monsoon trough that coalesced into a tropical low over the Timor Sea on 12 December . The system initially moved southwest , before moving on a more westerly course . Steady intensification occurred and Ilona reached its peak strength on 17 December as a low @-@ end severe tropical cyclone . A southward turn directed the cyclone toward Western Australia , and it made landfall near Mardie Station . The system subsequently degraded over land and dissipated on 19 December .
The cyclone 's effects were relatively limited , though locally significant damage was reported in areas such as Dampier and Karratha . Several homes lost their roof and downed power lines left towns without power for several days . No casualties were reported , damage amounted to A $ 1 million ( US $ 725 @,@ 000 ) , and the name Ilona was retired after the season .
= = Meteorological history = =
A monsoon trough was noted along the coast of Australia 's Northern Territory in late November into early December 1988 . This system led to sporadic heavy rain in the region . On 12 December , a tropical low consolidated from the monsoon trough over the Timor Sea , west of Darwin , Northern Territory . Moving southwest , the system skirted the Kimberley coast before turning west . Acquiring gale @-@ force winds by 00 : 00 UTC on 13 December , the low was classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone and assigned the name Ilona by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre ( TCWC ) in Perth , Western Australia . At this time it was situated near Adele Island . Twelve hours later , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also began issuing advisories , dubbing it Tropical Cyclone 03S . Decelerating somewhat , Ilona steadily intensified over the following days and achieved severe tropical cyclone status — having ten @-@ minute sustained winds of at least 118 km / h ( 73 mph ) — around 12 : 00 UTC on 15 December . Similarly , the JTWC assessed
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
near its eastern terminus with SR A1A in Sunny Isles Beach .
= = History = =
State Road 826 's designation originally applied to a two @-@ lane road ( Golden Glades Drive , Northwest 167th Street ) connecting US 27 to US 441 in the vicinity of the Golden Glades Interchange .
In 1956 , plans were unveiled for several expressways throughout Dade County . The routes proposed were a North @-@ South Expressway ( now part of I @-@ 95 ) , an East @-@ West Expressway ( now the Dolphin Expressway ) , a 36th Street Expressway ( now the Airport Expressway ) , the Biscayne Bay Malecon ( a proposed downtown loop , never built ) , a Dixie Expressway ( proposed ; most was never built , a portion became I @-@ 95 ) , and the Palmetto Road Expressway . In 1957 , Dade County Commissioner Ralph Fossey proposed an alternative alignment of the Palmetto Expressway . The new alignment would begin at Miller Road ( Southwest 56th Street ) and then turn southwesterly to follow the Seaboard Coast Line railroad tracks for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . The route would then turn south at Southwest 117th Avenue and follow it into US 1 . While the alternate route plan ultimately failed , eventually the Don Shula Expressway , a northeast @-@ southwest expressway , was built along the railroad tracks in the 1970s .
In 1958 , the State Road Department started construction on the bypass expressway under their authority . A north – south section along West 77th Avenue ( Palmetto Road ) was built to connect US 1 in Pinecrest to an improved Golden Glades Drive ( complete with 90 degree eastward turn ) and the portion of Northwest 167th Street west of the curve would be abandoned . Many land owners were forced to sell their property to the county to make way for the construction of the expressway . The Palmetto Bypass Expressway was opened in June 1961 at the cost of $ 30 million , four years after the opening of Florida 's Turnpike and six months before the opening of Dade County 's second expressway , the Airport Expressway ( SR 112 ) .
The completion of the Palmetto Expressway ( the " Bypass " faded from public usage in the 1960s ) and the building of Interstate 95 were the impetus of the construction of the massive Golden Glades Interchange involving Florida 's Turnpike , US 441 , Interstate 95 , and SR 9 .
When the Palmetto Expressway was first opened , it went through tracts of woodland and farmland which have since been urbanized . Originally there were four at @-@ grade intersections in Hialeah and Miami Lakes which were either transformed into full interchanges or blocked off in the 1970s . In addition , increasing traffic loads on the Palmetto prompted plans for extending Florida 's Turnpike to " bypass the bypass . " In 1974 , the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike was opened to traffic four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) to the west of the Palmetto to reduce the traffic demands on Miami 's original bypass .
The Florida Department of Transportation recently completed a project on a 16 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 26 @.@ 9 km ) section of the Palmetto Expressway from the southern terminus to just north of the Northwest 154th Street interchange , widening the highway by two lanes ( from eight lanes to ten and ten lanes to twelve ) and improving the interchanges . Reconstruction of the Miller Drive , Bird Road and Don Shula Expressway interchanges began in 2008 , and was completed around 2012 . The Dolphin @-@ Palmetto Interchange construction began on November 30 , 2009 , and will be completed in 2015 .
The Florida Department of Transportation is in the process of adding express lanes on the Palmetto Expressway between West Flagler Street and Northwest 154th Street , which will connect with new express lanes on Interstate 75 . This will result in four regular and two express lanes , similar to 95 express .
= = Exit list = =
The entire route is in Miami @-@ Dade County . All exits are unnumbered .
= Ned Lamont =
Edward Miner " Ned " Lamont , Jr . ( born January 3 , 1954 ) is an American businessman and politician . In 2006 he defeated the prominent incumbent Senator , Joe Lieberman , for Connecticut 's Senatorial Democratic nomination ( 52 percent vs. 48 percent ) , who instead opted to run as a candidate under his Connecticut for Lieberman Party . Lamont finished second with 39 percent , compared to Lieberman 's 49 percent and Republican Alan Schlesinger 's 9 percent . In 2010 he ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Connecticut , but lost to Dan Malloy , the eventual winner of the election .
Lamont founded and chaired Campus Televideo ( formerly Lamont Digital Systems ) , which provides video and data services to U.S. college campuses . He is currently a faculty member and Chair of the Arts and Sciences Public Policy Committee at Central Connecticut State University , where he was named by the Board of Trustees as Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Philosophy .
= = Early life = =
Lamont was born on January 3 , 1954 , in Washington , D.C. to Camille Helene ( née Buzby ) and Edward Miner Lamont , and is the great @-@ grandson of former J. P. Morgan & Co. chairman Thomas W. Lamont . His mother was born in San Juan , Puerto Rico , to American parents . His father , an economist , worked on the Marshall Plan and later served in Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Nixon administration . Lamont attended Phillips Exeter Academy , where he served as president of the student newspaper , The Exonian . After graduating Phillips Exeter in 1972 , Lamont earned a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1976 and an M.B.A. from the Yale School of Management in 1980 .
= = Business career = =
In 1977 Lamont began working for The Black River Tribune , a small newspaper in Ludlow , Vermont . After receiving his M.B.A. from Yale , Lamont entered the cable television industry , managing the start @-@ up of Cablevision 's operation in Fairfield County , Connecticut . In 1984 he founded his own cable television company , Lamont Digital Systems ( now known as Campus Televideo ) , which provides satellite and telecommunication services to colleges and universities .
= = Political career = =
Before running for the United States Senate , Lamont was elected and served as a selectman in the town of Greenwich , Connecticut for one term . Lamont also served for three terms on the town finance board and chaired the state investment advisory council , which oversees the investment of the state pension funds .
= = = 2006 U.S. Senate election = = =
On March 13 , 2006 , Lamont officially announced his campaign for the United States Senate against incumbent Joe Lieberman .
On July 6 , Lamont faced off against Lieberman in a 51 @-@ minute televised debate which covered issues such as the Iraq War , energy policy , and immigration . Lieberman argued that he was being subjected to a " litmus test " on the war , insisted that he was a " bread and butter Democrat " , and on a number of occasions asked , " who is Ned Lamont ? " During the debate Lieberman asked Lamont if he would disclose his income tax returns , which he afterwards did .
Lamont focused on Lieberman 's supportive relationship with Republicans , telling him " if you won 't challenge President Bush and his failed agenda , I will . " He criticized Lieberman 's vote for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , which Lamont dubbed the " Bush / Cheney / Lieberman energy bill . " In response to Lamont 's assertion that he supported Republican policies , Lieberman stated that he had voted with the Democratic caucus in the Senate 90 percent of the time . Lamont argued that the then three @-@ term incumbent lacked the courage to challenge the Bush administration 's handling of the Iraq War .
On July 30 , The Sunday Times reported that former President Bill Clinton was believed to have warned Lieberman not to run as an independent if he lost the primary to Lamont . Throughout the election , Lamont significantly funded his own campaign , with donations exceeding $ 12 @.@ 7 million , as he had pledged not to accept money from lobbyists .
Lamont won the primary with 51 @.@ 79 percent of the vote as opposed to Lieberman 's 48 @.@ 21 percent ; it was the only Senate race in 2006 where an incumbent lost re @-@ nomination . In his concession speech , Lieberman announced that he would stand by his prior statements that he 'd run as an independent if he lost the Democratic primary . Lieberman won the general election with approximately 50 percent of the vote ; exit polls showed that Lieberman won the vote of 33 percent of Democrats , 54 percent of independents , and 70 percent of Republicans .
= = = Post @-@ election = = =
Lamont was one of the key supporters in Connecticut for the Chris Dodd presidential campaign . After Dodd dropped out of the race , Lamont became the Connecticut campaign co @-@ chair for Barack Obama 's presidential campaign . Lamont was credited with attracting the types of voters he brought to Obama 's successful campaign in the Connecticut Democratic primary . In March 2008 , Lamont was elected as a Congressional district @-@ level delegate from Connecticut to the 2008 Democratic National Convention , pledged to Barack Obama .
Research 2000 polls commissioned by the blog Daily Kos in 2007 and 2008 found that Lamont would win a Senate rematch with Joe Lieberman by growing margins . In February 2009 Lamont stated that he was not considering another campaign for Senate .
On November 4 , 2009 , Lamont reported that he would create an exploratory committee for the race for Governor of Connecticut in 2010 , and on February 17 , 2010 , he officially announced his candidacy . On May 22 , 2010 , he was defeated for the Democratic nomination by former Stamford mayor Dan Malloy . Lamont received 582 votes ( 32 percent ) to Malloy 's 1 @,@ 232 votes ( 68 percent ) . Since Lamont won more than fifteen percent of the vote , he appeared on the primary ballot on August 10 , 2010 . He lost the primary election to Malloy , who received 57 @.@ 6 percent of the vote to Lamont 's 42 @.@ 4 percent .
= = Academia = =
After the election , Lamont entered academia . He served as a teaching fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics , and is currently an adjunct faculty member and Chair of the Arts and Sciences Public Policy Committee at Central Connecticut State University , where he was named by the Board of Trustees as Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Philosophy .
= = Memberships = =
Lamont serves on the Board of Directors of Conservation Services Group , Mercy Corps , the Norman Rockwell Museum , and the Connecticut Council for Education Reform .
= = Personal life = =
In 1983 Ned Lamont married Ann Huntress . They have three children . Ann is a venture capitalist , serving as a managing partner at Oak Investment Partners ; in 2007 she was named number 50 in Forbes ' Midas List .
= WASP @-@ 17b =
WASP @-@ 17b is an exoplanet in the constellation Scorpius that is orbiting the star WASP @-@ 17 . Its discovery was announced on 11 August 2009 . It is the first planet discovered to have a retrograde orbit , meaning it orbits in a direction counter to the rotation of its host star . This discovery challenged traditional planetary formation theory . In terms of diameter , WASP @-@ 17b is the second @-@ largest exoplanet discovered yet , and at half Jupiter 's mass , this makes it the most puffy planet known . On 3 December 2013 , scientists working with the Hubble Space Telescope reported detecting water in the atmosphere of the exoplanet .
= = Discovery = =
A team of researchers led by David Anderson of Keele University in Staffordshire , England , discovered the gas giant , which is about 1 @,@ 000 light years ( 300 parsecs ) from Earth , by observing it in transit its host star WASP @-@ 17 . Such photometric observations also reveal the planet 's size . The discovery was made with a telescope array at the South African Astronomical Observatory . Due to the involvement of the Wide Angle Search for Planets SuperWASP consortium of universities , the exoplanet , as the 17th found to date by this group , was given its present name .
Astronomers at the Observatory of Geneva were then able to use characteristic red shifts and blue shifts in the host star 's spectrum as its radial velocity varied over the course of the planet 's orbit to measure the planet 's mass and obtain an indication of its orbital eccentricity . Careful examination of the Doppler shifts during transits also allowed them to determine the direction of the planet 's orbital motion relative to its parent star 's rotation via the Rossiter – McLaughlin effect .
= = Special properties = =
WASP @-@ 17b has a radius 1 @.@ 5 – 2 times that of Jupiter and about half the mass . Thus its mean density is between 0 @.@ 08 and 0 @.@ 19 g / cm3 , compared with Jupiter 's 1 @.@ 326 g / cm3 and Earth 's 5 @.@ 515 g / cm3 ( the density of water is 1 g / cm3 ) . The unusually low density is thought to be a consequence of a combination of the planet 's orbital eccentricity and its proximity to its parent star ( less than one seventh of the distance between Mercury and the Sun ) , leading to tidal flexing and heating of its interior . The same mechanism is behind the intense volcanic activity of Jupiter 's moon Io .
WASP @-@ 17b is thought to have a retrograde orbit ( with a sky @-@ projected inclination of the orbit normal against the stellar spin axis of about 149 ° , not to be confused with the line @-@ of @-@ sight inclination of the orbit , given in the table , which is near 90 ° for all transiting planets ) , which would make it the first planet discovered to have such an orbital motion . It was found by measuring the Rossiter – McLaughlin effect of the planet on the star 's Doppler signal as it transited , in which whichever of the star 's hemispheres is turning toward or away from Earth will show a slight blueshift or redshift which is dampened by the transiting planet . Scientists are not yet sure why the planet orbits opposite to the star 's rotation . Theories include a gravitational slingshot resulting from a near @-@ collision with another planet , or the intervention of a smaller planet @-@ like body working to gradually change WASP @-@ 17b 's orbit by tilting it via the Kozai mechanism .
= Roy Dowling =
Vice Admiral Sir Roy Russell Dowling , KCVO , KBE , CB , DSO ( 28 May 1901 – 15 April 1969 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . He served as Chief of Naval Staff ( CNS ) , the RAN 's highest @-@ ranking position , from 1955 until 1959 , and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ) , forerunner of the role of Australia 's Chief of the Defence Force , from 1959 until 1961 .
Born in northern New South Wales , Dowling entered the Royal Australian Naval College in 1915 . After graduating in 1919 he went to sea aboard various Royal Navy and RAN vessels , and later specialised in gunnery . In 1937 , he was given command of the sloop HMAS Swan . Following the outbreak of World War II , he saw action in the Mediterranean theatre as executive officer of the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Naiad , and survived her sinking by a German U @-@ boat in March 1942 . Returning to Australia , he served as Director of Plans and later Deputy Chief of Naval Staff before taking command of the light cruiser HMAS Hobart in November 1944 . His achievements in the South West Pacific earned him the Distinguished Service Order .
Dowling took command of the RAN 's first aircraft carrier , HMAS Sydney , in 1948 . He became Chief of Naval Personnel in 1950 , and Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet in 1953 . Soon after taking up the position of CNS in February 1955 , he was promoted to vice admiral and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath . As CNS he had to deal with shortages of money , manpower and equipment , and with the increasing role of the United States in Australia 's defence planning , at the expense of traditional ties with Britain . Knighted in 1957 , Dowling was Chairman of COSC from March 1959 until May 1961 , when he retired from the military . In 1963 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order and became Australian Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II , serving until his death in 1969 .
= = Pre @-@ war career = =
Roy Russell Dowling was born on 28 May 1901 in Condong , a township on the Tweed River in northern New South Wales . His parents were sugar cane inspector Russell Dowling and his wife Lily . The youth entered the Royal Australian Naval College ( RANC ) at Jervis Bay , Federal Capital Territory , in 1915 . An underachiever academically , he excelled at sports , and became chief cadet captain before graduating in 1918 with the King 's Medal , awarded for " gentlemanly bearing , character , good influence among his fellows and officer @-@ like qualities " . The following year he was posted to Britain as a midshipman , undergoing training with the Royal Navy and seeing service on HMS Ramillies and HMS Venturous . By January 1923 he was back in Australia , serving aboard the cruiser HMAS Adelaide . He was promoted to lieutenant in March . In April 1924 , Adelaide joined the Royal Navy 's Special Service Squadron on its worldwide cruise , taking in New Zealand , Canada , the United States , Panama , and the West Indies , before docking in September at Portsmouth , England . There Dowling left the ship for his next appointment , training as a gunnery officer and serving in that capacity at HMS Excellent .
After his return to Australia in December 1926 , Dowling spent eighteen months on HMAS Platypus and HMAS Anzac , where he continued to specialise in gunnery . In July 1928 , he took on an instructional role at the gunnery school in Flinders Naval Depot on Western Port Bay , Victoria . He married Jessie Blanch in Melbourne on 8 May 1930 ; the couple had two sons and three daughters . Jessie accompanied him on his next posting to Britain commencing in January 1931 . He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 March , and was appointed gunnery officer on the light cruiser HMS Colombo in May . Dowling returned to Australia in January 1933 , and was appointed squadron gunnery officer aboard the heavy cruiser HMAS Canberra that April . The ship operated mainly within Australian waters over the next two years . In July 1935 , Dowling took charge of the gunnery school at Flinders Naval Depot . He was promoted to commander on 31 December 1936 . The following month , he assumed command of the newly commissioned Grimsby @-@ class sloop HMAS Swan , carrying out duties in the South West Pacific . Completing his tenure on Swan in January 1939 , he was briefly assigned to the Navy Office , Melbourne , before returning to Britain in March for duty at HMS Pembroke , where he awaited posting aboard the yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ commissioned anti @-@ aircraft cruiser , HMS Naiad .
= = World War II = =
Dowling became executive officer on HMS Naiad when the ship was commissioned in 1940 . Following service with the British Home Fleet , the cruiser transferred to the Mediterranean Station in May 1941 , where she took part in the Battle of Crete . She was involved in action against German torpedo boats on the night of 20 / 21 May . On 22 May , after engaging a German destroyer with HMAS Perth , Naiad was severely damaged by air attack . Following repairs , she became flagship of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and conducted shore bombardments in support of Allied troops during the Syrian campaign in June and July . She also escorted convoys resupplying Malta . In December , Naiad participated in the First Battle of Sirte against Italian naval forces . On 11 March 1942 , she was torpedoed by a German U @-@ boat off the Egyptian coast , and sank in just over twenty minutes . Dowling remained in the water for an hour and a half before being rescued by a destroyer .
Having survived Naiad 's sinking , Dowling returned to Australia and was appointed Director of Plans at the Navy Office in July 1942 . In September the following year he was made Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff ( DCNS ) and raised to acting captain ; his rank became substantive in June 1944 . As DCNS , he was involved in planning the post @-@ war Navy 's composition , which for the first time was to include aircraft carriers . He defined the functions of maritime power in October 1943 as :
( i ) Maintenance of our lines of sea communications ,
( ii ) Destruction of the enemy 's lines of sea communications ,
( iii ) Attack on the enemy 's strategic positions in combined operations with Army and Air Force ,
( iv ) Defence of our bases .
In November 1944 , Dowling was given command of the light cruiser HMAS Hobart , which had been undergoing repair and refit in Sydney since being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in the Solomons on 20 July 1943 . Dowling took her on her shakedown cruise to Melbourne on 30 December , before embarking for the South West Pacific Area in February 1945 . The following month , Hobart supported the US forces that recaptured Cebu during the liberation of the Philippines . She bombarded Tarakan Island prior to the Allied invasion on 1 May and , later that month , covered the Australian 6th Division 's operations at Wewak . The cruiser supported the Allied landings on Brunei in June , and on Balikpapan in July . For his " outstanding courage , skill and initiative " during these operations , Dowling was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , gazetted on 6 November 1945 .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Dowling joined the Australian contingent at the surrender of Japan in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 . Following the cessation of hostilities , Hobart became flagship of HM Australian Squadron , and Dowling flag captain and chief of staff to Commodore John Collins , the squadron commander . The war had taken a toll on Dowling 's health , and he required leave before commencing his next appointment in May 1946 as Director of Ordnance , Torpedoes and Mines at the Navy Office . Rear Admiral James Goldrick , in the Australian Dictionary of Biography , observed that Dowling " was thrust into the highest positions of the RAN largely as a result of the heavy casualties of World War II " . When John Armstrong — the only similarly qualified and more senior Navy captain — was pronounced unfit for seagoing duty , Dowling was given the chance to command Australia 's first aircraft carrier , HMAS Sydney , commissioned in England on 16 December 1948 . In April the following year , two months after the ship 's belated acceptance into service due to teething troubles , Dowling embarked Sydney for Australia with two squadrons of fighters aboard . In June 1950 , he was promoted to commodore and appointed Second Naval Member and Chief of Naval Personnel , serving in this capacity until the end of 1952 . His term coincided with the outbreak of the Korean War , and resultant increased demands on manpower . Dowling was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1953 New Year Honours , before travelling to London to attend the Imperial Defence College . Raised to rear admiral in July 1953 , he returned home to take up the post of Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet that December , serving through the following year . He had to preside over cutbacks to operations brought on by government stringency after the end of the Korean War .
On 24 February 1955 , Dowling succeeded Vice Admiral Sir John Collins as First Naval Member , Australian Commonwealth Naval Board , and Chief of Naval Staff ( CNS ) . He was promoted to vice admiral on 7 June , and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the Queen 's Birthday Honours two days later . On 15 June , he joined fellow chiefs of staff Lieutenant General Henry Wells and Air Marshal John McCauley , Prime Minister Robert Menzies , and senior government members in approving a draft directive for the role of the Far East Strategic Reserve ( FESR ) ; this made Commonwealth forces available for the fight against communist insurgents in Malaya , as well as for the security of Malaya and Singapore against external aggression . The Navy 's contribution to the FESR was to be at least two destroyers or frigates on an ongoing basis , as well as a yearly visit by an aircraft carrier . The destroyers HMAS Arunta and HMAS Warramunga , already in the region on an exercise , were immediately committed , and Dowling flew to Singapore to personally announce the plan and the reasons for it to the ships ' crews .
Dowling was an early advocate for the establishment of an Australian submarine fleet ; in 1963 , after several false starts , the first of six Oberon @-@ class submarines was ordered . As part of a general Western trend that viewed with alarm the increasing capability of the Soviet Navy 's surface fleet , Dowling also worked to improve the offensive power of the Fleet Air Arm . In March 1956 , he went so far as proposing purchase of nuclear weaponry for the RAN 's De Havilland Sea Venoms . During much of Dowling 's remaining time as CNS , faced with the obsolescence of HMAS Sydney and in accordance with its two @-@ carrier policy , the Navy tried unsuccessfully to acquire a new and larger aircraft carrier to augment HMAS Melbourne . Believing in the maintenance of traditionally close ties between the RAN and the Royal Navy , he worked to coordinate his policies as CNS with those of Britain 's First Sea Lord , Earl Mountbatten . Taking into account the provisions of the ANZUS treaty and the absence of suitable supplies from Britain , the RAN began to turn reluctantly towards the United States in terms of strategy and equipment , as Dowling explained to Mountbatten :
We now find ourselves at the crossroads because we very much doubt whether the United Kingdom can provide us with what we want in the future . We have no wish to become Americans but there is a strong belief in this country that the sensible course of action for Australians is to acquire war equipment from the United States now . Our very telling reason is of course that , certainly in a global war , our salvation in the Pacific will depend chiefly on the aid of that country . For that we are not less loyal members of the Empire .
Other issues facing the RAN during Dowling 's term as CNS were its relegation — since the beginning of the 1950s — to third place behind the other armed forces in terms of Federal budget allocations , its replacement by the RAAF as the country 's first line of defence , and a shortage of manpower . Dowling himself considered " separation from families , lack of houses , over employment , high wages and overtime payment in civvie street " as the causes for the Navy 's inability to attract and retain personnel ; the Allison Report in 1958 resulted in various improvements to service conditions , which helped reduce wastage . The RANC had moved to Flinders Naval Depot in 1930 , and Dowling was pleased to be able to oversee its return to Jervis Bay in 1958 , the year before he relocated the office of the CNS to Canberra .
Dowling was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) in the 1957 New Year Honours , and completed his term as CNS on 23 February 1959 . On 23 March he took over from Sir Henry Wells as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ) , a role foreshadowing that of the latter @-@ day Chief of the Defence Force . He was succeeded as CNS by Vice Admiral Henry Burrell . Happily surprised by his appointment as Chairman of COSC , Dowling hoped to transform the position such that it would exercise command authority over the service chiefs , but in this he was to be disappointed . The position 's rank remained the same as the heads of the Army , Navy and Air Force , and was only responsible for putting their views on military matters to the Minister for Defence . Other setbacks during his tenure included the Defence Department 's decision — rescinded after his term — to disband the Fleet Air Arm , and the Federal government 's failure to back him when he announced at a SEATO press conference in March 1961 that Australia was prepared to intervene militarily in the second Laotian crisis should it become necessary . In September 1959 , during the first Laotian crisis , the Australian government had authorised Dowling to commit " an infantry battalion , a squadron of RAAF fighters , air transport , and two RAN destroyers " to support US and SEATO forces , but no intervention took place .
= = Later life = =
Dowling retired from the military on 27 May 1961 and was succeeded as Chairman of COSC by Air Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger . Though keen to secure a diplomatic appointment , nothing was offered to him and , as a practising Anglican , he instead busied himself with church affairs in Canberra . In July 1962 , the government gave him responsibility for organising Queen Elizabeth II 's upcoming royal tour . In this role he was required to liaise with the state governments to plan the Queen 's itinerary , and to become a member of the royal household for the duration of the tour , the first time an Australian tour planner had been given such close access to a visiting monarch . He was rewarded with appointment as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) as of 27 March 1963 , and became Australian Secretary to the Queen on 1 November the same year . Dowling was also the Australian Red Cross Society 's Canberra chairman from 1962 to 1967 ; at the time he took over the chairmanship , Lady Dowling was acting president of the organisation , in the absence of Lady William Oliver . Roy Dowling died of a heart attack on 15 April 1969 in Canberra Hospital . He was given a naval funeral at St John 's Church , and cremated . His wife and five children survived him .
= French ironclad Montcalm =
The French ironclad Montcalm was a wooden @-@ hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . She was named after Major General Montcalm who lost the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 . She played a minor role in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 where she captured one Prussian sailing ship . Montcalm spent most of her later career abroad , either in Chinese waters or the Pacific Ocean . The ship was condemned in 1891 .
= = Design and description = =
The Alma @-@ class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma @-@ class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram .
Montcalm measured 68 @.@ 75 meters ( 225 ft 7 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 13 meters ( 46 ft 4 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 66 meters ( 21 ft 10 in ) and displaced 3 @,@ 889 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 828 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The ship had a single horizontal return connecting @-@ rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials , the engine produced 1 @,@ 830 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 360 kW ) and the ship reached 11 @.@ 65 knots ( 21 @.@ 58 km / h ; 13 @.@ 41 mph ) . Montcalm carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 @,@ 460 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 700 km ; 1 @,@ 680 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She was barque @-@ rigged and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 438 square meters ( 15 @,@ 480 sq ft ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Montcalm mounted her four 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) Modèle 1864 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 20 @-@ caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 @.@ 3 pounds ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells .
= = = Armor = = =
Montcalm had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates .
= = Service = =
Montcalm was laid down at Rochefort on 26 October 1865 and launched on 16 October 1868 . The ship began her sea trials on 16 June 1869 and was then sent to the Mediterranean until May 1870 . During the Franco @-@ Prussian War , she captured the German barque Union in the North Sea and watched the Prussian corvette Arcona in Portuguese waters . She cruised the North and South Atlantic before being put in reserve on 1 August 1871 at Cherbourg . Recommissioned on 20 October 1873 , she sailed for China on 5 January 1874 to relieve the armored corvette Belliqueuse as flagship of the China Station . Montcalm arrived back in Cherbourg on 20 May 1876 and was reduced to reserve from 1878 to 1880 . In 1882 , she became flagship for the Pacific division under command of Rear Admiral Landolfe . Back to Cherbourg in 1884 , she remained there until 2 April 1891 when she was condemned .
= Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective =
Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective is a scholarly history of the Three Mile Island accident , written by J. Samuel Walker and published in 2004 . Walker is the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 's historian and his book is the first detailed historical analysis since the accident .
The 1979 accident at Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Station in Pennsylvania was " the single most important event in the fifty @-@ year history of nuclear power regulation in the United States " , according to Walker . Many commentators have seen the event as a turning point for the nuclear power industry in the United States .
= = Author = =
Three Mile Island is J. Samuel Walker 's fourth book as the official historian of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) . In the book 's preface , Walker tells readers that he had complete independence in its authorship — that the NRC placed no restrictions on what could be said . However , Walker provides an historical account and does not assess the performance of the NRC .
= = Background and introduction = =
The Three Mile Island power station is near Harrisburg , Pennsylvania in the United States . The accident described in Three Mile Island began on Wednesday , March 28 , 1979 , and ultimately resulted in a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 of the nuclear power plant . Unit 2 's pressurized water reactor was of 900 MWe capacity . The scope and complexity of this reactor accident became clear over the course of five days , as a number of agencies at the local , state and federal levels tried to solve the problem and decide whether the ongoing accident required an emergency evacuation , and to what extent .
Walker 's objective in Three Mile Island was to write a comprehensive and authoritative history that would serve as an authoritative record for both the interested public and the NRC . The book provides a detailed account of the causes of the accident and the response to it by the NRC , the state of Pennsylvania , and the White House .
The early chapters of Three Mile Island provide historical background for the accident , giving a short overview of the expansion of commercial nuclear power , supported by government , in the 1960s and 1970s . The emerging controversy during that period over nuclear power safety is also examined . The public were concerned about the risk of nuclear accidents and about routine low @-@ level releases of radioactivity .
= = Analysis = =
The main part of the book consists of six chapters , with a chapter covering each of the five days ( Wednesday , March 28 , 1979 , to Sunday , April 1 , 1979 ) of the crisis stage of the accident and another chapter covering its immediate effects . Walker draws on a wide range of sources , but mainly on the report of the Kemeny Commission , which President Carter appointed immediately after the accident , and the Rogovin Report , which resulted from the NRC 's own inquiry .
The chain of events that led to the crisis at the TMI plant included several minor equipment failures that operator errors drastically compounded , resulting in a major accident . The Three Mile Island accident is largely seen as a failure of crisis management . According to one reviewer of the book :
Reactor operators were not trained to deal with accident conditions , and the NRC had not established effective communication with utilities . Moreover , once the accident occurred , the lines of authority proved to be ill defined . The public received conflicting reports that caused needless panic and evacuations . It was these systemic weaknesses in the regulatory system that allowed gifted people to make the mistakes they did .
Large portions of the TMI @-@ 2 reactor core melted , though the fact that a meltdown had occurred was not established until 1985 . The greatest concern during the TMI accident was a hydrogen bubble in the top of the pressure vessel which held the core :
Although opinions differed , some reactor experts feared that over time the hydrogen bubble might become flammable or , less likely , explosive by combining with free oxygen in the vessel . If the bubble burned or exploded , it could rupture the pressure vessel and force the damaged reactor core into the containment building . The loss of the vessel would not make a breach of containment inevitable , but it would increase the risk of a disastrous release of radioactivity .
In the end , the Three Mile Island accident , though it " caused a grave crisis , did not produce a public health disaster " . The pressure vessel held when faced with a core meltdown and there was no breach of the power plant 's containment structure . Only " tiny amounts of the most dangerous forms of volatile radiation escaped to the atmosphere " . It took 11 years to clean up TMI @-@ 2 and this cost about US $ 1 billion .
Walker suggests that the TMI accident incited widespread criticism of nuclear power technology , the nuclear industry , and the NRC . Critics faulted the industry and the NRC for their poor performance both before and after the accident . The international attention garnered by the crisis redoubled the determination of , and enhanced the credibility of , the anti @-@ nuclear movement . Arguably , the United States nuclear industry has never recovered .
Walker reports that " studies looking for long @-@ term radiation effects resulting from the accident have reached conflicting conclusions " , but it seems " that any increase in cancers is slight enough to have occurred by chance " .
= = Conclusions = =
Walker concludes that the TMI @-@ 2 accident left a mixed legacy . It did force regulatory and operational improvements on a reluctant industry , but it also increased opposition to nuclear power . In Walker 's analysis , neither the critics nor proponents are completely vindicated . Anti @-@ nuclear advocates were right : a nuclear accident was likely , and the industry was not prepared for it . But their predicted worst @-@ case accident , called the " China Syndrome " , did not eventuate . For its part , the industry said that it had reformed itself , but perhaps by then few were listening .
= = Reception = =
There have been several published reviews of Three Mile Island . John F. Barber from The University of Texas states that Walker 's insightful book captures the " high human drama surrounding the TMI accident " , sets it in the context of the contentious debate over nuclear power in the seventies , and discusses the social , technical , and political issues it raised . Walker 's authoritative account of the days and events surrounding the TMI accident captures the complexities of the situation , clears up some misconceptions , and discusses the aftermath and implications . According to Barber , Walker provides " thoughtful and sober grounds for the continued debate over the role of nuclear power in our contemporary world " .
In a review for Times Higher Education , Jack Harris says that Walker is an extremely good writer and even those who do not specialise in technical fields will derive enjoyment from the book . According to Harris , Walker has unique experience as historian to the NRC which has placed him in an unrivalled position to tell the TMI story . But Harris identifies some omissions in the book . There is little on the other two major nuclear that threatened large civilian populations : the Windscale fire ( UK , October 1957 ) , and the Chernobyl disaster ( Ukraine , April 1986 ) . Harris states that Windscale threw up similar problems to TMI , particularly relating to whether large @-@ scale evacuations should have been initiated , but he could find no reference to the Windscale accident in the book 's index which is surprising in a book that aims to put TMI in historical perspective .
In a review for New Scientist , Rob Edwards states that Walker provides a lucid account of the Three Mile Island accident , which is " riveting because of its detail " . It gives a graphic insight into the chaos and confusion of the five @-@ day crisis , and shows how the nuclear industry , the regulators and the government all " initially played down the risks , then had to eat their words " . Some 144 @,@ 000 people were evacuated , but Walker points out that " if the full extent of the core meltdown had been known at the time , hundreds of thousands more would have been told to go " . Edwards says a " catastrophe was avoided — but only by luck " .
Thomas Wellock from Central Washington University recommended the book " for all libraries and students of politics , government bureaucracy , and environmental history " .
Bernard L. Cohen , from the University of Pittsburgh , criticized the book in terms of the scope and quality of its technical content : " The book contains little technical information , and many of the technical explanations that do appear range from inadequate to misleading to incorrect . "
= The Battle ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) =
" The Battle " is the eighth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired on November 16 , 1987 , in broadcast syndication . The episode was written by Herbert Wright , based on a story by Larry Forrester , and directed by Rob Bowman .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) is given his former vessel , the Stargazer , as a gift by the Ferengi DaiMon Bok ( Frank Corsentino ) who intends to use it to take revenge upon the Enterprise captain .
The Stargazer was to originally be represented by the movie @-@ era Enterprise model , but producers were convinced to use a design which had appeared on a model in Picard 's ready room in the series pilot . Several camera and compositing techniques were used by Bowman in filming the scenes aboard the bridge of the Stargazer , which was also a re @-@ dressed movie @-@ era Klingon Bird of Prey bridge set .
= = Plot = =
The Enterprise meets with a Ferengi vessel whose captain , DaiMon Bok , requests a meeting with Captain Picard . Picard meanwhile is suffering from persistent headaches and seeks the help of Doctor Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) . She scans Picard , but can not find what is causing them . Meanwhile , on the bridge , Wesley Crusher ( Wil Wheaton ) reports that a second vessel is approaching . Lt. Geordi La Forge ( LeVar Burton ) identifies it as a Federation Constellation @-@ class starship .
Bok and his first officer Kazago ( Doug Warhit ) transport to the bridge of the Enterprise . He announces that the newly arrived ship is a gift for " the hero of Maxia . " After Picard fails to get the reference , Data ( Brent Spiner ) reminds him that nine years ago , at Maxia , he was attacked by an unidentified aggressor which he destroyed . Bok angrily shouts that ship in question was Ferengi . The ship is identified as the U.S.S. Stargazer , Picard 's former command . Bok explains that he found the ship as a derelict and offers it to Picard for free . Picard explains that at Maxia , the Stargazer was heavily damaged before Picard executed an action which would come to be known as the " Picard Maneuver " . Using the warp drive , Picard ordered a short warp jump directly resulting in the enemy vessel 's light speed based sensors briefly detecting the ship in two places at once and allowing Picard to win the battle . Due to the damage , the crew of the Stargazer abandoned ship after the battle .
Picard and an away team board the Stargazer , and he orders a chest of his belongings to be sent to the Enterprise . Hidden in the chest is an orb , which glows brighter as Bok activates it , causing Picard to be hit by a wave of pain . Dr. Crusher orders him back to the Enterprise . Data meanwhile finds a discrepancy in the Stargazer 's logs stating that the Ferengi were attacked under a flag of truce . Upon further investigation , Data and La Forge report to Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) that the logs were certainly faked . Dr. Crusher and Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) discuss the Captain , and Wesley shows them some unusual activity from the Ferengi ship . They head to inform Riker to alert him to the signals , who is informed by the Enterprise computer that Picard has transported to the Stargazer .
Picard finds Bok waiting for him , who has another orb . Bok explains that it was his son in command of the Ferengi vessel at Maxia , and he came here seeking his revenge . He places the orb down and leaves Picard on the Stargazer bridge . The orb lights up once more , leaving Picard believing he is once again at the Battle of Maxia . On the Enterprise , Lt. Tasha Yar ( Denise Crosby ) and Lt. Worf ( Michael Dorn ) discover the orb brought over from the Stargazer in Picard 's chest . They take it to Riker as the Stargazer powers up its weapon systems . Riker hails the Ferengi vessel and speaks to Kazago , who is suspicious at the sight of the orb , which is a banned device . He promises to investigate .
Riker subsequently hails the Stargazer but Picard continues to believe he is being attacked by the Enterprise . Knowing the Picard Maneuver is coming , Riker asks Data to devise a counter . Picard jumps the Stargazer to warp , executing the Picard Maneuver . Data , expecting the move , uses the Enterprise 's tractor beam to seize the real Stargazer and limit its field of fire . Riker tells Picard about the orb ; Picard seems to understand and fires his phaser at the orb , causing it to explode . After a few moments , Picard hails the Enterprise and requests a transport . Kazago hails Riker to inform him that Bok has been relieved of command " for engaging in this unprofitable venture " .
= = Production = =
" The Battle " marked the second appearance of the Ferengi , but executive producer Rick Berman thought that they still didn 't make a decent major adversary . Larry Forester 's script , his second for The Next Generation , originally featured several scenes on board the Ferengi ship to cast further light on their culture but they were all ultimately cut before filming . Bok would return in the seventh season episode " Bloodlines " , although the role would be recast with Lee Arenberg gaining the role instead of Frank Corsentino .
Rob Bowman used a couple of specific camera techniques for the scenes on board the Stargazer during Picard 's hallucinations . A steadicam attached to a cameraman was used to show a slight unsteadiness , and each of the Stargazer crew members were filmed individually on the bridge against a smoke background before being superimposed together . He explained , " we went dark in a lot of scenes and we did different angles and things the show hadn 't done yet . For me , it was a real creative stretch and it felt great for the show . " The bridge itself was a re @-@ dress of the film @-@ era Klingon Bird of Prey bridge . The term " Picard Maneuver " was later used offscreen to refer informally to Patrick Stewart 's habit of tugging his uniform shirt down , and the Battle of Maxia itself was described in the first chapter of the pre @-@ TNG era novel The Buried Age .
The Constellation @-@ class starship first appears in " Encounter at Farpoint " as a desktop model in Picard 's ready room . Rick Sternbach constructed the model by kitbashing Ertl kits of the movie Enterprise , using parts from other models such as the VF @-@ 1 Valkyrie to add detail . Greg Jein used Sternbach 's and Andrew Probert 's designs to create the four @-@ foot shooting model of the USS Stargazer for " The Battle " . In the original script , the Stargazer was to be a redress of the movie @-@ era Constitution @-@ class Enterprise model that first appeared in Star Trek : The Motion Picture ; Probert and Sternbach persuaded the producers not to reuse the movie Enterprise model , and the " Constellation " -class label was chosen so that it could match LeVar Burton 's lip movement to redub dialogue .
= = Reception = =
" The Battle " aired in broadcast syndication during the week commencing November 15 , 1987 . It received Nielsen ratings of 10 @.@ 5 , reflecting the percentage of all households watching the episode during its timeslot . This rating was lower than those received by the episodes broadcast both before and afterwards . Staff writer Maurice Hurley later said that the episode was " pretty good " because of the performance of Patrick Stewart . He originally didn 't think much of the episode as it included the Ferengi , who he felt didn 't work as an adversary at all .
Several reviewers re @-@ watched the episode after the end of the series . Zack Handlen reviewed the episode for The A.V. Club in April , 2010 . He thought that the Ferengi were a " one note " opponent for the crew , but that in this episode they weren 't as bad as they were in " The Last Outpost " . He thought that the plot made the crew look a little silly , saying " Put it this way : if somebody showed up at your door and said , " Hey , we want to give you this weapon you used to murder a bunch of guys we knew years ago , " wouldn 't you be a little suspicious ? " He gave the episode an overall mark of C + . James Hunt reviewed the episode for the website " Den of Geek " in November 2012 , and said that it was the best episode of the series up until that point . He thought that little touches such as the Stargazer using the movie @-@ era effect for warp drive was a cute touch as it was meant to be an older ship than the Enterprise but also pointed out that " it also means that the Picard Manoeuvre is completely invalidated , because you literally see the ship move from point A to B before the original disappears " . He felt that the conflict between Picard and Bok was well realised , and that the characterisation was good .
Keith DeCandido re @-@ watched the episode for Tor.com in June 2012 , saying that it was a solid episode and that Patrick Stewart did " a stellar job , modulating from pained to confused to nostalgic to frustrated to crazy , all quite convincingly . " He said that the downside of the episode was that Troi and Wesley Crusher were not well used , while the revelation of the orb so early in the episode prevented any suspense being built up . He said that the episode worked because it concentrated on Picard , and gave it a score of six out of ten . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave the episode two and a half out of four , saying that it was slow paced but that the storyline had a " psychological component that 's sometimes effective " . Cast member Wil Wheaton watched " The Battle " for AOL TV in February 2007 . He felt that the plot had similar themes to Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , in that a father sought revenge following the death of his son . He thought that the writing was weak overall , and that the episode purely worked because of the ability of Patrick Stewart as Captain Picard .
= = Home media release = =
The first home media release of " The Battle " was on VHS cassette was on July 1 , 1992 in the United States and Canada . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one DVD box set , released in March 2002 , and was released as part of the season one Blu @-@ ray set on July 24 , 2012 .
= An @-@ Nasir Ahmad , Sultan of Egypt =
An @-@ Nasir Shihab ad @-@ Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun , better known as an @-@ Nasir Ahmad , ( 1316 – 16 July 1344 ) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt , ruling from January to June 1342 . A son of Sultan an @-@ Nasir Muhammad , he became embroiled in the volatile succession process following his father 's death in 1341 . An @-@ Nasir Ahmad lived much of his life in the desert fortress of al @-@ Karak in Transjordan and was reticent to assume the sultanate in Cairo , preferring al @-@ Karak , where he was closely allied with the inhabitants of the city and the Bedouin tribes in its vicinity . His Syrian partisans , emirs Tashtamur and Qutlubugha al @-@ Fakhri , successfully maneuvered to bring Syria under an @-@ Nasir Ahmad 's official control , while sympathetic emirs in Egypt were able to oust the Mamluk strongman Emir Qawsun and his puppet sultan , the five @-@ year @-@ old half @-@ brother of an @-@ Nasir Ahmad , al @-@ Ashraf Kujuk . An @-@ Nasir Ahmad eventually assumed the sultanate after frequently delaying his departure to Egypt .
An @-@ Nasir Ahmad was known to be a seclusive sultan , surrounding himself with his coterie of supporters from al @-@ Karak , rarely making direct contact with the Mamluk emirs of Egypt and avoiding the public view . Two months into his reign , he relocated to al @-@ Karak with substantial sums from the treasury and several horses and senior administrative officials . He ruled from the desert fortress , leaving a deputy , Emir Aqsunqur al @-@ Salari , to oversee affairs in Egypt on his behalf . His unorthodox rule , alleged frivolity , and his execution of loyal partisans , namely Tashtamur and Qutlubugha , led to an @-@ Nasir Ahmad being deposed from the sultanate by his half @-@ brother , as @-@ Salih Isma 'il . He remained in the fortress of al @-@ Karak , which the Mamluks besieged at least seven times , until being captured in July 1344 . He was killed later that month on the orders of as @-@ Salih Isma 'il .
= = Early life and career = =
Ahmad was born in 1316 or 1318 . His father was Sultan an @-@ Nasir Muhammad and his mother was Bayad , a singer and a slave girl freed by Emir Bahadur As and possibly given to an @-@ Nasir Muhammad . At the time of his birth , Ahmad was an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's only son ( three other sons had died before Ahmad was born ) and the only son of an @-@ Nasir Muhammad born to Bayad . Bayad and an @-@ Nasir Muhammad later divorced and the former married Maliktamur al @-@ Sarjuwani , an emir who became Ahmad 's stepfather . As a youth , Ahmad spent frequent bouts of time in the desert fortress of al @-@ Karak under orders from his father . He was first sent there in 1324 under supervision and with a large budget to begin training in horsemanship and hunting . He was sent again in April 1326 . Since Ayyubid times , but particularly during an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's reign , al @-@ Karak , which was isolated from the other Mamluk centers , became akin to a private academy for young Mamluk emirs where they could gain and perfect chivalric skills . Thus , Ahmad 's residency in al @-@ Karak was intended to imbue in him knightly qualities . While at al @-@ Karak , Ahmad was under the supervision of its governor , Bahadur al @-@ Badri . Nothing about Ahmad in the Mamluk @-@ era sources is known between 1326 and 1331 .
In May 1331 , Ahmad was recalled to Cairo , under the escort of Badri , where he was made an emir . His allotment of an emirate occurred on 30 September with much pomp and festivities . The following day , Ahmad left Cairo for al @-@ Karak . Sometime in 1331 , prior to Ahmad 's arrival in Cairo , Bayad died . Her widower , Maliktamur , was appointed governor of al @-@ Karak concurrent with Ahmad and Badri 's arrival in Cairo . Maliktamur was ordered to raise Ahmad and ensure his education . In 1332 , Ahmad and his brother Abu Bakr , who had also been at al @-@ Karak at the time , met an @-@ Nasir Muhammad and the latter 's favored son and Ahmad 's much younger brother , Anuk , at the Red Sea town of Aqaba , south of al @-@ Karak . From there , they were to accompany their father to Mecca for the Hajj pilgrimage , but at the last minute , an @-@ Nasir Muhammad sent Ahmad , Abu Bakr and Anuk to al @-@ Karak under Maliktamur 's care . Nothing is known about Ahmad 's life between the latter event and 1337 .
Ahmad was recalled to Cairo in 1337 by his angered father after the latter learned that Ahmad had been intimately associating with the riffraff of al @-@ Karak . Upon Ahmad 's arrival , an @-@ Nasir Muhammad saw to it that Ahmad be married to Zahirbugha Tayirbugha , a daughter of one of an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's leading emirs . Ahmad returned to al @-@ Karak with his wife , who had been growing increasingly ill . At some point that year , Ahmad fell out with Maliktamur and requested from his father that the governorship of Mamlakat al @-@ Karak ( al @-@ Karak Province ) be transferred to him , a request which an @-@ Nasir Muhammad acceded to . Ahmad thus became the governor of the fortresses of al @-@ Karak and Shawbak , although an @-@ Nasir Muhammad appointed an ustadar ( majordomo ) , Emir Zumurrudi , to supervise him .
= = = Relationship with Shuhayb = = =
Zumurrudi reported back to an @-@ Nasir Muhammad that Ahmad was behaving poorly , dressing as a Bedouin and was spending much of his time drinking with a Bedouin boy , Shuhayb , with whom Ahmad had fallen in love with . As a consequence for his behavior , Ahmad was ordered by an @-@ Nasir Muhammad to return to Cairo with Shuhayb in March 1339 . Ahmad was received without fanfare and Shuhayb was jailed . In protest at the latter action , Ahmad forsook food and isolated himself to his quarters in the Cairo Citadel . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad sent his two most senior emirs , Bashtak and Qawsun , to persuade or threaten Ahmad to abandon his relationship with Shuhayb , but to no avail ; Ahmad told the emirs if " this young man [ Shuhayb ] is punished , I will kill myself ! " Ahmad also refused an offer from his father that would have transferred one hundred of an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's mamluks to Ahmad 's service in return for Ahmad 's abandonment of Shuhayb . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad ultimately relented and abandoned hopes that Ahmad could succeed him as sultan . Instead , he released Shuhayb and made Ahmad an emir of forty mounted mamluks ( the second highest Mamluk military rank ) . Ahmad was also made to stay in Egypt , while Abu Bakr was sent to al @-@ Karak , likely replacing Ahmad as governor of the province .
In 1341 , Shuhayb and a eunuch entered into a dispute related to a pigeon racing competition , in which the eunuch mistreated Shuhayb . In response , Ahmad had the eunuch severely beaten , and when news of the incident reached an @-@ Nasir Muhammad , the latter attempted to force Ahmad to banish Shuhayb , again sending emirs Qawsun and Bashtak to communicate his demands to Ahmad . Ahmad refused , stating to Qawsun and Bashtak that while they each had a hundred young boys and girls , he had " contented " himself " with regard to worldly pleasures with only this boy because he has shared my exile , having left his family . How can I expel him ? If the sultan commands that I do so , then let him expel me too " . Ahmad was indeed expelled to Sarkhad , accompanied by Maliktamur . However , upon the intervention of some of an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's emirs , wives and his harem , an @-@ Nasir Muhammad decided to have Ahmad return to Cairo while Ahmad was still on his way to Sarkhad , although he first sold all of Ahmad 's horses . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad also ultimately decided to send Ahmad back to al @-@ Karak with Maliktamur , who was also reappointed governor of Mamlakat al @-@ Karak .
= = Conflict over the sultanate = =
An @-@ Nasir Muhammad died in June 1341 . His reign was marked by a centralization of autocratic power in the Mamluk Sultanate . Shortly before his death , an @-@ Nasir Muhammad discussed his succession with his two senior emirs , Qawsun and Bashtak . The latter supported Ahmad 's nomination , but Qawsun supported Ahmad 's younger brother
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of these trials was that as both Standard Class 7 and 8 locomotives were moved north in 1961 after dieselisation started in earnest , the Clans were downgraded to secondary work . Maintenance was initially undertaken at Crewe Works , but responsibility was transferred to Cowlairs Works in the spring of 1958 . More varied work was allocated to them as their reliability improved , including working portions of the Thames @-@ Clyde Express and the Queen of Scots Pullman . They also deputised for the many failed diesel locomotives that plagued the network at the time , and were extensively used on freight workings .
Most Scottish and Midland region crews that used them regularly took to the class , and found that if used properly , running times were kept with ease . These crews rated them the most sure @-@ footed of any Pacifics available on the Midland Region , though other crews who tested them claimed that the Clans were prone to slipping , though this was the case with most Pacific designs . Despite the various successes of the Clans , the class was generally regarded as a failure , even with overall performance being just short of Riddles ' aims . However , the premise of all British Railways Standard designs was for a hard working , easily maintained , economical , highly available , and all @-@ purpose locomotive . In these respects , the Clans were highly successful .
= = = Proposed second batch and withdrawal = = =
Prior to the publishing of the Modernisation Plan advocating the change @-@ over to diesel traction , there was a proposal to construct a second batch of the Clan Class , which was accepted as Crewe Works Order Lot 242 . This authorised the construction of a further batch of fifteen Clans that included modifications to the original design . Originally scheduled for 1952 with frames constructed for 72010 Hengist , acute steel shortages meant that the order was continually rescheduled until the publication of the British Railways Modernisation Plan finally halted the project . The initial name allocations for the new batch would seem to suggest several operating the Kent coast trains , hauling the Golden Arrow and other expresses , so that some of this batch would have been allocated to the Southern Region .
The first locomotives to be withdrawn from service were the Polmadie locos 72000 @-@ 72004 en masse in December 1962 , where after being moved first to Glasgow Parkhead and stored , they were eventually moved to Darlington for scrapping in 1964 . Of the Kingmoor allocation , the first , number 72005 , was withdrawn in April 1965 , whilst the final loco was 72008 on 21 May 1966 from Carlisle Kingmoor shed . When No 72008 Clan MacLeod was finally scrapped in August 1966 , it rendered the class extinct . Though this locomotive served British Railways for only fourteen years and three months , it was the longest serving Clan .
= = Livery and numbering = =
The livery of the Clans was a continuation of the standard British Railways Brunswick green applied to express passenger locomotives after nationalisation , lined in orange and black . The class was given the power classification 6P . Following on from the Britannias , the Clans were numbered under the British Railways standard numbering system in the 72xxx series . The locomotives were numbered between 72000 and 72009 , and featured brass nameplates with a black background , located on the smoke deflectors , though towards the end of their working lives , some nameplates were painted with a red background .
= = Preservation = =
None of the original engines survived into preservation , however progress is being made by a Registered Charity ( No. 1062320 ) , the Standard Steam Locomotive Company , on constructing a new locomotive that would have been the first of the uncompleted batch of 15 , number 72010 Hengist . As 999 BR standard steam locomotives were built in the years up to 1960 the builders consider this is the 1000th locomotive build to be commenced to a British Railways standard design . The Standard Steam Locomotive Company believes that significant costs will be avoided as many of the required cast parts can be made from patterns held by fellow members of the British Railways Standard Locomotive Owners Group ( BRSLOG ) .
At present the group are concentrating on amassing the many frame components at their Midlands storage facility prior to assembly before relocation to the Great Central Railway in Leicestershire . Due to an issue with the Frame plates and horn guides being out of true a new set have been manufactured and delivered to Ian Riley & Son ( Bury ) Ltd ( 24 / 4 / 2014 ) . The remaining components are in a queue with an aim to start frame assembly in late 2014 or 2015 .
= Bolesław Prus =
Bolesław Prus ( pronounced : [ bɔ 'lεswaf ' prus ] ; 20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912 ) , born Aleksander Głowacki , is a leading figure in the history of Polish literature and philosophy and a distinctive voice in world literature .
As a 15 @-@ year @-@ old he joined the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia . Shortly after his 16th birthday , he suffered severe battle injuries . Five months later he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising . These early experiences may have precipitated the panic disorder and agoraphobia that would dog him through life , and shaped his opposition to attempting to regain Poland 's independence by force of arms .
In 1872 at age 25 , in Warsaw , he settled into a 40 @-@ year journalistic career that highlighted science , technology , education , and economic and cultural development . These societal enterprises were essential to the endurance of a people who had in the 18th century been partitioned out of political existence by Russia , Prussia and Austria . Głowacki took his pen name " Prus " from the appellation of his family 's coat @-@ of @-@ arms .
As a sideline he wrote short stories . Succeeding with these , he went on to employ a larger canvas ; over the decade between 1884 and 1895 , he completed four major novels : The Outpost , The Doll , The New Woman and Pharaoh . The Doll depicts the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by his country 's backwardness . Pharaoh , Prus ' only historical novel , is a study of political power and of the fates of nations , set in ancient Egypt at the fall of the 20th Dynasty and New Kingdom .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years = = =
Aleksander Głowacki was born 20 August 1847 in Hrubieszów , now in southeastern Poland , very near the present @-@ day border with Ukraine . The town was then in the Russian @-@ controlled sector of partitioned Poland , known as the " Congress Kingdom " . Głowacki was the younger son of Antoni Głowacki , an estate steward at the village of Żabcze , in Hrubieszów County , and Apolonia Głowacka , née Trembińska . In 1850 , when the future Bolesław Prus was three years old , his mother died ; the child was placed in the care of his maternal grandmother , Marcjanna Trembińska of Puławy , and , four years later , in the care of his aunt , Domicela Olszewska of Lublin . In 1856 Prus was orphaned by his father 's death . In 1862 Prus ' brother Leon , a teacher thirteen years his senior , took him to Siedlce , then to Kielce .
Soon after the outbreak of the Polish January 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia , 15 @-@ year @-@ old Prus ran away from school to join the insurgents . He may have been influenced by his brother Leon , who subsequently became one of the insurrection 's leaders . During the Uprising , Leon developed a mental illness that he would suffer from until his death in 1907 .
On 1 September 1863 , twelve days after his sixteenth birthday , Prus took part in a battle against Russian forces at a village called Białka , four kilometers south of Siedlce . He suffered contusions to the neck and gunpowder injuries to his eyes , and was captured unconscious on the battlefield and taken to hospital in Siedlce . This experience may have caused his subsequent lifelong agoraphobia .
Five months later , in early February 1864 , for his role in the Uprising Prus was arrested and imprisoned at Lublin Castle . In early April a military court sentenced him to forfeiture of his nobleman 's status and resettlement on imperial lands . On 30 April , however , the Lublin District military head credited Prus ' time spent under arrest and , on account of the 16 @-@ year @-@ old 's youth , decided to place him in the custody of his uncle Klemens Olszewski . On 7 May Prus was released and entered the household of Katarzyna Trembińska , a relative and the mother of his future wife , Oktawia Trembińska .
Prus enrolled at a Lublin gymnasium ( secondary school , where he was a student of Józef Skłodowski , grandfather of future Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie ) . Graduating on 30 June 1866 , at nineteen he matriculated in the Warsaw University Department of Mathematics and Physics . In 1868 , indigence forced him to break off his university studies .
In 1869 he enrolled in the Forestry Department at the Agriculture and Forestry Institute in Puławy , a historic town where he had spent some of his childhood and which , 15 years later , would be the setting for his striking 1884 micro @-@ story , " Mold of the Earth " , comparing human history with the mutual aggressions of blind , mindless colonies of molds that cover a boulder adjacent to the Temple of the Sibyl . Aleksander was soon expelled from the Institute for his Polish @-@ patriot 's stance in Russian @-@ language class .
Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself mainly as a tutor . As part of his program of self @-@ education , he translated and summarized John Stuart Mill 's Logic .
In 1872 he embarked on a career as a newspaper columnist , while working several months at the Evans , Lilpop and Rau Machine and Agricultural Implement Works in Warsaw .
In 1873 Prus delivered two public lectures which illustrate the breadth of his scientific interests : " On the Structure of the Universe , " and " On Discoveries and Inventions . " The latter lecture , subsequently printed as a pamphlet , is a remarkably prescient contribution to what would , in the following century , become the field of logology ( " the science of science " ) .
= = = Columnist = = =
As a newspaper columnist , Prus commented on the achievements of scholars and scientists such as John Stuart Mill , Charles Darwin , Alexander Bain , Herbert Spencer and Henry Thomas Buckle ; urged Poles to study science and technology and to develop industry and commerce ; encouraged the establishment of charitable institutions to benefit the underprivileged ; described the fiction and nonfiction works of fellow writers such as H.G. Wells ; and extolled man @-@ made and natural wonders such as the Wieliczka Salt Mine , an 1887 solar eclipse that he witnessed at Mława , planned building of the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Paris Exposition , and Nałęczów , where he vacationed for 30 years .
His " Weekly Chronicles " spanned forty years ( they have since been reprinted in twenty volumes ) and would help prepare the ground for the 20th @-@ century blossoming of Polish science and especially mathematics . " Our national life , " wrote Prus , " will take a normal course only when we have become a useful , indispensable element of civilization , when we have become able to give nothing for free and to demand nothing for free . " The social importance of science and technology would recur as a theme in his novels The Doll ( 1889 ) and Pharaoh ( 1895 ) .
Of contemporary thinkers , the one who most influenced Prus and other writers of the Polish " Positivist " period ( roughly 1864 – 1900 ) was Herbert Spencer , the English sociologist who coined the phrase , " survival of the fittest . " Prus would call Spencer " the Aristotle of the 19th century " and write : " I grew up under the influence of Spencerian evolutionary philosophy and heeded its counsels , not those of Idealist or Comtean philosophy . " Prus interpreted " survival of the fittest , " in the societal sphere , as involving not only competition but also cooperation ; and he adopted Spencer 's metaphor of society as organism . He would use this metaphor to striking effect in his 1884 micro @-@ story " Mold of the Earth , " and in the introduction to his 1895 historical novel , Pharaoh .
After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns , his finances stabilized , permitting him on 14 January 1875 to marry a distant cousin on his mother 's side , Oktawia Trembińska . She was the daughter of Katarzyna Trembińska , in whose home he had lived , after release from prison , for two years in 1864 – 66 while completing secondary school . The couple adopted a boy , Emil Trembiński ( born 11 September 1886 , the son of Prus ' brother @-@ in @-@ law Michał Trembiński , who had died on 10 November 1888 ) . Emil would be the model for Rascal in chapter 48 of Prus ' 1895 novel , Pharaoh . On 18 February 1904 , aged seventeen , Emil fatally shot himself in the chest on the doorstep of an unrequited love .
It has been alleged that in 1906 , aged 59 , Prus had a son , Jan Bogusz Sacewicz . The boy 's mother was Alina Sacewicz , widow of Dr. Kazimierz Sacewicz , a socially conscious physician whom Prus had known at Nałęczów . Dr. Sacewicz may have been the model for Stefan Żeromski 's Dr. Judym in the novel , Ludzie bezdomni ( Homeless People ) — a character resembling Dr. Stockman in Henrik Ibsen 's play , An Enemy of the People . Prus , known for his affection for children , took a lively interest in little Jan , as attested by a prolific correspondence with Jan 's mother ( whom Prus attempted to interest in writing ) . Jan Sacewicz would become one of Prus ' major legatees and an engineer , and die in a German camp after the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of August – October 1944 .
Though Prus was a gifted writer , initially best known as a humorist , he early on thought little of his journalistic and literary work . Hence at the inception of his career in 1872 , at age 25 , he adopted for his newspaper columns and fiction the pen name " Prus " ( " Prus I " was his family coat @-@ of @-@ arms ) , reserving his actual name , Aleksander Głowacki , for " serious " writing .
An 1878 incident illustrates the strong feelings that can be aroused in susceptible readers of newspaper columns . Prus had criticized the loud , inappropriate behavior of some youths at a lecture about the poet Wincenty Pol . The University of Warsaw students in question demanded that Prus retract what he had written . He refused , and on 26 March 1878 several of them surrounded him outside his home , to which he had returned in the company of two fellow writers ; one of the students , Jan Sawicki , then slapped Prus ' face . Prus summoned police but subsequently declined to press charges . Seventeen years later , during his 1895 visit to Paris , Prus refused , by some accounts , to meet with one of his assailants , blaming them for having " ruined [ his ] life , " perhaps by having caused or exacerbated his agoraphobia .
In 1882 , on the recommendation of an earlier editor @-@ in @-@ chief , the prophet of Polish Positivism , Aleksander Świętochowski , Prus succeeded to the editorship of the Warsaw daily Nowiny ( News ) . The newspaper had been bought in June 1882 by financier Stanisław Kronenberg . Prus resolved , in the best Positivist fashion , to make it " an observatory of societal facts " — an instrument for advancing the development of his country . After less than a year , however , Nowiny — which had had a history of financial instability since changing in July 1878 from a Sunday paper to a daily — folded , and Prus resumed writing columns . He continued working as a journalist to the end of his life , well after he had achieved success as an author of short stories and novels .
= = = Fiction = = =
In time , Prus adopted the French Positivist critic Hippolyte Taine 's concept of the arts , including literature , as a second means , alongside the sciences , of studying reality , and he devoted more attention to his sideline of short @-@ story writer . Prus ' stories , which met with great acclaim , owed much to the literary influence of Polish novelist Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and , among English @-@ language writers , to Charles Dickens and Mark Twain . His fiction would also be influenced by French writers Victor Hugo , Gustave Flaubert , Alphonse Daudet and Émile Zola .
Prus wrote several dozen stories , originally published in newspapers and ranging in length from micro @-@ story to novella . Characteristic of them are Prus ' keen observation of everyday life and sense of humor , which he had early honed as a contributor to humor magazines . The prevalence of themes from everyday life is consistent with the Polish Positivist artistic program , which sought to portray the circumstances of the populace rather than those of the Romantic heroes of an earlier generation . The literary period in which Prus wrote was ostensibly a prosaic one , by contrast with the poetry of the Romantics ; but Prus ' prose is often a poetic prose . His stories also often contain elements of fantasy or whimsy . A fair number originally appeared in New Year 's issues of newspapers .
Prus long eschewed writing historical fiction , arguing that it must inevitably distort history . He criticized contemporary historical novelists for their lapses in historic accuracy , including Henryk Sienkiewicz 's failure , in the military scenes in his Trilogy portraying 17th @-@ century Polish history , to describe the logistics of warfare . It would only be in 1888 , when Prus was forty , that he would write his first historical fiction , the stunning short story , " A Legend of Old Egypt . " This story would , a few years later , serve as a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel , Pharaoh ( 1895 ) .
Eventually Prus would compose four novels on what he had referred to in an 1884 letter as " great questions of our age " : The Outpost ( Placówka , 1886 ) on the Polish peasant ; The Doll ( Lalka , 1889 ) on the aristocracy and townspeople and on idealists struggling to bring about social reforms ; The New Woman ( Emancypantki , 1893 ) on feminist concerns ; and his only historical novel , Pharaoh ( Faraon , 1895 ) , on mechanisms of political power . The work of greatest sweep and most universal appeal is Pharaoh . Prus ' novels , like his stories , were originally published in newspaper serialization .
After having sold Pharaoh to the publishing firm of Gebethner and Wolff , Prus embarked , on 16 May 1895 , on a four @-@ month journey abroad . He visited Berlin , Dresden , Karlsbad , Nuremberg , Stuttgart and Rapperswil . At the latter Swiss town he stayed two months ( July – August ) , nursing his agoraphobia and spending much time with his friends , the promising young writer Stefan Żeromski and his wife Oktawia . The couple sought Prus ' help for the Polish National Museum , housed in the Rapperswil Castle , where Żeromski was librarian .
The final stage of Prus 's journey took him to Paris , where he was prevented by his agoraphobia from crossing the Seine River to visit the city 's southern Left Bank . He was nevertheless pleased to find that his descriptions of Paris in The Doll had been on the mark ( he had based them mainly on French @-@ language publications ) . From Paris he hurried home to recuperate at Nałęczów from his journey , the last that he would make abroad .
= = = Later years = = =
Over the years , Prus lent his support to many charitable and social causes . But there was one event he would come to rue for the broad criticism it brought him : his participation in welcoming Russia 's tsar during Nicholas II 's 1897 visit to Warsaw . As a rule , Prus did not affiliate himself with political parties , as this might compromise his journalistic objectivity . His associations , by design and temperament , were with individuals and select worthy causes rather than with large groups .
The disastrous January 1863 Uprising had persuaded Prus that society must advance through learning , work and commerce rather than through risky social upheavals . He departed from this stance , however , in 1905 , when Imperial Russia experienced defeat in the Russo @-@ Japanese War and Poles demanded autonomy and reforms . On 20 December 1905 , in the first issue of a short @-@ lived periodical , Młodość ( Youth ) , he published an article , " Oda do młodości " ( " Ode to Youth " ) , whose title harked back to an 1820 poem by Adam Mickiewicz . Prus wrote , in reference to his earlier position on revolution and strikes : " with the greatest pleasure , I admit it — I was wrong ! "
In 1908 Prus serialized , in the Warsaw Tygodnik Ilustrowany ( Illustrated Weekly ) , his novel Dzieci ( Children ) , depicting the young revolutionaries , terrorists and anarchists of the day — an uncharacteristically humorless work . Three years later a final novel , Przemiany ( Changes ) , was to have been , like The Doll , a panorama of society and its vital concerns . However , in 1911 @-@ 12 the novel had barely begun serialization in the Illustrated Weekly when its composition was cut short by Prus ' death .
Neither of the two late novels , Children or Changes , is generally regarded as part of the essential Prus canon , and Czesław Miłosz has called Children one of Prus ' weakest works .
Prus ' last novel to meet with popular acclaim was Pharaoh , completed in 1895 . Depicting the demise of ancient Egypt 's Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom three thousand years earlier , Pharaoh had also reflected Poland 's loss of independence a century before in 1795 — an independence whose post @-@ World War I restoration Prus would not live to see .
On 19 May 1912 , in his Warsaw apartment at 12 Wolf Street ( ulica Wilcza 12 ) , near Triple Cross Square , Prus ' forty @-@ year journalistic and literary career came to an end .
The beloved agoraphobic author was mourned by the nation he had striven , as soldier , thinker and writer , to rescue from oblivion . Thousands attended his 22 May 1912 funeral service at St. Alexander 's Church on nearby Triple Cross Square ( Plac Trzech Krzyży ) and his interment at Powązki Cemetery .
Prus ' tomb was designed by his nephew , the noted sculptor Stanisław Jackowski . On three sides it bears , respectively , the novelist 's name , Aleksander Głowacki , his years of birth and death , and his pen name , Bolesław Prus . On the fourth side is the Polish @-@ language inscription " Serce serc " ( " Heart of hearts " ) , borrowed from the Latin " Cor cordium " on the tomb of English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in Rome 's Protestant Cemetery . Below this inscription stands the figure of a little girl embracing the tomb — a figure emblematic of Prus ' well @-@ known empathy and affection for children .
= = Legacy = =
On 3 December 1961 , nearly half a century after Prus ' death , a museum devoted to him was opened in the 18th @-@ century Małachowski Palace at Nałęczów , near Lublin in eastern Poland . Outside the palace is a sculpture of Prus seated on a bench . Another statuary monument to Prus at Nałęczów , sculpted by Alina Ślesińska , was unveiled on 8 May 1966 . It was at Nałęczów that Prus vacationed for thirty years from 1882 until his death , and that he met the young Stefan Żeromski . Prus stood witness at Żeromski 's 1892 wedding and generously helped foster the younger man 's literary career .
While Prus espoused a positivist and realist outlook , much in his fiction shows qualities compatible with pre @-@ 1863 @-@ Uprising Polish Romantic literature . Indeed , he held the Polish Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz in high regard . Prus ' novels in turn , especially The Doll and Pharaoh , with their innovative composition techniques , blazed the way for the 20th @-@ century Polish novel .
Prus ' novel The Doll , with its rich realistic detail and simple , functional language , was considered by Czesław Miłosz to be the great Polish novel .
Joseph Conrad , during his 1914 visit to Poland just as World War I was breaking out , " delighted in his beloved Prus " and read everything by the ten @-@ years @-@ older , recently deceased author that he could get his hands on . He pronounced The New Woman ( the first novel by Prus that he read ) " better than Dickens " — Dickens being a favorite author of Conrad 's . Miłosz , however , thought The New Woman " as a whole ... an artistic failure ... " Zygmunt Szweykowski similarly faulted The New Woman 's loose , tangential construction ; but this , in his view , was partly redeemed by Prus ' humor and by some superb episodes , while " The tragedy of Mrs. Latter and the picture of [ the town of ] Iksinów are among the peak achievements of [ Polish ] novel @-@ writing . "
Pharaoh , a study of political power , became the favorite novel of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin , prefigured the fate of U.S. President John F. Kennedy , and continues to point analogies to more recent times . Pharaoh is often described as Prus ' " best @-@ composed novel " — indeed , " one of the best @-@ composed [ of all ] Polish novels . " This was due in part to Pharaoh having been composed complete prior to newspaper serialization , rather than being written in installments just before printing , as was the case with Prus ' earlier major novels .
The Doll and Pharaoh are available in English versions . The Doll has been translated into sixteen languages , and Pharaoh into twenty . In addition , The Doll has been filmed several times , and been produced as a 1977 television miniseries , Pharaoh was adapted into a 1966 feature film .
In 1897 @-@ 99 Prus serialized in the Warsaw Daily Courier ( Kurier Codzienny ) a monograph on The Most General Life Ideals ( Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe ) , which systematized ethical ideas that he had developed over his career regarding happiness , utility and perfection in the lives of individuals and societies . In it he returned to the society @-@ organizing ( i.e. , political ) interests that had been frustrated during his Nowiny editorship fifteen years earlier . A book edition appeared in 1901 ( 2nd , revised edition , 1905 ) . This work , rooted in Jeremy Bentham 's Utilitarian philosophy and Herbert Spencer 's view of society @-@ as @-@ organism , retains interest especially for philosophers and social scientists .
Another of Prus ' learned projects remained incomplete at his death . He had sought , over his writing career , to develop a coherent theory of literary composition . Notes of his from 1886 @-@ 1912 were never put together into a finished book as he had intended . His precepts included the maxim , " Nouns , nouns and more nouns . " Some particularly intriguing fragments describe Prus ' combinatorial calculations of the millions of potential " individual types " of human characters , given a stated number of " individual traits . "
A curious comparative @-@ literature aspect has been noted to Prus ' career , which paralleled that of his American contemporary , Ambrose Bierce ( 1842 – 1914 ) . Each was born and reared in a rural area and had a " Polish " connection ( Bierce , born five years before Prus , was reared in Kosciusko County , Indiana , and attended high school at the county seat , Warsaw , Indiana ) . Each became a war casualty with combat head trauma — Prus in 1863 in the Polish 1863 @-@ 65 Uprising ; Bierce in 1864 in the American Civil War . Each experienced false starts in other occupations , and at twenty @-@ five became a journalist for the next forty years ; failed to sustain a career as editor @-@ in @-@ chief ; achieved celebrity as a short @-@ story writer ; lost a son in tragic circumstances ( Prus , an adopted son ; Bierce , both his sons ) ; attained superb humorous effects by portraying human egoism ( Prus especially in Pharaoh , Bierce in The Devil 's Dictionary ) ; was dogged from early adulthood by a health problem ( Prus , agoraphobia ; Bierce , asthma ) ; and died within two years of the other ( Prus in 1912 ; Bierce presumably in 1914 ) . Prus , however , unlike Bierce , went on from short stories to write novels .
In Prus ' lifetime and since , his contributions to Polish literature and culture have been memorialized without regard to the nature of the political system prevailing at the time . His 50th birthday , in 1897 , was marked by special newspaper issues celebrating his 25 years as a journalist and fiction writer , and a portrait of him was commissioned from artist Antoni Kamieński .
The town where Prus was born , Hrubieszów , near the present Polish @-@ Ukrainian border , is graced by an outdoor sculpture of him .
A 1982 plaque on Warsaw University 's administration building , the historic Kazimierz Palace , commemorates Prus ' years at the University in 1866 @-@ 68 . Across the street ( Krakowskie Przedmieście ) from the University , in Holy Cross Church , a 1936 plaque by Prus ' nephew Stanisław Jackowski , featuring Prus ' profile , is dedicated to the memory of the " great writer and teacher of the nation . "
On the front of Warsaw 's present @-@ day ulica Wilcza 12 , the site of Prus ' last home , is a plaque commemorating the earlier , now @-@ nonexistent building 's most famous resident . A few hundred meters from there , ulica Bolesława Prusa ( Bolesław Prus Street ) debouches into the southeast corner of Warsaw 's Triple Cross Square . In this square stands St. Alexander 's Church , where Prus ' funeral was held .
In 1937 , plaques were installed at Warsaw 's Krakowskie Przedmieście 4 and 7 , where the two chief characters of Prus ' novel The Doll , Stanisław Wokulski and Ignacy Rzecki , respectively , were deduced to have resided . On the same street , in a park adjacent to the Hotel Bristol , near the site of a newspaper for which Prus wrote , stands a twice @-@ life @-@ size statue of Prus , sculpted in 1977 by Anna Kamieńska @-@ Łapińska ; it is some 12 feet tall , on a minimal pedestal as befits an author who walked the same ground with his fellow men .
Consonant with Prus ' interest in commerce and technology , a Polish Ocean Lines freighter has been named for him .
For 10 years , from 1975 to 1984 , Poles honored Prus ' memory with a 10 @-@ złoty coin featuring his profile . In 2012 , to mark the 100th anniversary of his death , the Polish mint produced three coins with individual designs : in gold , silver , and an aluminum @-@ zinc alloy .
Prus ' fiction and nonfiction writings continue relevant in our time .
= = Works = =
Following is a chronological list of notable works by Bolesław Prus . Translated titles are given , followed by original titles and dates of publication .
= = = Novels = = =
Souls in Bondage ( Dusze w niewoli , written 1876 , serialized 1877 )
Fame ( Sława , begun 1885 , never finished )
The Outpost ( Placówka , 1885 – 86 )
The Doll ( Lalka , 1887 – 89 )
The New Woman ( Emancypantki , 1890 – 93 )
Pharaoh ( Faraon , written 1894 – 95 ; serialized 1895 – 96 )
Children ( Dzieci , 1908 ; approximately the first nine chapters had originally appeared , in a somewhat different form , in 1907 as Dawn [ Świt ] )
Changes ( Przemiany , begun 1911 – 12 ; unfinished )
= = = Stories = = =
" The Old Lady 's Troubles " ( " Kłopoty babuni , " 1874 )
" The Palace and the Hovel " ( " Pałac i rudera , " 1875 )
" The Ball Gown " ( " Sukienka balowa , " 1876 )
" An Orphan 's Lot " ( " Sieroca dola , " 1876 )
" Eddy 's Adventures " ( " Przygody Edzia , " 1876 )
" Damned Luck " ( " Przeklęte szczęście , " 1876 )
" The Old Lady 's Casket " ( " Szkatułka babki , " 1878 )
" Stan 's Adventure " ( " Przygoda Stasia , " 1879 )
" New Year " ( " Nowy rok , " 1880 )
" The Returning Wave " ( " Powracająca fala , " 1880 )
" Michałko " ( 1880 )
" Antek " ( 1880 )
" The Convert " ( " Nawrócony , " 1880 )
" The Barrel Organ " ( " Katarynka , " 1880 )
" One of Many " ( " Jeden z wielu , " 1882 )
" The Waistcoat " ( " Kamizelka , " 1882 )
" Him " ( " On , " 1882 )
" Fading Voices " ( " Milknące głosy , " 1883 )
" Sins of Childhood " ( " Grzechy dzieciństwa , " 1883 )
" Mold of the Earth " ( " Pleśń świata , " 1884 — a striking micro @-@ story that portrays human history as an unending series of conflicts among mindless , blind colonies of molds )
" The Living Telegraph " ( " Żywy telegraf , " 1884 )
" Orestes and Pylades " ( " Orestes i Pylades , " 1884 )
" Loves — Loves Not ? ... " ( " Kocha — nie kocha ? ... " 1884 )
" The Mirror " ( " Zwierciadło , " 1884 )
" On Vacation " ( " Na wakacjach , " 1884 )
" An Old Tale " ( " Stara bajka , " 1884 )
" In the Light of the Moon " ( " Przy księżycu , " 1884 )
" The Mistake " ( " Omyłka , " 1884 )
" Mr. Dutkowski and His Farm " ( " Pan Dutkowski i jego folwark , " 1884 )
" Musical Echoes " ( " Echa muzyczne , " 1884 )
" In the Mountains " ( " W górach , " 1885 )
" Shades " ( " Ciene , " 1885 — an evocative meditation on existential themes )
" Anielka " ( 1885 )
" A Strange Story " ( " Dziwna historia , " 1887 )
" A Legend of Old Egypt " ( " Z legend dawnego Egiptu , " 1888 — Prus ' first piece of historical fiction ; a stunning debut , and a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel , Pharaoh , which would be written in 1894 – 95 )
" The Dream " ( " Sen , " 1890 )
" Lives of Saints " ( " Z żywotów świętych , " 1891 – 92 )
" Reconciled " ( " Pojednani , " 1892 )
" A Composition by Little Frank : About Mercy " ( " Z wypracowań małego Frania . O miłosierdziu , " 1898 )
" The Doctor 's Story " ( " Opowiadanie lekarza , " 1902 )
" Memoirs of a Cyclist " ( " Ze wspomnień cyklisty , " 1903 )
" Revenge " ( " Zemsta , " 1908 )
" Phantoms " ( " Widziadła , " 1911 , first published 1936 )
= = = Nonfiction = = =
On Discoveries and Inventions : A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by Aleksander Głowacki [ Bolesław Prus ] , Passed by the [ Russian ] Censor ( Warsaw , 21 April 1873 ) , Warsaw , Printed by F. Krokoszyńska , 1873 .
" Travel Notes ( Wieliczka ) " [ " Kartki z podróży ( Wieliczka ) , " 1878 — Prus ' impressions of the Wieliczka Salt Mine ; these would help inform the conception of the Egyptian Labyrinth in Prus 's 1895 novel , Pharaoh ]
" A Word to the Public " ( " Słówko do publiczności , " 11 June 1882 — Prus ' inaugural address to readers as the new editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the daily , Nowiny [ News ] , famously proposing to make it " an observatory of societal facts , just as there are observatories that study the movements of heavenly bodies , or — climatic changes . " )
" Sketch for a Program under the Conditions of the Present Development of Society " ( " Szkic programu w warunkach obecnego rozwoju społeczeństwa , " March 23 – 30 , 1883 — swan song of Prus ' editorship of Nowiny )
" With Sword and Fire — Henryk Sienkiewicz 's Novel of Olden Times " ( " Ogniem i mieczem — powieść z dawnych lat Henryka Sienkiewicza , " 1884 — Prus ' review of Sienkiewicz 's historical novel , and essay on historical novels )
" The Paris Tower " ( " Wieża paryska , " 1887 — whimsical divagations involving the Eiffel Tower , the world 's tallest structure , then yet to be constructed for the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle )
" Travels on Earth and in Heaven " ( " Wędrówka po ziemi i niebie , " 1887 — Prus ' impressions of a solar eclipse that he observed at Mława ; these would help inspire the solar @-@ eclipse scenes in his 1895 novel , Pharaoh )
" A Word about Positive Criticism " ( " Słówko o krytyce pozytywnej , " 1890 — Prus ' part of a polemic with Positivist guru Aleksander Świętochowski )
" Eusapia Palladino " ( 1893 — newspaper column about mediumistic séances held in Warsaw by the Italian Spiritualist , Eusapia Palladino ; these would help inspire similar scenes in Prus ' 1895 novel , Pharaoh )
" From Nałęczów " ( " Z Nałęczowa , " 1894 — Prus ' paean to the salubrious waters and natural and social environment of his favorite vacation spot , Nałęczów )
The Most General Life Ideals ( Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe , 1905 — Prus 's system of pragmatic ethics )
" Ode to Youth " ( " Oda do młodości , " 1905 — Prus ' admission that , before the Russian Empire 's defeat in the Russo @-@ Japanese War , he had held too cautious a view of the chances for an improvement in Poland 's political situation )
" Visions of the Future " ( " Wizje przyszłości , " 1909 — a discussion of H.G. Wells ' 1901 futurological book , Anticipations , which predicted , among other things , the defeat of German imperialism , the ascendancy of the English language , and the existence , by the year 2000 , of a " European Union " that would include the Slavic peoples of Central Europe )
" The Poet , Educator of the Nation " ( " Poeta wychowawca narodu , " 1910 — a discussion of the cultural and political principles imparted by the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz )
" What We ... Never Learned from the History of Napoleon " ( " Czego nas ... nie nauczyły dzieje Napoleona " — Prus 's contribution to the 16 December 1911 issue of the Warsaw Illustrated Weekly , devoted entirely to Napoleon )
= = Translations = =
Prus ' writings have been translated into many languages — his historical novel Pharaoh , into twenty ; his contemporary novel The Doll , into at least sixteen . Works by Prus have been rendered into Croatian by a member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts , Stjepan Musulin .
= = Film versions = =
1966 : Faraon ( Pharaoh ) , adapted from the novel Pharaoh , directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz [ 3 ] .
1968 : Lalka ( The Doll ) , adapted from the novel The Doll , directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has [ 4 ] .
1977 : Lalka ( TV serial , The Doll ) , adapted from the novel The Doll , directed by Ryszard Ber .
1979 : Placówka ( The Outpost ) , adapted from the novel The Outpost , directed by Zygmunt Skonieczny .
1982 : Pensja pani Latter ( Mrs. Latter 's Boarding School ) , adapted from the novel The New Woman , directed by Stanisław Różewicz .
= Eardwulf of Northumbria =
Eardwulf ( fl . 790 – c . 830 ) was king of Northumbria from 796 to 806 , when he was deposed and went into exile . He may have had a second reign from 808 until perhaps 811 or 830 . Northumbria in the last years of the eighth century was the scene of dynastic strife between several noble families : in 790 , the then @-@ king Æthelred I attempted to have Eardwulf assassinated . Eardwulf 's survival may have been viewed as a sign of divine favour . A group of nobles conspired to assassinate Æthelred in April 796 and he was succeeded by Osbald : Osbald 's reign lasted only twenty @-@ seven days before he was deposed and Eardwulf became king on 14 May 796 .
Little is recorded of Eardwulf 's family , though his father , also named Eardwulf , is known to have been a nobleman . Eardwulf was married by the time he became king , though his wife 's name is not recorded . It is possible he later wed an illegitimate daughter of Charlemagne . In 798 , early in his reign , Eardwulf fought a battle at Billington Moor against a nobleman named Wada , who had been one of those who killed King Æthelred . Wada was defeated and driven into exile . In 801 , Eardwulf led an army against Coenwulf of Mercia , perhaps because of Coenwulf 's support for other claimants to the Northumbrian throne .
Eardwulf was deposed in 806 and according to a Frankish record , returned to his kingdom in 808 . No record has survived of his death or the end of his reign : dates from 811 to 830 have been suggested . He was possibly buried at the Mercian royal monastery of Breedon on the Hill , which carries a dedication to Saint Mary and Saint Hardulph , with whom Eardwulf is identified by several historians .
= = Background = =
During the latter half of the eighth century , the Northumbrian succession included a long series of murdered and deposed kings , as several royal lines contended for the throne . The main lines were those of Eadberht , Æthelwald Moll and Alhred . In the eight years before Eardwulf 's accession , all three of these dynastic lines were involved in the struggle for kingship : on 23 September 788 , King Ælfwald I , grandson of Eadberht , was murdered by the patricius Sicga near Hexham , and Ælfwald 's cousin Osred became king . Osred , who was of Alhred 's line , was deposed after a year , and Æthelred , son of Æthelwald Moll , who had been deposed in 778 at a young age , was restored to the kingship , resuming the title Æthelred I.
Some Anglo @-@ Saxon kings are known to have been killed by their households or in open warfare against rivals , but overall the record is very sparse . The evidence as regards the deposition of kings is equally limited . Only two eighth @-@ century depositions offer any context , those of Æthelwald Moll in Northumbria and Sigeberht of Wessex . In both cases the decision is presented as that of some form of council .
This record of disputed succession was by no means unique to Northumbria , and the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex experienced similar troubles during the eighth and ninth centuries . In Wessex , from the death of Centwine in 685 to Egbert 's seizure of power in 802 , the relationships between successive kings are far from clear and few kings are known to have been close kinsmen of their predecessors or successors . The same may be true of Mercia from the death of Ceolred in 716 until the disappearance of the Mercian kingdom in the late ninth century .
Kings did not rule alone , but rather governed together with the leading churchmen and nobles . While Northumbria lacks the body of charters which shed light on the institutions of the southern Anglo @-@ Saxon kingdoms , sufficient evidence survives for historians to reconstruct some aspects of Northumbrian political life . The evidence for Northumbria survives largely in Latin documents , and these use the words dux and patricius to describe the leading noblemen of the kingdom . The word dux is usually translated by the Old English word ealdorman . The historian Alan Thacker estimates that there were about eight men holding the title of dux in late Northumbria . The title patricius is usually translated as patrician , which ultimately means noble , but in the latter days of the Roman Empire represented a high @-@ ranking position , second only to the emperor . The meaning of the title in Northumbria is unclear , but it appears that there was only one patricius . While it may be simply an alternative to dux , it might represent a position approximating to that of the Mayor of the Palace in late Merovingian Francia .
The church in Northumbria was one of the major landowners , perhaps second only to the king . At the head of the Northumbrian church was the Archbishop of York , an office held by Eanbald I to 796 , Eanbald II until some time after 808 , and then by Wulfsige to around 830 . Immediately below the archbishop were three bishops : the bishop of Lindisfarne , the bishop of Hexham and the bishop of Whithorn . The typically long term of office of senior clerics meant that kings often had to work with men appointed by their predecessors , with whom their relations might be difficult .
= = Relations with other states = =
Northumbria 's southern neighbour Mercia was , under the rule of kings Æthelbald , Offa and Coenwulf , the dominant kingdom in Anglo @-@ Saxon England . Offa , the greatest of the three , ruled Mercia until 796 , followed soon after by Coenwulf . Offa 's dominance was secured in part by marriage alliances with the other major kingdoms : Beorhtric of Wessex and Æthelred of Northumbria were married to his daughters . Further afield , Charlemagne , the pre @-@ eminent ruler in the Christian West , appears to have taken an active interest in Northumbrian affairs . Charlemagne initially ruled Francia and parts of Italy , but by 796 had become master of an empire which stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Hungarian Plain . He was a staunch defender of the Papacy , and in the popes and the church hierarchy he had allies whose influence extended to Northumbria and beyond . Events in southern Britain to 796 have sometimes been portrayed as a struggle between Offa and Charlemagne , but the disparity in their power was enormous , and Offa and then Coenwulf were clearly minor figures by comparison .
Early evidence of friendly relations between Charlemagne and Offa is tempered by signs of strain . Charlemagne sheltered two exiles from England at his court : Odberht of Kent ( probably Eadberht Praen ) and Egbert of Wessex . Eadberht Praen ruled the Kingdom of Kent for a short time after Offa 's death , but was deposed by Coenwulf . Egbert was more successful , taking and holding the throne of Wessex in 802 . It is clear that Mercian and Frankish interests could not always be reconciled and Frankish policy then moved towards support for Offa 's opponents . To Charlemagne this primarily meant Northumbria : according to Patrick Wormald , " Charlemagne ... saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only : Æthelred ruling Northumbria and Offa ruling everything to the south " . Frankish support for Northumbria thus appears to have been driven by a desire to counter Mercian influence in southern Britain , an area with long @-@ standing ties to Francia . It has also been suggested that Charlemagne 's interest in Northumbria was motivated by a desire for co @-@ operation against Viking raiders , who had first appeared in Northumbria in the early 790s . Alternatively it may be that Charlemagne 's conception of the sphere of his authority included Britain , which had once been part of the Roman Empire .
Initially , both Charlemagne and Offa appear to have shared a common interest in supporting King Æthelred , Offa 's son @-@ in @-@ law . Shortly before Æthelred was murdered in 796 , an embassy from Francia delivered gifts for the king and his bishops . When Charlemagne learned of Æthelred 's killing he was enraged , called the Northumbrians " that treacherous , perverse people ... who murder their own lords " , and threatened retribution . His ambassadors , who had travelled on to Ireland and were then returning home , were ordered back to Northumbria to recover the presents . Charlemagne in time became a supporter of Eardwulf . Eardwulf is said to have married to one of Charlemagne 's daughters , but if this is correct she must have been illegitimate , as the marriages of all the legitimate daughters are known . Coenwulf , on the other hand , who became king of Mercia shortly after Eardwulf 's accession , is recorded as having fought with Eardwulf in 801 .
= = Early life and accession = =
Eardwulf was not , so far as is known , connected to any of the factions that had been warring for the throne up to the mid @-@ 790s . Nothing is definitely known of his background , though Symeon of Durham 's History of the Kings , an early twelfth @-@ century work based on the lost late tenth @-@ century chronicle of Byrhtferth , records that his father 's name was also Eardwulf , and both father and son are given the title dux . Historian Barbara Yorke has proposed that he was a descendant of one Eanwine who ( according to Symeon of Durham ) was killed in 740 on the orders of King Eadberht . This Eanwine may be identified with King Eadwulf 's son of the same name . Eardwulf 's father may have been one of the two Eardwulfs whose deaths are recorded by Symeon of Durham in 774 and 775 .
Eardwulf appears to have been an enemy of Æthelred I. He first appears in the historical record circa 790 , when Symeon of Durham reports that :
Eardulf was taken prisoner , and conveyed to Ripon , and there ordered by the aforesaid king [ Æthelred ] to be put to death without the gate of the monastery . The brethren carried his body into the church with Gregorian chanting , and placed it out of doors in a tent ; after midnight he was found alive in the church .
A letter from Alcuin to Eardwulf suggests that this fortunate recovery was seen as being miraculous .
Eardwulf 's whereabouts after his recovery are not known . In surviving King Æthelred 's anger he was more fortunate than Ælfwald 's sons , who were drowned on Æthelred 's orders in 791 . Osred returned from exile but was betrayed , and killed by Æthelred 's command on 14 September 792 . Æthelred himself was assassinated on 18 April 796 , perhaps at Corbridge , by conspirators led by the dux Ealdred . Æthelred was followed as king by Osbald , whose antecedents are unknown : he was deposed after twenty @-@ seven days and fled to the land of the Picts with a few supporters .
= = King = =
Eardwulf became king on 14 May 796 . The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle records that he was consecrated by Eanbald I , Archbishop of York , and Bishops Æthelberht , Beadwulf and Hygebald , at York Minster on 26 May 796 .
Eardwulf was evidently married before he became king , as Alcuin reproached him for abandoning his wife for a concubine soon after his coronation . This strained relations with the new Archbishop Eanbald II — Eanbald I had died in the year of Eardwulf 's coronation . Alcuin , while condemning secular oppression of the church , affected surprise that while the Archbishop Eanbald was travelling he was accompanied by a large retinue , including soldiers , and that he received and protected the king 's enemies . Eanbald was presumably in conflict with Eardwulf over property , but it is likely that he also supported rivals for Eardwulf 's throne .
Although Æthelred had been Eardwulf 's enemy , Æthelred 's killers proved to be equally hostile to Eardwulf . In 798 a dux named Wada , who was one of those who had killed King Æthelred , fought with Eardwulf on Billington Moor , near Whalley , Lancashire . Wada was put to flight and may have gone into exile in Mercia . He may have hoped to restore Osbald to the throne . The evidence for Osbald 's continued ambition is a letter that Alcuin wrote to him , probably in 798 , in which Alcuin attempted to dissuade Osbald from further interventions in Northumbrian affairs . Alcuin 's arguments appear to have succeeded , since Osbald is known to have become an abbot by 799 ( when his death is recorded ) , implying that he had given up his ambitions .
Two further challenges to Eardwulf are recorded within the next two years , both apparently from among the noble lines that had been fighting for the throne over the previous decades . In 799 , a dux named Moll was killed by Eardwulf 's " urgent command " . Moll 's name has suggested that he was a kinsman of the late King Æthelred , whose father was Æthelwald Moll . The following year , Ealhmund , " the son of King Alhred , as some say " , was killed by Eardwulf 's men . Ealhmund was remembered at Derby , in the neighbouring kingdom of Mercia , as a saint .
King Coenwulf of Mercia may have supported the unfortunate Ealhmund , and Symeon of Durham wrote that in 801 :
Eardwulf , king of the Northumbrians , led an army against Coenwulf , king of Mercians , because he had given asylum to his enemies . He also , collecting an army , obtained very many auxiliaries from other provinces , having made a long expedition among them . At length , with the advice of the bishops and chiefs of the Angles on either side , they made peace through the kindness of the king of the Angles .
This settlement ended open warfare , but Eardwulf was deposed in 806 , in unknown circumstances . Letters between Charlemagne and Pope Leo III suggest that Coenwulf had a hand in Eardwulf 's removal . According to the thirteenth @-@ century chronicler Roger of Wendover , Eardwulf was replaced by King Ælfwald II , about whom nothing else is known from the written sources , although coins issued in his reign have survived .
As the case of Ælfwald shows , while the written sources for later Northumbria are few and often written down centuries after the events they describe , archaeological evidence from coinage is independent of the surviving annals . Anglo @-@ Saxon coins usually named the king on whose orders they were issued and sometimes named the mint where they were struck — Northumbrian coinage names York as the place of issue — and the moneyer who produced them . Their weight and silver content can be compared with other reigns , providing a hint of the prevailing economic conditions , and the style and size may also throw light on cultural influences when the coins are compared with those of neighbouring kingdoms and with other forms of art . The evidence of Northumbrian coinage is particularly valuable in the ninth century , when contemporary written evidence all but disappears .
From the 740s until the end of the Northumbrian kingdom , coins were issued by most kings , although in variable quantities . Until recently no coins from Eardwulf 's reign were known , which suggested that it may have been a time of instability , or perhaps that the kingdom was impoverished by the payment of tribute to Offa and Coenwulf of Mercia . It is now known that the issue of new coins continued during Eardwulf 's reign , as two of his coins were identified in the 1990s . Issues of new currency appear to have been limited under Eardwulf , and significant numbers of Northumbrian coins are not again attested until the reign of Eardwulf 's son Eanred .
= = Exile and return = =
Like many of his predecessors , Eardwulf took to exile when he was deposed . Unlike kings with ties to Lindisfarne , who appear to have chosen exile among the Picts , Eardwulf was linked to Ripon and chose a southerly exile . The next reports of Eardwulf are in Frankish sources :
Meanwhile the king of the Northumbrians from the island of Britain , Eardwulf by name , being expelled from his kingdom and native land , came to the emperor while he was still at Nijmegen , and after he had made known the reason for his coming , he set out for Rome ; and on his return from Rome he was escorted by envoys of the Roman pontiff and of the lord emperor back into his kingdom . At that time Leo III ruled over the Roman church , and his messenger , the deacon Ealdwulf from that same Britain , a Saxon by race , was sent to Britain , and with him two abbots , Hruotfrid the notary and Nantharius of St. Omer , sent by the emperor .
A surviving letter of Leo III to Charlemagne confirms that Eardwulf visited Rome and stayed at Charlemagne 's court .
The Frankish source is clear that Eardwulf was " returned to his kingdom "
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
280 mm ) . Damage in Connecticut and Rhode Island was mainly in areas already affected by Hurricane Carol . Several streets were washed out , and rivers rose above flood stage .
Damage was heaviest in Maine , estimated at $ 25 million , which made Edna the costliest hurricane in the state 's history . Strong wind gusts , reaching 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) , and heavy rainfall , peaking at 7 @.@ 49 in ( 190 mm ) , extended into the state ; these were considered the heaviest rains in the state in 58 years . The Androscoggin and Kennebec rivers both reached above @-@ normal levels , causing flooding and washing out roads . In Augusta , the Kennebec River reached 20 @.@ 5 ft ( 6 @.@ 2 m ) , which was 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) above the peak level after the spring snow melt . Flooding entered basements , affected fields , and covered bridges . In West Peru , the floods washed out a bridge that was under construction . In addition , the winds downed trees , which blocked widespread roads and caused power outages in 18 % of the state . Washed out roads and rail lines cut off the state from the rest of New England . In Lewiston , a trapped car in 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep waters required rescue by boat . Another stranded family was rescued after seven hours in Unity , in which one child and a rescuer were killed . There were eight deaths in the state , most of whom related to cars being swept away by floods .
There were 21 deaths in New England , including eight drownings in Maine . Throughout the United States , damage was estimated at $ 42 @,@ 815 @,@ 000 . Damage was less from Edna than from Carol , primarily due to its strongest winds not occurring at the time of highest tides , and its track farther to the east . Throughout New England , 260 @,@ 000 people lost power , most of whom in Massachusetts .
= = = Atlantic Canada = = =
While rapidly losing characteristics of a tropical cyclone , Edna traversed central New Brunswick . In contrast with the smaller , more compact Hurricane Juan , which struck Atlantic Canada in 2003 , Edna was a much larger storm with strong winds extending hundreds of miles from the center . The tightest pressure gradient was focused on the east side of the storm , over mainland Nova Scotia . Edna brought down approximately 700 million board feet of timber , and although the amount of trees the storm destroyed was comparable to that of Juan , its effects were more widespread and not as locally severe . Sustained winds reached 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) at Yarmouth and 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) at Halifax . The intense winds downed power and telephone lines and destroyed many barns ; one such structural collapse killed a man , and livestock were lost throughout the region . Other damage to property included several fallen chimneys , a toppled church steeple in Pictou , and roof failures . In Kentville , an apartment building undergoing construction was destroyed . Approximately $ 3 million CAD in apple crops were decimated , while in Yarmouth , both live lobsters and lobster pots were lost . Debris blocked streets across the province , and at least 800 m ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) of road was washed out . Damage in Nova Scotia totaled $ 6 million CAD : in the aftermath , Yarmouth and Kentville declared states of emergency .
In New Brunswick , the storm dropped 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) of rain and produced winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Wind damage was less significant than in Nova Scotia , although still evident in structures and utility lines . A theatre in McAdam was destroyed , and several people were injured across the area . The storm flooded streets in St. Stephen . About 400 salmon , valued at $ 10 @,@ 000 CAD , were lost in Dalhousie . Total damage in the province is estimated at $ 1 @.@ 78 million CAD . Elsewhere , power outages were reported in Montreal .
= = Aftermath = =
In Maine , 20 counties were declared states of emergency . After the storm , Southern New England Telephone sent a crew of 100 workers in 50 trucks to Maine to assist in restoring power . Power was quickly restored , and in some places the outages were less severe than during Carol . For only the third time in its history , the Portland Evening Express was not delivered due to the storm . Most primary roads were re @-@ opened by two days after the storm , although rural areas and rail lines took longer to repair . There was a temporary travel ban for all but emergency vehicles in Maine due to washed out roads . Affecting densely populated portions of the state , Edna struck the day before the governor race between Republican Burton M. Cross and Democratic Edmund Muskie . Before the election , politicians commented how a suppressed turnout as a result of the storm would benefit Muskie , in a state where no Democrat had won governorship since 1934 . Muskie ultimately won the election in a close race , which saw a lower turnout than 1950 , likely due to Edna suppressing the rural , Republican turnout .
After a survey from the Federal Civil Defense Administration described damage as " tremendous " , President Dwight Eisenhower declared portions of Maine as a disaster area , which allocated federal funding for relief . The president also authorized additional aid to Rhode Island and Massachusetts due to additional damage there from Edna . Due to the severity of the storm , the name Edna was retired after this usage , for ten years before it was reintroduced for the 1968 season . At the 1969 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference , it was proposed that the names Edna , Carol , and Hazel be permanently retired because of their importance to the research community . Despite the proposal , the name Edna was added to the 1972 naming list , but was ultimately unused .
= Tom Johnson ( bareknuckle boxer ) =
Tom Johnson ( born Tom Jackling ; c . 1750 – 21 January 1797 ) was a bare @-@ knuckle fighter who was referred to as the Champion of England between 1784 and 1791 . His involvement in pugilistic prizefighting is generally seen to have coincided with a renewed interest in the sport . Although a strong man , his success was largely attributed to his technical abilities and his calm , analytical approach to despatching his opponents . But Johnson was less prudent outside the ring ; he was a gambler and considered by many of his acquaintances to be an easy mark . He is thought to have earned more money from the sport than any other fighter until nearly a century later , but much of it was squandered .
Johnson 's first fight probably took place in June 1783 against Jack Jarvis , after he had unintentionally slighted the wagon driver and professional fighter . Jarvis challenged Johnson to fight him as a matter of honour , and was comprehensively beaten in the resulting match . Johnson 's success encouraged him to take up the sport professionally . By June 1784 he had declared himself to be the champion , although whether of England or the world is uncertain .
In the later years of his fight career , and for some time after it ended , he acted as a second for other prominent fighters and ran a public house . His dissipation outside the ring appears to have resulted in his decision to leave England for Ireland , where he continued to tutor other boxers but eventually resorted to gambling to earn a living . He died a broken man , both physically and financially .
Johnson was inducted into the Pioneer category of the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1995 .
= = Life before boxing = =
Tom Johnson was born in Derby , England in about 1750 , although at least one early historian of boxing , Pierce Egan , states that Johnson was born in Yorkshire . His birth name was Thomas Jackling , but he used the name Tom Johnson throughout his fight career .
Johnson moved to London at a young age and spent the next twenty years or so working as a corn porter , loading and unloading sacks of corn from a wharf near to Old Swan Stairs , ( Upper ) Thames Street .
His selflessness and strength were exemplified during this period by the assistance that he gave to a fellow worker who had become ill . Johnson would carry two sacks of corn on each journey between the wharf and the grain warehouse , rather than the usual single sack , up an incline so steep that it was known as Labour @-@ in @-@ vain @-@ hill . He gave the extra money he earned to the family of the sick man until he was able to return work .
= = Background to 18th @-@ century prizefighting = =
Prizefighting in early 18th @-@ century England took many forms rather than just pugilism , which was referred to by noted swordsman and then boxing champion James Figg as " the noble science of defence " . But by the middle of the century the term was generally used to denote boxing fights only . The appeal of prizefighting at that time has been compared to that of duelling ; historian Adrian Harvey says that :
Patriotic writers often extolled the manly sports of the British , claiming that they reflected a courageous , robust , individualism in which the nation could take pride . Pugilism was regarded as humane and fair and its practice was presented in chivalrous terms . It was also a symbol of national courage , embodying the worth which Englishmen placed upon their own individual honour . The French , it was argued , did not like pugilism because they were not a free people and relied on the authorities to resolve their disputes . By contrast , the British dealt with their own problems in a straightforward manner , according to established rules of fair play .
From a legal standpoint prizefights ran the risk of being classified as disorderly assemblies , but in practice the authorities were mainly concerned about the number of criminals congregating there . Historian Bohun Lynch has been quoted as saying that pickpocketing was rife , and that fights between the various supporters were common . However , the patronage of the aristocracy and the wealthy ensured that any legal scrutiny was generally benign , in particular because fights could take place on private estates . This patronage also explains why London was the centre for the sport ; people of wealth tended to congregate in the city during the winter months and in the summer dispersed to their country estates . From 1786 , just as Johnson was rising to prominence , there was increased support for the sport because of the interest shown in it by the Prince of Wales ( later King George IV ) and his brothers , the future King William IV and Duke of Kent . This renewed interest followed a period of malaise which had in large part been due to corruption in the form of " fixing " the fights .
Jack Broughton , a celebrated boxing champion ( and another who was also a swordsman ) , had gone some way to defining the rules of prizefighting in 1743 , based on earlier work by Figg , but by Johnson 's time the rules were still interpreted very loosely . The style of fighting was also very different from modern boxing ; the contestants stood facing each other squarely with their feet in line and their fists raised level in front of them , rather than the present @-@ day stance of generally having one foot slightly in front of the other and one fist leading . Brute strength was the primary factor for success and knock @-@ downs were frequent , a consequence of the instability inherent in the positioning of the fighters ' feet . Rounds were not timed but instead lasted until a man was knocked down , with fighters permitted to wrestle each other to the ground . Moving around the ring , known as shifting , was deprecated and sometimes explicitly prohibited by the rules for a fight ; going to ground without being hit could lead to claims that the man still standing had won . The fighters usually each provided an umpire of their choice , and there might also be a third , independent umpire present , to adjudicate between them .
= = Career as a fighter = =
= = = Early period = = =
Johnson probably began fighting in June 1783 , at the age of thirty @-@ three , although Brailsford suggests it was 1781 or slightly earlier . Johnson had unintentionally slighted a carman ( horse @-@ drawn wagon driver ) and fighter called Jack Jarvis , who then called for Johnson to fight him as a matter of honour . Johnson comprehensively battered the experienced Jarvis at Lock 's Fields , and his name came to the attention of professional fighters . At that time Johnson had no intention of earning a living from the sport , but he became so goaded by a professional known as The Croydon Drover that a fight was arranged for March 1784 , at Kennington Common . Johnson beat the Drover to a pulp in 27 minutes and decided to become a professional .
The success against the Drover was followed by a victory against the ageing professional Stephen " Death " Oliver in June . The fight , which took place at Blackheath in front of thousands of people , was over in a time stated as being either 18 or 35 minutes . Johnson subsequently declared himself to be the champion and challenged all @-@ comers . Most contemporary and near @-@ contemporary accounts , such as those of Egan , regard this title of champion to mean Champion of England but Barrett O 'Hara , writing in 1909 , listed Johnson as the fourteenth World Heavyweight Champion . At the time of Johnson 's victory , the holder of title of champion was disputed . The previous holder , Duggan Fearns , had disappeared and Harry Sellers , the man Fearns had beaten to win the title in a fight that lasted 90 seconds and was alleged to have been fixed , had died .
Johnson did not fight again until he beat Bill Love , a butcher , at Barnet on 11 or 13 January 1786 in a contest that lasted five minutes and offered a prize of 50 guineas . He then beat Jack Towers the following month at the same place .
The final fight of Johnson 's early period , during which the stake money was relatively low , was his comprehensive win over a ponderous fighter called Fry for a prize of 50 guineas at Kingston . The fight , which lasted less than 30 minutes , ended with Fry badly beaten up and Johnson with barely a scratch on him . This fight did not attract many supporters of the sport ; it took place on 6 June 1786 and was therefore during the period when the wealthy were away from London .
= = = Consolidation = = =
Johnson had developed to be an exceptional fighter , and a rarity in his day because he used his brain as well as his strength . A barrel @-@ chested man , he weighed around 196 pounds ( 89 kg ) and his height was variously stated in the range of 5 ' 8 " ( 1 @.@ 73 m ) to 5 ' 10 " ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) . He was known for his coolness under pressure and he took time to analyse his opponent 's strengths , weaknesses and technique . He did not retreat from the fight but avoided risk and was careful not to expose himself too much to attack , although his guard was described as " inelegant " by Egan . That writer also explained that he " worked round his antagonist in a way peculiar to himself , that so puzzled his adversary to find out his intent , that he was frequently thrown off his guard , by which manoeuvring Johnson often gained the most important advantages . " All of this meant that his fights were not usually of short duration ; he made certain of the outcome rather than risking anything .
Having exhausted challengers in London , he took on Bristolian professional Bill Warr for 200 guineas at Oakhampton , Berkshire on 18 January 1787 , although the manner of his victory on this occasion was " scarcely worthy of being called a fight " , according to The Sportsman 's Magazine . Warr had to resort to shifting and falling to the ground in order to stay in the contest , and as both tactics were regarded as underhand he attracted the ire of the crowd . He survived for almost 90 minutes until a choice blow from Johnson caused Warr to run from the ring , despite the protestations of his second .
A hiatus in Johnson 's boxing career followed , with no challengers coming forward until the Irish champion Michael Ryan took an interest . The fight at Wraysbury , then in Buckinghamshire , on either 18 or 19 December 1787 saw Richard Humphries ( " The Gentleman Boxer " ) acting as Johnson 's second and Daniel Mendoza as his bottle @-@ holder . Ryan was the favourite to win before the fight , and he had Johnson reeling against the rails of the ring with a blow to the head after almost 20 minutes had elapsed . Humphries ' second stepped in to prevent a second strike and this enraged the crowd because they believed Ryan could continue hitting until Johnson fell to the ground . They encouraged Ryan to declare himself victor as a consequence of this foul but he refused , as he wanted to win by means other than a technicality . He allowed Johnson to recover and then , in the space of the next ten minutes , lost the bout .
= = = Financial security = = =
The nature of the fight with Ryan led to a much anticipated re @-@ match at Cassiobury Park , Hertfordshire on 11 February 1789 . At stake was prize money of 600 guineas , as well as Johnson 's title of champion . Humphries again acted as Johnson 's second and a man called Jackson was his bottle @-@ holder . The fight consisted of one round of mutually displayed skill , during which Johnson was felled , and thereafter was brutal passion . Egan described it as
The set @-@ to was one of the finest ever witnessed and much science was displayed ; the parries and feints eliciting general admiration ... [ The second round ] was terrible beyond description – science seemed forgotten – and they appeared like two blacksmiths at an anvil , when Ryan received a knock @-@ down blow . The battle was well sustained on both sides for some time ; but Ryan 's passion getting the better of him , he began to lose ground . Ryan 's head and eyes made a dreadful appearance and Johnson was severely punished .
It was over in 33 minutes , when Ryan gave up the fight . One spectator , a Mr Hollingsworth , who was a corn factor and had at one time employed Johnson , was so impressed and pleased with how much he had made from betting on Johnson that he settled a £ 20 per annum gift for life on the fighter .
A proposed bout later in the same year against Ben Bryan ( sometimes known as Ben Brian , Ben Brain or Ben Bryant ) came to nothing . Bryan had been a collier in Kingswood , Bristol before moving to London to fight . He was seen as a strong potential challenger , having already won two fights in the provinces and then won against John Boone ( known as " The Fighting Grenadier " ) , a man called Corbally , and Tom Tring . The prize money was set at £ 1000 , but Bryan became ill and had to withdraw , forfeiting his staked deposit of £ 100 .
Later in 1789 fighters from the Birmingham area issued a series of challenges to opponents based around London , intended to demonstrate the level of organisation and confidence among the Birmingham boxers and their supporters . Three of the challenges were accepted , including that from Isaac Perrins to Tom Johnson . Perrins , who has been described as " the knock @-@ kneed hammerman from Soho " , had already issued a general challenge , offering to fight any man in England for a prize of 500 guineas , having beaten all challengers in the counties around Birmingham .
The Perrins – Johnson fight took place at Banbury on 22 October 1789 , billed as a battle between Birmingham and London as well as for the English Championship . The venue had been intended to be Newmarket during a race meeting but permission could not be obtained . The two men were about the same age but physically very different . Perrins stood 6 ' 2 " ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) tall and weighed 238 pounds ( 108 kg ) . It was claimed that he had lifted 896 pounds ( 406 kg ) of iron with ease , and he was " universally allowed to possess much skill and excellent bottom " . That is , it was acknowledged that he was skillful and courageous . The physical mismatch was later described as a fight between Hercules , in the form of Perrins , and a boy .
The first five minutes of competition saw neither man strike a blow and then when Perrins tried to make contact Johnson dodged and felled Perrins in return . Although Perrins recovered to hold the upper hand in the first few rounds , Johnson then began to dance around the ring , forcing Perrins to follow in order to make a fight of it . This was the first time in his career that Johnson had found it necessary to resort to this tactic of shifting . It confused Perrins because of it being contrary to the custom at the time , but the rules for this particular fight did not prevent it . Nor did they specify what should happen if a contestant fell to the ground , which is what Johnson did in order to avoid being hit – this action was thought by the spectators to be unsporting but was permitted by the two umpires . Before long both fighters showed signs of their opponent 's attacks , with first Perrins and then Johnson suffering cut eyes and then further damage to their faces . By the fight 's end Perrins ' head " had scarcely the traces left of a human being " , according to Egan in his history of boxing . The contest lasted 62 rounds , which took a total of 75 minutes to complete , until Perrins became totally exhausted . Tony Gee has said that
Perrins had overwhelming physical advantages but , owing to his naïvety , no clause was inserted in the articles of agreement to prevent " shifting " ... Moreover , Perrins was inexperienced in the subterfuges of the sport and found himself outwitted by his artful adversary .
Perrins ' supporters had gambled heavily on him because of his reputation and his advantage in size . In the event it was a major supporter of Johnson , a Thomas Bullock , who gained ; he won £ 20 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 220 @,@ 000 as of 2010 ) from his bets in favour of Johnson and gifted the victor £ 1 @,@ 000 .
The event was recorded in The Gentleman 's Magazine of that month :
... a great boxing match took place ... between two bruisers , Perrins and Johnson : for which a turf stage had been erected 5 foot 6 inches high , and about 40 feet square . The combatants set @-@ to at one in the afternoon ; and , after sixty @-@ two rounds of fair and hard fighting , victory was declared in favour of Johnson , exactly at fifteen minutes after two . The number of persons of family and fortune , who interested themselves in this brutal conquest , is astonishing : many of whom , it is proper to add , paid dearly for their diversion .
The contestants received 250 guineas each , with Johnson also receiving two @-@ thirds of the entrance takings ( after costs ) and Perrins receiving the other third . The net takings were £ 800 , and the number of spectators was variously stated as being 3 @,@ 000 or 5 @,@ 000 . Johnson called on Perrins and left him a guinea to buy himself a drink before leaving Banbury . The fight had proved to be " one of the hardest , cleanest and most brilliant encounters that ever took place " . As O 'Hara put it , " The stevedore at 33 has become at 39 the Croesus of the ring . "
Copper medals were struck to commemorate each of the contestants . The obverse side of these contained a picture of the respective fighter ; the reverse had the Latin inscription Bella ! Horrida bella ! ( a quotation from Virgil which can be translated as " wars , horrible wars " ) and the words " Strength and magnanimity " in the case of Perrins , and " Science and intrepidity " for that of Johnson . Chaloner has speculated that these may have been produced by Perrins ' employers , Boulton and Watt , and says that they bear similarities with the work of a French die maker called Ponthon who was supplying the firm with industrial items from at least 1791 . The National Portrait Gallery holds two pictures of the Banbury fight , one an etching published by George Smeeton in 1812 , and the other by Joseph Grozer in 1789 .
= = = Last fight = = =
Ben Bryan now challenged Johnson once more . He had recovered from his previous illness and won a fight at Banbury against Jacombs , another of the Birmingham challengers , on the day after Johnson 's victory against Perrins . Subsequently Bryan had drawn a 180 @-@ round contest with Bill Hooper , also known as " The Tinman " , regarding which The Sportsman 's Magazine claimed " A more ridiculous match never took place in the annals of pugilism . "
The Duke of Hamilton supplied Bryan 's stake to fight Johnson in a contest for a prize of 500 guineas held at Wrotham , Kent . Although it is thought that he held property worth £ 5 @,@ 000 by the end of the 1780s , and had earned the equivalent of US $ 125 @,@ 000 in 1789 alone ( including money earned from betting on himself ) , Johnson had to rely on friends to provide his stake because he had spent all of his money . He was a gambling man and an " easy mark " , attracting people who gladly took his money from him . Brailsford has commented that this dissipation in his personal life was at odds with his cautious , calculated approach when in the prize ring .
Johnson was a clear favourite to win the match , which took place on 17 January 1791 and attracted even more spectators than had been present for the Perrins fight . He had Joe Ward as his second and Mendoza as his bottle holder , with those roles for Bryan being filled by Warr and Humphries . The brutality of the initial fighting was shared by both men . Johnson 's nerve failed him , as did his command of the techniques that had served him well . O 'Hara describes that he fought " like a wild man " and , throwing caution to the wind , broke a metacarpal in his middle finger after the momentum created by throwing a wild punch caused him to crash into the ring rail and then to the floor . This was the turning point , and O 'Hara describes the situation as , " Frightfully beaten , his fists useless , his eyes closed , bathed in blood , and without the chance even of turning the tide with a lucky punch , he refuses to surrender . " He had to resort to shifting once more and eventually to wrestling with the hair of Bryan , which generated much disapprobation among the crowd . Eventually Bryan forced Johnson to the floor and beat him unconscious . Johnson had lost the fight , and his status as champion , in 21 minutes . Egan speculated that Johnson 's change in style , evident from the outset of the fight might have been due to either genuine concern about Bryan 's abilities or from his gambling problems ; either way , " there was a miserable falling off in him altogether ! "
Egan wrote that Johnson was the nearest any boxer had come to matching the skill of Jack Broughton . He was thought to have earned more money during his reign as champion than any other fighter until John L. Sullivan almost a century later . Jack Anderson , a modern historian of the sport , has summarised the early boxing writers as agreeing the period of Johnson 's reign as champion " rescued the declining sport and heralded the beginning of a golden age " .
= = Life after boxing = =
Johnson acted as second to various fighters around the period of his rise and fall . He performed this duty for Tom Tyne ( " The Tailor " ) at Croydon on 1 July 1788 and at Horton Moor on 24 March 1790 , having previously done so for a fighter called Savage who had taken on Jack Doyle at Stepney Fields on 22 November 1787 . He also acted twice for Humphries , in his fights against Mendoza at Odiham on 9 January 1788 , when Mendoza sprained his ankle on the slippery surface , and at Stilton on 9 May 1789 . There was much controversy at the latter , with O 'Hara reporting that this caused Mendoza 's second , a Captain Brown , to call Johnson a blackguard ; Johnson responded by threatening " to punch Brown into Eternity . " Johnson switched fighters and seconded Mendoza against Humphries at Doncaster on 29 September 1790 , and again in a contest against Warr near Croydon in May 1792 . Similarly , he acted as second for Hooper when he fought George Maddox at Sydenham Common on 10 February 1794 and for Tom " Paddington " Jones at Blackheath on 10 May 1794 . Other occasions when he acted as second include for John Jackson ( near to Croydon , 9 June 1788 ; and against Mendoza at Hornchurch on 15 April 1795 ) , and Joe Ward ( at Hyde Park , date unknown ) .
After his defeat by Bryan he bought and ran a public house , The Grapes , in Duke Street , Lincoln 's Inn Fields , London . Retired prizefighters at that time often received the proceeds of a financial collection from their supporters to enable them to buy a licence to operate such premises : " today 's fighter was merely tomorrow 's publican in waiting " . In a 1901 review of sporting prints titled The old and new pugilism , which lamented the passing of the style and the discipline of prize @-@ fighting , " the goal of the successful pugilist was a sporting public house ... they were generally in side or back streets , where the house did not command a transient trade . Most of these sporting " pubs " had a large room at the back or upstairs , which was open one night a week ( preferably Saturday ) , for public sparring , which was always conducted by a pugilist of some note . "
The Grapes soon became known as a haunt of gamblers and criminals , which probably lost Johnson his licence to operate the premises . Subsequently he sought wagers at horse race meetings and cockpits , refusing to pay if he lost and instead challenging the victor to a fight . Johnson moved to Copper Alley , Dublin , but had to leave after magistrates determined that his premises were " not proving so consonant to the principles of propriety , as was wished " . He then went to Cork , where he tried to earn a living by teaching boxing . Finding that unrewarding he turned once again to gambling , and according to Dennis Brailsford " His deterioration was rapid . Both his health and his spirit were broken " . He died in Cork on 21 January 1797 , aged 47 .
Johnson tutored George Ingleston ( The Brewer ) and was at least a supporter of Jones , on whom he once bet £ 100 to win a fight . He also taught a man called Simpson , who went on to fight Jones in 1804 .
Johnson 's brother , Bill Jackling , also did some boxing . He lost to Elias Spray some time prior to Spray 's 1805 fight against Joseph Bourkes , a perennial challenger for the championship .
= P @-@ 9 Project =
The P @-@ 9 Project was the codename given during World War II to the Manhattan Project 's heavy water production program . The Cominco plant at Trail , British Columbia , was upgraded to produce heavy water , and three plants were constructed by DuPont in the United States , at the Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . The American plants became operational in 1943 , and were closed in 1945 . The Canadian plant at Trail continued in operation until 1956 . Three nuclear reactors were built using the heavy water produced by the P @-@ 9 Project : Chicago Pile 3 at Argonne , and ZEEP and NRX at the Chalk River Laboratories in Canada .
= = Origins = =
Heavy water is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium , also known as heavy hydrogen , rather than the common hydrogen @-@ 1 isotope that makes up most of the hydrogen in ordinary water . Deuterium was discovered by Harold Urey in 1931 and he was later able to concentrate it in water . His mentor Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis in 1933 .
Although a scientific curiosity from the start , considerable interest in heavy water was aroused in 1939 when Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski suggested that heavy water could be used as a neutron moderator in a nuclear reactor using natural uranium . They carried out experiments on uranium using ordinary water , but had found that the hydrogen atoms absorbed neutrons , thus preventing the desired chain reaction . Heavy water though , was an ideal moderator . The Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) put Hugh S. Taylor , a British physicist at Princeton University in charge of heavy water research . Taylor and Urey began looking at means for producing heavy water on an industrial scale . For his plutonium project , Arthur H. Compton requested 2 stone ( 28 lb ; 13 kg ) of it . The heavy water project was codenamed the " P @-@ 9 Project " in October 1942 .
The problem with using heavy water was that it was scarce , and scientists could not readily acquire the quantities required by a reactor . At Columbia University in the United States , Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd attempted to use graphite as a moderator instead . This turned out to be possible , but the graphite had to be very pure , as impurities , particularly boron , tended to absorb neutrons . On 2 December 1942 , Fermi 's team initiated the first artificial self @-@ sustaining nuclear chain reaction in an experimental reactor known as Chicago Pile @-@ 1 . For the Manhattan Project , this was a crucial step towards the manufacture of plutonium in a reactor for use in an atomic bomb , but much larger reactors were required for mass production .
= = Trail = =
Cominco had been involved in heavy water research since 1934 , and produced it at its smelting plant in Trail , British Columbia . On 26 February 1941 , the Canadian National Research Council inquired about its ability to produce heavy water . This was followed on 23 July 1941 by letter from Taylor that offered a National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) contract to produce 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) , for which the NDRC was prepared to pay $ 5 per pound for low @-@ grade and $ 10 for high @-@ grade heavy water . At the time it was selling for up to $ 1 @,@ 130 a pound .
Cominco 's president , Selwyn G. Blaylock , was cautious . There might be no post @-@ war demand for heavy water , and the patent on the process was held by Albert Edgar Knowles , so a profit @-@ sharing agreement would be required . In response , Taylor offered up $ 20 @,@ 000 for plant modifications . There the matter rested until 6 December 1941 , when Blaylock had a meeting with the British physicist G. I. Higson , who informed him that Taylor had become discouraged with Cominco , and had decided to find an alternative source of heavy water . Blaylock invited Taylor to visit Trail , which he did from 5 to 8 January 1942 . The two soon found common ground . Blaylock agreed to produce heavy water at Trail , and quickly secured approval from the Chairman of the Board , Sir Edward Beatty . A contract was signed on 1 August 1942 .
To the existing $ 10 million plant consisting of 3 @,@ 215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power , secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2 @.@ 3 % to 99 @.@ 8 % . For this process , Taylor developed a platinum @-@ on @-@ carbon catalyst for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel @-@ chromia one for the fourth stage tower . Seven new parcels of land were acquired totalling 0 @.@ 474 acres ( 0 @.@ 192 ha ) were leased by the U.S. government . Construction was undertaken by Stone & Webster . The final cost was $ 2 @.@ 8 million . The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942 , shortly before construction began the following month . It was completed on 30 June 1943 , at a cost of $ 2 @,@ 604 @,@ 622 .
Production rose steadily from 15 pounds ( 6 @.@ 8 kg ) in June 1943 to 326 pounds ( 148 kg ) in January 1944 , 1 @,@ 055 pounds ( 479 kg ) in January 1945 and 1 @,@ 305 pounds ( 592 kg ) in January 1946 . The running cost of the plant averaged $ 32 @,@ 979 per month over the period from June 1943 to December 1946 , when the Manhattan Project was replaced by the Atomic Energy Commission . This worked out to $ 39 per pound . Trail 's heavy water production continued until 1956 .
= = American sites = =
The Director of the Manhattan Project , Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , had , in November 1942 , recruited DuPont as the prime contractor for the construction of a plutonium production complex Although DuPont 's preferred designs for the nuclear reactors were helium cooled and used graphite as a moderator , DuPont still expressed an interest in using heavy water as a backup , in case the graphite reactor design proved infeasible for some reason . For this purpose , it was estimated that 3 short tons ( 2 @.@ 7 t ) of heavy water would be required per month . As the plant at Trail , which was then under construction , could produce 0 @.@ 5 short tons ( 0 @.@ 45 t ) per month , more capacity was required .
Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish additional heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Although known as Ordnance Works and paid for under Ordnance Department contracts , they were built and operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Locating them at Ordnance plants saved the cost of acquiring land , since it was already owned by the government , and they already had personnel and utilities , including steam generating equipment . The three American plants used a process different from Trail 's ; heavy water was extracted by distillation , taking advantage of the slightly higher boiling point of heavy water . This was not considered to be an efficient process , but it was known to work and scale to an industrial process , and therefore represented less risk than other proposals . Mogantown , Wabash and Alabama were expected to produce 0 @.@ 4 short tons ( 0 @.@ 36 t ) , 1 @.@ 2 short tons ( 1 @.@ 1 t ) and 0 @.@ 8 short tons ( 0 @.@ 73 t ) respectively of heavy water per month , with a concentration of 99 @.@ 75 % .
= = = Morgantown = = =
Works at Morgantown were undertaken by DuPont under a cost @-@ plus fixed fee contract , as was the works at Wabash and Alabama . Construction commenced on 7 January 1943 , and was substantially completed ahead of the 1 September scheduled date . The facilities were progressively brought into operation between 29 May and 28 August 1943 . The cost was $ 3 @,@ 490 @,@ 069 . DuPont 's fixed fee was originally $ 154 @,@ 882 , but this was voluntarily reduced to $ 88 @,@ 588 because the cost of construction was considerably less than the $ 6 @,@ 034 @,@ 000 originally estimated .
The electrolytic finishing plant was established at Morgantown because that plant was under the control of DuPont 's Ammonia Division . At this plant the output from the distillation plants , which was about 90 % heavy water , was broken down by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen . The light hydrogen tends to be drawn off first , leaving the heavy water behind . This process was repeated through several stages to yield a finished product that was 99 @.@ 75 % heavy water .
= = = Wabash = = =
Construction commenced on 23 January 1943 , and was substantially completed on 22 October . Stages of the P @-@ 9 distillation plant became operational between 17 June and 18 September 1943 . Total cost was $ 7 @,@ 493 @,@ 157 , including DuPont 's fee of $ 152 @,@ 472 , which was voluntarily reduced from $ 272 @,@ 776 because the plant was constructed for substantially less than the allocated $ 13 @,@ 665 @,@ 000 .
= = = Alabama = = =
Construction commenced on 11 February 1943 , and was completed on 15 November . Stages of the P @-@ 9 distillation plant became operational between 29 May and 4 September 1943 . Total cost was $ 3 @,@ 466 @,@ 171 , including DuPont 's fee of $ 70 @,@ 368 , which was voluntarily reduced from $ 184 @,@ 680 because the plant was constructed for substantially less than the allocated $ 8 @,@ 285 @,@ 000 .
= = Production = =
The three American plants never achieved the intended production of 4 @,@ 800 pounds ( 2 @,@ 200 kg ) per month . A series of suggestions for improving production was considered , and the most promising were carried out . The most successful of these was the reconstruction of the first stage towers at Morgantown to reduce leakage , which resulted in a considerable improvement in performance . However , by this time , early 1945 , it was decided that production was sufficient , and the expense of doing this at the other plants could not be justified .
The P @-@ 9 distillation plant at Alabama was closed in June 1945 , that at Wabash in July , and the one at Morgantown in August . The electrolytic finishing plant at Morgantown was closed in September . Intermediate product remaining when the plants were closed was sent to Trail . This resulted in approximately 1 @,@ 600 pounds ( 730 kg ) of extra production at Trail . Between February 1944 and August 1945 , the electrolytic finishing plant at Morgantown , which finished the product for all three plants , produced an average of 2 @,@ 277 pounds ( 1 @,@ 033 kg ) per month , for a total of 43 @,@ 253 pounds ( 19 @,@ 619 kg ) .
The electrolytic finishing plant also processed 3 @,@ 151 pounds ( 1 @,@ 429 kg ) from heavy water recovered from Germany by the Manhattan Project 's Alsos Mission . The average monthly production cost was $ 72 @,@ 000 for Morgantown , $ 154 @,@ 000 at Alabama and $ 197 @,@ 400 at Wabash , for a total of $ 423 @,@ 400 . Thus , heavy water cost $ 186 per pound , excluding the $ 11 @,@ 967 @,@ 000 cost of the plants . If this is included , it cost $ 550 per pound , compared to $ 111 per pound at Trail .
Intermediate product was shipped from Wabash and Alabama by rail in sealed metal containers . The finished product was shipped by rail from Morgantown via the Monongahela Railway and Trail via the Canadian Pacific Railway to the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago . Heavy water from Trail was used for Chicago Pile 3 at Argonne , the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium . Designed by Eugene Wigner and built under the direction of Walter Zinn , it went critical on 15 May 1944 . An allocation of heavy water was used by the Chalk River Laboratories to build ZEEP under Kowarski 's direction , which went critical in September 1945 . This was followed by its NRX rector in 1947 , which was also moderated by heavy water . Like CP @-@ 3 and ZEEP it was used for scientific research , and not for plutonium production .
Demand for heavy water increased in the early 1950s . The heavy water facility at Wabash , now renamed the Dana Plant by the Atomic Energy Commission , was reopened , and DuPont resumed production of heavy water in May 1952 . The site was used a pilot plant for a new production process using hydrogen sulphide . The heavy water facility was closed again in early 1957 . The facility , and a larger complex at the Savannah River Site had fulfilled its purpose , supplying heavy water for the plutonium production reactors at Savannah River .
= Affliction ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" Affliction " is the fifteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , and originally aired on February 18 , 2005 . The script was written by Mike Sussman from a story by executive producer Manny Coto . It was the second episode of Enterprise to be directed by Michael Grossman . The episode is the first of a two @-@ part story , which concludes with " Divergence " .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , the crew investigate the kidnapping of Doctor Phlox ( John Billingsley ) , and the ship is attacked by a new type of Klingon . Meanwhile , Phlox is taken to a Klingon colony to work on a cure for a plague whose effects include the removal of the Klingon 's cranial ridges .
The episode sought to answer the question of why Klingons looked different in Star Trek : The Original Series than in other series of the franchise . It featured a number of guest stars who had previous connections to the franchise , including James Avery who was in the running for the part of Worf in The Next Generation , John Schuck who played a Klingon Ambassador in two Star Trek films , and Eric Pierpoint who had appeared in several other episodes of Star Trek previously . Some of the standing sets were redressed to appear as the interior of the Columbia , and some scenes were filmed outside at the Paramount Studios lot in Los Angeles , California . The initial ratings equalled the highest ratings of the fourth season , and although critical reception was mixed , it has subsequently been considered to be one of the best story @-@ lines to be featured on Enterprise .
= = Plot = =
Enterprise returns to Earth in time for the launch of the second NX class starship , Columbia , and Commander Tucker prepares for his transfer . Meanwhile , Ensign Sato and Doctor Phlox are attacked in San Francisco , and Phlox is kidnapped . Captain Archer and Lieutenant Reed investigate the scene , and Reed is given a secret assignment by a secretive agent that he seems to know . Commander T 'Pol , seeking information from Sato , conducts her first mind @-@ meld , and the two realize that the attackers spoke Rigelian . They discover that a Rigelian freighter recently left orbit and head off in pursuit .
On Columbia , Tucker ruffles a few feathers with his new team , and Captain Hernandez asks the reasons behind his transfer . Later , T 'Pol and Tucker have a shared vision despite being on different ships . Enterprise locates a destroyed Rigelian ship , and while investigating , they are suddenly attacked and boarded . MACOs repel the attack and a captured alien is taken to Sickbay , where scanners show that he is in fact Klingon . Archer then discovers Reed 's complicity in evidence tampering and confines him to the brig . Archer also learns that the boarders sabotaged the ship , and he orders maximum speed in order to prevent the warp core from overloading . The ship increases speed to warp 5 @.@ 2 , the fastest it has ever been .
Phlox is taken to Qu 'Vat , a Klingon colony where General K 'Vagh and Doctor Antaak seek his help to cure a Klingon plague . To Phlox 's horror , K 'Vagh kills an infected Klingon so that an autopsy can be performed . Phlox determines that the victims DNA has been supplemented with that of a genetically augmented human . Phlox also learns from Antaak that they experimented with augmented DNA after the events seen in " Borderland " , but it self @-@ mutated and escaped . Antaak and Phlox are told that they have five days to cure the outbreak before it is too late . Antaak suggests that the only course of action is to create stable augmented Klingons , but Phlox refuses to assist further .
= = Production = =
The storyline in " Affliction " answers an ongoing question which had begun with the pilot episode of Enterprise , " Broken Bow " . In The Original Series , Klingons appeared mostly human , with no applied prosthetics . However , in Star Trek : The Motion Picture , they first appeared with forehead ridges and continued to appear this way through the remaining movies as well as The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine and Voyager . The DS9 episode " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " references the change , with Chief O 'Brien suggesting that Klingons had been genetically modified and Doctor Bashir assuming a viral mutation had taken place .
Theories created by fans included the idea that the ridgeless Klingons were from a specific part of the home world , but this was discounted when three ridgeless Klingons from The Original Series appeared with ridges in the Deep Space Nine episode " Blood Oath " . The Original Series had a restricted budget , and there was no funding for any prosthetic make @-@ up for the Klingons until The Motion Picture . During The Original Series , it was decided to use them more frequently than the Romulans , whose prosthetics were more expensive . The original ridgeless design was created after suggestions by John Colicos , who based them on Genghis Khan and the people of the 13th and 14th century Mongol Empire . When " Broken Bow " aired , it featured Klingons with forehead ridges , despite the series being set prior to The Original Series . On the episode 's script , the old style Klingons were referred to as " type @-@ two " and " semi @-@ Klingons " .
The storyline was one of several in the fourth season of Enterprise which show runner Manny Coto sought to connect the series to The Original Series . Coto also revealed in an interview with the Chicago Tribune that the episode would see the start of Section 31 . The episode also featured the first appearance on @-@ screen of the Rigelians , despite first being mentioned in The Original Series and again in DS9 . " Affliction " marks the fifth writing credit of the fourth season for Michael Sussman , while director Michael Grossman had previously directed the episode " Hatchery " .
Filming took place from December 3 , 2004 through to December 12 . Several of the standing sets were redressed to appear as the locations on the USS Columbia , including the bridge , Captain 's mess and the engineering section . The exterior scenes where Phlox and Hoshi were attacked were filmed on the Paramount lot in Los Angeles . As the New York streets backlot had already been used earlier in the season for the opening episode " Storm Front " , this sequence was instead filmed in the area between the studio 's Administration building and a building which had previously doubled for the high school in the sitcom Happy Days .
= = = Casting = = =
James Avery was cast as the Klingon General K ’ Vagh . He underwent a three @-@ hour make @-@ up process for the role , something he later described as a nightmare . He had previously been involved with Star Trek in 1987 , when he was the runner up to Michael Dorn to be cast as Worf in The Next Generation . He became better known as Phil Banks in The Fresh Prince of Bel @-@ Air . " Affliction " also featured a cameo by Marc Worden as a Klingon prisoner , who had previously appeared in the Deep Space Nine episodes " Sons and Daughters " and " You are Cordially Invited ... " as Worf 's son , Alexander Rozhenko .
John Schuck was cast as the Klingon doctor Antaak , having previously appeared as the Klingon Ambassador in both Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . Schuck had also appeared in episodes of both Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Eric Pierpoint had previously appeared in several episodes of Star Trek across the various television series , including the TNG episode " Liaisons " as well as episodes of DS9 and Voyager . He had also appeared in the Enterprise episode " Rogue Planet " .
Brad Greenquist appeared as a Rigelian in this episode in his second appearance on Enterprise , he too had also previously appeared in episodes of DS9 and Voyager . The other Rigelians were played by stuntmen Brian Williams and Tom Dupont , whilst Linda Park was stunt @-@ doubled by Diana Inosato . It was the second appearance of Seth MacFarlane , the creator of the animated television show Family Guy , in a role in Enterprise . He had previously appeared as an unnamed character in the third season episode " The Forgotten " but gains the name Ensign Rivers in " Affliction " .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Affliction " originally aired on UPN , on February 18 , 2005 . It received a 1 @.@ 8 / 3 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 3 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This equals the ratings received by the previous episode , " The Aenar " , which received the highest ratings of the fourth season so far . It finished behind programs on NBC , The WB , ABC , CBS and Fox .
Michelle Erica Green reviewed this episode for TrekNation , and described it as a " rollicking good ride " . She thought that linking the reason for the Klingons ' appearance change to the augmented humans from earlier in the season was a clever idea , but the introduction of Section 31 was suspect as they hadn 't been mentioned at all through the season three Xindi arc . She was pleased with the level of detail shown on screen , such as the targs and Tucker changing the patch on his uniform when he transfers to the Columbia . Green said that John Billingsley " excels " in this episode , and that the ending was " perfect " . Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website " Jammer 's Reviews " , gave the episode a score of three out of four , saying that it was " solid and entertaining , but with no real signs of greatness " and thought that the cliffhanger ending was unnecessary . The two part story featuring the episodes " Affliction " and " Divergence " were subsequently ranked the fifth best story of Enterprise by Den of Geek writer James Hunt .
The only home media release of the episode is on DVD ; having been released as part of the season four box set on November 1 , 2005 in the United States . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 .
= Sylvester ( singer ) =
For the mayor of Kansas City , Missouri see : Sly James
Sylvester James , Jr . ( September 6 , 1947 – December 16 , 1988 ) , who used the stage name of Sylvester , was an American singer @-@ songwriter . Primarily active in the genres of disco , rhythm and blues , and soul , he was known for his flamboyant and androgynous appearance , falsetto singing voice , and hit disco singles in the late 1970s .
Born in Watts , Los Angeles , to a middle @-@ class African @-@ American family , Sylvester developed a love of singing through the gospel choir of his Pentecostal church . Leaving the church after the congregation expressed disapproval of his homosexuality , he found friendship among a group of black cross @-@ dressers and transgender women who called themselves The Disquotays . Moving to San Francisco in 1970 at the age of 22 , Sylvester embraced the counterculture and joined the avant @-@ garde drag troupe The Cockettes , producing solo segments of their shows which were heavily influenced by female blues and jazz singers like Billie Holiday and Josephine Baker . During the Cockettes ' critically panned tour of New York City , Sylvester left them to pursue his career elsewhere . He came to front Sylvester and his Hot Band , a rock act that released two commercially unsuccessful albums on Blue Thumb Records in 1973 before disbanding .
Focusing on a solo career , Sylvester signed a recording contract with Harvey Fuqua of Fantasy Records and obtained three new backing singers in the form of Martha Wash , Izora Rhodes – the " Two Tons O ' Fun " – and Jeanie Tracy . His first solo album , Sylvester ( 1977 ) , was a moderate success . This was followed with the acclaimed disco album Step II ( 1978 ) , which spawned the singles " You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) " and " Dance ( Disco Heat ) " , both of which were hits in the U.S. and Europe . Distancing himself from the disco genre , he recorded four more albums – including a live album – with Fantasy Records . After leaving this label , he signed to Megatone Records , the dance @-@ oriented company founded by friend and collaborator Patrick Cowley , where he recorded four more albums , including the Cowley penned hit Hi @-@ NRG track " Do Ya Wanna Funk . " An activist who campaigned against the spread of HIV / AIDS , Sylvester died from complications arising from the virus in 1988 , leaving all future royalties from his work to San Francisco @-@ based HIV / AIDS charities .
During the late 1970s , Sylvester gained the moniker of the " Queen of Disco " and during his life he attained particular recognition in San Francisco , where he was awarded the key to the city . In 2005 , he was posthumously inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame , while his life has been recorded in a biography and made the subject of both a documentary and a musical .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood : 1947 – 62 = = =
Sylvester James was born on September 6 , 1947 in the Watts district of Los Angeles , California , into a middle @-@ class family . His mother , Letha Weaver , had been raised near Palestine , Arkansas into a relatively wealthy African @-@ American family who owned their own farmland . Letha 's biological mother , Gertha Weaver , was unmarried and too sickly to care for her child , so Gertha 's sister Julia , known to the family as JuJu , became Letha 's adoptive mother . In the late 1930s , Julia and her husband took part in the Great Migration of African @-@ Americans out of the Southern United States , relocating to Watts .
It was here that Letha was largely raised and where she met and married her first husband , Sylvester " Sweet " James , with the couple moving into a small cottage owned by Letha 's parents . Their first child , named Sylvester after his father , was followed by the birth of John Wesley in 1948 and Larry in 1950 . Sylvester and his brothers became better known in their predominantly African @-@ American community by their nicknames , with Sylvester 's being " Dooni . " Sylvester considered his father to be a " lowlife " because he was an adulterer and left his wife and children when the boys were still young . Letha and her three sons moved to a downtown housing project at Aliso Village before moving back into her parental home at 114th Street in Watts .
Letha was a devout adherent of the Pentecostal denomination of Christianity , regularly attending the Palm Lane Church of God in Christ in South Los Angeles . Sylvester and his brothers accompanied her to the church 's services , where he developed a particular interest in gospel music . Having been an avid singer since the age of three , Sylvester regularly joined in with gospel performances ; he sang the song " My Buddy " at the funeral of one of the other children in the Park Lane congregation . The young Sylvester was often accused of effeminacy and recognized his own homosexuality from an early age . At the age of eight , he engaged in sexual activity with a far older man at the church — at the time rumored to be the church organist — although he would always maintain that this was consensual and not an example of sexual molestation . Sylvester was taken to a doctor after receiving injuries during anal sex with this man ; it was the doctor who informed Letha that her son was gay , something that she could not accept , viewing homosexual activity as a perversion and a sin . News of Sylvester 's homosexual activity soon spread through the church congregation , and feeling unwelcome , he ceased his attendance at age 13 .
During Sylvester 's childhood , his mother gave birth to three more children by different fathers before marrying Robert " Sonny " Hurd in the early 1960s , with whom she adopted three foster children . A supervisor at aerospace manufacturer North American Rockwell , Hurd 's job increased the family income and they were able to move into a more expensive , predominantly Euro @-@ American neighborhood north of Watts . The relationship between Sylvester and both his mother and stepfather was strained ; in the midst of one argument with his mother , Sylvester decided to leave their house permanently .
= = = The Disquotays : 1962 – 70 = = =
Now homeless , Sylvester spent much of the next decade staying with friends and relatives , in particular his grandmother Julia , who expressed no disapproval of his homosexuality , having been a friend of a number of gay men in the 1930s . On occasion , he returned to his mother and step @-@ father 's house for a few days at a time , particularly to spend time with his younger sisters , Bernadette and Bernadine . Aged 15 , he began frequenting local gay clubs and built up a group of friends from the local gay black community , eventually forming themselves into a group which they called the Disquotays . Sylvester 's best friend among the Disquotays was a trans woman named Duchess , who earned her money as a prostitute , a job that Sylvester refused to engage in . The group held lavish house parties , sometimes at the home of their friend , rhythm and blues singer Etta James , in which they dressed up in female clothing and wigs , constantly trying to outdo one another in appearance .
Sylvester 's boyfriend during the latter part of the 1960s was a young man named Lonnie Prince ; well @-@ built and attractive , many of Sylvester 's friends described the pair as being " the It couple " . Sylvester often hitchhiked around town while in female dress ; such activity carried a risk of arrest and prosecution , for cross @-@ dressing was then illegal in California . Although avoiding imprisonment for this crime , he was arrested for shoplifting on several occasions . He found work in a variety of different professions , including cooking in McDonalds — where he was fired for refusing to wear a hairnet — cashier at an airport parking garage , working in a hair salon , at a department store , and as a make @-@ up artist at a mortuary , preparing the corpses for their funerals . In the 1960s , the African @-@ American Civil Rights Movement was at its peak , but Sylvester and his friends did not take an active role within it . During the Watts Riots between members of the black community and the predominantly white police force , they joined in with the widespread rioting and looting , stealing wigs , hairspray , and lipstick .
Although he had little interest in formal education and rarely attended classes , Sylvester was enrolled at Jordan High School . He graduated in 1969 at the age of 21 ; in his graduation photograph , he appeared in drag wearing a blue chiffon prom dress and beehive hairstyle . By the end of the decade , the Disquotays had begun to drift apart , with a number of them abandoning cross @-@ dressing and others recognizing that they were trans women and undergoing sex reassignment surgery . Sylvester always considered himself male and began to tone down the feminine nature of his clothing , aiming for a more androgynous look which combined male and female styles and which was influenced by the fashions of the hippie movement .
= = = The Cockettes : 1970 – 72 = = =
At Los Angeles ' Whisky a Go Go bar , Sylvester met Reggie Dunnigan , who invited him to move to the city of San Francisco in Northern California in order to join the " Chocolate Cockettes " — black members of an avant @-@ garde performance art drag troupe known as The Cockettes . Founded by drag queen Hibiscus in 1970 , the Cockettes parodied popular culture , were involved in the Gay Liberation movement , and were influenced by the ethos of the hippie movement , living communally , embracing free love , and consuming mind @-@ altering substances like marijuana and LSD . With the Disquotays disbanded , Sylvester had tired of Los Angeles , and was attracted by San Francisco 's reputation as a gay and counter @-@ cultural haven . Arriving in the city , he stayed in the Cockettes ' communal home for several days . They were impressed with his falsetto singing voice and his ability to play the piano , asking him to appear in an upcoming show , Radio Rodeo . Sylvester agreed , and one of his first performances involved singing the theme song of The Mickey Mouse Club while dressed in a cowgirl skirt . Moving into the Cockettes ' communal residence , he soon found the flat too crowded and had difficulty with the lack of privacy ; after a year he moved into a new house on Market Street with two fellow Cockettes .
Although a significant member of the troupe , Sylvester remained a relatively isolated figure ; not only was he one of very few African @-@ American members , he eschewed the group 's more surrealist activities for what he saw as classier , more glamorous performances onstage . In the Cockettes ' performances , he was usually given an entire scene to himself , often with little relevance to the narrative and theme of the rest of the show , although through doing so , he gained his own following . With a piano player named Peter Mintum , Sylvester worked on solo scenes in which he exhibited his interest in blues and jazz by imitating several of his musical idols like Billie Holiday and Josephine Baker . Adding to his image , Sylvester used the pseudonym " Ruby Blue " and described himself as " Billie Holiday 's cousin once removed . " Fascinated by black musical heritage , he read up on the subject and became a collector of " negrobilia " ; in some of his Cockette performances , he played up to racial stereotypes of African @-@ Americans in order to ridicule the stereotypes themselves .
In 1970 , Sylvester entered into an open relationship with Michael Lyons , a young Euro @-@ American , and soon proposed marriage to him . Although same @-@ sex marriage was not legally recognised in the U.S. , the couple held a wedding in the Shakespeare Garden of Golden Gate Park . At the invite of the manager of the Palace Theater , Sylvester appeared in a spoof film , Tricia 's Wedding , which parodied the marriage of Tricia Nixon Cox , daughter of President Richard Nixon . In the film , Sylvester played the role of both Coretta Scott King and the African ambassador Uma King . In 1971 , Sylvester was given a one @-@ man show , Sylvester Sings , at the Palace Theater , for which he was accompanied by Mintum . He nevertheless remained a part of the Cockette troupe during their divisive split , in which Hibiscus and his followers left to form the Angels of Light . Following Hibiscus ' departure , the Cockettes began to gain increasing media attention , with celebrities such as Rex Reed , Truman Capote , and Gloria Vanderbilt enthusing about their performances . Rolling Stone magazine singled out Sylvester 's performances for particular praise , describing him as " a beautiful black androgyne who has a gospel sound with the heat and shimmer of Aretha [ Franklin ] ' s " .
The success led the troupe to take their show to New York City , a city with a long history of drag culture . Arriving in November 1971 , they immersed themselves in the city 's avant @-@ garde , attending parties held by Andy Warhol and Screw magazine . Spending so much of their time partying , most of the Cockettes did not rehearse , the exception being Sylvester , who wanted to perfect his act . Although the Cockettes ' performance at the Anderson Theater was panned by critics , Sylvester 's act was widely praised as a highlight of the show . Realizing that he had far better prospects as a solo artist , on the second New York performance he opened his act by telling the audience , " I apologize for this travesty that I 'm associated with " , while on the seventh he announced that he would be leaving the Cockettes altogether .
= = Emerging solo career = =
= = = Sylvester and his Hot Band : 1972 – 74 = = =
Returning to San Francisco , Sylvester was offered the opportunity to record a demo album by Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner . Financed by A & M Records , the album featured a cover of Bonnie Bramlett and Leon Russell 's song " Superstar , " which had been a recent hit single for The Carpenters ; nevertheless , A & M felt that the work was not commercially viable and declined to release the album . For the album , Sylvester and his manager Dennis Lopez had assembled a group of heterosexual white males — Bobby Blood on trumpet , Chris Mostert on saxophone , James Q. Smith on guitar , Travis Fullerton on drums , and Kerry Hatch on bass — whom he named The Hot Band . After A & M 's initial rejection , the band provided two songs for Lights Out San Francisco , an album compiled by San Francisco 's KSAN radio and released on the Blue Thumb label . Gaining a number of local gigs , they were eventually asked to open for English glam rock star David Bowie at the Winterland Ballroom ; the gig did not sell particularly well , and Bowie later commented that San Francisco did not need him , because " They 've got Sylvester , " referring to their shared preference for androgyny .
In early 1973 , Sylvester and The Hot Band were signed by Bob Krasnow to Blue Thumb . On this label , they produced their first album , in which they switched their sound from blues to the more commercially viable rock , while the Pointer Sisters were employed as backing singers . Sylvester named this first album Scratch My Flower due to a gardenia @-@ shaped scratch @-@ and @-@ sniff sticker adhered to the cover , although it was instead released under the title of Sylvester and his Hot Band . The album consisted primarily of covers of songs by artists such as James Taylor , Ray Charles , Neil Young , and Leiber and Stoller . Described by one of Sylvester 's biographers as lacking in " the fire and focus of the live shows " , it sold poorly on release .
Sylvester and his Hot Band toured the United States , receiving threats of violence in several Southern states , where widespread conservative and racist attitudes led to antagonism between the band and locals . In late 1973 , the band recorded their second album , Bazaar , which included both cover songs and original compositions by bassist Kerry Hatch . Hatch later commented that the Hot Band found the album more satisfactory than its predecessor , but nevertheless it again sold poorly . The music journalist Peter Shapiro believed that on these Blue Thumb albums , Sylvester 's " cottony falsetto was an uncomfortable match with guitars " and that they both had " an unpleasantly astringent quality " . Finding Sylvester difficult to work with , and frustrated by his lack of commercial success , the Hot Band left Sylvester in late 1974 , after which Krasnow cancelled his recording contract . At the same time , Sylvester 's relationship with Lyons ended , with Lyons himself moving to Hawaii .
= = = Two Tons O ' Fun and Sylvester : 1974 – 77
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
missing an enemy . The game 's " Vision " system , where main character Shulk can see glimpses of enemies ' future attacks , also factors into battles . With knowledge of an enemy 's potentially dangerous attack , the player can prevent it from happening by alerting a teammate , allowing the player to activate one of their Arts , or by using an Art of their own to stop the attack . The Vision system is tied to the " Party " gauge , which is filled by boosting team morale , using Arts with special effects , and avoiding or dealing critical hits . The three @-@ tiered gauge gradually depletes outside of battle , and one tier is needed to either revive characters or receive visions . When all three tiers are full , the party can execute a chain attack .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
The setting of Xenoblade Chronicles originated in a world that was nothing but endless ocean , until two great titans , the Bionis and the Mechonis , came into existence . The two titans fought a timeless battle , until with one final strike , only their corpses remained , forever locked in combat . The gods have since become the home of multiple forms of life . The Bionis houses organic lifeforms including human @-@ like Homs , the diminutive Nopon , and a race known as the High Entia . The Mechonis is home to a hostile machine race known as the Machina . A key weapon used by the Homs in the battle against the attacking Machina is the Monado , a mystical sword linked to the Bionis which grants visions of the future to its wielder .
The game 's main character is Shulk , a scientist who lives in the settlement of Colony 9 on Bionis . During an attack by Machina warriors , called Mechon , Shulk comes into possession of the Monado . During his journey , Shulk is joined by Reyn , Shulk 's childhood friend and headstrong member of the Defence Force ; Dunban , a former wielder of the Monado and the brother of Shulk 's other childhood friend Fiora ; Sharla , a medic and sniper from Colony 6 ; Melia Antiqua , crown princess of the High Entia and a half @-@ blood ; and Riki , a member of the Nopon who is chosen as the hero of his village . Other important characters include Dickson , Shulk 's mentor ; Mumkhar , a cowardly soldier who was Dunban 's rival for wielding the Monado ; Egil , leader of the Machina ; and Alvis , a mysterious man who aids Shulk on his journey .
= = = Plot = = =
The game 's opening details events one year past , when Dickson , Dunban , and Mumkhar were fighting a Mechon army . Mumkhar deserts , and in the process of defeating the Mechon the Monado paralyses Dunban 's right arm : in the present , Shulk studies the Monado in Colony 9 , where Dunban and Fiora live . Colony 9 is soon attacked by a group of Mechon led by a special Face Mechon called Metal Face . Dunban is almost killed when he attempts to use the Monado again , prompting Shulk to use it : he wields it with ease , and receives visions of the future from it . While the Mechon are driven back , Metal Face proves immune to the Monado and kills Fiora before fleeing . Swearing revenge against Metal Face , Shulk sets out together with Reyn , meeting Sharla and reuniting with Dunban on their journey . Guided by a vision from Shulk , the group travel to the High Entia capital to gain entry to Prison Island , joined by Melia and Riki . Shulk also meets Alvis , who is revealed to share Shulk 's ability to wield the Monado . Gaining entry , they encounter Zanza , a being who created the Monado and who offers Shulk the ability to destroy the Face Mechon , revealed to be humans inside Mechon mechs . Though Shulk accepts and the Monado is granted the ability to destroy humans , Zanza is killed by Metal Face and another Mechon called Face Nemesis during an attack on the capital . During the ensuing battle , Face Nemesis is damaged to reveal a recreated and amnesiac Fiora controlling it .
While initially disheartened by this , Shulk is rallied by his comrades and sets out in pursuit of Metal Face and Fiora . During a peaceful encounter with Fiora , Metal Face attacks them again , revealing itself to be Mumkhar . Egil then intervenes , spiriting Fiora away . On the way to the Mechonis , the party finally kill Mumkhar , then face off against Egil and Fiora . In the resultant fight , Shulk and Fiora are separated from the group . During their time together , Shulk successfully awakens Fiora 's memories , and learns that another being was controlling her body . Reuniting with the group , they meet up with a friendly Machina named Vanea . She reveals that the Bionis and Mechonis were initially at peace , before the Bionis ' god Zanza launched an unprovoked attack . Since the battle a year before , Egil has been working to convert the life of Bionis into Mechon to render the Monado useless . Going to face Egil , Fiora is taken over by the other presence , the Machina goddess Meyneth . They reach Egil as he reactivates the Mechonis and begins an attack on the Bionis , seeking to prevent the Bionis from using its population as food and save Mechonis from another attack and the people of Bionis from extinction . Despite fighting him , Shulk manages to make him see that they both wish for a return to peace . At this point , Dickson appears and shoots Shulk , who is possessed by Zanza , Dickson 's master . Zanza uses the Monado to destroy Mechonis , stealing Meyneth 's own Monado from Fiora 's body : the party narrowly escape with Shulk 's body , with Egil sacrificing himself so they can escape .
In the aftermath of the Mechonis ' destruction , pure @-@ blooded High Entia begin transforming into Telethia , beings whose one purpose is to purge Bionis of life . While the party is initially helpless before the Telethia , Shulk awakens and manages to defeat a Telethia raid on Colony 6 , although Alvis is revealed to be a disciple of Zanza . Making their way to Prison Island , they defeat Zanza 's third disciple , the High Entia Lorithea , then Dickson . The party then travels to face Zanza , who declares the life of Bionis as simply his food and vessels . Zanza then offers Shulk the chance to become his new disciple . Shulk rejects the offer , and during the ensuing battle produces a third Monado : prompted by Alvis , the spirit of the Monado , which Shulk uses to destroy Zanza . Alvis then shows Shulk Zanza 's origins ; both Zanza , then named Klaus , and Meyneth were originally human scientists from Earth , working to create a new universe aboard a space station . The experiment ended in disaster , obliterating the universe and causing Zanza and Meyneth to be reborn as gods . Alvis was originally the artificial intelligence operating the experiment within the station . After the new universe 's creation , Zanza and Meyneth created life in their image , and Zanza created the cycle of Bionis out of fear that he would eventually die as his creations forgot of his existence and seek life beyond Bionis . With the current universe threatened with death , Alvis asks Shulk to remake the universe . Shulk , now a god , wishes for a world without gods , where everyone can decide their own fates . In the new universe , the survivors of Bionis and Mechonis build a new settlement and live peacefully together , Fiora is restored to her Homs form , and both her and Shulk optimistically look forward to Alvis ' promise of endless worlds and races of people beyond their own .
= = Development = =
Xenoblade Chronicles was developed by Japanese development company Monolith Soft , with Tetsuya Takahashi forming the original concept and serving as the game 's executive director . Takahashi had previously worked in the 1990s on Xenogears , then on the Xenosaga trilogy after founding Monolith Soft in 1999 . Xenosaga was intended to be a six @-@ part series , but low commercial performances forced the planned Xenosaga series to be halved . After these events , the entire development team was in a state of low morale . The initial concept for Xenoblade Chronicles , of people living on the bodies of gigantic gods , came to Takahashi in June 2006 while the studio was finishing development on Disaster : Day of Crisis . Struck by his idea , he immediately committed it to paper and showed the draft to other senior staff , who were favorably impressed . One of them , an executive called Yasuyuki Honne , thought it would make a good 3D model and bought materials to create it . Construction began in July : during this period , younger staff acted as models so that Takahashi could establish which parts of the gods ' bodies could be used as habitable and navigable environments in various poses .
After the model 's construction , Takahashi decided to combine the model 's concept with an unrelated story idea , which became the basis for a new game after positive feedback from staff . Takahashi later said that one of the main reasons for developing the game was to bolster team morale after the commercial failure of the Xenosaga games . Development began over four years prior to its release , before the official release of the Wii hardware , with the first prototypes for the game being developed in April 2007 . It was at this point that co @-@ director Genki Yokota was brought in by Nintendo to handle any system @-@ related issues due to his previous experience with RPGs . After being contacted regarding both Xenoblade Chronicles and fellow Wii RPG The Last Story , head of Nintendo 's licensing department Shinji Hatano said that the games should be made for a wide audience and using a " romanticist approach " . Takahashi was involved in every aspect of the game 's development , from its initial concept to the debugging stage . At the beginning of development , the game was going to be a stand @-@ alone title unrelated to the Xeno series , bearing the title Monado : The Beginning of the World . Later , then @-@ Nintendo president Satoru Iwata had the title changed to its current one to honor both Takahashi 's previous titles and the effort he was investing in Xenoblade Chronicles . According to Takahashi , the " Xeno " designation was more along the lines of a symbol , calling back to the previous works of Monolith Soft .
A key element of the game for Takahashi was creating an ideal balance between gameplay and story , something that he felt was lacking in other JRPGs which focused too much on story . Takahashi 's previous experiences with the Xenosaga games and Baten Kaitos : Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean , which had been called out for being old @-@ fashioned when compared to other RPGs of the day , influenced his work in this regard . The mechanic of Shulk getting glimpses of the future became the foundation of the entire battle system . Takahashi briefly experimented with a turn @-@ based battle system that incorporated the feature , but it did not work out . In a separate issue , Takahashi decided against a transition between the environment and a battle arena was chosen by Takahashi as he felt such a transition would negatively interrupt the flow of gameplay . The game features a fully open world , which was described by Takahashi as " overwhelming , like an MMORPG " , describing the world size as being roughly equivalent to the Japanese archipelago . The scale of the world was derived from Takahashi 's wish to showcase the grandeur of the experience . In addition to this , the number and length of cutscenes was cut down significantly from those present in the Xenosaga games , with Takahashi considering such a development method as having become a " dead end " . The wish for an expansive world also became tied up with the wish to reward players for exploration , which entailed the creating of a huge amount of content creation such as items and accessories . The gameplay was influenced both by previous Japanese RPGs and Western RPGs .
= = = Scenario = = =
The scenario was created by Takahashi , Yuichiro Takeda and Yurie Hattori . Takahashi was responsible for creating the main concept , but as he was going to be director and executive producer , he was unable to also take on full script @-@ writing duties , so he asked Takeda to be his partner in creating the scenario . Takeda was a writer for anime who had previously collaborated with Takahashi on adaptations of the first Xenosaga game , in addition to writing the script for the Nintendo DS remake of Xenosaga and its sequel . Takahashi deliberately chose someone outside the video game industry as he wanted a different perspective on the story 's pacing . Hattori was brought in during the early development stages due to his experience scenarios for Nintendo games , which enables her to look at Takahashi and Takeda 's scenario from an objective viewpoint . A key element in the scenario was contrasting senses of scale , which Takahashi described as " contrasting the realms of the micro and the macro " , while the main story themes were characters embarking on a great and evolving journey , and overcoming a predetermined future . Despite multiple fantasy elements , Xenoblade Chronicles is based within a science fiction premise , although such elements were kept low @-@ key during the first part of the game .
Despite their earlier work together , it was the first time they were so intimately involved in a project . Takeda found working on the project more difficult that he initially anticipated : his standard writing form was for the anime series format , which was limited to 20 @-@ 25 minute episodes . With Xenoblade Chronicles , the volume of story and writing work was much larger and offered more freedom for dramatic expression . Conversely , his previous experience enabled Takahashi to easily plan the structure and scheduling for the game . During the initial writing stages , Takahashi did not give precise instructions to Takeda : he instead gave a rough outline that they worked on together , then they passed the developing script between themselves , along producers Shingo Kawabata and Koh Kojima , to iron out rough elements . Takahashi compared it to playing a game of catch , something he was unused to doing for his game scenarios . The ending underwent revisions : while Takahashi and Takeda felt they had created a fairly explanatory ending , Hattori still felt unsatisfied . After a second look , Takahashi and Takeda realized that it would appear perplexing for someone outside the writing process , so they rewrote it to be more player @-@ friendly . The final script contained a large amount of dialogue : the sheer volume , which included dialogue spoken in battle , made for a difficult experience while recording . Due to all the effort , Takahashi was emphatic that as much of it as possible be used , although he sometimes felt that there was too much . In the end , some dialogue needed to be cut as testers felt that the characters talked too much . Takahashi 's overall writing style was made deliberately more mature and subdued than other games within the genre .
One of the elements that was of great concern to both Takahashi and Takeda was the main protagonist Shulk . Takahashi had noticed that , in the majority of RPGs , the main protagonist was all too easily disliked even if other characters became fan favorites . Consequently , one of the main priorities was to make Shulk as appealing as possible to players . During this process , it was suggested that Shulk be a silent protagonist , but there was a general wish from the staff for him to speak . In addition to this , Takahashi needed to confront the problem faced in any RPG with voiced characters , which was developing them suitably and writing appropriate dialogue between them . The companion character Riki was cited by Takeda as a favorite of his : on paper Riki sounded an unlikable character , but his voice and appearance acted as a counterbalance to his remarks . One of the scenes where Hattori had input was a scene between Shulk and Fiora which showcased their connection : the original scene had Shulk touching Fiora 's cheek , which Harrori felt would look " creepy " coming out of the blue . The scene was altered so Shulk touched her hand instead . One of the early concepts Takeda suggested was that one of the main protagonist 's party would betray them and become the final boss , but Takahashi rejected this idea as he felt it would run counter to player expectation . During the course of its development , the story underwent so many revisions that Takahashi forgot what his original concept was , although the basic framework remained intact throughout .
= = = Music = = =
Xenoblade Chronicles was composed for by six people : Manami Kiyota , music team ACE + ( made up of Tomori Kudo , Hiroyo " CHiCO " Yamanaka , and Kenji Hiramatsu ) , Yoko Shimomura , and Yasunori Mitsuda . As with other parts of development , Takahashi was deeply involved , constantly rejecting pieces due to what he felt was not fitting for the game . He admitted that this was due to early samples he had given the team for his vision for the music , which they had followed too faithfully for his liking . At Takahashi 's request , music production studio Dog Ear Records helped with the music production .
The music team was led by Shimomura , who was initially very confused by the odd naming of tracks , along with getting the opportunity of using sounds not normally used in her compositions , such as electric guitars . Kiyota had only previously done superficial work on video game titles , she accepted Dog Ear Records ' offer for her to compose music . ACE + was recommended to Takahashi by Dog Ear Records . Kiyota handled environmental tracks , while ACE + was in charge of battle tracks in addition to other musical pieces . The team 's main goal was to create music that went beyond the typical sound of RPGs . In hindsight , Yamanaka attributed the harmony of the six composers ' works to Takahashi 's organization and overall direction . The final score contained around ninety tracks . One of the hardest tracks for Shimomura was a nine @-@ minute track that Takahashi requested to match with a movie scene . Later , he said the track needed to change midway through , essentially necessitating the creation of two conjoined themes . The majority of the game 's music was written by Kiyota and ACE + . Shimomura created eleven tracks . The music was recorded at Burnish Stone Recording Studios . Among the musicians were violinists Yu Manabe and Masahiko Todo . The chorus work was provided by Yamanaka , Kiyota and Masao Koori .
The ending theme , " Beyond the Sky " , was written by Mitsuda and sung by Japanese singer Sarah Àlainn , also known under the name Sarah Lin . He was brought in due to his previous experience with the soundtracks of Xenogears and the first Xenosaga game , and due to Takahashi 's long working relationship with him . When Mitsuda was contacted , the project was nearing completion , with very little development and composition work left . Despite this , before creating the main theme , Mitsuda asked if he could read the script , which was much larger than he anticipated . The track caused much stress to Mitsuda , who was tasked to create the game 's most important song , which needed to incorporate both the diversity of the entire rest of the soundtrack , and mesh with Takahashi 's grand vision for the ending of the game . Takahashi also personally wrote the original Japanese lyrics for the track . The lyrics were translated into English by Lisa Gomamoto .
An official soundtrack album for the game , Xenoblade Original Soundtrack , was released by Dog Ear Records on 23 June 2010 . It entered the Oricon charts at # 80 , and remained in the charts for five weeks . Upon release , the album received praise from critics : while multiple critics were surprised that Shimomura and Mitsuda 's contributions were less substantial than originally thought , they found the majority of the music composed by Kiyota and ACE + to be enjoyable . " Beyond the Sky " also received unanimous praise .
= = Release = =
Xenoblade Chronicles was first announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 under its original title . Its official title and release window were not announced until the beginning of 2010 , alongside the announcement of The Last Story . The game released in Japan on 10 June 2010 . Over a year after its Japanese release , it was confirmed for release in European territories under the title Xenoblade Chronicles . This version included both the English and Japanese voice tracks . According to Adam Howden , Shulk 's voice actor , he was not given much information prior to his audition , and was never given the full script during recording . According to him , the translated script needed to be altered as some lines came out as longer or shorter than the Japanese originals , and he was told to give Shulk a neutral British @-@ accented voice . Concerning the game 's localization , Takahashi stated that while some minor changes were made in the English versions of the game , like some bug fixes , minor adjustments to gameplay balance , and slight rewriting of some written content , none of the changes led to any significant differences . Initially planned for release on 2 September 2011 , it was released two weeks early on 19 August . In addition to the standard edition , a special edition with a Classic Wii Controller was also released . It was later re @-@ released in Europe on the Wii U 's Nintendo eShop on 5 August 2015 .
Despite being confirmed for a European release , Xenoblade Chronicles did not have a confirmation of a North American release . Additionally , the game was absent altogether from Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 , a major medium for promoting upcoming games in North America . In an interview on the French television station Nolife , Mathieu Minel , the marketing manager of Nintendo France , stated that Nintendo of Europe had desired to show the game at it , but Nintendo of America would not allow it , sparking speculation that it would not be released in North America . In response to this , a dedicated fan campaign was launched called Operation Rainfall . Its goal was to raise fan awareness of the situations felt by three Wii RPGs : Xenoblade Chronicles , The Last Story and Pandora 's Tower . Among the campaign tactics used by Operation Rainfall were emails , organized campaigns , online petitions , phone calls , and messages on Nintendo 's Facebook and Twitter accounts . One of the most notable efforts was a call to pre @-@ order the game via the original " Monado : Beginning of the World " placeholder on Amazon.com. Their efforts resulted in Xenoblade Chronicles becoming # 1 in the site 's pre @-@ order gaming charts , beating The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 3D and the PlayStation 3 bundle for Call of Duty : Black Ops . The campaign also received support from Mistwalker , the developers of The Last Story , and Xenogears and Xenosaga writer Soraya Saga . Takahashi later stated that they developed the game assuming that it would be released overseas .
In the months following these activities , Nintendo of America officially stated that there were no current plans to release the three asked @-@ for games in North America , despite acknowledging the great demand for the titles . Rumors eventually emerged that the title would see a North American release when it was listed on the website of gaming retailer GameStop . Soon after this , Nintendo officially announced that the game would be released in the region . In a 2013 interview , Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils @-@ Aimé revealed that Nintendo were considering an American release for Xenoblade Chronicles while Operation Rainfall was active , and that while the campaign did not factor into their decision , they were aware of it and took it into account while deciding whether the release would make a profitable release . Xenoblade Chronicles eventually released in North America on 6 April 2012 . It was released in North America as an exclusive to Nintendo 's American store , and GameStop 's website and stores . The eShop version released for North America from 28 April 2016 .
= = = Xenoblade Chronicles 3D = = =
A port for the New Nintendo 3DS , called Xenoblade Chronicles 3D , was released worldwide in April 2015 . It features StreetPass functionality , as well as compatibility with the Shulk amiibo . The port was originally announced in August 2014 alongside the New Nintendo 3DS . The port was developed by Monster Games , a frequent collaborator with Nintendo on well @-@ received ports . They were requested for the job by Nintendo as the staff at Monolith Soft were already working on the next Xenoblade title . Development on the port started between Autumn and Winter 2013 , and was faced with considerable problems as the processing power of the Wii was greater than the 3DS . The New 3DS ' increased power made the port possible , and its button layout meant that the original Wii Classic Controller button layout could be used without adjustment . As part of the alterations made to the title , much of the on @-@ screen information was moved down to the bottom Touch screen so as to de @-@ clutter the top screen , while the layout was carefully arranged so as to maintain the feel of the original as much as possible .
To maintain frame rate and the seamless transitions between environments , unspecified " technical tricks " were used . They also worked hard to include 3D capacity despite the resultant technical difficulties . The most difficult part of the development was getting the game 's scale to work within the new hardware . This entailed the creation of a new graphics engine with a custom visibility culling and complex level of detail systems . All of the environments were rebuilt and optimized for the new system while keeping the original aesthetic intact . The reason it was created for a portable platform rather than the new Wii U home console was that the sheer amount of content would make playing at home difficult for the modern gamer , who was becoming more used to on @-@ the @-@ go , quick gaming sessions . The port was originally going to be developed for the original Nintendo 3DS , but initial testing showed that the original platform lacked the memory and power to effectively run the game . Hearing about the New 3DS , it was decided to use its increased processing power to realize the game 's ambition .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Since its release , Xenoblade Chronicles has earned unanimous critical acclaim from multiple outlets , earning perfect scores from Digital Spy , Joystiq , GamePro and RPGamer , and near @-@ perfect scores from most other video gaming websites and magazines . The game scored 92 / 100 on the aggregate site Metacritic based on 59 critic reviews . The game had the fourth highest ranking on Metacritic for all video games released in 2012 , tying with Thatgamecompany 's Journey .
The story was cited by many as being innovative and enjoyable despite a fairly standard premise , while its open nature was seen as a welcome change for the genre : IGN critic Keza MacDonald said that she had been shocked out of expecting RPGs to be similar to the linear and story @-@ driven Final Fantasy XIII . Its battle system and handling of quests also received praise , with the latter being seen as a great improvement for the genre due to its user @-@ friendly workings . The one point that generally drew criticism were the graphics , with multiple critics disappointed that they lacked the polish of other contemporary consoles . IGN , Eurogamer and Edge Magazine cited the game as a triumphant comeback for the RPG , and a prime example of the genre . The battle system , and to a degree its general gameplay , was favorably compared by multiple critics to that used in Final Fantasy XII .
The New 3DS port also received a positive reception , scoring 86 / 100 on Metacritic based on 86 reviews . The port was generally received similar praise to the original Xenoblade Chronicles : many points of praise regarding its gameplay and story were shared with its original release , while new praise was given to the fact that an RPG of its scale had been successfully ported to the platform at all . Despite this , critics cited the graphical downgrade and lackluster implementation of 3D effects as detrimental factors , generally resulting in lower scores for the port when compared to the original game .
= = = Awards = = =
At the 2011 Japan Game Awards , Xenoblade Chronicles received the " Excellence " award . In IGN 's Best of 2012 awards , the game was named " Best Wii / Wii U Game " and awarded with " Best Wii / Wii U Story " . It was also nominated in the " Best Overall Role @-@ playing Game " and " Best Overall Story " categories . In RPGFan 's " Game of the Year " awards that same year , it was named " Best Traditional RPG " , and was a runner @-@ up for " Best Combat " and " Best RPG " , losing both to Mass Effect 3 . It was also awarded the site 's " Reader 's Choice Best RPG " award , with 24 % of readers ' votes going to Xenoblade Chronicles , beating Persona 4 Golden to the award . In RPGamer 's " Best of 2012 " awards , it was named as the year 's best RPG , along with earning awards for " Best Story " and " Best Music " . At the 2012 Golden Joystick Awards , the game was nominated in the " Best RPG " category , although it lost to The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Slant Magazine named it as " Game of the Year " in 2012 .
= = = Sales = = =
During its opening week , Xenoblade Chronicles reached the top of Japanese gaming charts , selling 80 @,@ 000 units . By the end of 2010 , the game had sold over 161 @,@ 000 copies , making it the eighth best @-@ selling Wii game of the year , and eventually reached almost 200 @,@ 000 units by the end of 2013 . In the UK charts , Xenoblade Chronicles debuted at # 7 , and reached # 2 in the dedicated Wii charts despite stock shortages . According to Gamasutra , it was the fourth best @-@ selling game in the UK during its first week . In the US gaming charts , the game was excluded from the NPD Group 's monthly assessment due to it being a retailer exclusive . Investment banking firm Piper Jaffray estimated it to be one of the best @-@ selling games in the United States during the month of April 2012 , along with Mass Effect 3 and Prototype 2 . In a later interview , it was stated that the game sold better in the West than in Japan .
Xenoblade Chronicles 3D fared below par , selling merely 56 @,@ 932 copies in its first week in Japan . Roughly 78 @,@ 000 Japanese copies had been sold by the end of June 2015 . In the UK charts , the game debuted at # 27 , becoming the third best @-@ selling Nintendo product of that week . According to NPD Group figures , the game sold under 75 @,@ 000 , failing to enter the top ten . However , Nintendo stated that the game was the fifth best @-@ selling platform exclusive that week .
= = Legacy = =
Since its release , the character of Shulk has been featured as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , an entry in Nintendo 's crossover fighting game series Super Smash Bros. , being playable in both versions . Fiora was later featured as a playable character in the crossover game Project X Zone 2 , representing the Xeno series alongside Xenosaga character KOS @-@ MOS . Using experience earned from developing Xenoblade Chronicles and listening to feedback on the game , Takahashi and the team began work on a spiritual successor for the Wii U. Titled Xenoblade Chronicles X , it was first announced in 2013 , and eventually released worldwide in 2015 .
= OK Computer =
OK Computer is the third studio album by the English alternative rock band Radiohead , released on 21 May 1997 by Parlophone Records internationally and by Capitol Records in the United States . It was the first album to be self @-@ produced by Radiohead with assistance from the producer Nigel Godrich . The album was recorded in Oxfordshire and Bath between 1996 and early 1997 , with most of the recording completed in the historic mansion St Catherine 's Court . The band made a deliberate attempt to distance themselves from the guitar @-@ oriented , lyrically introspective style of their previous album , The Bends . OK Computer 's abstract lyrics , densely layered sound and wide range of influences laid the groundwork for Radiohead 's later more experimental work .
OK Computer received unanimous critical acclaim and has since been cited by critics and musicians as one of the greatest albums of the 1990s . The album was nominated in the Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Performance categories at the 1998 Grammy Awards , ultimately winning the latter . The album initiated a shift away from the popular Britpop genre of the time to the more melancholic and atmospheric style of alternative rock that would be prevalent in the next decade . Critics and fans have commented on the underlying themes found in the lyrics and album artwork , emphasising Radiohead 's views on rampant consumerism , social alienation , emotional isolation , and political malaise ; in this capacity , OK Computer is often interpreted as having prescient insight into the mood of 21st @-@ century life .
Upon the album 's delivery to the band 's United States record label Capitol Records , label representatives lowered their sales estimates , deeming the record uncommercial . Nevertheless , OK Computer reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and became Radiohead 's highest album entry on the United States charts at the time , debuting at # 21 on the Billboard 200 . " Paranoid Android " , " Karma Police " , " Lucky " , " No Surprises " and " Airbag " were released as promotional singles from the album .
= = Background = =
In 1995 , Radiohead toured in support of their second album The Bends . Midway through the tour , Brian Eno commissioned the band to contribute a song to The Help Album , a charity compilation organised by War Child . The Help Album was to be recorded over the course of a single day , 4 September 1995 , and rush @-@ released that week . That day Radiohead recorded " Lucky " in five hours with engineer Nigel Godrich , who had assisted producer John Leckie with The Bends and had produced several Radiohead B @-@ sides . Godrich said of the Help Album session : " Those things are the most inspiring , when you do stuff really fast and there 's nothing to lose . We left feeling fairly euphoric . So after establishing a bit of a rapport work @-@ wise , I was sort of hoping I would be involved with the next album . " To promote The Help Album , " Lucky " featured as the lead track on the Help EP , which charted at number 51 after BBC Radio 1 chose not to play it . This disappointed Radiohead singer Thom Yorke , but he later said " Lucky " shaped the nascent sound and mood of their upcoming record : " ' Lucky ' was indicative of what we wanted to do . It was like the first mark on the wall . "
Radiohead found The Bends tour stressful and decided to take a break in January 1996 . The band sought to distance their new material from the introspective style of The Bends . Drummer Phil Selway said , " There was an awful lot of soul searching [ on The Bends ] . To do that again on another album would be excruciatingly boring . " Yorke said : " The big thing for me is that we could really fall back on just doing another miserable , morbid and negative record lyrically , but I don 't really want to , at all . And I 'm deliberately just writing down all the positive things that I hear or see . I 'm not able to put them into music yet and I don 't want to just force it . " The critical and commercial success of The Bends gave the band confidence to self @-@ produce their third album . Their label Parlophone gave them a £ 100 @,@ 000 budget for recording equipment and an open @-@ ended deadline . Guitarist Jonny Greenwood said " the only concept that we had for this album was that we wanted to record it away from the city and that we wanted to record it ourselves . " Guitarist Ed O 'Brien , said : " Everyone said , ' You 'll sell six or seven million if you bring out The Bends Pt 2 , ' and we 're like , we 'll kick against that and do the opposite . " A number of producers , including major figures such as Scott Litt , were offered for the producer role , but the band were encouraged by the sessions with Godrich . They consulted him for advice on what equipment to use , and prepared for the sessions by buying their own equipment , including a plate reverberator purchased from Jona Lewie . Although Godrich had sought to focus his work on electronic dance music , he outgrew his role as advisor and became the album 's coproducer .
= = Recording = =
In July 1996 , Radiohead started rehearsing and recording OK Computer in their studio Canned Applause , a converted shed near Didcot , Oxfordshire . Even without the deadline that contributed to the stress of The Bends , the band had difficulties , which Selway blamed on their choice to self @-@ produce the album : " [ We 're ] jumping from song to song , and when we started to run out of ideas , we 'd move on to a new song ... the stupid thing was that we were nearly finished when we 'd move on , because so much work had gone into them . " The members worked with nearly equal roles in the production and formation of the music , though Yorke was still firmly " the loudest voice " according to O 'Brien . Selway said " we give each other an awful lot of space to develop our parts , but at the same time we are all very critical about what the other person is doing . "
Godrich worked as a collaborator and a managerial outsider . He said that Radiohead " need to have another person outside their unit , especially when they 're all playing together , to say when the take goes well . ... I take up slack when people aren 't taking responsibility — the term producing a record means taking responsibility for the record . ... It 's my job to ensure that they get the ideas across . " From the OK Computer sessions onward , Godrich has been characterised as Radiohead 's unofficial " sixth member " .
Radiohead decided that Canned Applause was an unsatisfactory recording location , which Yorke attributed to its proximity to the band members ' homes , and which Jonny Greenwood attributed to its lack of dining and bathroom facilities . The group had nearly completed recording
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
990s or of all time . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 162 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Retrospective reviews from BBC Music , The A.V. Club Slant and Paste have received the album favourably ; likewise , Rolling Stone gave the album five stars in the 2004 Rolling Stone Album Guide , with critic Rob Sheffield saying " Radiohead was claiming the high ground abandoned by Nirvana , Pearl Jam , U2 , R.E.M. , everybody ; and fans around the world loved them for trying too hard at a time when nobody else was even bothering . " According to Acclaimed Music , a site which uses statistics to numerically represent reception among critics , OK Computer is the 10th most celebrated album of all time . NME listed OK Computer at 35 on its list of the 50 darkest albums .
The album has been cited by some as undeserving of its acclaim , while others assert that Radiohead 's career was negatively impacted by the album 's critical success . In a poll surveying thousands conducted by BBC Radio 6 Music , OK Computer was named the sixth most over @-@ rated album " in the world " . David H. Green of The Daily Telegraph called the album " self @-@ indulgent whingeing " and maintains that the positive critical consensus toward OK Computer is an indication of " a 20th @-@ century delusion that rock is the bastion of serious commentary on popular music " to the detriment of electronic and dance music . The album was selected as an entry in " Sacred Cows " , an NME column questioning the critical status of " revered albums " , in which Henry Yates said of the album " There 's no defiance , gallows humour or chink of light beneath the curtain , just a sense of meek , resigned despondency , " and further criticised the record as " the moment when Radiohead stopped being ' good ' [ compared to The Bends ] and started being ' important ' . " In a Spin article on the " myth " that " Radiohead Can Do No Wrong " , Chris Norris argues that the acclaim for OK Computer created an inflated set of expectations for each successive Radiohead release .
( * ) designates unordered lists .
= = = = Awards = = = =
The album won a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in the 40th Annual Grammy Awards in 1998 . The album was nominated in the 1998 Brit Awards and Mercury Prize for Best British Album and 1997 Album of the Year respectively . The album won the NME Awards and Q Awards for Album of the year and Best Album respectively . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1998 .
= = = Commentary and interpretation = = =
OK Computer was recorded in the lead up to the 1997 general election and released a month after the victory of Tony Blair 's New Labour government . The album was perceived by critics as an expression of dissent and scepticism toward the new government and a reaction against the national mood of optimism . Dorian Lynskey wrote , " On May 1 , 1997 , Labour supporters toasted their landslide victory to the sound of ' Things Can Only Get Better . ' A few weeks later , OK Computer appeared like Banquo 's ghost to warn : No , things can only get worse . " According to Amy Britton , the album " showed not everyone was ready to join the party , instead tapping into another feeling felt throughout the UK — pre @-@ millenial angst . ... huge corporations were impossible to fight against — this was the world OK Computer soundtracked , not the wave of British optimism . "
In an interview , Yorke doubted that Blair 's policies would differ from the preceding two decades of Conservative government . He said the public reaction to the death of Princess Diana was more significant , as a moment when the British public realised " the royals had had us by the balls for the last hundred years , as had the media and the state . " The band 's distaste with the commercialised promotion of OK Computer reinforced their anti @-@ capitalist political viewpoint , which would be further explored on their subsequent releases .
Critics have compared Radiohead 's statements of political dissatisfaction to those of earlier rock bands . David Stubbs said that , where punk rock had been a rebellion against a time of deficit and poverty , OK Computer protested the " mechanistic convenience " of contemporary surplus and excess . Alex Ross said the album " pictured the onslaught of the Information Age and a young person 's panicky embrace of it " and made the band into " the poster boys for a certain kind of knowing alienation — as Talking Heads and R.E.M. had been before . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times found precedents in the work of Pink Floyd and Madness for Radiohead 's concerns " about a culture of numbness , building docile workers and enforced by self @-@ help regimes and anti @-@ depressants . "
Many felt the tone of the album was millennial or futuristic , anticipating cultural and political trends . According to The A.V. Club writer Steven Hyden in the feature " Whatever Happened to Alternative Nation " , " Radiohead appeared to be ahead of the curve , forecasting the paranoia , media @-@ driven insanity , and omnipresent sense of impending doom that 's subsequently come to characterise everyday life in the 21st century . " In 1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die , Tom Moon described OK Computer as a " prescient ... dystopian essay on the darker implications of technology ... oozing [ with ] a vague sense of dread , and a touch of Big Brother foreboding that bears strong resemblance to the constant disquiet of life on Security Level Orange , post @-@ 9 / 11 . " Chris Martin of Coldplay remarked that , " It would be interesting to see how the world would be different if Dick Cheney really listened to Radiohead 's OK Computer . I think the world would probably improve . That album is fucking brilliant . It changed my life , so why wouldn 't it change his ? "
The album inspired a radio play , also titled OK Computer , which was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2007 . The play was written by Joel Horwood , Chris Perkins , Al Smith and Chris Thorpe .
= = = Musical influence = = =
The release of OK Computer coincided with the decline of Britpop . Through OK Computer 's influence , the dominant style of UK guitar pop shifted toward an approximation of " Radiohead 's paranoid but confessional , slurry but catchy approach " . Many newer British acts adopted similarly complex , atmospheric arrangements . A prominent example of this trend , Post @-@ Britpop band Travis worked with Godrich to create the languid pop texture of The Man Who , which became the fourth best @-@ selling album of 1999 in the UK . Some in the British press accused Travis of appropriating Radiohead 's sound . Steven Hyden of AV Club said that by 1998 , starting with The Man Who , " what Radiohead had created in OK Computer had already grown much bigger than the band , " and that the album went on to influence " a wave of British @-@ rock balladeers that reached its zenith in the ' 00s " .
Critics have said OK Computer 's popularity paved the way for the next generation of British alternative rock bands , and established musicians in a variety of genres have praised the album , including R.E.M. frontman Michael Stipe , former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr , DJ Shadow , former Guns N ' Roses guitarist Slash , Manic Street Preachers member Nicky Wire , the Divine Comedy frontman Neil Hannon , Mo ' Wax label owner James Lavelle , former Depeche Mode member Alan Wilder and contemporary composer Esa @-@ Pekka Salonen . Members of Coldplay , Bloc Party and TV on the Radio said they were formatively influenced by OK Computer . TV on the Radio 's debut album was even titled OK Calculator as a lighthearted tribute . Radiohead described the pervasiveness of bands that " sound like us " as one reason to break with the style of OK Computer for their next album , Kid A.
Although OK Computer 's influence on rock musicians is widely acknowledged , several critics believe that its experimental inclination was not authentically embraced on a wide scale . Footman said the " Radiohead Lite " bands that followed were " missing [ OK Computer 's ] sonic inventiveness , not to mention the lyrical substance . " David Cavanagh said that most of OK Computer 's purported mainstream influence more likely stemmed from the ballads on The Bends . According to Cavanagh , " The populist albums of the post @-@ OK Computer era — The Verve 's Urban Hymns , Travis 's Good Feeling , Stereophonics ' Word Gets Around , Robbie Williams ' Life thru a Lens — effectively closed the door that OK Computer 's boffin @-@ esque inventiveness had opened " . John Harris believed that OK Computer was one of the " fleeting signs that British rock music might [ have been ] returning to its inventive traditions " in the wake of Britpop 's demise . While Harris concludes that British rock ultimately developed an " altogether more conservative tendency " , he said that with OK Computer and their subsequent material , Radiohead provided a " clarion call " to fill the void left by Britpop .
OK Computer did trigger a minor revival of progressive rock and ambitious concept albums , and a new wave of prog @-@ influenced bands credited OK Computer for enabling their scene to thrive . Brandon Curtis of The Secret Machines said " Songs like ' Paranoid Android ' made it OK to write music differently , to be more experimental . OK Computer was important because it reintroduced unconventional writing and song structures . " Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree said , " I don 't think ambition is a dirty word any more . Radiohead were the Trojan Horse in that respect . Here 's a band that came from the indie rock tradition that snuck in under the radar when the journalists weren 't looking and started making these absurdly ambitious and pretentious — and all the better for it — records . " The band has rejected any affiliation with the genre and denies having attempted to make a coherent concept album . Jonny Greenwood dismissed such claims by saying " I think one album title and one computer voice do not make a concept album . That 's a bit of a red herring . "
= = Reissues = =
Radiohead left EMI , parent company of Parlophone , in 2007 after failed contract negotiations . EMI retained the copyright to Radiohead 's back catalogue of material recorded while signed to the label . After a period of being out of print on vinyl , EMI reissued a double @-@ LP of OK Computer on 19 August 2008 , along with later albums Kid A , Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief as part of the " From the Capitol Vaults " series . OK Computer became the year 's tenth best @-@ selling vinyl record , shifting just under 10 @,@ 000 units . The reissue was connected in the press to a general upswing in vinyl sales and cultural appreciation of records as a format .
OK Computer was reissued again on 24 March 2009 simultaneously with Pablo Honey and The Bends , without Radiohead 's involvement . The reissue came in two editions : a 2 @-@ CD " Collector 's Edition " and a 2 @-@ CD 1 @-@ DVD " Special Collector 's Edition " . The first disc contains the original studio album , the second disc contains B @-@ sides collected from OK Computer singles and live recording sessions , and the DVD contains a collection of music videos and a live television performance . All material on the reissue had been previously released .
In a March 2009 interview , O 'Brien claimed that EMI had not notified the band members of the reissue and said " I think the fans have got most of [ the material on the reissues ] , it 's all the stuff up on YouTube . This is just a company who are trying to squeeze every bit of lost money , it 's not about [ an ] artistic statement . " Press reaction to the reissue announcement reflected the concern that EMI was exploiting Radiohead 's back catalogue . Larry Fitzmaurice of Spin accused EMI of planning to " issue and re @-@ issue [ Radiohead 's ] discography until the cash stops rolling in " , and Pitchfork 's Ryan Dombal said it was " hard to look at these reissues as anything other than a cash @-@ grab for EMI / Capitol — an old media company that got dumped by their most forward @-@ thinking band . " Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone defended EMI , saying " While it 's easy to accuse Capitol of milking the cash cow once again , these sets are pretty comprehensive . "
The reissue was critically well received , although critics were mixed about the supplemental material . Reviews in AllMusic , Uncut , Q , Rolling Stone and PopMatters praised the supplemental material , but with reservations . A review written by Scott Plagenhoef for Pitchfork awarded the reissue a perfect score , arguing that it was worth buying for fans who did not already own the rare material . Plagenhoef said , " That the band had nothing to do with these is beside the point : This is the final word on these records , if for no other reason that the Beatles ' September 9 remaster campaign is , arguably , the end of the CD era . " The A.V. Club writer Josh Modell praised both the bonus disc and the DVD , and said of the album , " And what can be said about 1997 's OK Computer that hasn 't been said before ? It really is the perfect synthesis of Radiohead 's seemingly conflicted impulses . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Radiohead ( Colin Greenwood , Ed O 'Brien , Jonny Greenwood , Philip Selway , and Thom Yorke ) .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Sukumar ( director ) =
Sukumar ( born Sukumar Bandreddi , 11 January 1970 ) is an Indian film director , producer , and screenwriter who predominantly works in Telugu cinema . Born in Mattaparru near Razole , East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh , Sukumar worked as a mathematics and physics lecturer at the Aditya Junior college , Kakinada for nearly six years before pursuing a career in films . He began working as a writer and assisted Mohan and V. V. Vinayak .
Sukumar made his directorial debut with Arya in 2004 , whose success catapulted him to stardom . Sukumar won the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu and Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer for his work in Arya . His other notable films include Jagadam ( 2007 ) , Arya 2 ( 2009 ) , 100 % Love ( 2011 ) , 1 : Nenokkadine ( 2014 ) , and Nannaku Prematho ( 2016 ) . Sukumar is known for his complex , multi @-@ layered screenplays which earned him the reputation of being an intelligent screenwriter . He is also known for infusing grey shades in the character sketches of the protagonists in his films .
Under the banner Sukumar Writings , he made his debut as a film producer with Kumari 21F ( 2015 ) , whose story and screenplay were penned by him . He received the K. V. Reddy Memorial award for his contributions to Telugu cinema in the year 2014 . In 2016 , he hinted a possible retirement from directing films .
= = Early and personal life = =
Sukumar was born on 11 January 1970 , in Mattaparru , a village near Razole in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh . His father Tirupathi Naidu was a rice trader and his mother Veera Veni was a homemaker . Sukumar was the youngest of the six children of Naidu and Veni . At the age of 6 , following the slaughter of a rooster he loved , Sukumar began practising vegetarianism . He did his schooling from a Zilla Parishad High School , Razole and graduated with a master 's degree in mathematics . He later worked as a mathematics and physics lecturer in Aditya Junior college , Kakinada . After six years , Sukumar and his junior Prakash Toleti decided to do something creative as they opined that their life has become too mundane as a lecturer .
Sukumar and Toleti began their career as writers in Telugu cinema and worked as writers for a few films . After writing three scenes for Jayanth C. Paranjee 's Bavagaru Bagunnara ? ( 1998 ) , they were summoned by the college to help them in recruiting the students . They walked out of the film on moral grounds . Due to lack of earnings , Sukumar briefly continued to teach students , earned money , and returned to film industry . Sukumar later assisted Jayam Raja 's father Mohan for Kshemanga Velli Labanga Randi ( 2000 ) , and Hanuman Junction ( 2001 ) . Before making his directorial debut , Sukumar worked under V. V. Vinayak for Dil ( 2003 ) as an assistant director .
Sukumar had a relationship with Hamsini , whom he met first at the Sudarshan Theatre , RTC X Roads , Hyderabad during the screening of his directorial debut Arya ( 2004 ) . They married in 2009 in the presence of his parents and sister . Though Hamsini 's parents opposed Sukumar for being a film technician , they accepted their alliance later . The couple have a son and a daughter .
= = Film career = =
= = = Debut and breakthrough : 2004 @-@ 2011 = = =
Sukumar began working on the script of his directorial debut Arya ( 2004 ) in Vishakhapatnam before joining the sets of Vinayak 's Dil . Its producer Dil Raju assured that he would produce the film if Dil becomes a commercial success . Sukumar chose to narrate the story of a boy who confess his love to a girl right in the beginning , opposed to films like Darr ( 1993 ) , Kabhie Haan Kabhie Naa ( 1994 ) , and Kaadhal Kondein ( 2003 ) where the protagonist 's love / obsession for the female lead is revealed towards the end , as he found that idea an " obsolete " one . Raju was impressed with Sukumar 's script and Allu Arjun was selected as its protagonist after considering Ravi Teja , Nithin , and Prabhas . Anuradha Mehta and Siva Balaji were chosen for the other two lead roles . R. Rathnavelu and Devi Sri Prasad were chosen as the film 's director of photography and music director respectively ; they both collaborated with Sukumar in many of his future projects . Arya was commercially successful ; it grossed ₹ 160 million on a budget of ₹ 40 million . The success of Arya catapulted Sukumar into stardom overnight . He earned the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu at the 52nd Filmfare Awards South ceremony , and the Best Screenplay Writer award at the annual Nandi Awards ceremony .
Sukumar then began working on the script of Jagadam ( 2007 ) , a crime film starring Ram Pothineni and Isha Sahni . Unlike Arya , Jagadam focused more on violence and in an interview with South Scope , Sukumar called the film an " act of bravado " , adding that he " made it with an innocent passion " , without thinking about the audience 's response . Jagadam received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure . While Sify called the film a " not so much a plot @-@ driven film " albeit praising the work of its technical crew , Rediff called it a " good effort " . He then wrote and directed Arya 2 ( 2009 ) , which was promoted as the namesake sequel of his debut Arya . It featured Allu Arjun , Kajal Aggarwal , and Navdeep in the lead roles and narrated the story of Arya , a psychotic orphan whose love for his friend Ajay and his colleague Geetha is never reciprocated . Sify called it Sukumar 's " another celluloid misadventure " after Jagadam and stated that he " fails both as a writer and director as his plotline is confusing and his hero 's characterization is negative " . However , Arya 2 became one of the few successful Telugu films of the year , and was praised for its style quotient and music . Sukumar received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu at the 57th Filmfare Awards South ceremony , but lost it to S. S. Rajamouli for Magadheera . Rajamouli stated that he regards Sukumar as the best of the lot after watching Arya 2 , which was Sukumar 's " most precious and sweetest thing I have heard about myself " .
After a gap of two years , Sukumar 's next directorial 100 % Love ( 2011 ) was released . Sukumar envisioned the film 's concept 15 years ago , which dealt with the simple conflicts couples face and the way they solve them , and made changes based on the technological and behavioural developments of the students in the colleges . 100 % Love featured Naga Chaitanya and Tamannaah in the lead roles and was produced by Allu Aravind and Bunny Vasu . 100 % Love was commercially successful ; it received the Best Home @-@ viewing Feature Film award at the annual Nandi Awards ceremony . Sukumar earned another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu at the 59th Filmfare Awards South , and a nomination for the Best Director – Telugu at the 1st South Indian International Movie Awards .
= = = Serious themes : 2014 @-@ Present = = =
After completing 100 % Love , Sukumar began working on 1 : Nenokkadine , a psychological thriller keeping Mahesh Babu in mind as the protagonist as he felt that Mahesh had a universal appeal in terms of looks . The incident of a bus driver talking about a young boy who claims that his parents were murdered in that bus was taken as the story 's base . He worked on the film 's script for two months , and considered it as his dream project . 1 : Nenokkadine was released on 10 January 2014 globally and received generally negative reviews from the critics . While Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle opined that Sukumar " fails to deliver " and the story is " run of the mill " , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu stated , " Habitual to watching films that begin with a great premise only to fall into the commercial trap of force @-@ fit comic situations , it comes as a relief when Sukumar laces the psychological thriller with subtle wit that never takes the focus away from the plot " . 1 : Nenokkadine collected approximately ₹ 289 million worldwide on a budget of ₹ 700 million , thus becoming a commercial failure .
After writing and directing a short film I Am That Change produced by Allu Arjun , Sukumar provided the story and screenplay for Kumari 21F , his maiden feature film as a co @-@ producer which was directed by his assistant Palnati Surya Pratap . He took inspiration from his college days in Razole where a young woman went to a picnic with some young men ; a major undertaking for a woman at the time . Rumours were spread and the woman was labelled as a " loose " character , which stayed in Sukumar 's mind . Produced on a budget of ₹ 60 — 150 million , Kumari 21F grossed ₹ 380 million and became the 12th highest grossing Telugu film of the year . Siddharth Rao of The Times of India stated , " In an industry where a damsel @-@ in @-@ distress @-@ wooed @-@ and @-@ saved @-@ by @-@ an @-@ angry @-@ young @-@ man is the norm , this is refreshing . Kudos to the writer Sukumar for giving yet another off @-@ beat story with characters that can 't be put into a box " .
Following the demise of Naidu , Sukumar decided to direct Nannaku Prematho starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Rakul Preet Singh in the lead roles . Nannaku Prematho , which was Rama Rao Jr . ' s 25th film as an actor , dealt with an emotional relationship between a father and his son in a span of 30 days . Released on 13 January 2016 , Nannaku Prematho received positive reviews from the critics . Pranita Jonnalagedda of The Times of India stated that the viewers see ups every time when Sukumar " decides to listen to his inner self and gives us some interestingly conceived sequences " and downs come whenever he " gives in to the prerequisite mandates of Telugu cinema " . An above average grosser at the domestic box office , Nannaku Prematho became the third highest grossing Telugu film of all time in the overseas .
Sukumar 's future projects include a film with Ram Charan and Devi Sri Prasad each , which marks the latter 's on @-@ screen debut as an actor . He also announced his plans to quit directing as he felt that his assistants can do a better job of directing his stories and that he would continue to write and produce films .
= = Craft , style , and technical collaborations = =
As a writer , Sukumar is influenced by the works of Gudipati Venkatachalam , Yandamuri Veerendranath , and Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani . In an interview with Deccan Chronicle , Sukumar revealed that each of the romantic scenes in his films are inspired from the writings of either Veerendranath or Sulochana Rani . Sukumar uses non @-@ linear screenplay for most of his films and few sequences of most of his films involve revelation of finest details and re @-@ visiting a scene again and again . His screenplays are mostly complex and multi @-@ layered which earned him the reputation of being an intelligent screenplay writer . In an interview of The Times of India in January 2014 , Sukumar said that emotions play a key role in his films , stating that a film " may have multiple subplots , but in the end , it 's the emotional curve that connects with the audience " . Because of improvising the sequences on the sets and making changes to already filmed portions , his films took long time to complete their production phases .
In most of his films , Sukumar 's protagonists are shown to be characterised with grey shades . Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu commented that Sukumar " revels in giving a slight twist to his protagonist , in his background and character " and leaves the audience to understand him as he " unties the knots during narration and justifies his behaviour and makes us root for him " . Karthik Keramalu of CNN @-@ IBN , in his review of Kumari 21F , stated that Sukumar ’ s lead characters are " psychologically wired differently " , adding that at least one of the characters in his films " behaves in a way that will amuse the audience and the other characters present in the film " . Regarding the same , Sukumar said , " We all have a lot of emotions and we suppress most of them fearing rejection . Instead we sport a smile and move on in this world . Problems arise when we don ’ t enjoy all feelings like jealousy , selfishness and don ’ t express them . To achieve something , there must be a driving force and that could be jealousy which you term as negative " .
Except for the short film I Am That Change whose music was composed by Sai Karthik , Sukumar chose Devi Sri Prasad to compose the soundtrack and background score for the films he directed . Sukumar worked with cinematographer R. Rathnavelu for Arya , Jagadam , and 1 : Nenokkadine . When Raju asked Sukumar about the budget to be allotted to Arya , Sukumar said that he first wants Rathnavelu on board . In an interview to The Hindu in March 2012 , Rathnavelu said , " Sukumar 's speciality is he can give you five different ways to solve every problem you encounter . He can get to the crux of the problem and figure out the best possible method to resolve it " . Because of their friendship with Sukumar , neither Rathnavelu nor Prasad charged any remuneration for his maiden production venture Kumari 21F . For Arya 2 , he collaborated with R. D. Rajasekhar . He worked with Venkat R. Prasad and Vijay C Chakravarthy for 100 % Love and Nannaku Prematho respectively .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= Cleveland Bay =
The Cleveland Bay is a breed of horse that originated in England during the 17th century , named after its colouring and the Cleveland district of Yorkshire . It is a well @-@ muscled horse , with legs that are strong but short in relation to the body . The horses are always bay in colour , although a few light hairs in the mane and tail are characteristic of some breed lines . It is the oldest established horse breed in England , and the only non @-@ draught horse developed in Great Britain . The ancestors of the breed were developed during the Middle Ages for use as pack horses , when they gained their nickname of " Chapman Horses " . These pack horses were crossbred with Andalusian and Barb blood , and later with Arabians and Thoroughbreds , to create the Cleveland Bay of today . Over the years , the breed became lighter in frame as they were employed more as carriage and riding horses . The popularity of the Cleveland Bay has greatly fluctuated since it was first imported to the United States in the early 19th century . Despite serious declines in the population after the Second World War , the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s , although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006 .
They have been patronized by members of the British Royal Family throughout their history , and they are still used to pull carriages in royal processions today . The breed has also been used to develop and improve several warmblood and draught horse breeds . Today they are used for farm work and driving , as well as under @-@ saddle work . They are particularly popular for fox hunting and show jumping , both pure blooded and when crossed with Thoroughbreds . The Cleveland Bay is a rare breed , and both the United Kingdom @-@ based Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the United States @-@ based Livestock Conservancy consider the population to be at critical limits for extinction .
= = Characteristics = =
The Cleveland Bay generally stands between 16 and 16 @.@ 2 hands ( 64 and 66 inches , 163 and 168 cm ) , and is always bay in colour . Bright bay horses ( bays with a more reddish tint than normal ) are the most preferred by breeders , followed by ordinary bay , dark bay and then light bay . This preference for brighter shades of bay was originally stated in the official breed standard , although this stipulation has since been removed . In some bloodlines of the breed , light , grayish hairs in the mane and tail are known as a characteristic of pure blood . White markings , except for a small star on the forehead , render the horse inadmissible to the stud book . Horses are expected to have complete black points , including completely black lower legs . Legs that are red below the knees and hocks are considered faulty in colour , although they do not disqualify a horse from registry . The occasional red legs that appear in the breed are thought to come from chestnut Thoroughbred stallions that were crossed into Cleveland Bay and Yorkshire Coach Horse bloodlines at some points in the history of both breeds . The uniformity in colour is encouraged as it makes creating matching driving teams and pairs very easy . When the breed was first developed , the horses almost always had a countershaded dorsal stripe , but these disappeared with the outcrossings of the 18th century .
The breed has a large head , slightly convex profile , and a long , well @-@ muscled neck . The withers are well @-@ muscled , which often makes them less pronounced , the chest is broad and deep , the shoulders are muscular and sloping , and the croup slightly sloping . The legs are short in relation to the body , but strong and well @-@ muscled . The legs have little or no feather , as the breed was developed partially for working in the heavy clay soils of its native country , where heavy feather led to increased disease prevalence . They are hardy and long @-@ lived horses , and docile in temperament . In the early 20th century , when a breed standard was issued by the British Cleveland Bay Society for use in judging shows , a section was added on the movement of the horses , describing the desired action , especially at the trot . This was included in part because military potential was still considered a factor in evaluating harness horses and a good trot was necessary for an artillery horse . It was also evaluated because breeds with large action at the trot often also have a potential for jumping . The combination of desired characteristics means that the breed is useful for breeding show jumpers , eventers and steeplechasers ( the latter especially when crossed with Thoroughbreds ) .
Partbred Cleveland Bays are sometimes called Cleveland Bay Sporthorses , although they are referred to by the US and UK registries as part breds . They are eligible for registration with the Cleveland Bay Part Bred Registry , but must not be registered with any other registry . To be eligible , horses must have at least one grandparent registered with the main Cleveland Bay Horse Society stud book . The Australasian registry refers to part breds as Sporthorses , although they still require at least 25 percent Cleveland Bay blood .
= = History = =
Originally developed in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire , England , the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldest established English horse breed , and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horse group . The closest breed in type , although completely unrelated , is the Irish Draught .
= = = Development = = =
The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was done in large part by English churches and monasteries , to meet a need for pack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries in northeast England . These medieval horses gained the nickname of " Chapman Horses " because of their use by travelling merchants known as " chapmen " . What is now the Cleveland Bay was developed from Barb and Andalusian horses crossed with Chapman Horse mares . The Barb blood came mainly from horses imported by wealthy young men on their Grand Tour of Europe , bought off the docks in Marseilles and transported back to England . The Andalusian blood came from horses bred at the royal stud in Cordoba and given to English royalty by the King of Spain . The stallions were often available for breeding to local horses , and the first infusion of Andalusian blood was added to the native Chapman Horses . The Spanish horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility , and were then taken by Oliver Cromwell 's men after the English Civil War . Once in the hands of Cromwell 's men , many of the stallions were made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses , adding a second infusion of Andalusian bloodlines . In the late 17th century a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchased horses directly from soldiers at Tangier or from the Moors themselves .
Between 1685 and 1785 this Chapman Horse / Andalusian / Barb cross developed into the original Cleveland Bay . During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding , and by 1785 had developed through selective breeding into the " agricultural type " Cleveland Bay . This original type was heavier and more draft @-@ like than the breed of today . This was due to a need for strength more than speed on the farms and poor roads of 17th- and 18th @-@ century England . As roads improved and speed became more important in the late 18th century , Thoroughbred and Arabian blood was added . The resulting horses were used extensively as coach horses , and were lighter of frame , with a well @-@ arched neck and powerful shoulders , making for a flashy carriage horse . The Thoroughbred blood was added despite the claims of breeders that the Cleveland Bay was " free from taint of black or blood " , meaning either Thoroughbred " blood " or the Old English " Black " and its descendents . The addition of Thoroughbred breeding is thought responsible for Cleveland Bays born with red legs ( as opposed to the black normally associated with bay horses ) , generally the result of a chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree .
= = = Establishment = = =
The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883 , and the first stud book was published in 1884 . The 19th century saw the export of many Cleveland Bays overseas , to Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , the United States , India , Russia and the European continent . In the early 19th century , Cleveland Bays were first imported to Maryland , Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States , and in 1884 the Upperville Colt & Horse Show was created in Virginia by Colonel Richard Henry Dulany to showcase his imported Cleveland Bay stallion and the offspring of the stallion . The Cleveland Bay Society of America was formed in 1885 , and the stud book began publication in 1889 , although horses were registered who had lived as far back as 1860 . Judging from the descriptions of the earliest registered horses , it is possible that many of the " Cleveland Bays " registered were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses ; however , all were registered as Clevelands , and that is what they are known as today . Over 2 @,@ 000 horses were registered with the association by 1907 . The horses were of interest to Buffalo Bill Cody , who drove four Cleveland Bay stallions in his Wild West Show .
Before the First World War , having seen the cavalry feats of mounted Boers during the Second Boer War , Britain increased its cavalry reserves . Smaller Cleveland Bays were used to carry British troopers , and larger members of the breed pulled artillery ; the British War Office offered premiums on Cleveland Bay stallions . Although the First World War was not the cavalry war the British expected , large numbers of horses were used to pull artillery and losses were high . Because the war caused a depletion in stock , in 1920 and 1921 , the British society opened a special register for previously unregistered mares of Cleveland Bay type , including some already registered with the Yorkshire Coach Horse ( a Cleveland / Thoroughbred cross ) registry , after they had passed an inspection that certified them to be of proper breed type . The subsequent foals of these mares were eligible for registration into the main British Cleveland Bay stud book , and were also eligible to compete in competitions reserved for breed members . Some of this progeny was bred and owned by King George V.
= = = Decline and re @-@ emergence = = =
However , interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning , due to increased mechanisation , and the Great Depression of the early 1930s reduced exports by almost a third . There was a brief revival of interest in the late 1930s in the United States when they became popular as foundation stock for hunters . The decline continued , quickening after the Second World War ; in 1960 the War Office stopped offering premiums on stallions , and many breeders discontinued breeding . By 1962 , only four purebred stallions were present in the UK . Queen Elizabeth II saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme , a stallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States . The stallion was bred to pure- and part @-@ bred mares , and within 15 years there were 36 purebred stallions in the UK . Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , used the breed for many years in international driving competitions . In the late 1960s and 1970s , interest in the breed increased , and part @-@ bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as riding horses , especially for use as hunters and jumpers . In 1964 , a Cleveland Bay / Thoroughbred cross competed in show jumping in the Tokyo Olympics . Another half @-@ bred Cleveland Bay competed for the British Olympic team in show jumping at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics , while a third was a reserve mount for the Canadian show jumping team at the 1976 Montreal Olympics . In the late 1960s and ' 70s , horses continued to be exported to many countries . Japan , the United States and Australia have continued to import the horses from England , and in New Zealand crosses between Cleveland Bays and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep stations .
Since 1977 , Elizabeth II has been a patron of the Society , and during the Society 's centenary year of 1984 she acted as its president . The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society also maintains a separate registry for part @-@ bred horses . In the late 20th century , the breed again gained the attention of the United States public , and in 1985 the US association was reactivated , renamed the Cleveland Bay Society of North America . The US American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers their status to be critical , which means there is an estimated global population of less than 2 @,@ 000 , and fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States . The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust also considers their status to be critical , with less than 300 breeding females registered worldwide . The Equus Survival Trust also considers the breed population to be at critical levels , meaning there are between 100 and 300 breeding females left in the world . Currently , there are about 135 purebred horses in the US and Canada recorded with the North American registry . There are also small populations in Japan , New Zealand , and Australia . In 2006 , an estimated 550 Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide , of which about 220 were mares ; the 2005 foal crop produced fewer than 50 horses .
= = Uses = =
The Cleveland Bay is a versatile horse and is still used today for many tasks , including driving and farmwork . In the 1920s , Cleveland Bays replaced black Hanoverians in the British royal stables , and both the Cleveland Bay and Cleveland Bay / Thoroughbred crosses are used as royal carriage horses today . The horses are used as heavy hunters , as they are powerful and able to carry a man weighing 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) for a full day of hunting over large obstacles and through heavy clay . When crossed with Thoroughbreds , the resulting progeny are lighter and faster , but still strong and heavy of bone . When show jumping was first beginning as a sport during the mid @-@ 19th century , Cleveland Bays were among the initial stars . Two mares , Star and Fanny Drape , were two of the top performers . Fanny Drape was known to have cleared a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) stone wall with a rider on her back , and a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) bar while being jumped in @-@ hand . In 2006 , a Cleveland Bay stallion named Tregoyd Journeyman was used as a model for a new horse figure by Breyer Animal Creations , and the stallion participated in that year 's Breyer model horse festival . Purebred and crossbred Cleveland Bays make up the majority of the bay horses in the Royal Mews , the British royal stables , where they receive intense training to desensitize them before they are put to work drawing royal carriages .
The Cleveland Bay was used in the creation of the Oldenburg breed , because of its stamina , strength , and jumping ability . The breed was also used to create and improve the Holstein and Hanoverian breeds . In the late 18th century , the Cleveland Bay was used to create the short @-@ lived Yorkshire Coach Horse through crosses with Thoroughbreds . These Yorkshires were used mainly to pull mail and passenger coaches , hence their name . Called by some the " New Cleveland Bay " , foreigners often could not distinguish between the two breeds , and many horses registered as Cleveland Bays in European coach horse studbooks were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses . In the 19th century , the Cleveland Bay was crossed with French and Belgian draft horses to create the Vladimir Heavy Draft , a Russian breed developed to fill that country 's need for a heavy draft breed .
= Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire =
Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire is a pinball game developed by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console . It was first revealed at E3 in 2003 , and was released in the same year – on August 1 , August 25 , and November 14 in Japan , North America , and PAL regions respectively . The North American release was done to coincide with the fifth anniversary of the North American release of Pokémon Red and Blue . It is based on Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire , and is a sequel to Pokémon Pinball for the Game Boy Color . In some ways , it plays like a traditional pinball game , where the objective is to get a high score by keeping the ball in play as long as possible and hitting bumpers . In keeping with the theme of Pokémon , it features Pokémon collection , where while the players play pinball , they must also capture the eponymous creatures .
Ruby & Sapphire has received generally positive reception . It was well received when it was revealed at E3 by publications such as IGN and GameSpy . Its release was similarly well received , with Metacritic and Game Rankings giving it aggregate scores of 82 and 80 @.@ 83 % respectively . It has sold 1 million copies worldwide , and has received significant praise from review outlets such as Nintendo Power , GamePro , and IGN , the latter awarding it the Game Boy Advance Game of the Month award for August 2003 . In spite of the positive reception , some reviewers found it to be an inferior pinball experience , such as TechTV , The Guardian , and Cheat Code Central , though all three felt that Pokémon fans would enjoy it .
= = Gameplay = =
Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire plays similarly to traditional pinball games , using a similar engine to its predecessor , Pokémon Pinball . It features two boards , each themed on either Pokémon Ruby or Sapphire . They have similar layouts , though they feature some differences , the Sapphire table being noted as slightly more annoying due to its setup . The player launches a ball onto the board , at which point it descends towards the bottom of said board . The objective is to ensure that the ball does not reach the pit at the bottom . Players must utilize a pair of flippers located right above the bottom to hit the ball upward , keeping it from falling for as long as possible . There are two spots located on either end of the board where the ball may fall , rendering players helpless . A Pikachu sits at either side of the board , and if players have filled its meter , it will be able to shoot the ball out of this spot . Under certain conditions , a Pichu will appear , allowing both spots to be blocked . This only occurs when the player has activated the four circles that sit in both the side slots and flipper paths , shown here . Consequently , a gravity field appears in the central hole that starts a " Start Slot " minigame that resembles a slot machine . In the blue field the player is able to utilise a Zigzagoon ( shown here on the right side of the board ) so that it can pounce on the selected tile and obtain the result . After finishing the Rayquaza bonus stage , a new Start Slot tile appears , which is simply labeled " Arrival " , signifying the arrival of a Jirachi . Activating this tile results in a bonus mode similar to Catch ' Em Mode , where the player only has thirty seconds to catch Jirachi . This is the only way to add Jirachi to the Pokédex .
As players hit various objects around the field , their score goes up . At certain scores , players gain a new ball . If the ball falls to the bottom , that round is over , and the players ' scores are tallied , given bonuses for their achievements . In order to prevent players from losing a ball , the game features a Ball Saver , which allows the ball to fall without being lost . This eventually goes away , however . The game has a shop system that can provide boosts for players , such one that adds a Ball Saver . Coins are collected through various means , and are used to purchase items from this shop . If all balls are lost , the game is over . The other objective of the game is to complete the Pokédex , similar to other Pokémon titles . Occasionally , a hole will open in the field , where players can either gain bonuses , such as an added Ball Saver or a score increase , or allow them to go to a special mode . There are four primary modes - Catch ' Em Mode , Egg Mode , Evolution Mode , and Travel Mode . These modes are typically activated by going through a certain path on the board three times , and then entering an area on the board , such as the Sharpedo , which will activate Catch ' Em Mode .
In the Catch ' Em Mode , players must reveal a silhouette of a Pokémon by hitting bumpers . Once it is revealed , players must hit the Pokémon that appears three times with the ball as it sits in one spot before the time runs out . Egg Mode is a similar concept , though the baby Pokémon roam around the board as opposed to standard Pokémon , which stand still . As opposed to being timed , players must capture it before it returns from whence it came . Evolution Mode is also similar , requiring players to hit all of the evolution item markers in order to evolve their Pokémon that they have caught or hatched . These include several traditional means of evolution in the Pokémon series , such as stones and experience points . Lastly , Travel Mode allows players to leave the current location on their pinball board , allowing them to capture more kinds of Pokémon not found in the current area . Ruby & Sapphire featured additional bonus modes that often diverge from the standard gameplay . These modes sometimes feature rare Pokémon such as Groudon , Kyogre , and Rayquaza , and take place on separate fields . Outside of the gameplay , players may also view the Pokémon they have caught , listen to sound effects and music from the game , and view their high scores for each board .
= = Release = =
Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire was first revealed at E3 2003 for the Game Boy Advance . It was also shown at the 2003 Games Convention in Leipzig , Germany , as well as at the European Computer Trade Show in London , England . It was developed by Jupiter and published by Nintendo . It is based on Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire , and features Pokémon available in those games . It was first released in Japan on August 1 , 2003 , and in North America on August 25 of the same year . The North American date coincided with the five @-@ year anniversary of Pokémon Red and Blue 's North American release . It was released in PAL regions several months later on November 14 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ release reception = = =
Before its release , Pokémon Pinball Ruby & Sapphire received generally positive impressions from critics . After a play test by Anoop Gantayat of IGN , he felt that fans of the series would enjoy it . He also praised the visuals , calling them " bright , colorful , and happy " . However , he bemoaned the lack of e @-@ Reader support , a feature common in Game Boy Advance games at the time . Craig Harris , also from IGN , found it to be a fun game , anticipating its release . IGN also included it in a list of the 10 big Game Boy Advance games of 2003 . GameSpy described it as " much more than a pinball game " , describing its gameplay mechanics as " unique " .
= = = Critical and consumer reception = = =
Pokémon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire has been met with generally positive reception . It holds an aggregate score of 82 from Metacritic and 80 @.@ 83 % from Game Rankings . Ruby & Sapphire has been met with great consumer success . It ranked number one on Amazon.com 's top 10 list for the week ending October 8 , 2003 . In the week ending September 4 in Japan , Ruby & Sapphire sold 19 @,@ 400 copies , ranking sixth , with sales at that time at 170 @,@ 247 copies total . The next week , it ranked 10th . It has sold more than one million copies worldwide . The News Tribune 's Bill Hutchens called it " addictive " , while GamesRadar 's Carolyn Gudmundson called it an " awesome game " . Nintendo Power praised it as being more than " just a GBA makeover " of Pokémon Pinball , calling it an evolution and gameplay and describing the Pokémon and areas as more lively . However , GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann found that while the game was entertaining , it was " practically identical " to the first game , and easier too . Cheat Code Central felt that the gameplay was too repetitive , feeling that only the most " ardent of Pokémon fans " will want to complete it . Denver Post 's David Thomas called it " one of the most enjoyable pinball experiences " , citing the Pokémon brand for why the game is so popular . Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the pinball table designs for their incorporation of Pokémon themes , noting that everything , save for the flippers , has a Pokémon theme .
GMR Magazine praised the combination of the Pokémon franchise with pinball gameplay , saying that the combination leads to " good times " . While IGN 's Craig Harris praised Ruby & Sapphire as the greatest pinball game for the Game Boy Advance , he noted that the Sapphire @-@ themed board was slightly more annoying than the Ruby @-@ themed one . He awarded it an " Editors Choice " award . Lucas M. Thomas , a fellow member of IGN , agreed with Harris , going further in calling it one of the greatest portable pinball games ever . He added that it had more fun and playability than most Game Boy Advance titles . It was ultimately awarded Game of the Month from IGN in August 2003 , winning over Mortal Kombat : Tournament Edition . IGN praised Ruby & Sapphire as being one of the best pinball games on the Game Boy Advance , hoping that Nintendo makes a sequel to this .
Edge commented that while this is not a conventional pinball game , citing a lack of " well @-@ designed skillshots and a challenging layout " , the Pokémon series was never noted for its conventionality . 1UP.com praised Ruby & Sapphire , noting that while they were not as interested in the Pokémon series , Ruby & Sapphire was one of their most anticipated games of the summer . They add that Ruby & Sapphire improves on the original in " just about every way " . GameNOW compared Ruby & Sapphire to the WarioWare , Inc. series , praising it as a " perfect handheld game " and " instantly playable " . The Guardian 's Rhianna Pratchett praised Ruby & Sapphire for being good for pinball novices and Pokémon players , but criticized its lack of deeper pinball mechanics such as multi @-@ balls and skill shots . She also criticized the lack of variety in pinball boards , commenting that the two boards were very similar .
TechTV criticized it as being less " addictive or diverse as the great pinball videogames " , though noted it to be fun for those looking for a Pokémon title . Game Informer praised its ball physics and controls , calling them " dead on " . GameSpy 's Darryl Vassar gave similar praise , describing the game as a " blast " . He added that it had surprising depth . GamePro
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
against New Zealand , whom we expect to provide some very tough competition . " Poulton played in all of the matches . She made 10 in her Twenty20 international debut and the match ended in a tie .
In her One Day International ( ODI ) debut , Poulton opened the batting with Melissa Bulow and occupied the crease for nine balls before being trapped leg before wicket by Sarah Burke for a duck . This left Australia at 1 / 0 with after 21 balls ; the hosts eventually scraped home for a one @-@ run victory . Poulton said that she was " way too nervous " during her maiden innings . She scored her first ODI runs in the following match , making 16 from 25 balls with 4 fours as the hosts won by a single wicket with a ball to spare . In the third match , Poulton scored her maiden ODI century , 101 from 136 balls , including seven fours and a six . Australia went on to seal the series with a five @-@ run win . She then made 68 from 76 balls — including ten fours — in the next match before being run out , laying the foundation for Australia 's 9 / 252 and an 85 @-@ run win . Poulton made only 12 in the final match as the hosts completed a clean sweep of the ODIs with a four @-@ wicket win . In her debut series , she aggregated 197 runs at 39 @.@ 60 with a strike rate of 70 @.@ 86 . Poulton is the 107th woman to play One Day International cricket for Australia .
During the 2006 – 07 season , Poulton played in all 11 of New South Wales ' WNCL matches , scoring 227 runs at 20 @.@ 63 . New South Wales struggled in the first four round @-@ robin matches , losing three . In the fifth match , against Western Australia , Poulton scored 64 to set up a six @-@ wicket victory . New South Wales won their last four matches to qualify in second place for the final , which was hosted by Victoria . Poulton scored 17 and 39 in the first two matches , both times being run out . New South Wales scraped home by one wicket in the first match , but the hosts levelled the series with an eight @-@ wicket win the next day . In the third game , she made only nine , but New South Wales eventually reached the target of 206 with three wickets in hand to take the finals 2 – 1 . Poulton took her first WNCL wicket in the season , bowling a full quota of ten overs against Western Australia , taking 1 / 23 . Her maiden wicket was Avril Fahey , trapped leg before wicket . She ended the season with one wicket at 63 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 50 .
After the end of the Australian season , Poulton was selected for the ODI team the ICC Women 's Quadrangular Series in Chennai , India . In addition to the hosts and Australia , New Zealand and England were also participating , and each team played each other twice in the round @-@ robin phase . Poulton scored only 8 and 0 from 21 and 8 balls respectively as Australia lost their first two matches against New Zealand and India respectively . She was then dropped for the next two games . She was recalled for the penultimate round @-@ robin match against England but did not bat in a six @-@ wicket win , and then made 27 as Australia defeated India by four wickets in the last match . The Australians needed 231 for victory — 4 @.@ 62 runs per over — and Poulton got their innings off to a slow start , taking 75 balls to accumulate her runs , scoring at less than half of the required rate . However , her teammates sped up and reached the target from the last ball of the match to qualify for the final against New Zealand . Australia won by six wickets with the dropped Poulton watching from the sidelines . She ended the series with 35 runs at 11 @.@ 66 with a strike rate of only 33 @.@ 65 , was then overlooked for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand held in Darwin in July .
= = International omission and recall = =
Poulton struggled in the eight WNCL matches during the 2007 – 08 season , scoring 106 runs at 13 @.@ 25 with a best of 39 against Western Australia . She took her best bowling figures at senior level , claiming 3 / 10 in the second match against Western Australia . Poulton captured three lower @-@ order wickets in quick succession as Western Australia lost 4 / 10 to be all out for 141 . However , Poulton was then bowled for a golden duck from the first ball of the innings from Lauren Ebsary as New South Wales lost the match by 37 runs . Poulton ended the season with four wickets at 8 @.@ 75 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 75 . New South Wales reached the final and were awarded the title because they placed first in the qualifying matches after rain washed out the deciding game without a ball being bowled . She also played in two Twenty20 interstate matches , top @-@ scoring with 69 in the first match against South Australia , before making 35 against Western Australia ; New South Wales won both games . After her poor WNCL season , Poulton was overlooked for Australian selection for the home series against England and then the Rose Bowl tour of New Zealand that followed .
During the Australian winter of 2008 , Poulton travelled to England and played for Nottinghamshire in the Women 's County Championship . After making a duck on debut for the county , she made 68 in the next match against Sussex and ended her stay with 150 runs at 25 @.@ 00 from six matches . She bowled 20 @.@ 4 overs for the county , taking a total of 0 / 95 . She was in better form for the Sapphires in the Super Fours , scoring three half @-@ centuries in four innings and ending with 215 runs at 53 @.@ 75 in four List A matches . She also top @-@ scored in both T20 matches for the Sapphires , making 32 and 47 . She also took 2 / 23 in the latter match , dismissing Jenny Gunn and Laura Marsh .
These performances earned Poulton a recall for the five @-@ match home ODI series against India ahead of the 2008 – 09 Australian season , which the hosts swept easily ; the margins of victory in each match were at least 54 runs or seven wickets . After making a duck in the T20 international that preceded the ODIs , Poulton played in the first four ODIs . She scored 79 runs at 26 @.@ 33 but scored at the slow strike rate of 47 @.@ 87 . This resulted in her being dropped down the order from an opening position for the fourth match ; her teammates reached the victory target before she was required and she was then omitted for the final match . Poulton took her maiden international wicket in the fourth match at Manuka Oval in Canberra , trapping Indian wicket @-@ keeper Anagha Deshpande lbw . She ended the series with a total of 1 / 63 .
Poulton had her most productive season in the WNCL in 2008 – 09 ahead of the 2009 World Cup , scoring 376 runs at 41 @.@ 77 . She posted two half @-@ centuries in the first four matches , resulting in eight @-@ wicket wins over Queensland and Western Australia respectively . She then made fifties in each of the last three round @-@ robin matches . This included 60 and 53 against Victoria in the last two games , which New South Wales won win by nine and three wickets respectively . New South Wales thus earned the right to host the final against the same team , and Poulton made 43 as they chased down 118 and won the title by six wickets . Poulton totalled 0 / 48 from 11 overs during the WNCL . She also played in two Twenty20 interstate matches , scoring 23 and 35 . New South Wales won the first before losing by one wicket to Victoria in the second .
= = World Cup = =
Australia toured New Zealand before the World Cup , and Poulton was dropped into the middle @-@ order . She made four in the first two matches , both of which the hosts won . She struggled in these matches , taking 15 and 18 balls to score the four runs in either ODI , was omitted for the third match . She then returned to her customary opening position and scored 81 from 97 balls , including 11 fours , in the fourth match , helping to set up an Australia victory by 44 runs . The fifth match of the series was abandoned .
In two warm @-@ up matches ahead of the World Cup in Australia , Poulton made 24 and 49 against England and Sri Lanka . Nevertheless , she was left out of the team for the opening match against New Zealand , which Australia lost . Poulton was recalled for the two remaining group matches against South Africa and the West Indies . The hosts won both matches to reach the next round , but Poulton struggled . Playing out of position in the middle @-@ order , she made nine from 21 balls against South Africa in her home town of Newcastle ; restored to the top of the order , she made a duck against the West Indies . Poulton was then dropped for Australia 's first match of the next phase against India , which they lost . She was recalled for the next match and scored 47 against Pakistan , putting on 100 for the first wicket with Shelley Nitschke before the latter was bowled . Poulton was then bowled herself , the third time in as many ODIs that she had been dismissed in such a manner . Australia reached 6 / 229 in their 50 overs , and Poulton then took 2 / 9 , claiming the lower @-@ order wickets of Javeria Khan and Qanita Jalil as the hosts won by 107 runs . She then hit 38 from 47 balls , including a six , in the final Super Six match against England . This helped set up Australia 's successful run @-@ chase but it was not enough to rank them among the top two nations and qualify them for the final . They faced India in the playoff for third place and Poulton was bowled by Jhulan Goswami for a duck . The hosts were all out for 142 and India reached the target with three wickets in hand . Poulton ended her campaign with 94 runs at 18 @.@ 80 and took a total of 2 / 17 from five overs .
Poulton was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England and Australia hosted New Zealand for three T20 matches in tropical Brisbane during the southern hemisphere winter before the teams departed for the tournament . Poulton scored 4 , 33 and 30 as Australia took the series 2 – 1 . Once the Australians were in England , Poulton top @-@ scored with 66 and took 1 / 7 against the hosts in her only innings in the pre @-@ tournament practice matches . Poulton made only two and eight in Australia 's first two pool matches against New Zealand and the West Indies ; Australia lost the first by nine wickets and won the second by eight wickets . In the final pool match , against South Africa , Australia needed a victory to progress . Batting first , she scored 22 before being run out as Australia made 6 / 164 from their 20 overs . In reply , South Africa were on track to reach the target , having reached 0 / 73 after seven overs . Poulton trapped Shandre Fritz for 39 with the first ball of the next over , and the South Africans lost momentum , scoring only 41 runs for the loss of seven wickets in the next ten overs . On the last ball of the 17th over , Poulton trapped opposition captain Sunette Loubser and ended with 2 / 20 from three overs as Australia prevailed by 24 runs to reach the semi @-@ finals , where they faced England . Poulton scored 39 to push Australia to 5 / 163 but the hosts reached the target with eight wickets in hand and progressed to the final , which they won .
= = Test debut = =
Australia stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts — the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s — after the end of the World Twenty20 . Poulton scored 33 and took two catches as Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs . She played in all of the five ODIs , but was not successful , being dismissed for single @-@ digit scores every time and ending with 26 runs at 5 @.@ 20 . She struggled to make an effective start in the matches , with a strike rate of 35 @.@ 00 or less in each of her five innings and 29 @.@ 54 overall . England won all the matches except the last , which was ended by persistent rain . Poulton made her Test debut against England in a one @-@ off match at New Road in Worcester . Australia batted first and Poulton came in at No. 6 . She lasted only 14 balls before being bowled by paceman Katherine Brunt for 1 . This was part of a batting collapse that left the tourists at 5 / 28 , but they recovered to reach 309 . Poulton then bowled four overs in the first innings , taking 0 / 15 . She took her first catch in Tests , removing Claire Taylor from the bowling of Lauren Ebsary . Australia took a 41 @-@ run lead and Poulton then scored 23 from 41 balls before being run out as the match ended in a draw . Poulton is the 158th woman to play Test cricket for Australia .
Poulton had a modest WNCL in 2009 – 10 , scoring 215 runs at 21 @.@ 50 . She reached double figures in nine of 11 innings , but was unable to convert the starts into large scores . Her highest score for the season was 42 against the Australian Capital Territory . She made 31 , her second best effort of the competition , in the final , as New South Wales defeated Victoria by 59 runs to take their fifth WNCL title in a row . She had more success in the new T20 domestic competition , scoring 201 runs at 28 @.@ 71 . She top @-@ scored with 58 in a seven @-@ run defeat at the hands of Victoria and then made 38 in a nine @-@ wicket win over South Australia . However , she made only six in the final as Victoria dismissed New South Wales for 75 to win by 52 runs .
After the domestic competition ended , Poulton played in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand . She was omitted from the first two ODIs at the Adelaide Oval before being recalled for the last three matches held at the Junction Oval in Melbourne ; Rachael Haynes was moved from an opening position into the middle @-@ order to make way for Poulton . After making a duck in her first innings back , Poulton struck an unbeaten 104 from 116 balls in the fourth match , hitting nine fours and three sixes , putting on an unbroken opening stand of 163 with Shelley Nitschke as the Australians won by ten wickets . She made seven in the final match as the Australians completed a 5 – 0 sweep of the home ODI leg of the series . Poulton had little success in the T20s in Australia , scoring 0 , 24 and 1 as the tourists bounced back to claim a whitewash . She then scored only one in the first T20 during the New Zealand leg of the tour and was left out for the second match , which the hosts won to sweep the T20s . Poulton played in all three ODIs in New Zealand , scoring 7 , 47 and 31 as the Australians again swept the 50 @-@ over matches . In the second match at Invercargill , she struck seven boundaries in her 54 @-@ ball innings to help Australia make a rapid start to their chase of 256 . In the final match , Australia faced a target of only 174 and Poulton hit 28 of her 31 runs from fours in a 16 @-@ ball innings , scoring almost two runs per ball . Australia won both of the last two matches by six wickets .
= = 2010 World Twenty20 triumph = =
Poulton was selected for the 2010 World Twenty20 in the West Indies and played in every match . With the selection of Elyse Villani to open with Nitschke , Poulton batted at No. 3 in all but one match . In the first warm @-@ up match , she scored one from six balls before being dismissed by Sian Ruck as Australia lost to New Zealand by 18 runs . In the last warm @-@ up match , she hammered 44 from 21 balls including two sixes and then took a catch to remove Armaan Khan as Australians made 5 / 166 and defeated Pakistan by 82 runs .
Australia were grouped with England , South Africa and the West Indies . In the first match against England , Poulton ran out Laura Marsh , triggering the loss of the last four wickets without the addition of a run , in six balls , leaving 15 deliveries unused . In pursuit of 105 for victory , Poulton top @-@ scored for Australia with 23 from 28 balls , helping to stabilise the innings after the Australians had fallen to 2 / 10 . However she fell at 4 / 45 , bowled by Holly Colvin , and eventually , Rene Farrell was run out going for the winning run from the third last ball available , leaving the scores tied .
A Super Over eventuated , and Marsh bowled for England . Farrell and Poulton batted for Australia . Poulton scored a single off the first ball she faced , before being caught by Colvin on the fourth ball . This left Australia at 1 / 4 and they ended at 2 / 6 . England also ended with 2 / 6 after a run out in an attempt to secure the winning run on the final ball . Australia was awarded the match because they had hit more sixes in the match — Jess Cameron scored the solitary six .
In the next match against South Africa , Poulton came in at 1 / 9 after the fall of Villani at the end of the first over . She counter @-@ attacked with Nitschke , scoring 39 runs herself from only 25 balls , including two sixes . The pair put on 58 from only 37 balls before Poulton was caught from the first ball of the eighth over . Australia collapsed and lost 6 / 16 including the last four wickets for four runs to be all out for 155 with three balls unused , before completing a 22 @-@ run win . In the final group match against the West Indies , Poulton came in at 1 / 33 and hit 15 from 13 balls , including three fours . Australia finished on 7 / 133 and won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet .
Australia went on to face India in the semi @-@ final . Chasing a target of 120 , Poulton came in to join captain Blackwell — who had promoted herself up the order — at 2 / 75 , with 45 runs needed from 56 balls . Poulton hit 30 from 26 balls to seal an Australian victory with seven wickets and seven balls to spare . She brought up the winning runs with a lofted drive that bounced once before going for four runs . In the final against New Zealand , Australia started poorly after electing to bat . Nitschke fell in the third over to bring Poulton in at 1 / 10 , before Villani and Blackwell fell quickly to leave Australia at 3 / 20 in the sixth over . This was followed by a consolidating partnership of 30 between Poulton and Cameron , but they were unable to lift the run rate substantially ; their stand took 45 balls . Poulton was caught trying to loft a ball over cover , and two balls later , Cameron was bowled , leaving Australia at 5 / 51 in the 13th over . Only Poulton managed a solitary boundary . A later burst took Australia to 8 / 106 from their 20 overs and Poulton ended with the highest score of 20 from 28 balls . The Australians then restricted New Zealand to 6 / 103 to complete a three @-@ run win . Poulton was Australian 's highest run @-@ scorer for the tournament and the third among all players .
= 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson =
In the summer of 1993 , Evan Chandler accused Michael Jackson of sexually abusing Chandler 's 13 @-@ year @-@ old son , Jordan . The relationship between Jackson and Evan had begun in May 1992 ; Chandler initially welcomed and encouraged the friendship , and bragged about his connection to a celebrity . The friendship became well known as the tabloid media reported that Jackson became a member of the Chandler family . In 1993 , Chandler confronted his ex @-@ wife June , who had custody of Jordan , with suspicions that their son had been in an inappropriate relationship with Jackson but June dismissed his worries . According to several sources , Chandler threatened to go public with the evidence he claimed he had on Jackson , who asked his lawyer Bert Fields to intervene . Chandler 's lawyer , Barry K. Rothman , called psychiatrist Mathis Abrams and reported a hypothetical situation of sexual molestation mirroring what his son had alleged .
Without meeting Jordan , Abrams then sent Rothman a letter on July 15 stating there was " reasonable suspicion " of sexual abuse and if it had been a real case , he would be required by law to contact the Los Angeles County Department of Children 's Services ( DCS ) . On August 4 , Chandler and Jordan met with Jackson and Anthony Pellicano , Jackson 's private investigator , and Chandler read out Abrams ' letter . He then opened negotiations to resolve the issue with a financial settlement . On August 16 , three days after Chandler and Rothman had rejected a $ 350 @,@ 000 offer from Jackson 's camp , June 's attorney notified Rothman that he would be filing papers next morning to force Chandler to return Jordan to allow him to go on the Asian leg of Jackson 's Dangerous World Tour .
On the day Jackson began the third leg of his tour , news of the allegations broke to the public and received worldwide media attention . Jackson ultimately cancelled the remainder of the tour due to health problems arising from the scandal . In January 1994 Jackson reached a financial settlement with the Chandlers to resolve the matter and in September a criminal investigation was closed due to lack of evidence . Five months after Jackson 's death , Evan Chandler killed himself on November 5 , 2009 , in his apartment in Jersey City , New Jersey .
= = Friendship , tape recording , allegations and negotiations = =
By the summer of 1993 , it was revealed that Jackson had children sleep over in his bed with him at his Neverland ranch , a fact which came under much media scrutiny when child sexual abuse allegations were brought against him . Jackson became firm friends with Jordan Chandler and his family after a meeting in May 1992 , as he was a fan of Jackson . Their friendship became so close that the National Enquirer ran a featured story with the title " Michael 's New Adopted Family " , which implied that Jackson had " stolen " the boy from his estranged father , Evan Chandler , a dentist , who was admittedly jealous over Jackson 's influence on his son . According to celebrity biographer , J. Randy Taraborrelli , Chandler asked , " Look , are you having sex with my son ? " and after Jackson denied doing so , Chandler 's opinion of Jackson changed . Jackson invited Jordan , his stepsister and his mother to visit Neverland on the weekends and they would also take trips to Las Vegas and Florida . These weekend trips began to interfere with Jordan 's scheduled visits with his father , with Jordan preferring to visit Neverland . In May 1993 , when Jackson and Jordan stayed with Chandler , he urged Jackson to spend more time with his son at his house and even suggested that Jackson build an addition onto the house so that Jackson could stay there . After the zoning department told Chandler it could not be done , he suggested that Jackson just build him a new home . That same month , Jordan and June flew with Jackson to Monaco for the World Music Awards . According to June 's lawyer , Michael Freeman , " Evan began to get jealous of the involvement and felt left out . " Upon their return , Chandler was pleased with a five @-@ day visit from Jackson , during which Jackson slept in a room with Jordan and his stepbrother . Chandler claimed this was when his suspicions of sexual misconduct by Jackson began , although he admitted that Jackson and Jordan always had their clothes on when he saw them in bed together and has never claimed to have witnessed any sexual misconduct between the two .
On July 2 , 1993 , in a private telephone conversation , Chandler was tape @-@ recorded as saying ,
There was no reason why he ( Jackson ) had to stop calling me ... I picked the nastiest son of a bitch I could find [ Evan Chandler 's lawyer , Barry Rothman ] , all he wants to do is get this out in the public as fast as he can , as big as he can and humiliate as many people as he can . He 's nasty , he 's mean , he 's smart and he 's hungry for publicity . Everything 's going to a certain plan that isn 't just mine . Once I make that phone call , this guy is going to destroy everybody in sight in any devious , nasty , cruel way that he can do it . I 've given him full authority to do that . Jackson is an evil guy , he is worse than that and I have the evidence to prove it . If I go through with this , I win big @-@ time . There 's no way I lose . I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael 's career will be over .
In the same conversation , when asked how this would affect his son , Chandler replied ,
That 's irrelevant to me ... It will be a massacre if I don 't get what I want . It 's going to be bigger than all us put together ... This man [ Jackson ] is going to be humiliated beyond belief ... He will not sell one more record .
The recorded conversation was a critical aspect of Jackson 's defense against the upcoming allegation made against him . He and his supporters argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer . In October 1994 , Mary A. Fischer of GQ magazine reported it was Evan Chandler who initially accused Jackson of molesting his son , before he demanded a screenwriting deal from Jackson instead of going to the police .
According to Taraborrelli , Chandler was forced to admit the controversial sedative sodium amytal was used when he extracted a tooth from Jordan in early August . On May 3 , 1994 , KCBS @-@ TV news reported that Chandler claimed the drug was used for tooth extraction and that the allegations came out while Jordan was under the influence of the drug . Mark Torbiner , the dental anesthesiologist who administered the drug , told GQ if sodium amytal was used , " it was for dental purposes . " Sodium amytal is a barbiturate that puts people in a hypnotic state when injected intravenously . Studies done in 1952 debunked the drug as a truth serum and demonstrated it enabled false memories to be easily implanted .
Dr. Phillip Resnick , a noted Cleveland psychiatrist said it was " a psychiatric medication " and " People will say things under sodium amytal that are blatantly untrue . " In mid @-@ May 1994 in Napa County , California , Gary Ramona won his lawsuit against his daughter 's therapist and the psychiatrist who had given her sodium amytal . The psychiatrist claimed the drug helped Ramona 's daughter remember specific details of sexual molestation by Ramona , but a court brief written by Martin Orne , a University of Pennsylvania psychiatrist who pioneered research of hypnosis and sodium amytal , stated that the drug is " not useful in ascertaining ' truth ' . . . The patient becomes sensitive and receptive to suggestions due to the context and to the comments of the interviewers . " This was the first successful legal challenge to the " repressed memory phenomenon " . Dr. Kenneth Gottlieb , a San Francisco psychiatrist said , " It ’ s absolutely a psychiatric drug ... I would never want to use a drug that tampers with a person ’ s unconscious unless there was no other drug available . And I would not use it without resuscitating equipment , in case of allergic reaction , and only with an M.D. anesthesiologist present . " According to Dr. John Yagiela , coordinator of the anesthesia and pain control department of UCLA ’ s school of dentistry , " It ’ s unusual for it to be used [ for pulling a tooth ] " and " better , safer alternatives are available . "
According to Diane Dimond of Hard Copy , Torbiner 's records show that Robinul and Vistarol was administered instead of sodium amytal . The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration was investigating Torbiner 's administration of drugs in house calls , where he mostly gave patients morphine and Demerol . His credentials with the Board of Dental Examiners indicated that he was restricted by law to administering drugs solely for dental @-@ related procedures , but he had not adhered to those restrictions . For instance , he had given general anesthetic to Barry Rothman during hair @-@ transplant procedures . Torbiner had introduced Chandler and Rothman in 1991 , when Rothman needed dental work .
Over the next couple of months both parties engaged in unsuccessful ( out of court ) financial negotiations , with Chandler and his legal team asking for $ 20 million , or the issue would be taken to criminal court . Jackson declined the offer , saying , " No way in Hell " . A few weeks later , Jackson 's legal team gave a counter @-@ offer to the value of $ 1 million , which was declined by Chandler . Pellicano said he made the offers he said in an attempt to catch the Chandler 's negotiating and tape recorded one of the telephone calls to Rothman to demonstrate this . The father then lowered his request to $ 15 million ; Jackson rejected this and lowered his original counter @-@ offer to $ 350 @,@ 000 . With both sides unable to reach an agreement , Chandler decided he would take it to court . Chandler then took his son to see a psychiatrist called Dr. Mathis Abrams , and during the three @-@ hour session with the doctor , Jordan Chandler said he had had a sexual relationship with Jackson that went on for several months , and which included incidents of kissing , masturbation and oral sex . He then repeated these allegations to police and gave a detailed description of what he alleged was Jackson 's penis .
= = = Allegations made public , investigation and La Toya Jackson = = =
On August 18 , the Los Angeles Police Department 's Sexually Exploited Child Unit began a criminal investigation on Jackson . The same day , Jordan Chandler 's mother told police that she did not believe Jackson had molested her son . On August 21 , a search warrant was issued , allowing police to search Jackson 's Neverland Ranch . Police questioned 30 children who were friends of Jackson , with all denying that the singer was a child molester . A police officer involved in the investigation told The Los Angeles Times that no evidence ( medical , photographic or video ) could be found that would support a criminal filing . The same day the allegations were made public , Jackson began the third leg of his Dangerous World Tour in Bangkok . On August 24 , Jackson 's investigator held a press conference accusing Chandler of trying to extort $ 20 million from the singer , although the investigator failed to mention that Jackson had given several counter @-@ offers . On August 25 , Jackson 's young friends Brett Barnes and Wade Robson held a press conference in which they stated that they had slept in the same bed as Jackson , but nothing sexual in nature had occurred . Jackson 's family soon held a press conference of their own to show support , saying it was their " unequivocal belief " that Michael had been made a victim of a cruel and obvious attempt to take advantage of his fame and wealth . " The police then began an investigation into Evan Chandler 's prior actions and found that he was $ 68 @,@ 400 behind in his child support payments , even though he was well @-@ paid as a dentist . On November 8 , police searched the Jackson family home , Hayvenhurst , but found nothing of importance to add to their investigation . According to internal reports from the LA County DCFS at the time , Chandler 's story remained largely consistent but dates , places , times and some details were inconsistent . According to reports the DCFS had investigated Jackson beginning in August 1993 with the Chandler allegation and again in 2003 . Reports show the LAPD and DCFS did not find credible evidence of abuse or sexual misconduct .
In the winter of 1993 , despite not seeing or speaking to Jackson for a number of years , La Toya Jackson claimed that her brother was a pedophile and that she had proof , which she was prepared to disclose for a fee of $ 500 @,@ 000 . A bidding war between US and UK tabloids began , but fell through when they realized that her revelations were not what she had claimed them to be . Then in Israel , she stated , " I cannot and will not be a silent collaborator in his crimes against young children ... Forget about the superstar , forget about the icon . If he was any other 35 @-@ year @-@ old man who was sleeping with little boys , you wouldn 't like this guy " . She also claimed that checks had been made out to several boys and that Jackson 's own physical abuse as a child had turned him into an abuser . She would later claim that Jackson had tried to kidnap and kill her . The rest of the family disowned her , and in subsequent years she would insist that she was forced to make the allegations by her then husband for financial gain . Just prior to making the allegations , her husband was arrested for striking her in the face , arms and legs with a chair . By the turn of the millennium Jackson had forgiven his sister .
= = = Lisa Marie Presley , health concerns , rehabilitation and Elizabeth Taylor = = =
Jackson first met Lisa Marie Presley ( and Elvis Presley ) in 1974 , during a Jackson 5 engagement at the MGM Grand . In November 1992 , Jackson was reconnected with Presley through a mutual friend , staying in contact almost every day by telephone . As the child sexual abuse accusations became public , he became dependent on Presley for emotional support ; she was concerned about his faltering health and his addiction to drugs . She explained , " I believed he didn 't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him . I wanted to save him . I felt that I could do it . " In one phone call he made to her , she described him as high , incoherent and delusional . He proposed to her over the phone towards the fall of 1993 , saying , " If I asked you to marry me , would you do it ? " . The marriage was , in her words , " a married couple 's life ... that was sexually active " . They divorced fewer than two years later , remaining friendly .
Jackson had begun taking painkillers , Valium , Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the allegations made against him . A few months after the allegations became news , he had lost approximately 10 pounds in weight and had stopped eating . According to Jackson , he had a tendency to stop eating when " really upset or hurt " and Elizabeth Taylor had to make him eat during this ordeal ; " She took the spoon and would put it into my mouth . " He said that he eventually became unconscious and had to be fed intravenously . In a court deposition unrelated to alleged child abuse , he was visibly drowsy , lacked concentration and repeatedly slurred while speaking . He could not remember the dates of his prior album releases or names of people he had worked with and took several minutes to name some of his recent albums . His health had deteriorated to the extent that he canceled the remainder of his tour and flew with Taylor and her husband to London . When Jackson arrived at the airport , he had to be held up ; he was then rushed to the home of Elton John 's manager and afterwards to a clinic , but when he was searched for drugs on entry , 18 vials of medicine were found in a suitcase . Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of the clinic , and was put on a Valium IV to wean him from painkillers . The singer 's spokesperson told reporters that Jackson was " barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level " . While in the clinic , he took part in group and one @-@ on @-@ one therapy sessions .
= = = Strip search = = =
In December 1993 , Jackson was served with a warrant for a strip search of his body , as police wanted to verify Jordan Chandler 's description of Jackson 's private anatomy . The order stated that officers were to examine , photograph and videotape Jackson 's entire body , " including his penis , anus , hips , buttocks and any other part of his body " . The warrant stated they were looking for discoloration or any other signs of vitiligo which he had previously spoken about , or any other skin disorder , and that refusal to comply would be used in court as an indication of guilt . The strip search took place on December 20 , 1993 at Jackson 's ranch . Those present for the prosecution were Santa Barbara District Attorney Tom Sneddon , a detective , a photographer and a doctor . Those present on behalf of Jackson were his two attorneys , a physician , a detective , a bodyguard and a photographer . The attorneys and Sneddon agreed to leave the room when the examination took place , and Jackson demanded that the prosecution detective should also leave , which he subsequently did . In an emotional state , Jackson stood on a platform in the middle of the room , took off all his clothes and the search lasted for approximately 25 minutes , although he was never physically touched .
Reports vary on whether or not the photographs of Jackson corroborated with Chandler 's allegations . Reuters reported that an unidentified source informed them on January 27 , 1994 that " photos of Michael Jackson ’ s genitalia do not match description given by the boy " , which was reported in USA Today on January 28 . However , according to child sexual abuse consultant Bill Dworin who was one of the lead detectives from the LAPD to the allegations , Jordan Chandler 's description cooperated with the photos taken of Michael Jackson 's genitalia . Dr. Richard Strick who conducted the examination of Jackson 's genitals claimed , " I was told later that the photos and description absolutely matched " According to Sneddon in a 2005 memorandum in People v. Jackson , " The photographs reveal a mark on the right side of Defendant 's penis at about the same relative location as the dark blemish located by Jordan Chandler on his drawing of Defendant 's erect penis " and " Chandler 's graphic representation of the discolored area on Defendant 's penis is substantially corroborated by the photographs . " Sneddon ended his declaration with " I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct except for those statements made on information and belief , as to those statements , I believe them to be true . " Sergeant Gary Spiegel , the sheriff ’ s photographer , claims he observed a dark spot on the lower side of Jackson ’ s penis .
It was reported that Jordan Chandler claimed that Jackson was circumcised . Jackson 's autopsy report reveals that he had not been circumcised and his foreskin appeared naturally intact and showed no signs of having been restored from a circumcision . Taraborrelli claims that Jordan correctly noted patchy colored skin on his buttocks , short pubic hair , and testicles marked pink and brown , however , initially investigators claimed Chandler said Jackson had splotches on his genitals a color " similar to the color of his face " rather than pink and brown . On February 10 , 1993 , Jackson had revealed to Oprah that he had a skin disorder that destroyed skin pigmentation and left blotches on his skin , and that make @-@ up was used to even out his skin . The live interview was watched by 90 million viewers and after it aired , expert information on vitiligo was widely shared in the media . According to private investigator Anthony Pellicano who questioned Jordan in July 1993 after hearing Evan 's taped phone call , Jordan denied that he ever saw Jackson 's body but said he did lift his shirt once to show him the blotches on his skin . At the behest of a grand jury , investigators made a probe into Jackson 's history , including familial interviews , to see if he had any surgeries or procedures done to alter his body 's appearance as the jury felt there was a lack of a clear match with Jordan Chandler 's description .
Publicized later was an internal report within the LAPD and Los Angeles County DCFS which showed the DCFS had cleared Jackson early on of unfounded molestation charges from the Chandlers , and later from the Arvizos in 2003 .
= = = Jackson 's response = = =
On December 22 , Jackson responded to the allegations and everything that had occurred for the first time via satellite from his ranch :
As you may already know , after my tour ended I remained out of the country undergoing treatment for a dependency on pain medication ... There have been many disgusting statements made recently concerning allegations of improper conduct on my part . These statements about me are totally false ... I will say I am particularly upset by the handling of the mass — matter by the incredible , terrible mass media . At every opportunity , the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions . I ask all of you to wait and hear the truth before you label or condemn me . Don 't treat me like a criminal , because I am innocent . I have been forced to submit to a dehumanizing and humiliating examination ... It was the most humiliating ordeal of my life ... But if this is what I have to endure to prove my innocence , my complete innocence , so be it .
A poll at the time , conducted by A Current Affair , found that nearly 75 percent of Americans believed Jackson was telling the truth in his response . While Jackson sought medical help for his faltering health , his legal team and friends , such as Presley and Taylor , took control of his defense and finances . Much of Jackson 's legal team would meet three times a week at Taylor 's home to discuss the case . Taylor then called in more legal professionals on Jackson 's behalf . Eventually Presley , Taylor , and Jackson 's team all agreed that the singer should settle out of court ; it was their opinion that the entertainer 's health had deteriorated to such a degree that he could not endure a lengthy trial .
= = Media reaction and civil suit settlement = =
Most of information available on the allegations was released ( officially or unofficially ) by the prosecution and unchallenged by Jackson . Jackson was largely portrayed as guilty by the media . The media bias was evident in the use of sensational headlines to draw in readers and viewers when the content itself did not support the headline , the purchasing of stories of his alleged criminal activity , the purchasing of confidential leaked material from the police investigation , deliberately using pictures of his appearance at its worst , using headlines that strongly implied his guilt , and a general lack of objectivity .
The New York Post ran the headline " Peter Pan or Pervert " , despite minimal information being disclosed by the police . Just two weeks after the allegations were reported , the headline , " Michael Jackson : A Curtain Closes " reflected the attitude of most tabloid @-@ orientated media . In a piece for Hard Copy , Diane Dimond — a journalist who would spend the next 15 years trying to prove Jackson was a pedophile — ran a story stating , " And one more shocker , Hard Copy has obtained new documents in the criminal investigation of Michael Jackson , and they are chilling ; they contain the name of child movie actor Macaulay Culkin " . The document itself stated that Culkin strongly denied being harmed by Jackson .
Two tabloid television shows accepted confidential leaked documents from the Los Angeles County Department of Children 's Services for $ 20 @,@ 000 . A number of Jackson 's former employees — most of whom had worked at his ranch — sold stories to the tabloids of alleged prior sexual misconduct on Jackson 's part , instead of reporting their claims to police . One couple initially asked for $ 100 @,@ 000 claiming that Jackson sexually caressed Macaulay Culkin . They were prepared to expand upon this allegation for a fee of $ 500 @,@ 000 , whereby they would allege that Jackson put his hands down Culkin 's pants . When the story broke , Culkin strongly denied the allegation , and did so again in court during the 2003 trial of Michael Jackson . A former security guard made various allegations about Jackson , saying he was fired because he " knew too much " , and alleged that he was ordered by Jackson to destroy a photo of a naked boy . Instead of reporting this to police , Hard Copy accepted the story in return for $ 150 @,@ 000 . Afterwards , Jackson 's maid , Branca Francia , alleged that she " quit in disgust " after seeing Jackson in a shower with a child , but did not inform the police . It later emerged that Francia was actually fired in 1991 , but nevertheless sold her story to Hard Copy for $ 20 @,@ 000 .
When Jackson left the US to go into drug rehabilitation , the media showed the singer little sympathy . The Daily Mirror ( UK ) held a " Spot the Jacko " contest , offering readers a trip to Disney World if they could correctly predict where the entertainer would appear next . A Daily Express headline read , " Drug Treatment Star Faces Life on the Run " , while a News of the World headline accused Jackson of being a fugitive . These tabloids also falsely alleged that Jackson had traveled to Europe to have cosmetic surgery that would make him unrecognizable on his return . Geraldo Rivera set up a mock trial , with a jury made up of audience members , even though Jackson had not been charged with a crime .
A civil lawsuit was filed by Jordan Chandler and his parents on September 14 , 1993 . In late 1993 , district attorneys in Santa Barbara and Los Angeles counties both convened grand juries to assess whether criminal charges should be filed against Jackson . By January 1 , 1994 , $ 2 million had been spent by prosecution departments in California and the grand juries had questioned 200 witnesses , but Jordan 's allegations could not be corroborated . On January 4 , 1994 , Chandler 's attorney , Larry Feldman , filed a motion for the photos from Jackson 's December 1993 body search from investigators , saying Jackson 's attorneys and the L.A. district attorney had refused to give him copies . A few weeks later , Feldman petitioned the court that he should be allowed access to Jackson 's finances over concerns that the singer 's wealth would give him an unfair advantage in court . One adviser to Jackson stated , " You can take pictures of Michael 's dick and he 's not gonna like it , but once you start trying to figure out how much money he has , that 's where he stops playing around . " Initially Jackson and his lawyers filed a motion for Superior Court Judge David M. Rothman to postpone the civil case until the criminal investigation was concluded . Feldman filed a counter @-@ motion , saying the delay would hurt Jordan 's chances for recovery and make it more difficult to gather evidence . It is legal to postpone a civil lawsuit past the criminal statute of limitations as a lawsuit can still be filed past that date , such as the case of Pacers , Inc. v. Superior Court . Also , the constitutional right to a " speedy trial " only applies to criminal cases according to the Sixth Amendment , not civil cases .
On November 23 , Judge Rothman accepted Feldman 's motion and set March 21 , 1994 as the start date for the civil trial . Rothman ordered Jackson 's deposition scheduled before the end of January 1994 , but noted he might reconsider if Jackson was indicted on criminal charges . Jackson agreed to be deposed on January 18 . His attorneys said he was eager to testify , but also said they might oppose the deposition if criminal charges were filed or were still under consideration on his deposition date . They said if charges were filed , they would want the criminal trial to go first . However , when authorities notified Jackson 's lawyers that they expected their investigation to continue at least through February , Jackson 's team still failed to win a delay of the civil case . Jackson 's lawyers also lost a motion to prevent Feldman from turning over information ( e.g. from the civil deposition ) to prosecutors pursuing possible criminal charges .
The concerns about a civil trial during an ongoing criminal investigation , and about the prosecutor 's access to the plaintiff 's information in the civil trial , stemmed from Jackson 's Fifth Amendment rights . As two grand juries had deemed there was insufficient evidence for charges as of January 1 , the prosecution might have been able to form the elements of a criminal case around the defense strategy in the civil trial ; creating a situation akin to double jeopardy . For instance , prosecutor Tom Sneddon altered fundamental elements of his case in 2004 after evidence undermining the Arvizo family 's 2003 allegations appeared after Jackson 's initial arraignment . Upon discovery of two taped interviews in which the Arvizo family praised Jackson and denied any abuse , Sneddon introduced a conspiracy charge and claimed they were forced to lie against their will . And when Jackson was re @-@ arraigned in April 2004 for the conspiracy charge , the dates of the alleged molestation on the charge sheet had been shifted by almost two weeks . Jackson 's lawyer , Mark Geragos , had announced on NBC in January 2004 that his client had a " concrete , iron @-@ clad alibi " for the dates on the charge sheet .
On January 24 , 1994 , prosecutors announced that they would be not bringing charges against Evan Chandler for attempted extortion as Jackson 's camp has been slow to report the extortion claim to the police and had tried to negotiate a settlement with Chandler for several weeks . Evan had first made his demand for a financial settlement on August 4 , 1993 and the Jackson camp filed extortion charges against Evan and his attorney Barry K. Rothman in late August 1993 . After tape recordings supporting the extortion claim were released to the media on August 30 , a lawyer for Jackson explained they had not gone to the police earlier because , " It was our hope that this would all go away . We tried to keep it as much in @-@ house as we could . " Jackson had already experienced years of bizarre rumors and speculation . In the extortion investigation , a search warrant was never sought to search the homes and offices of Evan Chandler and Barry Rothman and no grand jury was convened when both men declined to be interviewed by police . In contrast , the police searched Jackson 's residences solely based on Jordan 's allegations reported by a psychiatrist with no particular expertise in child sexual abuse and increased their efforts to investigate Jackson after no supporting evidence was found in their raids and after questioning almost 30 children ( Jackson 's phonebooks were seized ) and their families , all of whom said Jackson had done nothing wrong . Officers flew to the Philippines to interview two ex @-@ housekeepers who had sold a molestation story to the tabloids but decided it lacked credibility . Several parents also complained to one of Jackson 's attorneys of aggressive investigative techniques by the police ; allegedly frightening their children with lies , e.g. ‘ We have nude photos of you ' , to pressure them into accusing Jackson and unequivocally telling parents their children had been molested even though their children had denied being victimized .
On January 25 , 1994 , the Chandlers ' lawsuit was settled out of court with $ 15 @,@ 331 @,@ 250 to be held in a trust fund for Jordan , $ 1 @.@ 5 million for each of his parents and the family 's lawyer slated to receive $ 5 million for a total of approximately $ 23 million ( although another source showed Feldman was to receive $ 3 million based on a September 1993 retainer , for a total of $ 21 million ) . According to a motion passed to Judge Melville in 2004 , leading up to the 2005 trial , Evan Chandler himself is the one who initiated the settlement with Jackson 's insurer . Jackson 's insurance company " negotiated and paid the settlement , over the protests of Mr. Jackson and his personal legal counsel " and was " the source of the settlement amounts " ; as noted in a 2005 memorandum in People v. Jackson . It also noted " an insurance carrier has the right to settle claims covered by insurance where it decides settlement is expedient and the insured may not interfere with nor prevent such settlements " , as established by a number of precedents in California . Defeating the right would involve convincing a court with the power to overrule the precedent that the earlier decision was either wrongly decided or more often , ' clearly ' wrong ( depending on the criteria of the court ) or the court must be convinced to distinguish the case . That is , to make the ruling narrower than that in the precedent due to some difference in facts between the current and precedent case , while still supporting the result reached in the earlier case . In 2004 , Jackson 's attorney Thomas Mesereau in People v. Jackson said " People who intended to earn millions of dollars from his record and music promotions did not want negative publicity from these lawsuits interfering with their profits . Michael Jackson now regrets making these payments . These settlements were entered into with one primary condition – that condition was that Mr. Jackson never admitted any wrongdoing . Mr. Jackson always denied doing anything wrong ... Mr. Jackson now realizes the advice he received was wrong . " Jackson explained why had he tried to settle : " I wanted to go on with my life . Too many people had already been hurt . I want to make records . I want to sing . I want to perform again ... It 's my talent . My hard work . My life . My decision . " He also wanted to avoid a " media circus " .
= = Closure of the criminal investigation = =
Although some perceive the settlement as an admission of guilt , the settlement agreement specifically stated that Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability and legally , a settlement cannot be used as evidence of guilt in future civil and criminal cases . The settlement payment was " for alleged personal injuries arising out of claims of negligence and not for claims of intentional or wrong acts of sexual molestation . " In the settlement , both parties agreed they would not speak about the case details in public but it did not prevent the Chandlers from testifying in a criminal trial or sharing information with authorities in a criminal investigation . The settlement document adamantly states there is no admission of wrongdoing on Jackson 's part and no admission of molestation or immodesty and that under no circumstances shall any payment be withheld from the complainants , even if they were to testify against Jackson .
The Chandlers ' lawyer Mr. Feldman explicitly stated " nobody bought anybody 's silence " . Bribery to not testify in a trial is a felony according to California Penal Code 138 . Receiving such a bribe is also a felony according to this law . District Attorney Gil Garcetti stated the settlement didn 't affect criminal prosecution of the molestation allegations , " The criminal investigation of singer Michael Jackson is ongoing and will not be affected by the announcement of the civil case settlement . "
Jordan Chandler was interviewed after the settlement by detectives seeking evidence of child molestation , but " no criminal charges were filed as a result of that interview . " A Santa Barbara County grand jury disbanded on May 2 , 1994 without indicting Jackson , while a Los Angeles County grand jury continued to investigate the sexual abuse allegations . After which time the Chandlers stopped co @-@ operating with the criminal investigation around July 6 , 1994 . The police never pressed criminal charges . Citing a lack of evidence without Jordan 's testimony , the state closed its investigation on September 22 , 1994 . According to the grand juries , the evidence presented by the Santa Barbara police and the LAPD was not convincing enough to indict Jackson or subpoena him , even though grand juries can indict the accused purely on hearsay evidence . According to a 1994 report by Variety , a source in contact with the grand juries stated , " none of the witnesses so far have offered anything that would directly implicate the singer . " According to a report in 1994 by Showbiz Today , one of the 19
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
94 grand jurors claimed they " did not hear any damaging testimony " during the hearings .
= = Aftermath = =
A week after the settlement of the Chandler 's lawsuit was announced on January 25 , 1994 , L.A. District Attorney Gil Garcetti announced he supported amending a law that prohibits forcing people who say they have been sexually assaulted to testify in criminal proceedings . The amendment introduced into the state assembly the week of February 7 would have immediately allowed Garcetti to compel Jordan to testify . Around that time , Santa Barbara police interviewed the 13 @-@ year @-@ old son of one of Jackson 's former maids ( who had told them her son had spent time with Jackson ) and then arranged for him to see a therapist after he repeatedly denied being abused . In a deposition , his mother stated when she asked the police about who she could speak to about her concerns about their meetings and phone conversations with her son without her present , they arranged for her and her son to see separate therapists . On April 11 , 1994 , the grand jury session in Santa Barbara was extended for an additional 90 @-@ day term to allow Sneddon to gather more evidence and prosecution sources admitted to being frustrated in their grand jury probe , failing to find direct evidence of the molestation charges . The final grand jury ultimately disbanded without ever returning an indictment against Jackson .
Three years later , Jordan Chandler 's alleged account of the relationship was detailed in a book by journalist Victor M. Gutierrez . The book was said to be based on a diary the boy had kept at the time and included details of alleged sexual encounters between Jackson and him . In 1995 , Jackson filed a civil suit against Gutierrez for slander ; the jury found in Jackson 's favor , awarding him $ 2 @.@ 7 million in damages . However , that suit was unrelated to the book and the judgement does not serve to refute the allegations contained within . In 1996 , Evan Chandler sued Jackson for around $ 60 million , claiming Jackson had breached an agreement never to discuss the case . In 1999 , a court ruled in Jackson 's favor and threw out the lawsuit .
But the 1993 case would be revisited again with the 2003 allegations . There was more than a year between Jackson 's 2003 arrest and the beginning of his trial and he was prevented by a gag order from responding to any stories in the media . As in 1993 , there were leaked documents e.g. Jordan Chandler 's 1993 police statement . The media was again eager to report on the allegations , with a tendency for sensationalism . And allegations sold to tabloid TV shows by disgruntled ex @-@ employees in the 1990s were constantly in the news again . Also similar to 1993 , details of the Arvizo family 's 2003 allegations were leaked . These stories were mostly reported as allegations rather than facts , but the volume and frequency of stories , combined with Jackson 's inability to refute them , had a devastating impact on public opinion of him .
In a 2005 lecture at Harvard after Jackson 's trial , Jackson 's attorney Thomas Mesereau said the following about Jordan Chandler : " The prosecutors tried to get him to show up and he wouldn 't . If he had , I had witnesses who were going to come in and say he told them it never happened and that he would never talk to his parents again for what they made him say . It turned out he 'd gone into court and got legal emancipation from his parents . " In 2006 , Jordan accused Evan of attacking him with a barbell , choking him and spraying his face with Mace . The charges were later dropped . On November 5 , 2009 , fourteen weeks after Jackson 's death , Evan Chandler was found dead following an apparent suicide .
Music journalist Charles Thomson noted a continued media bias against Jackson after the Chandler suicide . Thomson said he was contacted by a British tabloid to supply information about the 1993 allegations , only to have them replace his carefully researched information with the common myths he advised them to avoid and that the same misinformation was in every article he read about the suicide . He noted when Jackson 's FBI file was released the following month , the contents were portrayed by the media as giving an impression of guilt even though the file strongly supported his innocence . He noted how Gene Simmons ' allegations in 2010 about Jackson molesting children received over a hundred times more coverage than his interview with Jackson 's long @-@ time guitarist , Jennifer Batten , who rebutted Simmons ' claims .
= = = Effect on Jackson 's career = = =
Jackson 's commercial appeal and public image declined in the wake of the case .
The album released prior to the allegations was Dangerous . The album stands as one of the world 's best @-@ selling records . The album 's appeal meant that singles were still being released through 1993 ( at the time of the allegations ) and Jackson was still traveling the world on his Dangerous World Tour . The last charting single from Dangerous was the ballad " Gone Too Soon " , released in December 1993 and dedicated to the memory of Jackson 's friend Ryan White , a teenager from Kokomo , Indiana who came to national attention after being expelled from his school for having HIV / AIDS . A rumored tenth single release of the title track " Dangerous " was canceled . The government of Dubai barred Jackson from performing in response to an anonymous pamphlet campaign that attacked him as immoral . After performing 24 shows of the third leg of the Dangerous Tour , Jackson canceled the remainder of the tour to seek treatment for his pain medication addictions .
PepsiCo stopped all promotional activities with Jackson , ending their ten @-@ year partnership . Jackson 's fans responded by boycotting the company . Jackson had contracted to create a new horror @-@ themed song and video that would be cross @-@ promoted with the film Addams Family Values . He was unable to finish shooting the video , and his song was dropped from the soundtrack . A brand of his @-@ and @-@ hers fragrances was canceled because of Jackson 's drug problems at the time . A spokesman for the marketing group behind the fragrance deal called it " somewhat of a fiasco " .
His next studio album was HIStory , released in the summer of 1995 . Jackson also produced a special show for cable @-@ network HBO titled For One Night Only , with the show to be recorded in front of a special invited audience at New York City 's Beacon Theater on December 8 and 9 , 1995 for transmission on HBO on December 10 . However , the shows were canceled after Jackson collapsed at the theater on December 6 during rehearsals . Jackson was admitted overnight to Beth Israel Medical Center North . The shows and the HBO special were never rescheduled . The following year , Jackson began the HIStory World Tour . Despite the show 's success , Jackson 's only concerts in the USA were two shows performed at the Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . Jackson never performed another world tour .
The allegations also had an effect on the content of Jackson 's music : HIStory , which was released shortly after the allegations , " creates an atmosphere of paranoia , " according to one writer . Its content focuses on the public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production . In the songs " Scream " and " Tabloid Junkie " , along with the ballad " You Are Not Alone " , Jackson directs much of his anger and personal hurt at the media . In the track " D.S. " , Jackson launches a verbal attack against a character who is often cited to be Tom Sneddon , the District Attorney that requested his strip search . He describes the person as an antisocial white supremacist who wanted to " get my ass , dead or alive " . Of the song , Sneddon said , " I have not , shall we say , done him the honor of listening to it , but I ’ ve been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot . " In the introspective ballad " Stranger in Moscow " , Jackson laments his " swift and sudden fall from grace " . He completed the video that was originally supposed to accompany Addams Family Values and released it as Ghosts ; the finished video included a framing story about an eccentric maestro who entertains children and is pursued by a bigoted local official .
Jackson 's last album , Invincible , was released six years later , in 2001 , his longest period between full studio records . Following a conflict between Jackson and his record label , Sony Music stopped promoting the album . Invincible would go on to be seen as a relative commercial disappointment when compared to Jackson 's prior solo material , although it sold 13 million copies worldwide .
As part of Jackson 's contract with Sony , a number of compilations of greatest hits packaged with previously unreleased material were released , including Number Ones in 2003 , the 4 @-@ CD / 1 @-@ DVD box set The Ultimate Collection in 2004 and double @-@ album The Essential Michael Jackson in 2005 . New agreements between Sony and Michael Jackson saw the release of the singles collection Visionary : The Video Singles in 2006 , a 25th anniversary edition of Thriller in 2008 and Jackson 's final release before his death – the King of Pop album celebrating Michael 's 50th birthday with tracks voted for by fans .
= = = People v. Jackson = = =
On December 18 , 2003 , Jackson was formally charged with seven counts of child sexual abuse and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in order to commit a child sexual abuse felony against Gavin Arvizo . Earlier that year , a Granada Television documentary , called Living with Michael Jackson , showed the pop star holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with Arvizo . Jackson denied these allegations , saying that the sleepovers were in no way sexual in nature . Sneddon again led the effort to prosecute Jackson . These prosecutions led to complaints that Sneddon was motivated by a " vendetta " against Jackson . Evidence to support these claims include Sneddon joking about Jackson 's greatest hits album being released on the same day as his arrest and saying , " Like the sheriff and I really are into that kind of music . " He then proceeded to call Jackson " Wacko Jacko " and shouting " We got him , we finally got him " to the media , when he had only just began an investigation and had gathered limited information or evidence .
The People v. Jackson trial began in Santa Maria , California on January 31 , 2005 . During the trial , the judge allowed testimony about past allegations , including the 1993 case , to establish whether the defendant had a propensity to commit certain crimes . However , Jordan Chandler had left the country to avoid testifying . In a lecture at Harvard after the trial , Thomas Mesereau said , " The prosecutors tried to get him to show up and he wouldn 't . If he had , I had witnesses who were going to come in and say he told them it never happened and that he would never talk to his parents again for what they made him say . It turned out he 'd gone into court and got legal emancipation from his parents . " June Chandler testified that she hadn 't spoken to her son in 11 years . At one point in her testimony , she claimed that she couldn 't remember being sued by Jackson ( who had counter @-@ sued for extortion ) and at another point said that she 'd never heard of her own attorney . However , she said she never witnessed any molestation .
Jackson was found unanimously not guilty of all charges by the jury on June 13 , 2005 .
= = 2013 child molestation allegations = =
On May 1 , 2013 , a lawyer for choreographer Wade Robson filed a complaint against the Michael Jackson Estate for " childhood sexual abuse " . Howard Weitzman , the lawyer for Jackson 's estate , called Robson 's accusations " outrageous and pathetic . "
Robson appeared on The Today Show on May 16 , 2013 to discuss the allegations . Robson told interviewer Matt Lauer that Jackson was " a pedophile and a child sexual abuser " who " performed sexual acts on me and forced me to perform sexual acts on him " over a seven @-@ year period , beginning in 1990 when Robson was seven years old when he visited Jackson 's Neverland Ranch for the first time . In a 1993 deposition Robson 's mother , Joy Robson , said that Jackson had " special friends " , boys with whom he spent extra time with that he replaced each year , and that Wade was Jackson 's " special friend " in 1990 . In August 1993 , after the allegations against Jackson were made public , Wade Robson and Jackson 's other " special friend " , Brett Barnes , held a press conference in which they stated that they had slept in Jackson 's bed but nothing sexual had occurred . Robson said in the Today Show interview that his denial of wrongdoing on Jackson 's part during the 1993 investigation was a result of Jackson 's " complete manipulation and brainwashing " of him . Robson alleged that at the time Jackson " would call me every day and role play and tell me the same sort of things and also tell me then that if anyone ever thought that we did these things , any of these sexual things , that both of us would go to jail for the rest of our lives . " Robson was also a star witness for Jackson 's defense at his 2005 trial . He said that his change of story was provoked by becoming a father and experiencing nervous breakdowns in 2011 and 2012 .
Robson filed an amended complaint on July 1 , 2013 , which stated , " The long @-@ term psychological consequences of ( Jackson ’ s ) threats , sexual trauma and mental manipulation imprisoned ( Robson ’ s ) mind and prevented him from filing a timely claim just as effectively as if he had been physically imprisoned . "
On June 2 , 2014 , the trial for Robson 's lawsuit against Jackson 's estate for ' childhood sexual abuse ' began . On August 4 , 2014 , James Safechuck filed court papers against Jackson 's estate which alleged that Jackson abused him after he appeared alongside him in a Pepsi commercial .
The lawsuit was dismissed May 26 , 2015 by a Los Angeles judge who ruled that Robson waited too long to seek legal action . Superior Court Judge Mitchell Beckloff wrote in his decision that Robson could file a lawsuit " only for a reasonable time period after any violence , intimidation or threatening conduct by the decedent ceases . "
= Daniel O 'Connell ( journalist ) =
Daniel O 'Connell ( 1849 – 23 January 1899 ) was a poet , actor , writer and journalist in San Francisco , California , and a co @-@ founder of the Bohemian Club . He was the grand @-@ nephew of Daniel O 'Connell ( 1775 – 1847 ) , the famed Irish orator and politician .
O 'Connell 's strict classics @-@ oriented education in Ireland stood him in good stead for his early career choices of teacher and journalist . In San Francisco , he formed friendships with artists and influential men who joined with him in presenting and promoting theatrical productions and in publishing books and newspapers . He wrote short stories for magazines and journals , and lived a life rich in food , drink , and the arts . A dedicated family man in America , O 'Connell never lost his Irish poet 's sense of overarching sadness joined with keen pleasure in the sensations of the physical world .
= = Early career = =
O 'Connell was born to distinguished lawyer Charles O 'Connell in 1849 in Ennis , County Clare , Ireland , some two years after the death of his famed grand @-@ uncle Daniel O 'Connell . Young O 'Connell attended Belvedere College , a Jesuit school in Dublin , but was called home at the deaths of his mother and sister in a coach accident . This tragic event was later judged to be the source of O 'Connell 's sense of the impermanence of the world . After the funeral , he was transferred without enthusiasm to Clongowes Wood College where he studied the classics for three years . O 'Connell signed on with the Royal Navy as a midshipman . He travelled around Cape Horn to California in 1868 .
After disembarking in San Francisco , O 'Connell took a position as professor of belles @-@ lettres at Santa Clara College , then accepted an offer from St. Ignatius College in San Francisco to teach Greek .
= = Writer = =
O 'Connell worked for a number of periodicals in the San Francisco Bay Area . He edited the Morning Herald , the San Francisco Times , the Bulletin , the Chronicle , the Wasp , the Bohemian and the Portico . He helped Henry George found the San Francisco Daily Evening Post in 1871 . His best work includes " The Thrust in Tierce , " a short story written for the Overland Monthly , and a yearly Christmas piece , " quaint , grotesque or poetical " usually describing the serio @-@ comic antics of would @-@ be San Francisco aristocrats with little claim to fame .
= = Bohemian Club = =
In 1872 with a group of other Chronicle newspaper staffers , O 'Connell helped form the Bohemian Club . At first , the group rented a modest room as their clubhouse , and spent many evenings enjoying food , drink , music and the literary arts . Chronicle publisher M. H. de Young later wrote that the Bohemian membership of some of his employees was " not an unmixed blessing " because the " boys would go there sometimes when they should have reported at the office . " De Young said that " very often " when O 'Connell sat down to a good dinner , " he would forget that he had a pocketful of notes for an important story . "
" Dan , " as he was called by his friends , was a very active Bohemian , and was described as the " Prince of the club " when he wasn 't being toasted as " the rightful King of Munster . " O 'Connell took part in many Bohemian poetry readings and stage plays , including a turn as King Macbeth of Scotland in the witches ' scene from Macbeth . O 'Connell was the first member to formally announce an upcoming " Jinks " ( literary and musical performance ) — his turn at host , or " Sire " , of an evening 's entertainment took place 30 November 1872 with the stated theme of " Tom Moore and Offenbach . " The Jinks events at the club were usually cheerful and sometimes boisterous . One of O 'Connell 's Jinks announcements joked that the " opening discordancy " of the presentation would be played by the Bohemian Club 's own musicians , " who have done so much to lower the rents in this neighborhood . "
In 1876 , O 'Connell wrote the preface and edited a book of stories by William Henry Rhodes ( a Bohemian who wrote under the pen @-@ name " Caxton " ) entitled Caxton 's Book . In 1878 , O 'Connell worked for The Mail , an early newspaper in San Francisco . With his adroit editing , O 'Connell helped make famous the " Town Crier " column for the San Francisco News Letter , written by Ambrose Bierce , then by Ashton Stevens .
In 1881 , O 'Connell published Lyrics , a book of poetry evincing a " Celtic strain . " The poetry displays O 'Connell 's sense of sunt lacrimae rerum , that there will be tears with trials , and it expresses his bittersweet joy in life 's evanescent pleasures . O 'Connell wrote an Irish @-@ themed play , The Red Fox , which was staged with moderate success in San Francisco about 1882 . O 'Connell wrote " Ghoul 's Quest " for The Argonaut . In 1891 , he published The Inner Man : Good Things to Eat and Drink and Where to Get Them , a collection of anecdotes and advice for the epicurean who finds himself in the San Francisco area , and a cautionary description of common 19th century food adulterants such as chemical dyes and powdered lead .
O 'Connell wrote the libretto for a romantic opera entitled Bluff King Hal , working with fellow Bohemian Club member Humphrey John Stewart who composed the music . The opera was performed at San Francisco 's Grand Opera House in 1892 , with artist and Bohemian Amédée Joullin designing the costumes and painting the scenery , and architect and Bohemian Willis Polk modelling and designing the scenery .
O 'Connell was elected honorary life member of the Bohemian Club in the late 1890s and was made club historian .
= = Personal life = =
In 1874 , O 'Connell married Annie Ashley , called Mabel , the daughter of California Senator Delos R. Ashley who had died the previous year . The marriage produced seven children . The O 'Connell marriage was described by a close friend as a perfect union , " with kindred tastes and boy @-@ and @-@ girl love . " With seven children who adored their father , the O 'Connell home became a " small world where love reigned . " Gipsy O 'Connell , one of the daughters , later expressed that her favourite of her father 's poems was " Sing Me A Ringing Anthem " from Lyrics .
= = Death and remembrance = =
O 'Connell died suddenly in 1899 from a cold that turned into pneumonia . The New York Times published an obituary and printed a quatrain by the Australian poet Adam Lindsay Gordon incorrectly stating that it was one of O 'Connell 's :
In 1900 , Ina Coolbrith , Bohemian Club librarian , edited a collection of O 'Connell 's poetry , entitled Songs from Bohemia , copyrighted to Mabel Ashley O 'Connell . Coolbrith ended the book with " The Chamber of Sleep " , the last poem by O 'Connell , written ten days before his death . William Greer Harrison wrote in a memorial foreword that O 'Connell was an avid outdoorsman of eternally sunny disposition . He mentioned his appreciation for good food and his fine chef 's skill in delicate cookery . Harrison wrote of his flair for swordsmanship and his pleasure in fishing , and noted that during any of these activities , O 'Connell could be seen pausing to write down on a scrap of paper an idea for a story .
Mabel Ashley O 'Connell died of grief a year after her husband . Harrison wrote that she " lingered here only long enough to say farewell to her many friends , and then joined her husband in the land that is hidden from material eyes , where love and life are one . "
= Hurricane Ismael =
Hurricane Ismael was a weak , but deadly Pacific hurricane that killed over one hundred people in northern Mexico in September of the 1995 Pacific hurricane season . It developed from a persistent area of deep convection on September 12 , and steadily strengthened as it moved to the north @-@ northwest . Ismael attained hurricane status on September 14 while located 210 miles ( 340 km ) off the coast of Mexico . It continued to the north , and after passing a short distance east of Baja California it made landfall on Topolobampo in the state of Sinaloa with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Ismael rapidly weakened over land , and dissipated on September 16 over northwestern Mexico . The remnants entered the United States and extended eastward into the Mid @-@ Atlantic States .
Offshore , Ismael produced waves of up to 30 feet ( 9 m ) in height . Hundreds of fishermen were unprepared for the hurricane , which was expected to move more slowly , and as a result 52 ships were wrecked , killing 57 fishermen . On land , Ismael caused 59 deaths in mainland Mexico and resulted in $ 26 million in damage ( 1995 USD , $ 40 @.@ 4 million 2016 USD ) . The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses , leaving 30 @,@ 000 people homeless . Moisture from the storm extended into the United States , causing heavy rainfall and localized moderate damage in southeastern New Mexico .
= = Meteorological history = =
A poorly organized area of convection persisted about 170 miles ( 270 km ) off the southern coast of Guatemala on September 9 . It moved west @-@ northwestward , and after three days without further organization a circulation developed off the southwest coast of Mexico . The system quickly organized , resulting in Dvorak classifications beginning later that day . Convective banding became better organized , and late on September 12 it developed into Tropical Depression Ten while located about 350 miles ( 560 km ) south @-@ southwest of Manzanillo , Colima . The depression moved to the northwest , and following an increase in deep convection it intensified into Tropical Storm Ismael early on September 13 . Upon attaining tropical storm status , Ismael was located in an area of warm water temperatures with well @-@ established upper @-@ level outflow . Initially the storm moved to the northwest , though in response to the interaction with an upper @-@ level low over Baja California Ismael gradually turned to the north . Such a change in motion was not operationally predicted by forecasters , though they noted uncertainty in Ismael 's track due to the low . Ismael steadily strengthened as it moved northward , though it failed to organize significantly ; early on September 14 the center remained poorly defined despite winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . However , the outflow remained well @-@ organized as it remained over warm waters . Ismael became better organized , and later on September 14 it intensified into a hurricane while located 210 miles ( 340 km ) west @-@ southwest of Puerto Vallarta .
Ismael quickly developed a poorly defined eye , and six hours after becoming a hurricane it reached a peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Steered between a mid- to upper @-@ level trough to its west and a ridge to its east , Ismael accelerated as it moved just west of due north . Late on September 14 Ismael passed 65 miles ( 100 km ) east of Cabo San Lucas . The hurricane maintained its strength as it continued northward , and made landfall on Topolobampo in the state of Sinaloa on September 15 . Ismael rapidly weakened as the circulation crossed the high terrain of the Sierra Madre Occidental , and it dissipated early on September 16 about 55 miles ( 95 km ) south of the Mexico / United States border . The remnants of Ismael continued northward , and moisture from the storm extended over the southwestern United States eastward through the Mid @-@ Atlantic States .
= = Preparations = =
Initially , Hurricane Ismael was predicted to remain over the open waters of the Pacific Ocean . However , when a northward motion became apparent , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Manzanillo , Colima , to Cabo Corrientes and for the Islas Marias . Shortly thereafter , the warning was extended to Los Mochis and issued for the eastern coast of Baja California Sur south of 25 ° N. Ten hours before Ismael made its final landfall , the Mexican government issued a hurricane warning from Mazatlán to Los Mochis . Prior to the arrival of the hurricane , 1 @,@ 572 people evacuated to five emergency shelters .
= = Impact = =
Hurricane Ismael produced 30 foot ( 9 m ) waves over the Gulf of California and coastal waters off of Mexico . The hurricane , which was forecast to move more slowly , left hundreds of fisherman unprepared due to deficient communications between the boats and harbor authorities . As a result , 52 boats were wrecked , of which 20 sank . 57 fishermen died offshore , with dozens washing ashore as the high tides receded . About 150 fishermen survived the storm by waiting on islands , sandbars , or disabled fishing boats . Navy rescue teams and other fishermen searched for days off the Mexican coast to find victims and survivors from the storm .
While moving through northwestern Mexico , Hurricane Ismael dropped moderate to heavy rainfall including a state record of 7 @.@ 76 inches ( 197 mm ) in Sinaloa , resulting in the flooding of four municipalities . In one municipality , the passage of the hurricane destroyed 373 cardboard houses and damaged 4 @,@ 790 others . The passage of the hurricane left 177 houses without drinking water and left four municipalities without power . Damage was heaviest where the hurricane made landfall . In Los Mochis , the winds from Ismael knocked down houses and telephone poles , though no deaths were reported . 59 people were killed in Sinaloa .
Ismael produced heavy rainfall further to the north , peaking at 10 @.@ 9 inches ( 276 mm ) in Sonora . Severe flooding was reported in Huatabampo . The hurricane directly affected 24 @,@ 111 people in 8 municipalities . Throughout Sonora , the strong winds destroyed 4 @,@ 728 houses and removed the roofs of 6 @,@ 827 homes . The hurricane also destroyed 107 schools and 2 health centers in the state . The passage of Hurricane Ismael damaged high @-@ tension power lines and cable lines , causing interruptions to the communication system . The hurricane also weakened 2 @,@ 163 miles ( 3 @,@ 481 km ) of gravel roads and damaged about 100 miles ( 165 km ) of paved highways . 250 people lost their jobs in Sonora due to sunken or damaged fishing boats . In addition , about 83 sq. miles ( 215 km ² ) of crop lands were impacted . Damage in Sonora amounted to $ 8 @.@ 6 million ( 1995 USD , $ 50 million 1995 MXN , $ 77 @.@ 6 million 2016 USD ) .
Throughout Mexico the hurricane left 30 @,@ 000 people homeless . Including offshore casualties , Ismael caused at least 116 deaths and damage totaling to $ 26 million ( 1995 USD , $ 197 million 1995 MXN , $ 40 @.@ 4 million 2016 USD ) .
Moisture from the remnants of Ismael extended into southwestern Arizona and southern New Mexico . The storm dropped heavy precipitation near the New Mexico / Texas border , including a peak total of 8 @.@ 53 inches ( 217 mm ) in Hobbs , New Mexico . In addition , there were unofficial estimates of over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . The rainfall led to flooding of roads and buildings . Multiple highways and railroads were closed due to washouts . Damaged totaled to $ 250 @,@ 000 ( 1995 USD ) in New Mexico . In Lubbock , Texas , the rainfall led to flash flooding , closing many intersections and roads . The remnants of Ismael produced over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of rain in southwestern Oklahoma and northern Arkansas , with moisture extending eastward into the Mid @-@ Atlantic States . There , the rainfall helped to relieve drought conditions .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the passage of the hurricane , reinforcement workers quickly repaired the communication network , and other workers distributed aid to victims in Sonora . The Mexican government allocated about $ 4 @.@ 5 million ( 1995 USD , $ 34 million 1995 MXN , $ 6 @.@ 99 million 2016 USD ) in funds for the restoration of houses and the overall infrastructure . Officials distributed 4 @,@ 800 sheets , 500 cushions , and 1 @,@ 500 blankets to hurricane victims . All sunken ships and drowned bodies were ultimately recovered by divers .
Due to the damage and deaths , the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Ismael with Israel , another Spanish name beginning with the letter " I " set to be used in the 2001 Pacific hurricane season . During the 2001 season , a reporter stationed in Israel felt offended from the name choice , and the president of the Anti @-@ Defamation League felt it was insensitive . Hundreds of people sent e @-@ mails or called the National Hurricane Center , and as a result Max Mayfield called the members of the World Meteorological Organization . The name Israel was replaced with Ivo during the season . Ivo was not retired after the 2001 , 2007 or 2013 seasons ; it will be used next in the 2019 season .
= Alexander Onassis =
Alexander Socrates Onassis ( Greek : Αλέξανδρος Ωνάσης ; April 30 , 1948 – January 23 , 1973 ) was an American businessman . He was the son of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his first wife Tina Livanos . He and his sister Christina Onassis were upset by his father 's marriage to Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , and he was credited with attempting to improve the relationship between his father and Stavros Niarchos .
Born in New York City , Onassis was not formally educated and worked for several years for his father at his Monaco headquarters . The relationship between Onassis and his father experienced tensions as a result of his secret relationship with Fiona Thyssen , and he was later appointed the head of Olympic Aviation , a Greek regional airline owned by his father . Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries sustained in an air crash at Ellinikon International Airport at the age of 24 . The Alexander S. Onassis Foundation was established in his memory .
= = Early life = =
Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Harkness Pavilion , a private clinic in New York City 's NewYork – Presbyterian Hospital . He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis ( 1906 – 1975 ) and his first wife , Athina Livanos ( 1929 – 1974 ) , herself a daughter of a Greek shipping magnate , Stavros G. Livanos . Onassis was named after his father 's uncle , who was hanged by a Turkish military tribunal during their sacking of Smyrna in September 1922 . Onassis 's sister , Christina , was born in 1950 .
Onassis had no formal schooling , but had been provided with a personal tutor and his own apartment from a young age . Onassis failed his exams at a Paris lycée aged 16 , and began working for his father at his Monaco headquarters in 1965 . Onassis earned a modest salary of $ 12 @,@ 000 working for his father despite his father 's great wealth . Onassis was not an enthusiastic employee . A fellow employee said that he seemed in no " great hurry to prove himself an Onassis " . Onassis also described himself as never having spent a day not " intimidated by the old man 's wealth " . In the mid 1960s , Onassis began a relationship with the French model Odile Rodin , a woman several years his senior . Rodin was the widow of the Dominican playboy and diplomat Porfirio Rubirosa , and Rodin and Onassis lived together in Monaco .
= = Family tensions = =
In October 1968 , Aristotle Onassis married Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , the widow of John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States . Onassis and his sister Christina were greatly upset by the union . They had hoped that he might remarry their mother , which had seemed possible towards the end of their father 's relationship with the Greek opera singer Maria Callas . Onassis said : " My father loved names and Jackie loved money " . Despite never liking their stepmother , Onassis and his sister were friendly with her children , Caroline and John , and Onassis would occasionally let his stepbrother ride at the controls of his plane . Aristotle Onassis 's friend , John W. Meyer , credited Alexander with persuading his father to stop publicly accusing his business rival and former brother @-@ in @-@ law , Stavros Niarchos , of involvement in the death of Niarchos 's former wife , Alexander 's aunt Eugenia Livanos . Niarchos later married Onassis 's mother , the sister of his former wife .
= = Relationships = =
Aristotle Onassis 's second marriage exacerbated the tensions already inherent in his relationship with his son . He also disapproved of Alexander 's secret relationship with Fiona Thyssen ( née Campbell Walter ) , a British fashion model some 16 years his senior and the former wife of industrialist Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen @-@ Bornemisza . Onassis had first met Fiona Thyssen when he was 12 , and as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old had surprised his mother by inviting her to a dinner party , as she was one of his mother 's friends .
Following the dinner party , Onassis and Thyssen went to a disco where she punched a fellow dancer in the face ( who then fell to the floor ) after he suggested that she was only with Onassis because of his father 's wealth . Onassis wanted to have a committed relationship with Thyssen from their first meeting , which she initially resisted , but the deep relationship which eventually developed between the pair was resisted by Onassis 's mother , who constantly sought to sabotage it . Onassis 's father also sought to undermine his son 's relationship by buying him a $ 2 million villa outside Athens , a gesture that Thyssen felt was an attempt to mold her into just another " Onassis object ... to be manipulated , brutalised and treated on any level and on any terms he chooses " . Thyssen only accepted gifts from Onassis if they were paid from the small amount that he earned .
= = Death = =
Onassis had taken his first flying lesson in 1967 and had accrued 1 @,@ 500 flying hours by the time of his death . Possessing a professional pilot 's license , he was appointed the President of Olympic Aviation , a regional Greek subsidiary of his father 's Olympic Airways , in 1971 . Onassis ' poor eyesight meant that he could not hold an air transport license , but could possess an air commercial license , allowing him to fly light planes and air taxis for emergency medical cases .
Onassis died on January 23 , 1973 , at the age of 24 , from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L @-@ 2 amphibious airplane , in which he was a passenger , crashed at Ellinikon International Airport in Athens . Onassis was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane , Donald McCusker , at the time of the crash , in his role as President of Olympic Aviation . Onassis and McCusker were accompanied by Donald McGregor , Onassis 's regular pilot , who was recovering from an eye infection . A few seconds after takeoff from runway 33 , the plane 's right wing dropped and stayed down , and the plane crashed shortly after losing balance , in a flight lasting no more than 15 seconds . McCusker and the other pilot both suffered serious injuries in the crash . The trio had planned to practice amphibious landings between the Saronic Gulf islands of Aegina and Poros after takeoff .
The day after the crash , Onassis 's father and stepmother arrived from New York at the hospital where Onassis was being treated . The couple were accompanied by an American neurosurgeon . Onassis 's mother arrived from Switzerland with her husband , Stavros Niarchos . Aristotle had also flown the English neurosurgeon Alan Richardson from London to Athens , but Richardson later told Onassis that Alexander had no chance of surviving his injuries . Aristotle Onassis considered having his son 's body cryogenically frozen with the Life Extension Society , but was persuaded against it , and it was embalmed by Desmond Henley . Alexander Onassis was buried next to the chapel on his father 's private Ionian island of Skorpios .
Reports into the crash by the Greek Air Force , and an independent investigator hired by Onassis , the Englishman Alan Hunter , concluded that it had occurred as a result of the reversing of the aileron connecting cables during the installation of a new control column . This cause was disputed by McGregor who believed that the wake turbulence from an Air France Boeing 727 that had taken off before them had caused the crash .
Less than a month after Alexander Onassis 's death , McCusker had manslaughter proceedings initiated against him by the public prosecutor of Athens in connection with the crash . Six people were also charged over Onassis 's death in January 1974 , with their indictment indicating that faulty controls had been fitted to his plane .
In December 1974 , in a paid advertisement , Aristotle Onassis announced his offering of a $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 reward ( equivalent to $ 4 @.@ 798 million in 2015 ) for proof that his son 's death had been as a result of " deliberate action " as opposed to the cause of negligence , the conclusion reached by the official inquiry . All charges relating to the crash were later dropped , and McCusker was awarded $ 800 @,@ 000 in 1978 by Olympic Airways , three years after Aristotle Onassis 's death . Onassis had refused to believe that his son 's death was an accident , believing it was due to the machinations of the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) and the leader of the Greek military junta , Georgios Papadopoulos .
Onassis 's death had a profound effect on his father , who never fully recovered from the loss of his son . Aristotle Onassis sought to sell Olympic Airways after his son 's death , and died two years later in March 1975 . Onassis was buried alongside his son on Skorpios .
= = Alexander S. Onassis Foundation = =
Aristotle Onassis 's will established a charitable foundation in memory of his son , the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation , based in the tax haven of Vaduz in Liechtenstein , and headquartered in Athens . The foundation received 45 % of his fortune , with the remainder left to Alexander 's sister , Christina . The foundation consists of two parts ; a business foundation which runs various businesses including shipping , and a public benefit foundation which is the sole recipient of the business foundation . The public benefit foundation funds the world wide promotion of Greek culture , funds the Onassis International Prizes for achievement in various fields , and the funding of scholarships for Greek university students .
= Sexxx Dreams =
" Sexxx Dreams " ( censored as " X Dreams " ) is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third studio album , Artpop ( 2013 ) . The song was written by Gaga , Paul " DJ White Shadow " Blair , Martin Bresso , and William Grigahcine , and produced by Blair , Gaga , Nick Monson , and Dino Zisis . Inspired by Gaga 's erotic fantasies and dreams , the song went through a number of changes to make it understandable for the singer 's team , while keeping a constant chorus . A synthpop song , Gaga promoted the title by using a number of hashtags involving the name in her social media accounts , and at one point was considered for a single release from Artpop .
Critics received the song favorably , complimenting the composition , the futuristic sound , the lyrical insights into Gaga 's life , and compared it to the works of singers Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul . It debuted at number 41 in the Gaon Chart of South Korea , selling 3 @,@ 414 copies during the release week of Artpop . " Sexxx Dreams " was one of several album tracks included in Gaga 's 2013 concert at the iTunes Festival in London . It was also present on the set list of Gaga 's residency show at Roseland Ballroom and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour .
= = Writing and composition = =
Development of Lady Gaga 's third studio album , Artpop , began shortly after the release of her second one , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , and by the following year , the album 's concepts were " beginning to flourish " as Gaga collaborated with producers Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow . However , while on tour for the Born This Way Ball , Gaga had to undergo a hip surgery in February 2013 which forced the singer into a six month hiatus , and this rehabilitation became one of the inspirations behind the album . " Sexxx Dreams " was written by Gaga , Paul " DJ White Shadow " Blair , Martin Bresso , and William Grigahcine , and produced by Blair , Gaga , Nick Monson , and Dino Zisis . Its lyrics propose a sexual encounter with a lover whose boyfriend is gone for the weekend . Gaga was inspired to write the song from her " mucky " fantasies . She said in an interview with the Daily Mirror :
In my mind when I picture sex dreams , it 's so bizarre ! .. It 's me standing there with some massive couture creation , staring at a blow @-@ up doll or something . That 's what my sex dreams are like . My sex dreams are weird ... Haven 't you ever been laying in bed with someone and fantasised about someone else ? ... In the song I 'm explaining my infidelity to the person I 'm with , and then I 'm having a conversation with myself to the person that I 'm fantasising about .
In November 2013 , during a special iHeartRadio Album Release Party broadcast on more than 150 Clear Channel stations to promote Artpop , Gaga revealed to Ryan Seacrest that " sexy sculptures " appear in her " crazy " and " really bizarre " dreams . She introduced the song as " something really erotic and exotic " , allowing fans to " experience what it 's like to be me " . Gaga and her team spent a lot of time creating the rhythm of the song . At first people involved in the production were not sure of Gaga 's idea behind the composition , and hence it went through a lot of changes , but kept the chorus as constant since Gaga was against changing it .
Gaga explained that the dialogue exchange in the lyrics alternate between singing to one person , and speaking to another , which reverses from verse to verse . Here the people she converses with in the song are her imaginary boyfriend and girlfriend . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard said the song is one in which Gaga " balances a disintegrating relationship and a lustful fantasy " and " juggles a pastel @-@ colored 80 's aesthetic and R @-@ rated breakdown of unspoken desire " . MTV 's Brenna Ehrlich described it as a " sweaty , sultry jam about touching oneself " . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , " Sexxx Dreams " is set in common time with a moderate dance tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C minor with Gaga 's vocals spanning from G3 to F5 . The song has a basic sequence of G ♯ – Cm – G ♯ – Cm during the verses and Cm – A ♯ – G ♯ – Cm in the chorus .
= = Production and promotion = =
In August 2013 , Gaga released a preview of " Sexxx Dreams " prior to her performance of September 1 , 2013 at the iTunes Festival in London . In the video , she sings " When I lay in bed I touch myself and I think of you " . The video then shows Gaga rehearsing for the festival and displays in pink font , " We wanna give you # sexdreams ' " . Gaga also promoted the song on social media by posting song lyrics ( " Last night damn , you were in my # SexDreams doing really nasty things " ) , and encouraging use of a hashtag containing lyrics ( # whenilayinbeditouchmyselfandthinkofyou ) .
On September 3 , 2013 , after debuting several tracks from Artpop at the festival , Gaga polled her fans about how to promote the album , asking : " OK MONSTERS ! Now that you 've seen some of ARTPOP Live , what would be YOUR pick for 2nd Single ? " Fans could choose between " Aura " , " Manicure " and " Sexxx Dreams " . At one point , the latter was in the lead by nearly 10 @,@ 000 votes . However , the song was never selected as an official single .
Later that month , Rihanna tweeted : " Just left the studio ... Recorded a # monster hook for one of my favorite artists ! And that 's all I can give you ... # NavyShit " , then posted a separate message , " Lastnight .... YOU were in my sex dreams ! ! " Her tease , followed by Gaga 's response , " @ rihanna doing really NASTY THINGS * dancing gaga * " , lead to rumors that Rihanna would be collaborating on the version that would appear on Artpop . However , Rihanna 's vocals do not appear on the album .
= = Critical reception = =
" Sexxx Dreams " received generally positive reception and drew comparisons to the work of Paula Abdul , Janet Jackson and Prince . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber said the song " doses Prince 's ' Little Red Corvette ' with some dread and Gaga using lust as therapy " . In his review of Artpop for Billboard , Lipshutz called the song " seductive " and said it marks where the " sexuality and synth @-@ pop pleasures of [ the album ] fully bloom . " Robert Cospey of Digital Spy said the track highlights Gaga " doing her best Janet Jackson impression , and she does it very well . "
The Guardian 's Michael Cragg described " Sexxx Dreams " as a " Vanity 6 @-@ esque strut " , and dubbed it and " Do What U Want " , " futuristic , electro @-@ tooled R & B slow jams with delicious choruses " . Robbie Daw of Idolator called the " not so subtle " and " randy " song one of the album 's " standouts " , and recommended it for use as a single . MTV 's John Walker said of the song , " There 's something so goofily erotic about telling someone ' you were in my sex dreams . ' It 's such a cumbersome phrase , yet Gaga somehow makes it one of the most erotic lines you 'll heard [ sic ] all year . The half @-@ giggled ' I really shouldn 't be telling you this ' line at the song 's climax — no pun intended — really seals the deal . " Walker humorously rated the song 5 out of 5 " vaguely vaginal Georgia O 'Keeffe orchids " .
Bradley Stern of MuuMuse said the song is " all sorts of throwback ' 80 's @-@ R & B ferociousness , blending dirty @-@ minded temptation with a seriously fierce strut a la Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul — and a bit of Divinyls ' ' I Touch Myself ' . " In his album review , he described the song as " a purely Prince / Vanity 6 @-@ inspired production , seductively sauntering into the speakers across a nasty , smutty slap of a beat " . Stern considered the track one of the album 's best moments and wrote , " there 's no part of ' Sexxx Dreams ' that isn 't purely aural sex " . Two lyrics from the song were included in USA Today 's list of the eleven most suggestive lyrics from Artpop .
Some reviewers commented on the part in which Gaga says she 's " had a couple of drinks " . Lipshutz wrote that Gaga sounded " loose and light @-@ hearted , letting her audience twirl around on the dance floor " . Cragg said it sounded as though her vocals had been " covertly recorded during a drunken game of truth or dare " .
= = Live performances = =
" Sexxx Dreams " was one of several Artpop tracks included in Gaga 's 2013 concert at the iTunes Festival in London . Ashley Percival of The Huffington Post wrote of her performance : " ' Sex Dreams ' made 2009 's ' LoveGame ' with its disco stick look like a nursery rhyme , as she delivered its racy and oh @-@ so @-@ Gaga lyrics . " Reviewing Gaga 's live performance , Gil Kaufman of MTV described the song as " theatrical , throbbing pop " , with Gaga channeling " Prince , Madonna and anyone else who writhed on , humped or thrusted into a stage in the 1980s while sharing their most intimate , detailed nighttime desires . "
In November 2013 , Gaga performed " Sexxx Dreams " at ArtRave , a two @-@ day promotional event for Artpop , held at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in New York . In their review of the event , Billboard contributors Andrew Hampp and Jason Lipshutz wrote that her performance of the song was " presented with colorful choreography but paled in comparison " to the studio version .
Gaga included the song in the set list for her March – April 2014 residency at Roseland Ballroom , showing off her " flirty side " . In his review of her opening night performance , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described " Sexxx Dreams " as a song about fantasy and noted how Gaga " pinballed back and forth " between a male and female dancer . Gaga performed the song during her ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour , accompanied by backup dancers dressed in fetish clothing . Kitty Empire from The Guardian refrained that " the latex 'n'lasers section , where Gaga sings ' Sexxx Dreams ' , finds no new take on the dry @-@ humping of chaises @-@ longues . "
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , California and CRC Studios , Chicago , Illinois
Mixed at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , California and Heard IT ! Studios , North Hollywood , California
Sony / ATV Songs , LLC / House of Gaga Publishing , LLC / GloJoe Music Inc . ( BMI ) , Maxwell and Carter Publishing , LLC ( ASCAP ) , Etrange Fruit ( SACEM ) , Fuzion ( SACEM ) administered by Get Familiar Music ( ASCAP )
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Artpop .
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
close inshore with all the difficulties and chanciness that implied . "
= FutureSex / LoveSounds =
FutureSex / LoveSounds is the second studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was released on September 8 , 2006 by Jive Records and its affiliated label of the Zomba Group of Companies . During a two @-@ year hiatus , Timberlake resolved his feelings on being unable to record any new material , and as he returned to record some new music , he began collaborating with his longtime record producer Timbaland , alongside the latter 's colleague Danja . The album 's contents were produced at Timbaland 's Thomas Crown Studios . The album shares some lyrical themes with Timberlake 's debut album Justified ( 2002 ) , although FutureSex / LoveSounds has more diversity in music genres . It infuses R & B and pop with techno , funk , and elements of rock . The reprises and interludes interspersed on the album 's tracks were created by the production team with the goal of channeling Timberlake 's influences ; including David Bowie and Prince .
FutureSex / LoveSounds was met with acclaim from music critics , who noted its wide range of influences and collection of eclectic sounds . The album produced six singles that attained chart success ; including U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number @-@ one singles : " SexyBack " , " My Love " , and " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . With " Summer Love " , the album achieved four U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number @-@ one songs . Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album at number 46 on its list of the best albums of the 2000s , and aside from earning numerous best @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade lists , the album received several Grammy Award nominations ; including Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album . It has been certified multi @-@ platinum in many countries worldwide , and has sold over ten million copies , with four million in the United States . The album has been added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's musical library and archive .
= = Background = =
In November 2002 , Justin Timberlake released his debut album Justified , and produced the US top @-@ five singles : " Rock Your Body " and " Cry Me a River " . " Cry Me a River " in particular was credited for having helped the album sell and peak on the music charts . Justified ended selling four million copies in the United States alone . Although the album established Timberlake 's career outside his then @-@ band * NSYNC , Timberlake ( who was 22 years old at the time ) , was " at a crossroads " and felt he was at the stage of being " burnt out " , and thought he had lost his voice " in regards to knowing what ( and how ) he wanted to sing " . Timberlake stated that Justified had been years in the making , and a record that would re @-@ create its success would be a challenge he was not ready to take .
In the following years , Timberlake went partially idle in the music industry . His being " burnt out " partly caused him to try acting in films . In October 2003 , he hosted and was the guest musician on the late @-@ night variety show Saturday Night Live , where he showcased his acting potentials . He also paired with American actor Jimmy Fallon on The Barry Gibb Talk Show . After the show , Timberlake was reportedly " inundated " with acting offers , which he readily accepted partly because he needed inspiration and did not want to pass up the opportunities . Before returning to music , Timberlake shot four films ; including Edison Force ( 2005 ) and Alpha Dog ( 2006 ) . Timberlake opted not to pursue the reunion with * NSYNC , which he considered after Justified . According to him , he was concerned with how they would reinvent their music . In late 2004 , Timberlake then contacted record producers Rich Harrison and Rodney Jerkins , who had produced songs for * NSYNC . Both producers were " impressed " by the live band @-@ driven late @-@ night shows Timberlake had participated in and wanted to incorporate this in his music .
= = Recording = =
In 2005 , Timberlake felt inspired to record songs again . Motivated by the " sad state " of pop radio , he decided he needed to experiment with music . Reportedly , it was not until Timberlake turned to producer Timbaland " that he figured out the direction he wanted the record to take " . In November 2005 , Timberlake visited Timbaland 's brand @-@ new Thomas Crown Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia , United States . Timbaland had previously collaborated with Timberlake , producing four tracks for Justified including " Cry Me a River " .
Once in the studio , however , the team had no clear direction for the album as there were no concepts being discussed . Aside from having " Cry Me a River " to draw from , they had no " game plan " and no working title for the new album . Timberlake thought that if he could make a record that would live up to Justified , he " would have " . So he asked Timbaland if he could reproduce the likes of " Cry Me a River " by four or six times .
While in the studio , Timbaland played on the stereo plenty of songs by American singer and musician Prince for them to listen to . Early in their sessions , they reportedly were " fooling around " and " freestyling " . One night , Danja was playing a guitar riff and caught the attention of Timberlake , who then started humming to the melody and later sung the lyrics . Timbaland , who was at their side , added drums onto the progressing sound . After an hour , with no lyrics written on paper , Timberlake recorded in the vocal booth a song that would become " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . Timberlake , having been teased by Timbaland , said to the latter : " Let 's do something we would never do . Let 's go far left and just see what happens . "
= = Production = =
Official production for FutureSex / LoveSounds started in December 2005 . When production began , Jive Records Chairman and CEO , Barry Weiss , asked when the album would be completed , to which Timberlake replied that it could possibly take a year . The title was not finalized until Jive Records gave Timberlake a deadline on finishing what would become FutureSex / LoveSounds . The collective thought the album is comparable with Michael Jackson 's landmark record , Thriller , dubbing their own as FS / LS Thriller 2006 . Timberlake is a fan of Jackson and even name @-@ drops the latter in the song " Chop Me Up " .
According to Timberlake , FutureSex / LoveSounds is like a " fashion editorial , YSL and Gucci suits , which goes with the sonics " . The album 's artworks were shot by American fashion photographer Terry Richardson . The cover features Timberlake stomping a disco ball using his black pointy shoe .
For his new project , Timberlake collaborated with only few producers . With no concrete plans , however , Timberlake 's goal for the album was " ' to capture moments ' with a vivid , raw , off @-@ the @-@ cuff sound " . Timberlake , who included record production in his repertoire , managed the recording sessions with no formula . His sessions with Timbaland and Danja were described as free @-@ flowing , and he referred to themselves in the process as " looking like [ mad men ] , a mad scientist " .
On his collaboration with Timbaland , Timberlake asserted that they " have a very interesting connection " in music . In ten days , they composed at least eight to ten songs with the lyrics , melodies , and vocals all in place . In three weeks , after that transitional moment with " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " , the collective was able to produce songs like " My Love " , " SexyBack " , and " Sexy Ladies " . Unlike Justified which was recorded in six weeks , Timberlake said that FutureSex / LoveSounds took one year to complete .
Sessions for the album also saw Timberlake collaborating with Rick Rubin and will.i.am , the latter himself a member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas , whose 2003 single " Where Is the Love ? " Timberlake lent vocals to . For the production , they are credited as Jawbreakers , a production team of their own established during their collaboration for The Black Eyed Peas ' album . Four songs were produced with will.i.am , although only " Damn Girl " made it to the standard edition of the album .
Actor Chris Rock recommended producer Rubin to Timberlake , who considered the idea and discussed it with Rubin when he saw him at a music festival in Coachella , California . Timberlake went to singer @-@ songwriter Neil Diamond 's studio , where Rubin played him some demos , one of which was a ballad that would become " ( Another Song ) All Over Again " . Timberlake suggested that the collaboration was meant to " do the anti @-@ whatever @-@ you @-@ want @-@ to @-@ call @-@ it that [ Timbaland and ] I came up with " .
= = Music = =
During the production of FutureSex / LoveSounds , Timberlake was interested in rock music . This inspiration was used in his approach in recording the songs , rather than in composing them . Timberlake reveals , " I wanted to sing the song like a rock and roll singer , not an R & B singer . " On the influences he drew from , he said that if Justified was " characterized " by Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder , FutureSex / LoveSounds is more like David Bowie and Prince . Other influences include late INXS @-@ frontman Michael Hutchence , Arcade Fire , David Byrne , The Killers , The Strokes , and Radiohead .
Although Timberlake expressed interest in recording songs with rock influences , Timbaland was initially reluctant to pursue the idea because he was not accustomed to producing such music . Nonetheless , he suggested that they could produce a handful , since they were afraid of alienating Timberlake 's urban fan base . Because of this concern , they produced several reprises , encores and preludes with a rock influence , instead of full @-@ length songs . As to the sound of FutureSex / LoveSounds , " My Love " , the second song composed , steered the album 's direction . Danja revealed that it " changed the whole album " , and the energy derived from the song was sustained throughout the process . On his inspiration for the infusion of R & B with trance in the album , Danja remembers :
I heard dance and techno and was always interested in it but didn 't really know where to go . But I went to a club one night and saw that people were losing their mind to these dance tracks . It wasn 't really that I wanted to mimic that sound . I just wanted to have that energy and have people going crazy . So I knew the fusion was putting R & B with trance .
Unlike his previous record that was intended to focus on R & B and pop genres , FutureSex / LoveSounds is less concentrated on one particular sound , thus representing a wider range . Timberlake explains , " It 's more broad as far as the styles I wanted to mix in to my own type of thing . " A musically " complex " album , FutureSex / LoveSounds is a fusion of rap , rock , funk , soul , gospel , new wave , opera , and world music . Entertainment Weekly noted that the album 's sound is a " sonic departure " from both * NSYNC and Justified . Although " What Goes Around " sounds similar to Justified , Timberlake admitted that it is the only song in the new album to have such similarity . Critics noted that the influences and styles are varied across the album 's track list . The title track " FutureSex / LoveSound " incorporates early 1980s new wave and industrial rock . The song " Sexy Ladies " takes on Minneapolis funk . Another funk song on the album is the lead single " SexyBack " , the style of which is described by Timberlake as " club funk " . Meanwhile , the track " Damn Girl " , which was produced by the Jawbreakers , incorporates ' 60s soul music . Gospel music is infused in " Losing My Way " , which is the only song in the album that features choir arrangement .
= = Lyrics = =
Most of the songs ' lyrics were not written down on paper , as Timberlake believed it would only slow him down . For most of the album 's production , Timberlake composed the lyrics in his head and would record the song shortly after . Some songs were conceptualized within a relatively shorter time , while others took longer because Timberlake had wanted to incorporate variation . For instance , the lyrics to " Losing My Way " were in a narrative style which took Timberlake longer to write . The only song that Timberlake wrote down on paper was the Rick Rubin @-@ produced " ( Another Song ) All Over Again " . Rubin felt it was unusual for Timberlake because he requested the latter to write the lyrics first instead of recording it directly in the vocal booth .
Sharing common themes with Justified , FutureSex / LoveSounds contains songs that are thematically based on and , according to Timberlake , were motivated by sex and love . MTV editor Jennifer Vineyard summarizes that the album illustrates " the very nature of how sex and love are interchangeable and immutable and contradictory and complementary all at once " . The first half of the album , FutureSex , generally focuses on themes about sex that are evident on songs like the title track " FutureSex / LoveSound " , " LoveStoned " , " Damn Girl " and " Sexy Ladies " . The second half , LoveSounds , is the album 's " sweet side " , encompassing songs such as " My Love " , the slow jam " Until the End of Time " and " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . Meanwhile , " LoveStoned " transitions to the two @-@ minute prelude " I Think She Knows " .
Although themes of sex and love are dominant in the album , the song " Losing My Way " diverges to a more serious topic , which was inspired by a documentary of crystal meth addiction that Timberlake watched . Meanwhile , " ( Another Song ) All Over Again " is a homage to soul musician Donny Hathaway , according to Timberlake . The lyrics to " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " are thought to have similar meaning to " Cry Me a River " . In an interview , he revealed that the song was based on one of his friends ' experience . " My Love " was also noted as " arguably " similar with " Cry Me a River " . Timberlake however confirmed in many interviews that the record is not autobiographical , although he himself had an experience from which to draw .
= = Singles = =
Six major singles were issued from the album , led by " SexyBack " which was released on July 7 , 2006 , two months prior to the publication of the album . Regarding the song , Timberlake surmised he did not sound like he did before . " SexyBack " , which lacks his distinctive falsetto , is seen as a complete departure from Timberlake 's recognized sound , and his management thought it might risk being unrecognizable as a " Justin Timberlake song " . But that risk nonetheless appealed to Timberlake , who reportedly insisted to have " SexyBack " released as the album 's lead single . Jive Records executive Barry Weiss , who initially doubted the suggestion , later told in an interview in February 2007 that albeit an " unusual record " , it was a " risk that clearly paid off " .
" SexyBack " was followed with the release of " My Love " in the third quarter of 2006 , and " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " in early January 2007 . The single releases for the standard edition of the album spanned a year , during which time the fourth single , " LoveStoned / I Think She Knows " , was released . When the deluxe edition was issued , the duet version of " Until the End of Time " was also released in the same month . The single version includes as its B @-@ side the " Set the Mood ( Prelude ) " , which is juxtaposed with " Summer Love " in the album 's track listing . The European release of " Until the End of Time " omits " Set the Mood ( Prelude ) " , and instead included " Summer Love " as double A @-@ side .
Commercially , the album 's first three singles have been the most successful in the domestic music market . They each peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , giving Timberlake credit as the only artist to achieve such feat since R & B singer Usher accomplished four chart @-@ topping singles between February and December 2004 . " SexyBack " and " My Love " have since been certified multi @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , an achievement that was seen as " rare " amidst free file @-@ sharing in the Internet , which had made reaching the million mark in sales a struggle in the music industry .
= = Tour = =
In support of the album , Timberlake embarked on the FutureSex / LoveShow , his first concert tour on a global scale . Promoted primarily by AEG Live , the concert tour reached North America , Europe , Asia and Oceania , with 119 venues in total . It began on January 8 , 2007 , in San Diego , California , and culminated in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates , on December 6 , 2007 . FutureSex / LoveShow , which drew 1 @.@ 6 million people worldwide , grossed a total of US $ 126 @.@ 8 million , the third top @-@ grossing concert tour in 2007 .
In May 2007 , it was announced that Timberlake signed a deal with HBO network to broadcast the live concert . Timberlake had previously appeared on HBO , which aired the * NSYNC Live From Madison Square Garden concert in 2000 . FutureSex / LoveShow was taped on the second night at the Madison Square Garden on August 16 , 2007 . The footage was broadcast by HBO on September 3 , 2007 , and later on September 6 due to demand . On November 20 , 2007 , a two @-@ disc edition of FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray formats that were sold exclusively by the retailer Best Buy . The release included extra footage including a song @-@ by @-@ song commentary by Timberlake and pre- and post @-@ show clips .
In 2008 , the broadcast earned Timberlake an Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Picture Editing For A Special ( Single Or Multi @-@ Camera ) . For Timberlake 's performance of " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " at the Madison Square Garden , Josh Tyrangiel of Time magazine ranked it second on its list of top ten live performances in 2007 . Tyrangiel writes , " It 's a little on the long side , but Timberlake earns this symphonic take on What Goes Around from his HBO special . " On October 31 , 2007 , Billboard magazine announced the finalists for the 2007 Billboard Touring Awards , which was based on actual box office performance from January 1 , 2007 , to September 30 , 2007 . Timberlake was nominated in the categories Top Tour , Top Draw and Breakthrough Artist ; he won the latter that was announced during the awards show on November 15 , 2007 .
= = Release and promotion = =
FutureSex / LoveSounds was released worldwide on September 13 , 2006 . More than a year after its initial release , a deluxe edition of the album was issued on November 27 , 2007 . This edition contains three additional tracks on the album , each featuring guest artist . One of the tracks is a re @-@ recording of " Until the End of Time " , now a duet between Timberlake and American R & B singer Beyoncé . Also included with the Deluxe Edition is a bonus DVD , which contains footage from Timberlake 's live performances and behind the scenes on the music videos of four singles , including " SexyBack " and " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . The main album included with the Deluxe Edition is the edited version ; and an explicit version was not issued .
According to Billboard magazine , Jive 's mother company Sony BMG offered 71 distinct products to tie in with FutureSex / LoveSounds . This was an attempt at finding solutions to declining sales in physical albums , and Timberlake 's album was among those offered in various configurations and versions . Aside from the album itself , the project included digital versions , ringtones , wallpapers and individual tracks .
Before , an artist 's release was made available in less than ten formats . In recent years , however , versioning strategies have been increasingly applied to the recording industry . On the 2010 book The Music Industry : Music in the Cloud which examines such context , author Patrik Wikström noted FutureSex / LoveSounds as one " high @-@ profile " example . From the project , a total of 115 versions or products have been sold . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , the project has sold as of 2008 more than 19 million units worldwide , 20 percent of which were sales on CD format .
= = Commercial performance = =
Fueled by its lead single " SexyBack " , FutureSex / LoveSounds sold more than 684 @,@ 000 units in its first week , peaking at number one on the Billboard 200 , the official US albums chart . It became Timberlake 's first number @-@ one album as a solo artist . The album has sold over four million units in the United States , and has been certified four @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . FutureSex / LoveSounds became the eighteenth best @-@ selling album of 2006 in the United States . As of March 2013 , the album has sold 4 @.@ 4 million copies in the US .
Internationally , the album was also well received , selling almost equal units and topping many charts worldwide . Sony BMG distinguished FutureSex / LoveSounds as the biggest @-@ selling album among the record company 's releases in 2006 . Weiss noted that in the past three to five years before the album 's release , American artists found it increasingly hard to achieve commercial success in international music markets . He found that Timberlake was among those few " that successfully sells in every country around the world " . According to MTV , the album has since sold more than 10 million units worldwide .
In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number one . FutureSex / LoveSounds became the biggest pre @-@ order album in iTunes history , breaking the all @-@ time record for one week digital sales previously held by the English alternative rock band Coldplay . Elsewhere in Europe , the album debuted at number one in Ireland , and opened at number two in Sweden and Switzerland . In Australia , the album peaked at number one and has since been certified five @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting shipments of over 350 @,@ 000 units . FutureSex / LoveSounds was the thirty @-@ fourth best @-@ selling album of 2006 in Australia , and third in the following year .
= = Critical reception = =
FutureSex / LoveSounds was met with critical acclaim from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 , the album received an average score of 70 , based on 25 reviews . Torque commended Timberlake for " manag [ ing ] to surprise with an eclectic collection of sounds , and in a good way " . Katy Kroll of Billboard noted the album 's sound as a " bit different , but the music 's sex appeal remains a force to be reckoned with " . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times suggested that the album is not " an easy listen at first " , but " repeated listening helps the tunes unravel " . AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commended Timberlake 's " clear musical vision " and stated , " Graceless he may be , [ he ] is nevertheless kind of fascinating on FutureSex / LoveSounds " . Q called it a " set of forward @-@ thinking pop reminiscent of " Prince 's 1987 album Sign " O " the Times . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times stated , " How well do Mr. Timberlake and Timbaland work together ? So well that they can make even the world 's most irritating percussion instrument , the human beatbox , sound pretty good . " She also took notice of the album 's preludes and interludes , writing , " Timbaland has long been known for hiding little surprises near the end of songs , and here he takes his obsession with transformation to new heights . "
In a mixed review , Uncut magazine found the album " laudable , but overreaching . " Vibe felt that Timberlake and Timbaland 's songwriting is " frustratingly awkward " . Alexis Petridis , writing for The Guardian , said that the album " almost works : close , but no enema . " Ben Williams of New York magazine commented that Timberlake is " better at being sappy than sexy " and concluded , " If he hasn 't yet invented a persona intriguing enough to live up to his music , give him credit for being one of the few white men still brave enough to make black music . " Robert Christgau of Rolling Stone found Timberlake 's " best new " songs " thrilling " , although " some of the up @-@ tempo stuff flirts with mechanical muscle @-@ flexing " and " Losing My Way " is a " well @-@ meaning " but " clueless embarrassment . " In his consumer guide for MSN Music , he cited " My Love " and " SexyBack " as highlights and gave the album a three @-@ star honorable mention , indicating " an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure . "
= = Accolades = =
In 2007 , the album received four nominations at the Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Pop Vocal Album . Timberlake lost the two ; however , he won the Best Dance Recording for " SexyBack " and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration for " My Love " , featuring rapper T.I. The following year at the Grammys , " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " was nominated for Record of the Year ; Timberlake won Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the same song and another Best Dance Recording for " LoveStoned / I Think She Knows ( Interlude ) " . In 2007 , Timberlake was nominated for seven categories at the MTV Video Music Awards , winning four , including Artist of the Year . He also earned the Quadruple Threat award , an accolade that recognizes those artists who have excelled in multiple media including music , fashion and acting . For the album and its singles , Timberlake won World 's Best Selling American Artist and World 's Best Selling Pop Male Artist at the 2007 World Music Awards .
Aside from procuring awards and nominations , the album earned numerous best @-@ of lists in 2006 and the following years . Music magazine Rolling Stone listed FutureSex / LoveSounds as their 26th among 2006 's top 50 albums of the year . On the British newspaper The Observer , the album made it at number 47 on the publication 's list best 50 albums of 2006 . On the general publication Time , the album is ranked eighth among its list of ten best albums in 2006 . The publication notes that Timberlake " levitates into a falsetto that honors Prince and Michael Jackson without stealing from them " .
FutureSex / LoveSounds earned numerous best @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade lists . Rolling Stone ranked it 46th on their top 100 albums of the 2000s - calling it " an avant @-@ garde sprawl of abstract electronica and hallucinatory space funk . " Entertainment Weekly ranked the album at number nine on their list of 10 best albums of the decade . It says that FutureSex / LoveSounds is an album that " redefined pop 's cutting edge " . Earlier in 2008 , the album made it at number 31 on the magazine 's 100 new classics in music . The album received additional acclaim from Pitchfork Media and Slant Magazine , ranking the album at number 79 and 49 on their respective " Best of the 2000s " lists . In 2013 , Vibe named it the greatest album of the 2000s and ranked it at 5 on their list of " The Greatest 50 Albums Since ' 93 " . In 2015 , Spin made a list of the 300 best albums of the past 30 years ( 1985 @-@ 2014 ) , raking the album at number 101 .
= = Legacy = =
The success of FutureSex / LoveSounds had an impact on both Timberlake 's and Timbaland 's careers . For Timberlake , it further established his career as a solo artist . He comments , " ' SexyBack ' was the point when people stopped asking me when * NSYNC [ sic ] were going to reunite and started asking what I was going to do next . " Timberlake has also beefed up his fan base , gaining " hipster " fans in the wake of the album 's success .
Combining the international success of Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds and Nelly Furtado 's Loose , demands for Timbaland 's work reportedly surged . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Chris Willman remarked that FutureSex / LoveSounds is " like Timberlake 's ' cred ' record " , although Chris Collis said Timbaland nearly stole the spotlight , sharing with Timberlake the " star " status .
Aside from earning critical acclaim for the album , according to Sia Michel of The New York Times , Timberlake was responsible for popularizing in 2006 the catchphrase " I 'm bringing sexy back " , which is culled from the lead single " SexyBack " . It spawned a " phenomenon " in which video @-@ makers spoofed the song . At least four parodies gained attention such as " SweatyBack " and " HairyBack " .
In 2007 , Timberlake is ranked among Time magazine 's 100 men and women " whose power , talent or moral example is transforming the world " . For the publication , Timbaland writes , " It 's as if Justin had been born 26 years ago to deliver music to the world . There are those who follow and those who lead . Justin is a leader , setting the bar for what 's expected of others . " The album has been added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's musical library and archive .
In 2013 , Maura Johnston from Vibe called it an " ambitious classic " , writing FutureSex / LoveSounds " musically propelled the pop & B genre with audio novellas , interlude twists , Timbaland 's weirdo sound effects and that irresistible falsetto " and " embraced the hard / soft duality implied by the title to thrilling effect — and because of their mastery of that balancing act , FutureSex / LoveSounds would go on to influence , if not define , much of the pop music that came after it . " also adding it " pushed boundaries more forcefully than works by fellow crooners R. Kelly and Usher . "
= = Track listings = =
Notes
" Damn Girl " contains a sample of " A New Day ( Is Here at Last ) " , written and performed by J. C. Davis .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are adapted from Allmusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Something Nice Back Home =
" Something Nice Back Home " is the tenth episode of the American Broadcasting Company 's fourth season of the serial drama television series Lost and 82nd episode overall . It was aired on May 1 , 2008 , on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada . The episode was written in February and March by co @-@ executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in March and April by supervising producer Stephen Williams . Critical reviews were mixed and the broadcast of " Something Nice Back Home " brought in 13 million American viewers , one of the smallest audiences for an original episode of Lost in the show 's history .
The narrative begins on December 28 , 2004 , 98 days after the crash of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 . The leader of the survivors , Jack Shephard ( played by Matthew Fox ) develops appendicitis and Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) operates on him . Meanwhile , James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) , Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) , Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , and her baby Aaron continue their trek to the beach from the Barracks . In a flashforward , Jack experiences visions of his deceased father Christian Shephard ( John Terry ) , while his relationship with Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) is strained soon after he proposes marriage . Kitsis said that the episode " was interesting because [ it shows ] a time , maybe brief , where Jack was happy . "
= = Plot = =
After feeling ill for a day , Jack faints . Juliet diagnoses him with appendicitis and deems an appendectomy necessary . She sends Sun Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) to get medical supplies from the Staff Dharma Initiative medical station . Sun is accompanied by Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , Daniel Faraday ( Jeremy Davies ) and Charlotte Lewis ( Rebecca Mader ) ; the latter pair are increasingly distrusted by the survivors . Jin realizes that Charlotte is fluent in Korean and confronts her after their successful trip , threatening to hurt Daniel if she continues to lie about her agenda and does not get Sun off the island . Jack convinces Juliet to allow him to remain awake during the surgery , with Kate holding a mirror , so that he can see and direct the surgery . As Juliet operates , Jack 's consciousness proves to be a detriment and her nurse — dentist Bernard Nadler ( Sam Anderson ) — knocks him out with chloroform . The appendectomy is a success ; afterwards , Juliet tells Kate that Jack really does love Kate and not Juliet .
Sawyer gives Miles a " restraining order " to keep him away from Claire as they travel to the survivors ' beach camp with Claire 's infant son , Aaron . On their way , Miles discovers the partially buried bodies of Danielle Rousseau ( Mira Furlan ) and Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) . They encounter Frank Lapidus ( Jeff Fahey ) , who saves their lives by instructing them to hide from a nearby Martin Keamy ( Kevin Durand ) and the other mercenaries , who are on their way back to the helicopter to return to the freighter Kahana . At night , Miles watches Claire as she leaves with her deceased father , Christian . Sawyer awakes the next morning to find Aaron alone in a nearby tree and calls out for Claire with no response .
In flashforwards , Jack has returned to work as a doctor in Los Angeles . He is engaged to Kate and lives with her while helping to raise Aaron ( William Blanchette ) . Jack visits Hugo " Hurley " Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) , who is in a mental institution . Hurley has not been taking his medication and suffering from hallucinations of his deceased friend , Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) . He believes that the Oceanic Six have died and gone to heaven . Hurley gives Jack a message from Charlie : " You 're not supposed to raise him . " Charlie has also told Hurley that Jack will be receiving a visitor . On two separate occasions , Jack sees his father ; Jack asks his colleague Erika Stevenson ( April Parker Jones ) to prescribe him the anti @-@ anxiety drug clonazepam . After overhearing a phone call , Jack becomes suspicious of Kate . The next night , a heated argument ensues , in which she reveals that she is doing an errand for Sawyer , who Jack says is on the island by choice . Aaron walks into the room as Jack blurts out that Kate and Aaron are not related .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by March 10 , 2008 and was done alongside " The Shape of Things to Come " and " Cabin Fever " . Shooting began by March 24 , alongside filming of the previous episode and continued through April 4 . The flashforwards were written partially to explain what led Jack to become the drug addict that he is in third season finale 's flashforwards , who believes that his father is alive . Matthew Fox stated that the fourth season is " starting to close the loop on the end of [ the third ] season . Jack in the future is a man marked by weakness , but the Jack [ on the island in December 2004 ] is strong . [ ' Something Nice Back Home ' explains ] how he made that transition . " When asked why Hurley does not take drugs to see Charlie , but Jack starts his drug addiction to try not to see Christian , Edward Kitsis said that " Jack has … always been a man of science , and there has to be something logical . The scene where Jack is staring at the bench where Hurley sits when Charlie visits him , I think in that moment he 's thinking , my life right now is pretty good , I don 't want to end up here . " In regard to the contrast in Kate 's character on the island and after the island , Kitsis said that " you could say [ that ] motherhood suits her . In the flashforwards … there 's a sense of purpose to her , there 's some clarity to her . There 's so much devotion to that child , and she appears to be such a great mother … taking care of Aaron may have helped her put away some other issues . "
= = Reception = =
" Something Nice Back Home " was viewed live or recorded and watched within four hours of broadcast by 10 @.@ 726 million American viewers , scoring a 4 @.@ 7 / 13 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic , ranking Lost as the twenty @-@ first most watched series of the week and setting a ratings low for the series . A total of 12 @.@ 946 million Americans watched the episode live or recorded it and watched it within seven days ; this number was factored into the season 's average . The episode was viewed by 1 @.@ 322 million Canadians , making Lost the nineteenth most watched show of the week . 647 @,@ 000 in the United Kingdom tuned in to the local broadcast . In Australia , " Something Nice Back Home " was watched by 505 000 people , having been moved to a later timeslot of 10 @.@ 30 pm , outside the prime time viewing block .
Verne Gay of Newsday described it as " another fine , fine Lost " . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune 's Karla Peterson gave the episode an " A " , calling it " one of those dense , chewy episodes in which a lot of stuff happened to a lot of people , and the foundation was laid for one hell of a season finale . " She praised Fox , Evangeline Lilly , Jorge Garcia , Elizabeth Mitchell and Jeremy Davies 's work in " Something Nice Back Home " , while Tom Iacuzio of The Daytona Beach News @-@ Journal deemed Jeremy Davies 's performance deserving of an Emmy Award . The Palm Beach Post 's Kevin Thompson " thought [ that ] Matthew [ Fox ] did a nice job conveying a wide range of emotions — scared , haunted , frustration , horny , jealousy , just to name a few . " Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly said that " Something Nice Back Home " " was partly a transitional passage in the Lost saga , a busywork episode designed to put all the characters in position for the year 's big finale " and " [ Jack 's ] appendicitis [ was ] the kind of hardcore castaway survival plotline we haven 't really seen since season 1 . Combined with a strong character @-@ driven flash story , it was very old school Lost . " Jensen also " liked how the episode neatly neutralized one of [ his ] least favorite season 4 moments , the Jack @-@ Juliet smooch " . TV Guide 's Michael Ausiello wrote that " Fox quietly solidified his status as one of the tube 's most reliable and unshowy stalwarts " and deemed him deserving of a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV gave the episode a positive review , saying that he was " shocked and baffled " and writing that " Lost … can give me an exciting , well @-@ done episode while making me fear where the series is going … [ because ] ghosts aren 't my thing . " The Huffington Post 's Jay Glatfelter decided that " what made this episode great was the fact that it just contained so much story [ with ] Jack 's flashforward [ making ] this one of his most interesting ' centric ' episodes . … Not only was Jack 's story interesting for a change , but the inclusion of [ many ] other characters … and giving them great story and character development [ was also intriguing ] . " Daniel of TMZ graded " Something Nice Back Home " as a " B " . In his recap , he wrote that " if that 's the last we ever see of Claire again , that would be BEYOND awesome . "
Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Fox 's performance , saying that it was almost worthy of an Emmy Award nomination . The Star @-@ Ledger 's Alan Sepinwall of gave the episode a mixed review , saying that " I find [ Jack ] and his love life simultaneously boring and obnoxious … [ and ] insufferable " ; however , he enjoyed the subplots and commended the acting by Matthew Fox and Jorge Garcia . James Poniewozik of Time did not enjoy the flashforwards , commenting that they were " the first of the flashforwards that resembled one of the bad old flashbacks , in that it just reconfirmed character traits we already knew and showed Jack and Kate falling into patterns we knew from the past … I didn 't get much from it " . IGN 's Chris Carabott gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , making it his least favorite episode of the season . Carabott wrote that " this season [ Lost 's main character Jack ] seems to have been relegated to playing second fiddle … oddly enough , even in his own episode , Jack really isn 't given much to do " and stated that " the possible rekindling of Jack and Kate 's romantic relationship on the island is juxtaposed quite well with their relationship during the flashforward . " Dan Compora of SyFy Portal wrote that " the pace … was a bit too slow " and " I usually like the Jack @-@ centered episodes , but a bout of appendicitis simply does not make for high drama or stimulating action " ; however , he noted that " all in all , this was a good episode , but it was nothing special . " Compora praised Fox 's increasingly good acting , but said that " this season has seen much stronger lead performances from Michael Emerson [ in ' The Shape of Things to Come ' as Ben Linus ] and Henry Ian Cusick [ as Desmond Hume in ' The Constant ' ] . " Erin Martell of AOL 's TV Squad called " Something Nice Back Home " " a break after last week 's action- and information @-@ packed episode " , argued that Rousseau was not given a proper death and enjoyed Rose and Bernard 's roles . UGO 's Sara shared Martell 's sentiments in regard to Rose and Bernard 's appearances and speculated that " Something Nice Back Home " would not be enjoyed by fans who like Rousseau or do not like Jack . Ben Rawson @-@ Jones of Digital Spy gave the episode three out of five stars , saying that " the Jack @-@ Kate romantic intrigue is rather dull , while the appendix plot feels like an unnecessary narrative obstacle for viewers to surmount . "
= Italian ironclad Italia =
Italia was an Italian ironclad battleship build for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) , the lead ship of the Italia class . She and her single sister ship , Lepanto , had lengthy construction times . Italia was laid down in January 1876 , launched in September 1880 , and completed in October 1885 . She was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) guns mounted in a central barbette and was capable of a top speed of 17 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) . Unusually , for ships of that era , Italia had an armored deck rather than the typical belt armor .
Italia spent the first two decades of her career in the Active and Reserve Squadrons , where she took part in annual training maneuvers with the rest of the fleet . She was withdrawn from service in 1905 for a significant modernization . Upon returning to service in 1909 , Italia was employed as a training ship . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , the ship provided fire support to Italian troops defending Tripoli in Libya . She was used as a floating battery at Brindisi after Italy entered World War I in 1915 . The ship was rebuilt as a grain carrier in December 1917 – June 1918 . Italia served in this capacity for only a short time , being stricken in November 1921 and then scrapped .
= = Design = =
Italia was 124 @.@ 7 meters ( 409 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 22 @.@ 54 m ( 74 @.@ 0 ft ) and an average draft of 8 @.@ 75 m ( 28 @.@ 7 ft ) . She displaced 13 @,@ 678 metric tons ( 13 @,@ 462 long tons ; 15 @,@ 077 short tons ) normally and up to 15 @,@ 407 t ( 15 @,@ 164 long tons ; 16 @,@ 983 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of four compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal @-@ fired , oval boilers and sixteen fire @-@ tube boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 17 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) at 11 @,@ 986 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 938 kW ) . She could steam for 5 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 800 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 669 – 701 officers and men .
Italia was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) guns , mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette . Three guns were 26 @-@ caliber guns ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
site of the base at Cape Adare would rule out any serious exploration of the Antarctic interior .
= = = Ship = = =
For his expedition 's ship , Borchgrevink purchased a steam whaler , Pollux , that had been built in the yard of Colin Archer , the renowned Norwegian shipbuilder . Archer had designed and built Nansen 's ship Fram , which in 1896 had returned unscathed from its long drift in the northern polar ocean during Nansen 's " Farthest North " expedition , 1893 – 96 . Pollux , which Borchgrevink immediately renamed Southern Cross , was barque @-@ rigged , 520 tons gross , and 146 feet ( 45 m ) overall length . Engines were designed to Borchgrevink 's specification , and fitted before the ship left Norway . Although Markham cast doubts on her seaworthiness ( perhaps to thwart Borchgrevink 's departure ) , the ship fulfilled all that was required of her in Antarctic waters . Like several of the historic polar ships her post @-@ expedition life was short ; she was sold to the Newfoundland Sealing Company , and in April 1914 was lost with all hands in a storm off the Newfoundland coast .
= = = Personnel = = =
The shore party of ten who were to winter at Cape Adare consisted of Borchgrevink , five scientists , a medical officer , a cook who also served as a general assistant , and two dog drivers . Of this party , five were Norwegians , two were English , one was Australian and two , the dog experts , were Samis from Northern Norway , sometimes described in expedition accounts as Lapps or " Finns " . Among the scientists was the Tasmanian Louis Bernacchi , who had studied magnetism and meteorology at the Melbourne Observatory . He had been appointed to the Belgian Antarctic Expedition , 1897 – 99 , but had been unable to take up his post ; that expedition 's ship , Belgica , had failed to call at Melbourne on its way south , leaving Bernacchi stranded . Bernacchi then travelled to London and secured a place on Borchgrevink 's scientific staff . His chronicle of the Southern Cross Expedition , which was published in 1901 , was critical of aspects of Borchgrevink 's leadership , but defended the expedition 's scientific achievements . In 1901 Bernacchi went back to Antarctica as a physicist on Scott 's Discovery Expedition . Another of Borchgrevink 's men who was to serve Scott 's expedition ( in command of Discovery 's relief ship Morning ) was Englishman William Colbeck , an experienced seaman who held a lieutenant 's commission in the Royal Naval Reserve . In preparation for the Southern Cross Expedition Colbeck had taken a course in magnetism at Kew Observatory .
Borchgrevink 's assistant zoologist was Hugh Blackwell Evans , a vicar 's son from Bristol , who had spent three years on a cattle ranch in Canada and had also been on a sealing voyage to the Kerguelen Islands . The chief zoologist was Nicolai Hanson , a graduate from the University of Christiania . Also in the shore party was Herlof Klovstad , the expedition 's medical officer , whose previous appointment had been to a lunatic asylum in Bergen . The others were Anton Fougner , scientific assistant and general handyman ; Kolbein Ellifsen , cook and general assistant ; and the two Sami dog @-@ handlers , Per Savio and Ole Must . Savio and Must , at 21 and 20 years of age respectively , were the youngest of the party . Borchgrevink later described Savio as " well @-@ known for his faithful character , hardihood and intelligence " .
The ship 's company , under Captain Bernard Jensen , consisted of 19 Norwegian seamen and one Swedish steward . Jensen was an experienced ice navigator in Arctic and Antarctic waters , and had been with Borchgrevink on Bull 's Antarctic voyage in 1894 – 95 .
= = Voyage = =
= = = Cape Adare = = =
Southern Cross left London on 23 August 1898 , after inspection by HRH the Duke of York ( the future King George V ) , who presented a Union Flag . Along with the expedition 's personnel , equipment and provisions the ship was carrying Siberian sledge dogs , the first to be taken on an Antarctic expedition . After final provisioning in Hobart , Tasmania , Southern Cross sailed for the Antarctic on 19 December . She crossed the Antarctic Circle on 23 January 1899 , and was then caught in the pack ice for three weeks . Cape Adare was sighted on 16 February , and the following day the ship was anchored close to the shore .
Cape Adare had been discovered by Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross during his 1839 – 43 expedition . It lies at the end of a long promontory ; below the Cape is a large triangular shingle foreshore , where Bull and Borchgrevink had made their brief landing in 1895 . This foreshore is the site of one of the largest Adelie penguin rookeries on the entire continent and , as Borchgrevink had remarked in 1895 , " On this particular spot , there is ample room for houses , tents and provisions " . The abundance of penguins would provide both a winter larder and a fuel source .
Unloading began on 17 February . First ashore were the 75 dogs , with their two Sami handlers , who remained with them and thus became the first men to spend a night on the Antarctic continent . During the next twelve days the rest of the equipment and supplies were landed , and two prefabricated huts were erected , one as living quarters and the other for storage . These were the first buildings erected on the continent . A third structure was contrived from spare materials , to serve as a magnetic observation hut . As accommodation for ten men the " living hut " was small and cramped , and seemingly precarious — Bernacchi later described it as " fifteen feet square , lashed down by cables to the rocky shore " . The dogs were housed in kennels fashioned from packing cases . By 2 March the base , christened " Camp Ridley " after Borchgrevink 's English mother 's maiden name , was fully established , and the Duke of York 's flag raised . That day , Southern Cross departed for Australia , to spend the winter there .
Inside the living hut were two small ante @-@ rooms , one used as a photographic darkroom , the other for taxidermy . Within the main accommodation area daylight was admitted via a double @-@ glazed and shuttered window and through a small square pane high on the northern wall . Bunks were fitted around the outer walls , and a table and stove dominated the centre of the hut . During the few brief weeks before winter set in , members of the party made trial sledging journeys on the sea ice in nearby Robertson Bay , during which they surveyed the coastline and collected specimens of birds and fish . They also slaughtered seals and penguins for food and fuel . Outside activities were largely curtailed in Mid @-@ May , with the onset of severe winter weather .
= = = Antarctic winter = = =
As the winter season took hold , the party was almost completely restricted to the cramped living quarters . This proved to be a difficult time ; Bernacchi wrote of rising boredom and irritation : " Officers and men , ten of us in all , found tempers wearing thin " . During this period of tension and confinement , Borchgrevink 's qualities as a commander were found wanting ; he was , wrote Bernacchi , " in many respects ... not a good leader " . Polar historian Ranulph Fiennes writes that in conditions of " democratic anarchy " , dirt , disorder and inactivity were the order of the day .
Borchgrevink was not a trained scientist , and his incompetence with equipment and inability to make simple observations were reportedly of great concern to some of the party . However , a programme of scientific observations was maintained , exercise was taken outside the hut when the weather permitted , and as a further diversion Savio improvised a sauna in the snowdrifts alongside the hut . A concert was arranged , including lantern slides , songs and readings . During this time there were two near @-@ fatal incidents ; in the first , a candle left burning beside a bunk set fire to the hut and caused extensive damage . In the second , three of the party were nearly asphyxiated by coal fumes as they slept .
The party was well @-@ supplied with a variety of basic foodstuffs — butter , tea and coffee , herrings , sardines , cheeses , soup , tinned tripe , plum pudding , dry potatoes and vegetables . However , there were soon complaints about the lack of luxuries , Colbeck noting that " all the tinned fruits supplied for the land party were either eaten on the passage or left on board for the [ ship 's ] crew " . There was also a shortage of tobacco , in spite of an intended provision of half a ton ( 500 kg ) ; only a quantity of chewing tobacco was landed .
The zoologist , Nicolai Hanson , had fallen ill during the winter . On 14 October 1899 he died , apparently of an intestinal disorder , and became the first person to be buried on the Antarctic continent . The grave was dynamited from the frozen ground at the summit of the Cape . Bernacchi wrote : " There amidst profound silence and peace , there is nothing to disturb that eternal sleep except the flight of seabirds " . Hanson left a wife , and a baby daughter born after he left for the Antarctic .
As winter gave way to spring , the party prepared for more ambitious inland journeys using the dogs and sledges . However , their base camp was cut off from the continent 's interior by high mountain ranges , and journeys along the coastline were frustrated by unsafe sea ice . These factors severely restricted the extent of their exploration , which was largely confined to the vicinity of Robertson Bay . Here , a small island was discovered , which was named Duke of York Island , after the expedition 's patron . A few years later this find was dismissed by members of Scott 's Discovery Expedition , who claimed that the island " did not exist " , but its position has since been confirmed at 71 ° 38 ′ S , 170 ° 04 ′ E.
= = = Ross Sea exploration = = =
On 28 January 1900 Southern Cross returned to Cape Adare from Australia . Borchgrevink began dismantling the camp and taking its remaining supplies on board , but soon abandoned this ; on 2 February he took the ship south into the Ross Sea . Evidence of a hasty and disorderly departure from Cape Adare was noted two years later , when the site was visited by members of the Discovery Expedition , after which Edward Wilson wrote ; " ... heaps of refuse all around , and a mountain of provision boxes , dead birds , seals , dogs , sledging gear ... and heaven knows what else " .
Southern Cross 's first port of call on the Ross Sea voyage was Possession Island , where the tin box left by Borchgrevink and Bull in 1895 was recovered . They then proceeded southwards , following the Victoria Land coast and discovering further islands , one of which Borchgrevink named after Sir Clements Markham , whose hostility towards the expedition was evidently unchanged by this honour . Southern Cross then sailed on to Ross Island , observed the volcano Mount Erebus , and attempted a landing at Cape Crozier , at the foot of Mount Terror . Here , Borchgrevink and Captain Jensen were almost drowned by a large wave caused by a calving or breakaway of ice from the adjacent Great Ice Barrier . Following the path of James Clark Ross sixty years previously , they proceeded eastwards along the Barrier edge , to find the inlet where , in 1843 , Ross had reached his farthest south . Observations indicated that the Barrier edge had moved some 30 statute miles ( 50 km ) south since Ross 's time , which meant that the ship were already south of Ross 's record . Borchgrevink was determined to make a landing on the Barrier itself , and in the vicinity of Ross 's inlet he found a spot where the ice sloped sufficiently to suggest that a landing was possible . On 16 February he , Colbeck and Savio landed with dogs and a sledge , ascended to the Barrier surface , and then journeyed a few miles south to a point which they calculated as 78 ° 50 ′ S , a new Farthest South record . They were the first persons to travel on the Barrier surface , earning Amundsen 's approbation : " We must acknowledge that , by ascending the Barrier , Borchgrevink opened the way to the south , and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed " . Close to the same spot ten years later , Amundsen would establish his base camp " Framheim " , prior to his successful South Pole journey .
On its passage northward , Southern Cross halted at Franklin Island , off the Victoria Land coast , and made a series of magnetic calculations . These indicated that the location of the South Magnetic Pole was , as expected , within Victoria Land , but further north and further west than had previously been assumed . The party then sailed for home , crossing the Antarctic Circle on 28 February . On 1 April , news of their safe return was sent by telegram from Bluff , New Zealand .
= = Aftermath = =
Southern Cross returned to England in June 1900 , to a cool welcome . In geographical circles there was still resentment at Borchgrevink 's coup in obtaining the backing of Newnes , but public attention was , in any event , distracted by the preparations for the upcoming Discovery Expedition , due to sail the following year . Borchgrevink meanwhile pronounced his voyage a great success , stating : " The Antarctic regions might be another Klondyke " — in terms of the prospects for fishing , sealing , and mineral extraction . He had proved that it was possible for a resident expedition to survive an Antarctic winter , and had made a series of geographical discoveries . These included new islands in Robertson 's Bay and the Ross Sea , and the first landings on Franklin Island , Coulman Island , Ross Island and the Great Ice Barrier . The survey of the Victoria Land coast had revealed the " important geographical discovery ... of the Southern Cross Fjord , as well as the excellent camping place at the foot of Mount Melbourne " . The most significant exploration achievement , Borchgrevink thought , was the scaling of the Great Ice Barrier and the journey to " the furthest south ever reached by man " .
Borchgrevink 's account of the expedition , First on the Antarctic Continent , was published the following year ; the English edition , much of which may have been embroidered by Newnes 's staff , was criticised for its " journalistic " style and for its bragging tone . The author , whom commentators recognised was " not known for either his modesty or his tact " , embarked on a lecture tour of England and Scotland , but the reception was generally poor .
Hugh Robert Mill stated that while the scientific results of the expedition were not so great as expected , many of Hanson 's notes having mysteriously disappeared , the expedition was " interesting as a dashing piece of scientific work " . The meteorological and magnetic conditions of Victoria Land had been recorded for a full year ; the location of the South Magnetic Pole had been calculated ( though not visited ) ; samples of the continent 's natural fauna and flora , and of its geology , had been collected . Borchgrevink also claimed the discovery of new insect and shallow @-@ water fauna species , proving " bi @-@ polarity " ( existence of species in proximity to the North and South poles ) .
The geographical establishments in Britain and abroad were slow to give formal recognition to the expedition . The Royal Geographical Society gave Borchgrevink a fellowship , and other medals and honours eventually followed from Norway , Denmark and the United States , but the expedition 's achievements were not widely recognised . Markham persisted in his attacks on Borchgrevink , describing him as cunning and unprincipled ; Amundsen 's warm tribute was a lone approving voice . Scott 's biographer David Crane surmises that if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer , his expedition would have been treated differently in Britain , but " a Norwegian seaman / schoolmaster was never going to be taken seriously " . A belated recognition came in 1930 , long after Markham 's death , when the Royal Geographical Society presented Borchgrevink with its Patron 's Medal . It admitted that " justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the Southern Cross expedition " , and that the magnitude of the difficulties it had overcome had previously been underestimated . After the expedition , Borchgrevink lived quietly , largely out of the public eye . He died in Oslo on 21 April 1934 .
= = = Book sources = = =
Amundsen , Roald ( 1976 ) . The South Pole : Vol . I. London : C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 903983 @-@ 47 @-@ 8 .
Borchgrevink , Carsten ( 1901 ) . First on the Antarctic Continent . George Newnes Ltd . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 905838 @-@ 41 @-@ 0 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 .
Crane , David ( 2005 ) . Scott of the Antarctic . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 @-@ 00 @-@ 715068 @-@ 7 .
Fiennes , Ranulph ( 2003 ) . Captain Scott . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 @-@ 340 @-@ 82697 @-@ 5 .
Harrowfield , David . " The Southern Cross Expedition " . www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz. Retrieved 10 August 2008 .
Huxley , Elspeth ( 1977 ) . Scott of the Antarctic . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 @-@ 297 @-@ 77433 @-@ 6 .
Jones , Max ( 2003 ) . The Last Great Quest . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 280483 @-@ 9 .
Paine , Lincoln P. ( 2000 ) . Ships of Discovery and Exploration . Boston : Mariner Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 395 @-@ 98415 @-@ 7 .
Preston , Diana ( 1997 ) . A First Rate Tragedy . London : Constable & Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 09 @-@ 479530 @-@ 4 .
Riffenburgh , Beau ( 2004 ) . Nimrod . London : Bloomsbury Publications . ISBN 0 @-@ 7475 @-@ 7253 @-@ 4 .
Stonehouse , B. ( ed ) ( 2002 ) . Encyclopaedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans . New York : John Wiley . ISBN 0 @-@ 471 @-@ 98665 @-@ 8 .
Wilson , Edward A. ( 1973 ) . Diary of the Discovery Expedition . London : Blandford Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7137 @-@ 0431 @-@ 4 .
= The Third of May 1808 =
The Third of May 1808 ( also known as El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid or Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío , or Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo ) is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya , now in the Museo del Prado , Madrid . In the work , Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon 's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War . Along with its companion piece of the same size , The Second of May 1808 ( or The Charge of the Mamelukes ) , it was commissioned by the provisional government of Spain at Goya 's suggestion .
The painting 's content , presentation , and emotional force secure its status as a groundbreaking , archetypal image of the horrors of war . Although it draws on many sources from both high and popular art , The Third of May 1808 marks a clear break from convention . Diverging from the traditions of Christian art and traditional depictions of war , it has no distinct precedent , and is acknowledged as one of the first paintings of the modern era . According to the art historian Kenneth Clark , The Third of May 1808 is " the first great picture which can be called revolutionary in every sense of the word , in style , in subject , and in intention " .
The Third of May 1808 has inspired a number of other major paintings , including a series by Édouard Manet , and Pablo Picasso 's Massacre in Korea and Guernica .
= = Background = =
Napoleon I of France declared himself First Consul of the French Republic on February 18 , 1799 , and crowned himself Emperor in 1804 . Because Spain controlled access to the Mediterranean , the country was politically and strategically important to French interests . The reigning Spanish sovereign , Charles IV , was internationally regarded as ineffectual . Even in his own court he was seen as a " half @-@ wit king who renounces cares of state for the satisfaction of hunting " , and a cuckold unable to control his energetic wife , Maria Luisa of Parma . Napoleon took advantage of the weak king by suggesting the two nations conquer and divide Portugal , with France and Spain each taking a third of the spoils , and the final third going to the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy , along with the title Prince of the Algarve . Godoy was seduced , and accepted the French offer . He failed , however , to grasp Napoleon 's true intentions , and was unaware that his new ally and co @-@ sovereign , the former king 's son Ferdinand VII of Spain , was using the invasion merely as a ploy to seize the Spanish parliament and throne . Ferdinand intended not only that Godoy be killed during the impending power struggle , but also that the lives of his own parents be sacrificed .
Under the guise of reinforcing the Spanish armies , 23 @,@ 000 French troops entered Spain unopposed in November 1807 . Even when Napoleon 's intentions became clear the following February , the occupying forces found little resistance apart from isolated actions in disconnected areas , including Saragossa . Napoleon 's principal commander , Marshal Joachim Murat , believed that Spain would benefit from rulers more progressive and competent than the Bourbons , and Napoleon 's brother Joseph Bonaparte was to be made king . After Napoleon convinced Ferdinand to return Spanish rule to Charles IV , the latter was left with no choice but to abdicate , on March 19 , 1808 , in favor of Joseph Bonaparte .
Although the Spanish people had accepted foreign monarchs in the past , they deeply resented the new French ruler . On May 2 , 1808 , provoked by news of the planned removal to France of the last members of the Spanish royal family , the people of Madrid rebelled in the Dos de Mayo Uprising . A proclamation issued that day to his troops by Marshal Murat read : " The population of Madrid , led astray , has given itself to revolt and murder . French blood has flowed . It demands vengeance . All those arrested in the uprising , arms in hand , will be shot . " Goya commemorated the uprising in his The Second of May , which depicts a cavalry charge against the rebels in the Puerta del Sol square in the center of Madrid , the site of several hours of fierce combat . Much the better known of the pair , The Third of May illustrates the French reprisals : before dawn the next day hundreds of Spaniards were rounded up and shot , at a number of locations around Madrid . Civilian Spanish opposition persisted as a feature of the ensuing five @-@ year Peninsular War , the first to be called guerrilla war . Irregular Spanish forces considerably aided the Spanish , Portuguese , and British armies jointly led by Sir Arthur Wellesley , who first landed in Portugal in August 1808 . By the time of the painting 's conception , the public imagination had made the rioters symbols of heroism and patriotism .
Like other Spanish liberals , Goya was personally placed in a difficult position by the French invasion . He had supported the initial aims of the French Revolution , and hoped for a similar development in Spain . Several of his friends , like the poets Juan Meléndez Valdés and Leandro Fernández de Moratín , were overt Afrancesados , the term for the supporters — collaborators in the view of many — of Joseph Bonaparte . Goya 's 1798 portrait of the French ambassador @-@ turned @-@ commandant Ferdinand Guillemardet betrays a personal admiration . Although he maintained his position as court painter , for which an oath of loyalty to Joseph was necessary , Goya had by nature an instinctive dislike of authority . He witnessed the subjugation of his countrymen by the French troops . During these years he painted little , although the experiences of the occupation provided inspiration for drawings that would form the basis for his prints The Disasters of War ( Los desastres de la guerra ) .
In February 1814 , after the final expulsion of the French , Goya approached the provisional government with a request to " perpetuate by means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe " . His proposal accepted , Goya began work on The Third of May . It is not known whether he had personally witnessed either the rebellion or the reprisals , despite many later attempts to place him at the events of either day .
= = The painting = =
= = = Description = = =
The Third of May 1808 is set in the early hours of the morning following the uprising and centers on two masses of men : one a rigidly poised firing squad , the other a disorganized group of captives held at gun point . Executioners and victims face each other abruptly across a narrow space ; according to Kenneth Clark , " by a stroke of genius [ Goya ] has contrasted the fierce repetition of the soldiers ' attitudes and the steely line of their rifles , with the crumbling irregularity of their target . " A square lantern situated on the ground between the two groups throws a dramatic light on the scene . The brightest illumination falls on the huddled victims to the left , whose numbers include a monk or friar in prayer . To the immediate right and at the center of the canvas , other condemned figures stand next in line to be shot . The central figure is the brilliantly lit man kneeling amid the bloodied corpses of those already executed , his arms flung wide in either appeal or defiance . His yellow and white clothing repeats the colors of the lantern . His plain white shirt and sun @-@ burnt face show he is a simple laborer .
On the right side stands the firing squad , engulfed in shadow and painted as a monolithic unit . Seen nearly from behind , their bayonets and their shako headgear form a relentless and immutable column . Most of the faces of the figures cannot be seen , but the face of the man to the right of the main victim , peeping fearfully towards the soldiers , acts as a repoussoir at the back of the central group . Without distracting from the intensity of the foreground drama , a townscape with a steeple looms in the nocturnal distance , probably including the barracks used by the French . In the background between the hillside and the shakos is a crowd with torches : perhaps onlookers , perhaps more soldiers or victims .
The Second and Third of May 1808 are thought to have been intended as parts of a larger series . Written commentary and circumstantial evidence suggest that Goya painted four large canvases memorializing the rebellion of May 1808 . In his memoirs of the Royal Academy in 1867 , José Caveda wrote of four paintings by Goya of the second of May , and Cristóbal Ferriz — an artist and a collector of Goya — mentioned two other paintings on the theme : a revolt at the royal palace and a defense of artillery barracks . Contemporary prints stand as precedents for such a series . The disappearance of two paintings may indicate official displeasure with the depiction of popular insurrection .
= = = The Disasters of War = = =
Goya 's series of aquatint etchings The Disasters of War ( Los desastres de la guerra ) was not completed until 1820 , although most of the prints were made in the period 1810 – 1814 . The album of proofs given by Goya to a friend , however , now in the British Museum , provides many indications of the order in which both the preliminary drawings and the prints themselves were composed . The groups identified as the earliest clearly seem to predate the commission for the two paintings , and include two prints with obviously related compositions ( illustrated ) , as well as I saw this , which is presumably a scene witnessed during Goya 's trip to Saragossa . No se puede mirar ( One cannot look at this ) is clearly related compositionally and thematically ; the female central figure has her arms outstretched , but pointing down , while another figure has his hands clasped in prayer , and several others shield or hide their faces . This time the soldiers are not visible even from behind ; only the bayonets of their guns are seen .
Y no hay remedio ( And it cannot be helped ) is another of the early prints , from a slightly later group apparently produced at the height of the war when materials were unobtainable , so that Goya had to destroy the plate of an earlier landscape print to make this and another piece in the Disasters series . It shows a shako @-@ wearing firing squad in the background , this time seen receding in a frontal rather than a rear view .
= = = Iconography and invention = = =
At first the painting met with mixed reactions from art critics and historians . Artists had previously tended to depict war in the high style of history painting , and Goya 's unheroic description was unusual for the time . According to some early critical opinion the painting was flawed technically : the perspective is flat , or the victims and executioners are standing too close together to be realistic . Although these observations may be strictly correct , the writer Richard Schickel argues that Goya was not striving for academic propriety but rather to strengthen the overall impact of the piece .
The Third of May references a number of earlier works of art , but its power comes from its bluntness rather than its adherence to traditional compositional formulas . Pictorial artifice gives way to the epic portrayal of unvarnished brutality . Even the contemporary Romantic painters — who were also intrigued with subjects of injustice , war , and death — composed their paintings with greater attention to the conventions of beauty , as is evident in Théodore Géricault 's Raft of the Medusa ( 1818 – 1819 ) and Eugène Delacroix 's 1830 painting Liberty Leading the People .
The painting is structurally and thematically tied to traditions of martyrdom in Christian art , as exemplified in the dramatic use of chiaroscuro , and the appeal to life juxtaposed with the inevitability of imminent execution . However , Goya 's painting departs from this tradition . Works that depicted violence , such as those by Jusepe de Ribera , feature an artful technique and harmonious composition which anticipate the " crown of martyrdom " for the victim .
In The Third of May the man with raised arms at the focal point of the composition has often been compared to a crucified Christ , and a similar pose is sometimes seen in depictions of Christ 's nocturnal Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane . Goya 's figure displays stigmata @-@ like marks on his right hand , while the lantern at the center of the canvas references a traditional attribute of the Roman soldiers who arrested Christ in the garden . Not only is he posed as if in crucifixion , he wears yellow and white : the heraldic colors of the papacy . In The Third of May , however , there is no attempt to find transcendence , and no sense that the sacrifice of life will lead to salvation .
The lantern as a source of illumination in art was widely used by Baroque artists , and perfected by Caravaggio . Traditionally a dramatic light source and the resultant chiaroscuro were used as metaphors for the presence of God . Illumination by torch or candlelight took on religious connotations ; but in The Third of May the lantern manifests no such miracle . Rather , it affords light only so that the firing squad may complete its grim work , and provides a stark illumination so that the viewer may bear witness to wanton violence . The traditional role of light in art as a conduit for the spiritual has been subverted .
The victim , as presented by Goya , is as anonymous as his killers . His entreaty is addressed not to God in the manner of traditional painting , but to an unheeding and impersonal firing squad . He is not granted the heroism of individuality , but is merely part of a continuum of victims . Beneath him lies a bloody and disfigured corpse ; behind and around him are others who will soon share the same fate . Here , for the first time , according to biographer Fred Licht , nobility in individual martyrdom is replaced by futility and irrelevance , the victimization of mass murder , and anonymity as a hallmark of the modern condition .
The way the painting shows the progress of time is also without precedent in Western art . The death of a blameless victim had typically been presented as a conclusive episode , imbued with the virtue of heroism . The Third of May offers no such cathartic message . Instead , there is a continuous procession of the condemned in a mechanical formalization of murder . The inevitable outcome is seen in the corpse of a man , splayed on the ground in the lower left portion of the work . There is no room left for the sublime ; his head and body have been disfigured to a degree that renders resurrection impossible . The victim is portrayed bereft of all aesthetic or spiritual grace . For the rest of the picture the viewer 's eye level is mostly along the central horizontal axis ; only here is the perspectival point of view changed , so that the viewer looks down on the mutilated body .
Finally , there is no attempt by the artist to soften the subject 's brutality through technical skill . Method and subject are indivisible . Goya 's procedure is determined less by the mandates of traditional virtuosity than by his intrinsically morbid theme . The brushwork could not be described as pleasing , and the colors are restricted to earth tones and black , punctuated by bright flashes of white and the red blood of the victims . The quality of the pigment itself foreshadows Goya 's later works : a granular solution producing a matte , sandy finish . Few would admire the work for painterly flourishes , such is its horrific force and its lack of theatricality .
= = Provenance = =
Despite the work 's commemorative value , no details about its first exhibition are known , and it is not mentioned in any surviving contemporaneous accounts . This lack of commentary may be due to Fernando VII 's preference for neoclassical art , and to the fact that popular revolts of any kind were not regarded as suitable subject matter by the restored Bourbons . A monument to the fallen in the uprising , also commissioned in 1814 by the provisional government , " was stopped by Ferdinand VII , in whose eyes the senators and heroes of the war of independence found small favour , on account of their reforming tendencies " .
According to some accounts the painting lay in storage for thirty to forty years before being shown to the public . Its mention in an 1834 Prado inventory shows that the painting remained in the possession of the government or monarchy ; much of the royal collection had been transferred to the museum upon its opening in 1819 . Théophile Gautier mentioned seeing " a massacre " by Goya during a visit to the museum in 1845 , and a visitor in 1858 noted it as well , though both accounts refer to the work as depicting the events of the second of May , perhaps because Dos de Mayo continues to be the Spanish name for the whole episode .
In 1867 , Goya 's biographer Charles Emile Yriarte considered the painting important enough to warrant its own special exhibition , but it was not until 1872 that The Third of May was listed in the Prado 's published catalog , under the title Scene of the Third of May 1808 . Both the Third and Second of May suffered damage in a road accident while being transported by truck to Valencia for safety during the Spanish Civil War , apparently the only time they have left Madrid . Significant paint losses to the left side of the Second of May have been deliberately left unrepaired . Restoration work to both paintings was done in 2008 in time for an exhibition marking the bicentennial of the uprising .
In 2009 , the Prado selected The Third of May 1808 as one of the museum 's fourteen most important paintings , to be displayed in Google Earth at a resolution of 14 @,@ 000 megapixels .
= = Legacy = =
The first paraphrasing of The Third of May was Édouard Manet 's Execution of Emperor Maximilian , painted in several versions between 1867 and 1869 . In recording a current event to which neither he nor the emerging art of photography was witness , Manet seems inspired by Goya 's precedent . He may have seen the work at the Prado in 1865 before beginning his own paintings , which were too sensitive to be exhibited in France in Manet 's lifetime . He undoubtedly did see a print of it which was published in 1867 by an acquaintance . Art critic Arthur Danto compares Goya 's work and Manet 's :
The Third of May also depicts an execution , an early event in the so @-@ called Peninsular War between France and Spain . Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain in 1808 , capturing its royal family and replacing them with his brother , Joseph . The French were as unpopular in Spain as they later were in Mexico , and they encountered a fierce insurrection , which ultimately triumphed . The Third of May execution was an indiscriminate killing of civilians by French soldiers in reprisal for a guerrilla attack the previous day . Goya 's painting of the massacre , which shows terrified civilians facing a firing squad , was intended to arouse anger and hatred on the part of Spanish viewers . Goya 's is a highly romantic picture of a deeply emotional episode .
The Third of May is cited as an influence on Pablo Picasso 's 1937 Guernica , which shows the aftermath of the Nazi German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War . An exhibition in 2006 at the Prado and the Reina Sofía showed The Third of May , Guernica , and the Execution of the Emperor Maximilian in the same room . Also in the room was Picasso 's Massacre in Korea , painted in 1951 during the Korean War — an even more direct reference to the composition of The Third of May . The perpetrators in this painting were intended to be the United States Army or their United Nations allies .
Aldous Huxley wrote in 1957 that Goya lacked Rubens ' ability to fill the canvas with an ordered composition ; but he considered The Third of May a success because Goya " is speaking in his native language , and he is therefore able to express what he wants to say with maximum force and clarity " .
Kenneth Clark remarked on the painting 's radical departure from history painting , and its singular intensity :
With Goya we do not think of the studio or even of the artist at work . We think only of the event . Does this imply that The Third of May is a kind of superior journalism , the record of an incident in which depth of focus is sacrificed to an immediate effect ? I am ashamed to say that I once thought so ; but the longer I look at this extraordinary picture and at Goya 's other works , the more clearly I recognise that I was mistaken .
= Locus iste ( Bruckner ) =
Locus iste ( English : This place ) , WAB 23 , is a sacred motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1869 . The text is the Latin gradual Locus iste for the annual celebration of a church 's dedication . The incipit , Locus iste a Deo factus est , translates to " This place was made by God " . Bruckner set it for four unaccompanied voices , intended for the dedication of the Votivkapelle ( votive chapel ) at the New Cathedral in Linz , Austria , where Bruckner had been a cathedral organist . It was the first motet that Bruckner composed in Vienna . It was published in 1886 , together with two other gradual motets .
As a composition with no obvious technical difficulty , it has been performed by church choirs and by professionals , often to celebrate church dedications .
= = History = =
Bruckner composed Locus iste on 11 August 1869 . It was intended for the dedication ceremony of the Votivkapelle ( votive chapel ) at the New Cathedral in Linz , Austria . The New Cathedral was under construction since 1862 , and the Votivkapelle was completed in 1869 as its first section . At that time Bruckner lived in Vienna , teaching at the Vienna Conservatory as a professor of harmony and counterpoint , and at the Vienna University as a part @-@ time lecturer from 1876 . He had a strong connection to the Old Cathedral of Linz , where he had been the organist from 1855 to 1868 . He had already been commissioned by Bishop Franz @-@ Josef Rudigier to compose a Festive Cantata for the laying of the foundation stone of the new cathedral , and composed Preiset den Herrn ( Praise the Lord ) on a text by Maximilian Pammesberger , which was performed on 1 May 1862 on the building site .
The Latin text of Locus iste is the gradual Locus iste , part of the proper of the mass for Kirchweih , the anniversary of a church 's dedication . While some sources claim that the motet was first performed on the dedication day , 29 September 1869 , together with the first performance of Bruckner 's Mass in E minor , it was actually performed four weeks later , on 29 October , at the same location . Bruckner dedicated the work to Oddo Loidol , one of his students at the Vienna Conservatory . It was Bruckner 's first motet composed in Vienna .
The motet was edited together with three other motets based on graduals ( Christus factus est , WAB 11 , Os justi , WAB 30 , and Virga Jesse , WAB 52 ) by Theodor Rättig , Vienna in 1886 . Locus iste is often performed on the anniversary of a church 's dedication . It is put in Band XXI / 25 of the Gesamtausgabe .
= = Music = =
The motet is scored for a unaccompanied mixed choir . It is in the key of C major and in common time , has 48 bars and takes about three minutes to perform . The text concentrates on the concept of the sacred place , based on the Biblical story of Jacob 's Ladder , Jacob 's saying " Surely the Lord is in this place ; and I knew it not " ( Genesis 28 : 16 ) , and the story of the burning bush where Moses is told " put off thy shoes from off thy feet , for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground " ( Exodus 3 : 5 ) .
Bruckner structured the three lines of the text in an ABA da capo form , closed by a coda , with A containing the first line , framing the second and third . Peter Strasser suggests that the work reflects elements of architecture , such as in the symmetry of the da capo form and the use of motifs like building blocks .
The motet is marked Allegro moderato and begins calmly in homophony . Max Auer notes that the beautiful work has touches with Mozart 's Ave verum . A. Crawford Howie notes further that the work " begins with Mozartian phrases , but soon introduces characteristic Brucknerian progressions " . The repeat of the first line , beginning one step higher , is marked mf , confirming " a Deo factus est " higher and stronger , then repeating it softly . The bass begins each " a Deo factus est " . Musicologist Anthony Carver notes here as in many of Bruckner 's motets the " isolation of the bass part at structurally important points " . The bass also begins the second line with a new rising motif , marked f ; the upper voices follow in homophony . The line is repeated as a sequence a step higher , marked ff . After a pause of half a bar , the tenor alone begins in sudden pp the middle section on a repeated note , imitated by soprano and alto . Throughout the section , only the upper voices , without a bass foundation , sing in chromaticism , beginning in undefined tonality . In a gradual crescendo , the intensity is heightened , but only to mf . Iso Camartin notes in an article dedicated to the work in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung : das unanfechtbare Geheimnis ( the irreproachable mystery ) appears as unfassbar ( incomprehensible ) and beunruhigend ( disturbing ) , described by Ryan Turner as " transparently chromatic " .
After another rest of half a bar , the first line is repeated . Instead of the last " factus est " , the word " Deo " is extended to the only melisma of the otherwise austere , strictly syllabic composition . The author of the program notes for an Oratorio Society of New York CD that includes the motet writes that the melisma " spins an ethereal spell " . It leads to a long general pause , achieved " by carefully measuring out five beats " , before " a Deo , Deo factus est " is repeated a final time , concluding " peacefully and serenely " . The author of the Oratorio Society notes concludes by stating that " Locus iste is a hauntingly beautiful work reminiscent of the quiet chapel it honored " . Writing for Gramophone , Malcolm Riley called it " sublime ( and deceptively difficult ) " .
= = Selected discography = =
The first recording of Bruckner 's Locus iste occurred in the beginning of the 20th century :
Karl Luze , Chor der Kaiserlichen Hofmusikkapelle – 78 rpm gramophone disc G.C. / HMV 44762 , c . 1907 ( no sample of it currently available )
A selection of the over 200 recordings of Bruckner 's Locus iste :
Matthew Best , Corydon Singers , Bruckner : Motets – CD : Hyperion CDA66062 , 1982
Philippe Herreweghe , la Chapelle Royale / Collegium Vocale , Ensemble Musique Oblique , Bruckner : Messe en mi mineur ; Motets – CD : Harmonia Mundi France HMC 901322 , 1989
Frieder Bernius , Kammerchor Stuttgart , Bruckner : Mass in E minor ; Ave Maria ; Christus factus est ; Locus iste ; Virga Jesse – CD : Sony CL SK 48037 , 1991
John Eliot Gardiner , Monteverdi Choir , Bruckner : Mass No. 1 ; Motets – CD : DG 459 674 – 2 , 1998
Dan @-@ Olof Stenlund , Malmö Kammarkör , Bruckner : Ausgewählte Werke – CD : Malmö Kammarkör MKKCD 051 , 2004
Petr Fiala , Tschechischer Philharmonischer Chor Brno , Anton Bruckner : Motets – CD : MDG 322 1422 @-@ 2 , 2006
Ulf Samuelsson , Ungdomskören OPQ , Under höga valv – CD : Olaus Petri Församling OPCD001 , 2006
Michael Stenov , Cantores Carmeli , Benefizkonzert Karmelitenkirche Linz – CD / DVD issued by the choir , 2006 , and on YouTube .
Stephen Layton , Polyphony Choir , Bruckner : Mass in E minor & Motets – CD : Hyperion CDA 67629 , 2007 @,@
Erwin Ortner , Arnold Schoenberg Chor , Anton Bruckner : Tantum ergo – CD : Issue of the choir , 2008
Otto Kargl , Domkantorei St. Pölten , Bruckner : Messe E @-@ Moll , CD : ORF CD 3174 , 2013
= Isidore van Kinsbergen =
Isodorus " Isidore " van Kinsbergen ( 3 September 1821 – 10 September 1905 ) was a Dutch @-@ Flemish engraver who took the first archaeological and cultural photographs of Java during the Dutch East Indies period in the nineteenth century . The photographs he produced during his visit to the colony in 1851 ranged in subject from antiquities and landscapes to portraits , court @-@ photography , model studies and nudes . His monograph was published in black and white with a coloured quire of nearly 400 photographs . His photograph of Borobudur was the first picture of the monument that showed the results of the first restoration c . 1873 .
= = Early life = =
Isidore van Kinsbergen was born in Bruges in 1821 ( at that time , Bruges was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ) . Having studied painting and singing in Paris , he joined a French opera group that travelled to Batavia ( the present day Jakarta ) in 1851 . After several performances the group left the Dutch East Indies , but Van Kinsbergen decided to stay there . He became interested in the new medium of photography , particularly in using the albumen print technique . He opened the first albumen print processing shop in Batavia .
= = Commissions = =
In 1862 , the General Secretary of East Indies Alexis Loudon invited van Kinsbergen to join the government mission to Siam ( present day Thailand ) in February 1862 to cover the 1860 Treaty of Friendship , Trade and Navigation between the Netherlands and Siam . It was van Kinsbergen 's first government assignment and he used the occasion to capture a number of curiosities in the country .
During that period , the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences , whose main interests were in archaeological research and conservation , became interested in the newly invented albumen print medium . The society felt that the world should know more about Javanese culture as expressed in the old inscriptions , statues , customs and temples . The Society arranged an archaeological tour around Java , headed by J.F.G. Brumund , a priest of the Batavian Evangelic Community and a specialist in Javanese . The Society also commissioned van Kinsbergen to accompany Brumund during his tour in order to illustrate Brumund 's publication of Javanese culture and antiquities . The government granted permission for this tour , with the restriction that all wet @-@ prints ( cliches ) would be government property and that extra printing would only be allowed with permission from the government .
As part of his contract with the Batavian Society , van Kinsbergen had to take photographs of Borobudur , which had just been cleaned and restored . However , when he went to photograph the Panataran Hindu temple complex in East Java in 1867 , he ran out of chemicals . In his enthusiasm for photographing the many reliefs of the temple complex , he used up so many glass slides that he could not go to Borobudur as he had intended to . The Society was nervous about van Kinsbergen 's delay , so they did not grant his request to supply new slides .
However , van Kinsbergen 's photographs satisfied the Society and he became renowned as " the Society 's Photographer " . His work on repairing the system for managing water flow during his trip in the Dieng Plateau in order to photograph the Javanese Hindu temple there was avidly praised by the Society . The board then decided that van Kinsbergen was no longer obliged to follow Brumund 's directions , but should pursue his own vision . Brumund published his work in 1868 , but without the full illustrations of van Kinsbergen . Later in 1872 , van Kinsbergen published photographs of monuments in Java , but he was criticized for missing some important ruins , for instance , those in the east of Kediri .
Although Brumund 's publication included drawings of Borobudur , the Batavia Society still felt that it was incomplete . In April 1873 , van Kinsbergen set off to the monument . Cleaning , digging and other technical difficulties delayed his start in taking pictures until August that year . The wet monsoon season further hampered his work , resulting in a series of only 43 photographs taken between August to December . The Society was disappointed with the number of photographs , although satisfied with the printing and artistic quality .
= = Photographic styles = =
Isidore van Kinsbergen was known as a perfectionist . During his work in Borobudur , he selected the statues and panels which had been preserved best to take pictures of . He preferred a non @-@ frontal angle , which shows a better depth of the relief and the skills of the relief maker . To stress its timeless beauty , van Kinsbergen blocked out the original background in the negative film instead of putting up a black curtain during photographing .
There are some criticisms of van Kinsbergen 's photographs . He missed some details and sometimes his series was unbalanced . Trained as an artist , his works lacked archaeological descriptions , the main purpose of his contract . The printing quality , however , is beyond question and he had success showing the beauty of classical Javanese arts . His photographs were shown to the public both in the 1873 International Exhibition in Vienna and the 1878 World Exhibition in Paris . His works can be seen in several places , including the National Museum in Amsterdam .
= = Gallery = =
= Juxtapozed with U =
" Juxtapozed with U " is the thirteenth single by Super Furry Animals . It was the first single to be taken from the Rings Around the World album and reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart on its release in July 2001 . The song was initially conceived as a duet but , after both Brian Harvey and Bobby Brown turned the band down , lead singer Gruff Rhys sang the entire track ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
881 , and died in 1885 a few months after his forces had captured Khartoum . A joint British and Egyptian force recaptured Sudan in 1898 . At first , the British severely restricted Abd al @-@ Rahman 's movement and activity . However , he soon emerged as the Sayyid ( leader ) of the Ansar religious sect , supporters of the Mahdist movement .
Abd al @-@ Rahman helped the British to retain Sudanese support during the First World War , when they were opposed to the Turkish Empire , despite his being a Muslim leader . He lent his support again during a crisis in 1924 when there were anti @-@ British riots in Egypt and the British Governor @-@ General of the Sudan was assassinated . Meanwhile he grew wealthy from cotton production , for which his supporters provided labor , and influential among the intelligentsia . The British administration distrusted him . When Governor General Sir Geoffrey Archer paid a formal and friendly visit to Abd al @-@ Rahman in March 1926 , Archer was dismissed and Abd al @-@ Rahman was placed under travel restriction .
In the 1930s Abd al @-@ Rahman spoke out against a treaty between Egypt and Britain that recognized Egyptian claims of sovereignty in Sudan , although no Sudanese had been consulted , travelling to London to make his case . His Ansar followers became an influential faction in the General Congress established in 1938 , and in the successor Advisory Council set up in 1944 . Abd al @-@ Rahman was patron of the nationalist Ummah ( Nation ) political Party in the period before and just after Sudan became independent in 1956 . In 1958 the Umma party won the most seats in the first parliamentary elections after independence . In November 1958 the army staged a coup , which Abd al @-@ Rahman supported . He died shortly afterwards .
= = Background = =
Since antiquity Egypt has straddled the trade route between the Mediterranean and Arabia , India and countries to the east . With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 it gained huge strategic importance . In 1882 the British took effective control of Egypt in the Anglo @-@ Egyptian War .
Northern and central Sudan had been nominally under Egyptian suzerainty since an Ottoman force had conquered and occupied the region in 1821 . The primary motive was not territorial conquest but to secure a source of slaves to serve in the Egyptian army . The slaves , paid in lieu of taxes , were brought from the formerly inaccessible regions of south Sudan . When the British explorer Samuel Baker visited Khartoum in 1862 , he found that everyone in the town was involved in the slave trade , including the Governor @-@ General . The Egyptian and Nubian garrison lived on the land like an army of occupation . Bribery was the only way to get anything done . Torture and floggings were routine in the prisons . Baker said of Khartoum " a more miserable and unhealthy place can hardly be imagined " . He described the Governor General Musa Pasha as combining " the worst of Oriental failings with the brutality of a wild animal " .
In the 1870s , a Muslim cleric named Muhammad Ahmad began to preach renewal of the faith and liberation of Sudan from the Egyptians . In 1881 he proclaimed himself the Mahdi , the promised redeemer of the Islamic world . The Mahdi 's followers were named " Ansar " , or helpers , the name that was given to the citizens of Medina who helped the Prophet Muhammed . The religious and political revolt gathered momentum , with the Egyptians steadily losing ground and the British showing little enthusiasm for a costly engagement in this remote region . By the end of 1883 the Ansar army had wiped out three Egyptian armies . A force under General William Hicks was sent to suppress the revolt but was destroyed . When the governor of Darfur , Slatin Pasha , surrendered to the Mahdi almost all of the west of Sudan had come under his control .
Major @-@ General Charles George Gordon was given the job of evacuating the Egyptian garrison from Khartoum . He arrived on 18 February 1884 . Gordon was reluctant to abandon the population of Khartoum to the forces of the Mahdi , and also felt that by evacuating the city he would open the way for the Mahdi to threaten Egypt . He bombarded the authorities in Cairo with telegrams suggesting alternative courses , and delayed starting the evacuation . On 13 March 1884 the tribes north of Khartoum declared for the Mahdi , cutting the telegraph and blocking river traffic . Khartoum was besieged , falling on 25 January 1885 after a siege of 313 days . A relief column arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed . Despite a short @-@ lived public outcry in Britain over Gordon 's death , Britain took no further action in Sudan for several years .
= = Mahdiyah ( 1885 – 1898 ) = =
Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory , leaving power to his three deputies , or Kalifas . Abd al @-@ Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in Omdurman , three weeks after his father 's death . His mother was granddaughter of a former Sultan of Darfur , Mohammed al @-@ Fadl . As a child , Abd al @-@ Rahman 's only formal education was that of a religious school where the pupils memorized the Quran . By the age of eleven he had recited the Quran .
After a prolonged struggle , by 1891 the Kalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad emerged as sole leader due to his support from the warlike nomadic Baggara Arabs of the west . He proved to be an able and ruthless ruler of the Mahdiyah , the Mahdist state . At first the state was run on military lines as a Jihadist state . Later , a more conventional form of administration was introduced . The Kalifa consolidated his rule in Sudan , then invaded Ethiopia , killing Emperor Yohannes IV in March 1889 and penetrating as far as Gondar . The same year , the Kalifa attacked Egypt at Tushki , but was defeated .
However , the state suffered from economic problems and internal opposition to the Khalifa , particularly from the Mahdi 's family , and the Khalifa was forced to concentrate on consolidation . The British detected his weakness , and prepared an invasion motivated in part by a wish to revenge Gordon 's death , in part by a desire for raw cotton for their textile industry . A methodical invasion was launched in 1896 @.@ slowly moving south supported by a railway that the army built along its route . The force reached Berber in September 1897 and Atbara in April 1898 . The British and Egyptian force led by General Kitchener defeated the Kalifa at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898 . The battle is known as the Battle of Karari to Mahdists .
In his book The River War , Sir Winston Churchill , who was present at the Battle , summed up the result : " The River War is over . In its varied course , which extended over fourteen years and involved the untimely destruction of perhaps 300 @,@ 000 lives , many extremes and contrasts have been displayed , There have been battles which were massacres , and others that were mere parades . There have been occasions of shocking cowardice and surprising heroism ... of wisdom and incompetence . But the result is at length achieved and the flags of England and Egypt wave unchallenged over the valley of the Nile " .
The British sent the Mahdi 's family to al @-@ Shakaba on the Blue Nile in September 1898 . The group included the Khalifa Muhammad Sharif , the Mahdi 's cousin and one of his chosen successors . In 1899 the government heard rumors that the family group was advocating a Mahdist revival and dispatched a military force to al @-@ Shakaba . One account says the force attacked the family and followers , firing on them at random . Abd al @-@ Rahman was badly wounded and his two elder brothers were killed . Another account says Muhammad Sharif and the two elder sons of the Mahdi were arrested . There was a skirmish when an attempt was made to rescue them . Muhammad Sharif and the Mahdi 's two sons were found guilty by a court martial trial and were shot .
Organized resistance to the British had ended by 1899 , although sporadic fighting continued for a few more years . In theory the British ruled the Anglo @-@ Egyptian Sudan in partnership with Egypt through an arrangement called the " condominium " . In practice , although Egypt bore most of the costs of the military conquest and occupation of Sudan , the British ran the country as they chose . The head of the military and the civil administration under the 19 January 1899 Condominium Agreement was a British @-@ nominated Governor General , who acted independently of the Cairo government .
= = Early period of British rule = =
After the British took control , Abd al @-@ Rahman lived at first with a relative in the Gezira . On the advice of the Inspector General Slatin Pasha , Abd al @-@ Rahman was constantly watched in the early years of British rule , was given a very small allowance and was not allowed to call himself Imam or the Mahdi . Both Slatin and the Governor @-@ General Reginald Wingate were determined to stamp out Mahdism . Slatin had been held a prisoner of the Mahdists for eleven years . He placed many restrictions on the Mahdist leaders such as prohibiting them from reading the Mahdi 's prayer book , from visiting " sacred " places associated with their movement other than the Mahdi 's tomb , and from praying or making offerings at the tomb .
From 1906 Abd al @-@ Rahman lived in Gezirat al @-@ Fil , near to Omdurman . He was subject to constant and obtrusive supervision by the intelligence department . After 1908 Abd al @-@ Rahman was allowed to live in Omdurman and study under a distinguished Azharite named Muhammad al @-@ Badawi , where he gained some understanding of Islamic jurisprudence and the fundamentals of his religion , including the Hadith , or Prophet 's tradition . However , he was never to become a well @-@ educated and knowledgeable Islamic scholar as his father had been . The government lent him money to build the family mosque in Omdurman in 1908 , and let him farm part of his father 's land on Aba Island . He emphasized his peaceful intentions , convincing the colonialist government that his movement was not dangerous . A British official described him in 1909 , when he was aged about twenty @-@ four , as " an obsequious , sorry @-@ looking youth in soiled clothes " . In 1910 he made a public speech in which he supported the Condominium administration of the Anglo @-@ Egyptian Sudan .
Abd al @-@ Rahman quietly began to regroup the Ansar as a religious sect . Until 1914 , he lived in seclusion in Omdurman or on Aba Island , closely watched by Slatin 's intelligence agents . Despite the surveillance he built considerable influence in the White Nile region . He often visited the many mosques in Omdurman to meet his followers with his face covered so he would not be recognized by government agents . He received many visitors who sought his blessing .
= = World War I = =
When World War I broke out in 1914 , Turkey sided with Germany against Britain . Governor @-@ General Wingate had to persuade the Sudanese people that Turkey was no longer a truly Muslim state . Wingate was helped by Sudanese memories of the harsh former Turkish rule . Wingate described Britain as the true defender of Islam , and called the Turkish rulers a " Syndicate of Jews , financiers and low @-@ born intriguers " . The British and most of the northern Sudanese saw the Sayyids , the leaders of the main Islamic groups , as the natural spokesmen for the people . Wingate decided to enlist Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman to support the British cause . Abd al @-@ Rahman publicly declared his full support for the British and assisted in suppressing a rebellion in the Nuba Mountains in 1915 .
In 1915 Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman made a series of tours and visits to parts of the country where Mahdism was still strong , particularly among the Baggara of the White Nile region , speaking in opposition to the Turkish sultan 's calls for Jihad . When he toured Aba Island in 1915 , he was greeted by thousands of sword @-@ carrying Mahdists who prayed that " the day had arrived " . Alarmed at the possibility of a Mahdist revival , the British ordered him to return to Omdurman in 1916 . However , Abd al @-@ Rahman appointed agents in Blue Nile and Funj provinces and later in Kordofan and Darfur . Their ostensible role was to report on any illegal activity and to encourage payment of taxes to the British . They took advantage of their visits to collect payments of zakat to Abd al @-@ Rahman and to encourage the Ansar , who now freely used the illegal Mahdist prayer book , ratib al @-@ mahdi .
The British encouraged the development of a version of the Ansar movement that was not fanatical , and did much to accommodate Abd al @-@ Rahman 's ambitions , although they could not go as far as supporting his goal of becoming King of Sudan . However , the toleration and even support of Mahdism during World War I was not based on official policy . A British official who was critical of the support given to Abd al @-@ Rahman at this time later wrote that some changes were " a modification of policy deliberately proposed ; others ... the unforeseen consequence of action taken ; others , perhaps the majority , appear superficially to represent a gradual drift , of which the Government was at the time unconscious " .
= = Post World War I = =
In 1919 Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman al @-@ Mahdi was among a delegation of Sudanese notables who went to London to congratulate King George V of England on the British victory in the war . In a dramatic gesture of loyalty , Abd al @-@ Rahman presented the Mahdi 's sword to the King . The delegation was led by Sayyid Ali al @-@ Mirghani , the leader of the Khatmiyya movement , who was later to clash with Abd al @-@ Rahman over several issues .
After the war , the Turkish empire was broken up , leading to a revival of Egyptian nationalism . Some Egyptians claimed that Sudan was a natural extension of Egypt . The Sudanese view was mixed , with some wanting ties with Egypt to offset British influence and others wanting complete independence of Egypt .
In the post @-@ war period the Mahdi 's family became wealthy from cotton production based on irrigation and migrant laborers , mainly their Baggara followers from Darfur and Kordofan . These western tribes had been the backbone of the original Mahdist movement . The riverine tribes were more inclined to side with the rival Khatmiyya movement . The government supported Abd al @-@ Rahman in these commercial enterprises . Abd al @-@ Rahman 's economic activity , and the resulting wide range of contacts with merchants and owners of pump @-@ schemes for irrigating cotton fields , gave him influence among Sudanese engaged in commerce . As of 1 January 1922 the government suspended payment of allowances to Mahdist notables other than the old and those whose movements were restricted . The allowance of Abd al @-@ Rahman was increased somewhat , but only so that he could support old women and other incapable people whose allowances had been stopped .
By the 1920s Abd al @-@ Rahman was a respected religious and political leader . In 1921 he held a meeting at his home where the attendees signed two documents that laid out the Mahdist objectives . These were for Sudan to be ruled by Britain rather than Egypt , and for Sudan to eventually achieve self @-@ government . In the early 1920s , between 5 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 pilgrims were coming to Aba Island each year to celebrate Ramadan . Many of them identified Abd al @-@ Rahman with Isa , the prophet Jesus , and assumed that he would drive the Christian colonists out of Sudan . The British found that Abd al @-@ Rahman was in correspondence with agents and leaders in Nigeria and Cameroon , predicting the eventual victory of the Mahdists over the Christians . They blamed him for unrest in these colonies . After pilgrims from West Africa held mass demonstrations on Aba Island in 1924 , Abd al @-@ Rahman was told to put a stop to the pilgrimages .
For a long time the British were ambivalent in their attitude to Abd al @-@ Rahman . He had provided valuable political assistance during World War I and in 1924 . On the other hand , the Sudan Government found that his services had a hidden agenda and described his actions as " evasive and obstructive " . On balance the British found it best to treat Abd al @-@ Rahman as an ally , although some felt that Governor @-@ General Reginald Wingate ( 1900 – 18 ) was too lenient towards him . In September 1924 Sayyid Ali al @-@ Mirghani , leader of the Khatmiyya movement and Abd al @-@ Rahman 's rival , said he would prefer Sudan to be part of the Egyptian kingdom than to be an independent monarchy under Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman . At that time the British favored Sayyid Ali , whom they saw as a purely religious leader , while Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman also had potentially dangerous political ambitions .
= = Political crises = =
In 1924 there was a crisis in Egypt when a government hostile to the British was elected . On 19 November 1924 , the Governor of Sudan Sir Lee Stack was shot and assassinated while driving through Cairo . The British responded with anger , demanding of the Egyptian government a public apology , an inquiry , suppression of demonstrations and payment of a large fine . Further , they demanded withdrawal of all Egyptian officers and Egyptian army units from the Sudan , an increase to the scope of an irrigation scheme in Gezira and laws to protect foreign investors in Egypt .
Egyptian army units in Sudan , bound by their oath to the Egyptian king , refused to obey the orders of their British officers and mutinied . The British violently suppressed the mutiny , removed the Egyptian army from Sudan and purged the administration of Egyptian officials . The " condominium " remained legally in force , as it would until Sudan gained independence , but in practice Egypt now had no say in the administration of Sudan . In the aftermath of the upheaval the British saw educated Sudanese as potential propagators of " dangerous " nationalist ideas imported from Egypt . Although Abd al @-@ Rahman had backed the government and condemned local supporters of the Egyptians , he was also viewed with suspicion as a potential enemy of the colonial power . However , at the start of 1926 , Abd al @-@ Rahman was awarded the KBE ( Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ) .
Sir Geoffrey Archer was appointed Governor @-@ General of Sudan in 1925 in place of Sir Lee Stack . One of his early decisions was to initiate the formation of the Sudan Defence Force , with a command completely separate from the Egyptian army . He dropped the Egyptian title " Sirdar " for the supreme commander , and did not wear the Egyptian tarboush . He made it very clear that he was commander in chief of a purely Sudanese army , while reassuring Sudanese officers who had served in the Egyptian army that they would be retained if they had not taken part in the mutiny . The British authorities , who had again became hostile to Mahdism , banned enlistment of Ansar into the Sudanese Defence Force .
The Sudan Political Service advised Archer to keep Abd al @-@ Rahman at arms length . In March 1926 Archer ignored this advice and made an official visit to Abd al @-@ Rahman on Aba Island accompanied by a full escort of troops and officials . When Archer arrived on 14 February he was formally welcomed by Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman with 1 @,@ 500 Ansar supporters . Escorted by horsemen , the dignatories went on by car to a reception at Abd al @-@ Rahman 's house . Replying to a speech by Abd al @-@ Rahman , Archer said his visit marked " an important stage forward in the relations " between Abd al @-@ Rahman and his followers and the government . Archer said he had come to cement the ties of friendship and understanding .
Archer 's visit precipitated a crisis in the colonial administration . It was felt he had been far too friendly to Abd al @-@ Rahman , who was viewed with suspicion by many administrators . Archer was forced to resign , replaced by Sir John Maffey . Abd al @-@ Rahman was placed under restriction on travel outside Omdurman and Khartoum and was told to instruct his supporters to halt their political and religious activities .
= = Growing influence and British hostility = =
Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman invited the Yemenite scholar Abd al @-@ Rahman ibn Hurayn al @-@ Jabri to come to Omdurman and make a study of Mahdism . Al @-@ Jabri wrote a book covering the history of the movement and its justification in the hadith , essentially designed to glorify the Mahdi and his son . Abd al @-@ Rahman tried to publish the book in 1925 @-@ 26 , but the British confiscated the manuscript , which they considered to be highly seditious . To avoid publicity , they did not prosecute al @-@ Jabri but quietly deported him .
Abd al @-@ Rahman made overtures to the " effendiyya " , the growing elite of educated people in Sudan , patronizing their social and educational institutions . He became the acknowledged leader of a group of intelligentsia who were opposed to indirect rule or unification with Egypt , and were building a Sudanese national movement . In 1931 the colonial government lowered the starting rates of pay for Sudanese officials . After protests and demonstrations were ignored , a general strike was declared on 24 November 1931 . With no other leader taking the initiative , it was left to Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman to act as mediator and successfully bring the strike to an end . This helped consolidate his position as a leader in the eyes of intelligentsia . In 1935 Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman founded al @-@ Nil ( The Nile ) , an organ of the Ansar and the first daily newspaper in Sudan in the Arabic language . The newspaper helped him gain influence with the educated elite in Sudan , including politically oriented government officials , many of whom joined the Ansar and became lifetime adherents of Abd al @-@ Rahman .
By the mid @-@ 1930s the British realized that Abd al @-@ Rahman expected to be recognized as royalty , had firm control over a thriving Mahdist movement , and was actively seeking new adherents . British officials became increasingly suspicious of his motives , and their correspondence showed a mixture of hostility and fear of his growing influence . In 1933 , and more forcefully in 1934 , during the prophet 's birthday celebrations Abd al @-@ Rahman displayed signs with " various expressions advertising the Mahdi 's prophetic standing " . Sir Stewart Symes , Governor @-@ General of Sudan from 1934 to 1940 , sternly warned him to remove the signs or face consequences .
A British view of Abd al @-@ Rahman at this time was given by Sir Stewart Symes , writing in April 1935 , " He has the defects of a Sudanese of his type , the liking of intrigue , vanity , irrelevance and opportunism . On the other hand , he has quick perceptions , panache and subtle tenacity of purpose ... He has used [ or misued ] the opportunities ... of laying the foundations of his Mahdist organization in the provinces ... His favorite role is that of the loyal supporter of Government who is maliciously misunderstood " . Symes refused to take action to suppress neo @-@ Mahdism , preferring to follow a policy of ensuring that Abd al @-@ Rahman conformed to agreed guidelines of behavior , with the implied threat of punishment if he broke these rules . He allowed some restrictions to be lifted , while retaining others .
= = Political activity under British rule = =
The British had ceded some power in Egypt with the Anglo @-@ Egyptian Treaty of 1922 and more in the Anglo @-@ Egyptian Treaty of 1936 . The 1936 treaty was designed to counter Benito Mussolini 's ambition to link Libya to Ethiopia via Sudan in a new Italian empire . The treaty recognized Egyptian claims of sovereignty in Sudan in return for British rights in the Nile valley and the Suez Canal . It allowed for unrestricted immigration of Egyptians to Sudan and for the return of Egyptian troops . The Sudanese were not consulted .
In 1937 Abd al @-@ Rahman visited England and Egypt , where he met with high @-@ ranking officials and with King Farouk . His purpose was to present Sudanese criticism of the Anglo @-@ Egyptian treaty in person . He was openly critical of the Egyptian plans for unity of the Nile valley , which he considered unrealistic . In May 1937 , his eldest son al @-@ Siddiq al @-@ Mahdi visited Egypt and was given a royal reception . These moves concerned the British , who saw them as potentially the start of a Mahdist alliance with Egypt , despite Abd al @-@ Rahman 's avowed Sudanese nationalism .
In the period before the Second World War ( 1939 – 1945 ) the British wanted to reduce growth of Egyptian influence in Sudan , which had become more likely as a result of the 1936 treaty , while also suppressing the ultra @-@ nationalist neo @-@ Mahdist movement . They gave their support to Sayyid Ali al @-@ Mirghani of the Khatmiyyah sect as a counterpoise to Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman . Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman responded by telling the British that Sayyid Ali al @-@ Mirghani was pro @-@ Italian due to his family commitments in Eritrea , but this was not accepted by the British .
The government had promulgated the Powers of Nomad Shiekhs Ordinance in 1922 , and had recognized and reinforced the judicial powers of over 300 tribal leaders by 1923 . They had ignored the aspirations of educated Sudanese in government employment to take a greater role in administration . The principle of indirect rule had also given the Sayyids , including Abd al @-@ Rahman , more power to prevent changes demanded by the secular opposition . In a shift of policy , the Graduates ' General Congress was launched in 1938 as a forum for the intelligentsia of Sudan to express their opinions and as an alternative voice to that of the tribal leaders , who had become discredited .
In August and September 1940 the Congress became split between Ansar and Khatmiyya supporters . At first the Ansar were dominant , but they lost this position by the end of 1942 . Many of Abd al @-@ Rahman 's supporters saw him as a source of financial backing and admired his advocacy of an independent Sudan , but did not follow him as a religious leader and were not members of the Ansar movement . By the end of 1942 the government had decided the Congress had no political value . The Mahdists had split into rival camps , other factions had emerged , and the attendees at the annual meeting of the Congress included artisans , merchants and illiterates .
In May 1944 the government created a central Advisory Council , with the full backing of Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman . The majority of the Council members were Ansar or tribal leaders . Many educated Sudanese were suspicious of the Council and drifted towards the Khatmiyya side in the 1944 elections , not for religious reasons but because they were hostile to the government , wanted to retain links with Egypt as a counterpoise to British influence and did not want a monarchy under Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman .
= = Lead @-@ up to independence = =
In August 1944 Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman met with senior Congress members and tribal leaders to discuss formation of a pro @-@ independence political party that was not associated with Mahdism . The first step taken was to launch a new daily newspaper , al @-@ Umma ( The Community ) . In February 1945 the Umma party had been organized and the party 's first secretary , Abdullah Khalil , applied for a government license . The constitution of the party made no mention of Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman or of the Ansar ; the only visible link to Abd al @-@ Rahman was the party 's reliance on him for funding . However , there were rumors that the Umma party had been created by the colonial government and aimed to place Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman on the throne . These rumors persisted until June 1945 , when the government publicly said it would not support a Mahdist monarchy .
Abd al @-@ Rahman at this time was a flamboyant figure with broad popular support . His stature served to diminish that of the politicians , who were seen as his followers rather than as leaders . Abd al @-@ Rahman could not afford a sudden British withdrawal , since that would open the door for an Egyptian take @-@ over and the loss of his power . The British also were against an Egyptian take @-@ over , but for different reasons . Yet Abd al @-@ Rahman could not be seen as supporting an indefinite colonial status , and continued to promote independence . Abd al @-@ Rahman and the British were engaged in delicate and unstable arrangements characterized by mutual distrust .
When , in 1946 , Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari of the Sudanese al @-@ Ashiqqa party began seeking support for unification of the Nile Valley , Abd al @-@ Rahman was strongly opposed to any hint that the king of Egypt might have authority of any kind in Sudan . He and his followers set up an " Independence Front " and organized huge demonstrations throughout Sudan against the draft Anglo @-@ Egyptian agreement on Sudan . In November 1946 , Abd al @-@ Rahman left with a delegation for London via Cairo . Completely ignored by the Egyptian government in Cairo , he talked with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee for two hours in London . When Attlee asked why the Sudanese had not spoken up while Egypt pressed its claims over Sudan for the last seventy years , Abd al @-@ Rahman said that was because the British had excluded them from any talks . He went on to say the Sudanese would fight with all their power for independence .
Abd al @-@ Rahman supported the work of the Legislative Assembly which began in December 1948 . He saw it as the first time that Sudan 's political and religious groups had been able to meet each other in a venue where the British could not stir up disputes between the different factions . He said that Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari opposed the Assembly purely because it would bring Sudan away from Egypt and nearer to full independence . In December 1950 a member of the Umma tabled a resolution asking the Governor @-@ General to demand that Egypt and Britain grant Sudan independence at once . The British strongly opposed the measure , saying the Assembly was not truly representative since the Khatmiyya had chosen not to participate . The resolution was passed by one vote . Abd al @-@ Rahman and al @-@ Azhari both claimed victory : Abd al @-@ Rahman since the vote had been passed , and the al @-@ Azhari since the British had said the Assembly was not representative .
Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman said that from then on the British did everything they could to break up the Umma party and to thwart him personally . They tried without success to get tribal chiefs and village leaders to leave the Umma . He claimed that it was the Umma that forced the British to establish a committee to start drafting a constitution for an independent Sudan in 1951 , a constitution that was endorsed in April 1952 . However , broader considerations were anyway leading the British towards support for an independent Sudan despite attempts by the United States to persuade them to give Egypt a role .
= = Elections and independence = =
Egypt gained full independence with the Egyptian Revolution of 23 July 1952 in which King Farouk was overthrown by a group of officers that included Gamal Abdel Nasser , later to emerge as the sole ruler in 1954 . Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman visited London and met the British Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden on 11 November 1952 . On 10 January 1953 the Egyptian government ratified an agreement with the Umma representatives and other pro @-@ independence Sudanese parties that gave the Sudanese the right of self @-@ determination . During a transition period no longer than three years parliamentary elections would be held and a Sudanese government formed . British and Egyptian troops and officials would leave the country and would be replaced by Sudanese .
In 1953 Abd al @-@ Rahman made a major proclamation in which he supported a republican system , " since the democratic republican system is a system deeply rooted in Islam , our pure , tolerant , and democratic religion " . The first parliamentary elections were held that year . The National Unionist Party ( NUP ) , the successor to the al @-@ Ashiqqa party , gained a solid majority in parliament and Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari became Prime Minister . The NUP victory , greatest in northern and central Sudan , may have partly been due to support from the Khatmiyya . Another factor may have been fear that the Umma party would try to re @-@ establish a Mahdist state with Abd al @-@ Rahman as king .
In August 1954 Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman sponsored a tour of the south by Buth Diu of the Southern Liberal Party . In his speeches Buth Diu quoted NUP campaign promises supporting a Federal system in which the southern provinces would have considerable autonomy . Prime minister Azhari described this as seditious talk and threatened to use force to prevent secession from Sudan by the south . In May 1955 Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari announced that Sudan would seek complete independence , a reversal of the earlier NUP position in favor of union with Egypt .
As Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari began to assert his power , both Sayyid Ali al @-@ Mirghani and Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman became concerned that they would lose their political influence . From October 1955 Sayyid Ali began to seek ways to oust Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari from power . A key issue was whether a plebiscite should be held to determine if Sudan was to be independent of Egypt , which Sayyid Ali supported and Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari opposed . To strengthen his position in parliament , Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari started making overtures to associates of Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman to explore the idea of an NUP @-@ Umma coalition . Sudan formally became independent on 1 January 1956 . On 2 February 1956 Isma 'il al @-@ Azhari announced a new cabinet that included representatives of all political parties and factions .
The first parliamentary elections after independence were held on 27 February and 8 March 1958 . The result was a victory for Abd al @-@ Rahman 's Umma Party , which won 63 of the 173 seats . The Southern Sudan Federal Party competed in the election , and won 40 of the 46 seats allocated to the southern provinces . The Federal party platform represented a serious challenge to the authorities . However , when it became clear that the party 's demands for a federal structure would be ignored by the Constituent Assembly , on 16 June 1958 the southern MPs left parliament .
In November 1958 the army staged a coup led by General Ibrahim Abboud . Two days later Abd al @-@ Rahman proclaimed his strong support for the army 's action , saying " It grieves me greatly to say that the politicians who have led the political parties have all failed ... This now is a day of release . The men of the Sudanese army have sprung up and taken matters into their own hands ... They will not permit hesitation , anarchy or corruption to play havoc in this land ... God has placed at our disposal ... someone who will take up the reins of government with truth and decisiveness ... Rejoice at this blessed revolution and go to your work calmly and contentedly , to support the men of the Sudanese revolution " . It is possible that Abd al @-@ Rahman expected to be appointed President for Life . If so , he was disappointed .
= = Legacy = =
Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman died in 1959 aged 74 . Throughout a long and turbulent career he had always been a strong and consistent leader of the neo @-@ Mahdist movement . By the end of the condominium in 1956 , Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman was reported to be the wealthiest of all Sudanese , although his " palace " in Khartoum was unimpressive compared to the house of a mid @-@ level British administrator . The British would have preferred the Ansar movement to be purely religious in nature , but Sayyid Abd al @-@ Rahman al @-@ Mahdi would always strive to also become the political leader of Sudan . Explanations for the resurgence of neo @-@ Mahdism in Sudan have included the British need for a figurehead , Abd al @-@ Rahman 's financial influence as his cotton growing business expanded , or a resurgence of religious and nationalist feeling in the Ansar sect . However , one biographer asserts that Abd al @-@ Rahman 's rise to power was due primarily to his charisma and mastery of manipulation .
Abd al @-@ Rahman 's son Sayyid al @-@ Saddiq al @-@ Mahdi was Imam of the Ansar for the next two years . After al @-@ Saddiq 's death in 1961 he was succeeded as imam by his brother Sayyid al @-@ Hadi al @-@ Mahdi , while al @-@ Saddiq 's son Sadiq al @-@ Mahdi took over the leadership of the Umma party . Sadiq Al @-@ Mahdi was arrested in 1970 , and for many years alternated between spells in prison in Sudan and periods of exile . In 1985 Sadiq al @-@ Mahdi was again elected president of the Umma party . In the 1986 elections he became Prime Minister of Sudan , holding office until the government was overthrown in 1989 . After further imprisonment and exile , Sadiq al @-@ Mahdi returned to Sudan in 2000 and in 2002 was elected Imam of the Ansar . In 2003 Sadiq Al @-@ Mahdi was re @-@ elected President of Umma .
= Ave Imperator , morituri te salutant =
" Ave , Imperator , morituri te salutant " ( " Hail , Emperor , those who are about to die salute you " ) is a well @-@ known Latin phrase quoted in Suetonius , De Vita Caesarum ( " The Life of the Caesars " , or " The Twelve Caesars " ) . It was reportedly used during an event in AD 52 on Lake Fucinus by naumachiarii — captives and criminals fated to die fighting during mock naval encounters — in the presence of the emperor Claudius . Suetonius reports that Claudius replied " Aut non " ( " or not " ) .
Variant wordings include " Ave Caesar " and " Nos morituri te salutamus " — the latter in the 1st person ( " We who are about to die salute you " ) — and a response in 15th century texts of " Avete vos " ( " Fare you well " ) .
Despite its popularization in later times , the phrase is not recorded elsewhere in Roman history . Historians question whether it was ever used as a customary salute . It was more likely an isolated appeal by desperate captives and criminals condemned to die , and noted by Roman historians in part for the unusual mass reprieve granted by Claudius to the survivors .
= = Historical source material = =
The source material comes from the works of three Roman historians , who were all born after the events of 52 AD . Suetonius ( c . 69 – 75 to after 130 , probably writing around AD 121 ) , and Cassius Dio ( around 155 – 164 to after 229 , probably writing 200 – 22 ) both wrote about the event and quoted the phrase . Tacitus ( c . 56 – 117 , writing from around 98 to 117 ) mentions the event but does not quote the phrase .
The first known record of the phrase is in the writings of Suetonius :
Even when he [ Claudius ] was on the point of letting out the water from Lake Fucinus he gave a sham sea @-@ fight first . But when the combatants cried out : " Hail , emperor , they who are about to die salute thee , " he replied , " Or not " [ Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis : " Ave Imperator , Morituri te salutant ! " respondisset : " Aut non " . ] , and after that all of them refused to fight , maintaining that they had been pardoned . Upon this he hesitated for some time about destroying them all with fire and sword , but at last leaping from his throne and running along the edge of the lake with his ridiculous tottering gait , he induced them to fight , partly by threats and partly by promises . At this performance a Sicilian and a Rhodian fleet engaged , each numbering twelve triremes ...
The same incident is described in the writings of Cassius Dio , a Roman consul and historian who wrote in Greek . In Book 60 of his Roman History he states :
Claudius conceived the desire to exhibit a naval battle on a certain lake ; so , after building a wooden wall around it and erecting stands , he assembled an enormous multitude . Claudius and Nero were arrayed in military garb , while Agrippina wore a beautiful chlamys woven with threads of gold , and the rest of the spectators whatever pleased their fancy . Those who were to take part in the sea @-@ fight were condemned criminals , and each side had fifty ships , one part being styled " Rhodians " and the other " Sicilians . " First they assembled in a single body and all together addressed Claudius in this fashion : " Hail , Emperor ! We who are about to die salute thee [ χαῖρε , αὐτοκράτορ · οἱ ἀπολούμενοί σε ἀσπαζόμεθα ] . " And when this in no wise availed to save them and they were ordered to fight just the same , they simply sailed through their opponents ' lines , injuring each other as little as possible . This continued until they were forced to destroy one another .
= = = Source variations and interpretation = = =
The person of the main verb differs in the two sources . Suetonius quotes it with a third @-@ person plural verb ( salutant , meaning " they / those salute / greet " ) , and Cassius quotes it with a first @-@ person plural verb ( ἀσπαζόμεθα , meaning " we salute / greet " ) . Apart from this , the Latin and Greek expressions have the same meaning .
Claudius ' response is stated in several sources as " Avete vos ! " ( " Fare you well ! " ) , suggesting an act of favor . The earliest editions of De Vita Caesarum published in Rome in 1470 and Venice in 1471 used " Avete vos , " but this version was still accepted in the nineteenth century , as can be seen in the Baumgarten @-@ Crusius edition of 1816 . Karl Ludwig Roth returned to the better quality manuscripts for his 1857 edition — chiefly the ninth @-@ century Codex Memmianus , the oldest known extant version of Suetonius ' work — and corrected Claudius ' reported response to " Aut non " . John C. Rolfe notes both responses , describing them as " one of Claudius ' feeble jokes , which the combatants pretended to understand as meaning that they need not risk their lives in battle " . Donald Kyle describes it as a possible attempt at a witticism . Joseph Pike states in his notes on Roth 's text :
The reading ' Avete vos ' is from the fifteenth century manuscripts and editions . In this case the emperor is simply returning the salutation . The literal meaning is , however , ' be well ' , ' be safe ' , or ' be sound ' , and the gladiators understood it as dismissing them .
Basil Kennett , writing in 1820 , describes the " Avete vos " response as a cruel jest : " [ W ] hen they would gladly have interpreted it as an act of favour , and a grant of their lives , he soon gave them to understand that it proceeded from the contrary principle of barbarous cruelty , and insensibility . "
= = = Cultural background = = =
Claudius , the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty , ruled the Roman Empire following Caligula 's death in AD 41 until his death in AD 54 . According to Suetonius , Claudius was extraordinarily fond of the games . He is said to have risen with the crowd after gladiatorial matches and given unrestrained praise to the fighters , and he was criticized for not leaving the arena during the executions as was the custom among the noble classes .
Claudius also presided over many new and original events . Soon after coming into power , Claudius instituted games to be held in honor of his father , Nero Claudius Drusus , on the latter 's birthday . Annual games were also held in honor of his accession , and took place at the Praetorian camp where Claudius had first been proclaimed emperor .
Claudius celebrated the Secular games — a religious festival that had been revived by Augustus — to mark the 800th anniversary of the founding of Rome . He also on at least one occasion participated in a wild animal hunt himself according to Pliny the Elder , setting out with the Praetorian cohorts to fight a killer whale which was trapped in the harbor of Ostia .
Public entertainments varied from combat between just two gladiators , to large @-@ scale events with potentially thousands of deaths . The naumachia ( also called navalia proelia by the Romans ) was one of the latter , a large @-@ scale and bloody spectacular combative event taking place on many ships and held in large lakes or flooded arenas . Prisoners of war and criminals condemned to die were tasked with enacting naval battles to the death for public entertainment . Those selected were known as naumachiarii .
Unlike gladiatorial combats , naumachiae were infrequently held — they were usually only called to celebrate notable events . Julius Caesar held an event with 6 @,@ 000 naumachiarii in the lesser Codeta , a marshy area by the Tiber , to celebrate his fourth victory to be honored by triumph . Cassius Dio writes of two naumachiae that Titus held during the inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheater , including an event of 3 @,@ 000 men enacting a battle between the Athenians and the Syracusans ; and Domitian held a naumachia in which Dio reports " practically all the combatants and many of the spectators as well perished " .
The naumachia called by Claudius celebrated the completion of a drainage work and agricultural land reclamation project at Italy 's largest inland lake , Lake Fucino , an 11 mile ( 19 km ) long crater lake in the Central Apennine mountain range located around 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Rome . The project , which took eleven years to complete and employed 30 @,@ 000 men , included the leveling of a hill top and the construction of a 3 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) tunnel between the lake and the river Liri ( Lat . Liris ) . The tunnel has been described as " the greatest Roman tunnel " ( Encyclopedia Americana ) despite initially only achieving partial success , and was the longest such tunnel until the construction of that of Mont Cenis in 1876 . According to the Annals of Tacitus :
in order that the impressive character of the work might be viewed by a larger number of visitants , a naval battle was arranged upon the lake itself , on the model of an earlier spectacle given by Augustus – though with light vessels and a smaller force [ ... ] "
In a footnote to a 2008 publication of Tacitus ' Annals , it is noted that " such an amount of criminals [ 19 @,@ 000 according to Tacitus and other sources ] may probably represent the sweepings of the provinces as well as of Rome and Italy ; but even on this supposition the number , as Friedländer remarks ( ii , 324 ) , is suggestive of iniquitous condemnations " .
= = = Description of the event by Tacitus = = =
According to Tacitus ( writing around 50 years after the event ) :
Claudius equipped triremes , quadriremes , and nineteen thousand combatants : the lists he surrounded with rafts , so as to leave no unauthorized points of escape , but reserved space enough in the centre to display the vigour of the rowing , the arts of the helmsmen , the impetus of the galleys , and the usual incidents of an engagement . On the rafts were stationed companies and squadrons of the praetorian cohorts , covered by a breastwork from which to operate their catapults and ballistae : the rest of the lake was occupied by marines with decked vessels . The shores , the hills , the mountain @-@ crests , formed a kind of theatre , soon filled by an untold multitude , attracted from the neighbouring towns , and in part from the capital itself , by curiosity or by respect for the sovereign . He and Agrippina presided , the one in a gorgeous military cloak , the other – not far distant – in a Greek mantle of cloth of gold . The battle , though one of criminals [ sontes ] , was contested with the spirit and courage of freemen ; and , after much blood had flowed , the combatants were exempted from destruction [ occidioni ] .
= = Usage in Roman times = =
H. J. Leon of the University of Texas considered this salutation in the Transactions of the American Philological Association in 1939 . He observed that the salute had become widely represented and embellished in " numerous works dealing with Roman antiquities , so that it has become one of the best known and most often cited of Roman customs " . It was recognized in lay and academic writings as a customary salute of gladiators to the emperor . And yet " there is no other ancient reference to a salute of the gladiators , and in this case it was uttered not by gladiators at all , but by naumachiarii . " A striking example of this pervasive belief even in academia can be found in historian Jérôme Carcopino 's 1940 book La vie Quotidienne à Rome à l ’ Apogée de l ’ Empire ( Daily Life in Ancient Rome : The People and the City at the Height of the Empire ) . In this book the author , a member of the Académie française , professor at Le Havre and the Sorbonne , and Director of the French Academy in Rome , cites the phrase and writes in vivid and poetic detail of the gladiators ' " melancholy salutation " as they parade past the emperor prior to entering the Colosseum .
Following a review of the source material related to the AD 52 naumachia , Leon observes that the fighters were not gladiators but were convicted criminals sentenced to death . Their intended fate was occidioni ( massacre , or slaughter ) . The lake had been surrounded with " rafts " to prevent a mass breakout and was surrounded by " the crack soldiers of the praetorian guard , both infantry and cavalry , who were protected by ramparts and equipped with catapults and ballistae , and further reinforced by ships bearing marines ready for action " . He concludes that this was not a formal salute , but in all likelihood an isolated incident of a mass plea for sympathy or mercy by desperate convicted men sentenced to death on a specific occasion , and that
[ c ] ombining the three accounts , we can reasonably assume that , condemned as they were to die , these convicts invoked Claudius with their " Morituri te salutant " , which was not a regular and formal salute , but an appeal used only on that occasion in the hope of winning the Emperor 's sympathy . When he replied " Aut non " , they took his words as meaning " aut non morituri " [ or not die ] and indicating pardon – Suetonius says " quasi venia data " – and refused to fight , but finally yielded either to the entreaties of the Emperor or to force , and fought bravely until the survivors were excused from further slaughter .
My conclusion is , accordingly , that there is no evidence whatever for the much @-@ quoted salute of the gladiators . The only two ancient references , those in Suetonius and in Dio , refer not to gladiators but to naumachiarii , men condemned to die , and even these references are to one specific episode , the circumstances of which indicate that the supposed salute was not even a regular salute of the naumachiarii .
Alan Baker broadly agrees , stating , " There is no evidence that this was common practice among gladiators . As far as we know , the only time this phrase was used was at an event staged by Claudius . " Plass notes that " it is hard to see why or how the phrase came to be used on this occasion if it was not a regular formula . On the other hand , if it was something that Claudius might expect to hear it would more naturally serve in its role as a feed line for his repartee portraying his invincible gaucherie . " He comments on the distancing effect of the Latin source and the first person of the Greek source and notes that the interpretation and response by the fighters " seems to be a maneuver within rules governing clemency in the arena " .
Kyle concurs that no other sources record the " supposed gladiator salute " in any other context " and it did not come here from true gladiators " . Treated as a commodity , they were not elite gladiators but captives and criminals doomed to die , who usually fought until all were killed . When the salute or appeal failed , and they were forced to kill one another in earnest ,
[ a ] cting with some initiative and inventing a pseudo @-@ gladiatorial salute , and then fighting well , these men , despite their criminal and non @-@ professional status and their intended extermination , atypically turned themselves into proper gladiators for a day . Hence some survived .
He concludes that " [ t ] he sources remark on the incident , in part , because it was an anomaly in arena practice — a mass Androclean reprieve . "
= = Usage in modern times = =
As well as taking root in modern conceptions of Roman customs , the phrase has passed into contemporary culture , including use by air force pilots such as John Lerew ( his biography is titled " We Who Are About to Die " ) , a World War II film entitled Morituri , a Marvel comic of the 1980s called Strikeforce : Morituri that focused on superheroes who were inevitably going to die , the Adventure Time episode " Morituri Te Salutamus " , ' a set of one @-@ act plays of the 1890s by Hermann Sudermann , Joseph Conrad 's canonical 1902 novel Heart of Darkness , James Joyce 's novel Ulysses , in the epilogue of an Agatha Christie 's book named ' A Caribbean Mystery ' , in popular music of the 1980s , as well as music in video games , in the paper title of peer @-@ reviewed medical research , in a political maiden speech , market commentary during 2008 global financial crisis and in modern art , fiction , non @-@ fiction and poetry related to the Roman period . The 1985 sci @-@ fi / comedy motion picture My Science Project had two of its main protagonists @-@ Vince and Sherman @-@ encounter a gladiatorial sentry . They were greeted the customary phrase ; which , before subduing him , translated by the affluent Sherman as simply , " He 's going to kick our ass ! "
= = Writing and pronunciation = =
Written with optional macrons : Avē Imperātor ( Cæsar ) , moritūrī tē salūtant .
Classical Latin pronunciation : [ ˈaweː ɪmpɛˈraːtɔr ( ˈkajsar ) mɔrɪˈtuːriː teː saˈluːtant ]
= Bernt Michael Holmboe =
Bernt Michael Holmboe ( 23 March 1795 – 28 March 1850 ) was a Norwegian mathematician . He was home @-@ tutored from an early age , and was not enrolled in school until 1810 . Following a short period at the Royal Frederick University , which included a stint as assistant to Christopher Hansteen , Holmboe was hired as a mathematics teacher at the Christiania Cathedral School in 1818 , where he met the future renowned mathematician Niels Henrik Abel . Holmboe 's lasting impact on mathematics worldwide has been said to be his tutoring of Abel , both in school and privately . The two became friends and remained so until Abel 's early death . Holmboe moved to the Royal Frederick University in 1826 , where he worked until his own death in 1850 .
Holmboe 's significant impact on mathematics in the fledgling Norway was his textbook in two volumes for secondary schools . It was widely used , but faced competition from Christopher Hansteen 's alternative offering , sparking what may have been Norway 's first debate about school textbooks .
= = Early life and career = =
Bernt Michael Holmboe was born in Vang in 1795 , the son of vicar Jens Holmboe ( 1746 – 1823 ) and his wife Cathrine Holst ( 1763 – 1823 ) . He grew up in Eidsberg with his nine siblings , and was the elder brother of noted philologist Christopher Andreas Holmboe . Holmboe was homeschooled from an early age , but was sent to the Christiania Cathedral School in 1810 to complete his secondary education . There he undertook extracurricular studies in mathematics . He enrolled as a student at the Royal Frederick University in 1814 , a turbulent year in Norwegian history . Norway had been a province of Denmark since 1397 , but had come under Swedish control in the January 1814 Treaty of Kiel . Following Norway 's declaration of independence in the Constitution of 17 May , Sweden responded by waging a military campaign against Norway during the summer of 1814 . Holmboe was a spokesperson for the student group opposed to the presence of Swedish troops in the country . Any outspokenness from the student community was highly visible at the time , as the university had only seventeen students as of 1813 , its year of establishment .
As well as his private studies , Holmboe attended lectures given by Søren Rasmusen . In 1815 he was appointed to the position of scientific assistant under Christopher Hansteen , a lecturer at the university , and delivered some lectures himself . In early 1818 , Holmboe became a mathematics teacher at the Christiania Cathedral School , a position that had become vacant in 1817 . The school principal , Jacob Rosted , had invited Holmboe 's brother , Christopher Andreas , who had also studied mathematics , to take up the position , but he had decided instead to concentrate on philology ; Christopher went on to research the Sanskrit language among others . In his teaching , Holmboe drew inspiration from Joseph @-@ Louis Lagrange .
= = = Niels Henrik Abel = = =
At the Christiania Cathedral School , Holmboe met Niels Henrik Abel , then a pupil there . Holmboe quickly discovered Abel 's talent , and proclaimed him as a " splendid genius " in his report card . The school 's primary focus was on classical education and Latin , and so Holmboe tutored Abel privately . His personal support for Abel has been called " [ Holmboe 's ] most important contribution to mathematics " .
Holmboe and Abel became close friends . Two of Holmboe 's younger brothers studied with Abel , and the three were also on friendly terms . Abel was invited to the Holmboe family residence in Eidsberg on several occasions , including to celebrate Christmas .
Abel died from tuberculosis in 1829 , at the age of twenty @-@ six . Ten years after Abel 's death Holmboe edited and published his complete works in two volumes — Oeuvres complètes de N.H. Abel ( ' Complete Works of N.H. Abel ' ) . He was the first to do so .
= = Later life and career = =
Holmboe published his first textbook in mathematics in 1825 . The 274 @-@ page book was named Lærebog i Mathematiken . Første Deel ( Textbook in Mathematics . Part One ) . In 1827 he followed with the second volume , Lærebog i Mathematiken . Anden Deel ( Textbook in Mathematics . Part Two ) , consisting of a further 155 pages . He used his own teaching experience as the background for his writing ; mainly abstract , the purpose of the books was to instill logical thinking . For instance , in the field geometry , it enticed readers to envisage a figure instead of putting it to paper . The books became widely used , and were reprinted in four and five volumes respectively .
In 1826 , Holmboe was appointed a lecturer at the Royal Frederick University . Some claimed that he owed his appointment to Abel 's absence , as the latter was travelling around in Europe at that time . Holmboe also taught mathematics at a military college , from 1826 until his death , and was promoted to professor at the Royal Frederick University in 1834 . His later publications include Stereometrie ( Stereometry ) ( 1833 ) , Plan- og sfærisk Trigonometrie ( Plan and Spherical Trigonometry ) ( 1834 ) , and Lærebog i den høiere Mathematik ( Textbook of
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
whitish ring on the stem . The spore print is cinnamon to brown in color . The variety calabrus , found in Italy , has a light yellow cap and purple @-@ red scales . Variety pseudopictus has a cap that is redder and more scaly than the more common form .
The spores are spindle @-@ shaped to elliptical , have a smooth surface , and dimensions of 8 – 11 to 3 – 4 µm . There are both two- and four @-@ spored basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) , and they are club @-@ shaped , hyaline ( translucent ) , with dimensions of 28 – 36 by 10 – 12 µm . Cystidia are plentiful , and are found in bundles lined along the tube mouths ( as cheilocystidia ) , or more commonly , singly along the sides of the tubes ( as pleurocystidia ) . These structures are thin @-@ walled , cylindrical , and measure 48 – 60 by 7 – 9 µm . The scales on the cap surface comprise more or less erect hyphae with tips that are clustered together . Clamp connections are rare in the hyphae .
= = = Edibility = = =
Suillus lakei is edible , although opinions vary considerably as to its quality . It has been called " choice " , as well as " rather coarse and tasteless " or " mediocre " . Laboratory tests indicate the fruit bodies to have antimicrobial activity , and contain alkaloids and tannins .
= = = Similar species = = =
Mushrooms with an appearance similar to S. lakei can often be distinguished by their associations with trees . For example , the eastern North American species S. spraguei grows in association with Eastern White Pine . The cap of S. spraguei has red fibrils on a yellow background . S. cavipes and S. ochraceoroseus always grow with Larch . S. ponderosus , which grows in mixed coniferous forests , has a gelatinous veil . Smith and Thiers note that it is difficult to tell the difference between the two if S. ponderosus has lost its veil , since the colors of the species intergrade and cannot reliably be used to distinguish them . S. decipiens has a cap that is orangish to pink @-@ orange with hairs or scales . S. caerulescens is a similar species in western North America ; it can be distinguished by the strong blue staining that develops when the stem is injured .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Suillus lakei is indigenous to the Rocky Mountains and western parts of North America . Its range extends south into Mexico . Fruit bodies grow solitarily or in groups on the ground in young conifer stands or grassy parkland . Fruiting occurs in the late summer and autumn . Suillus lakei forms ectomycorrhizae with Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) , and its distribution coincides with this tree . It is one of the most common bolete species found in northwestern Montana and Idaho . In a study of host specificity in pure culture in the laboratory , S. lakei failed to form healthy ectomycorrhizas with Eucalyptus roots — the hyphae were covered in mucilage @-@ like deposits and appeared to be collapsed . It has also been noted to prefer poor , exposed soil such as that found on road banks and campgrounds . It can often be found with the mushroom Gomphidius subroseus , another species that associates with Douglas fir .
Both Douglas fir and Suillus lakei are non @-@ native introduced species in Europe . The fungus has been found in several central and south European countries following the intentional introduction of Douglas fir . These include Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Italy , and Slovakia . It is considered endangered in the Czech Republic . Suillus lakei has also been reported in the South Island of New Zealand , and South America ( Argentina and Chile ) .
= Naim NAIT =
The Naim NAIT is an amplifier concept from the British hi @-@ fi manufacturer , Naim Audio . It is an acronym for " Naim Audio Integrated amplifier " , and is an umbrella term that is applied to any integrated amplifier from the company . The original NAIT is one of the most recognisable pieces of hi @-@ fi equipment ever made . Hi @-@ fi critic Lucio Cadeddu recognised its legendary status , referring to it as " one of the most controversial and famous integrated amps in the history of HiFi " .
Having already made their name producing solid @-@ state pre- / power- amplifier separates , Naim launched a low @-@ powered integrated amplifier that embodies the qualities of its amplifiers , aimed at cost @-@ conscious audiophiles .
Since the NAIT was launched in 1983 , it has been re @-@ imagined six times in all . In 2007 , Naim added a high end product , the SUPERNAIT , to their integrated amplifier offering . As of 2008 , the NAIT brand is a three @-@ amplifier range consisting of the entry @-@ level NAIT 5si the mid @-@ range NAIT XS 2 , and the flagship SUPERNAIT 2 .
= = History = =
Up to that point a manufacturer of solid @-@ state pre- / power- amplifier separates , Naim Audio wanted an entry @-@ level integrated amplifier to complement their range and widen their appeal . They worked to create a low @-@ powered model that shared the family characteristics and sound . The approach , seemingly against the received wisdom of the time that power and sound quality go hand in hand , remained nevertheless controversial , despite the fact that NAD Electronics had trail @-@ blazed five years earlier with the top @-@ selling low @-@ cost audiophile amplifier , the NAD 3020 . The Naim Audio Integrated amplifier ( or NAIT ) was created by Julian Vereker as a minimalist black shoe @-@ box design that includes a phono and two line @-@ level inputs – one for tuner and one for tape recorder . The phono input , for moving magnet cartridges , is derived from the NAC 32 pre @-@ amplifier . The NAIT was launched in 1983 , ten years after the firm was founded .
In terms of styling , the NAIT , priced in the UK at £ 253 , was housed in a small black aluminium " chrome bumper " case shared by other " half @-@ size " Naim components at the time . On the left side of the front panel , a plastic volume knob is adjacent to a small @-@ diameter rotating potentiometer that controls the balance . Then follows a bank of three press @-@ button selector switches – for each of phono , tuner , tape – then a power on – off button . On the right side is a light @-@ emitting diode ( LED ) indicating activity status . Sam Tellig of Stereophile said that the NAIT was " a profoundly anarchistic , almost subversive product " .
The first " chrome bumper " version was followed by a second , then two Olive incarnations ( including the NAIT 3 ) , and three NAIT 5 versions . All bear the Naim Audio logo , but none have any markings or other indication of their model numbers on the fascia .
Between 1983 and 2007 , Naim had only one integrated amplifier available , although the product has seen several guises . Naim extended the range with the SUPERNAIT in 2007 , and the XS barely a year later . In 2013 , the NAIT range consists of the entry @-@ level NAIT 5si and the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ range SUPERNAIT 2 , with the XS 2 slotting in the middle . Some of the models provide an upgrade path for their equipment by allowing the simple insertion of an external power supply unit .
= = = Design and power = = =
Insistent on the unimportance of specifications in general , Naim never published technical specifications for this low @-@ powered design . Trade speculation of its power output ranged from 5 to 15 watts per channel . Naim confirmed years later that the NAIT is rated at 13 watts . Part of its mystique seemed to stem from its low power : in developing the successor to the NAIT , Naim founder Julian Vereker remarked that R & D " cooked up a more powerful version and presented it to me on my return [ from holiday but ] it sounded awful . "
In its product manual , the NAIT is said to have " low continuous power output ... balanced by a very large peak current capacity so there are no restrictions on the size or type of loudspeaker that may be used . But please don 't expect the impossible " . Hi @-@ Fi Journal wrote that " the NAIT excelled in musical terms ... and would comfortably drive loudspeakers that caused other amplifiers to sound lumpen and distinctly unmusical " . And for that reason , many people who owned the Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker ( ESL ) – which are known to be a very difficult load for amplifiers – would choose the NAIT to drive their speakers . Reviewers attribute the perception of power of the NAITs to the over @-@ engineered , dedicated power supplies that ensure generous current delivery for musical transients .
As part of the 5 @-@ series redesign , mechanical and electronic changes introduced in the NAIT 5i ( italic ' i ' ) include attention to wiring , control of internal heat dissipation , radio @-@ frequency interference and mechanical vibration through more efficient materials , compliant mounting and decoupling . The SUPERNAIT benefits from a fully active line @-@ level preamp developed for the NAC 552 pre @-@ amplifier , and its output section is derived largely from the NAP 200 power amplifier .
In launching the 2013 NAIT range , Steve Sells , electronic design manager of Naim , explained how the new NAITs fulfilled the goal of delivering sound quality performance . They are stripped of superfluous components and features , and as such , the digital – analogue converter ( DAC ) previously available on the SUPERNAIT has not found its way into its successor . The transformer is deliberately positioned as far away as possible from the inputs to avoid electromagnetic interference , while the power supply and its capacitors are closer to both the transformer and the output devices . Non @-@ audio circuitry for controlling the amplifiers are optically isolated from signal sections , and are designed to power down when not in use , to avoid interference .
= = = Construction = = =
While reviewers criticised the styling of early NAITs of having a distinctly cottagey feel , Ian White observed that the typical Naim product is " meticulously laid out , clean , and well put together " . Housed in the same small , black " half @-@ size " aluminium cases used by Naim pre @-@ amplifiers and power supplies , the electronic components are of high quality and discrete – with few or no integrated circuits , mounted on a single , printed circuit board . For many years , Holden & Fisher supplied custom @-@ made toroidal transformers used in the amplifiers . The ones used in NAIT were rated 100 VA , but these have been progressively up @-@ rated over the years , with consequent increases in power output : the entry @-@ level NAIT 5si has a powerful 300 VA transformer for the delivery of 60 W of rated output .
While Naim 's practice of using DIN connectors has been regarded by some reviewers as quirky or arrogant , DIN sockets continue to be Naim 's choice for line @-@ level inputs . From standard DIN sockets used in the " half @-@ size " NAITs , Naim upgraded to higher @-@ quality locking DIN sockets on the NAIT 3 . However , models since the NAIT 5i include a number of hard @-@ wired parallel inputs using RCA sockets . As the NAIT was conceived as an entry @-@ level offering , the RCA connector – undoubtedly more popular with mass @-@ market equipment – was offered in place of the BNC for the phono source . In all 2013 models , RCA inputs double the DIN counterparts . Banana plugs , the absence of tone controls , the tendency to harshness when cold are family traits inherited by the NAIT .
" NAIT 1 " to NAIT 3 have hard @-@ wired mains cables . Since NAIT 3 , the on – off switch has been located on the back of the amplifier – given that units are meant to be permanently switched on ; since NAIT 5 , power is delivered through a detachable mains cable via an IEC connector fixed to the back panel . Consequently , the front panel looks more minimalistic .
The 2013 range of Naim equipment has aluminium chassis and sleeves ; the fascia is die @-@ cast zinc . Inside , circuit boards float , and the rear @-@ mounted mains switch and IEC socket are decoupled to reduce microphony . Techradar noted that the XS , launched in late 2008 , is the first Naim device to use a new bayonet PCB @-@ mounting technique to float the circuitry .
= = Popularity = =
Strong and polarised opinions about Naim amplifiers led to the NAIT being called " one of the most controversial and famous integrated amps in the history of HiFi " by Lucio Cadeddu . This controversy has been as much to do with the company 's refusal to follow the fashion of " audiophile @-@ approved values " – such as power ratings and holographic soundstage – as its idiosyncratic preference for connectors other than RCA connectors and its eschewing of tone controls . The volume control always sits on the wrong ( left ) side of the facia . However , the trade noted that the unique sound of the NAIT caused it to become " an instant classic " upon release . As one of the most recognisable pieces of hi @-@ fi , the NAIT has acquired an iconic and legendary status among integrated amplifiers ; Hi @-@ fi World said : " If there was ever a quintessentially British affordable audiophile amplifier , the Naim NAIT is it . "
= = Incarnations = =
= = = NAIT ( 1983 ) = = =
There are two major variants of the NAIT , and apparently several minor variants with different motherboards . The simplest and most notable distinction between older and later models is the LED on the fascia : the red LED on the earlier NAIT became a green one on the later model . The balance control unusually only attenuated the left channel by up to − 3 dB ; the lack of obvious markings to indicate a central position was criticised for being " slightly confusing " .
Tellig was ambivalent about the NAIT 1 in Stereophile : noting that it was " a good @-@ sounding little amp " , he criticised it for " look [ ing ] very cheaply made , inside and out " , and for its lack of features , particularly the absence of an ' aux ' or ' CD ' input , tone controls , or moving coil input .
= = = NAIT 2 ( 1988 ) = = =
The " chrome bumper " NAIT 2 was designed to be factory @-@ modified to work as a preamp @-@ only unit . The upgrade path is assured by partnering with Naim 's own stereo power amplifiers – in particular , the NAP 90 and NAP 140 , both of whose in @-@ built power supplies can power their own pre @-@ amplifiers .
= = = NAIT 3 ( 1993 ) = = =
The NAIT 3 is derived from the NAC 92 preamplifier and the NAP 90 / 3 power amplifier with which it was launched – it is basically the NAC 92 and NAP 90 / 3 in one box . Its flat slimline Olive case with rounded edges measures 17 by 12 by 2 @.@ 2 inches ( 432 mm × 305 mm × 56 mm ) . The NAIT 3 , costing £ 500 at its launch , has five line inputs .
A remote control version , identified by the ' NAIT 3R ' designation , was released in 1995 . The NAIT 3 can be upgraded to ' R ' specification by adding a separate remote control board . Ian White said its construction , fit and finish and performance / cost ratio made it a price @-@ point leader .
= = = NAIT 5 ( 2000 ) = = =
The NAIT 5 was successor to the ' 3' . It is housed in the same low @-@ vibration black die @-@ cast alloy casing employed in the ' 5 Series ' , and measures 17 @.@ 2 by 12 by 2 @.@ 3 inches ( 43 @.@ 7 cm × 30 @.@ 5 cm × 5 @.@ 8 cm ) . and employs surface @-@ mount technology . Like its brethren , attention is paid to protecting the circuit boards from vibration . The remote control function of the NAIT 5 is a new feature to the NAIT , and allows volume and the balance adjustment .
= = = NAIT range ( 2003 – 13 ) = = =
The NAIT is henceforth a range extended across its three series – the entry @-@ level ' i Series ' , XS , and Classic series . The three units all share a styling , but the height of the case increases for the higher models .
The 50 @-@ watt NAIT 5i replaces the 30 @-@ watt NAIT 5 . The phono input has been banished , so owners of turntables would need to plug a head amp ( phono pre @-@ amplifier ) into one of the line inputs . Styling is similar to its predecessor , with basic black with green fluorescent highlights . However , it has fewer selector buttons on the right side of the face @-@ plate . When the SUPERNAIT was launched in 2007 , the 5i was upgraded to the " italic specification " NAIT 5i .
The NAIT 5i ( italic ' i ' ) has an additional 3.5mm jack for portable devices on the front panel , reviewers noted sonic improvements " from the first track " ; it is demonstrably better at handling higher sound pressure levels than the ' 5i ' .
NAIT XS : Reviewers have described the XS as a " SUPERNAIT in the slimmer casework of the Series S " . It also has a 3.5mm stereo input with auto @-@ switching on the front @-@ panel , suitable for an MP3 player . A powered input , provided for turntable users , is designed to supply one of Naim 's external phono pre @-@ amplifiers . The unity gain option and AV bypass function allow it to be used in conjunction with an AV processor in a home cinema system . It also includes optional RS @-@ 232 interface for custom installations .
The SUPERNAIT , released in 2007 , incorporates two coaxial and three optical inputs , including a combination mini @-@ jack / mini @-@ Toslink connector with auto @-@ switching on the front panel connectivity for digital sources that facilitate direct connection of computers , media servers and the like . Its circuitry is supposedly identical to that of the XS , but has a 24 @-@ bit DAC that can be called from any of five S / PDIF inputs . It has more features , a more well @-@ endowed power supply allowing delivery of 80 watts ' music , and can bi @-@ amp suitable speakers by adding a secondary power amplifier .
= = = NAIT range ( 2013 ) = = =
To mark the 40th anniversary of Naim Audio and the 30th birthday of the original NAIT , Naim unveiled a new 3 @-@ product range under the NAIT brand : the NAIT 5si , NAIT XS 2 and SUPERNAIT 2 . The range has seen a general uprating of the transformer compared with the versions they replaced , allowing for better power delivery . The manufacturer claims use of better components in critical areas and new circuitry . All three models have built @-@ in headphone amplifiers . The digital – analogue converter has been removed as being available either as a separate unit , or as part of the Uniti .
The NAIT 5si is the entry @-@ level NAIT and the direct replacement of the NAIT 5i ( with italic ' i ' ) ; the NAIT XS 2 is positioned as the mid @-@ range product . The SUPERNAIT 2 , the flagship integrated amplifier in the Naim stable individually decoupled inputs and no digital circuitry . Both incorporate a headphone output via a class @-@ A headphone amplifier .
= = Reception = =
In Stereophile , Sam Tellig , who was unimpressed with the poor value for money of the NAIT , said the NAIT 2 " sounds insanely great " and that there was " [ no ] better @-@ sounding integrated amp at the price " . He remarked that and the NAIT 2 resembled his Krell KSP @-@ 7B / KSA @-@ 80 combination sonically , but lacked " ooomph , kick , balls in the bass " . Although his colleague Robert Harley disliked the NAIT 2 for its styling , connectors , price , and poor performance on paper , he found it to be the most musically satisfying of several amplifiers in his test .
Reviewers of NAIT rarely fail to mention their characteristic PRAT ( pace , rhythm , and timing ) sound of Naim . Channa Vithana , wrote comparing the NAIT , NAIT 2 , NAIT 3 and NAIT 5 in the October 2007 edition of Hi @-@ fi World :
... the original NAIT had the best musical timing with precision tempos . The NAIT 2 had the most tuneful bass with a much quieter musical background in comparison to the NAIT . The NAIT 3 had clearer sound overall than all the others , and opened out the music superbly by being the most free flowing . The NAIT 5i was easily the most refined , yet was more immediate too . It proved superb with the tonal qualities of instruments , and added a dash of sweetness to higher frequencies also .
David Price , writing in Hi @-@ fi News , said that with the earlier NAITs gave the impression of " something overly reminiscent of British hi @-@ fi 's ' cottage industry ' past " , but remarked that the NAIT 5 made " all other integrateds sound positively pedestrian " . Ian White said the NAIT 5 " sounds like a NAIT 3 that finally finished going through puberty and emerged as a mature adult " , and What Hi @-@ fi ? referred to the NAIT 5 as " one of the finest amplifiers available this side of 1000 pounds " ; In The Absolute Sound , Wayne Garcia noted that the " staggeringly good sound and wonderful value " of the NAIT 5i contributed significantly to raising Naim 's profile in the US audio market . Matthew Masters remarked about the 5i amp and CD player that " it didn 't seem to matter how complex or demanding the music was , the Naims would sort out the elements then present them in a perfectly @-@ timed and coherent musical picture that helped me understand – and feel – precisely what the performers were on about " . Commenting on the NAIT XS , Malcolm Stewart wrote that the NAITs were " a musically communicative , minimalist design " . Confirming Naim 's upgrade philosophy – the belief and objective that incremental improvements to their equipment can be gained with improving the quality of the power source , Martin Colloms of Hi @-@ fi Critic concluded about adding an external power supply to the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ range Supernait :
... simply transformed the sound quality , immediately bringing a substantial and obvious improvement . Supernait @-@ with @-@ Hi @-@ Cap has greater poise and dynamic range , is better at getting feet tapping , has less ' character ' , a bigger soundstage , and the bass is tauter with less ' thump ' .
= Witold Pilecki =
Witold Pilecki ( 13 May 1901 – 25 May 1948 ; Polish pronunciation : [ ˈvitɔlt piˈlɛt ͡ skʲi ] ; codenames Roman Jezierski , Tomasz Serafiński , Druh , Witold ) was a Polish soldier , a rittmeister of the Polish Cavalry during the Second Polish Republic , the founder of the Secret Polish Army ( Tajna Armia Polska ) resistance group in German @-@ occupied Poland in November 1939 , and a member of the underground Home Army ( Armia Krajowa ) , which was formed in February 1942 . He was the author of Witold 's Report , the first comprehensive Allied intelligence report on Auschwitz concentration camp and the Holocaust .
During World War II , he volunteered for a Polish resistance operation to get imprisoned in the Auschwitz death camp in order to gather intelligence and escape . While in the camp , Pilecki organized a resistance movement and as early as 1941 , informed the Western Allies of Nazi Germany 's Auschwitz atrocities . He escaped from the camp in 1943 after nearly two and a half years of imprisonment . Pilecki took part in the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944 . He remained loyal to the London @-@ based Polish government @-@ in @-@ exile after the Soviet @-@ backed communist takeover of Poland and was arrested in 1947 by the Stalinist secret police ( Urząd Bezpieczeństwa ) on charges of working for " foreign imperialism " , thought to be a euphemism for MI6 . He was executed after a show trial in 1948 . Until 1989 , information about his exploits and fate was suppressed by the Polish communist regime .
As a result of his deeds , he is considered as " one of the greatest wartime heroes " . In the foreword to the book The Auschwitz Volunteer : Beyond Bravery Michael Schudrich , the Chief Rabbi of Poland , wrote as follows : " When God created the human being , God had in mind that we should all be like Captain Witold Pilecki , of blessed memory . " In the introduction to that book Norman Davies , a British historian , wrote : " If there was an Allied hero who deserved to be remembered and celebrated , this was a person with few peers . " At the commemoration event of International Holocaust Remembrance Day held in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum on 27 January 2013 Ryszard Schnepf , the Polish Ambassador to the US , described Pilecki as a " diamond among Poland 's heroes " and " the highest example of Polish patriotism " .
= = Early life = =
Pilecki was born in Olonets , Karelia , where his family had been forcibly resettled by Imperial Russian authorities after the suppression of Poland 's January Uprising of 1863 – 64 . His grandfather , Józef Pilecki , had spent seven years in exile in Siberia for his part in the rising . In 1910 , Pilecki moved with his family to Wilno ( Vilnius , Lithuania ) , where he completed Commercial School and joined the secret ZHP Scouts organization . In 1916 , he moved to Orel , Russia , where he founded a local ZHP group .
During World War I , in 1918 , Pilecki joined a ZHP Scout section of the Polish self @-@ defense units under General Władysław Wejtko in the Wilno area . When his sector of the front was overrun by the Bolsheviks , his unit for a time conducted partisan warfare behind enemy lines . Pilecki then joined the regular Polish Army and took part in the Polish @-@ Soviet War of 1919 – 1920 , serving under Capt. Jerzy Dąbrowski . He fought in the Polish retreat from Kiev as part of a cavalry unit defending Grodno ( in present @-@ day Belarus ) . On 5 August 1920 , he joined the 211th Uhlan Regiment and fought in the crucial Battle of Warsaw and at Rudniki Forest ( Puszcza Rudnicka ) and took part in the liberation of Wilno . He was twice awarded the Krzyż Walecznych ( Cross of Valor ) for gallantry .
After the Polish @-@ Soviet War ended in 1921 with the Peace of Riga , Pilecki passed his high @-@ school graduation exams ( matura ) in Wilno and passed the exams for a non @-@ commissioned officer position in the Polish Army . He also studied at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno and rebuilt his family estate , ruined during the war . He then took officer training courses . He was assigned to a cavalry regiment in 1926 as ensign , or the second lieutenant of the reserves . While in the reserves , he actively supported local paramilitary training activities . In the interbellum , he worked on his family 's farm in the village of Sukurcze and was known as a social work activist and an amateur painter . On 7 April 1931 , he married Maria Pilecka ( 1906 – 6 February 2002 ) , née Ostrowska . They had two children , born in Wilno : Andrzej ( 16 January 1932 ) and Zofia ( 14 March 1933 ) . In 1938 , he received the Silver Cross of Merit for his involvement in the community and social work .
= = World War II = =
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II , on 26 August 1939 , Pilecki was mobilized as a cavalry platoon commander . He was assigned to the 19th Infantry Division under Józef Kwaciszewski , part of the Polish Army Prusy . His unit took part in heavy fighting against the advancing Germans during the invasion of Poland and was partially destroyed . Pilecki 's platoon withdrew to the southeast , toward Lwów ( now L 'viv , in Ukraine ) and the Romanian bridgehead , and was incorporated into the recently formed 41st Infantry Division , in which he served as divisional second @-@ in @-@ command under Major Jan Włodarkiewicz . Pilecki and his men destroyed seven German tanks , shot down one aircraft , and destroyed two more on the ground . On 17 September , the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland pursuant to the Molotov @-@ Ribbentrop Pact . Involved in more heavy fighting on two fronts , Pilecki 's division was disbanded by 22 September , parts of it surrendering to their enemies . Pilecki returned to Warsaw with his commander , Major Włodarkiewicz .
On 9 November 1939 , the two men founded the Secret Polish Army ( Tajna Armia Polska , TAP ) , one of the first underground organizations in Poland . Pilecki became organizational commander of TAP as it expanded to cover not only Warsaw , but Siedlce , Radom , Lublin , and other major cities of central Poland . By 1940 , TAP had approximately 8 @,@ 000 men ( more than half of them armed ) , some 20 machine guns and several anti @-@ tank rifles . Later , the organization was incorporated into the Union for Armed Struggle ( Związek Walki Zbrojnej ) , later renamed and better known as the Home Army ( Armia Krajowa , or AK ) . Within the AK , TAP elements became the core of the Wachlarz unit .
= = = Auschwitz = = =
In 1940 , Pilecki presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany 's Auschwitz concentration camp at Oświęcim ( the Polish name of the locality ) , gather intelligence on the camp from the inside and organize inmate resistance . Until then , little had been known about how the Germans ran the camp , and it was thought to be an internment camp or large prison rather than a death camp . His superiors approved the plan and provided him with a false identity card in the name of " Tomasz Serafiński " . On 19 September 1940 , he deliberately went out during a Warsaw street roundup ( łapanka ) and was caught by the Germans , along with some 2 @,@ 000 civilians ( among them , Władysław Bartoszewski ) . After two days of detention in the Light Horse Guards Barracks , where prisoners suffered beatings with rubber truncheons , Pilecki was sent to Auschwitz and was assigned inmate number 4859 .
At Auschwitz , while working in various kommandos and surviving pneumonia , Pilecki organized an underground Union of Military Organizations ( Związek Organizacji Wojskowej , ZOW ) . Many smaller underground organizations at Auschwitz eventually merged with ZOW . ZOW 's tasks were to improve inmate morale , provide news from outside , distribute extra food and clothing to members , set up intelligence networks and train detachments to take over the camp in the event of a relief attack by the Home Army , arms airdrops or an airborne landing by the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade based in Britain .
ZOW provided the Polish underground with invaluable information about the camp . From October 1940 , ZOW sent reports to Warsaw , and beginning in March 1941 , Pilecki 's reports were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the British government in London . In 1942 , Pilecki 's resistance movement was also broadcasting details on the number of arrivals and deaths in the camp and the inmates ' conditions using a radio transmitter that was built by camp inmates . The secret radio station , built over seven months using smuggled parts , was broadcasting from the camp until the autumn of 1942 , when it was dismantled by Pilecki 's men after concerns that the Germans might discover its location because of " one of our fellow 's big mouth " .
These reports were a principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz for the Western Allies . Pilecki hoped that either the Allies would drop arms or troops into the camp or that the Home Army would organize an assault on it from outside . Such plans , however , were all judged impossible to carry out . Meanwhile , the Gestapo redoubled its efforts to ferret out ZOW members , succeeding in killing many of them . Pilecki decided to break out of the camp with the hope of convincing Home Army leaders personally that a rescue attempt was a valid option . When he was assigned to a night shift at a camp bakery outside the fence , he and two comrades overpowered a guard , cut the phone line and escaped on the night of 26 / 27 April 1943 , taking with them documents stolen from the Germans .
= = = Outside the camp = = =
After several days , Pilecki made contact with Home Army units . On 25 August 1943 , Pilecki reached Warsaw and joined the Home Army 's intelligence department . The Home Army , after losing several operatives in reconnoitering the vicinity of the camp , including the Cichociemny Stefan Jasieński , decided that it lacked sufficient strength to capture the camp without Allied help . Pilecki 's detailed report ( Raport Witolda – Witold 's Report ) estimated that " By March 1943 the number [ of people gassed on arrival ] reached 1 @.@ 5 million . " .
The Home Army decided that it did not have enough force to storm the camp by itself . In 1944 , the Russian army , despite being within attacking distance of the camp , showed no interest in a joint effort with the Home Army and the ZOW to free it . Until he became involved in the Warsaw Uprising , Pilecki remained in charge of coordinated ZOW and AK activities and provided what limited support he was able to offer to ZOW .
On 23 February 1944 , Pilecki was promoted to cavalry captain ( rotmistrz ) and joined a secret anti @-@ communist organization , NIE ( in Polish : " NO or NIEpodległość – INdependence " ) , formed as a secret organization within the Home Army with the goal of preparing resistance against a possible Soviet occupation .
= = = Warsaw Uprising = = =
When the Warsaw Uprising broke out on 1 August 1944 , Pilecki volunteered for the Kedyw 's Chrobry II group and fought in " Mazur " platoon , 1st company " Warszawianka " of the National Armed Forces . At first , he fought in the northern city center as a simple private , without revealing his actual rank . Later , as many officers fell , he disclosed his true identity and accepted command . His forces held a fortified area called the " Great Bastion of Warsaw " . It was one of the most outlying partisan redoubts and caused considerable difficulties for German supply lines . The bastion held for two weeks in the face of constant attacks by German infantry and armor . On the capitulation of the uprising , Pilecki hid some weapons in a private apartment and went into captivity . He spent the rest of the war in German prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps at Łambinowice and Murnau .
= = Communist Poland = =
On 9 July 1945 , Pilecki was liberated and soon afterwards joined the 2nd Polish Corps , which was stationed in Italy , where he wrote a monograph on Auschwitz . As relations between Poland 's London based wartime government @-@ in @-@ exile and the Soviet @-@ backed Polish Committee of National Liberation worsened , in September 1945 , Pilecki accepted orders from General Władysław Anders , commander of the 2nd Polish Corps to return to Poland under a false identity and gather intelligence to be sent to the government @-@ in @-@ exile .
Pilecki returned to Poland in October 1945 , where he proceeded to organize his intelligence network . In early 1946 , the Polish government @-@ in @-@ exile decided that the post @-@ war political situation afforded no hope of Poland 's liberation and ordered the remaining active members of the Polish resistance ( who became known as the cursed soldiers ) to either return to their normal civilian lives or escape to the West . In July 1946 , Pilecki was informed that his cover was blown and ordered to leave ; but he declined . In April 1947 , he began collecting evidence of Soviet atrocities in Poland as well as the arrest and prosecution of former members of the Home Army and Polish Armed Forces in the West , which often resulted in execution or imprisonment .
= = = Arrest and execution = = =
On 8 May 1947 , he was arrested by the Ministry of Public Security . Prior to trial , he was repeatedly tortured . The investigation of Pilecki 's activities was supervised by Colonel Roman Romkowski . He was interrogated by Col. Józef Różański , and lieutenants S. Łyszkowski , W. Krawczyński , J. Kroszel , T. Słowianek , Eugeniusz Chimczak and S. Alaborski – men who were especially infamous for their savagery . But Pilecki sought to protect other prisoners and revealed no sensitive information .
On 3 March 1948 , a show trial took place . Testimony against Pilecki was presented by a future Polish prime minister , Józef Cyrankiewicz , himself an Auschwitz survivor . Pilecki was accused of illegal border crossing , use of forged documents , not enlisting with the military , carrying illegal arms , espionage for General Władysław Anders , espionage for " foreign imperialism " ( thought to be British intelligence ) and planning to assassinate several officials of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland . Pilecki denied the assassination charges , as well as espionage , although he admitted to passing information to the 2nd Polish Corps , of which he considered himself an officer and thus claimed that he was not breaking any laws . He pleaded guilty to the other charges . On 15 May , with three of his comrades , he was sentenced to death . Ten days later , on 25 May 1948 , Pilecki was executed at the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw ( also known as Rakowiecka Prison ) , by Staff Sergeant Piotr Śmietański ( who was nicknamed " The But
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of short stories and essays . He is said to have " befriend [ ed ] the local Chamorros and [ taught ] in the native schools " , exploring " cliff @-@ side caves to disabuse local villagers of a devil named Tadamona " . Despite his mother 's assistance with his education , he failed the Naval Academy entrance examination . His father 's next posting took the family to Washington , D.C. , where Hubbard was sent to study at the Swavely Preparatory School in Manassas , Virginia within the D.C. metropolitan area . The Hubbards returned to Helena , Montana for a short visit to Hubbard 's grandparents in August 1929 before he enrolled at Swavely the following month .
Hubbard proved unable to enter the Naval Academy because he was found to be too near @-@ sighted to meet the physical admission criteria . In the late 1940s , Hubbard wrote a series of private Affirmations in which he tells himself " your eyes are getting progressively better . They became bad when you used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy . "
In February 1930 he enrolled at Woodward School for Boys in Washington , D.C. as a means of earning credits for admission to George Washington University , thereby avoiding the university 's entrance examination , and successfully graduated in June . The following September , he entered George Washington University as a freshman .
While at Woodward , the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Hubbard enlisted as a Private in the United States Marine Corps Reserve , stating his age as 21 and listing his profession as " photographer " . He was promoted to First Sergeant only six weeks later , a development that Atack attributes to the fact that the unit he joined – the 20th Marine Corps Reserve – was actually a training unit connected with George Washington University . His character was rated " excellent " but on October 22 , 1931 he was discharged with the notation , " Not to be re @-@ enlisted . " Despite his limited experience of the Marine Corps , he told readers of Adventure magazine in October 1935 that " I 've known the Corps from Quantico to Peiping , from the South Pacific to the West Indies . "
= = University career = =
= = = Nuclear physicist claims = = =
Hubbard 's two @-@ year career at George Washington University looms large in his own accounts and the biographies published by the Church of Scientology . George Malko comments in Scientology : The Now Religion ,
Hubbard 's career at George Washington University is important because many of his researches and published conclusions have been supported by his claims to be not only a graduate engineer , but " a member of the first United States course in formal education in what is called today nuclear physics . "
Official biographical accounts of his life state that his " study of engineering , mathematics and nuclear physics laid the foundation for his later philosophical research . " A profile in one of his books attributes " the mathematical precision of the Scientology Religion " to his studies . According to one Scientology account ,
[ Hubbard ] studied mathematics , engineering and attended the first American class on atomic and molecular phenomena . Although not necessarily subjects of choice , such were the disciplines that provided him the investigatory tools with which to pursue outstanding questions of the human mind and life . Indeed , L. Ron Hubbard became the first to bring a scientific methodology to age @-@ old questions of existence .
Hubbard 's education in " atomic and molecular phenomena " is highlighted in many Scientology biographies . According to one , he was " a member of the first U.S. course in formal education in what is called today nuclear physics . " A 1961 publication calls him " L. Ron Hubbard , C.E. , Ph.D. , a nuclear physicist ... educated in advanced physics and higher mathematics and also a student of Sigmund Freud and others , [ who ] began his present researches thirty years ago at George Washington University . " In 1959 , another Scientology publication described him as " Doctor Hubbard , American nuclear physicist and leading world authority on the subject of life sources and mental energies and structures . " He told Scientologists in later years that " Nearly all nuclear physicists – atomic and molecular phenomena boys – ' Buck Rogers Boys ' , we were known as ... Like so many physicists I wrote science fiction for years , and that was the only remunerative use I made of this material . "
One account published by the Church of Scientology says that Hubbard theorized that " the world of subatomic particles might possibly provide a clue to the human thought process " and he was " concerned for the safety of the world , recognising that if man were to handle the atom sanely for the greatest benefit , he would first have to learn to handle himself . " He enrolled on a nuclear physics course " to synthesise and test all knowledge for what was observable , workable and could truly help solve man 's problems . " Another profile calls him " a product of the atomic age " and describes how his classmates dreamed of unlocking the energy of the atom , while Hubbard himself sought to " discover the basic equations of life force , simply , to him , another kind of energy . " Hubbard stated that he " set out to find out from nuclear physics a knowledge of the physical universe , something entirely lacking in Asian philosophy . "
Other Scientology accounts present a different perspective . A 1959 biography describes Hubbard as " never noted for being in class " and says that he " thoroughly detest [ ed ] his subjects . " He attributed his choice of course to his father , having " decreed that I should study engineering and mathematics and so I found myself obediently studying . " In a 1953 lecture , he said that he was " forced into engineering , mathematics , majoring in nuclear physics – very antipathetic to me , but there was order and there was discipline ... " Christiansen comments that the claims made about Hubbard 's expertise and scientific knowledge are crucial to Scientology 's own self @-@ image and legitimation . Hubbard is presented as " a man with an impressive amount of various theoretical as well as practical personal competences and educational qualifications . " Scientology traces its own origins to Hubbard 's " scientific " methodology , which he is said to have learned while at university . Although Scientology positions itself as a religious belief , it nonetheless claims to be a true science , a " technology " capable of achieving precise and replicable results .
= = = Academic record and extracurricular activities = = =
Hubbard 's academic record , which came to light in the 1970s , revealed that he had been a student in George Washington University 's School of Engineering and had majored in civil engineering . He attended the summer semester in 1931 and the fall and spring semesters in 1931 – 32 . In September 1931 , he was placed on probation and he failed to return for the fall 1932 semester . A Scientology account says that he " excell [ ed ] in but thoroughly detest [ ed ] his subjects " ; while the latter may have been true , the former certainly was not , as his grades were consistently poor . At the end of his first year , he received a D average grade , earning an A for physical education , B for English , C for mechanical engineering , D for general chemistry and Fs for German and calculus . During his second year , he enrolled in a class on atomic and molecular physics – the " nuclear physics " course cited in his official biographies – but earned an F grade . His other grades were also poor , ranging from a B for English to D in calculus and electrical and magnetic physics . He dropped out soon afterwards . Although Hubbard told Look magazine in 1950 that " I never took my degree , " a biography published a few years later by the Church of Scientology 's Ability magazine nonetheless identifies him as the holder of a " B. S. in Civil Engineering " .
Hubbard was far more interested in extracurricular activities , particularly writing and participating in the university flying club . He wrote for the George Washington University student newspaper , The University Hatchet , as a reporter for a few months in 1931 . According to official biographies , " he earned his wings as a pioneering barnstormer at the dawn of American aviation " and became " a roving reporter for Sportsman Pilot " who " helped inspire a generation of pilots who would take America to world airpower . " One account published by the Church of Scientology states that he was " recognized as one of the country 's most outstanding pilots . With virtually no training time , he takes up powered flight and barnstorms throughout the Midwest . " His pilot 's license , however , records that he only qualified to fly gliders rather than powered aircraft .
Hubbard left the university after two years and married in 1933 . He began writing for the popular pulp magazines at that time . His first story was “ The Green God , ” which appeared in Thrilling Adventures in 1934 . According to James R. Lewis , Associate Professor of Religion at University of Tromso , he was a quick and prolific writer , which fellow authors envied . According to the Church of Scientology , Hubbard 's decision to drop out of university was not the result of educational failure on his part , but was instead because he found that " beyond a basic methodology , university offered nothing . " Hubbard is said to have " decid [ ed ] that formal study had nothing more to offer " .
= = Expeditions = =
= = = Caribbean Motion Picture Expedition = = =
Hubbard 's final semester at George Washington University saw him embark on what the Church of Scientology describes as a career as an " adventurer and explorer " . In May 1932 , he announced in The University Hatchet that he had organized an expedition to the Caribbean for " fifty young gentleman rovers " aboard the schooner Doris Hamlin . The aims of the " Caribbean Motion Picture Expedition " were to explore and film the pirate " strongholds and bivouacs of the Spanish Main " and to " collect whatever one collects for exhibits in museums " .
The expedition did not go according to plan after its departure from Baltimore on June 23 , 1932 . Ten of the " gentleman rovers " pulled out before the start and the ship was blown far off course by storms , making an unplanned first landfall at Bermuda . Eleven more members of the expedition quit while there , before the ship sailed on to its intended first port of call , Martinique . En route , it was discovered that the ship 's fresh water had all leaked away . More expedition members abandoned ship on arrival . As the expedition was critically short of money , the ship 's owners ordered it to return to Baltimore , bringing to an end what the captain described as " the worst trip I ever made " . Hubbard nonetheless presented the expedition as a success and blamed the captain for its travails : " the ship 's dour Captain Garfield proved himself far less than a Captain Courageous , requiring Ron Hubbard 's hand at both the helm and the charts . "
The Church of Scientology states that a " National Museum " ( it does not specify which one ) acquired specimens collected by the expedition and the New York Times purchased some of its photographs . Hubbard 's book Mission into Time states that the expedition 's underwater films and specimens " provided the Hydrographic Office and the University of Michigan with invaluable data for the furtherance of their research . " However , Hubbard 's unofficial biographer Russell Miller reports that the New York Times " hold [ s ] no photographs from the expedition , [ has ] no evidence that it was ever intended to buy such photographs , nor indeed any indication that the newspaper was even aware of the expedition 's existence , " and that neither the U.S. Hydrographic Office nor the University of Michigan has any record of films or specimens from the expedition .
According to the Church of Scientology , " even some fifty years later , those who sailed with Mr. Hubbard in 1932 would still speak of that voyage as the one grand adventure in the twilight of their youth . " Hubbard put it somewhat differently , writing in 1935 that the expedition " was a crazy idea at best , and I knew it , but I went ahead anyway , chartered a four @-@ masted schooner and embarked with some fifty luckless souls who haven 't stopped their cursings yet . " He told Look magazine in 1950 that the Caribbean Motion Picture Expedition " was a two @-@ bit expedition and financial bust , and I quit the ship at Puerto Rico in 1933 . " The collapse of the expedition led a number of its members to make legal claims against Hubbard for refunds .
= = = Puerto Rican Mineralogical Expedition = = =
After leaving university , Hubbard is said to have carried out a further expedition to Puerto Rico . It is described by a 1959 biography as having been undertaken to " blow off steam by leading an expedition into Central America [ sic ] " . An account published in Mission into Time states " Conducting the West Indies Minerals Survey , he made the first complete mineralogical survey of Puerto Rico . This was pioneer exploration in the great tradition , opening up a predictable , accurate body of data for the benefit of others . Later , in other , less materialistic fields , this was to be his way many , many times over . " The Church of Scientology claims that Hubbard 's father " had long dreamed of augmenting his Lieutenant 's pay with a mining venture and a bit of investment capital from like @-@ minded officers " and dispatched Hubbard to the Puerto Rican hinterland where he " sluiced inland rivers and crisscrossed the island in search of elusive gold . " While there , Hubbard " conducted much ethnological work amongst the interior villages and native hillsmen " .
The expedition 's existence has been questioned by Hubbard 's unofficial biographers . Miller states that neither the United States Geological Survey nor the Puerto Rican Department of Natural Resources have records of any such expedition . Hubbard stayed on Puerto Rico from November 1932 to mid @-@ February 1933 . According to Miller , Hubbard went there for an entirely different purpose . Harry Ross Hubbard sent a letter to the Navy Department on October 13 , 1932 , in which he requested a passage for his son to San Juan to " place his services at the disposal of the American Red Cross in their relief work on that island . " Three weeks earlier , Puerto Rico had been hit by the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane and suffered catastrophic damage . The storm killed 225 people , injured 3 @,@ 000 more , and left over 100 @,@ 000 people homeless . Hubbard traveled to the island aboard the USS Kittery , arriving on November 4 . It is unclear whether he contributed to the Red Cross relief effort , though in a 1957 lecture he said that he had been " a field executive with the American Red Cross in the Puerto Rico hurricane disaster . "
At some point during his short stay on the island , he appears to have done some work for a Washington D.C. firm called West Indies Minerals Incorporated . A letter dated February 16 , 1933 describes Hubbard as the company 's " field representative " who accompanied the letter 's author on a survey of a small property near the town of Luquillo , Puerto Rico . According to his own account , Hubbard spent much of his time prospecting unsuccessfully for gold . A photograph published in Hubbard 's book Mission into Time shows him using a gold pan alongside the caption " Sluicing with crews on Corozal River ' 32 " and an article in the August 18 , 1933 Washington Daily News describes Hubbard as having " left here last year for Antilles , West Indies , in search of gold so that he might return and marry the girl he met shortly before his departure " . In 1935 , Hubbard wrote in Adventure magazine ,
Harboring the thought that the Conquistadores might have left some gold behind , I determined to find it ... Gold prospecting in the wake of the Conquistadores , on the hunting grounds of the pirates in the islands which still reek of Columbus is romantic , and I do not begrudge the sweat which splashed in muddy rivers , and the bits of khaki which have probably blown away from the thorn bushes long ago ...
After a half year or more of intensive search , after wearing my palms thin wielding a sample pack , after assaying a few hundred sacks of ore , I came back , a failure .
He married the girl in question , Margaret " Polly " Grubb , on April 13 , 1933 . Chronically short of money , he turned to full @-@ time fiction writing to support himself and his new wife ; six of his pieces were published commercially during 1932 to 1933 as he embarked on a literary career that made him a somewhat well @-@ known figure in the world of pulp magazine fiction .
= = Significance for Scientology = =
Hubbard 's early life is accorded great significance by the Church of Scientology , which draws on his legacy as its ultimate source of doctrine and legitimacy . Dorthe Refslund Christensen comments :
[ The Church 's ] account wants to primarily wants to communicate that L. Ron Hubbard led an unusual life since his childhood ; that he worked for humanity throughout his life ; and that Dianetics and Scientology are based on the unique knowledge and wisdom of this person who has dedicated his entire life to the communication of this knowledge to his fellow man .
Hubbard portrayed himself as a pioneering explorer , world traveler and nuclear physicist . By contrast , his critics have characterized him as a liar , charlatan , and madman . Many of his autobiographical statements have been proven to be fictitious . The Church 's portrayal of Hubbard 's life displays many standard features of hagiography , such as the emphasis on the continuity of the subject 's life . Events are woven together in a seamless tapestry that culminates in the subject 's achievement of his spiritual goals . They are presented as part of a " master plan " that gives meaning to the subject 's life in the context of a belief system . By doing this , the belief system is legitimized and given an aspect of genuineness through stressing its originator 's personal qualities .
Hubbard is therefore portrayed , as he put it himself , as a man who " knew exactly where I was going " from the age of three . He is presented as a person who constantly worked towards a single objective . Each event in his life is seen as a stepping stone along the way to the development of Dianetics and Scientology . He is cast as a singular and forward @-@ thinking individual whose unique qualities and knowledge are essential prerequisites for his discoveries . As the Church puts it , " even in his early youth he exemplified a rare sense of purpose and dedication which , combined with his adventurous spirit , made him a living legend . " The story of Hubbard 's early life , as told by the Church , is closely related to Scientology 's own self @-@ image as a synthesis of Western scientific precision with Eastern philosophy . His claimed knowledge of these fields and practices underlines his claim to have founded a religion that combines the best of both to appeal to all people .
= Shapinsay =
Shapinsay is one of the Orkney Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland . There is one village on the island , Balfour , from which roll @-@ on / roll @-@ off car ferries sail to Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland . Balfour Castle , built in the Scottish Baronial style , is one of the island 's most prominent features , a reminder of the Balfour family 's domination of Shapinsay during the 18th and 19th centuries ; the Balfours transformed life on the island by introducing new agricultural techniques . Other landmarks include a standing stone , an Iron Age broch , a souterrain and a salt @-@ water shower .
With an area of 29 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 11 @.@ 4 sq mi ) , Shapinsay is the eighth largest island in the Orkney archipelago . It is low @-@ lying and fertile , consequently most of the area is given over to farming . Shapinsay has two nature reserves and is notable for its bird life .
At the 2011 census , Shapinsay had a population of 307 . The economy of the island is primarily based on agriculture with the exception of a few small businesses that are largely tourism @-@ related . Plans for the construction of a wind turbine are under consideration .
= = Etymology = =
Unlike most of the larger Orkney islands , the derivation of the name ' Shapinsay ' is not obvious . The final ' ay ' is from the Old Norse for island , but the first two syllables are more difficult to interpret . Haswell @-@ Smith ( 2004 ) suggests the root may be hjalpandis @-@ øy ( helpful island ) owing to the presence of a good harbour , although anchorages are plentiful in the archipelago . The first written record dates from 1375 in a reference to Scalpandisay , which may suggest a derivation from Judge 's island . Another suggestion is Hyalpandi 's island , although no one of that name is known to be associated with Shapinsay .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Standing stones provide evidence of the island 's human occupation since Neolithic times . According to Tacitus , the Roman general Agricola subdued the inhabitants of the Orkney Islands , and a local legend holds that he landed on Shapinsay . During the 18th century , a croft named Grukalty was renamed Agricola ( which is also Latin for " farmer " ) . Roman coins have been found on Shapinsay , but they may have been brought to the island by traders .
Shapinsay is briefly mentioned in the Norse sagas . The Saga of Haakon Haakonsson states that Haakon IV of Norway anchored in Elwick Bay before sailing south to eventual defeat at the Battle of Largs .
= = = 18th century = = =
The 18th century saw the beginnings of change to agriculture on Shapinsay , courtesy of the Balfour family . The family owned the estate of Sound , which covered the western part of the island . Sound had passed from the Tulloch family to the Buchanan family in the 17th century . In 1674 , Arthur Buchanan built the house of Sound , where Balfour Castle now stands . His granddaughter married James Fea , who is best known for his role in the capture of the Orkney Pirate John Gow . Fea was a supporter of the Jacobite Rebellion , and the house was burned by Hanoverian troops in revenge . The estate was acquired by Andrew Ross , Stewart Depute in Orkney of the Earl of Morton . Ross 's heirs , the Lindsay brothers , sold the estate to Thomas Balfour in 1782 . Balfour had previously rented the Bu of Burray , a large manor farm on another Orkney island , but had insufficient wealth to acquire the estate even though his wife had inherited a legacy on the death of her aristocratic brother . To raise the necessary funds , Balfour had to sell his military commission and borrow from his brother , John , who was prospering in India with the East India Company . Once installed on the island , he built a new house , Cliffdale , and founded the village of Shoreside , now known as Balfour . He also reformed the local agriculture , enclosing fields and constructing farm buildings .
William Irving was born c . 1740 in the small hamlet of Quholm in the northeast of the island . He became a sailor before emigrating to New York in 1763 . One of his sons was Washington Irving , author of Rip van Winkle and the first American author to gain international recognition .
Marjory Meason , a native of Shapinsay , was the last person to be executed in Orkney , in 1728 . She was a young servant , hanged in Kirkwall for the murder of a child . The execution is recorded as requiring 24 armed men , not including officers , and costing £ 15 8s .
During this period , burning kelp was a mainstay of the island economy . More than 3 @,@ 048 tonnes ( 3 @,@ 000 long tons ) of burned seaweed were produced per annum to make soda ash , bringing in £ 20 @,@ 000 for the inhabitants . Thomas Balfour 's income from the kelp industry brought him four times the income that farming did .
= = = 19th century = = =
The 19th century saw more radical change in Shapinsay . Thomas Balfour 's grandson , David Balfour , transformed the island after inheriting the family estate , which by 1846 encompassed the whole of Shapinsay . Most of the land was divided into fields of 4 hectares ( 10 acres ) , a feature that is still apparent today . Tenants were required to enclose and drain the land or pay for the estate to do it in the form of a surcharge added to their rents . In 1846 , 303 hectares ( 1 @.@ 17 sq mi ) on Shapinsay consisted of arable land . By 1860 , that had trebled to more than 890 @.@ 3 hectares ( 3 @.@ 44 sq mi ) . New crops and breeds of cattle and sheep were also introduced . Balfour 's reforms were described as " the fountain and source of Orkney Improvement . "
Balfour also gave the island its most noticeable landmark when he recruited an Edinburgh architect , David Bryce , to transform Cliffdale House into the Scottish Baronial Balfour Castle . Other buildings he added to the island include the porter 's lodge ( now a public house called The Gatehouse ) , a water mill , a school , and a gasworks that remained operational until the 1920s . The gasworks is in the form of a round tower with a corbelled parapet of red brick and carved stones — including one possibly removed from Noltland Castle on Westray , which is inscribed with the year 1725 . The structure appears to be fortified , in accordance with Balfour 's intention to give the village a medieval appearance . David Balfour was also responsible for the construction of Mill Dam , a wetland which was once the water supply for the mill and is now an RSPB nature reserve .
Fishing for herring and cod also grew in importance during the 19th century . Herring fishing was expanding generally in Scotland at that time , with fishing stations being set up in remote areas . Herring fishing began in 1814 on Stronsay and soon spread throughout the Orkney Islands . By the middle of the century , Shapinsay had 50 herring boats . Cod became important largely because the Napoleonic Wars forced English fishing boats to fish further north . Local fishermen , who had been catching fish using lines from small boats for centuries , also began trawling for cod . However , this was largely a part @-@ time venture , unlike in Shetland , where many inhabitants made a living from fishing . A saying originating from this time states , " a Shetlander is a fisherman with a croft , while an Orcadian is a farmer with a boat . " Consequently , fishermen from outside the Orkney Islands earned a large share of the profits . Helliar Holm 's beaches were used to dry both herring and cod after they had been salted . With the end of the Napoleonic Wars , which led to cheaper sources of soda ash becoming available from continental Europe , the kelp industry collapsed by 1830 . This collapse helped fuel agricultural reform , as crofters accustomed to earning a second income had to now earn more from farming .
= = = 20th century = = =
The Balfour estate sold its farms on Shapinsay between 1924 and 1928 . This was a common occurrence in Orkney at the time as wealthy landowners moved to more lucrative forms of investment . Farms were generally sold to the sitting tenant or to their neighbours who wished to expand .
The 20th century saw many changes in farming on Shapinsay . Mechanised implements came to the island , particularly after the Second World War . In common with the rest of Orkney , the amount of land given over to growing grass increased . The growing of grain ( with the exception of barley ) and turnips steadily declined as these were replaced as winter fodder for livestock by silage , usually harvested by mechanical forage harvesters .
Orkney was a strategic site during both World Wars , and Shapinsay was no exception . In 1917 , during the First World War , the 836 @-@ tonne ( 823 @-@ long @-@ ton ) Swiftsure was hit by a mine 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) east of Haco 's Ness and sank in 19 metres ( 62 ft ) of water with the loss of a single life . The site of the wreck was not discovered until 1997 .
During the Second World War , gun batteries were built on the island . A twin six pounder emplacement at Galtness Battery on the coast at Salt Ness protected the Wide Firth from German torpedo boats . A Castle Battery was operational from 1941 – 43 , as was an anti @-@ aircraft battery . Mains electricity arrived on Shapinsay in the 1970s , when an underwater cable was laid from Kirkwall .
The trend towards more intensive farming began to be partially reversed by the end of the century as more environmentally friendly practices were encouraged by government and European Union grants . For example , Richard Zawadzki , owner of Balfour Mains ( the largest farm on the island ) , ceased to breed livestock ( instead keeping animals bred elsewhere ) and grew less grain ( some barley is still grown on the farm ) . Instead , some of the land is now managed under a Habitat Creation Scheme , which aims to encourage natural vegetation , wild flowers and nesting birds by limiting grazing and reducing the use of chemical fertilisers .
Tourism started to become important in the latter half of the century ; the first restaurant to incorporate bed and breakfast facilities opened in 1980 .
= = Geography = =
With an area of 2 @,@ 948 hectares ( 11 sq mi ) , Shapinsay is the 8th largest Orkney island and the 29th largest Scottish island . The highest point of Ward Hill is 64 metres ( 210 ft ) above sea level . The east coast is composed of low cliffs and has several sea caves , including the picturesque geo at the extreme northern tip known as Geo of Ork . Elwick Bay is a sheltered anchorage on the south coast , facing the Orkney mainland ; the island 's largest settlement , Balfour , is at the western end of the bay .
The island has several ayres , or storm beaches , which form narrow spits of shingle or sand cutting across the landward and seaward ends of shallow bays . They can sometimes cut off a body of water from the sea , forming shallow freshwater lochs known as oyces . Examples include Vasa Loch and Lairo Water .
There are several small islands in the vicinity including Broad Shoal , Grass Holm and Skerry of Vasa . Helliar Holm is a tidal islet at the eastern entrance to the main harbour at Balfour ; it has a small lighthouse and a ruined broch . The String , a stretch of water that lies between Helliar Holm and the mainland , has strong tidal currents .
= = Geology = =
In common with most of the Orkney isles , Shapinsay has a bedrock formed from Old Red Sandstone , which is approximately 400 million years old and was laid down in the Devonian period . These thick deposits accumulated as earlier Silurian rocks , uplifted by the formation of Pangaea , eroded and then deposited into river deltas . The freshwater Lake Orcadie existed on the edges of these eroding mountains , stretching from Shetland to the southern Moray Firth . The composition of Shapinsay is mostly of the Rousay flagstone group from the Lower Middle Devonian , with some Eday flagstone in the southeast formed in wetter conditions during the later Upper Devonian . The latter is regarded as a better quality building material than the former . At Haco 's Ness in the south east corner of the island is a small outcrop of amygdaloidal diabase . The island is overlain with a fertile layer of boulder clay formed during the Pleistocene glaciations .
= = Flora and fauna = =
The island 's bird life is particularly rich in waders such as curlew and redshank , found at The Ouse and Veantro Bay , and gull and tern colonies on the rockier shores and cliffs. pintail , shovellers and whooper swans are regular summer visitors , and there are also breeding populations of shelducks , hen harriers and bonxies . There is an introduced population of red @-@ legged partridges . Otters can be seen at the Ouse , Lairo Water and Vasa Loch , and at various places around the coast along with common seals and Atlantic grey seals . There are plans to build a hide to allow visitors to observe seals without disturbing them . Shapinsay and Hoy are the only two larger Orkney islands that lack the Orkney vole ( Microtus arvalis orcadensis ) . Wildflowers abound in the summer , and the lichen Melaspilea interjecta , which is endemic to Scotland , is found in only three locations , including Shapinsay . In addition to the RSPB reserve at Mill Dam there is a Scottish Wildlife Trust reserve at East Hill in the southeast .
= = Demography = =
The highest recorded population for Shapinsay is 974 , in 1881 . Since then , the population of the island has steadily declined ; less than a third of that number was recorded in the 2001 census . The rate of absolute population loss was lower in the last decades of the 20th century than it had been in the first half of that century . In 2001 , Shapinsay had a population of 300 , a decline of 6 @.@ 8 % from 322 in 1991 . This was greater than the population decline for Orkney overall in the same period , which was 1 @.@ 9 % . However , the loss in population on Shapinsay was less than that experienced by most Orkney islands , most of which experienced declines of more than 10 % . The number of persons per hectare on Shapinsay was 0 @.@ 1 , similar to the 0 @.@ 2 persons per hectare across Orkney . At the time of the 2011 census the usually resident population had increased to 307 . During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 .
Of the island 's 300 inhabitants recorded in 2001 , 283 were born in the United Kingdom ( 227 in Scotland and 56 in England ) . Seventeen were born outside the United Kingdom ( four elsewhere in Europe , four in Asia , four in North America , one in South America and four in Oceania ) . By age group , 85 of the inhabitants were under 30 years of age , 134 were aged between 30 and 59 , and 71 were age 60 and over .
= = Notable buildings = =
Balfour Castle dominates views of the southwest of the island and can be seen from the tower of St. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall . The castle library features a secret passage hidden behind a false set of bookshelves . The Balfours escaped unwelcome visitors through this passageway , which leads to the conservatory door , enabling the butler to truthfully tell visitors that the Balfours were not in the house . Another feature of the castle is the stags ' heads with gaslights at the tips of their antlers , although these are no longer used as working lights . The castle grounds feature deciduous woodland ( now rare in Orkney ) and 2 acres ( 8 @,@ 100 m2 ) of walled gardens . Though built around an older structure that dates at least from the 18th century , the present castle was built in 1847 , commissioned by Colonel David Balfour , and designed by Edinburgh architect David Bryce .
Other buildings constructed by David Balfour include the Dishan Tower , known locally as The Douche . This is a saltwater shower building with a dovecote on top . A local landmark due to its high visibility when approaching the island by sea , the building is now in a serious state of disrepair , with roofing slates missing and the dovecote in danger of collapsing .
A more ancient dwelling on Shapinsay is the Iron Age Broch of Burroughston . Only the interior of this partially buried building has been excavated , allowing visitors to look down into the broch from the surrounding mound . The surviving drystone walls rise to about three metres ( 10 ft ) and are more than four metres ( 13 ft ) thick in some places .
The broch shows more evidence of David Balfour 's influence on Shapinsay . He arranged for the site to be excavated by the archaeologists George Petrie and Sir William Dryden in 1861 . The site was neglected after the excavation , slowly filling up with vegetation and rubble before being cleared in 1994 .
Shapinsay Heritage Centre is located in Balfour 's former smithy , along with a craft shop and a cafe . The castle 's former gatehouse is now the village public house .
= = Economy = =
In common with the other Orkney islands , Shapinsay is fertile agricultural land , with farms specialising in beef and lamb which export thousands of cattle and sheep annually . Orkney Ferries provides transport for pedestrians and vehicles , proximity to Kirkwall permitting closer contacts with the Orkney Mainland than is possible for most of the other North Isles . There are six crossings per day , the journey lasting about 25 minutes , which allows for a moderate amount of commuting . Between 1893 and 1964 , the island was served by the steamer Iona . Since 1964 , the Klydon and then the Clytus have operated the service ; the current ferry is the MV Shapinsay . The Orkney Islands Council has considered building a tunnel to the Orkney Mainland . Balfour Castle is now run as a hotel by the family of Captain Tadeusz Zawadzki , a Polish cavalry officer .
The Shapinsay development trust is working on the island 's community plan , and owns the island 's wind turbine , which was completed in August 2011 after the community voted for its construction . According to the development trust , the turbine could earn more than £ 5 million during its 25 @-@ year lifetime .
Small businesses on Shapinsay include a jam and chutney manufacturer , which uses traditional methods , and a studio offering residential arts courses such as stained glass crafting .
= = Education and culture = =
Shapinsay has a primary school , which in the 2006 – 7 academic year had 26 pupils . Before 1995 , the island also had a secondary school but lost this because of falling enrolment and improved transport links with Kirkwall , to where Shapinsay secondary pupils now travel . The school doubles as a community centre and is host to a learning centre supported by the UHI Millennium Institute . This centre uses the internet , email and video @-@ conferencing to allow students in Shapinsay to study without leaving the island .
In December 2006 , the pupils staged a joint Christmas show with a school in Grinder , Norway , 875 kilometres ( 544 mi ) from Shapinsay . The schools used the internet to collaborate , supported by BT Group ( BT ) , which upgraded the school 's broadband connection . The finale of the show involved the Norwegian pupils singing Away in a Manger in English while the Shapinsay pupils responded with En Stjerne Skinner I Natt in Norwegian . This multilingual collaboration was somewhat easier for the Grinder pupils , who are taught English from the age of six . This collaboration was part of an ongoing relationship between the schools , whose children exchange letters and cards . Shapinsay school 's headteacher has visited the Norwegian school , and there are plans for a reciprocal visit in 2008 .
Shapinsay Community School has gained a Silver Award under the international Eco @-@ Schools programme . School pupils have carried out an energy audit , helped to plant more than 600 trees close to the school and carried out energy saving campaigns . Shapinsay pupils have also won an award from the Scottish Crofters Commission for producing a booklet on crofting on the island .
= = Folklore = =
Cubbie Roo , the best known Orcadian giant , has a presence on Shapinsay . He was originally based on the historical figure Kolbein Hrúga , who built Cubbie Roo 's Castle in 1150 on the isle of Wyre , which is possibly the oldest castle in Scotland , and was mentioned in the Orkneyinga Saga . However , the figure Cubbie Roo has departed far from his historical origins and has become a giant in the fashion that Finn MacCool ( legendary builder of the Giant 's Causeway ) has in Ireland . He is said to have lived on the island of Wyre and used Orkney 's islands as stepping stones . Many large stones on Orkney islands , including Shapinsay , are said to have been thrown or left there by the giant . Cubbie Roo 's Burn is a waterway on Shapinsay that flows through a channel called Trolldgeo . Cubbie Roo 's Lade is a pile of stones on the shore near Rothiesholm Head , the westmost point of Stronsay . This is supposedly the beginning of a bridge between the two islands that the giant had failed to complete . The name derives from the Old Norse trolla @-@ hlad , meaning " giant 's causeway " .
In 1905 , The Orcadian newspaper reported that a strange creature had been seen off the coast of Shapinsay . It was reportedly the size of a horse , with a spotted body covered in scales . Opinion on the creature 's origin was divided , with some islanders believing it to be a sea serpent , while others opined that it was merely a large seal .
= Stephen Lekapenos =
Stephen Lekapenos or Lecapenus ( Greek : Στέφανος Λακαπηνός ; died 18 April 963 ) was the second son of the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos ( r . 920 – 944 ) , and co @-@ emperor from 924 to 945 . With his younger brother Constantine , he deposed Romanos I in December 944 , but was overthrown and exiled by the legitimate emperor Constantine VII ( r . 913 – 959 ) a few weeks later . Stephen lived out his life in exile on the island of Lesbos , where he died on Easter 963 .
= = Biography = =
= = = Family = = =
Stephen was the second son of Romanos I and his wife Theodora . His older siblings were Christopher ( co @-@ emperor from 921 until his death in 931 ) and his sisters Helena , who married Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ( r . 913 – 959 ) , and Agatha , who married Romanos Argyros . His younger brothers were Constantine ( co @-@ emperor 924 – 945 ) and Theophylact ( Patriarch of Constantinople in 933 – 956 ) . He probably also had at least two unnamed younger sisters , known only because of their marriages to the magistroi Romanos Mosele and Romanos Saronites .
= = = Reign = = =
Romanos Lekapenos had risen to power in 919 , when he had managed to appoint himself regent over the young Constantine VII and marry his daughter Helena to him . Within a year , he successively rose from basileopator to Caesar , and was eventually crowned senior emperor on 17 December 920 . To consolidate his hold on power , and with a view of supplanting the ruling Macedonian dynasty with his own family , he raised his eldest son Christopher to co @-@ emperor in May 921 , while Stephen and Constantine were proclaimed co @-@ emperors on 25 December 924 .
Following Christopher 's early death in 931 , and given Constantine VII 's de facto sidelining , Stephen and Constantine assumed an increased prominence , although formally they still ranked after their brother @-@ in @-@ law in the college of emperors . In 933 , Stephen was married to Anna , the daughter of a certain Gabalas , who was crowned Augusta on the same occasion . The couple had one known son , Romanos . According to the 11th @-@ century chronicler George Kedrenos , he was castrated in 945 , but later became a sebastophoros .
Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos came to the fore in 943 , when they opposed a dynastic marriage for their nephew , Romanos II . Their father wanted to have his eldest surviving grandson married to Euphrosyne , a daughter of his successful general John Kourkouas . Although such a union would effectively cement the loyalty of the army , it would also strengthen the position of the legitimate Macedonian line , represented by Romanos II and his father Constantine VII , over the imperial claims of Romanos 's own sons . Predictably , Stephen and Constantine opposed this decision , and prevailed upon their father , who was by this time ill and old , to dismiss Kourkouas in the autumn of 944 . Romanos II instead married Bertha , an illegitimate daughter of Hugh of Arles , King of Italy , who changed her name to Eudokia after her marriage .
With Romanos I approaching the end of his life , the matter of his succession became urgent . In 943 , Romanos drafted a will which would leave Constantine VII as the senior emperor following his death . This greatly upset his two sons , who feared that their brother @-@ in @-@ law would have them deposed and force them to take monastic vows . Motivated , in the opinion of Steven Runciman , partially by self @-@ preservation and partially from genuine ambition , they started planning to seize power through a coup d 'état , with Stephen apparently the ringleader and Constantine a rather reluctant partner .
Their fellow conspirators included Marianos Argyros , the protospatharios Basil Peteinos , Manuel Kourtikes , the strategos Diogenes , Clado , and Philip . Kedrenos , however , considers Peteinos to have served as an agent of Constantine VII among the conspirators . On 20 December 944 , the conspirators set their plans in motion . The two brothers smuggled their supporters in the Great Palace of Constantinople during the midday break in palace activities . They then led their men into the chamber of Romanos I , where they easily captured the " ill old man " . They were able to transport him to the nearest harbour and from there to Prote , one of the Princes ' Islands and a popular place of exile . There , Romanos agreed to take monastic vows and retire from the throne .
Having managed to quietly depose their father , the brothers now had to deal with Constantine VII . Unfortunately for them , rumours soon spread around Constantinople , to the effect that , following Romanos 's deposition , Constantine VII 's life was in danger . Before long , crowds gathered before the palace , demanding to see their emperor in person . The contemporary Lombard historian Liutprand of Cremona notes that the ambassadors and envoys from Amalfi , Gaeta , Rome , and Provence present in the capital also supported Constantine VII . Stephen and his brother had to succumb to the inevitable , recognizing their brother @-@ in @-@ law as the senior emperor .
The new triumvirate lasted for about 40 days . The three emperors soon appointed new leaders for the military services . Bardas Phokas the Elder was appointed as the new Domestic of the Schools , and Constantine Gongyles as head of the Byzantine navy . Stephen and his brother managed to reward their fellow conspirators . Peteinos became patrikios and Great Hetaeriarch , Argyros was appointed Count of the Stable , Kourtikes a patrikios and droungarios of the Watch . On 26 January 945 , however , at the urging of their sister , the Augusta Helena , another coup removed the two Lekapenoi from power and restored the sole imperial authority to Constantine VII .
= = = Exile = = =
Initially , the two brothers were sent to Prote . The Byzantine chroniclers have their father welcoming them by quoting a passage from the Book of Isaiah , specifically Chapter 1 @.@ 2 : " Hear , O heavens , and give ear , O earth ; for Jehovah hath spoken : I have nourished and brought up children , and they have rebelled against me . " Liutprand of Cremona , however , gives a slightly different account , having Romanos receive his sons with bitter sarcasm , thanking them for not neglecting him and begging them to excuse the monks for their ignorance on how to properly receive emperors . Soon , however , Stephen was moved on to a prison at Prokonnesos , and then to Rhodes , before finally settling in Methymna , Lesbos .
A plot by some members of the imperial government to restore him was discovered in December 947 and the conspirators mutilated and publicly humiliated . Stephen died at Methymna on Easter Sunday , 963 . John Skylitzes claims that Stephen was poisoned by order of the Empress Theophano as part of her efforts to protect the rights to the throne of her sons Basil II and Constantine VIII , by eliminating other possible claimants to the throne . It should , however , be noted that several deaths of the extended imperial family at the time are attributed to Theophano by hostile sources , usually by poison .
= Tichborne case =
The Tichborne case was a legal cause célèbre that captivated Victorian England in the 1860s and 1870s . It concerned the claims by an individual sometimes referred to as Thomas Castro or as Arthur Orton , but usually termed " the Claimant " , to be the missing heir to the Tichborne baronetcy . He failed to convince the courts , was convicted of perjury and served a long prison sentence .
Roger Tichborne , heir to the family 's title and fortunes , was presumed to have died in a shipwreck in 1854 . His mother clung to a belief that he might have survived , and after hearing rumours that he had made his way to Australia , she advertised extensively in Australian newspapers , offering a reward for information . In 1866 , a butcher known as Thomas Castro from Wagga Wagga came forward claiming to be Roger Tichborne . Although his manners and bearing were unrefined , he gathered support and travelled to England . He was instantly accepted by Lady Tichborne as her son , although other family members were dismissive and sought to expose him as an impostor .
During protracted enquiries before the case came to law in 1871 , details emerged suggesting that the Claimant might be Arthur Orton , a butcher 's son from Wapping in London , who had gone to sea as a boy and had last been heard of in Australia . After a civil court had rejected the Claimant 's case , he was charged with perjury ; while awaiting trial he campaigned throughout the country to gain popular support . In 1874 , a criminal court jury decided that he was not Roger Tichborne and declared him to be Arthur Orton . Before passing a sentence of 14 years , the judge condemned the behaviour of the Claimant 's counsel , Edward Kenealy , who was subsequently disbarred because of his conduct .
After the trial , Kenealy instigated a popular radical reform movement , the Magna Charta Association , which championed the Claimant 's cause for some years . Kenealy was elected to Parliament in 1875 as a radical independent but was not an effective parliamentarian . The movement was in decline when the Claimant was released in 1884 , and he had no dealings with it . In 1895 , he confessed to being Orton , only to recant almost immediately . He lived generally in poverty for the rest of his life and was destitute at the time of his death in 1898 . Although most commentators have accepted the court 's view that the Claimant was Orton , some analysts believe that an element of doubt remains as to his true identity and that , conceivably , he was Roger Tichborne .
= = Family history = =
The Tichbornes , of Tichborne Park near Alresford in Hampshire , were an old English Catholic family who had been prominent in the area since before the Norman Conquest . After the Reformation in the 16th century , although one of their number was hanged , drawn and quartered for complicity in the Babington Plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I , the family in general remained loyal to the Crown , and in 1621 Benjamin Tichborne was created a baronet for services to King James I.
In 1803 the seventh baronet , Sir Henry Tichborne , was captured by the French in Verdun during the Napoleonic Wars and detained as a civil prisoner for some years . With him in captivity were his fourth son , James , and a nobly born Englishman , Henry Seymour of Knoyle . Despite his confinement , Seymour managed to conduct an affair with the daughter of the Duc de Bourbon as a result of which a daughter , Henriette Felicité , was born in about 1807 . Years later , when Henriette had passed her 20th birthday and remained unmarried , Seymour thought his former companion James Tichborne might make a suitable husband — although James was close to his own age and was physically unprepossessing . The couple were married in August 1827 ; on 5 January 1829 Henriette gave birth to a son , Roger Charles Doughty Tichborne .
Sir Henry had been succeeded in 1821 by his eldest son , Henry Joseph , who fathered seven daughters but no male heir . As baronetcies are inherited only by males , when Henry Joseph died in 1845 the immediate heir was his younger brother Edward , who had assumed the surname of Doughty as a condition of a legacy . Edward 's only son died in childhood , so James Tichborne became next in line to the baronetcy , and after him , Roger . As the family 's fortunes had been greatly augmented by the Doughty bequest , this was a considerable material prospect .
After Roger 's birth , James and Henriette had three more children : two daughters who died in infancy and a second son , Alfred , born in 1839 . The marriage was unhappy , and the couple spent much time apart , he in England , she in Paris with Roger . As a consequence of his upbringing , Roger spoke mainly French , and his English was heavily accented . In 1845 James decided that Roger should complete his education in England and placed him in the Jesuit boarding school Stonyhurst College , where he remained until 1848 . In 1849 he sat the British army entrance examinations and then took a commission in the 6th Dragoon Guards , in which he served for three years , mainly in Ireland .
When on leave , Roger often stayed with his Uncle Edward at Tichborne Park and became attracted to his cousin Katherine Doughty , four years his junior . Sir Edward and his wife , though they were fond of their nephew , did not consider marriage between first cousins desirable . At one point the young couple were forbidden to meet , though they continued to do so clandestinely . Feeling harassed and frustrated , Roger hoped to escape from the situation through a spell of overseas military duty ; when it became clear that the regiment would remain in the British Isles , he resigned his commission . On 1 March 1853 he left for a private tour of South America on board La Pauline , bound for Valparaíso in Chile .
= = Travels and disappearance = =
On 19 June 1853 La Pauline reached Valparaíso , where letters informed Roger that his father had succeeded to the baronetcy , Sir Edward having died in May . In all , Roger spent 10 months in South America , accompanied in the first stages by a family servant , John Moore . In the course of his inland travels he may have visited the small town of Melipilla , which lies on the route between Valparaíso and Santiago . Moore , who had fallen ill , was paid off in Santiago , while Roger travelled to Peru , where he took a long hunting trip . By the end of 1853 he was back in Valparaíso , and early in the new year he began a crossing of the Andes . At the end of January , he reached Buenos Aires , where he wrote to his aunt , Lady Doughty , indicating that he was heading for Brazil , then Jamaica and finally Mexico . The last positive sightings of Roger were in Rio de Janeiro , in April 1854 , awaiting a sea passage to Jamaica . Although he lacked a passport he secured a berth on a ship , the Bella , which sailed for Jamaica on 20 April .
On 24 April 1854 a capsized ship 's boat bearing the name Bella was discovered off the Brazilian coast , together with some wreckage but no personnel , and the ship 's loss with all hands was assumed . The Tichborne family were told in June that Roger must be presumed lost , though they retained a faint hope , fed by rumours , that another ship had picked up survivors and taken them to Australia . Sir James Tichborne died in June 1862 , at which point , if he was alive , Roger became the 11th baronet . As he was by then presumed dead , the title passed to his younger brother Alfred , whose financial recklessness rapidly brought about his near @-@ bankruptcy . Tichborne Park was vacated and leased to tenants .
Encouraged by a clairvoyant 's assurance that her elder son was alive and well , in February 1863 Lady Tichborne , Roger 's mother , began placing regular newspaper advertisements in The Times offering a reward for information about Roger Tichborne and the fate of the Bella . None of these produced results ; however , in May 1865 Lady Tichborne saw an advertisement placed by Arthur Cubitt of Sydney , Australia , on behalf of his " Missing Friends Agency " . She wrote to him , and he agreed to place a series of notices in Australian newspapers . These gave details of the Bella 's last voyage and described Roger Tichborne as " of a delicate constitution , rather tall , with very light brown hair and blue eyes " . A " most liberal reward " would be given " for any information that may definitely point out his fate " .
= = Claimant appears = =
= = = In Australia = = =
In October 1865 Cubitt informed Lady Tichborne that William Gibbes , a lawyer from Wagga Wagga , had identified Roger Tichborne in the person of a bankrupt local butcher using the name Thomas Castro . During his bankruptcy examination Castro had mentioned an entitlement to property in England . He had also talked of experiencing a shipwreck and was smoking a briar pipe which carried the initials " R.C.T. " When challenged by Gibbes to reveal his true name , Castro had initially been reticent but eventually agreed that he was indeed the missing Roger Tichborne ; henceforth he became generally known as the Claimant .
Cubitt offered to accompany the supposed lost son back to England and wrote to Lady Tichborne requesting funds . Meanwhile , Gibbes asked the Claimant to make out a will and to write to his mother . The will gave Lady Tichborne 's name as " Hannah Frances " and disposed of numerous nonexistent parcels of Tichborne property . In the letter to his mother , the Claimant 's references to his former life were vague and equivocal but were enough to convince Lady Tichborne that he was her elder son . Her willingness to accept the Claimant may have been influenced by the death of her younger son , Alfred , in February .
In June 1866 the Claimant moved to Sydney , where he was able to raise money from banks on the basis of a statutory declaration that he was Roger Tichborne . The statement was later found to contain many errors , although the birthdate and parentage details were given correctly . It included a brief account of how he had arrived in Australia : he and others from the sinking Bella , he said , had been picked up by the Osprey , bound for Melbourne . On arrival he had taken the name Thomas Castro from an acquaintance from Melipilla and had wandered for some years before settling in Wagga Wagga . He had married a pregnant housemaid , Mary Ann Bryant , and taken her child , a daughter , as his own ; a further daughter had been born in March 1866 .
While in Sydney the Claimant encountered two former servants of the Tichborne family . One was a gardener , Michael Guilfoyle , who at first acknowledged the identity of Roger Tichborne but later changed his mind when asked to provide money to facilitate the return to England . The second , Andrew Bogle , had worked for Sir Edward for many years . Bogle did not immediately recognise the Claimant , whose 189 pounds ( 86 kg ) weight contrasted sharply with Roger 's remembered slender build . However , Bogle quickly accepted that the Claimant was Roger , and remained convinced until the end of his life . On 2 September 1866 the Claimant , having received funds from England , sailed from Sydney on board the Rakaia with his wife and children and a small retinue that included Bogle . Good living in Sydney had raised his weight on departure to 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) , and during the long voyage he added another 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) . After a journey involving several changes of ship , the party arrived at Tilbury on 25 December 1866 .
= = = Recognition in France = = =
After depositing his family in a London hotel , the Claimant called at Lady Tichborne 's address and was told she was in Paris . He then went to Wapping in East London , where he enquired after a local family named Orton . Finding that they had left the area , he identified himself to a neighbour as a friend of Arthur Orton , who , he said , was now one of the wealthiest men in Australia . The significance of the Wapping visit would become apparent only later . On 29 December the Claimant visited Alresford and stayed at the Swan Hotel , where the landlord detected a resemblance to the Tichbornes . The Claimant confided that he was the missing Sir Roger but asked that this be kept secret . He also sought information concerning the Tichborne family .
Back in London , the Claimant employed a solicitor , John Holmes , who agreed to go with him to Paris to meet Lady Tichborne . This meeting took place on 11 January at the Hôtel de Lille . As soon as she saw his face , Lady Tichborne accepted him . At Holmes 's behest she lodged with the British Embassy a signed declaration formally testifying that the Claimant was her son . She was unmoved when Father Châtillon , Roger 's childhood tutor , declared the Claimant an impostor , and she allowed Holmes to inform The Times in London that she had recognised Roger . She settled an income of £ 1 @,@ 000 a year on him , and accompanied him to England to declare her support before the more sceptical members of the Tichborne family .
= = Laying the groundwork , 1867 – 71 = =
= = = Support and opposition = = =
The Claimant quickly acquired significant supporters ; the Tichborne family 's solicitor Edward Hopkins accepted him , as did J.P. Lipscomb , the family 's doctor . Lipscomb , after a detailed medical examination , reported that the Claimant possessed a distinctive genital malformation . It would later be suggested that Roger Tichborne had this same defect , but this could not be established beyond speculation and hearsay . Many people were impressed by the Claimant 's seeming ability to recall small details of Roger Tichborne 's early life , such as the fly fishing tackle he had used . Several soldiers who had served with Roger in the Dragoons , including his former batman Thomas Carter , recognised the Claimant as Roger . Other notable supporters included Lord Rivers , a landowner and sportsman , and Guildford Onslow , the Liberal MP for Guildford who became one of the Claimant 's staunchest advocates . Rohan MacWilliam , in his account of the case , calls this wide degree of recognition remarkable , particularly given the Claimant 's increasing physical differences from the slim Roger . By mid @-@ June 1867 the Claimant 's weight had reached almost 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) and would increase even more in the ensuing years .
Despite Lady Tichborne 's insistence that the Claimant was her son , the rest of the Tichbornes and their related families were almost unanimous in declaring him a fraud . They recognised Alfred
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to General Napoleon Bonaparte , with dispatches from Toulon . Camin and Valette were among those the Arabs killed . Emerald remained stationed off Alexandria for the rest of the year .
= = = = Action on 18 June 1799 = = = =
By the beginning of 1799 , Emerald was back under the command of Captain Waller . While cruising with HMS Minerve on 2 June , they took Caroline , a 16 @-@ gun French privateer , off the south @-@ east coast of Sardinia . Later Emerald assisted in the capture of Junon , Alceste , Courageuse , Salamine , and Alerte in the Action of 18 June 1799 . The British fleet under George Elphinstone was some 69 miles off Cape Sicié when three French frigates and two brigs were spotted . Elphinstone engaged them with three seventy @-@ fours , Centaur , Bellona and Captain , and two frigates , Emerald and Santa Teresa . The next evening , after a 28 @-@ hour chase , the French ships were forced into an action . The French squadron had become fragmented , enabling the British to attack it piecemeal . Bellona fired the first shots at 19 : 00 as she , Captain , and the two frigates closed with Junon and Alceste , both of which struck their colours immediately . Bellona then joined Centaur in chasing Courageuse . Faced with the might of two seventy @-@ fours , Courageuse also surrendered . Emerald then overhauled Salamine , and Captain took Alerte at around 23 : 30 .
= = = = Action on 7 April 1800 = = = =
Emerald returned to blockade duty at Cadiz in April 1800 ; part of a squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral John Thomas Duckworth which included the 74 @-@ gun ships Leviathan and Swiftsure , and the fireship Incendiary . The squadron sighted a Spanish convoy on 5 April , which comprised thirteen merchant vessels and three accompanying frigates , and at once gave chase . At 03 : 00 the following day Emerald managed to overhaul and cross the bow of a 10 @-@ gun merchantman , which immediately surrendered . By daybreak the remainder of the Spanish convoy had scattered and the only ship visible was a 14 @-@ gun brig , Los Anglese . A lack of wind prevented the British vessels from approaching her . Instead , Leviathan and Emerald lowered boats that rowed towards the brig , which they captured after a short exchange of fire .
Other sails were now spotted in the east , west and south , forcing the British to divide their force : Swiftsure went south , Emerald east , and Leviathan west . At midday , Emerald signalled that there were six vessels to the north @-@ east , and Leviathan wore round to pursue . By dusk the two British ships had nine Spanish craft in sight . Three ships were seen at midnight to the north @-@ north @-@ west , and by 02 : 00 the following morning , two had been identified as the enemy frigates Carmen and Florentina . Duckworth ordered Emerald to take a parallel course to the enemy frigates in anticipation of a dawn attack , and at first light , the British closed with their opponents .
The Spaniards had assumed the approaching vessels were part of their convoy , but by daybreak they had realised their error and vainly set more sail to escape . Being close enough to hail the Spanish crews , Duckworth ordered that they surrender . When the Spaniards ignored the demand he ordered Leviathan and Emerald to open fire on the rigging of the Spanish vessels in order to disable them . Shortly afterward , both Spanish frigates surrendered . Carmen had had 11 men killed and 16 wounded ; Florentina 12 killed and 10 wounded , including her first and second captains . The two Spanish frigates were each carrying 1500 quintals of mercury .
A third frigate was visible on the horizon . Emerald immediately set off in pursuit but was recalled by Duckworth and instead ordered to locate the merchant ships . This she did , securing four of the largest vessels before nightfall . Leviathan was delayed in returning to action by the need to make the two captured frigates ready to sail , and by the time this was completed the third frigate had made her escape . Leviathan then returned to rendezvous with Emerald , managing to take a further enemy brig before night fell . The following day , both British vessels sailed for Gibraltar with their prizes . On arrival they encountered Incendiary , which had made port the previous day with two captured vessels of its own . In all , the small British squadron managed to secure nine merchant vessels and two frigates .
= = = Caribbean service = = =
Attached to Samuel Hood 's squadron in the Leeward Islands in June 1803 , Emerald was under the command of Captain James O 'Bryen . Prior to the British invasion of St Lucia on 21 June , she was employed in the disruption of supplies to the island through the harassment of enemy shipping . The invasion force left Barbados on 20 June ; it comprised Hood 's 74 @-@ gun flagship Centaur , the 74 @-@ gun Courageux , the frigates Argo and Chichester , and the sloops Hornet and Cyane . The following morning Emerald and the 18 @-@ gun sloop Osprey had joined them . By 11 : 00 , the squadron was anchored in Choc Bay . The troops were all landed by 17 : 00 and half an hour later the town of Castries was in British hands . The French troops in the island 's main fortress , Morne @-@ Fortunée , refused to surrender . The British stormed it at 04 : 00 on 22 June , and by 04 : 30 the battle for St Lucia had been won . Following this easy victory , the British sent a force to Tobago , which capitulated on 1 July .
Emerald was between St Lucia and Martinique on 24 June , when she captured the 16 @-@ gun French privateer , Enfant Prodigue after a 72 @-@ hour chase . The French vessel was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Victor Lefbru and was carrying dispatches for Martinique . The Royal Navy took Enfant Prodigue into service as HMS St Lucia .
Then on 10 August , whilst in the company of the 22 @-@ gun brig HMS Heureux , Emerald intercepted and captured a Dutch merchant vessel travelling between Surinam and Amsterdam . On 5 September she captured two French schooners , then later that month took part in attacks on Berbice , Essequibo and Demarara .
= = = = Fort Diamond = = = =
Emerald 's first lieutenant , Thomas Forest , commanded the 6 @-@ gun cutter Fort Diamond on 13 March 1804 when , with thirty of Emerald 's crew aboard , she captured a French privateer off Saint @-@ Pierre , Martinique . Contrary wind prevented the privateer , Mosambique , from entering St Pierre and she had sought shelter beneath the batteries at Seron . Because Emerald was too far downwind , Captain O 'Bryen used boats and crew from Emerald to create a diversion and draw fire from the battery while Fort Diamond approached from the opposite direction , rounded Pearl Rock ( some two miles off the coast ) , and bore down on Mosambique . Forest put the cutter alongside with such force that a chain securing the privateer to the shore snapped . The 60 @-@ man French crew abandoned their vessel and swam ashore . The Royal Navy took Mosambique into service .
= = = = Capture of Surinam = = = =
In the spring of 1804 , Emerald and her crew took part in an invasion of Surinam . The invasion force consisted of Hood 's flagship Centaur , Emerald , the 44 @-@ gun heavy frigates Pandour and Serapis , the 28 @-@ gun sixth @-@ rate Alligator , the 12 @-@ gun schooner Unique , the 12 @-@ gun corvette Hippomenes , and the 8 @-@ gun Drake , together with 2 @,@ 000 troops under Brigadier @-@ General Sir Charles Green . The force arrived from Barbados on 25 April after a twenty @-@ two @-@ day journey . The sloop Hippomenes , a transport and a further three armed vessels ; landed Brigadier @-@ General Frederick Maitland and 700 troops at Warapee Creek on the night of 30 April . The following night , O 'Bryen was ordered to assist Brigadier @-@ general Hughes in the taking of Braam 's Point . A sandbar initially prevented Emerald from entering the Surinam River but O 'Bryen forced her across on the rising tide , with Pandour and Drake following . Anchoring close by , the three British ships quickly put the Dutch battery of 18 @-@ pounders out of action and captured the fort without loss of life .
Emerald , Pandour , and Drake then pushed up the river , sometimes in less water than the frigates drew , until on 5 May they arrived close to the forts Leyden and Frederici . The British landed a detachment of troops under Hughes some distance away , which marching under the cover of the forests and swamps , launched an attack that resulted in the swift capture of the two forts . By this time most of the squadron had managed to work its way up the river as far as Frederici , Maitland was advancing along the Commewine River , and with troops poised to attack the fort of New Amsterdam , the Batavian commandant , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Batenburg , duly surrendered .
The vessel Augusta , which was under American colours , was captured by Emerald on 22 August and sent into Antigua with her cargo of wine , which she had been carrying from Leghorn to Guadeloupe . Emerald left Tortola on 26 October as escort to a convoy of 50 vessels for England . However , on 11 December , she put into Madeira in distress .
= = = Service on the Home Station = = =
Between February and June 1806 , Emerald underwent repairs at Deptford dockyard before being recommissioned under Captain John Larmour . The appointment was however short @-@ lived as Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland assumed command in the first quarter of 1807 .
While in the Basque Roads in April 1807 , Emerald captured the 14 @-@ gun privateer Austerlitz . Austerlitz was a brig from Nantes under the command of Captain Gatien Lafont , with a crew of 96 men . Emerald was escorting a Spanish polacca that she had previously taken when on the morning of 14 April she spotted the privateer , which she subsequently captured after a ten @-@ hour chase . Austerlitz had been out of port two days but had made no captures ; the polacca was the Spanish ship Prince of Asturias , which had sailed from La Guayra with a cargo of cocoa , bark and indigo . Emerald sent both prizes into Plymouth , where they arrived on 22 April . Emerald herself set off in pursuit of another vessel from La Guayra .
Zulema , Howard , master , arrived in Plymouth on 4 May . She had been sailing from Philadelphia to Liverpool when a French privateer had captured and plundered her before Emerald recaptured her . Then in early December Emerald detained Young Elias and sent her into Plymouth . Young Elias , Delance , master , had been sailing from Philadelphia to Bordeaux . Towards the end of the month , on the 26th , Emerald sent into Plymouth Friendship , Seaton , master , which had been sailing from France .
= = = = Apropos = = = =
Emerald 's boats participated in a cutting @-@ out expedition in Viveiro harbour on 13 March 1808 . Whilst cruising inshore at around 17 : 00 , Emerald spotted a large French schooner , the Apropos of 250 tons ( bm ) , anchored in the bay . Apropos was armed with twelve 8 @-@ pounderguns , though pierced for 16 , and had a crew of more than 70 men under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Lagary .
Although it was late in the day and despite the crew of the schooner and the men manning the harbour 's two batteries having seen Emerald , Maitland made plans to capture or destroy the schooner . Maitland soon discovered it was not possible to place Emerald so as to simultaneously engage both enemy batteries simultaneously , and instead sent landing parties to silence the guns , which had been firing on his ship since 17 : 30 . The first landing party , led by Lieutenant Bertram and accompanied by two marine lieutenants and two master mates , succeeded in storming the outer fort . Maitland then positioned Emerald close to the second battery while a boat under the command of his third lieutenant , Smith , made its landing about a mile distant along the shore . This second landing party encountered Spanish soldiers , but drove them off and then pursued them inland . By the time Smith 's party returned to the beach Emerald had already silenced the battery . In the darkness , Smith subsequently failed to locate the fort .
The crew of the schooner had run their vessel ashore soon after Emerald had entered the harbour . The harbour batteries having been destroyed , Captain Maitland sent a further force under Midshipman Baird to secure and refloat the French ship . The original landing party under Lieutenant Bertram , which had already encountered and dispersed sixty members of the schooner 's crew , met Baird 's party on the beach . The British then made several unsuccessful attempts to re @-@ float the schooner before being forced to set her afire and depart . British casualties were heavy . Emerald had nine men killed , and 16 wounded , including Lieutenant Bertram . Maitland estimated that French casualties too had been heavy .
= = = = Back in the Basque Roads = = = =
A French schooner Amadea arrived in Plymouth on 15 December 1808 having previously been captured and sent in by Emerald . Back in the Basque Roads on 23 February 1809 , Emerald was this time part of a squadron under Robert Stopford . Stopford 's flagship , the 80 @-@ gun Caesar was also accompanied by the seventy @-@ fours Defiance and Donegal , and the 36 @-@ gun frigates Amethyst and Naiad . At 20 : 00 , while anchored off the Chassiron Lighthouse , to the north @-@ west of Ile d 'Oléron , the sighting of several rockets prompted Stopford to take his squadron and investigate . About an hour later , sails were seen to the east which the British followed until daylight the following morning . The sails turned out to be those of a French squadron which Stopford deduced to be out of Brest and which heaved to in the Pertuis d 'Antioche .
The French force comprised eight ships of the line and two frigates , and Stopford immediately sent Naiad to apprise Admiral James Gambier of the situation . Naiad had not gone too far however when she signalled that there were three other vessels to the north @-@ west . Stopford ordered Amethyst and Emerald to remain while he and the rest of the squadron set off in pursuit . A British frigate , Amelia and a sloop , Doterel , also joined the chase . Caeser , Donegal , Defiance , and Amelia eventually drove the three French frigates ashore and destroying them .
Emerald and Amethyst had more success in the spring of 1809 when , on 23 March they captured the brigs Caroline and Serpent . Then in April Emerald assisted Amethyst in the chase of a large 44 @-@ gun frigate off Ushant . Emerald sighted Niemen , with a main battery of 18 @-@ pounders and under the command of Captain Dupoter , at 11 : 00 on 5 April and immediately signalled Amethyst for assistance . Amethyst caught a glimpse of the French forty @-@ four just as she turned away to the south @-@ east and gave chase but by 19 : 20 had lost sight of both Niemen and Emerald . Amethyst fell in with Niemen again at around 21 : 30 and engaged her . Niemen was forced to strike when a second British frigate , Arethusa came into view and fired her broadside . The Royal Navy took Niemen into service under her existing name .
On 26 March , Enfant de Patria arrived at Plymouth . Patria , of 500 tons ( bm ) , 10 guns , and 60 men , had sailed from France for Île de France when Emerald and Amethyst captured her . Two days later Emerald captured a second letter of marque , the 4 @-@ gun Aventurier , bound for the relief of Guadeloupe . She had a crew of 30 men .
= = = = Battle of the Basque Roads = = = =
Emerald was part of the fleet under Admiral James Gambier that fought the Battle of the Basque Roads in April 1809 . The French ships were anchored under the protection of the powerful batteries on the Isle d 'Aix when on 11 April Lord Cochrane led an attacking force of fireships and explosive vessels . At this time , Emerald was employed in a passive role , providing a diversion to the east of the island with the brigs Beagle , Doterel , Conflict , and Growler . The fireships met with only partial success ; the French , having anticipated such an attack , had rigged a boom across the channel . One of the explosive vessels breached the boom , leading the French to cut their cables and drift on to the shoals .
The following day , after much delay , Gambier took the rest of his fleet into the Basque Roads . The British ships anchored , with springs , in a crescent around the stranded French , and exchanged fire . Emerald took up position ahead of Indefatigable and behind Aigle and Unicorn , and directed her fire mainly towards the French ships of the line , Varsovie and Aquilon , both of which struck at around 17 : 30 .
At 20 : 00 , Emerald , along with the other British frigates and brigs , weighed and anchored with the 74 @-@ gun HMS Revenge in the Maumusson passage to the south of Oléron whilst a second fireship attack was under preparation . By the time the fireships were ready in the early hours on the 13th , contrary winds prevented their deployment . The British therefore contented themselves with setting Varsovie and Aquilon alight just after 03 : 00 , on the orders of Captain John Bligh , after having removed their crews in boats . Emerald , and the other vessels moored with her , were recalled at 05 : 00 but due to the lack of water , only the brigs were able to pass further up the river . Emerald therefore took no further part in the attack , which continued until 29 April when the last French ship was able to free herself from the mud and escape up the river to Rochefort .
= = = Later career = = =
Two French sloops ; Deux Freres and Balance were taken by Emerald in July 1809 . Deux Freres arrived at Plymouth on 26 July . She had had left Rochelle for Guadeloupe when Emerald captured her . A week later Emerald captured the French schooner Balance , which had been sailing to France from Guadeloupe . These may have been the two letters of marque that she captured . The first , of four guns , was carrying a small reinforcement for Guadeloupe 's garrison . The second , also of four guns , had a crew of 26 men . She was carrying a cargo of coffee and other colonial produce .
While off the coast of Ireland , on 8 October , Emerald rescued a British brig consequent on capturing Incomparable , an 8 @-@ gun French privateer . The Frenchman was about to take the British vessel when Emerald intervened . Incomparable had a crew of 63 men and was four days out of Saint @-@ Malo , but had not yet captured any other vessel . Then on 6 November , still in Irish waters , Emerald took the 16 @-@ gun French brig Fanfaron , two days out of Brest and bound for Guadeloupe . After an all @-@ night chase , Emerald approached . Capitaine de fregate Croquet Deschateurs of Fanfaron resisted , firing several broadsides and a final double @-@ shotted broadside at Emerald as she caught up . Unable to escape , Deschateurs prepared to board Emerald . However , Emerald evaded the manouvre and fired a broadside that dismasted Fanfaron . Deschateurs had no option but to strike . The subsequent court @-@ martial not only absolved Deschateurs of any liability for the loss of his vessel but commended him for his conduct . Four days later Emerald arrived at Cork with Fanfaron and Luna . Fanfaron , with a crew of 113 , had been carrying a cargo of flour , salt , and other provisions , as well as iron , lead , and nails , all for Guadeloupe .
At the beginning of February 1810 , Emerald captured Commerce , Hanson , master , which had been sailing from Drontheim to Bordeaux . Emerald sent Commerce into Plymouth . Then on 22 March , Emerald captured the 350 @-@ ton ( bm ) Belle Etoile in the Bay of Biscay . Caught after a twelve @-@ hour chase during which she jettisoned much of her cargo ; Belle Etoile , out of Bayonne , was pierced for 20 guns but only carried eight . Carrying a cargo of wine , flour , oil , and other merchandise to Île de France , she was sent into Cork with her 56 man crew . Emerald captured an American ship , Wasp , in July 1810 . Wasp was carrying 91 passengers from New York to Bordeaux ; they arrived at Plymouth on 30 July .
Emerald was still serving on the Home Station on 11 April 1811 when she sent into Cork a French privateer . This was the 18 @-@ gun Auguste ( or Augusta ) , which had been taken on 6 April . Almost a month later , on 5 July , Emerald convoyed the outward bound East Indiamen Minerva , Harleston , William Pitt , Lord Forbes , and Lady Lushington from Madeira , where they had arrived three days earlier . Thirteen days later Emerald was in company with 13 outward bound East Indiamen and all were reported well at 3 ° 2 ′ N 24 ° 0 ′ W , in the middle of the South Atlantic .
= = Fate = =
In November 1811 Emerald sailed to Portsmouth and was laid up in ordinary . Fitted out as a receiving ship in 1822 , she was eventually broken up in January 1836 .
= A + No Poder =
A + No Poder ( English : " To the Max " ) is the fourteenth studio album by Mexican recording artist Alejandra Guzmán . It was released on September 11 , 2015 , by Sony Music Latin . After the success of her previous live album , Primera Fila ( 2013 ) and its promotional tour , Guzmán recorded the album with original songs , composed and produced by her and Argentinian musician José Luis Pagán .
After its release , A + No Poder received favorable reviews from music critics , with one expressing appreciation for the balance between ballads and rock songs . The record peaked at number twelve on the US Billboard Latin Pop Albums and number six in Mexico . To promote the album , three singles were released : " Adiós " featuring reggaeton performer Farruko , which peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart , " Qué Ironía " and " Esta Noche " .
= = Background = =
In 2013 , Alejandra Guzmán released her fourth live album titled Primera Fila , selling 90 @,@ 000 units in Mexico and launching the " La Guzman 1F Tour " , which included dates in cities of the United States such as Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Houston , Miami and also Puerto Rico . Two years later , Guzmán entered the recording studio to record A + No Poder , which would become her first studio album in over five years . The album 's songs were written by Guzmán and Argentinian musician José Luis Pagán . The singer stated that the album " reflects maturity and growth that has also regains my rock essence since I was pigeonholed as a balladeer but not at all , that is what I am . " A + No Poder is Guzmán 's first studio album since Único ( 2009 ) , a critically acclaimed effort that was commercial unsuccessful due to lack of promotion , according to Ángel Rodríguez of ADN Informativo .
= = Content = =
A + No Poder is dedicated to Guzmán 's daughter Frida Sofia . The album includes twelve tracks : eleven written by Guzmán and Pagán , with additional writers for three of them . " Adiós " was co @-@ written by Carlos Efrén Reyes , " Esta Noche " was co @-@ written by Karenka and Reyli Barba , and " A Más No Poder " was co @-@ written Sarah Lenore . Another track , " Una Canción de Amor " , was entirely written by Argentinean singer @-@ songwriter Alejandro Lerner . " Adiós " features Puerto @-@ Rican reggaeton performer Farruko . " Te Esperaré " is a ballad , and " Malvada " , a story about a femme fatale , has country music undertones with a harmonica that resembles Mexican band El Tri . " Malvada " and " This is Too Much Rock and Roll " are rock songs , with the latter reminds of Soy , an album released by the singer in 2001 . " Esta Noche " is a pop / funk track with reggae influences . " A Más No Poder " has sexual connotations in its lyrics and as stated by Ángel Rodríguez of ADN Informativo , " brings back memories when Guzmán was produced by Miguel Blasco in the 90 's " . " Mi Debilidad " is a pop / rock song , while " No Puedo Parar " is a heavy metal track . " Qué Ironía " is a rock ballad that recalls Guzmán greatest hits such as " Mi Peor Error " . About the songs included , Guzmán stated to Tabasco Hoy : " In recent years I have spent many good and bad things , so I thought , why not transform them into songs . And so it began to take shape this new album , which I think is more intelligent , mature and planned than my previous work " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The album was met with positive reviews by music critics . Fabiola Hinojosa , of Televisa Espectáculos stated that the album " shows that despite being a rocker at heart , she has no problem recording in another genre and experiment [ ing ] with new rhythms . " Hinojosa also praised the rock song " No Puedo Parar " , arguing that " if someone who never before had heard another song from her would believe that she [ Guzmán ] only performs in the rock genre " . Ángel Rodríguez of ADN Informativo said that " Guzmán is back and wants to reclaim her place on the music market . " Rodríguez also reminded that Guzmán keeps trying to incorporate new or alternative rhythms to her music even if the results are not commercially successful , such as her albums Cambio de Piel ( 1996 ) produced by Spanish musician Carlos Narea , or Lipstick ( 2004 ) , helmed by American artist Desmond Child , and A + No Poder is no exception , since the " Queen of Rock in Mexico " includes songs that " hark back to the era of the nineties , but so potentiated with harder songs where the guitars , drums and her hoarse voice come together in musical chords . " Alex Alexdy of Hey Espectáculos referred to this album as a " well balance between rock and pop " that shows Guzmán 's excentric side who opted for a rock album with some ballads and new rhythms such as reggaeton .
= = = Commercial reception = = =
A + No Poder peaked at number 12 in the Billboard Latin Pop Albums component chart in the United States , one of her worst placements in the chart , only Lipstick ( 2004 ) and Fuerza ( 2007 ) have reached lower numbers , at 15 and 16 , respectively . In Mexico , the album peaked at number six in the Mexican Albums Chart .
= = Singles = =
To promote the album , Guzmán released three singles . Lead single " Adiós " was released on June 5 , 2015 and features guest vocals from Farruko . The track peaked at number 26 in the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and 17 in the Latin Rhythm Airplay charts , respectively , in the United States and at 15 on the Mexican Espanol Airplay chart . According to Alex Alexdy of Hey Espectáculos , the song was not a success since it is not good enough to compete with other ' reggaeton ' songs and " it is far from the ballads that are surefire hits for Guzmán . " The music video for the second single , " Qué Ironía " , was filmed on Iceland and released on September 12 , 2015 . To further promote the album , the track " Esta Noche " was used as the main theme of the Mexican TV show Parodiando : Noches de Traje , and was later released as the third single on May 27 , 2016 , with a music video filmed on Campeche , Mexico .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= The Long Bright Dark =
" The Long Bright Dark " is the series premiere of the anthology crime drama True Detective , which initially aired on HBO in the United States on January 12 , 2014 . It was directed by executive producer Cary Joji Fukunaga and written by series creator Nic Pizzolatto . The episode introduces a pair of Louisiana State Police homicide detectives , Rustin " Rust " Cohle ( Matthew McConaughey ) and Martin " Marty " Hart ( Woody Harrelson ) , as well as series regulars played by Michelle Monaghan , Michael Potts , and Tory Kittles . In " The Long Bright Dark " , Martin and Rustin are forced to recount the history of the Dora Lange murder investigation as new evidence suggests the perpetrator remains at large .
Pizzolatto began writing True Detective as a novel , but , as the project began taking definite form , felt it was more suitable for television . Principal photography was initially scheduled to take place in Arkansas ; however , Louisiana was ultimately preferred for its generous statewide tax incentives and unique landscape . " The Long Bright Dark " was shot entirely in 35 mm film and filming for the season lasted for 100 consecutive days .
Most press reviews for " The Long Bright Dark " were very positive , although some reviewers criticized the dialogue and other aspects of the program . Critics that held the episode in high regard applauded its complex narrative and sleek production , and there was a surfeit of praise for the performances of McConaughey and Harrelson . The initial broadcast of " The Long Bright Dark " drew 2 @.@ 3 million viewers , becoming HBO 's highest rated series premiere since the pilot episode of Boardwalk Empire .
= = Plot = =
= = = 2012 = = =
The episode opens with Martin " Marty " Hart ( Woody Harrelson ) , a homicide detective of the Louisiana State Police 's Criminal Investigations Division , beginning an interview with detectives Maynard Gilbough ( Michael Potts ) and Thomas Papania ( Tory Kittles ) . His former partner , Detective Rustin " Rust " Cohle ( Matthew McConaughey ) , is being questioned separately ; they have not seen nor spoken to each other since an altercation over a decade ago . The two men are asked to recount their relationship and the history of the Dora Lange murder investigation of 1995 , the files of which were destroyed in Hurricane Rita . Martin and Rustin claim to have apprehended the killer , but the crime scene of a recently slain woman is found to closely mirror the Dora Lange murder scene , leading investigators to believe that the perpetrator is still at large .
= = = 1995 = = =
Martin and Rustin are summoned to Vermillion Parish to examine the murder scene of a young prostitute , 28 @-@ year @-@ old Dora Lange . The woman 's corpse , crowned with deer antlers and bound to a tree in a kneeling position , is surrounded by numerous twig latticeworks loosely resembling Cajun bird traps . Rustin notices several stab wounds and ligature marks scattered about on the corpse , suspecting Dora to be the centerpiece of a ritual murder — the " paraphiliac love map " to the perpetrator 's fantasy . Martin dismisses his suspicions , and suddenly invites Rustin to dinner at his wife Maggie 's ( Michelle Monaghan ) insistence , much to Rustin 's dismay as it is his deceased daughter 's birthday . However , he reluctantly agrees to come , but infuriates Martin when he shows up to the occasion intoxicated .
Meanwhile , Major Ken Quesada ( Kevin Dunn ) immediately sets up a press conference and assigns Martin responsibility over the briefing session for the following day . Rustin continues the investigation at a bar that evening and asks two prostitutes — Anette ( Charleigh Harmon ) and Lucy ( Alyshia Ochse ) — about Dora 's whereabouts , to no avail . By the next morning , there were several breakthroughs in the investigation : Dora 's body had been successfully identified , an autopsy revealed she had been strangled , tortured , and possibly raped , and early toxicology reports found traces of lysergic acid and methamphetamine in her bloodstream . Martin , Rustin , and Quesada brief their colleagues with the new evidence .
The duo visit Dora 's ex @-@ husband Charlie Lange ( Brad Carter ) in prison for questioning . Charlie , incarcerated on charges of check fraud , claims to have not seen the woman since she filed for divorce a year into his prison sentence . He informs the detectives of Dora 's risky drug habits as well as the details of his final phone conversation with her .
The investigation takes a brief detour as Martin and Rustin direct their attention to a five @-@ year @-@ old missing @-@ persons case , a little girl named Marie Fontenot , after being mentioned by one of the locals . Authorities believe she is in the care of her father , and during a visit to see her uncle Danny Fontenot ( Christopher Berry ) , his caretaker echoed their beliefs . Rustin searches the property for potential evidence , and while in a shed , stumbles upon a twig sculpture eerily similar to those discovered at the Dora Lange murder scene .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
An accomplished writer , series creator Nic Pizzolatto delved into fiction writing and published a novel , titled Galveston ( 2010 ) , before being appointed as a screenwriter for AMC 's The Killing the following year . It was around this time that Pizzolatto was preparing to branch out into television , an endeavor that , due to a lack of capital , was never fully realized . He had already begun writing True Detective as his next novel , but later , once the project took definite form , felt it was more suitable on screen . " I 'd always had plans from the first time I 'd talked to an agent from Hollywood , I was going to ask how you break into this business , and particularly cable @-@ TV writing , because in television the writer stays in control , which is what the concept of show runner is " , he remembers . Pizzolatto pitched Galveston to several executives , and from May to July 2010 , he drafted six screenplays , including a spec script for " The Long Bright Dark " which consumed 90 pages . Shortly thereafter , he secured a development deal with HBO for a potential pilot series .
Pizzolatto 's stint with The Killing provided him a glimpse of the inner workings of the television industry , but grew increasingly dissatisfied with the show 's creative direction , eventually leaving the writing staff two weeks into the program 's second season . " I want to be the guiding vision . I don 't do well serving someone else 's vision . I 'm not at my best there , and I don 't think I ’ m worth as much to the people who pay me . " He soon directed his attention to working on another script for the True Detective project , encouraged by Anonymous Content .
Alejandro González Iñárritu was initially expected to be appointed as director , but film commitments later forced him to pull out of the project . Pizzolatto instead approached Cary Joji Fukunaga , who he knew from Anonymous Content , to take up the task . Fukunaga spent time conducting research with a homicide detective of the Louisiana State Police 's Criminal Investigations Division in preparation for his services . Based on the officer 's own personal experiences , the director was able to develop " a nice sense of what it must be like to be a detective in Louisiana — especially in that time period in the ' 90s , which was pre @-@ cell phone , and technology was about to change the way we all live our lives . That 's what I did . I 'm not a big serial killer studier — I 've never analyzed books about that kind of stuff and I 've never really watched procedurals . Those parts of the story were the least attractive to me ; I was doing it mainly for the characters . "
= = = Casting = = =
McConaughey and Harrelson were among a small pool of actors considered suitable candidates for top billing . Producers contracted McConaughey , who had recently finished filming Killer Joe ( 2011 ) , well before True Detective was greenlit by HBO . Pizzolatto , impressed with the actor 's performance in The Lincoln Lawyer ( 2011 ) , originally assigned him the role of Martin Hart , but McConaughey offered " a really compelling argument " for portraying Rustin " Rust " Cohle . When asked about his decision to switch parts in a Variety interview , McConaughey replied : " I wanted to get in that dude ’ s head . The obsession , the island of a man — I ’ m always looking for a guy who monologues . It ’ s something really important as I feel I ’ m going into my better work . " To prepare , the actor studied his character through what he described the " Four Stages of Rustin Cohle " , a 450 @-@ page document he created detailing Rustin 's evolution over the course of the story .
Meanwhile , Harrelson was attached to the role of Martin under McConaughey 's recommendation . Having previously starred in the HBO film Game Change ( 2012 ) , Harrelson gravitated to the project due in part to his colleagues ; " I love Matthew . He 's my brother . He 's a phenomenal , amazing person . And I love Michelle [ Monaghan ] . I 've known her many , many years . Cary [ Fukunaga ] is a terrific director . And Nic [ Pizzolatto ] wrote this phenomenal script that you just couldn ’ t put down . His writing is so amazing . " Monaghan was chosen to play the female lead , Martin Hart 's wife Maggie ; the actress took an interest in True Detective as she realized her character arc and " really saw where these characters went . " Potts acted as Detective Maynard Gilbough , and Kittles played his partner Detective Thomas Papania .
= = = Filming = = =
The initial location for principal photography for True Detective was Arkansas ; however , Pizzolatto later opted to film in southern Louisiana to capitalize on generous statewide tax incentives and the area 's distinctive landscape , which he felt illustrated a striking paradox . " There 's a contradictory nature to the place and a sort of sinister quality underneath it all , " the native Louisianan noted . " Everything lives under layers of concealment . The woods are thick and dark and impenetrable . On the other hand you have the beauty of it all from a distance . " " The Long Bright Dark " and subsequent episodes were shot in 35 mm film , and principal photography for the season consumed 100 consecutive days . The crew filmed exterior shots at a remote sugarcane field outside of Erath , Louisiana which , because it was partially burned , inspired a " moody and atmospheric " backdrop for corresponding scenes . Fukunaga recruited Adam Arkapaw , previously director of photography for Top of the Lake , as project cinematographer and employed minimalistic lighting for layering composition . Also involved in production was Alex DiGerlando , who Fukunaga had previously worked with on Benh Zeitlin 's Glory at Sea ( 2008 ) . The director remarked in an interview , " I knew what Alex accomplished in the swamps of Louisiana and given some money , how much more amazing he could be in building sets that would just be used for one or two days and be abandoned again . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its initial American broadcast , " The Long Bright Dark " was seen by an estimated 2 @.@ 3 million viewers . It was the highest rated series premiere out of any HBO program in the last four years , falling behind only the series premiere of Boardwalk Empire , which drew 4 @.@ 8 million viewers . The episode performed exceptionally well with adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , recording a 1 @.@ 0 rating in that demographic . " The Long Bright Dark " was the fifth highest rated cable telecast of the night by total viewership . The United Kingdom terrestrial premiere was broadcast on February 22 , 2014 by Sky Atlantic , garnering 707 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Critical response = = =
" The Long Bright Dark " was critically acclaimed by most critics . Tim Goodman from The Hollywood Reporter said Fukunaga develops " a beautiful , sprawling sense of place " in the premiere , and identified the ensemble and the writing , which he believed " undulates from effectively brash soliloquies to penetratingly nuanced moments carried by sparse prose " , as two of its other most satisfying attributes . Marshall Crook of The Wall Street Journal agreed , writing the show hits the mark with " good acting , smart writing , and lush cinematography " . Willa Paskin of Slate described the episode as " creepy , gorgeous , unsettling , and searching " and noticed " a literary quality , an accretion of meaningful detail " within the show 's narrative . The Daily Beast 's Andrew Romano said the premiere , together with the former half of the season , compose " one of the most riveting and provocative series I 've ever seen " , while Entertainment Weekly critic Jeff Jensen called it " an enthralling murder mystery about history , culture , and heroic character " .
Brian Lowry , reviewing for Variety , called " The Long Bright Dark " a " rich and absorbing " episode where True Detective immediately assumes a unique identity from other police procedurals , and wrote the cast ensemble consisted of " fine players on the periphery " . Writing in USA Today , Robert Bianco felt McConaughey and Harrelson not only met , but occasionally even exceeded " enormously high " performance expectations of the " golden age of TV acting " . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle singled out the duo as being " in a class of their own " , and Los Angeles Times journalist Robert Lloyd thought the character work from the two men was of " a very high order " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , though found the program 's grim tone to be occasionally excessive , opined that the two men successfully engaged audiences enough to invest in the series with their performances . Monaghan also received kudos from Rodman for her work in the episode . Additional praise for ensemble performances , chiefly for McConaughey and Harrelson , came from Time 's James Poniewozik , The New York Times critic Mike Hale , Curt Wagner in RedEye , The Independent 's Sarah Hughes , and Gwilym Mumford of The Guardian .
Bianco said the show avoided character stereotypes , and Alan Sepinwall in HitFix felt Cohle and Hart developed into such riveting characters " that they paper over some of the series ' weaknesses " . The Daily Telegraph critic Chris Harvey awarded " The Long Bright Dark " five out of five stars , hailing True Detective as " the most ambitious TV drama for a long time " .
Not all critics were as enthusiastic in their reviews of " The Long Bright Dark " . Hale , despite commending the flashback narrative , believed the dialogue devolved into " a languid character study and a vehicle for long @-@ winded exchanges about religion and responsibility that are writerly in the worst way . " Chris Cabin from Slant Magazine agreed that the writing too readily " defers to an earnest , rote view of bad religion " , but wrote that Pizzolatto and Fukunaga " smartly embrace the pulpiness of their material " . Hank Stuever , writing for The Washington Post , observed " mumbly , bloodshot fatigue " in the story , and felt the series fell short of its ambitions . " In its better moments , True Detective feels like a fever dream , but mostly it ’ s just groggy , " Stuever concluded . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker was especially critical of the show and claimed it relished in " macho nonsense " .
= James Whiteside McCay =
Lieutenant General Sir James Whiteside McCay , KCMG , KBE , CB , VD ( 21 December 1864 – 1 October 1930 ) , who often spelt his surname M ’ Cay , was an Australian general and politician .
A graduate of the University of Melbourne , where he earned Master of Arts and Master of Laws degrees , McCay established a successful legal practice , McCay & Thwaites . He was a member of the Victorian Parliament for Castlemaine from 1895 to 1899 , where he was a champion of women 's suffrage and federation . He lost his seat in 1899 but became a member of the first Australian Federal Parliament in 1901 . He was Minister for Defence from 1904 to 1905 , during which he implemented long @-@ lasting reforms , including the creation of the Military Board .
As a soldier , McCay commanded the 2nd Infantry Brigade in the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 , during the Gallipoli Campaign of the Great War . He was later wounded in the Second Battle of Krithia and invalided to Australia , but returned to command the 5th Division , which he led in the Battle of Fromelles in 1916 , dubbed " the worst 24 hours in Australia 's entire history . " His failures in difficult military operations made him a controversial figure who earned the disfavour of his superiors , while his efforts to succeed in the face of insurmountable obstacles earned him the odium of troops under his command , who blamed him for high casualties . In the latter part of the war he commanded the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom .
After the war , McCay resumed his old job as Deputy Chairman of the State Bank of Victoria and also served on a panel that deliberated on the future structure of the Army . He was chairman of the Fair Profits Commission , the War Service Homes Scheme of the Repatriation Commission , and the Repatriation Commission 's Disposals Board . He commanded the Special Constabulary Force during the 1923 Victorian Police strike .
= = Education and early life = =
McCay was born on 21 December 1864 in Ballynure , County Antrim , Ireland , the oldest of ten children to the Reverend Andrew Ross Boyd McCay , a Presbyterian minister , and his wife Lily Ann Esther Waring ( née Brown ) . The family emigrated to Australia in 1865 , settling in Castlemaine , Victoria . Boyd McCay continued his theological studies while he was a minister in Castlemaine , earning a Master of Arts ( MA ) from the University of Melbourne in 1882 and a Doctor of Divinity from the Presbyterian Theological Faculty Ireland in 1887 . Esther could speak seven languages . The two separated in 1891 .
James attended Castlemaine State School . At the age of twelve he won a scholarship to Scotch College , Melbourne to the value of £ 35 per annum for six years . He was dux of the school in 1880 . At Scotch College McCay first met John Monash , who would be dux the following year , and would later become a close friend . McCay entered Ormond College at the University of Melbourne in 1881 , the year that the college first opened , and commenced studying for his Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree . McCay left the university without completing his degree in 1883 and took a job as a teacher at Toorak Grammar School . In 1885 , he bought Castlemaine Grammar School . The school was co @-@ educational ; McCay believed that girls should have the same opportunities as boys . Among its students who attended university with McCay 's encouragement and support was Sussanah Jane Williams , who later became principal of Janet Clarke Hall at the University of Melbourne , and The Women 's College at the University of Sydney . The job of running the school was soon delegated to McCay 's mother and brother Adam .
He returned to the university in 1892 and completed his Bachelor of Arts degree . He then embarked on a Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) degree . In 1895 , he was awarded an MA degree , majoring in mathematics . He completed his law degree the next year , with first class honours , in spite of rarely attending the lectures due to his work , political and military commitments . In 1895 , he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria and established a legal practice in Castlemaine . His practice had the first telephone in the town . He was awarded his Master of Laws ( LLM ) degree in 1897 . In 1898 , he went into partnership with William Thwaites , whose brother Walter married his sister . The firm 's name was then changed to McCay & Thwaites . It would later hire one of the first women to become an articled clerk in Victoria . On 8 April 1896 , McCay married Julia Mary O 'Meara , the daughter of a Roman Catholic Kyneton police magistrate . Sectarianism in Australia made such marriages uncommon , and the marriage was opposed by both their families . It produced two daughters , Margaret Mary ( " Mardi " ) and Beatrix Waring ( " Bixie " ) , born in 1897 and 1901 , respectively .
= = Political career = =
= = = Victorian parliament = = =
In August 1890 , McCay was elected to the local council of the Castlemaine Borough . When the prominent local Member of the Legislative Assembly , Sir James Patterson , died in 1894 , McCay ran for his seat of Castlemaine in the resulting by @-@ election . After a hard @-@ fought campaign , McCay won by just ten votes . McCay devoted his maiden speech to what would be his defining cause as a state politician , women 's suffrage :
I believe the principle applies to woman by virtue of her citizenship as applies to man . As she has to bear her share of the duties of citizenship , she is entitled to vote unless good cause can be shown to the contrary ; and I submit that good cause has not been shown to the contrary .
On other issues , McCay supported Federation , and was one of a number of young politicians who rallied around Alfred Deakin , threatening to bring down Sir George Turner 's government if it attempted to block federation . McCay opposed sending Victorian troops to fight in the Boer War , calling war in general an " anachronism " . In 1899 , McCay was one of the young radicals who supported Allan McLean and crossed the floor to bring down the Turner government . McLean gave McCay the portfolio of Minister for Education and Customs in his new ministry . At the time it was the custom for members who had accepted a ministerial appointment to re @-@ submit themselves for election . In the subsequent by @-@ election , McCay 's opposition to the war in South Africa became an election issue . The war was now going badly for Britain . Feelings ran high and McCay lost his seat . McCay attempted to win his seat back at the general election in 1900 but lost again .
= = = Federal parliament = = =
With Federation in 1901 came the opportunity to run for the new Parliament of Australia . McCay contested the 1901 election as a Protectionist Party candidate for Corinella , the Federal electorate that encompassed the Castlemaine area . McCay , who characterised himself as a liberal , supported the widest possible enfranchisement of women , the protection of industry and revenue through tariffs , and the White Australia policy . The war in South Africa was now in its final stages and the electorate forgot or forgave McCay 's " treason " , electing him to the first Australian Parliament .
As a backbencher , McCay opposed amendments to the Defence Act 1903 proposed by Billy Hughes of the Australian Labor Party that called for peacetime conscription . He accepted its necessity in wartime , but only for service within Australia . McCay believed that volunteers would always be plentiful , and he feared that peacetime conscription would result in militarism . He was re @-@ elected unopposed in the 1903 election , the first in which Victorian women were eligible to vote . In 1904 , McCay moved an amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 to remove the clause that empowered the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration to give preference to trade unions . The debate became unexpectedly heated and resulted in the fall of Chris Watson 's Labor government . The Free Trade Party 's George Reid became Prime Minister and offered McCay the post of Minister for Defence .
McCay became the sixth Minister for Defence in four years . His predecessor , Senator Anderson Dawson , had chaired a committee that had produced a detailed report recommending the abolition of the post of General Officer Commanding Australian Military Forces and the creation of a Council of Defence , a Naval Board and a Military Board . It fell to McCay to implement the report 's recommendations and create a five @-@ man Military Board consisting of himself , a finance member and three military officers . McCay preferred the senior member not be styled the Chief of the General Staff . This change would not be made until 1909 . At the first meeting of the Council of Defence , McCay rejected the arguments of Captain William Rooke Creswell for the majority of the defence budget to be spent on supporting the British fleet . In 1905 the Reid government collapsed and McCay became a backbencher once more . Since the Federal parliament sat in Parliament House , Melbourne , McCay lived at the Stock Exchange Club in Collins Street , Melbourne while his family remained in Castlemaine . He maintained a liaison with a married woman , Ella Gavan Duffy .
In the 1906 redistribution , McCay 's electorate of Corinella was abolished and its territory divided between the electorates of Laanecoorie and Corio . McCay decided to run in Corio against the sitting member , Richard Crouch , although he was also a Protectionist , but Crouch won convincingly . In 1910 , the Commonwealth Liberal Party Senate candidate , Thomas Skene , died suddenly two days before the nomination date for the 1910 election . McCay submitted himself as candidate but lost .
= = Military career = =
McCay 's military career began in 1884 , when he enlisted in the 4th ( Castlemaine ) Battalion , Victorian Rifles . He was commissioned as a lieutenant on 29 October 1886 , and was subsequently promoted to captain on 5 March 1889 and major on 13 March 1896 . Following the forced resignation of the commander of the 8th Regiment for making a political speech touting McCay , McCay was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assumed command of the regiment on 12 January 1900 .
= = = Director of Military Intelligence = = =
On 6 December 1907 , on the recommendation of the Chief of Intelligence , Colonel William Throsby Bridges , the Minister for Defence , Thomas Ewing appointed McCay as Director of Military Intelligence , with the rank of colonel . In turn , McCay turned to his former schoolmate , John Monash , whom he had appointed to the command of the Victorian section of the new Australian Army Intelligence Corps ( AIC ) , with a promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel on 28 March 1908 . The AIC set about compiling information such as the suitability of lighthouses for signalling , the availability of railway rolling stock , and the number of civilian motor vehicles suitable for military use . A concerted effort was put into creating sets of detailed maps . McCay and Monash became close friends . In 1912 , McCay & Thwaites moved into offices at 360 Collins Street , where businesses associated with the Baillieu family were located . Monash moved his offices into the same building , and the two addressed each other as " Jack " and " Jim " . On 5 March 1912 , McCay was appointed a commissioner of the State Bank of Victoria .
In 1911 , McCay delivered a lecture at the Victorian United Services Institution entitled " The True Principles of Australia 's Defence " . He suggested that the Australian Army should be equipped to the same standard as the British Army and should be prepared to fight an enemy overseas rather than waiting for an invasion of Australia . On 11 April 1913 , he resigned his position as Director of Military Intelligence and was placed on the unattached list .
= = = Great War = = =
= = = = Gallipoli = = = =
On 2 August 1914 , the government activated the preliminary stage of the war plan , which included the establishment of censorship . McCay was recalled to duty as Deputy Chief Censor ( Australia ) , answerable to the Chief Censor in London . McCay organised a headquarters in Melbourne , and established district offices in the other state capitals . Soon after the outbreak of the Great War on 4 August , Bridges , now a brigadier general , appointed McCay to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) . He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Tunbridge on 10 August , who in turn was succeeded by Colonel Monash on 17 August .
McCay was assigned two regular officers as his brigade major and staff captain , but was permitted to choose his four battalion commanders . All of McCay 's choices were senior Militia commanders from Victoria . Three of them proved to be too old for the vigours of a modern campaign . The exception was his youngest appointment , Lieutenant Colonel Harold Edward Elliott of the 7th Infantry Battalion , a University of Melbourne educated lawyer like himself . The brigade assembled at Broadmeadows Camp where it commenced its training . On 21 October McCay and his brigade headquarters embarked from Melbourne on the former P & O ocean liner RMS Orvieto , which also carried Major General Bridges and the staff of his 1st Division . After sailing through the Suez Canal , it arrived at Alexandria , Egypt on 4 December 1914 . The brigade camped at Mena , on the outskirts of Cairo , where training resumed . War correspondent Charles Bean noted that McCay " trained his command with conspicuous ability . He did a great deal of detail work himself , drawing his own orders , and sometimes training his own platoons . " On 4 April 1915 , the 2nd Brigade packed its camp and moved by rail to Alexandria , from whence it embarked for Gallipoli for the landing at Anzac Cove .
McCay arrived off Anzac Cove on the transport SS Novian on the morning of Anzac Day , 25 April 1915 , with his headquarters and the 5th Infantry Battalion on board . Novian had difficulties reaching her berth and when she finally reached it there were no boats to unload her . McCay therefore did not step ashore until about 06 : 00 . There , he met Colonel Ewen Sinclair @-@ Maclagan , the commander of the 3rd Infantry Brigade , who asked him to deploy the 2nd Infantry Brigade on the right , on the 400 Plateau , instead of the left as planned . McCay did so , establishing his headquarters on what became known as McCay 's Hill . The 2nd Infantry Brigade was soon involved in " the most costly struggle of the day " . At 16 : 45 McCay telephoned Bridges at 1st Division headquarters to ask for reinforcements .
The reply came from Colonel White : " The General has only one battalion left ; MacLagan has been very hard pressed , and the General is loath to dispense with this battalion until other troops come ashore tonight . "
McCay answered that he could not manage to bridge the gap in his line ; unless reinforcements arrived , the Turks might come through it at any moment . Major Blamey , standing beside McCay , added that in his opinion the situation was very dangerous — that some of the men were giving way . A few minutes later the voice of Bridges came to McCay through the telephone . " McCay , " he said , " I want you to speak to me , not as subordinate to general , but as McCay to Bridges . I have only one battalion left . Do you assure me that your need for it is absolute ? " McCay replied that he did ; unless it were sent to him , the Turks could come in behind the right of the line . Bridges promised him the 4th Battalion , and ordered Blamey to come down and lead it up .
The Australian line was forced back on to the reverse slope , but did not break .
The commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force , General Sir Ian Hamilton , now decided to make his main effort at Cape Helles . The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps commander , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood , was ordered to send a brigade from each of his two divisions to Helles to reinforce the British and French troops there . McCay 's brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade were chosen . They embarked for Helles on 6 May . On the evening of 8 May , during the Second Battle of Krithia , McCay was given 35 minutes notice to conduct an advance across open ground in broad daylight . McCay protested that there was insufficient time to organise this but was overruled by Hamilton . The brigade suffered heavily . McCay led his men from the front , driving them on despite the futility of the attack . All of his staff were killed or wounded , and McCay 's leg was broken by a bullet . The advance was also pointless , for it could have been conducted after dark without loss . As a result , his men regarded him as responsible for their fate .
McCay was evacuated to hospital in Alexandria . He rejoined his brigade at Anzac on 8 June but the wound had not fully healed and he was lame , walking with the aid of a stick . In the meantime , General Bridges had been mortally wounded on 18 May and the Australian government sent the Chief of the General Staff , Major General James Gordon Legge , to replace him as commander of the 1st Division . McCay , Monash and Colonel Harry Chauvel were all disappointed at being passed over for the command , and protested to Birdwood and the Australian government , but to no avail . However , Legge chose McCay to command the 2nd Division , then forming in Egypt . Unfortunately , on 11 July , the day before he was due to leave for Egypt , McCay 's leg snapped where the bone had been broken at Krithia . He was evacuated again , this time to Malta , and then to the United Kingdom , where he was visited by Sir George Reid , now the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . McCay 's wife Julia died while he was in hospital . Several weeks later his father died as well . McCay was therefore sent back to Australia on compassionate leave . He arrived back in Melbourne on RMS Malwa on 11 November 1915 , accompanied by his two teenage daughters and his brother Hugh , who had joined the ship in Adelaide , to a hero 's welcome . For his service at Gallipoli , McCay was mentioned in despatches for his " great promptitude in supporting the threatened flank of the covering force " during the landing and his " conspicuous gallantry " at Krithia . He was also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath , and bestowed the Croix de Commander de la Légion d 'honneur by the President of France .
= = = = Western Front = = = =
The Minister for Defence , Senator George Pearce , appointed McCay to the newly created post of Inspector General of the AIF on 29 November 1915 , with the local rank of major general . McCay was involved in recruiting campaigns , and inspected AIF units and reported on their training and equipment . He proposed a new training regime , with a national syllabus that increased the number of hours per week of training and the duration of training to twelve weeks . This led to strikes at the camps at Casula and Liverpool . Rioting soldiers clashed with police at Circular Quay and at Central Station striking soldiers were shot and one killed by soldiers sent to return them to Liverpool . As a result , new liquor laws were introduced , including six o 'clock closing .
Meanwhile , the Gallipoli Campaign had ended and the AIF in Egypt was in the process of doubling in size from two divisions to four . Birdwood wished to appoint two British generals to command the new divisions , but Senator Pearce opposed this , ordering that one be given to McCay . On 22 March 1916 , McCay arrived back in Egypt to assume command of the 5th Division . He found that General Headquarters , Egyptian Expeditionary Force had ordered II Anzac Corps , of which the 5th Division was a part , to replace I Anzac Corps in the defence of the Suez Canal . Owing to a shortage of rolling stock , the 4th and 5th Divisions were ordered to undertake a three @-@ day route march across the desert under service conditions , carrying their packs and weapons . This proved to be a greater test of staff and troops than anticipated , and many men dropped from thirst or exhaustion . Many of his men blamed McCay for subjecting them to such a humiliating and severe trial .
In June 1916 , the 5th Division moved to the Western Front . Although the last to arrive in France , it would be the first to see serious action , a part of an ill @-@ conceived plan by Lieutenant General Sir Richard Haking , whose British XI Corps would attack a strong part of the line with inexperienced 5th Division and British 61st ( 2nd South Midland )
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
encounters Tracy . She is in the town at the base of the mountain after being told by her father that Bond may be in the vicinity . Bond is too weak to take on Blofeld 's henchmen alone and she helps him escape to the airport . Smitten by the resourceful , headstrong woman , he proposes marriage and she accepts . Bond then returns to England and works on the plan to capture Blofeld .
Helped by Draco 's Union Corse , Bond mounts an air assault against the clinic and Blofeld . Whilst the clinic is destroyed , Blofeld escapes down a bobsled run and although Bond gives chase Blofeld escapes . Bond flies to Germany where he marries Tracy . The two of them drive off on honeymoon and , a few hours later , Blofeld and Bunt drive past , machine gunning them : Tracy is killed in the attack .
= = Characters and themes = =
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service contains what the author of " continuation " Bond novels Raymond Benson calls " major revelations " about Bond and his character . These start with Bond 's showing an emotional side , visiting the grave of Casino Royale 's Vesper Lynd , which he did every year . The emotional side continues with Bond asking Tracy to marry him . The character of Tracy is not as well defined as some other female leads in the Bond canon , but Benson points out that that it may be the enigmatic quality that Bond falls in love with . Benson also notes that Fleming gives relatively little information about the character , only how Bond reacts to her .
Academic Christoph Lindner identifies the character of Marc @-@ Ange Draco as an example of those characters who have morals closer to those of the traditional villains , but who act on the side of good in support of Bond ; others of this type include Darko Kerim ( From Russia , with Love ) , Tiger Tanaka ( You Only Live Twice ) and Enrico Colombo ( " Risico " ) . Fellow academic Jeremy Black noted the connection between Draco and World War II ; Draco wears the King 's medal for resistance fighters . The war reference is a method used by Fleming to differentiate good from evil and raises a question about " the distinction between criminality and legality " , according to Black .
= = Background = =
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was written in Jamaica at Fleming 's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1962 , whilst the first Bond film , Dr. No was being filmed nearby . The first draft of the novel was 196 pages long and called The Belles of Hell . Fleming later changed the title after being told of a nineteenth @-@ century sailing novel called On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , seen by Fleming 's friend Nicholas Henderson in Portobello Road Market .
As with all his Bond books , Fleming used events or names from his life in his writing . In the 1930s , Fleming often visited Kitzbühel in Austria to ski ; he once deliberately set off down a slope that had been closed because of the danger of an avalanche . The snow cracked behind him and an avalanche came down , catching him at its end : Fleming remembered the incident and it was used for Bond 's escape from Piz Gloria . Fleming would occasionally stay at the sports club the Schloss Mittersill in the Austrian Alps ; in 1940 the Nazis closed down the club and turned it into a research establishment examining the Asiatic races . It was this pseudo @-@ scientific research centre that inspired Blofeld 's own centre of Piz Gloria .
The connection between M and the inspiration for his character , Rear Admiral John Godfrey , was made apparent with Bond visiting Quarterdeck , M 's home . He rings the ship 's @-@ bell for HMS Repulse , M 's last command : it was Godfrey 's ship too . Godfrey was Fleming 's superior officer in Naval Intelligence Division during the war and was known for his bellicose and irascible temperament . During their Christmas lunch , M tells Bond of an old naval acquaintance , a Chief Gunnery Officer named McLachlan . This was actually an old colleague of both Godfrey and Fleming 's in the NID , Donald McLachlan .
The name Hilary Bray was that of an old @-@ Etonian with whom Fleming worked at the stock broking firm Rowe & Pitman , whilst Sable Basilisk was based on " Rouge Dragon " in the College of Arms . Rouge Dragon was the title of heraldic researcher Robin de la Lanne @-@ Mirrlees who asked Fleming not to use the title in the book ; in a play on words , Fleming used Mirrlees 's address , a flat in Basil St and combined it with a dragon @-@ like creature , a basilisk , to come up with the name . Mirrlees had Spanish antecedents , generally born without earlobes and Fleming used this physical attribute for Blofeld . Mirrlees also discovered that the line of the Bonds of Peckham bears the family motto " The World is Not Enough " , which Fleming appropriated for Bond 's own family .
Fleming also used historical references for some of his names and Marc @-@ Ange Draco 's name is based upon that of El Draco , the Spanish nickname for Sir Francis Drake , a fact also used by J. K. Rowling for the naming of her character Draco Malfoy . For Tracy 's background , Fleming used that of Muriel Wright , a married wartime lover of Fleming 's , who died in an air @-@ raid and Bond 's grief for the loss of his wife is an echo of Fleming 's at the loss of Wright . Fleming did make mistakes in the novel , however , such as Bond ordering a half @-@ bottle of Pol Roger Champagne : Fleming 's friend Patrick Leigh Fermor pointed out that Pol Roger was the only champagne at the time not to be produced in half @-@ bottles .
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service is the second book in what is called " the Blofeld trilogy " , sitting between Thunderball , where SPECTRE is introduced and You Only Live Twice , where Blofeld is finally killed by Bond . Although Blofeld is present in Thunderball , he directs operations from a distance and as such he and Bond never meet and On Her Majesty 's Secret Service constitutes his and Bond 's first meeting .
= = Release and reception = =
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was published on 1 April 1963 in the UK as a hardcover edition by publishers Jonathan Cape ; it was 288 pages long and cost 16 shillings . A limited edition of 250 copies were also printed that were numbered and signed by Fleming . Artist Richard Chopping once again undertook the cover art for the first edition . There were 42 @,@ 000 advance orders for the hardback first edition and Cape did an immediate second impression of 15 @,@ 000 copies , selling over 60 @,@ 000 by the end of April 1963 . By the end of 1963 it had sold in excess of 75 @,@ 000 copies .
The novel was published in America in August by the New American Library , after Fleming changed publishers from Viking Press after The Spy Who Loved Me . The book was 299 pages long and cost $ 4 @.@ 50 and it topped The New York Times Best Seller list for over six months .
= = = Reviews = = =
Writing in The Guardian , critic Anthony Berkeley Cox , writing under the name Francis Iles , noted that the two minor grammatical errors he spotted were " likely to spoil no one 's enjoyment " of the novel as he considered that On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was " not only up to Mr. Fleming 's usual level , but perhaps even a bit above it . " Writing in The Guardian 's sister paper , The Observer Maurice Richardson pondered if there had been " a deliberate moral reformation " of Bond . However , he notes Bond still has his harder side when needed . Richardson also thought that " in reforming Bond Mr. Fleming has reformed his own story @-@ telling which had been getting very loose " . Overall he thought that " O.H.M.S.S. is certainly the best Bond for several books . It is better plotted and retains its insane grip until the end " .
Raymond Mortimer , writing for The Sunday Times , said that " James Bond is what every man would like to be , and what every woman would like between her sheets " ; meanwhile the critic for The Times considered that after The Spy Who Loved Me , " On Her Majesty 's Secret Service constitutes a substantial , if not quite a complete , recovery . " In the view of the reviewer , it was enough of a recovery for them to point out that " it is time , perhaps , to forget the much exaggerated things which have been said about sex , sadism and snobbery , and return to the simple , indisputable fact that Mr. Fleming is a most compelling story @-@ teller . " Marghanita Laski , writing in The Times Literary Supplement thought that " the new James Bond we 've been meeting of late [ is ] somehow gentler , more sentimental , less dirty . " However , she considered that " it really is time to stop treating Ian Fleming as a Significant Portent , and to accept him as a good , if rather vulgar thriller @-@ writer , well suited to his times and to us his readers . "
The New York Herald Tribune thought On Her Majesty 's Secret Service to be " solid Fleming " , while the Houston Chronicle considered the novel to be " Fleming at his urbanely murderous best , a notable chapter in the saga of James Bond " . Gene Brackley , writing in the Boston Globe wrote that Bond " needs all the quality he can muster to escape alive " from Blofeld 's clutches in the book and this gives rise to " two of the wildest chase scenes in the good guys @-@ bad guys literature " . Regarding the fantastic nature of the plots , Brackley considered that " Fleming 's accounts of the half @-@ world of the Secret Service have the ring of authenticity " because of his previous role with the NID .
Writing for The Washington Post , Jerry Doolittle thought that Bond is " still irresistible to women , still handsome in a menacing way , still charming . He has nerves of steel and thews of whipcord " , even if " he 's starting to look a little older . " Doolittle was fulsome in his praise for the novel , saying " Fleming 's new book will not disappoint his millions of fans " . Writing in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer , John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was again damning , although even he admitted that " you can 't argue with success " . However , he went on to say that " simply pro forma , I must set down my opinion that this is a silly and tedious novel . " Boucher went on to bemoan that although On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was better than The Spy Who Loved Me , " it is still a lazy and inadequate story " , going on to say that " my complaint is not that the adventures of James Bond are bad literature ... but that they aren 't good bad literature " . Boucher finished his review lamenting that " they just aren 't writing bad books like they used to . "
The opposite point of view was taken by Robert Kirsch , writing in the Los Angeles Times , who considered Fleming 's work to be a significant point in fiction , saying that the Bond novels " are harbingers of a change in emphasis in fiction which is important . " The importance , Kirsch claimed , sprung from " a revolution in taste , a return to qualities in fiction which all but submerged in the 20th @-@ century vogue of realism and naturalism " and the importance was such that they were " comparable ... only to the phenomenon of Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories " . Kirsch also believed that " with Fleming , ... we do not merely accept the willing suspension of disbelief , we yearn for it , we hunger for it . " The critic for Time magazine referred to previous criticism of Fleming and thought that " in Fleming 's latest Bond bombshell , there are disquieting signs that he took the critics to heart " when they complained about " the consumer snobbery of his caddish hero " . The critic mourned that even worse was to follow , however , when " Bond is threatened with what , for an international cad , would clearly be a fate worse than death : matrimony " . However , eventually a " deus ex machina ( the machine , reassuringly , is a lethal red Maserati ) ... saves James Bond from his better self . "
= = Adaptations = =
Serialisation ( 1963 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was serialised in the April , May and June 1963 issues of Playboy .
Comic strip ( 1964 – 65 )
Ian Fleming 's 1963 novel was adapted as a daily comic strip published in the Daily Express newspaper , and syndicated worldwide ; the strip ran for nearly a year , from 29 June 1964 to 17 May 1965 . The adaptation was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky . The strip was reprinted by Titan Books in The James Bond Omnibus Vol . 2 , published in 2011 .
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 )
In 1969 the novel was adapted into the sixth film in the Eon Productions series . It starred George Lazenby in his only appearance of the Bond role . With the films being produced in a different order to the books , the continuity of storylines was broken and the films altered accordingly . Even so , the character of Blofeld was present in the previous film , You Only Live Twice , and he and Bond had met : this previous meeting was ignored for the plot of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service .
Radio ( 2014 )
In 2014 the novel was adapted for BBC Radio 4 's Saturday Drama strand . Toby Stephens , who played Gustav Graves in Die Another Day , portrayed Bond . Joanna Lumley appeared in both the film and radio adaptations of the novel .
= Yad Kennedy =
Yad Kennedy ( Hebrew : יד קנדי ) , located in the Mateh Yehuda Region near Jerusalem , Israel , is a memorial to John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States , who was assassinated in Dallas , Texas in 1963 . The 60 @-@ foot high ( 18 m ) memorial is shaped like the stump of a felled tree , symbolizing a life cut short . Inside is a bronze relief of Kennedy , with an eternal flame burning in the center . It is encircled by 51 concrete columns , one for each of the 50 states in the United States plus one for Washington , D.C. , that nation 's capital . The emblems of the states ( and of the District of Columbia ) are displayed on each of the columns , and the columns are separated by slim panels of glass . The monument measures approximately 250 feet ( 76 m ) in circumference around its base , and there is space within the memorial for approximately 100 visitors at a time . The monument was built in 1966 with funds donated by American Jewish communities .
Yad Kennedy and its adjoining picnic grounds are part of the John F. Kennedy Peace Forest .
= = Name = =
The Hebrew word yad , which is used for a number of memorials in Israel ( including the well @-@ known Holocaust memorial museum Yad Vashem ) , comes from the Book of Isaiah , chapter 56 , verse 5 : " And to them will I give in my house and within my walls a memorial and a name ( yad vashem ) . "
= = Location = =
The site is located 7 miles ( 11 km ) from downtown Jerusalem , in the same general direction as Hadassah Medical Center , on top of the highest of the Jerusalem hills , at an elevation of 825 metres ( 2 @,@ 707 ft ) . The site overlooks what was at the time of the dedication the Jordanian village of Bittar ( now a part of Israel 's West Bank ) , the historic site of Betar , famous as the last stronghold of the Jewish revolt led by Simon Bar Kochba against Roman forces in 132 – 135 CE . The view from the parking lot has been described in the Frommer 's travel guide as " breathtaking – a never @-@ ending succession of mountains and valleys . " On a clear day , the Mediterranean Sea can be seen in the direction of Tel Aviv , 40 miles ( 64 km ) away . The memorial can be reached by following the winding mountain roads past Ora and Aminadav . It is approximately 45 minutes by foot from the nearest main road , where the closest Jerusalem city bus is # 20 , although special tour buses are normally utilized for group visits .
The monument and adjoining picnic grounds are part of the John F. Kennedy Peace Forest . The area designated as the JFK Peace Forest is part of the larger " Aminadav Forest " , a 7 @,@ 000 @-@ dunam forest in Ein Kerem .
= = History = =
Max Bressler of Chicago , Illinois , then president of the American Jewish National Fund , came up with the proposal for the memorial in 1964 . Bressler , for whom the Jerusalem neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem is named , had hoped to lead an American delegation to the dedication ceremony , but he died in 1966 .
= = = Fundraising = = =
On 13 January 1964 , former Pennsylvania Governor George M. Leader announced plans for the memorial , stating that he would serve as the General Chair of a State committee to raise funds . He stated that similar committees would be set up in each State , as well as some additional committees in countries overseas . On 22 November 1964 , the first anniversary of the assassination , the Jewish National Fund sponsored meetings in major Jewish communities throughout the United States . The meetings were described as tributes for the fallen President as well as symbolic dedication ceremonies for the planned memorial .
American communities pledged to fund the planting of trees in the forest in addition to funds for the memorial . For example , in July 1965 , the community of Los Angeles , California pledged to have 100 @,@ 000 trees planted as a result of a banquet sponsored by JNF attended by more than 1000 government , union , and management leaders .
= = = Dedication = = =
Nearly 2000 people , including many official guests representing the Israeli and United States governments , came to witness the dedication , along with hundreds of tourists , American students , and Israelis .
An Israeli children 's band played Hatikva , the Israeli national anthem , along with the U.S. anthem , the Star Spangled Banner . The New York Times reported that the children " tried valiantly " to play the U.S. song , playing very slowly , but then many strong voices from among the crowd helped out until the music " swept the audience . "
Among the guests at the 4 July 1966 dedication was U.S. Chief Justice Earl Warren , who had chaired the commission tasked with investigating the 1963 assassination . Among other guests were Levi Eshkol , Prime Minister of Israel , Teddy Kollek , the mayor of Jerusalem , and Walworth Barbour , the United States Ambassador to Israel .
Chief Justice Warren , who was reported to be so enthusiastic about the memorial after actually seeing it for the first time that he rewrote his remarks , noted :
" We choose to do this on the American Independence Day but also in honor of the independence of Israel and other free nations . We are all confronted here by history because this is the birthplace of the world 's three religions on which our own civilization is based and which contributed the all @-@ important principle that all people are God 's children and entitled to live in peace . "
Warren noted that Washington , D.C. had many memorials , but that this area , with the forest as a " living memorial , " would have " greatly pleased " Kennedy for two reasons . First , Kennedy himself had spoken of the importance of planting trees in Israel , when he had addressed a 1958 Jewish National Fund meeting while serving as a junior Senator from Massachusetts , saying , " What work could be more heartwarming or more enduring than the great forest at Jerusalem . Your children and grandchildren when they visit Israel will find your monument " . Second , Warren recalled that Kennedy had visited Israel twice , the first time in 1939 when it was still part of the British Mandate , and the second time in 1951 . Speaking in 1951 of the differences between the people he witnessed during those two visits , he said that " Perhaps the greatest change of all I found in the hearts and minds of the people , For unlike the discouraged settlers of 1939 they looked to the future with hope . I found a revival of an ancient spirit " . Warren concluded his remarks by saying he would use the same word that President Kennedy would have used : " Shalom . "
Israeli Prime Minister Eshkol spoke as well , noting that Kennedy 's memory would be kept alive by this memorial " not only as a friend of Israel but also as a symbol of the lofty ideals of his country and of all humanity , " dedicating the memorial to " the man who opened new frontiers of international relations and human friendships . "
In remarks offered by the American ambassador to Israel , Walworth Barbour , he noted that " A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces but also by the men it honors . In thus honoring and remembering the late President Kennedy , the men and women of the Jewish National Fund honor themselves--beyond and above the glory they have already earned in their work for Israel . "
Jacob Tsur , world president of the Jewish National Fund , praised the memorial as well , " conceived in the shape of a mighty trunk of a fallen tree , among the thousands of saplings which will grow one day into a great forest . "
= = Design = =
Yad Kennedy was designed by the Brazilian @-@ born Israeli architect David Resnick , who later won the 1995 Israel Prize in architecture , and the Ukrainian @-@ born Israeli sculptor Dov Feigin . Feigin created the bust of Kennedy along with a memorial wall that includes excerpts from a number of Kennedy 's speeches . Resnick said that " the entire complex is intended to symbolize the vigor of a great man whose life was tragically ended in mid @-@ growth by assassination " .
Resnick was awarded the contract to design the memorial after a nationwide competition . His initial vision for the memorial was a " free form " but generally circular shape , set within a reflecting pool . However , because money was being raised for the memorial by groups in all 50 states in the U.S. , as well as groups in Washington , D.C. , a vision of columns for each of those locations ultimately helped him come up with the concept of a tree trunk , linked to the idea that Kennedy 's life had been cut down like a tree that is felled in its prime . The courtyard below the memorial includes a number of plaques acknowledging contributions by individuals and groups .
In addition to the Kennedy relief and eternal flame , papers and photographs relating to the subject of Israel @-@ United States relations until the time of Kennedy 's assassination are kept in a small library .
In 1974 , a picnic site was added on the grounds of the memorial , open to visitors . The JNF announced that the site would " include rustic benches and tables , water facilities and shaded eating areas , " and would be " close to the impressive stone and metal memorial – but far enough away not to pollute the area . "
= = Kennedy Peace Forest = =
The Kennedy Peace Forest was dedicated before the memorial , with official dedication ceremonies taking place on 22 November 1964 , on the first anniversary of Kennedy 's assassination .
In June 1966 Jewish National Fund officials announced that 1 @.@ 5 million trees had already been planted in the forest in preparation for the memorial 's planned 4 July dedication ceremonies . The announcement noted that another 2 million trees had been planted in the adjoining " United States Freedom Forest , " with a goal of planting 5 @.@ 5 million trees in the two forests , as a number equal to the Jewish population of the United States . More than three million dollars in donations had been received at that point for the Kennedy Forest , from more than 100 @,@ 000 donors .
In June 1968 , the JNF announced it would plant 500 @,@ 000 trees in the Kennedy Forest in memory of John F. Kennedy 's brother , Robert F. Kennedy , assassinated on 6 June of that year . In 1999 , JNF announced that trees would also be planted in memory of John F. Kennedy , Jr . , his wife Carolyn Bessette @-@ Kennedy , and sister @-@ in @-@ law Lauren Bessette , all victims of a 16 July 1999 plane crash in the ocean off Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts .
In April 1989 a forest fire ( possibly the result of arson ) destroyed approximately 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) and 3000 trees in the forest .
= = Special events = =
Among the many special events that have taken place at the memorial was a visit by a number of officers and crew members from the United States aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy ( CV67 ) , named in honor of the same U.S. President memorialized by this monument , during a 1997 port visit to Haifa .
= = = Tree planting = = =
A VIP Kennedy Memorial tree planting center is included on the grounds of the memorial , where many distinguished visitors from other countries have planted trees . In May 1978 Jacqueline Kennedy , widow of the president , visited the memorial and planted a tree in the forest . Other members of the Kennedy family who have visited the memorial and planted trees include U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy ( JFK 's brother ) , on 11 December 1986 ; Joan Kennedy ( Teddy Kennedy 's first wife ) , on 24 January 1983 ; and Robert F. Kennedy , Jr. and his sister Kathleen Kennedy Townsend ( JFK 's nephew and niece ; children of Robert F. Kennedy ) , on 1 January 1987 . A special " Kennedy Family Planting Circle " was established by the Jewish National Fund . In 2001 Kennedy 's daughter Kathleen Kennedy Townsend , then Lieutenant Governor of Maryland , visited Yad Kennedy during her tour of Israel with her husband and three of her four daughters .
Visiting American military personnel are among those who plant trees at the memorial because of its remembrance of an American president . Among those who have planted trees at the site are former Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States Army , Navy , and Air Force .
Israeli groups also take part in the tree planting tradition , especially on the Jewish holiday of Tu Bishvat , an occasion linked to trees . On some occasions as many as 4000 Israeli school children have come to the Kennedy Peace Forest to plant trees on that holiday .
In addition to individual or group tree plantings , there have been special occasions when smaller " forests " have been dedicated within the larger John F. Kennedy Peace Forest . For example , as early as January 1966 , even before the dedication of the memorial , a forest was planted in honor of Ambassador Avraham Harman , Israel 's ambassador to the United States . The " Avraham Harman Forest " was contributed by Bnai Zion , a pro @-@ Israel " fraternal group " in the U.S. , and Golda Meir , newly retired from her post as Israel 's Prime Minister , was one of the participants in the dedication ceremony .
Other specially designated areas within the larger John F. Kennedy Peace Forest include a " woodland " set up to memorialize the victims of the 1972 Lydda airport ( now named Ben Gurion International Airport ) terrorist attack .
= = Gallery = =
= Peter @-@ assment =
" Peter @-@ assment " is the 14th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 21 , 2010 . The title of the episode , like Season 4 's Peterotica and Petergeist , is a portmanteau between " Peter " and " Harassment " . The episode follows Peter after he becomes a paparazzo , and begins to annoy the citizens and local celebrities in Quahog , and eventually breaks his glasses . Peter then becomes the target of sexual lust by his boss at the Pawtucket Brewery , Angela , who finds him attractive without his occasional eyewear . Continually refusing to have relations with her , Peter tries to avoid Angela , but she fires him and attempts suicide , leaving him with no other choice but to acknowledge her deep @-@ rooted sexual desires .
The episode was written by Chris Sheridan and directed by Julius Wu . It received mostly mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references , in addition to receiving some criticism from the family of Terri Schiavo for its opening act . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 6 @.@ 65 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Max Burkholder , Richard Dreyfuss , Carrie Fisher , Jim Goldenberg , Max Hodges , Maurice Lamont , Harvey Levin , Jack Samson , Will Shadley , Anthony Skillman and Steve Urquilla , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " Peter @-@ assment " was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
Attending a play being held at the Little Clam Pre @-@ School about Terri Schiavo , the Griffin family wait eagerly to see Stewie appear in the starring role as " The Plug . " Succumbing to stage fright , however , Stewie wets himself , and begins crying , with Peter recording it all on video tape . Panning the camera down to another row in the auditorium , Peter notices actor Richard Dreyfuss , and begins recording him , while pestering him with personal questions . Deciding to sell the video to TMZ , Peter quickly becomes enthralled with being a Paparazzi , and decides to buy a professional @-@ grade video camera . He then begins recording other town celebrities , including Tom Tucker , Mayor Adam West , and Ollie Williams , the latter whom smashes Peter 's camera , as well as his glasses . Unable to fix them in time for work the next day , he decides to wear contacts instead . Once he arrives at work , his boss , Angela , notices something different about his appearance and develops a sexual attraction for him . Angela begins hitting on Peter , enlisting him to do various odd sexual favors for her . This culminates in her inviting Peter to her house one evening , which Peter realizes as an attempt to have sex with him . Peter fears of going against her will result in being fired , and agrees to visit Angela . He then enlists his neighbor , Quagmire , to go with him , and hides inside Peter 's clothing , planning to have sex with Angela , in the place of Peter . He soon backs out , however , when he finds Angela to be unattractive , leading Peter to have to refuse to have sex with her , and eventually being fired from his job .
Deciding to drink away his sorrows , Peter begins watching an old film featuring Robert Mitchum , in which he slaps a woman . Mitchum then breaks the fourth wall and tells Peter to stand up for himself . Deciding to use physical violence against Angela , Peter drives to her house , and discovers his boss attempting to commit suicide in her garage by inhaling the exhaust from her car . Quickly resuscitating her , Angela confesses that she has no hope in life , after not having been with another man for more than ten years . Deciding to help her out by getting her a date with another man , Peter disguises himself as a high society Englishman named " Reginald Knickerbocker . " The two then have dinner together , before Angela brings her date back to the house and tries to seduce him , while still threatening to kill herself if he refuses . Peter , as Reginald , reluctantly agrees , rekindling her will to live . Seeing through his disguise , Angela then rehires Peter . Later , at The Drunken Clam with Quagmire and Joe , Peter then reveals that he had actually secretly paid Mort Goldman to have sex with his boss .
= = Production and development = =
The episode was written by Family Guy executive producer Chris Sheridan , who joined the show in its first season , writing the second episode of the series " I Never Met the Dead Man " . It was directed by series regular Julius Wu , who joined the show in its fifth season , directing the episode " The Tan Aquatic with Steve Zissou " . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors , with Andrew Goldberg and Alex Carter working as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Peter @-@ assment " . Actress Carrie Fisher , who is most famous for her role as Princess Leia in Star Wars , first joined the series as Peter 's boss , Angela , in the fourth season episode " Jungle Love " . Fisher has been given high praise for her portrayal of the character , with The Hollywood Reporter calling it one of her " 5 Most Iconic Roles . "
" Peter @-@ assment " , along with the eleven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In addition to the regular cast and Fisher , voice actor Max Burkholder , actors Richard Dreyfuss , Maurice Lamont , Anthony Skillman , and Steve Urquilla ; producer Jim Goldenberg ; reporter Max Hodges ; media reporter Harvey Levin ; and voice actors Jack Samson and Will Shadley guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors John G. Brennan and Ralph Garman , and writers Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin and John Viener also made minor appearances .
= = Reception = =
" Peter @-@ assment " was broadcast on March 21 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by The Simpsons and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin @-@ off series The Cleveland Show . It was also followed by the short @-@ lived live @-@ action series Sons of Tucson . It was watched by 6 @.@ 65 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC , The Amazing Race on CBS and Celebrity Apprentice on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 5 / 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons , The Cleveland Show and Sons of Tucson , in addition to significantly edging out all three shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings decreased slightly from the previous week 's episode , " Go Stewie Go " .
Reviews of the episode were mostly mixed , calling the storyline " a string of poorly executed jokes with some mild successes sprinkled here and there . " Ramsey Isler of IGN also called out the episode as " a mashed together mess of two stories that would have worked much better separately , " in addition to praising actress Carrie Fisher in her returning role as Angela . In a subsequent review of Family Guy 's eighth season , Isler listed " Peter @-@ assment " as being " full of the lowest of the lowest @-@ common @-@ denominator " jokes " , with heavy reliance on toilet humor and the characteristic cutaway gags that have steadily gotten more random and less funny . " In a simultaneous review of The Simpsons episode " Stealing First Base " and The Cleveland Show episode " Once Upon a Tyne in New York " that preceded " Peter @-@ assment " , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club called the storyline a " junk drawer , " criticizing the writers ' overuse of jokes , " in the hopes some of them [ would ] land . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad also criticized the storyline , saying the interaction between Peter and Angela " went to pretty uncomfortable levels , " while praising the episode for " [ showing ] us that harassment can and does go both ways . "
In reaction to the opening musical number about Terri Schiavo , Schiavo 's brother , Bobby Schindler , Jr . , said , " My family was astonished at the cruelty and bigotry towards our beloved sister , and all disabled people that we witnessed in this show . My first thought was how this attempt at satire must have been enormously difficult and painful for my mother . " He continued , " The depiction of Terri in the Family Guy episode on March 21 is not only inaccurate , it seems to take the position that certain people are simply not worthy of receiving medical care because they are viewed as burdens on the health care system . " In addition , Schindler has also stated that he hopes to soon enlist the aid of other advocacy groups to protest the episode , " and perhaps see some sponsors end support of the show . " Other pro @-@ life activists , including Jill Stanek , wrote of the opening , " Last night 's episode of Family Guy opened with a truly shocking scene [ ... ] This is the same television series that had an abortion episode canceled in August 2009 . Creator Seth MacFarlane 's goal is [ to ] get buzz by being offensive . "
= 2004 Istanbul summit =
The 2004 Istanbul summit was held in Istanbul , Turkey from June 28 to June 29 , 2004 . It was the 17th NATO summit in which NATO 's Heads of State and Governments met to make formal decisions about security topics . In general , the summit is seen as a continuation of the transformation process that began in the 2002 Prague summit , which hoped to create a shift from a Cold War alliance against Soviet aggression to a 21st @-@ century coalition against new and out @-@ of @-@ area security threats . The summit consisted of four meetings .
NATO members welcomed seven new alliance members during the North Atlantic Council meeting , decided to expand the alliance 's presence in the War in Afghanistan and to end its presence in Bosnia , agreed to assist Iraq with training , launched a new partnership initiative and adopted measures to improve NATO ’ s operational capabilities .
The NATO @-@ Russia Council meeting was mostly noted by the absence of both Russian president Vladimir Putin and of any progress concerning the ratification of the adapted CFE treaty or the withdrawal of Russian troops from Georgia and Moldova . NATO leaders further welcomed progress made by Ukraine towards membership in the NATO @-@ Ukraine Commission meeting and discussed some general and mostly symbolic topics with its non @-@ NATO counterparts during the Euro @-@ Atlantic Partnership Council meeting .
Due to Turkish government fears of a terrorist attack , security measures during the summit were tight . Demonstrators from around the world gathered to protest against NATO or the American foreign policy under the George W. Bush Administration , while the summit itself was blown off the front pages of the world press by the unexpected transfer of Iraqi sovereignty , coinciding with the first day of the NATO summit on June 28 .
= = Security measures = =
Unprecedented security measures were made by the Turkish government to safeguard the NATO summit from terrorist attacks . They especially feared a repetition of the Istanbul bombings of 2003 that killed more than 60 people . Their fear was proven by the arrest of 16 people in Bursa in early May on suspicion of planning to bomb the summit . Police seized guns , explosives , bomb @-@ making booklets and 4 @,@ 000 compact discs with training advice from Osama Bin Laden , and believed that the suspects were members of the radical Islamic group Ansar al @-@ Islam , thought to be linked with al @-@ Qaeda . On June 24 two bombs also exploded . One bomb went off in a bus in Istanbul killing 4 people ( including the bomber ) , the other outside a hotel in Ankara where US president George W. Bush would be staying . Additionally , on June 25 , explosives were found in a parked car at Istanbul 's main airport .
Security measures included Turkish war ships and Turkish commandos in rubber boats patrolling the Bosporus , AWACS surveillance planes and F @-@ 16 warplanes circling above the city in order to monitor a no @-@ fly zone over the city , and the assignment of 23 @,@ 000 to 24 @,@ 000 police officers , supported by police helicopters and armoured vehicles . The Bosphorus Strait was also closed to oil tankers , the underground rail system was suspended and whole city districts were sealed off . Nevertheless , a small bomb or explosive devise blew up on an empty Turkish Airlines plane on June 29 as workers were cleaning it at the main Istanbul airport . Three of the workers were slightly injured .
The extent of disruption caused by the security measures was criticized by several Turkish newspapers . The newspaper Cumhuriyet for instance called the situation " a total disgrace " and commented that Istanbul and Ankara looked like " ghost cities for a couple of days , imprisoning the people , emptying the streets and stopping boats from leaving . " The newspaper further added that people died because emergency services were unable to reach them .
= = Demonstrations = =
During June , there was a surge in demonstrations against the upcoming NATO summit , resulting in almost daily protests in Turkey . For instance on June 16 , Turkish riot police detained some 40 people during a demonstration and on June 21 , police used water cannon , tear gas and armoured vehicles to
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Works in Scotland , under the Master of Works Sir John Anstruther . In 1730 Adam was appointed principal Mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain .
In 1727 Adam and Sir John Clerk travelled to London , visiting a number of country seats along the way , including Cliveden , Wilton , and Wanstead Park . In London , Adam attempted to make further political contacts , as well as seeking out an engraver for his projected book of architectural plans , which would eventually become Vitruvius Scoticus . Also while in London , he sat to William Aikman for his portrait .
= = = Architect , entrepreneur , and laird = = =
By 1728 , Adam was firmly established as a successful architect with numerous ongoing business concerns , including coal mining , salt panning , quarrying and agricultural improvements , although in that year occurred the death of his partner and father @-@ in @-@ law William Robertson . For the same year , William Adam and Alexander McGill are called architects in the subscribers ' list to James Gibbs 's Book of Architecture . On 21 February 1728 , Adam was made a burgess of Edinburgh , and moved with his family to a property on the Cowgate , where he later built a large tenement .
His business activities continued to expand . Since the commission for Hopetoun in 1721 , he had leased quarries near Queensferry which provided the stone for his building contracts . Starting in 1734 , he leased lofts , granaries and warehouses in Leith , and leased coal mines and salt pans at Cockenzie , and later at nearby Pinkie he built a canal in 1742 – 44 , to serve the mines . Other engineering works included an aqueduct cut through a hill at Inveresk , and in 1741 , an attempt to promote a Forth and Clyde canal , a project eventually realised by others some 30 years later . His main concern from 1731 became Blair Crambeth , the estate in Kinross @-@ shire , near Kelty , which he purchased that year for £ 8 @,@ 010 Scots . Renaming the estate Blair Adam , he set about expanding and improving it , planting trees , enclosing land , and setting up coal mines . He established the village of Maryburgh to house the miners , and built a small house , although he seldom visited for any length of time .
= = = Later life = = =
In 1741 Adam was forced to initiate legal proceedings against William , Lord Braco , to retrieve unpaid fees arising from his work at Duff House . There was no formal contract , and client and architect disagreed on costs for carved stonework . Adam sued for £ 5 @,@ 796 12s 11 ⅓ d , and the matter was initially resolved in his favour . However , Braco was a stubborn opponent , and dragged out the proceedings , which were not resolved until just before Adam 's death .
After the Jacobite rising of 1745 , Adam 's position as Mason to the Board of Ordnance brought him a number of large military contracts in the Highlands . In 1746 , the position of Master Carpenter to the Board of Ordnance became vacant , and Adam was quick to put forward his son John 's name for consideration , although he was unsuccessful in securing him the post . His three eldest sons were all involved in the family business by 1746 , James and John both leaving Edinburgh University early to join their father .
William Adam succumbed to illness in late 1747 , dying the following summer . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard , Edinburgh , where John Adam designed the family mausoleum built in 1753 . This was restored by Edinburgh City Council and Historic Scotland in 1997 to mark the 250th anniversary of his death .
= = Architectural works = =
Adam used a wide variety of sources for his designs , and created an inventive personal style of decoration . His chief influences were from English Palladianism , and several of his houses have been likened to designs reproduced in Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus , but Adam mixed these with English Baroque motifs from Gibbs and Vanbrugh . He relied greatly on a range of French , Italian and English pattern books , including Gibbs ' Book of Architecture , from which he borrowed freely with little regard for consistency of style . In addition , he took inspiration from earlier Scottish renaissance architecture , and from his predecessors Bruce and Smith . During his nearly 30 @-@ year career as an architect , Adam designed , extended or remodelled over 40 country houses , and undertook numerous public contracts . He also laid out landscape garden schemes , for instance at Newliston and Taymouth Castle .
= = = Country houses = = =
His first commission seems to have been for extensions to Hopetoun House , near Edinburgh , for Charles Hope , 1st Earl of Hopetoun . Hopetoun had been built only 20 years before by Sir William Bruce , and Adam was retained to rebuild the south @-@ east wing . These works , completed in 1725 , aimed to give the east front a bold new facade , stepping forward at the ends with curved sections . According to John Fleming , " nothing so ambitious or imaginative had ever before been attempted in Scotland " . Over the following years , Adam would return to Hopetoun , building the south colonnade from 1726 , the north wing from 1728 , and finally the pavilions from 1736 . These were not finished until 1742 , the year of the Earl 's death , and the completed scheme was finished by Adam 's sons after his own death . Adam also laid out the gardens , possibly to designs by Bruce , whose axial style they follow .
Other early designs included Drum House , which boasted Scotland 's first venetian window , and Mavisbank , both near Edinburgh . Mavisbank House , constructed between 1723 and 1727 , was the first Palladian villa in Scotland , a collaboration between Adam and the owner , amateur architect Sir John Clerk of Penicuik . The latter claimed much of the credit , and certainly criticised some of Adam 's suggestions , although evidence suggests Adam got his way on a number of points . As at Hopetoun , here Adam enjoyed an unusually close relationship with his client , despite their differences of opinion . His most ambitious early work was the baroque , Vanbrugh @-@ inspired house at Arniston , near Gorebridge . Built for Robert Dundas , a lawyer and politician linked to the Earl of Stair , Arniston includes extensive grounds laid out by Adam , with a parterre and cascade , and a main avenue centred on Arthur 's Seat to the north . The stucco work to the hall at Arniston is one of Adam 's finest Vanbrughian interiors .
Duff House , Adam 's major work of the 1730s , demonstrates his accretion of local and foreign influences , presenting itself as " a medieval castle in baroque dress " . Built between 1735 and 1739 , Adam acted as contractor and architect to William , Lord Braco . James Gibbs had recently built another house for Lord Braco , but he declined the commission for Duff , recommending Adam for the job . The main facade of Duff House is remarkable for its height , and with the tall corner towers the impression is of a highly vertical house . This style is related to the designs produced by the exiled Jacobite Earl of Mar , an amateur architect who collaborated with Adam at the House of Dun . Charles McKean compares Duff to the 17th century Drumlanrig Castle , and places it within the Scottish architectural tradition . Like Drumlanrig , and Heriot 's Hospital ( 1620s – 1690s ) in Edinburgh before it , Duff House has a double @-@ pile block flanked by taller square corner towers . The " baroque dress " at Duff derives from Vanbrugh , and particularly Eastbury Park ( 1724 – 38 ) in Dorset . Designs for pavilions and quadrant wings were never executed due to Lord Braco 's dispute with Adam . Braco never occupied or fitted out the house for the same reason .
Adam 's other houses of the 1730s include House of Dun in Angus , Tinwald in Dumfriesshire , Lawyers House in Perthshire , and Haddo House in Aberdeenshire . His early , unexecuted design for House of Dun , a collaboration with the Earl of Mar , is interesting , as it appears to show a traditional tall Scottish tower house , complete with spiral stairs within the walls , but externally clad in neo @-@ classical detailing ; Adam clearly took some inspiration from the Scottish vernacular . Chatelherault , the Duke of Hamilton 's " Dogg Kennel " and hunting lodge near Hamilton , was completed in 1743 . His redecoration of the Duke 's apartment in Holyroodhouse was Adam 's most important interior design commission . In the 1730s Adam extended Taymouth Castle and laid out gardens , although his work was largely demolished to make way for the present building in the 19th century . Adam 's approach here mirrored the work of Bruce at Balcaskie , extending a Scottish tower house to form a near @-@ symmetrical architectural composition .
After 1740 , Adam built only two houses , Cumbernauld House for the Earl of Wigton , and Cally House for Alexander Murray , which was not complete until 1763 . From 1746 , Adam was acting as " Intendant General " and contractor , overseeing the building of Inveraray Castle to a Gothic design by Roger Morris . His role was to correspond with the architect on behalf of the client , Archibald Campbell , 3rd Duke of Argyll , and Adam also offered Morris his own advice on detail design . He also provided an early draft for the layout of the new town at Inveraray . His last architectural work was for Lord Lovat in 1744 , for a new house at Castle Dounie . The stone was supplied , but construction never started as Lord Lovat was " out " in the Jacobite rising of 1745 , and his property was sacked by government troops .
= = = Public buildings = = =
Adam 's first public building commissions were in Aberdeen , where he built the town house , or town hall , from 1729 – 30 , since demolished , and Robert Gordon 's Hospital from 1730 – 32 , now an independent school . The original Edinburgh Royal Infirmary on Infirmary Street was an imposing building designed by Adam in 1738 , although based on a standard Ordnance Board barrack block . One of the first infirmaries in the world , it was founded by physician Alexander Monro , and was demolished in 1884 . Remnants of the building can be found on various sites in the city . Also in Edinburgh , Adam built George Watson 's Hospital from 1738 – 41 , demolished 2004 , which in the 19th century was incorporated by David Bryce as part of the new Royal Infirmary . In 1745 , work was completed on William Adam 's " New Library " for the University of Glasgow , also since demolished . Adam 's town house for Dundee has also been demolished ; that of Haddington remains but is much altered . Adam built only one church , Hamilton Old Parish Church , in 1733 while working on nearby Chatelherault .
The last Jacobite rising occurred in 1745 , when " Bonnie Prince Charlie " attempted to seize the British throne , aided by rebellious Scottish Highlanders . In the aftermath of this unsuccessful coup , the Highlands were extensively militarised by the government , and Adam 's Ordnance Board work consequently multiplied . He and his sons carried out works at Fort Augustus , Fort William , Carlisle , and the castles of Dumbarton , Stirling , Edinburgh , Blackness , and Duart . He was engaged in 1747 to provide the mason work and brickwork for Fort George near Inverness , although the project only began shortly before Adam 's death . Every summer until 1760 , one of his sons spent the summer at Fort George , supervising the works under Colonel Skinner , the chief engineer for North Britain .
= = = Vitruvius Scoticus = = =
In the 1720s Adam planned to publish a book of architectural drawings of Scottish houses , including his own work and that of others . His Vitruvius Scoticus was started and named in response to Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus . He commissioned some engravings during his 1727 trip to London , and had begun to collect subscriptions . Further engraving were completed in Edinburgh in the 1730s by Richard Cooper . The project then stalled , possibly due to the lack of subscriptions ( only 150 were collected , compared to over 700 for Vitruvius Britannicus ) , although it may have been revived around the time of Adam 's death . In 1766 , John Adam attempted to restart the project and collect fresh subscriptions , although nothing came of this . The book was finally published in 1812 by John 's son William , and contained 160 plates , including 100 of Adam 's own designs .
= = Legacy = =
William Adam 's dominant position in Scottish architecture is reinforced by his lack of contemporaries . Colin McWilliam , in The Buildings of Scotland : Lothian , wondered " whether Scottish architecture at this period ... would have achieved very much without him . "
Adam 's death coincided with the final defeat of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , and the advance of the Scottish Enlightenment , which resulted in new styles of building becoming popular . The development of Neoclassicism in the late 18th century was paralleled by a revival of the " castle " form of house , which would lead to the Scottish baronial style . Neither idiom however , owed much to the work of William Adam . As a practical man rather than a theorist , Adam never developed a strong enough style to exert a direct influence on the course of building design .
His main bequest to architectural history were his three architect sons , and in particular Robert Adam , whose success as developer of the " Adam Style " far outran that of his father . Although Robert formed his own style through lengthy study in Rome , John Fleming detects traces of his father 's influence on all three of the brothers ' work , and suggests that the Adam principle of " movement " in architecture was partly inspired by William 's admiration for Vanbrugh . More concretely , Fleming notes that working with their father gave the brothers a solid grounding in the technical aspects of architecture , and introduced them to a set of clients which they might never otherwise have had access to .
= = = Critical appreciation = = =
Although his contemporaries acclaimed Adam 's " genius for architecture " , recent architectural historians have found his work of more variable quality . In the 18th and 19th centuries , he was accepted as Scotland 's " Universal Architect " , and at the end of the 19th century , MacGibbon and Ross suggested in The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland that William was " at least " the equal in talent of his son Robert .
In the 20th century , a more critical view of Adam 's work was taken . For example , Ian Hannah in The Story of Scotland in Stone ( 1934 ) found Adam to be " a rather ordinary classical architect " . Arthur T. Bolton , in the introduction to his definitive work on Robert and James Adam ( 1922 ) , dismissed the father 's work as " heavy and ordinary " , and a mere " compilation of ideas ... from Vanbrugh and Gibbs to Kent " . John Fleming lamented his " ad hoc improvisation from source books , improperly digested " , and decided that he " cannot be allowed great distinction as an architect " . John Summerson disregards Adam 's work , in Architecture in Britain , 1530 – 1830 ( 1953 ) , as it does not fit into the English Palladian orthodoxy , although John Dunbar suggests that " he could express himself convincingly enough in that idiom " , for instance at Haddo House . Dunbar found Adam 's work " as remarkable for its eclecticism as for its unevenness of quality " , and he went on to stress William Adam 's " robustness and directness " , and found these " appropriate to the artistic climate of North Britain " . Gifford also stresses Adam 's Scottish context , pointing out that Scotland was in many ways a foreign country during his working life , and indeed was a separate country to England until 1707 . Adam should , he argues , be seen not as a provincial British architect , but as " the architect of Scotland " .
John Fleming and Colin McWilliam are in agreement that Adam was at his best as a collaborator . Fleming 's comment that Adam " was at his best when guided by a man of taste who knew his own mind " , is echoed by McWilliam , who suggests that William Adam " always did his best , but did his best architecture ... when he was in touch not only with his source books , but with other lively minds " .
= = Family = =
William Adam and Mary Robertson had ten surviving children :
Janet ( " Jenny " ) ( b . 1717 ) , born at Linktown , later managed their brothers ' London business .
John ( b . 3 July 1721 ) , born at Linktown , took over Blair Adam and the other family businesses , as well as practising architecture .
Robert ( b . 3 July 1728 ) , born at Linktown , architect , and best known of the Adam brothers .
James , ( b . 21 July 1732 ) architect , business partner of Robert .
William ( " Willie " ) ( b . 1738 )
Elizabeth ( " Betty " ) , with Janet , managed their brothers ' London business .
Helen ( " Nellie " )
Margaret ( " Peggy " )
Mary , married Rev John Drysdale FRSE ( 1718 @-@ 1788 ) , minister of the Tron Kirk with the rare distinction of being twice the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ( 1773 and 1784 ) , though now chiefly remembered for his friendship with economist Adam Smith .
Susannah , married Sir John Clerk of Eldin , son of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik .
The birth dates of their five younger daughters are not recorded . In addition another son , named William , and two daughters died in infancy .
After William Adam 's death , John inherited the family business , and immediately took his brothers Robert and James into partnership , which would last until the late 1750s when Robert established himself in London . William Adam 's obituary in the Caledonian Mercury noted that " it is fortunate he has left behind him some promising young men to carry on what he has so happily begun " . John Adam passed Blair Adam on to his own son , lawyer and politician William Adam KC , whose descendants continue to own the estate , and have included several notable politicians , soldiers and civil servants .
= Imme R100 =
The Imme R100 was a lightweight motorcycle made by Riedel AG from 1948 to 1951 . It is noted for its simple and innovative design with many advanced features . With low cost and technical innovation , the R100 sold well , but reliability problems and low profit margins resulted in warranty costs driving Riedel AG into bankruptcy .
The advanced specification of the Imme R100 caused it to be highly regarded . The R100 was one of the motorcycles included in " The Art of the Motorcycle " exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1998 and is on permanent display at Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum .
= = Concept , design and engineering = =
Motorcycle engineer Norbert Riedel recognized the need for a simple and economical light motorcycle during Germany 's recovery from the Second World War and began to design one . By the summer of 1947 , a prototype frame had been built and tested . The spine frame was made from 40 mm steel tubing , as were the steering head , the single @-@ sided front fork , and the single @-@ sided swingarm . The wheels were interchangeable , and were mounted from the left on stub axles attached to the suspension on the right .
Riedel developed the engine at the same time . This was a piston @-@ ported two @-@ stroke single @-@ cylinder engine of 99 cc ( 6 @.@ 0 cu in ) capacity . The engine was cast in light alloy around the cylinder liner , and had an integral cylinder head . The crankshaft was suspended on only one side . The power output of the engine was 4 @.@ 5 PS ( 3 @.@ 3 kW ; 4 @.@ 4 hp ) at 5 @,@ 800 rpm , which was considered a high output at the time . Contemporary engines of comparable size typically made about 2 @.@ 5 PS ( 1 @.@ 8 kW ; 2 @.@ 5 hp ) , and 4 @.@ 5 PS was expected from 125 cc engines such as those used in the DKW RT 125 and the later Hoffmann Vespa .
The transmission had three speeds with no neutral position ; a mechanism held the clutch open when the motorcycle was at idle in first gear . First gear was positioned in the middle of the shift pattern , with second gear below and third gear above .
The engine and transmission were mounted together on the swingarm in front of the pivot axle at the bottom of the spine frame . The near @-@ horizontal engine and transmission together as a unit formed a " power egg " style which would later be used by Benelli and Motobi . The tubular swingarm also served as the exhaust pipe . Behind the pivot axle , the swingarm , the reinforced rear fender , and the supports for the rear carrier formed a triangular structure which supported the rear spring . This suspension system allowed a long suspension travel and a soft spring rate . Test rides on the complete prototype began in December 1947 and showed that the combination of long travel and soft springs needed damping . Friction dampers were added .
= = Production , marketing and demise = =
Norbert Riedel registered Riedel AG in 1948 . He moved his facilities from Muggendorf to Immenstadt and began production there in June 1948 . It is widely believed that the name " Imme " came from an abbreviation of this location , and that the Imme 's " bee on wheels " logo came from " Imme " being a dialect word meaning " bee " . However , it has also been suggested that the name came from the motorcycle itself resembling a bee , or from the engine sounding like a buzzing bee .
The Imme R100 's light weight , relatively powerful engine , and long travel suspension made it popular in motorsport ; this , along with good marketing and low pricing , led to strong sales . The management of Riedel AG expected high sales volume to offset the low profit margin . A basic Imme sold for 775 Deutschmark without battery , tachometer , or centre stand . Passenger accommodation was an optional extra , as was a spare wheel . Initially , Immes were all painted oxide red .
In 1950 , a better @-@ equipped " Export " version became available for 850 Deutschmark with a battery , an electric horn , a centre stand , a speedometer , a more comfortable seat , chrome plating , pinstriping , and a choice of colours including lime green and gloss black . Production of the Imme R100 had gone up to 1 @,@ 000 per month and , by the autumn of 1950 , more than 10 @,@ 000 had been sold .
Imme engines were also sold to Fritz Fend , to power his Fend Flitzer invalid carriages . These replaced the Fichtel & Sachs engines used in earlier versions of the Flitzer .
However , the Imme began to develop problems , especially with the single @-@ sided crankshaft bearings and the freewheel for the kick starter . Riedel corrected the problem beginning with the Model D version , which had a conventional crankshaft with two bearings . However , the profit from sales was not enough to cover the warranty expenses , and , by the end of 1950 , Riedel AG went bankrupt with debts of 1 @.@ 25 million Deutschmark .
= = Legacy = =
At the time of Riedel AGs bankruptcy , three prototypes of an Imme with a 150 cc parallel twin two @-@ stroke engine had been made . Fritz Philipps , who had been a senior executive at Riedel AG , formed Zweirad @-@ Motoren und -Getriebe GmbH ( ZMG ) to supply parts and perform repairs on Imme motorcycles . ZMG also set up to manufacture an Imme with a 175 cc straight @-@ twin two @-@ stroke engine , but made only 25 before they ended production .
The Imme R100 is noted for its simple and innovative design . Its advanced features include single @-@ sided suspension front and rear , interchangeable wheels front and rear with the option of a spare tyre , the complete drivetrain mounted on the swingarm , and the swingarm tube used as the exhaust pipe . Remarking on the R100 being displayed in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum exhibition " The Art of the Motorcycle " , Ultan Guilfoyle , curatorial adviser at the museum , said : " It 's my favourite unknown bike . There are ideas there that are 40 years ahead of their time . " An R100 is on permanent display at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum .
= Brazilian battleship São Paulo =
São Paulo was a dreadnought battleship designed and built by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers , respectively , for the Brazilian Navy . She was the second of two ships in the Minas Geraes class , and was named after the state and city of São Paulo .
São Paulo was launched on 19 April 1909 and commissioned on 12 July 1910 . Soon after , she was involved in the Revolt of the Lash ( Revolta de Chibata ) , in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses . After entering the First World War , Brazil offered to send São Paulo and her sister Minas Geraes to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet , but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology . In June 1918 Brazil sent São Paulo to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920 , well after the war had ended . On 6 July 1922 , São Paulo fired her guns in anger for the first time when she attacked a fort that had been taken during the Tenente revolts . Two years later , mutineers took control of the ship and sailed her to Montevideo where they obtained asylum .
In the 1930s , São Paulo was passed over for modernization due to her poor condition — she could only reach a top speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , less than half her design speed . For the rest of her career , the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role . When Brazil entered the Second World War , São Paulo sailed to the port of Recife and remained there as the port 's main defense for the duration of the war . Stricken in 1947 , the dreadnought remained as a training vessel until 1951 , when she was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom . The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November , when the ships were 150 nmi ( 280 km ; 170 mi ) north of the Azores , and the São Paulo was lost .
= = Background = =
Main articles : South American dreadnought race and Minas Geraes @-@ class battleship
Beginning in the late 1880s , Brazil 's navy fell into obsolescence , a situation exacerbated by and 1889 revolution , which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , and an 1893 civil war . Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile , by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage .
At the turn of the 20th century , soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy . The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904 , which authorized the construction of a large number of warships , including three battleships . The Minister of the Navy , Admiral Júlio César de Noronha , signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906 . The new dreadnought battleship design , which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship , rendered the Brazilian ships , and all other existing capital ships , obsolete . The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy , Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar , to building two dreadnoughts , with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed , two scout cruisers ( which became the Bahia class ) , ten destroyers ( the Pará class ) , and three submarines . The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907 , and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907 . In South America , the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil , Argentina , and Chile . The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts .
Minas Geraes , the lead ship , was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907 , while São Paulo followed thirteen days later at Vickers . The news shocked Brazil 's neighbors , especially Argentina , whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either Minas Geraes or São Paulo could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets . In addition , Brazil 's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers , such as Germany , France or Russia , and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction , behind the United Kingdom and the United States . Newspapers and journals around the world , particularly in Britain and Germany , speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion , as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships . Despite this , the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally ; caught up in the spirit , U.S. naval journals began using terms like " Pan Americanism " and " Hemispheric Cooperation " .
= = Early career = =
São Paulo was christened by Regis de Oliveira , the wife of Brazil 's minister to Great Britain , and launched at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness on 19 April 1909 with many South American diplomats and naval officers in attendance . The ship was commissioned on 12 July , and after fitting @-@ out and sea trials , she left Greenock on 16 September 1910 . Shortly thereafter , she stopped in Cherbourg , France , to embark the Brazilian President Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca . Departing on the 27th , São Paulo sailed to Lisbon , Portugal , where Fonseca was a guest of Portugal 's King Manuel II . Soon after they arrived , the 5 October 1910 revolution began , which caused the fall of the Portuguese monarchy . Although the president offered political asylum to the king and his family , the offer was refused . A rumor that the king was on board , circulated by newspapers and reported to the Brazilian legation in Paris , led revolutionaries to attempt to search the ship , but they were denied permission . They also asked for Brazil to land marines " to help in the maintenance of order " , but this request was also denied . São Paulo left Lisbon on 7 October for Rio de Janeiro , and docked there on 25 October .
= = = Revolt of the Lash = = =
Soon after São Paulo 's arrival , a major rebellion known as the Revolt of the Lash , or Revolta da Chibata , broke out on four of the newest ships in the Brazilian Navy . The initial spark was provided on 16 November 1910 when Afro @-@ Brazilian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes was brutally flogged 250 times for insubordination . Many Afro @-@ Brazilian sailors were sons of former slaves , or were former slaves freed under the Lei Áurea ( abolition ) but forced to enter the navy . They had been planning a revolt for some time , and Menezes became the catalyst . Further preparations were needed , so the rebellion was delayed until 22 November . The crewmen of Minas Geraes , São Paulo , the twelve @-@ year @-@ old Deodoro , and the new Bahia quickly took their vessels with only a minimum of bloodshed : two officers on Minas Geraes and one each on São Paulo and Bahia were killed .
The ships were well @-@ supplied with foodstuffs , ammunition , and coal , and the only demand of mutineers — led by João Cândido Felisberto — was the abolition of " slavery as practiced by the Brazilian Navy " . They objected to low pay , long hours , inadequate training , and punishments including bolo ( being struck on the hand with a ferrule ) and the use of whips or lashes ( chibata ) , which eventually became a symbol of the revolt . By the 23rd , the National Congress had begun discussing the possibility of a general amnesty for the sailors . Senator Ruy Barbosa , long an opponent of slavery , lent a large amount of support , and the measure unanimously passed the Federal Senate on 24 November . The measure was then sent to the Chamber of Deputies .
Humiliated by the revolt , naval officers and the president of Brazil were staunchly opposed to amnesty , so they quickly began planning to assault the rebel ships . The officers believed such an action was necessary to restore the service 's honor . The rebels , believing an attack was imminent , sailed their ships out of Guanabara Bay and spent the night of 23 – 24 November at sea , only returning during daylight . Late on the 24th , the President ordered the naval officers to attack the mutineers . Officers crewed some smaller warships and the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul , Bahia 's sister ship with ten 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns . They planned to attack on the morning of the 25th , when the government expected the mutineers would return to Guanabara Bay . When they did not return and the amnesty measure neared passage in the Chamber of Deputies , the order was rescinded . After the bill passed 125 – 23 and the president signed it into law , the mutineers stood down on the 26th .
During the revolt , the ships were noted by many observers to be well handled , despite a previous belief that the Brazilian Navy was incapable of effectively operating the ships even before being split by a rebellion . João Cândido Felisberto ordered all liquor thrown overboard , and discipline on the ships was recognized as exemplary . The 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns were often used for shots over the city , but the 12 @-@ inch guns were not , which led to a suspicion among the naval officers that the rebels were incapable of using the weapons . Later research and interviews indicate that Minas Geraes ' guns were fully operational , and while São Paulo 's could not be turned after salt water contaminated the hydraulic system , British engineers still on board the ship after the voyage from the United Kingdom were working on the problem . Still , historians have never ascertained how well the mutineers could handle the ships .
= = = First World War = = =
The Brazilian government declared that the country would be neutral in the First World War on 4 August 1914 . The sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German U @-@ boats led them to revoke their neutrality , then declare war on 26 October 1917 . By this time , São Paulo was no longer one of the world 's most powerful battleships . Despite an identified need for more modern fire control , she had not been fitted with any of the advances in that technology that had appeared since her construction , and she was in poor condition . For these reasons the Royal Navy declined a Brazilian offer to send her and Minas Geraes to serve with the Grand Fleet . In an attempt to bring the battleship up to international standards , Brazil sent São Paulo to the United States in June 1918 to receive a full refit . Soon after she departed the naval base in Rio de Janeiro , fourteen of the eighteen boilers powering the dreadnought broke down . The American battleship Nebraska , which was in the area after transporting the body of the late Uruguayan Minister to the United States to Montevideo , rendered assistance in the form of temporary repairs after the ships put in at Bahia . Escorted by Nebraska and another American ship , Raleigh , São Paulo made it to the New York Naval Yard after a 42 @-@ day journey .
= = Major refit and the 1920s = =
In New York , São Paulo underwent a refit , beginning on 7 August 1918 and completing on 7 January 1920 . Many of her crewmen were assigned to American warships during this time for training . She received Sperry fire control equipment and Bausch and Lomb range @-@ finders for the two superfiring turrets fore and aft . A vertical armor bulkhead was fitted inside all six main turrets , and the secondary battery of 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) casemate guns was reduced from twenty @-@ two to four guns . A few modern AA guns were fitted as well : two 3 " / 50 caliber guns from Bethlehem Steel were added on the aft superstructure , 37 mm guns were added near each turret , and 3 pounders were removed from the top of turrets .
After the refit was completed , São Paulo picked up ammunition in Gravesend and sailed to Cuba for firing trials . Seven members of the United States ' Bureau of Standards traveled with the ship from New York and observed the operations , which were conducted in the Gulf of Guacanayabo . After dropping the Americans off in Guantánamo Bay , São Paulo returned home in early 1920 . August 1920 saw the dreadnought sailing to Belgium , where King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth were embarked on 1 September to bring them to Brazil . After bringing the royals home , São Paulo traveled to Portugal to bring the remains of the former emperor Pedro II and his wife , Teresa Cristina , back to Brazil .
In 1922 , São Paulo and Minas Geraes helped to put down the first of the Tenente revolts . Soldiers seized Fort Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro on 5 July , but no other men joined them . As a result , some men deserted the rebels , and by the next morning only 200 people remained in the fort . São Paulo bombarded the fort , firing five salvos and obtaining at least two hits ; the fort surrendered half an hour later . The Brazilian Navy 's official history reports that one of the hits opened a hole ten meters deep .
Crewmen aboard São Paulo rebelled on 4 November 1924 , when First Lieutenant Hercolino Cascardo , seven second lieutenants and 260 others commandeered the ship . After the boilers were fired , São Paulo 's mutineers attempted to entice the crews of Minas Geraes and the other ships nearby to join . They were only able to sway the crew of one old torpedo boat to the cause . The battleship 's crew , angry that Minas Geraes would not join them , fired a six @-@ pounder at Minas Geraes that wounded a cook . The mutineers then sailed out of the Rio de Janeiro 's harbor , where the forts at Santa Cruz and Copacabana engaged her , damaging São Paulo 's fire control system and funnel . The forts stopped firing soon after the battleship returned fire due to concern over possible civilian casualties . The crewmen aboard São Paulo attempted to join revolutionaries in Rio Grande do Sul , but when they found that the rebel forces had moved inland , they set course for Montevideo , Uruguay . They arrived on 10 November , where the rebellious members of the crew disembarked and were granted asylum , and Minas Geraes , which had been pursuing São Paulo , escorted the wayward ship home to Rio de Janeiro , arriving on the 21st .
= = Late career = =
In the 1930s , Brazil decided to modernize both São Paulo and Minas Geraes . São Paulo 's dilapidated state made this uneconomical ; at the time she could sail at a maximum of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , less than half her design speed . As a result , while Minas Geraes was thoroughly refitted from 1931 to 1938 in the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard , São Paulo was employed as a coast @-@ defense ship , a role in which she remained for the rest of her service life . During the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution , she acted as the flagship of a naval blockade of Santos . After repairs in 1934 and 1935 , she returned to lead three naval training exercises . In the same year , accompanied by the Brazilian cruisers Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul , the Argentine battleships Rivadavia and Moreno , six Argentine cruisers , and a group of destroyers , São Paulo carried the Brazilian President Getúlio Dornelles Vargas up the River Plate to Buenos Aires to meet with the presidents of Argentina and Uruguay .
In 1936 , the crew of São Paulo , as well as Rio Grande do Sul 's crew , played in the Liga Carioca de Football 's Open Tournament , a cup where many amateur teams had the chance to play the likes of Flamengo and Fluminense .
As in the First World War , Brazil stayed neutral during the opening years of the Second World War , until U @-@ boat attacks drove the country to declare war on Germany and Italy on 21 August 1942 . The age and condition of São Paulo relegated her to the role of harbor defense ship ; she set sail for Recife on 23 November 1942 with the escort of two American destroyers ( Badger and Davis ) and served as the main defense of the port for the war , only returning to Rio de Janeiro in 1945 .
Stricken from the naval register on 2 August 1947 , the ship remained as a training vessel until August 1951 , when she was sold to the Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain . After preparing from 5 to 18 September , São Paulo was given an eight @-@ man caretaker crew and taken under tow by two tugs , Dexterous and Bustler , in Rio de Janeiro on 20 September 1951 for one last voyage to Greenock and the breakers . When north of the Azores in early November , the two lines snapped during a strong storm . American B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bombers and British planes were launched to scour the Atlantic for the missing ship . The ship was reported as found on the 15th , but this proved to be false . The search was ended on 10 December without finding São Paulo or her crew .
= = Endnotes = =
= Yugoslav submarine Nebojša =
The Yugoslav submarine Nebojša was the second of the Hrabri @-@ class diesel @-@ electric submarines built by the Vickers @-@ Armstrong Naval Yard on the River Tyne in the United Kingdom , for the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) and was launched in 1927 . Her design was based on that of the British L @-@ class submarine of World War I , and she was built using parts originally assembled for a Royal Navy L @-@ class submarine that was never built . She was armed with six bow @-@ mounted 533 mm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes , two 102 mm ( 4 in ) guns and one machine gun , and could dive to 60 metres ( 200 ft ) .
Prior to World War II Nebojša participated in cruises to several Mediterranean ports . During the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , she evaded capture by Italian forces , and joined British naval forces in the Mediterranean where she performed a training role . After the war she was taken over by the new Yugoslav government and renamed Tara . She was eventually stricken in 1954 , and scrapped in 1958 .
= = Description and construction = =
Yugoslav naval policy in the interwar period lacked direction until the mid @-@ 1920s , although it was generally accepted that the Adriatic coastline was effectively a sea frontier that the naval arm was responsible for securing with the limited resources made available to it . In 1926 , a modest ten @-@ year construction program was initiated to build up a force of submarines , coastal torpedo boats , torpedo bombers and conventional bomber aircraft to perform this role . The Hrabri @-@ class submarines were one of the first new acquisitions aimed at developing a naval force capable of meeting this challenge .
Nebojša ( Fearless ) was built in 1927 for the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) , by the Vickers @-@ Armstrong Naval Yard on the River Tyne in the United Kingdom . Her design was based on that of the British L @-@ class submarine of World War I , and she was built using parts originally assembled for HMS L @-@ 68 , which was never completed . Along with her sister submarine Hrabri , she had an overall length of 72 @.@ 05 metres ( 236 ft 5 in ) , a beam of 7 @.@ 32 m ( 24 ft 0 in ) , and a surfaced draught of 3 @.@ 96 m ( 13 ft 0 in ) . Her surfaced displacement was 975 long tons ( 991 t ) or 1 @,@ 164 long tons ( 1 @,@ 183 t ) submerged , and her crew consisted of 45 officers and enlisted men . She had an operational depth of 60 m ( 200 ft ) .
The Hrabri @-@ class had two shafts driven by two diesel engines ( when surfaced ) or two electric motors ( when submerged ) . Their diesel engines were rated at 2 @,@ 400 brake horsepower ( 1 @,@ 800 kW ) and the electric motors at 1 @,@ 600 shaft horsepower ( 1 @,@ 200 kW ) , and they were designed to reach a top speed of 15 @.@ 7 knots ( 29 @.@ 1 km / h ; 18 @.@ 1 mph ) under diesel power while surfaced , and 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) on their electric motors when submerged . They were armed with six bow @-@ mounted 533 mm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes , and carried twelve torpedoes . They were also equipped with two 102 mm ( 4 in ) deck guns ( one forward and one aft of the conning tower ) , and one machine gun . Their radius of action was 3 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 400 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = Service career = =
Nebojša was launched in 1927 as the second submarine of the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy . Along with her sister submarine Hrabri , she left the Tyne in late January 1928 . In company with the Yugoslav submarine tender Hvar , the two submarines arrived in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast on 8 April 1928 . In May and June 1929 , Hrabri , Nebojša , Hvar and six torpedo boats accompanied the light cruiser Dalmacija on a cruise to Malta , the Greek island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea , and Bizerte in the French protectorate of Tunisia . The British naval attaché observed that the ships and crews made a very good impression while visiting Malta . On 16 May 1930 , Nebojša was exercising her crew at periscope depth near the entrance to the Bay of Kotor when she collided with a Yugoslav steamship . The damage was not serious and there were no injuries , but her forward 102 mm gun was lost overboard . The necessary repairs were carried out at the dockyard in the Bay of Kotor .
In June and July 1930 , Hrabri , Nebojša and the fleet auxiliary Sitnica again cruised the Mediterranean , visiting Alexandria and Beirut . In 1932 , the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises , manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets . In September 1933 , Nebojša and the submarine Osvetnik cruised the southern part of the central Mediterranean . In August 1936 , Nebojša and Osvetnik visited the Greek island of Corfu .
During the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , she and two Orjen @-@ class motor torpedo boats evaded capture by Italian forces at the Bay of Kotor , arriving at Suda Bay , Crete , on 23 April , after eight days at sea . Despite this , the Italians claimed that they had sunk all the Yugoslav vessels . Nebojša then sailed to Alexandria , but the Royal Navy considered her unfit for combat duties . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill suggested her crew might be retrained and used to operate the recently captured German Type VIIC U @-@ boat U @-@ 570 , but this idea was soon abandoned . She was based at Valletta in Malta as an anti @-@ submarine warfare training vessel , serving with the British 2nd Submarine Flotilla in 1942 and the British 3rd Submarine Flotilla in 1943 . She continued working in the Mediterranean until the end of the war , but her service with the Royal Navy appears to have been limited to a training role .
After the war she was towed first to Bari in Italy , then in August 1945 to the port of Split where she was overhauled , renamed Tara and given the pennant number 801 . She was then transferred to Pula on the Istrian peninsula in the northern Adriatic . Used to train the fledgling Yugoslav Navy submarine arm , she was stricken in 1954 . One of her guns was removed at the end of her career , and she was eventually scrapped in 1958 .
= = Legacy = =
In 2011 , to mark the 70th anniversary of the invasion of Yugoslavia , the Military Museum in Belgrade , Serbia hosted an exhibit which included a flag from the Nebojša . In April 2013 , the 85th anniversary of the arrival of the first Yugoslav submarines at the Bay of Kotor was marked by an event in Tivat , Montenegro , attended by dozens of former Yugoslav submariners .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Periodicals = = =
= = = Websites = = =
= The One with the Embryos =
" The One with the Embryos " is the twelfth episode of Friends ' fourth season . It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on January 15 , 1998 . In the episode , Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) agrees to be the surrogate mother for her brother Frank Jr . ( Giovanni Ribisi ) and his older wife Alice Knight ( Debra Jo Rupp ) . Meanwhile , a display by Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) and Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) of how well they know Monica ( Courteney Cox ) and Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) by guessing the items in their shopping bag leads to a large @-@ scale bet on a quiz , for which Ross ( David Schwimmer ) acts as the gamemaster .
The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and co @-@ written by Jill Condon and Amy Toomin . The idea for Kudrow 's character Phoebe becoming a surrogate mother coincided with the actress ' real @-@ time pregnancy . The producers wanted to find a way to use the pregnancy in a narrative for the fourth season and designated the task to the writers . Ribisi and Jo Rupp reprised their recurring roles of Frank Jr. and Alice respectively which was initially difficult as both had filming commitments .
In its original broadcast on NBC , " The One with the Embryos " acquired a 17 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating , finishing the week ranked fourth . The episode received critical acclaim is generally considered one of the best of the entire series and is a favorite amongst the cast members and producers . In 2009 , " The One with the Embryos " was ranked # 21 on TV Guide 's list of " TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time . "
= = Plot = =
When Joey and Chandler ( Matt LeBlanc and Matthew Perry ) correctly identify the contents of Rachel 's ( Jennifer Aniston ) shopping bag , Monica ( Courteney Cox ) suggests a trivia contest to see who knows more about whom : the men or the women . They place a $ 100 bet on the outcome and Ross ( David Schwimmer ) puts together some questions and plays as host . Meanwhile , Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) has agreed to be a surrogate mother for her brother Frank ( Giovanni Ribisi ) and his older wife Alice ( Debra Jo Rupp ) , but is concerned that they are paying $ 16 @,@ 000 for the IVF procedure which only has a 25 % chance of success , and is helpless to influence the results .
The trivia game begins , with various facts about the characters being revealed such as Joey 's space @-@ cowboy imaginary friend ( Maurice ) and Rachel 's actual favorite movie ( Weekend at Bernie 's ) . A nine @-@ to @-@ nine score leads to a lightning round . Monica raises the stakes : If the women win , Joey and Chandler must give up their birds , as the maturing Chick is crowing in the mornings and waking them up . Chandler rebuts by suggesting Rachel and Monica give up their apartment to them , which Monica agrees to without consulting Rachel . The girls lose the lightning round because they cannot identify Chandler 's job , and the boys win .
As the four pack up their respective apartments — Rachel , in particular , displeased about having to switch — Phoebe returns home and takes a pregnancy test , though it is too soon for a result . Later with packing complete , Rachel finally refuses to move as Frank and Alice come by with another pregnancy test . The boys and the girls begin to argue along with Ross , which is cut short when Phoebe emerges from the bathroom and joyfully announces she is pregnant , the mood turning to one of celebration .
= = Production = =
" The One with the Embryos " was co @-@ written by Jill Condon and Amy Toomin and directed by Kevin S. Bright . In October 1997 , Lisa Kudrow announced she and her husband Michel Stern were expecting their first child . When Marta Kauffman first learned of Kudrow 's pregnancy , she was overjoyed and wanted to find a solution of incorporating it into the show without choosing to cover up . At the time of filming " The One with the Embryos " , Kudrow was four months pregnant and the writers discussed ways of narrating the pregnancy on the show , settling with Kudrow 's character carrying her brother 's embryos .
According to David Crane , the story arc with Phoebe carrying Frank and Alice 's baby was considered " risky " . When the plot was first discussed , the main concern was whether it was " too crazy … where 's the line with Phoebe ? " . Crane felt if it were not for the actors , the storyline would not have been believable . The producers found it difficult to get Giovanni Ribisi to reprise his role as Frank Jr. on a longer term basis because the actor had continuous filming commitments . A similar situation occurred with Debra Jo Rupp , who was named as a cast member in the upcoming period sitcom , That ' 70s Show on the Fox network .
The chick and the duck , who first appeared in " The One with a Chick and a Duck " as Chandler and Joey 's pets were used " as a spark " for the main plot . The animals were originally intended for one episode but because the producers believed they got " so much mileage out of them " , they made recurring appearances . As many television shows used similar fictional pets , the producers settled on a chicken and a duck as they were different .
In the trivia contest , the answer " Viva Las Gay @-@ gas " in response to ' What is the name of Chandler 's dad 's show in Vegas ? ' changed " about a million times " in drafts according to Crane . On the night the show was being filmed , writers continued to pitch for different answers in order to receive a better response from the audience . The staff found it difficult coming up with different points of view for each character as all wanted to win the game .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing , " The One with the Embryos " finished fourth in ratings for the week of January 12 – January 18 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 17 @.@ 3 , equivalent to approximately 16 @.@ 8 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest @-@ rated show on NBC that week , following ER , Seinfeld and Veronica 's Closet – all of which aired on the network 's Thursday night Must See TV lineup .
" The One with the Embryos " was Courteney Cox and Matt LeBlanc 's favorite episode of the series . Cox liked the episode because she enjoys playing Monica at her most competitive , while LeBlanc spoke fondly of the pace of the episode and the information about the characters that came out . He identified scenes that featured just the six core cast as the best , " because you don 't have to introduce a character – you don 't have to lay any pipeline – you just get right to the funny " . On the DVD audio commentary for the episode , Marta Kauffman cited the episode being " so much fun to do " and enjoyed the writing process . The scene involving Phoebe talking to the embryos was Kevin S. Bright 's favorite in the show 's history because of Kudrow 's ability to " draw you into the scene ... even though it 's only her talking to the dish " . David Crane highlights how the episode explores generosity ; doing a selfless act which pays off when Phoebe gives birth in " The One Hundredth " . Bright moreover felt the trivia contest was the catalyst that rejuvenated the entire fourth season and " put Friends in a different place " .
In a 2001 review , Entertainment Weekly rated the episode A + , stating that " Thanks to the trivia contest alone , Embryos is quite possibly Friends ' finest moment " . The article singles out Rachel 's line " He 's a transpon @-@ transpondster ! " ( in response to the question " What is Chandler Bing 's job ? " ) as the best line of the episode . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends called it a " sure @-@ fire contender for the best episode of all time … not one to be missed under any circumstances " . In 2004 , Tara Ariano of MSNBC.com wrote that the character trivia is " revealed in a manner completely organic to the plot . Beautifully written and acted , ' The One With The Embryos ' encapsulates the whole series in a single episode " . The episode was ranked # 21 on TV Guide 's list of " TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time " .
= = Merchandise = =
The episode was released as part of Friends : The Complete Fourth Season in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As part of the DVD release , " Who Knows Whom Best ? – Ross 's Ultimate Challenge " an interactive game was included , based on the quiz in " The One with the Embryos " . The game uses clips from the show to provide answers , allows viewers to choose a team ( boys or girls ) and call the coin toss .
= One of Those Days =
" One of Those Days " is a song by American recording artist Whitney Houston , from her fifth studio album Just Whitney ... ( 2002 ) . Written by Kevin Briggs , Dwight Renolds , Patrice Stewart , Ernest Isley , Marvin Isley , Christopher Jasper , Kelly Isley , Ronald Isley , and Rudolph Isley , and produced by Briggs , the song was released as the second single from the album , following the under @-@ performance of the lead single " Whatchulookinat " , on October 29 , 2002 through Arista Records . A mid @-@ tempo R & B track , " One of Those Days " samples The Isley Brothers ' song " Between the Sheets " ( 1983 ) , and its lyrics speak about getting away from the stress of daily life .
The song received generally positive feedback from music critics , who commended the song 's production and music ; the Isley Brothers sampling received favorable comments from most critics . It peaked at number 72 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 29 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . Elsewhere , it peaked at number six in Hungary , number 48 in Australia , and number 80 in the Netherlands . It also charted in Belgium and Switzerland . The single 's accompanying music video , directed by Kevin Bray , portrays Houston and her girlfriends taking some time out and spending time at a spa and a club . Houston performed " One of Those Days " live on a concert organized at Lincoln Center Plaza , in December 2002 . The concert was featured on an episode of Good Morning America .
= = Background = =
" One of Those Days " was written by Kevin Briggs , Dwight Reynolds and Patrice Stewart for Whitney Houston 's fifth studio album Just Whitney ( 2002 ) . The Isley Brothers are also credited as writers as the song features a sample of their song " Between the Sheets " ( 1983 ) . In an interview with TMHEntertainment , Reynolds said that the song was not intentionally written for Houston . One day , while Reynolds was at Shek 'speare 's studio , The Music House , Houston and her husband Bobby Brown visited them . At that time , Shek 'speare had a few instrumental tracks put up , and according to Reynolds , " the vibe was set " immediately . Shek 'speare and Reynolds started discussing the ideas for the songs ; Houston also contributed her views and ideas , and rejected the ones that she felt did not suit her . Shek 'speare and Reynolds penned three songs that day , two of which are featured on the album , " One of Those Days " and " Dear John Letter " . The song was produced by Briggs and was recorded at Atlanta Premier Recordings , Atlanta , by Ben Briggs III , and was mixed by Kevin " KD " Davis .
= = Release = =
The song was released as the second single from the album in many countries , except the United Kingdom , following the under @-@ performance and lackluster response to the lead single " Whatchulookinat " . In the US , it was sent to urban , rhythmic and mainstream radios on October 28 , 2002 . A CD single was released on the next day . In Australia , a double A @-@ side CD single containing " One of Those Days " and " Whatchulookinat " was released on November 25 , 2002 . The remix featuring Nelly and its instrumental were issued as a CD single in the US . Another remix by Almighty Records , titled " One of Those Days ( Almighty Remix ) " , was made available through the compilation Almighty Downunder , Volume 2 .
= = Composition = =
" One of Those Days " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B song with a " slight retro feel " to it . Chuck Taylor of Billboard classified the song as a " groovy , hip @-@ swaying composition " . The song 's hook samples the melody from The Isley Brothers ' 1983 song " Between the Sheets " . As Houston begins the first verse , she declares her stress : " This is just for me [ ... ] Got to take time out [ ... ] You don 't know what I 'm going through . " She then sings about getting away from it , by indulging in activities like a manicure , pedicure and by having a " late @-@ night snack , a bubble bathe and a massage " . Throughout the song , she sings over a " warm bed of beats and horns " . Writing for Entertainment Tonight , Tim Jaramillo commented that the song is a " smoky track with a feel @-@ good , chilled @-@ out vibe " . Dan LeRoy of NJ Star Ledger observed that the song sounded like an outtake from Brandy Norwood 's debut album , while New York Daily News compared it to Houston 's 1999 song " It 's Not Right but It 's Okay " . An official remix of the song features rapped verses from Nelly , which according to MTV News staffs has a reggae feel .
= = Critical reception = =
" One of Those Days " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Sean Daly of The Washington Post commented that the song was " likably [ sic ] bouncy " . Craig Seymour of The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution called the song a " breezy girls ' -night @-@ out " cut . Writer for Blues & Soul wrote that the song " is an excellent slice of soulful mid @-@ beat head nod R & B " . They also commended the sampling of " Between the Sheets " , noting that it is " effective " . Ernest Hardy of LA Weekly had different opinions of the song . Although he deemed it an " underrated single " at first and wrote that it " leaps beyond its work @-@ sucks @-@ the @-@ rent 's @-@ late @-@ I @-@ need @-@ a @-@ date griping into the realm of existential letting " , he later commented that the song is " grounded in retort " . Chuck Taylor of Billboard remarked that the song marks a " triumphant return of one of the great singers , who delivers the goods in glorious voice . " He further commented that the production of the song would be able to convince her " pop fans " , and also praised the Isley Brothers sampling . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that the song could have been titled " How Whitney Got Her Groove Back " . He noted that the " smooth " track allows Houston to offer a restrained delivery of her vocals . Keysha Davis of BBC Music called the sampling of " Between the Sheets " as " clever " . Nakesa Mumbi Moody , of the Associated Press , wrote it was " sexy " and " dreamy " . Writing for The Boston Globe , Joan Anderman called it a " breezy " track with a " disturbingly trite " theme . The German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel , in their review for " One of Those Days " called the song " schmaltzy " and wrote that it could have been done in the 1980s . Jimmy Draper of San Francisco Bay Guardian noted that " the song seems so anticlimactic in comparison to the real @-@ life pot " . Jon Caramanica of Rolling Stone called the track " creaky and unconvincing " . Entertainment Weekly gave the remix single a D rating and commented negatively that " this chaotic mess isn 't likely to find an enthusiastic audience " as the producer " laid a random Nelly verse and some whistle beats on top of Houston 's vocals . It 's as if someone opened the door between two rooms and cranked warring stereos " . Following Houston 's death in 2012 , Entertainment Weekly published a list of Houston 's 25 best songs and ranked " One of Those Days " at number 19 ; they noted that it was " an underrated single off an underrated album " . They further commented that " Whitney gave women of the world an instruction manual for pampering themselves in the Sex and the City era " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " One of Those Days " debuted at number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the issue dated November 16 , 2002 . In its sixteenth week on the chart , it peaked at number 72 with a greatest gainer mark The song stayed on the charts for a total of 19 weeks . On the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , the song debuted at number 74 , the issue dated November 9 , 2002 and peaked at number 29 . The song finished at number 99 on the Billboard R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles year @-@ end chart . However , the song topped the US Adult R & B Airplay chart . In the Netherlands , the song entered the Mega Single Top 100 chart at number 87 , the week dated January 4 , 2003 . Two weeks later , the song reached number 80 , its peak position . The song stayed on the charts for a total of five weeks . In Australia , the double A @-@ side single charted and peaked at number 48 , and stayed on the chart for eight weeks . Elsewhere , " One of Those Days " peaked at number 94 in Switzerland , number 11 on the Belgian Flanders Ultratip chart , number seven on the Wallonia Tip chart and number six on the Hungarian Single Top 10 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " One of Those Days " was directed by Kevin Bray and was shot on October 18 and 19 , 2002 . The video was shot in Midtown , Atlanta and the club featured in the video is the Nomenclature Museum in Atlanta . According to Arista , " The music video is about Whitney rescuing her girlfriends whom are having a bad day . " The video shows Houston enjoying a day out and hanging out with her friends at the club , and having a massage at a sauna . The girls end their day out at the club , where Ronald Isley himself makes a cameo appearance .
= = Live performances = =
Houston performed " One of Those Days " in a mini @-@ concert at Lincoln Center Plaza , along with " Tell Me No " and " Do You Hear What I Hear ? " on December 9 , 2002 . Donning a " jeans , a cream @-@ colored turtleneck , full @-@ length shearling coat and sunglasses " , Houston performed the song as the opening number of the concert to a crowd of about 4 @,@ 000 people . Fox News commented that " Houston still [ sings ] like an angel " , but noted that she was " very loose " on stage . The performance aired on Good Morning America the next day .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " One of Those Days " are adapted from Just Whitney liner notes .
Kevin " She 'kspere " Briggs – songwriter , producer , arrangement , MIDI
Dwight " Lil ' Skapp " Reynolds – songwriter
Ernest Isley – songwriter
Marvin Isley – songwriter
Christopher Jasper – songwriter
Kelly Isley – songwriter
Patrice " Buttaphly " Stewart – songwriter , vocal production
Ronald Isley – songwriter
Rudolph Isley – songwriter
Whitney Houston – lead vocals , backing vocals , vocal arrangement
Ben Briggs III – audio recording
Kevin " KD " Davis – audio mixing ( at Circle
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
athletes and hobbyists .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The first track team was established in 1895 with head coach Joseph Wetherbee . The coach remained for only one year and the following four coaches , William O 'Trine , J.C. Higgins , C.A. Redmond , and William Ray , also remained for extremely short durations . With such sporadic coaching changes , the Oregon track and field team struggled with inconsistencies , although the university did win six of seven meets in 1895 .
= = = Under Coach Bill Hayward = = =
In 1903 , Bill Hayward coached Albany College 's track team . Following Oregon 's defeat at the hands of Albany College , Oregon hired Bill Hayward as the track and field head coach for the following season . Hayward 's career at Oregon was long and illustrious , lasting 44 years as head coach . His athletes included nine Olympians and produced five world records . In 1919 , a new stadium was constructed for football and named Hayward Field for him . Two years following construction , a track was added and track schedules were transferred there from nearby Kincaid Field .
= = = Under Coach Bill Bowerman = = =
Bill Bowerman 's involvement with the university started before he became the track and field head coach in 1949 . He attended the University of Oregon and played football . Coach Bill Hayward , who Bowerman credits with teaching him how to run , convinced Bowerman to run track . Bowerman graduated from Oregon in 1934 with a degree in Business .
After his service in World War II , Bowerman was hired by Oregon to replace the retiring Hayward after John Warren 's single year as interim head coach . Though Bowerman 's title was head coach , he considered himself more of a teacher than a coach . He stressed schoolwork over athletics and urged his pupils to apply the values they learned participating in track and field to everyday life . During his time at Oregon , he brought four NCAA team championships to the university and coached 33 Olympians as well as 24 individual NCAA champions . He coached some of the world 's best distance runners including Steve Prefontaine
Bowerman retired from coaching in 1972 . While at Oregon , he also coached the USA Track and Field team and helped bring the U.S. Olympic Trials to Hayward Field for the first time .
= = = = Steve Prefontaine = = = =
Steve Prefontaine arrived on campus in 1969 and immediately , head coach Bowerman and assistant coach Bill Dellinger had their hands full to rein in the rebellious new athlete . The bold running style of Prefontaine , front @-@ running , was a strategy that altered the pace of the sport . At one point , Prefontaine held every American distance record above the 2 @,@ 000 meters and was thought of by many to be one of the greatest American runners in history . Prefontaine had never lost a race longer than a mile during his collegiate career and won a total of seven NCAA championships in track and field and cross country . He raced in the 5000m at the 1972 Olympics in Munich , placing fourth in the race . He died in an automobile accident in Eugene in 1975 , at the peak of his career .
His accomplishments were not confined to the track . He was deeply resentful toward the treatment given toward amateur athletes . He had frequently butted heads with the Amateur Athletic Union , calling the AAU a corrupt organization . His opinions played a major role in the passing of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 , legislation providing legal protection to amateur athletes .
Prefontaine , coupled with Frank Shorter 's success running the marathon , is often credited with playing a role in the running boom in America in the 1970s . His legacy lives on in two movies documenting his life , Without Limits and Prefontaine , as well as the Prefontaine Classic , an annual track meet held at Hayward Field in his honor .
= = = = Nike = = = =
Another one of Bowerman 's pupils , Phil Knight , partnered with Bowerman and revolutionized the sport with the formation of the shoe company giant , Nike . Knight graduated from the University of Oregon in 1959 and went on to Stanford University for graduate school . There , he developed the idea to import Japanese running shoes to the American market . After earning his MBA from Stanford , he returned to the University of Oregon where he and Bowerman struck a handshake deal in 1964 , each with a $ 500 investment into a company called Blue Ribbon Sports to import Japanese running shoes . In the late 1960s , Bowerman 's pursuit of lighter shoes for his athletes led him to develop a sole by pouring rubber into his wife 's waffle iron , inventing the modern running shoe . After Knight decided to rename the company Nike and develop its own shoes , Bowerman 's invention became the prototype for the company . The shoe made its debut in the 1972 Olympic Trials at Hayward Field with Steve Prefontaine as one of the early endorsers . Although Bowerman retired from coaching in 1972 , he remained on Nike 's board until 1999 . In that time , Nike exploded into a multibillion @-@ dollar company .
= = = Under Coaches Bill Dellinger and Tom Heinonen = = =
Like his predecessor , Bill Dellinger 's involvement with the University of Oregon began before his coaching career . He lettered in track at the university , graduating in 1956 and won a Bronze medal in the 1964 Summer Olympics . After his athletic career , he joined Bowerman 's staff in 1967 as an assistant coach where he helped coach Steve Prefontaine . He took over as head coach in 1973 after Bowerman 's retirement . With Dellinger at the helm , Oregon 's Cross Country team brought home four NCAA national championships and the track and field team brought home one NCAA national championship . He retired in 1998 . The Bill Dellinger Invitational is an annual race held at Hayward Field in honor of the coach .
One of Dellinger 's assistants , hired in 1975 , Tom Heinonen , was promoted to the head coach for the women 's cross country and track and field team in 1977 . Prior to Heinonen , no other full @-@ time head coach at Oregon had exclusively coached the women 's disciplines . He was a strong advocate for women 's sports and was a force in making the Oregon Twilight Meet a co @-@ ed event . Women 's cross country and track and field blossomed under Heinonen 's leadership . He led the women 's team to win its first three NCAA team championships and coached 14 NCAA individual champions . He produced 134 All @-@ Americans and his athletes made 17 appearances in the Olympics . He retired in 2003 , after which the University of Oregon Athletic Department decided to combine the men 's and women 's programs under one head coach .
= = = Under Coach Vin Lananna = = =
In 2005 , Vin Lananna was hired to become the track and field head coach , replacing Martin Smith who resigned after the previous season . Lananna was already a decorated head coach from Stanford with five NCAA national championships under his belt . At Oregon , he led seven teams to win NCAA national championships , including the first indoor national championships in school history . He also attracted the Olympic Trials , the NCAA Track and Field Championships , and the USA Track and Field Championships to Eugene for multiple years . Just prior to the 2012 season , Robert Johnson was promoted to the head coaching position as Lananna moved to an administrative position with the program . In Johnson 's first year , the women 's team produced a national championship in both cross country and indoor track and field .
= = Impact on running = =
The people involved in the Oregon track and field program have led changes that benefited professional athletes and coaches , as well as running enthusiasts . Bill Bowerman experimented with many coaching techniques during his time as a head coach at the University of Oregon and instilled many of his principles from his days as a Major in the US Army . For example , Bowerman pioneered in using film as a method of teaching technique to his athletes . With Bowerman 's meticulous attention to details , he made other discoveries with regards to coaching track . The training schedules he developed for his athletes ran counter to many other coaches ' principles at the time . He believed that each individual athlete was different and tailored different workout routines to different athletes . He also scaled his workouts up and down , giving some of his athletes rest on certain days for recovery time . This attention to detail also led him to become obsessed with experimentation of reducing the weight of his athletes ' apparel and increasing the traction of their shoes which eventually led to the creation of the apparel company Nike . Moreover , Bowerman considered himself more of a teacher than a coach and stressed schoolwork as well as mentoring his athletes with regards to life . Tom Heinonen , the former head coach of the Oregon women 's track and field program was a strong advocate of female athletics at a time when female athletics were largely an afterthought . Steve Prefontaine was vehemently outspoken against the Amateur Athletic Union . Kenny Moore , a former University of Oregon student who ran track under Bowerman , was one of the speakers at the President 's Commission on Olympic Sports , a series of hearings regarding amateur sports . These efforts along with those from other amateur athletes eventually culminated in the passage of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 .
Bowerman and his athletes ' philosophy and stories were documented by Kenny Moore . Moore wrote the book Bowerman and the Men of Oregon and practiced journalism , most notably for Sports Illustrated . He also was the screenwriter with Robert Towne for Without Limits , a movie that told the story of Prefontaine and Bowerman . In addition , he was also an actor in Personal Best , a movie with track and field as one of the central themes . Bowerman himself wrote several books on the sport of running including High Performance Training for Track and Field which details coaching instruction for high level competition . He also wrote a book with a cardiologist called Jogging , which detailed the medical benefits of jogging , to which many credited its exploding popularity . Bowerman 's successor , Bill Dellinger , also authored a number of books regarding running , including Competitive Runner 's Training Book , The Running Experience and Winning Running .
The program 's coaching extended beyond just within the program itself . Bowerman had his athletes mentor the community and continued to be active in the sport after his retirement . He was also a coach for the US Olympic team in 1972 and an assistant coach in 1968 US Olympic Team . Bill Dellinger coached the distance runners in the 1984 Olympic Games . After Dellinger retired from the University of Oregon , he continued to coach running on a consulting basis despite suffering through a stroke . Tom Heinonen remained a running coach after his retirement at the volunteer level for the University of Oregon Running Club . Alumnus Alberto Salazar became a noted marathon coach after his running days under the employ of Nike . Salazar used controversial coaching tactics like tweaking runners ' natural running form , but had coached many athletes to the apex of their careers . He launched an experimental training program called the Oregon Project financed by Nike with the purpose of integrating African runners ' training conditions into American training mixed with modern technology . He also discovered similarities in running posture between sprinters and top level distance runners , two disciplines previously thought to be exceedingly different . Instilling some of these methods into American runners , he was able to coach Kara Goucher to a third @-@ place finish in the Boston Marathon in 2009 , an event that East Africans typically dominate . Mo Farah and alumnus Galen Rupp were training partners under Salazar and finished first and second respectively in the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 10k . Rupp was the first American to medal in the 10k since Billy Mills in 1964 and the first medalist not born in Africa since 1988 . Similar to his collegiate coaches , Salazar wrote a pair of books about distance running . Matt Centrowitz , another University of Oregon alumnus , took the American University track and field program to prominence since the rebirth of the program in 1999 .
= = Venues = =
The early teams ran at Kincaid Field , constructed in 1902 as an athletic field . In 1919 , Hayward Field was constructed for football events and two years later , a track was installed around the field as the track and field team moved in . Kincaid field was torn down in 1922 .
Autzen Stadium was opened in 1967 and the football team moved out of Hayward Field . At that point , Hayward Field became exclusively a track and field stadium . The venue had undergone significant upgrades since then including the Bowerman Building in 1992 , the Powell Plaza in 2005 , an indoor facilities upgrade in 2006 , and new equipment in 2007 .
Hayward Field has been host to numerous national track and field events such as the U.S. Olympic Trials , NCAA Championships , and the USA Track and Field Championships . No other venue has hosted more NCAA Championships and no other venue had held three consecutive U.S. Olympic Trials . Many have attested to the magical aura of Hayward field , citing many personal bests run at the venue . Credit often goes to the regular attendance of knowledgeable track and field fans for the phenomenon .
= = Rivalries = =
The traditional rival of the Oregon Ducks is the Oregon State Beavers , called the Civil War . This fierce rivalry extended to the track and field programs , where for a period , they met twice a year . However , due to budgetary concerns , Oregon State University dropped the track and field program in 1988 and the rivalry ended . Plans are underway to reinstate the program by 2014 , at which point the rivalry may continue .
The UCLA Bruins became an Oregon rival in track and field as the two powerhouse programs battled each other in a series of dual meets . Oregon 's program was ranked in the top 3 nationally in dual meets by Track & Field News thirteen times between 1970 and 1996 and was ranked No. 1 three times . The UCLA squad achieved a No. 1 ranking from the same publication eleven times within the same time frame . In 1966 , the two programs met head to head for the first time . The Bruins displayed their dominance at the dual meet and won nine straight against the Ducks . Oregon head coach Bill Bowerman in 1971 called the Bruins team the best dual meet team in the country . It wasn 't until 1978 that Oregon earned its first victory in the series , which ended UCLA 's 34 dual meet winning streak . Oregon won the next three meets and the series ended in 1985 with a UCLA win . The dual meet event was fading out of favor in collegiate track and field and the Oregon @-@ UCLA dual meet was discontinued with UCLA holding the advantage over the Ducks 10 – 4 . In 1994 , the Pepsi Team Invitational which included Oregon , UCLA and Washington was scored as a dual meet , which UCLA won . In 2008 , the dual meet series between the two schools restarted and Oregon won the first three meets . Although the location of the meet had alternated between Eugene and Los Angeles between 1966 and 1976 , subsequent meets have been held at Hayward Field in Oregon until 2011 where the two teams battled to a tie at UCLA .
= = Head coaches = =
Prior to Bill Hayward in 1904 , four coaches led the Oregon track and field teams for just one year including Joseph W. Wetherbee ( 1895 ) , J.C. Higgins ( 1897 ) , C.A. Redmond ( 1902 ) , and William Ray ( 1903 ) . John Warren was the interim head coach in 1948 before Bill Bowerman took over for Bill Hayward . In a similar fashion to the men 's team , three head coaches led the women 's team on a part @-@ time basis including Lois Youngen ( 1972 ) , Ron Brinkert ( 1973 – 1974 ) , and Rob Ritson ( 1975 – 1976 ) before Tom Heinonen arrived to provide consistency at the helm . The following coaches are a chronology of Oregon track and field head coaches that served for terms greater than two years :
Notes :
Also coached on the US Olympic Team
Only coached the women 's track and field and cross country team
Member of the USTFCCCA Hall of Fame
= = Notable athletes = =
The track and field program over the years has created dozens of NCAA individual champions and hundreds of All Americans . Alumni have gone on to medal in the Olympics , win big city marathons , and win national championships at the professional level .
Some of the most famed players from the program emerged from distance running . Steve Prefontaine held numerous American distance running records and never lost a collegiate distance running match . Alberto Salazar won three consecutive New York Marathons and added a Boston Marathon victory to the list .
Alumni have also had illustrious coaching careers . Bill Bowerman and Bill Dellinger both became Oregon coaches . Alberto Salazar and Terrance Mahon became distance running coaches after their running days . Others have found success related to track and field but not directly in the sport . Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight both co @-@ founded Nike . Tinker Hatfield ran track at Oregon while studying architecture and later became a famous shoe designer for Nike . Rudy Chapa , a successful distance runner in his own right , founded SPARQ , an athletic equipment company .
There have been several members of the track and field team that lettered in other sports , particularly football . Mel Renfro is primarily known for being inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame but he also achieved a world record in the 440 yard relay in 1962 while running in the track and field program for Oregon . Jordan Kent , a former professional football player , was a rare three sport letterman in track , basketball , and football . The 2010 Doak Walker Award winner , LaMichael James , ran track during the football offseason . One of the first multi @-@ sport athletes with the Oregon Ducks was the former head coach Bill Bowerman , who played football and ran track under Bill Hayward in both sports .
= = = Olympians = = =
Since Oregon 's first Olympian , Dan Kelly , who finished second place in the broad jump of the 1908 Summer Olympics , at least one athlete from the University of Oregon has participated in each of the Summer Olympics since . This includes the 1980 Summer Olympics which the United States boycotted , when Chris Braithwaite competed for Trinidad , his native country .
Out of the scores of Olympians that claim the University of Oregon as their alma mater , the following have received medals :
= = = World record holders = = =
The following athletes from Oregon have achieved world records :
= = = Other athletes = = =
= Never Too Far / Hero Medley =
" Never Too Far / Hero Medley " is a medley recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey , first released as a charity single on December 11 , 2001 through Virgin Records America and serving as the lead single for Carey 's second compilation album , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) . The medley combines the first verse of " Never Too Far " , co @-@ written and co @-@ produced by Carey and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , with a re @-@ recorded version of the first verse and bridge of " Hero " , written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff . As the latter did not receive co @-@ production credits due to the change in instrumentation , Randy Jackson was named as producer alongside Carey instead . The single was meant to express a message of unity and love in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks .
Though Carey did not promote Glitter ( 2001 ) , due to her hospitalization , she embarked on a short promotional tour for the single , and attended several charitable events . Carey performed the medley live at the 2001 Radio Music Awards , British music program Top of the Pops , the United We Stand : What More Can I Give concert benefit , and her own special titled , At Home For The Holidays With Mariah Carey . Following the singles release , the song managed to attain a peak position of number eighty @-@ one on the Billboard Hot 100 , in light of all of Carey 's live appearances . Though promoted throughout Europe , the single was never given an official release outside the United States , therefore failing to chart in any other significant global music market .
= = Background and recording = =
Following the weak commercial success of Glitter ( 2001 ) , her debut release under Virgin Records , Carey suffered an emotional and physical breakdown , followed by an extended hospitalization . During this period , Carey 's older label , Columbia records , planned to release a compilation album of her biggest hits , titled Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) . As they had one more album to release from Carey under her old contract , they began assembling content for its release . Though still signed to Virgin , Carey composed a charity single in which all proceeds would go towards helping rebuild America , following the terrorist attacks . Consequently , she re @-@ recorded her 1993 song " Hero " , and made a medley of it with a single from Glitter , " Never Too Far " . The song features a different instrumental introduction , and begins with the first verse and chorus of " Never Too Far " , and blends into the bridge of " Hero " . Several writers for the medley are credited , with Carey having written " Never Too Far " with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and the latter with Walter Afanasieff . Aside from Jam and Lewis , Randy Jackson assisted Carey in the song 's production . In an interview with MTV , Carey described the single and its conception :
" I started doing different charity events where I did a combination of ' Never Too Far ' and ' Hero ' . We made it into a medley and put them in the same key and made it work . People responded really well to it . It 's been interesting for me , since the events of September 11 , the way people have been playing ' Hero ' and really even talking to me about ' Never Too Far ' , ' cause that song is also about loss . I figured that it would be a nice thing to do , to put them both out for Christmas . There 's also an unreleased track on the B @-@ side , which is called ' There for Me ' which kind of has the same sentiment . The proceeds from ' Never Too Far ' and ' Hero ' and ' There for Me ' are going to go to the Heroes Fund , and it 's going to benefit police officers ' families , relief workers ' families . "
= = = " There For Me " = = =
The song 's B @-@ side , titled " There For Me " , was a leftover track from Carey 's Rainbow ( 1999 ) , which she wrote alongside David Foster and Diane Warren . After Carey abandoned work with longtime collaborator Walter Afanasieff , she began working with Foster throughout Rainbow . During their many creative meetings , Foster introduced Carey to Warren , a song @-@ writer in which he had collaborated several times in the past . Throughout the process of writing and producing the song , the female pair did not work well with each other , as Carey accused Warren of repeating lyrical phrases too often , while Warren did not agree with some of Carey 's production choices . After they completed the song , Carey wrote two other ballads with Warren for Rainbow , entitled " After Tonight " and " Can 't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) " .
= = Composition = =
" Never Too Far / Hero " is a mid @-@ tempo ballad , drawing influence from pop and R & B music genres . The song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Randy Jackson , and was released as the lead single from her second compilation album , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano , guitar and organ . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 62 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of D ♯ 3 to the high @-@ note of Ab5 . The song 's chorus has a basic chord progression of Gsus2 – G – G / F ♯ – Em7 – G / D – C @-@ G / B – Am7 . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Carey described her original feelings towards the song , prior to its release as a single :
One person could say that ' hero ' is a schmaltzy piece of garbage , but another person can write to me a letter and say , ' I 've considered committing suicide everyday of my life for the last ten years until I heard that song and I realized after all I can be my own hero . ' And that , that 's an unexplainable feeling , like I 've done something with my life , y 'know ? ... It meant something to someone .
While " Hero " describes the hidden power inside each individual , " Never Too Far " encourages those who are doubtful over their very existence , and how through perseverance , one can see that nothing is ever ' too far away ' . Together combined , the single gives over a supportive message , for those who are either looking for meaning in life , or just doubting their own worth and ability . During a show on Carey 's The Adventures of Mimi Tour , she described the meaning " Hero " had to her and her fans :
" I wrote a song a while back even before " One Sweet Day " and it was not my favorite song in the world , but I wrote it . Someone asked me to write a song and they told me the story , and you know it was kind of a moving concept or whatever . And I did it , and I was like you know it ’ s not necessarily what I like per se , but after doing the song over and over again and having people coming up to and saying , thank you for writing ‘ Hero ’ because it saved my life or it saved my father ’ s life or my brothers or sisters life , or something of that nature , I said I always have to sing that song when I ’ m performing because if I don ’ t , you never know who I ’ m leaving out and you know what , in times of my life I ’ ve had to turn to that song lyrically and flip it onto my own life and sing it to myself . So its from the ‘ Music Box ’ album , and it ’ s called ‘ Hero ' , this is for you . "
= = Reception = =
Elysa Gardner from USA Today called " Never Too Far / Hero " a " refreshing medley " and felt it would easily be accepted among Carey 's other popular and heartfelt inspirational ballads . The medley was only given a commercial release in the United States . Though " Hero " ( a single from Carey 's album Music Box ) had gone to number @-@ one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , " Never Too Far " ( a single from Glitter ) had failed to chart . " Never Too Far / Hero Medley " performed marginally better , peaking at number eighty @-@ one and remaining on the chart for three weeks , however still not delivering the kind of success Carey was accustomed to prior to Glitter . The charity single was released to help victims of the September 11 attacks , with all proceeds from the sales of the single going towards the Heroes Fund , a charity benefit for victims of the attacks and their families , police officers , and relief workers .
= = Live performances = =
Though having not promoted Glitter during the time of its release , due to her breakdown and subsequent hospitalization , Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for the single , as well as charity benefits for the September 11 attacks victims . At the 2001 Radio Music Awards , Carey made her second public appearance following her breakdown , the first being a performance of " Hero " at the America : A Tribute to Heroes telethon on September 21 , 2001 . Entering the stage in a long black evening gown , Carey performed the medley live , followed by a standing ovation from the audience . On October 21 , 2001 , a benefit titled United We Stand : What More Can I Give was held at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. , accompanied by the charity single " What More Can I Give " , in which Carey participated . Carey donned a black open @-@ back dress with a plunging neckline , and performed " Never Too Far / Hero " , followed by a live rendition of " What More Can I Give " .
On November 16 , 2001 , Carey taped a special titled A Home For The Holidays With Mariah Carey , which aired on December 21 of that same year . The special featured additional performances by Destiny 's Child , Josh Groban , Enrique Iglesias and Mandy Moore . Carey opened the special , with a performance of " Never Too Far / Hero " while wearing a form @-@ fitting red evening gown . Aside from the single , Carey performed " I 'll Be There " and " Reflections ( Care Enough ) " , a single from Glitter . Following stateside promotion of the charity single , Carey performed it alongside Westlife on the British music chart program , Top of the Pops .
= = Formats and track listings = =
US CD single
" Never Too Far / Hero Medley "
" There for Me "
" Never Too Far " Hero Remixes ( European CD Maxi Single )
" Never Too Far / Hero – Extended Mix "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Radio Mix "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Radio Mix With Intro "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Al B. Rich Inspiration Mix – Radio Edit "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Al B. Rich Inspiration Mix – X @-@ Tended Mix "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Mike Rizzo Extended Club Recall Mix "
" Never Too Far / Hero – Mike Rizzo Radio Recall Mix "
= = Credits and personnel = =
Mariah Carey – co @-@ production , songwriting , vocals
Walter Afanasieff – songwriting
James Harris – songwriting , co @-@ production
Terry Lewis – songwriting , co @-@ production
Randy Jackson – co @-@ production
Credits adapted from the Greatest Hits liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Long Way to Go ( Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song ) =
" Long Way to Go " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000 . The song appears as the closing track on Stefani 's debut studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was released on November 23 , 2004 , along with the rest of Love . Angel . Music . Baby. by Interscope Records . The track was written by both Stefani and 3000 , while 3000 was the sole producer of the track .
Although the song was scrapped from 3000 's critically acclaimed OutKast studio album , The Love Below ( 2003 ) , Stefani and 3000 finalized a reworked version of the song to be included on Stefani 's album . The song prominently features a sample from Martin Luther King , Jr . ' s " I Have a Dream " speech in its closing outro . King is not credited for contributed lyrics to the song . Musically , " Long Way to Go " is influenced by electronic music and alternative hip hop , with partial influence from both dance music and soul music .
After its release , " Long Way to Go " received scrutiny for its sample of " I Have a Dream " . The song also was received negatively for its outdated metaphors on interracial relationships . However , the track did receive positive attention for being a " standout " on Love . Angel . Music . Baby. and also for its electronic production , particularly the closing of the track . Stefani performed the track during her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour , accompanied by the Harajuku Girls .
= = Background = =
Production for " Long Way to Go " initially started in 2003 during recording sessions for both of Stefani and 3000 's then upcoming studio albums . The original collaboration had Stefani as a featured artist , although 3000 intended for a different version of the song to make it on his album , The Love Below . The pair worked together on a slightly different version of the track , where it was then finalized and placed on Love . Angel . Music . Baby .. The original demo of the song has never been officially released to the public .
Lyrically , the song discusses prejudices against interracial dating and the beauty of love . This meaning is made clear in the lyric , " Beauty is beauty / Whether it 's black or white " . The line , " When snow hits the asphalt / Cold looks and bad talk come " is used as a metaphor for the backlash that may occur when dating someone of the opposite race . The song also jokes that this problematic situation is " beyond Martin Luther " . Throughout the closing of the track , prominent samples of Martin Luther King , Jr . ' s " I Have a Dream " speech can be heard , set to " unsynchronized M.I.A. like beats " created by a CutMaster Swiff synthesizer . Vibe described MLK 's speech as having " made its mark on music artists " , with some artists like Stefani having " lifted his word for their own tracks " .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon release , " Long Way to Go " received polarized reviews from critics . Some music critics heavily criticized the track for its sampling of the " I Have a Dream " speech , while others found it to be an interesting song . Jason Damas of PopMatters unfavorably compared the song to OutKast 's " Spread " and claimed that Stefani " awkwardly comment [ ed ] on race relations and as such it 's a bit of a buzzkill " . Krissi Murison of the British magazine , NME , also was negative with her review , claiming that the track is a " bar the knuckle @-@ bitingly bad duet " , further adding that every song on Love . Angel . Music . Baby. sounds like a future hit , minus " Long Way to Go " . Nick Sylvester of Pitchfork Media remained indifferent of the song as he thought that the song 's lyrics " feel out of place on an otherwise carefree album " and preferred Stefani and 3000 's other collaboration , " Bubble Pop Electric " .
However , Ryan Book of Music Times , was less critical with his review : " [ Stefani ] took a break from colorful music videos to make a statement of racial relations ... the song uses a less clear sample than the other tracks , but interpolates his words into the electronic breakdown at the end of the song " . Marc Robisch of Thought Catalog felt that " Long Way to Go " is " one of the most interesting out of any on Love . Angel . Music . Baby . " , further adding that the outro of the song resembles the work of M.I.A .. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic was mixed with his review , stating that the song " is a jarring buzz kill – and that 's what 's appealing about L.A.M.B. , even if it such a shallow celebration of fleeting style and outdated bling @-@ bling culture , it can grate " . A review from Traxionary described " Long Way to Go " as " a plea for interracial love – or the tolerant embrace of it – the central contention that " beauty " can be " black or white / yellow or green " " . In an extremely positive review of the track , Mike Usinger writing for The Georgia Straight , claimed that " [ with ] a surprisingly soulful duet with Andre 3000 , Stefani has come up with the kind of solo album that gets singers thinking that maybe they don 't need a backing band at all , " referencing Stefani 's time spent with No Doubt .
= = Live performance = =
Stefani included the song on the setlist for her 2005 concert tour entitled Harajuku Lovers Tour . " Long Way to Go " was performed alongside the Harajuku Girls , a Japanese dance troupe ; the Girls performed minimal dance moves due to the intentional intimacy of the song . During the performance , the lyrics of " Long Way to Go " occasionally flashed on the screens above Stefani ; due to the topic of interracial dating prevalent in the song , Stefani was surrounded by individuals of different races throughout the performance .
= = Track listings and formats = =
US Digital download
" Long Way to Go " ( with André 3000 ) – 4 : 34
Interscope Records Sampler
A1 " Rich Girl " ( featuring Eve ) – 3 : 56
A2 " Hollaback Girl " – 3 : 19
A3 " Bubble Pop Electric " ( featuring Johnny Vulture ) – 3 : 42
B1 " Long Way to Go " ( with André 3000 ) – 4 : 34
B2 " Harajuku Girls " – 4 : 51
B3 " Cool " – 3 : 09
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at Stankonia Recording , Atlanta ; Larabee Sound Studio East , Los Angeles ; and Soundcastle Studios , Los Angeles .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby .
= Mississippi Highway 366 ( Prentiss County ) =
Mississippi Highway 366 ( MS 366 ) is a highway in Prentiss County , Mississippi . It starts at MS 370 at the Lee – Prentiss county line in the west . The route intersects many county routes as it travels eastward to MS 371 , its eastern terminus . The route was designated in 1957 , and became fully paved by 1971 .
= = Route description = =
MS 366 starts at MS 370 on the Lee – Prentiss county line . The route curves northward after intersecting County Route 5011 ( CO 5011 ) . At CO 5411 , the road begins a series of turns through the forest . MS 366 soon reaches CO 5334 and dips southeastward . It temporarily heads eastward at CO 5441 , before turning south at CO 5345 . The route travels east again at CO 5450 , around a small area of farmland . MS 366 crosses over Casey Creek after intersecting CO 5481 . The road shifts upward as it enters Marietta , and MS 366 ends at MS 371 . The road continues on as CO 4050 .
In 2013 , Mississippi Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) calculated as many as 760 vehicles traveling west of CO 5311 , and as few as 650 vehicles traveling east of CO 5381 . MS 366 is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . It is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 . All of MS 366 is maintained by MDOT .
= = History = =
MS 366 was designated in 1957 , as a gravel road from MS 370 to MS 363 . By 1965 , MS 363 and MS 371 were rerouted , causing MS 366 's eastern terminus to change to MS 371 . All of MS 366 was paved by 1971 .
= = Major intersections = =
= Lexington @-@ Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar =
The Lexington @-@ Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar , sometimes the Lexington @-@ Concord half dollar or Patriot half dollar , was a commemorative coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1925 in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord . It was designed by Chester Beach .
Members of the Massachusetts congressional delegation introduced legislation in 1924 which would provide for a commemorative half dollar for the anniversary . The bill passed both houses of Congress and was signed by President Calvin Coolidge . Beach had to satisfy committees from both Lexington and Concord , and the Commission of Fine Arts passed the design only reluctantly , feeling Beach had been given poor materials to work with .
The coins were sold for $ 1 , and were vended at the anniversary celebrations in Lexington and in Concord ; they were sold at banks across New England . Although just over half of the authorized mintage of 300 @,@ 000 was struck , almost all of the coins that were minted were sold . Depending on condition , they are catalogued in the hundreds of dollars .
= = Background = =
The Battles of Lexington and Concord took place in those neighboring Massachusetts towns on April 19 , 1775 . The enmity between the British government and the American colonials that preceded the Revolutionary War had led , by early 1775 , to militia groups , hostile to the British , being formed in the Boston area . These groups , under the control of Massachusetts leader John Hancock 's Committee of Safety , were often dubbed minutemen for their readiness to assemble to fight at a moment 's notice . Caches of munitions were stored at various towns for their use , including at Concord .
The Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Dartmouth , instructed the British commander in Boston , General Thomas Gage , to stamp out this resistance . On April 18 , 1775 , Gage secretly ordered Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith to go with 700 men to Concord and destroy the munitions there . It is uncertain how the Americans came to hear of the plan : Gage 's wife Margaret was born in New Jersey and may have been a spy . Another local leader , Joseph Warren , informed Paul Revere and William Dawes , and the two men went by separate roads to Lexington to alert leaders there and to assemble the militia . Both got to Lexington , where they met with Hancock and Samuel Adams . The supplies in Concord were moved .
British troops began their march at 2 am on April 19 , and Smith sent troops ahead under Major John Pitcairn . When Pitcairn and his men found a company of armed colonials at Lexington , he ordered them to disperse . In the confusion , a shot was fired from an unknown source , which brought several volleys from the British troops . Eight of the local men were killed and one British soldier was wounded . The British burned or otherwise destroyed what supplies they could find in Concord , and a second confrontation took place at the North Bridge . The bridge was held by the British , and by then about 400 minutemen had assembled . Seeing the smoke from Concord , the colonials believed the town was being burned , and attempted to cross the bridge to succor it . The British fired on them but the colonials returned fire and defeated them . The British , who had gotten reinforcements once they realized the countryside was roused against them , began their march to Boston harassed by at least 2 @,@ 000 militiamen who inflicted a steady toll by gunfire until the British gained the protection of the cannon near Boston . The encounters at Lexington and Concord were the first battles of what became the Revolutionary War .
= = Legislation = =
Identical joint resolutions to establish a United States Lexington @-@ Concord Sesquicentennial Commission and to authorize federal
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
participation in the celebrations surrounding the 150th anniversary of the battles were introduced into the House of Representatives by Massachusetts congressmen John Jacob Rogers and Frederick Dallinger on May 5 , 1924 . Robert Luce , also of that state , introduced an identical copy . Rogers represented Concord 's district in Congress , while the townsfolk of Lexington were among Dallinger 's constituents . All three bills were referred to the Committee on the Library , presided over by Luce . Hearings were held on May 8 , 1924 , with both Rogers and Dallinger present . Rogers spoke of the 1875 celebrations of the Lexington and Concord centennials , which President Ulysses S. Grant , Vice President Henry Wilson , Speaker of the House James G. Blaine and other notables had attended . These celebrations were not jointly held by Lexington and Concord ; instead , there were two separate programs , though there was full cooperation between the two towns . They intended to follow this pattern for the 150th anniversary in 1925 : although there would be considerable coordination , each town would have its own committee and its own events .
Rogers outlined the request for the establishment of the commission , with four members to be appointed by each house of Congress and three by President Calvin Coolidge . Rodgers and Dallinger wanted $ 10 @,@ 000 for the commission , and for Congress to authorize the issuance of commemorative coins and stamps . Rogers told the committee that the language for the legislative provisions for the coin had been borrowed from the bill for the Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 – 1921 ) , and reminded them of other commemorative coins that had been issued . At the time , commemorative coins were not sold by the government — Congress , in authorizing legislation , designated an organization which had the exclusive right to purchase the coins at face value and vend them to the public at a premium . A maximum of 300 @,@ 000 coins were requested . Dallinger noted that the government would incur no cost from the commemorative half dollars : it would profit from the seignorage and would never be called upon to redeem them , as they would be retained by collectors . After the two congressmen appeared , Chairman Luce introduced a letter from the Senate Majority Leader , Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts , indicating his support for the bill . Luce reported his own version of the resolution the following day , with his committee 's recommendation that it pass .
The resolution was brought to the House floor on June 7 , 1924 , when Luce asked that the House pass the legislation . He had alluded in his report to the well @-@ known Ralph Waldo Emerson poem " Concord Hymn " by including the phrase " embattled farmers " , a reference which Arkansas 's Otis Wingo used as an excuse to deliver a lengthy speech on tariffs , accusing the Republican majority of harming the farmer . Once Wingo had finished to applause from the Democratic side , the House passed the bill without a recorded vote , with Rogers presiding over the House in the absence of the Speaker . The resolution was transmitted to the Senate the same day and was referred to the Senate Appropriations Committee . On January 5 , 1925 , the resolution was reported back to the Senate by Wyoming 's Francis Warren , unamended , with the recommendation that it pass . Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas asked for the amount of the appropriation being made in the bill , and when told it was $ 15 @,@ 000 , had no additional questions . The bill passed without opposition , and was enacted with the signature of President Coolidge on January 14 , 1925 .
= = Preparation = =
In 1923 , the committee from Lexington and the one from Concord each had considered pressing for a commemorative coin , and each , unbeknownst to the other , had contacted Chester Beach , credited with the design for the Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar . Beach got them to combine their efforts and each agreed to pay half of his fee of $ 1 @,@ 250 . Each town would decide the design for one side of the half dollar .
Judge Prescott Keyes , who led the Concord committee , sent Beach the proposed design for the obverse ( the Concord side ) on February 2 , 1925 , letting him know the Lexington design for the reverse , or Lexington side , would soon follow . The following day , Edward Stone , attorney for the Lexington committee , sent Beach a letter formalizing the contract . Beach would not be paid unless the Commission of Fine Arts approved the plaster models . Beach replied to Stone on the 4th , relating that he had spoken to James Earle Fraser , designer of the Buffalo nickel and sculptor member of the commission , and had been informed that the commission had just had its monthly meeting , but that a quorum could be assembled to approve the coin . Beach noted that the Mint would take three or four weeks to begin striking coins once final approval was given ; he had discussed this with Chief Engraver George T. Morgan in 1924 . Morgan had recently died , but Beach did not expect the new chief engraver , John R. Sinnock , to cause any additional delays .
On February 4 , Concord artist Philip Holden sent Beach improved sketches for both sides . Beach had been under the impression that the year must appear on the coin by itself , in addition to the anniversary dates 1775 — 1925 ; on February 5 Keyes wrote to Beach that he had viewed the Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar and the Huguenot @-@ Walloon half dollar . Both bore their dates only as part of anniversaries . Keyes noted that the two coins had the words " PILGRIM " and " HUGUENOT " respectively before " HALF DOLLAR " , and proposed that the word " PATRIOT " appear in the same place on the new coin . Keyes noted that April 19 , the anniversary of both battles , is Patriot Day in Massachusetts . He insisted that the words " THE CONCORD MINUTE MAN " appear even if it was illegible , " the public in these two towns are sometimes pretty sensitive about petty matters and so Mr. Stone and I have been very particular to come to an agreement as to all details . "
Beach agreed to the wording changes , subject to approval by the authorities in Washington . On February 12 , 1925 , Keyes wrote again to tell him that Harry B. Little , architect of the National Cathedral , had looked at the designs and had suggestions , including moving the words " E PLURIBUS UNUM " from the lower part of the Concord side to the left of the minuteman . He also proposed putting " April 19 " on the coin ; Beach did not do so , though he adopted other suggestions from Keyes . The Commission of Fine Arts felt that French 's statue , due to its narrowness , was not suitable for a coin . Nevertheless , it approved the design , with Moore writing to Mint Director Robert J. Grant on March 5 that " a designer should be permitted to use symbols as he best knows how to use them in filling the spaces of a coin or medal . "
By March 27 , trial strikes had been made of the new coin at the Philadelphia Mint . Stone ordered an initial quantity of 100 @,@ 000 half dollars on March 31 .
= = Design = =
The obverse reproduces Daniel Chester French 's statue The Minute Man that stands in Concord . Commemorating the minutemen , volunteer militia who fought the British in 1775 , it depicts a farmer , rifle in hand . His coat is draped over his plow , and he is ready to respond to the signal to assemble , presumably to be given by the bell in the Old Belfry at Lexington , the subject of the reverse of the coin . The minuteman 's head obscures part of the name of the country he helped to establish , and he is flanked on the left by the words " CONCORD MINUTE @-@ MAN " and on the right by " IN GOD WE TRUST " . French meant to represent militia captain Isaac Davis , who was killed at Concord . Not shown on the coin , but on the base of the statue in Concord , is the first stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's poem , " Concord Hymn " , verses dutifully memorized by generations of American schoolchildren .
The reverse depicts the Old Belfry , located in Lexington , where a bell was sounded to assemble the local militia . The belfry was not then old , having been built following the donation of a bell weighing 463 pounds ( 210 kg ) by Isaac Stone to the town of Lexington in 1761 . The bell was sounded after Revere and Dawes arrived , but when no British soldiers appeared , Captain John Parker sent his men home , with instructions to remain ready . It was sounded again at 5 : 30 am , when word came the British were not far away .
Numismatist John F. Jones , in his 1937 survey of commemoratives , felt the statue and belfry highly appropriate subjects for the coin , but regretted that it lacked the clear , sharp lines of earlier special issues . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule , in his book on U.S. coins and medals , stated that the Lexington @-@ Concord half dollar " is almost reduced to the artistic level of a photograph , for little is left that is original on the part of Beach " . Vermeule deprecated the many inscriptions , though admitting they were forced on Beach , and especially disliked the placement of " In God We Trust " : " nothing is more out of place than the religious motto . " Vermeule opined that " although less irritating than his half @-@ dollar for the Monroe Doctrine Centennial , this coin does no credit to Beach 's stature as a first @-@ class artist . What the coin exudes in patriotism , it lacks in art . "
= = Production , distribution , and collecting = =
A total of 162 @,@ 099 Lexington @-@ Concord Sesquicentennial half dollars were struck at the Philadelphia Mint in April and May , 1925 , with 99 pieces set aside for inspection and testing by the 1926 Assay Commission . The coins were made from blanks , or planchets , that had been intended for mintage into 1924 Stone Mountain Memorial half dollars , but had not been used .
The first coin struck was presented to President Coolidge . The half dollars were sold at the anniversary celebrations in Lexington and at those in Concord , both held April 18 – 20 , 1925 , with 39 @,@ 000 sold in Lexington and 21 @,@ 000 in Concord . Distribution was handled by the Lexington Trust Company and the Concord National Bank , which sold them in wooden boxes decorated with images of the statue and belfry . They were sold by banks throughout New England , and to some extent elsewhere in the country . Only 86 coins were returned to the Mint , likely representing damaged pieces . Most were sold to the general public , not to collectors . The asking price was $ 1 . The edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins published in 2015 lists the half dollar at between $ 100 and $ 975 depending on condition . An exceptional specimen sold at auction in 2014 for $ 11 @,@ 880 .
= Fur @-@ bearing trout =
The fur @-@ bearing trout ( or furry trout ) is a fictional creature purportedly found in North America and Iceland . According to tales , the trout has created a thick coat of fur to maintain its body heat . Tales of furry fish date to the 17th @-@ century and later the " shaggy trout " of Iceland . The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken . A taxidermy furry trout produced by Ross C. Jobe is a specimen at the Royal Museum of Scotland ; it is a trout with white rabbit fur " ingeniously " attached .
There are no real examples of any fur @-@ bearing trout species , but two examples of hair @-@ like growths on fish are known . The " cotton mold " , Saprolegnia , can infect fish , which can result in the appearance of fish covered in the white " fur " . A real fish , Mirapinna esau , also known as the " Hairy Fish " , has hair @-@ like outgrowths and wings .
= = Commonalities = =
Fur @-@ bearing trout are fictional creatures that are purportedly found in Arkansas , northern North America , and Iceland . The basic claim ( or tall tale ) is that the waters of lakes and rivers in the area are so cold that they evolved a thick coat of fur to maintain their body heat . Another theory says that it is due to four jugs - or two bottles - of hair tonic being spilled into the Arkansas River .
The origins vary , but one of the earlier claims date to a 17th @-@ century Scottish immigrant 's letter to his relatives referring to " furried animals and fish " being plentiful in the New World . It was followed by a request to procure a specimen of these " furried fish " and one was sent one home . A publication in 1900 recounts the Icelandic Lodsilungur , another haired trout , as being a common folklore . The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken .
The " cotton mold " Saprolegnia will sometimes infect fish , causing tufts of fur @-@ like growth to appear on the body . A heavy infection will result in the death of the fish , and as the fungus continues to grow afterwards , dead fish that are largely covered in the white " fur " can occasionally be found washed ashore . A real fish , Mirapinna esau known as the " Hairy Fish " , has hair @-@ like outgrowths and wings . It was discovered in the Azores in 1956 .
= = Icelandic Lodsilungur = =
According to Icelandic legend , the Lodsilungur is a furry trout that is the creation of demons and giants . The Lodsilungur are described as inedible fish that overwhelm rivers and are a form of punishment for human wickedness . In 1900 , The Scottish Review featured an account of the Lodsilungur as a poisonous " Shaggy trout " of northern Iceland . In 1854 , a shaggy trout was " cast on shore at Svina @-@ vatn " and featured in an 1855 illustration in Nordri , a newspaper . It was described as having a reddish hair on its lower jaw and neck , sides and fins , but the writer of the Nordri article did not specifically identify it by name . Sjón , a popular Icelandic writer , became obsessed with the folk tale when he was nine . Sjón recounted that if a man were to eat the furry trout he would become pregnant and that his scrotum would have to be cut open to deliver the baby . Sjón noted that the story " might explain why I was later propelled towards surrealism . "
= = United States Furry trouts = =
An account of a furry trout appeared in 1929 in Montana Wildlife magazine and was first noted by J.H. Hicken . Hicken 's account states that when the fish is caught " the change of temperature from this water to atmosphere is so great that the fish explodes upon being taken from the water , and fur and skin come off in one perfect piece , making it available for commercial purposes , and leaving the body of the fish for refrigerator purposes or eating , as desired . "
Another fur @-@ bearing trout story originated with Wilbur Foshay , secretary of the Chamber of Commerce . Foshay promoted the story so convincingly that it was picked up by the Salida Record newspaper . According to its Foshay , the trout grew fur due to the cold temperatures of the Arkansas River and shed the fur as the water temperatures warmed in the summer . In November 1938 , a story in the Puebloan Cheiftan recounted the hairy trout history and stated that " [ o ] ld @-@ timers living along the Arkansas River near Salida have told tales for many years of the fur @-@ bearing trout indigenous to the waters of the Arkansas near there . " In 2014 , Mysteries at the Museum visited the Salida Museum and is expected to be part of a segment in late 2014 .
A tall tale was recounted by S.E. Schlosser , it states that hairy trout were the result of two bottles or four jugs of spilled hair tonic . To catch hairy trout , fisherman would act as barbers and lure fish from the waters with the offer of a free trim or shave . An intentionally fantastical story in Maine and claimed hairy trout were under catch and release policy that was enforced by wardens ' carrying Brannock Devices . If a fish was caught , the warden would measure it against the fisher 's foot . If the fish 's length matched the fisher 's foot size , the fish could be eaten and the outards made into furry slippers .
= = Canada = =
The Canadian Fur @-@ bearing trout is another example of the furry trout hoax . According to the story , a trout with white fur was caught in Lake Superior off Gros Cap in Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario , Algoma District , Canada , and its taxidermist was Ross C. Jobe of Sault Ste . Marie . The purchaser of the fish learned of the hoax after presenting it to the Royal Museum of Scotland . The white fur of a rabbit was described as being " ingeniously " attached to the fish . A fictional description of the Canadian " Hairy " Trout was published by Takeshi Yamada .
= Here We Go Again ( Ray Charles song ) =
" Here We Go Again " is a country music standard written by Don Lanier and Red Steagall that first became notable as a rhythm and blues single by Ray Charles from his 1967 album Ray Charles Invites You to Listen . It was produced by Joe Adams for ABC Records / Tangerine Records . To date , this version of the song has been the biggest commercial success , spending twelve consecutive weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at number 15 .
The most notable cover version is a rhythm and blues duet by Charles and Norah Jones , which appeared on the 2004 album Genius Loves Company . This version has been the biggest critical success . When Genius Loves Company was released , " Here We Go Again " earned Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards posthumously for Charles who died in 2004 . Another notable version by Nancy Sinatra charted for five weeks in 1969 . Johnny Duncan charted the song on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart for five weeks in 1972 , while Roy Clark did so for seven weeks in 1982 .
The song has been covered in a wide variety of musical genres . In total , five different versions have been listed on the music charts . Although its two most successful versions have been rhythm and blues recordings , many of its other notable covers were featured on country music albums . " Here We Go Again " was first covered in an instrumental jazz format , and many of the more recent covers have been sung as duets , such as one with Willie Nelson and Norah Jones with Wynton Marsalis accompanying . The song was released on their 2011 tribute album Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles . The song lent its name to Red Steagall 's 2007 album as well . Cover versions have appeared on compilation albums by a number of artists , even some who did not release " Here We Go Again " as a single .
= = Original version = =
In November 1959 , after twelve years as a professional musician , Ray Charles signed with ABC Records , following the expiration of his Atlantic Records contract . According to Will Friedwald in A Biographical Guide to the Great Jazz and Pop Singers , " His first four ABC albums were all primarily devoted to standards ... " In the 1960s , he experienced crossover success with both rhythm and blues and country music . Because Charles was signed to ABC as a rhythm and blues singer , he decided to wait until his contract was up for its three @-@ year renewal before experimenting with country music , although he wanted to do so sooner . With the assistance of ABC executive Sid Feller , he gathered a set of country songs to record , despite the wishes of ABC . The release of his 1962 country albums , Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music and its follow @-@ up Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol . 2 , broadened the appeal of his music to the mainstream . At this point , Charles began to appeal more to a white audience . In 1962 , he founded his own record label , Tangerine Records , which ABC @-@ Paramount promoted and distributed .
" Here We Go Again " was recorded during a phase in Charles ' career when he was focused on performing country music . Thus , " Here We Go Again " was a country music song released by the Tangerine label ABC @-@ Paramount , but performed in Charles ' rhythm and blues style . However , his works did not bear the Tangerine label until 1968 . Feller left ABC in 1965 , but he returned to arrange Charles ' 1967 album , Ray Charles Invites You to Listen . Joe Adams produced and engineered the album , which included " Here We Go Again " .
First released by Charles in 1967 , " Here We Go Again " was written by Lanier and Steagall and published by the Dirk Music Company . Charles recorded it at RPM International Studios , Los Angeles , and the song was listed as the sixth of ten tracks on Ray Charles Invites You to Listen . Starting in 1987 , it was included in numerous greatest hits and compilation albums . When Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music was reissued in 1988 , the song was added as a bonus track . It was also included on the 1988 album Ray Charles Anthology .
= = = Composition = = =
Steagall endured polio as a teen and learned how to play the guitar and mandolin during his recuperation . This activity helped him regain the use of his left arm and hand . When he enrolled at West Texas State University , he formed his first country band . Don Lanier formed a group by the name of The Rhythm Orchids along with Buddy Knox and Jimmy Bowen . He was hired as a soil chemist but played weekends at country dances . After he quit his professional role , he formed a band that became popular in the Rocky Mountain ski @-@ resort clubs . He moved to Los Angeles in 1965 and embarked on folk club performing and songwriting . He wrote for two music publishers , Tree and Combine , before signing with Capitol Records . Eventually , Steagall joined Lanier and Bowen . Steagall and Lanier co @-@ wrote " Here We Go Again " . Steagall 's first break came when Charles covered " Here We Go Again " . Steagall says that the song " came about in a very unusual manner and very quickly " . One source even claims that Steagall did not come to Hollywood until after Charles recorded the song .
According to the sheet music published by Dirk Music , " Here We Go Again " is set in 12 / 8 time with a slow shuffle tempo of sixty @-@ nine beats per minute . The song is written in the key of B ♭ major . It is primarily a country song , but it contains gospel influences . According to Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic , " ' Here We Go Again ' is a soulful ballad in the Southern blues tradition . Lyrically , it has a resignation and pain that makes the blues , simply , what it is . The recording has a simple and sterling gospel arrangement and , in retrospect , is one of Charles ' finer attempts in the studio from the 1960s . "
= = = Performance history = = =
The playlist of the 1967 tour promoting Ray Charles Invites You to Listen is not readily available , but " Here We Go Again " was the best @-@ charting song on the album ( and likely on the playlist ) . Charles ' tour began with a benefit concert on the USS Constellation , which was preparing to depart for the Vietnam War from San Diego Harbor . The tour , Charles ' first since 1964 , continued to Europe in mid @-@ April where it visited the Royal Festival Hall , London and Salle Pleyel , Paris , as well as Vienna . In May , the band played back in the United States at New York City 's Carnegie Hall before returning to California . The tour received bad reviews from publications such as Jazz Journal , Jazz Magazine and New York Post . Later that summer , the band played Constitution Hall , Washington , D.C. In the fall , Charles had his first lucrative Nevada casino performances , which started with a three @-@ week run at Harrah 's Reno that was praised in Variety . The tour also had an extended fall run at the Copacabana nightclub .
= = = Reception = = =
Greenwald described the original version of " Here We Go Again " as " Another excellent example of how Ray Charles was able to fuse blues and country " . In a review for the single , a writer for Billboard magazine wrote that the song could easily be a " blockbuster " for Charles .
The original version debuted at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the May 20 , 1967 , issue and number 48 on the US Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles top 50 chart on June 10 , 1967 . For the weeks ending July 15 , July 22 and July 29 , the song spent three weeks at its peak position of number 15 on the Hot 100 chart . It spent July 22 and July 29 at its peak position of number 5 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart . By August 12 , it fell out the Hot 100 chart , ending a 12 @-@ week run . It remained on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart for 13 weeks ending on September 2 . " Here We Go Again " was Charles ' last single to enter the top twenty of the Hot 100 . For the year 1967 the song finished at number 80 on the US Billboard Year @-@ End Hot 100 chart and 33 on the Year @-@ End Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart .
Abroad , it debuted on the UK Singles Chart top 40 at number 38 on July 8 , 1967 , which would be its peak . It totalled 3 non @-@ consecutive weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , " Here We Go Again " appeared on the singles chart at number 10 on July 15 , 1967 , and later peaked at number three .
According to Will Friedwald , this song is an example of Charles vocalizing in what would ordinarily be an generally extraneous manner for dramatic effect by using a different voice than he had ever previously exhibited . He sang " ... not just using the squeak — using a whole new kind of squeak , in fact — for additional coloring on the sidelines , but making it the heart of the matter , literally squeaking out the words and notes in harmony with the Raelettes " ( his background singers ) .
= = = Track listing = = =
7 @-@ inch single
" Here We Go Again " – 3 : 14
" Somebody Ought to Write a Book About It " – 3 : 02
According to Allmusic , the solo version is listed at lengths between 3 : 14 and 3 : 20 on various albums .
= = = Credits = = =
Charles is credited as vocalist and pianist with unknown accompaniment . Feller is credited for having arranged and conducted the recording . This is one of two songs on the album ( " Yesterday " being the other ) that in addition to being listed as ABC @-@ Par ABC595 is credited as Dunhill DZS036 [ CD ] . The individual song had a label number ABC / TRC 10938 . " In the Heat of the Night " also had a Dunhill credit but a different number for both Dunhill and ABC .
= = Nancy Sinatra version = =
Nancy Sinatra recorded a cover of the song for her 1969 album Nancy , which was her first album after ending her business relationship with producer Lee Hazlewood . The cover , which according to programming guides had an easy listening and country music appeal , was produced by Billy Strange . The B @-@ side to the single , " Memories " , was written by Strange along with Mac Davis . Billboard magazine staff reviewed the song favorably , stating that the cover was a " smooth sing @-@ a @-@ long pop style " . They also commended Sinatra 's singing , calling it a " fine " performance , noting that it would likely return her to the Billboard charts . Sinatra 's version was later remastered and reissued in 1996 .
= = = Chart performance = = =
Although CD Universe describes the song as a country music song , it never charted on country music charts . For the week ending May 17 , 1969 , the song was listed among US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 106 and debuted on the US Billboard Easy Listening Top 40 chart at number 30 . The following week it debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 98 , its apex for its two @-@ week stay . The song then spent a total of two weeks on the Hot 100 . For the week ending June 7 , the song spent a second consecutive week at its peak position of number 19 on the Easy Listening chart . The song remained on the chart for five weeks until June 14 , 1969 . In Canada " Here We Go Again " debuted at number 38 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart ( previously Young Adult Chart ) on June 2 , 1969 . It peaked at number 21 for the week of June 16 , 1969 . The song spent a total of five weeks on the chart . According to Allmusic databases , 1969 was the final year in her career that Sinatra reached the Hot 100 chart ( with " Here We Go Again " , " God Knows I Love You " and " Drummer Man " ) .
= = = Track listing = = =
7 @-@ inch vinyl single
" Here We Go Again " – 3 : 07
" Memories " – 3 : 40
According to Allmusic the original track was 3 : 09 , but when it appeared on the 2006 compilation album Essential Nancy Sinatra , it was 3 : 11 . The single was initially released through Reprise Records . In a non @-@ exclusive licensing agreement , Reprise ( part of Warner Music ) gave RCA Records the rights to distribute the records of some of their artists including Sinatra and Dean Martin . In 1971 , Sinatra and Reprise parted ways , so she signed a long term contract with RCA Records .
= = = Credits = = =
The following musicians performed on this track :
B.J. Baker Singers ( backup vocals )
The Blossoms ( backup vocals )
The following musicians performed on this album :
= = Norah Jones and Ray Charles duet version = =
In 2004 , Charles re @-@ recorded " Here We Go Again " as a duet with American singer @-@ songwriter Norah Jones , who grew up listening to his music . During Jones ' Billboard interview for her 2010 collaboration album ... Featuring , which included her " Here We Go Again " duet , she said " I got a call from Ray asking if I 'd be interested in singing on this duets record . I got on the next plane and I brought my mom . We went to his studio and did it live with the band . I sang it right next to Ray , watching his mouth for the phrasing . He was very sweet and put me at ease , which was great because I was petrified walking in there . " She noted in one ... Featuring interview that the only part that was not done live was a piano overlay that she added afterwards to complement Charles ' keyboard . In the same interview , she noted that she had been given the opportunity to select a song from Charles ' songbook to perform as a duet and felt that this one provided the best opportunity to harmonize rather than alternate vocal verses . On the record , the two singers ' vocalize , accompanied by Billy Preston on Hammond organ , who had at one time been the regular organist in Charles ' band .
= = = Reception = = =
As part of Charles ' Grammy Award for Album of the Year winning Genius Loves Company , the song proved to be the most popular and critically acclaimed on the album . Although the song had its early detractors , it received mostly favorable reviews . Several reviewers noted the complementarity of Jones and Charles . The Daily Vault 's Jason Warburg described the song as a " jazzy , slinky pas de deux " in which Charles matches Jones note for note . " JazzTimes ' Christopher Loudon said Charles " blends seamlessly with Jones on a velvet @-@ and @-@ buckram " performance . The song was described by the Orlando Sentinel 's Jim Abbott as a recreation of one of the gems from Charles ' country music phase of the 1960s that produced the perfect " combination of voices and instruments " with Preston 's accompanying role on Hammond B3 . As opposed to other tracks on the album , when Charles ' voice was understated , this song was said to represent his " indomitable spirit " , while Jones performed as " an empathetic foil , [ with ] her warm , lazy vocals meshing convivially with his over a spare but funky arrangement " . Author Mike Evans wrote that " there 's a mutual warmth of purpose in every breath [ Charles and Jones ] take " on the song . Music Week staff noted the timeliness of the release with Ray in theaters and described the song as soulful , that finely combines Charles ' " deep , honeyed growl with Jones 's lighter timber " , while noting Preston for his " sweeping " organ work .
The song received other specific forms of praise . Robert Christgau notes that Jones carried the vocal burden as did many of his duet partners on the album . USA Today 's Steve Jones said the song " strikes an easy groove " . PopMatters ' Kevin Jagernauth says " Jones nicely compliments Charles on this beautiful opening track " . Preston 's performance was favorably described by The Washington Post 's Richard Harrington as " smoky " . Critic Randy Lewis from the Chicago Tribune noted that the song 's " countrified ache " represented that part of Charles ' career .
When the song was included on Jones ' ... Featuring , which included three of her collaborations from Albums of the Year and several from albums that were nominees , the song did not stand out . Few of the reviews at Metacritic had substantive comments on the duet when included among her group of collaborations . While reviewing ... Featuring , Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine wrote that the duet was a " more staid and less compelling recording " on the album . However , Allmusic staff noted that she worked comfortably with Charles and Chris Rizik of Soul Tracks said the track was more than just filler .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
In December 2004 , the Jones – Charles version of the song was nominated in two categories at the 47th Grammy Awards . At the February 13 , 2005 awards ceremony , the duet earned the award for Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals . It was the second Record of the Year winner not to make the Hot 100 ( following " Walk On " in 2001 by U2 ) . The song won Record of the Year , but not Song of the Year . Record of the Year is awarded to the artist ( s ) , producer ( s ) , recording engineer ( s ) and / or mixer ( s ) , if other than artist for newly recorded material . Song of the Year is awarded to the songwriter ( s ) of a new song or a song first achieving prominence during the eligibility year . Steagall and Lanier are credited as the writers of this song from their work on its original version in 1967 . Thus , the song was not a new song .
= = = Chart performance = = =
For the week ending September 18 , 2004 , Genius Loves Company sold 202 @,@ 000 copies , ranking second on the US Billboard 200 chart and becoming Charles ' highest @-@ charting album in over 40 years . Digital singles sales saw 12 of the 13 tracks on the album make the US Billboard Hot Digital Tracks Top 50 chart . " Here We Go Again " was the download sales leader among the album 's songs that totaled 52 @,@ 000 digital downloads . During the week the album was released , the song debuted on the US Billboard Hot Digital Tracks chart at number 26 . " Here We Go Again " fell out of the top 50 two weeks later . It was released as a single for digital download on January 31 , 2005 .
After the album earned eight Grammy Awards and the song won Record of the Year , sales picked up and the album was re @-@ promoted . " Here We Go Again " entered the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart at number five in the issue dated ( for the week ending ) February 26 , 2005 . The song charted for a week on both the US Billboard Hot Digital Songs top 75 at number 73 and the US Billboard Pop 100 at number 74 for the week ending March 5 , 2005 , but still did not make the Hot 100 , ranking 113th before falling out of the chart . However , it ascended to its Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart peak position of number two for the week ending March 5 , 2005 . A Compact Disc single of the song was released on April 19 , 2005 .
In Austria , the duet debuted on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart at number 53 on March 6 , 2005 , and peaked the following week at number 52 . It logged six weeks on the chart . " Here We Go Again " entered the French Singles Chart at number 54 on April 2 , 2005 and peaked one week later at number 51 . It lasted 10 weeks on the top 100 chart .
= = = Track listing = = =
CD single
" Here We Go Again " ( Ray Charles and Norah Jones ) – 3 : 59
" Mary Ann " ( Poncho Sanchez featuring Ray Charles ) – 5 : 05
" Interview With Norah Jones " – 1 : 35
According to Allmusic , the duet version was between 3 : 56 and 3 : 59 on various albums .
= = = Credits = = =
The song was recorded at RPM International Studio ( Los Angeles ) , mixed at Capitol Studios and mastered at the Mastering Lab .
= = Country chart versions = =
Johnny Duncan charted a version of the song for Columbia Records that missed the Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart on September 30 , 1972 , peaking at number 66 and spending a total of five weeks on the chart . The song also spent five weeks on the Cashbox Country Singles Chart , debuting on October 7 , 1972 , and peaking at number 61 three weeks later .
In 1982 , Roy Clark produced a version of the song on his Turned Loose album for Churchill Records that he performed on the November 6 , 1982 ( season 15 , episode 9 ) episode of Hee Haw . It missed the Hot 100 chart , but it entered the Hot Country Songs chart in the October 30 , 1982 week at 88 . The song was one of only two mentioned in the October 30 , 1982 Billboard album review and was described as " a solid country number " . The song peaked at number 65 in the week ending November 27 and remained in the chart for two more weeks , making the total run seven weeks . The song also spent seven weeks on the Cashbox Country Singles Chart , debuting on November 6 , 1982 , and peaking at number 61 for two weeks ( December 4 and December 11 ) .
= = Other versions and uses = =
Billy Vaughn covered " Here We Go Again " on his 1967 Ode to Billy Joe instrumental jazz album , as did Dean Martin on his 1970 album My Woman , My Woman , My Wife . Glen Campbell 's version appeared on his 1971 album The Last Time I Saw Her , Eddy Arnold 's on his 1972 album Lonely People , and George Strait 's on his 1992 album Holding My Own . Steagall performed it with Reba McEntire on his 2007 Here We Go Again album , but she did not include it on her 2007 duets album Reba : Duets , which was released four weeks later . Their collaboration was favorably reviewed , and McEntire was said to reinvigorate this country standard by Nathalie Baret of ABQ Journal . Martin 's version was 3 : 07 , and it later appeared on compilation albums , starting with the 1996 Dean Martin Gold , Vol . 2 . It has appeared on a handful of other Martin compilation albums . Campbell 's version was only 2 : 26 . Strait 's version is 2 : 53 and appears later on his 2004 Greatest Collection at a 2 : 55 length . Steagall 's version with McEntire ( who Steagall discovered at a 1974 county fair ) is 3 : 10 . American R & B and boogie @-@ woogie pianist and singer Little Willie Littlefield recorded a version for his 1997 album The Red One .
Willie Nelson and Wynton Marsalis , along with Norah Jones , performed two concerts at Lincoln Center 's Rose Theatre , on February 9 and February 10 , 2009 . A 2011 live tribute album by Nelson and Marsalis featuring Jones entitled Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles was recorded on these two live dates . The album , which was released on March 29 , 2011 , included a track entitled " Here We Go Again " . The vocals on " Here We Go Again " were performed by Jones and Nelson , while instrumental support was provided by Marsalis ( trumpet ) , Dan Nimmer ( piano ) , Mickey Raphael ( harmonica ) , Walter Blanding ( tenor saxophone ) , Carlos Henriquez ( bass ) and Ali Jackson ( drums and percussion ) . The song , which had a length of 5 : 10 , was arranged by Andy Farber and performed in a rhythm and blues 12 / 8 shuffle . BBC music reviewer Bill Tilland noted that Jones added her usual " style and panache " to this performance . At one concert performance , The New York Times critic Nate Chinen felt the song sounded unrehearsed . Although critique of this track is sparse , Pop Matters ′ Will Layman notes that the album reveals " how decisive and strong Jones sounds while singing with a truly legitimate jazz group " and how Nelson predictably " breezes through his tunes with cavalier grace " . Meanwhile , he praises the professional mastery of Marsalis ' quintet . Tilland also notes that on the album Marsalis ' band " compensates quite adequately for occasional lacklustre vocals . "
George Strait 's country music version was performed with the instrumental support of Joe Chemay ( bass guitar ) , Floyd Domino ( piano ) , Buddy Emmons ( steel guitar ) , Steve Gibson ( acoustic guitar ) , Johnny Gimble ( fiddle ) , Jim Horn ( saxophone , alto flute ) , Larrie Londin ( drums ) , Liana Manis ( background vocals ) , Curtis Young ( background vocals ) , and Reggie Young ( electric guitar ) . The album was produced by Jimmy Bowen and Strait . In 1992 Entertainment Weekly 's Alanna Nash regarded the album as Strait 's " most hard @-@ core country album " up to that point in his career . Allmusic staff noted that the album held its own at the time of release against most of its competitors and has aged better than most country music albums . Ralph Novak , Lisa Shea , Eric Levin , and Craig Tomashoff of People said the album represents the most straightforward style of singing . The iTunes Store describes the album as the result of a transition in eras of country music .
The song plays during the opening credit dance by Franz ( Harry Baer ) and Margarethe ( Margarethe von Trotta ) in Rainer Werner Fassbinder 's 1970 film Gods of the Plague . However , the song was on neither the eponymous soundtrack for the 2004 film Ray nor the limited edition additional soundtrack album More Music From Ray .
= Format of Sesame Street =
Sesame Street is an American children 's television program that is known for its use of format and structure to convey educational concepts to its preschool audience , and to help them prepare for school . It utilizes the conventions of television such as music , humor , sustained action , and a strong visual style , and combines Jim Henson 's Muppets , animation , short films , humor , and cultural references . The show , which premiered in 1969 , was the first to base its contents , format , and production values on laboratory and formative research . According to researchers , it was also the first to include a curriculum " detailed or stated in terms of measurable outcomes " .
The format of Sesame Street consisted of a combination of commercial television production elements and educational techniques . It was the first time a more realistic setting , an inner city street and neighborhood , was used for a children 's program . At first , each episode was structured like a magazine , but in 1998 , as a result of changes in their audience and its viewing habits , the producers researched the reasons for its lower ratings , and changed the show 's structure to a more narrative format . The popular , fifteen @-@ minute long segment , " Elmo 's World " , hosted by the Muppet Elmo , was added in 1998 to make the show more accessible to a younger audience . The producers of Sesame Street expanded the new format to the entire show in 2002 .
= = Original format = =
The producers of Sesame Street , which premiered in 1969 , used elements of commercial television such as music , humor , sustained action , and a strong visual style , in structuring the format of the show . They also used animation and live @-@ action short films . The show 's staff produced segments filmed in @-@ studio with their human and Muppet cast and they contracted out the animations and short films to independent producers . Co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney was the first to suggest that they use commercial @-@ like 12 – 90 @-@ second shorts that consistently repeated several key concepts throughout an episode . The studio segments were written to concentrate on the African @-@ American child , a key component of the show 's audience .
The show 's producers and writers decided to build the new show around a brownstone on an inner @-@ city street , a choice writer Michael Davis called " unprecedented " . They reproduced their viewers ' neighborhoods — as writer Cary O 'Dell described it , " a realistic city street , complete with peeling paint , alleys , front stoops , and metal trash cans along the sidewalk " . Director Jon Stone was convinced that in order for inner @-@ city children to relate to Sesame Street , the show had to be set in a familiar place . Despite its urban setting , the producers depicted the world in a positive way — both realistically and as it could be . They attempted to present " an idealized world of learning and play " , and from a child 's perspective . Director Jim Martin called Sesame Street " an urban show kids could relate to " and " a reality show with a sprinkling of fantasy " .
When Sesame Street was developed , most researchers assumed that young children did not have long attention spans , so the new show 's producers were concerned that an hour @-@ long show would not hold their audience 's attention . As a result , each episode was structured like a magazine , which made it possible for the producers to create a mixture of styles , paces , and characters . The structure allowed them to have flexibility , meaning that segments were dropped , modified , or added without affecting the rest of the show . As Lesser stated , " It is unlikely that any other approach would have provided enough room to present material on the wide range of goals we had selected " . Producers found that if the show 's segments were sufficiently varied in character , content , style , pace , and mood , children 's attention was able to be sustained throughout each episode . The show 's magazine format accommodated both the curriculum and its demanding production schedule .
= = = " Street scenes " = = =
At first , the show 's " street scenes " , which referred to the action taking place on the brownstone set , were not story @-@ based . Instead , they consisted of individual segments connected to the curriculum and interrupted by inserts , or puppet skits , short films , and animations . By 1990 , research had shown that children were able to follow a story , so the street scenes were changed to depict storylines . The writers presented a story , separated by several inserts , dispersed throughout the hour @-@ long show . Although the stories were usually about 10 – 12 minutes in length , it would take 45 minutes to tell them . According to writer Tony Geiss , the addition of storylines changed the nature of the show .
During Sesame Street 's development in 1968 , the producers followed the recommendation of child psychologists , who advised them to not allow the direct interaction of the human actors and Muppets because the experts were concerned it would confuse and mislead young children . Shortly before the show 's premiere , the producers created five one @-@ hour episodes so that they could test if children found them comprehensible and appealing . They were never intended for broadcast , but were presented to preschoolers in 60 homes throughout Philadelphia in July 1969 . The producers found that the results were " generally very positive " . However , children attended to the shows during the Muppet segments , but their interest was lost during the street scenes , which featured only humans and were considered " the glue " that " pulled the show together " . The appeal of the test episodes was lower than they preferred , so the producers re @-@ shot the street segments . Henson and his team created Muppets that could interact with the human actors ; specifically , as the show 's researchers put it , " two of Sesame Street 's most enduring Muppets : Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird " . The test episodes were responsible for what writer Malcolm Gladwell called " the essence of Sesame Street — the artful blend of fluffy monsters and earnest adults " . CTW researcher Gerald Lesser called the producers ' decision to defy the recommendations of their advisers " a turning point in the history of Sesame Street " .
= = = Animation and films = = =
Animation was another important aspect of the structure of Sesame Street . Lesser stated that one of the purposes of animation was to create incongruity , or what he called " illogical surprises " . The first piece of animation commissioned by the CTW for Sesame Street was " the J commercial " , in 1968 , which they used in a study about its effectiveness in daycare centers in New York City . The CTW found that it was an effective tool in teaching children letters and numbers and that it effectively attracted children 's attention . It also provided evidence , as writer Robert W. Morrow reported , that children were able to " endure enormous amounts of repetition " . According to Morrow , the CTW 's generalization from this study , which was later supported by outside studies , was that although repetition was an effective teaching method , repeated exposure " determined instructional effectiveness " . " The J commercial " was a part of CTW 's promotional film about Sesame Street and was used to demonstrate its teaching style to the press .
Sesame Street 's animations and live @-@ action films were usually commissioned to outside studios . For example , Misseri Studio in Florence , Italy provided animations for the show for its entire run . Many animations , as well as the show 's live @-@ action films and longer segments like Elmo 's World were created to accompany specific episodes , and became part of its library of shorts available for use in later episodes . Other films and animations were created as regular , recurring , and stand @-@ alone segments . Gikow reported , " Virtually all animators and filmmakers supplying the show cite the enormous freedom given by producers , calling it a liberating force that let creativity explode on screen " .
CTW 's first producer responsible for the show 's animation and live @-@ action shorts was Lu Horne . His successor , Edith Zornow , was interested in what Gikow called " emerging talent " , and as a result , the show worked with , as Gikow also stated , " animators and filmmakers on the cusp of fame " . Animators who created pieces for Sesame Street included Bud Luckey , Jeffrey Hale , Ernie Fosselius , and others who went on to work at Pixar . Jim Henson was one of the many producers who created short films for the show .
As Gikow stated , " The expansion of the Sesame Street brand into films , videos , and television specials was a natural " . There have been two full @-@ length films produced : Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird ( 1985 ) and The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland ( 1999 ) . On June 18 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that a third Sesame Street film will be going into production with animator Joey Mazzarino working on the screenplay . Starting in 1978 with Christmas Eve on Sesame Street , there have been several television specials , and the Sesame Street Muppets have made several appearances on other programs throughout the years . Home videos , which emphasized specific curriculum goals , began to be produced in 1985 .
= = Format changes after the 1990s = =
Sesame Street 's format remained intact until the show 's later decades . By the 1990s , its dominance was challenged by other programs such as Blue 's Clues , and its ratings declined . New research , the growth of the children 's home video industry , and the increase of 30 @-@ minute children 's shows on cable demonstrated that the traditional magazine @-@ format was not necessarily the most effective way to hold young viewers ' attention . For Sesame Street 's 30th anniversary in 1999 , its producers researched the reasons for the show 's lower ratings . For the first time since the show debuted , the producers and a team of researchers analyzed Sesame Street 's content and structure during a series of two @-@ week @-@ long workshops . They also studied how children 's viewing habits had changed and become more sophisticated in thirty years . They found that although the show was produced for 3 @-@ to @-@ 5 @-@ year @-@ olds , children began watching it at a younger age . As a result , the target age for Sesame Street shifted downward , from 4 years to 3 years .
In 1998 , a new 15 @-@ minute long segment , created and developed by writers Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss , that targeted the show 's younger viewers and had a different format than the rest of the show , began to be shown at the end of each episode . The segment , called " Elmo 's World " , used traditional elements ( animation , Muppets , music , and live @-@ action film ) , but had a more sustained narrative , followed the same structure each episode , and depended heavily on repetition . Unlike the realism of the rest of the show , " Elmo 's World " took place in a stylized crayon @-@ drawn universe as conceived by its host . Elmo , who represented the younger audience , was chosen as the host of the closing segment because younger toddlers identified with him and because he had always tested well with them .
In 2002 , Sesame Street 's producers went further in changing the show to reflect its younger audience and the increase in their viewers ' sophistication . They expanded the " Elmo 's World " concept by , as San Francisco Chronicle TV critic Tim Goodman called it , " deconstructing " the show . They changed the structure of the entire show to a more narrative format , which made the show easier for young children to navigate . Arlene Sherman , a co @-@ executive producer for 25 years , called the show 's new look " startlingly different " .
" Elmo 's World " stopped production in 2009 , when the producers of Sesame Street began taking steps to increase the age of their viewers and to increase the show 's ratings , and because the show 's curriculum was not designed for a younger audience . They were successful ; by the end of the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , 3 @-@ year @-@ old viewers had increased by 41 percent , 4 @-@ year @-@ olds by 4 percent , and 5 @-@ year @-@ olds by 21 percent . In 2012 , " Elmo 's World " was replaced by " Elmo the Musical " ; even though it was designed for older viewers , the producers hoped that younger children would still enjoy it . " Elmo 's World " segments continued to appear in repeats , DVDs , and on the show 's website .
= Destination X ( 2005 ) =
Destination X ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which took place on March 13 , 2005 at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first event under the Destination X chronology . Nine matches and two preshow matches were featured on the event 's card .
The main event was a Ringside Revenge match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between the champion , Jeff Jarrett , and the challenger , Diamond Dallas Page ( DDP ) , in which Jarrett retained the title . Another featured match was an Ultimate X Challenge for the TNA X Division Championship involving A.J. Styles , Christopher Daniels , Ron Killings , and Elix Skipper . Daniels was declared the winner of the contest , thus winning the championship from Styles . The Outlaw versus Kevin Nash in a Taped Fist First Blood match and Abyss versus Jeff Hardy in a Falls Count Anywhere match were two matches also featured on the card . The Outlaw and Hardy won their respective encounters .
This event is the only time the Ultimate X Challenge variation of the Ultimate X match has been used . Chris Sokol of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website felt the event was a " tremendous PPV " . The event was down by 10 @,@ 000 from previous TNA PPV events .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
Destination X was announced in early 2005 to be taking place on March 13 , with the location unknown but anticipated to be the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . On January 24 , 2005 a TNA press release confirmed that the event would be held in Orlando . Sometime prior to the event , TNA released a promotional poster for the event featuring Diamond Dallas Page . An idea considered during the planning stages of the PPV , was to host a one @-@ night X Division tournament similar to the Super J @-@ Cup held by New Japan Pro Wrestling . Holding an Ultimate X match was also planned . After TNA 's previous PPV event , Against All Odds , TNA created a section about Destination X on their official website . In early @-@ March 2005 TNA announced they would be holding a 30 @-@ minute pre @-@ show prior to the event featuring two matches : Chris Candido and Andy Douglas versus Lex Lovett and Buck Quartermain ; Kid Kash and Lance Hoyt versus Cassidy Riley and Jerrelle Clark .
= = = Storylines = = =
Destination X featured nine professional wrestling matches and two pre @-@ show matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches
The main event was a Ringside Revenge match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between the champion , Jeff Jarrett , and the challenger , Diamond Dallas Page ( DDP ) . On February 4 , Fox Sports Net 's The Best Damn Sports Show Period held a special episode named " The Best Darn Super Bowl Road Show Period " . During the broadcast , TNA wrestlers DDP , Kevin Nash , Monty Brown , and Jarrett were involved in a segment where they debated over who would win at Super Bowl XXXIX between the New England Patriots and the Philadelphia Eagles . The segment concluded with Jarrett attempting to bash an acoustic guitar over Nash 's head , due to the two being involved in a match at the Against All Odds PPV event on February 13 . DDP , however , thrust Nash out of the way and was struck by the guitar instead . On the February 18 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! , Director of Authority Dusty Rhodes announced that Jarrett 's next title defense would be against DDP at Destination X. On the March 4 episode of Impact ! , Rhodes announced the match would be held under a stipulation — the ringside would be occupied by wrestlers who had previously been attacked by Jarrett .
TNA play @-@ by @-@ play commentator Mike Tenay announced on the February 11 episode of Impact ! that TNA were planning to host an Ultimate X match at their March PPV event . On the February 18 episode of Impact ! , Tenay announced that the Ultimate X match at Destination X would be contested for the TNA X Division Championship , TNA would be hosting qualifying matches to fill the remaining spots leading up to the event , and that the match would be contested under special rules : The match would follow a series of stages ; stage one being a tag team match until a pinfall or submission eliminates a competitor ; stage two being a Three Way match until another pinfall or submission eliminates a competitor ; and in stage three the match would fall to standard Ultimate X match rules , with the two remaining wrestlers having to climb the structure to retrieve the championship belt which hung above the ring . On the March 4 episode of Impact ! , Styles defeated Kid Kash to retain the X Division Championship and earn his spot in the Ultimate X match . On the March 11 episode of Impact ! , it was announced that Ron Killings and Elix Skipper were slated to participate . Christopher Daniels earned the final spot by defeating Chris Sabin later in the same episode .
Several matches on the undercard were promoted for the event . Build to Jeff Hardy versus Abyss in a Falls Count Anywhere match began at TNA 's Final Resolution PPV event on January 16 , where Abyss attacked Hardy after his match with Scott Hall . This led to a match at Against All Odds , in which Abyss defeated Hardy in a Full Metal Mayhem match . On the February 18 episode of Impact ! , Rhodes announced their match at Destination X. Set @-@ up for the bout between Nash and The New Age Outlaw ( NAO ) started at Against All Odds , where Nash faced Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . During the contest the debuting NAO interfered aiding Jarrett . On the February 18 episode of Impact ! , Nash and NAO was involved in a small brawl . Later in the episode , Tenay announced that Nash and NAO would face in a No Disqualification match at Destination X. Another encounter promoted prior to the event was the Bullrope match between Raven and Dustin Rhodes . The pair previously met in a match at Against All Odds , which Raven won . On the February 18 episode of Impact ! , Dustin announced a rematch for Destination X in a Bullrope match .
= = Event = =
= = = Pre @-@ Show = = =
Prior to the event 's commencement , two matches were held during the 30 minute pre @-@ show . The first match pitted the teams of Chris Candido and Andy Douglas against Lex Lovett and Buck Quartermain . It lasted 7 minutes and 58 seconds , which Candido and Douglas won after Candido performed a diving headbutt from the top of a padded turnbuckle onto Buck and covered for the pinfall .
The second lasted 8 minutes and 45 seconds , pitting the team of Kid Kash and Lance Hoyt against the team of Cassidy Riley and Jerrelle Clark . Kash and Hoyt came out the victors in the contest following Kash gaining the pinfall after slamming Clark into the mat by performing his signature maneuver the Money Maker .
= = = On @-@ air employees = = =
The event featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Besides employees appearing in a wrestling role , Coach D 'Amore , Johnny Devine , Andy Douglas , Chris Candido , Traci , Trinity , Dusty Rhodes , Larry Zbyzsko , Dirk Diggler , Jonny Fairplay , Shocker , Buck Quartermain , and Lex Lovett all appeared on camera , either in backstage or ringside segments . Jimmy Hart was reported to have been backstage during the show . It was reported following the event , that TNA wrestler Petey Williams performed with an injury during the eight man tag team match which he had sustained the night before .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The opening contest was an eight @-@ man tag team match pitting the teams of the 3Live Kru ( B.G. James and Konnan ) and America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) against Alex Jerrell , Bobby Roode , Eric Young , and Petey Williams , who were accompanied by Coach D 'Amore and Johnny Devine , collectively known as Team Canada . The match lasted 8 minutes and 52 seconds before concluding following Roode hitting the back of Konnan 's head with his forearm then covering for the pinfall .
Chris Sabin fought Chase Stevens , who was accompanied by Andy Douglas and Chris Candido , in the following match . The duration of the bout was 6 minutes and 18 seconds . Sabin won the contest after countering a roll @-@ up pin attempt by Stevens , into one of his own for the three count . After the bout , Stevens , Douglas , and Candido proceeded to attack Sabin until Shocker made his TNA debut , coming to the aid of Sabin .
A bullrope match was held between Dustin Rhodes and Raven , which lasted 6 minutes and 10 seconds . In a bullrope match , both competitors are tied together during the duration of the match by a bullrope with the only way to win being pinfall or submission . Dustin won the encounter following slamming Raven face @-@ first into a steel chair and covering him for the pinfall .
Don and Ron Harris , known as The Disciples of Destruction and representatives of Traci , were pitted against Phi Delta Slam ( Bruno Sassi and Big Tilly ) , representatives of Trinity , in a tag team match . The pre @-@ match stipulation for the contest was that whoever the winning team represented would become the personal assistant of Director of Authority Dusty Rhodes . The two teams fought for 10 minutes and 18 seconds before a pinfall occurred , as a result of Ron kicking Big Tilly in the face .
The fifth encounter was Monty Brown versus Trytan ; its duration was 5 minutes and 26 seconds . Near the end of the bout , the lights went off in the building . When they came back on Trytan had left the ring , replaced by an unknown masked man . After a few seconds , Brown gained the upperhand and performed his signature maneuver the Pounce then covered the masked man for the pin , as the referee began to count . After the bout , Trytan was shown standing on the entrance ramp watching Brown , leaving the match with an unknown outcome .
= = = Main event matches = = =
Abyss fought Jeff Hardy in a Falls Count Anywhere match next , lasting 15 minutes and 48 seconds . Mid @-@ way through the match , Hardy placed Abyss on two wooden tables , climbed up to the rafters ten feet above , then performed a somersault onto Abyss through both tables . Hardy claimed victory in the contest after slamming Abyss into a ladder by using his signature maneuver the Twist of Fate . After the contest , Abyss attacked Hardy , covered the ring in thumbtacks , and used his signature maneuver the Black Hole Slam to drive Hardy into the tacks back first . Reported after the event , Abyss sustained an injury during this match , in which he dislocated a finger .
Kevin Nash faced The New Age Outlaw , now simply The Outlaw , in a Taped Fist First Blood match , originally advertised as a No Disqualification match . A First Blood match is fought until one of the competitors bleeds . The match lasted 11 minutes and 20 seconds . The Outlaw was the first to bleed after Nash dropped him face first into an exposed turnbuckle , however the referee had been knocked unconscious , in storyline terms , and did not see this occur . As Nash tried to revive the referee , Jeff Jarrett ran down to ringside and bashed Nash in the face with the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt , causing him to bleed . When the referee awoke , he saw Nash was bleeding and gave the victory to The Outlaw , who had been aided by Jarrett 's lawyer Dirk Diggler and a doctor in wiping away the blood on his face .
An Ultimate X match was held , promoted as an Ultimate X Challenge match , for the TNA X Division Championship , in which then @-@ champion A.J. Styles defended the title against Christopher Daniels , Elix Skipper , and Ron Killings . It lasted 25 minutes and 19 seconds . The match began with the tag team match stage , in which the team of Styles and Skipper faced the team of Killings and Daniels . Killings was the first eliminated , as a result of Skipper using his signature maneuver the Sudden Death to slam Killings into the mat . The second stage was a Three Way match between the remaining participants . During this stage , Daniels climbed up the Ultimate X structure and performed a backflip off the center onto both Skipper and Styles . Skipper was later eliminated by Daniels using a roll @-@ up pin . Due to this elimination , stage three began with the match falling to standard Ultimate X rules . Near the end of the bout , Styles and Daniels fell from the structure and crashed into the referee , causing him to be knocked unconscious in the storyline . Afterwards , Styles climbed and retrieved the belt . With the referee down , Daniels attacked Styles and performed his signature maneuver the Angel 's Wings . Then grabbed the title belt , fell to the ground , and draped it over his chest as the referee came too . The referee then awarded Daniels ' the victory upon seeing him with the title belt .
The main event was a Ringside Revenge match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between defending champion Jeff Jarrett and the challenger Diamond Dallas Page . The wrestlers who appeared at ringside were Konnan , Ron Killings , Monty Brown , B.G. , Larry Zbyzsko , Dirk Diggler , Chris Candido , Andy Douglas , and Chase Stevens . The bout lasted 21 minutes and 40 seconds , ending when Brown interfered and Pounced DDP , then pulled an unconscious Jarrett over DDP for the pinfall .
= = Reception = =
A total of 775 people attended the event , however , TNA were forced to turn away 600 people . It was said that the buyrate was down by 10 @
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
market in other territories being France , UK and Japan where the film grossed $ 8 @.@ 88 million , $ 8 @.@ 57 million and $ 7 @.@ 1 million respectively .
= = = Critical response = = =
Corpse Bride received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 83 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 @.@ 2 / 10 based on 187 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : " As can be expected from a Tim Burton movie , Corpse Bride is whimsically macabre , visually imaginative , and emotionally bittersweet . " Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 83 based on 35 reviews , indicating " universal acclaim " . The film was nominated for AFI 's 10 Top 10 in the " Animation " genre . The film was nominated for the 78th Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature , but lost to Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were @-@ Rabbit .
Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying " This macabre musical about a young bridegroom who mistakenly weds a girl from beyond the grave is an endearingly schizoid Frankenstein of a movie , by turns relentlessly high @-@ spirited and darkly poignant . " Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , calling it " A wondrous flight of fancy , a stop @-@ motion @-@ animated treat brimming with imaginative characters , evocative sets , sly humor , inspired songs and a genuine whimsy that seldom finds its way into today 's movies . " Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying " The variety of its cadaverous style is never less than inspired ; never has the human skull 's natural grin been redeployed so exhaustively for yuks . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying " As an achievement in macabre visual wizardry , Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride has to be reckoned some sort of marvel . " Manohla Dargis of The New York Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying " Cinema 's reinvigorated fixation with the living dead suggests that we are in the grip of an impossible longing , or perhaps it 's just another movie cycle running its course . Whatever the case , there is something heartening about Mr. Burton 's love for bones and rot here , if only because it suggests , despite some recent evidence , that he is not yet ready to abandon his own dark kingdom . " Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " What makes Corpse Bride sing , ultimately , is the breadth of imagination that it demonstrates ; creating a cluttered , textured and mysteriously beautiful world that we 're loathe to leave at the end . "
Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film three out of four stars , saying " Ghoulishness and innocence walk hand @-@ in @-@ hand in Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride , a movie that digs into Hollywood 's past to resurrect the antique art of stop @-@ motion animation and create a fabulous bauble of a movie . " Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Stop @-@ motion animation may be the hardest and most tedious job in Hollywood , but the makers of Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride deserve a couple of years in Tahiti celebrating their effort . " Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride is an instant classic . " Lisa Rose of the Newark Star @-@ Ledger gave the film three out of five stars , saying " Corpse Bride offers unclassifiable enchantment . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars , saying " As animated films go , this is easily the best of a weak year . " Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of four stars , saying " If his The Nightmare Before Christmas from a dozen years back was a treat for the eyes and mind , Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride goes double or nothing by being a delight for the ears and also the heart . " Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch gave the film a B + , saying " Beneath the bone pile of allusions , Corpse Bride is a darkly enchanting fable in its own right . "
Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer gave the film a negative review , saying " Corpse Bride turns out to be a ponderous mixture of puppetry and animation that is far too technologically complex and laborious for this hopelessly Luddite reviewer . " Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , calling it " A sweet and visually lovely tale of love lost . " Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying " The sweetness , the visual flourishes and inspired pieces of casting carry the Corpse Bride , if not all the way down the primrose path , then at least across the threshold . " Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " If Nightmare Before Christmas was a jazzy pop number , Corpse Bride is a waltz--an elegant , deadly funny bit of macabre matrimony . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film two out of five stars , saying " The film does have a fairy @-@ tale aspect , but , like many of its characters , it is more dead and buried than fully alive . " Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Corpse Bride is an unexpectedly touching celebration of love told in a quirky and inventive style . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying " In the guise of a family film , Burton evokes a darkly erotic obsession that recalls Edgar Allan Poe and Hitchcock 's Vertigo . It would be a test for any filmmaker , and Burton aces it . "
Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride is easily the best stop @-@ motion animated necrophiliac musical romantic comedy of all time . It is also just simply , wonderful : a morbid , merry tale of true love that dazzles the eyes and delights the soul . " Bill Muller of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars , saying " Corpse Bride is a delightful mix of strange goings @-@ on and imaginatively crafted puppetry , a wild ride through Burton 's chaotic , splendidly original world . " Michael Booth of The Denver Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Corpse Bride will win your heart , if it doesn 't rip it out of your chest first . " Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press gave the film three out of four stars , saying " There 's a happy Halloween in store even for children who aren 't allowed to trick or treat , and it 's courtesy of Tim Burton 's animated Corpse Bride . " Bruce Westbrook of The Houston Chronicle gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Amazingly fluid and drop @-@ dead gorgeous , Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride is the best @-@ looking , stop @-@ motion animation film ever . " Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying " Corpse Bride suffers from the same problem that has plagued Burton 's recent live @-@ action films : for all its formidable razzle @-@ dazzle , it doesn 't engage the heart . " Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " This vibrantly imaginative mix of horror and humor puts the f @-@ u @-@ n in funeral . "
= = = Home media = = =
Corpse Bride was released on DVD and HD DVD on January 16 , 2006 . It was released on Blu @-@ ray on September 26 , 2006 . As of February 3 , 2015 , the film has sold 2 @,@ 777 @,@ 736 DVDs and 40 @,@ 411 Blu @-@ ray Discs totaling a gross of $ 53 @,@ 359 @,@ 111 and $ 61 @,@ 411 @,@ 543 respectively for a total gross of $ 114 @,@ 770 @,@ 654 in North America .
= Lysgårdsbakken =
Lysgårdsbakken , officially known as Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena ( Norwegian : Lysgårdsbakkene hoppanlegg ) , is a ski jumping hill in Lillehammer , Norway . It consists of a large hill , with a K @-@ point of 123 and a hill size of 138 , and a small hill with a K @-@ point of 90 and a hill size of 100 . It opened in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics , where it hosted the ski jumping and Nordic combined events , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . After the Olympics , ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark and it has since been used for several FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments , including hosting the Nordic Tournament . It has a capacity for 35 @,@ 000 spectators and is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway . In 2007 , the large hill was rebuilt to a larger profile , and received a new plastic lining . The venue sees 80 @,@ 000 annual jumps in the winter and 20 @,@ 000 in the summer season .
= = Construction = =
The plans which were approved when Lillehammer were awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics , involved using the existing Balbergbakken in Fåberg , north of Lillehammer . However , the venue was rejected by the broadcasting planners , and instead it was decided that an all @-@ new venue would be built at Lysgård . Financing of the venue was given through a grant issued by the Parliament of Norway on 1 August 1990 . Architects were Økaw Arkitekter , with Martin M. Bakken as the main contractor . Construction had already stated earlier in 1990 , and it was completed by December 1992 . The seating area was made with pre @-@ fabricated concrete elements with metal bars . Temporary buildings and facilities for the opening ceremonies were installed in December 1993 , and removed after the Olympics . This included 70 commentator boxes , a media center , and offices for technical personnel . The original construction included plastic on the outrun and porcelain tracks on the small hill , allowing jumping during summer . The venue was placed deep in the terrain to shield the jumpers from the wind while minimizing the venue 's impact in the surroundings . The National Association of Norwegian Architects awarded the hill the 1993 Betongtavlen . In 2007 , the large hill was renovated . The profile was expanded , increasing the K @-@ point from 120 to 123 . In addition , plastic way was laid , allowing both hills to be used during summer .
= = Facilities = =
The hill has a capacity for 35 @,@ 000 spectators , of which 7 @,@ 500 can be seated . In addition , up to 25 @,@ 000 people can follow events from free areas around the venue . Auxiliary structures include a start house , a judges tower — which includes office space for organizers and judges — a media building , and a technical room below the stands , as well as a first aid room and restrooms . It also features a high @-@ pressure snow production facility with outtakes all along the approach and outrun . Transport to the tower of the large hill is accessible via a chair lift . During the Olympics , transport to the venues was mostly by railway . Spectators discharged at Lillehammer Station on the Dovre Line and would then walk to the stadium .
The small hill has a K @-@ point of 90 and a hill size of 100 . It has a 36 degree slope for the outrun and an 11 degree slope for the approach . The height difference is 112 meters ( 367 ft ) and the approach is 82 meters ( 269 ft ) long . Prior to 2007 , the large hill had a K @-@ point of 123 , a 27 @.@ 5 degree slope for the outrun and an 11 @.@ 5 degree slope for the approach . The height difference was 137 meters ( 449 ft ) , while the approach is 96 @.@ 6 meters ( 317 ft ) long . After 2007 , the hill size was increased to 138 and the K @-@ point to 123 .
= = Events = =
During the 1994 Winter Olympics , the venue hosted three ski jumping and two Nordic combined events , in addition to the opening and closing ceremonies . Competition evens consisted of individual normal hill , individual large hill , and team large hill in ski jumping , and individual and team small hill for Nordic combined .
Lysgårdsbakken is a regular site for FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments . FIS Ski Jumping World Cup has been hosted nearly every year since 1993 . Since 2004 , with the exception of 2007 and 2010 , Lysgårdsbakken is a co @-@ host of the Nordic Tournament . The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted nine times , in 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , and 2010 . All tournaments have been held in December ; nine of the ten have had the cross @-@ country skiing part held at nearby Birkebeineren Ski Stadium , while in 2001 the cross @-@ country skiing was held at Beitostølen . Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics , where Lysgårdsbakken would be used for ski jumping and Nordic combined .
The hill record for the large hill is 146 meters ( 479 ft ) , set by Simon Amman in 2009 . The summer record for the large hill is 140 @.@ 5 meters ( 461 ft ) , set by Thomas Lobben in 2007 . The winter record for the small hill is 104 meters ( 341 ft ) , set by Espen Bredesen during the 1994 Olympics . The summer small hill record is 106 @.@ 5 meters ( 349 ft ) , set by Daniela Iraschko in 2010 . The hill is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway , with the other two being Holmenkollbakken in Oslo and Granåsen in Trondheim . Lysgårdsbakken is regularly used as a training venue , and sees 80 @,@ 000 winter jumps and 20 @,@ 000 summer jumps per year .
In 2005 , the hills were the eleventh @-@ most visited tourist attraction in Norway . The hill has a souvenir shop and visitors are permitted to take the elevator to the top of the hill . Alternatively , tourists can walk the 954 steps to the top . In 2006 , the BBC One television show Top Gear 's episode " Winter Olympics Special " , was filmed at various Olympic venues around Lillehammer . It included a successful attempt at a ski jump using an unoccupied rocket @-@ powered British Leyland Mk V Mini . KT Tunstall shot the majority of the video for her 2008 single " If Only " at Lysgårdsbakken .
= 1909 Giro d 'Italia =
The 1909 Giro d 'Italia was the inaugural running of the Giro d 'Italia , a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport . The event began in Milan on 13 May with a 397 km ( 247 mi ) first stage to Bologna , finishing back in Milan on 30 May after a final stage of 206 km ( 128 mi ) and a total distance covered of 2 @,@ 447 @.@ 9 km ( 1 @,@ 521 mi ) . The race was won by the Italian rider Luigi Ganna of the Atala team , with fellow Italians Carlo Galetti and Giovanni Rossignoli coming in second and third respectively .
Conceived by La Gazzetta to boost its circulation at the expense of its rival Corriere della Sera , the 1909 Giro was the first stage road race . Its eight stages , although relatively few compared to modern Grand Tours , were each much longer than those raced today .
The event began with a long primarily flat stage that was won by Dario Beni . He lost the lead after the next stage to the eventual winner Luigi Ganna , who in turn lost it to Carlo Galetti after the mountainous third stage . Ganna regained the lead after the fourth stage and successfully defended it all the way to the finish in Milan , winning three stages en route . Atala won the team classification .
= = Origin = =
The idea of holding a bicycle race around Italy was first suggested in a telegram sent by Tullo Margagni , editor of La Gazzetta dello Sport , to the paper 's owner Emilio Costamagna and cycling editor Armando Cougnet . La Gazzetta 's rival , Corriere della Sera was planning to hold a bicycle race of its own , flushed with the success of its automobile race . Morgagni decided to try and hold the race before Corriere della Sera could hold theirs , and following La Gazzetta 's success in creating the Giro di Lombardia and Milan – San Remo , Costamagna decided to back the idea . The inaugural Giro d 'Italia bicycle race was announced on 7 August 1908 in the first page of that day 's edition of La Gazzetta , to be held in May 1909 . The idea of the race was influenced by the success of the French magazine L 'Auto 's organization of the Tour de France .
Since the newspaper lacked the necessary 25 @,@ 000 lire to sponsor the race , the organizers consulted Primo Bongrani , a sympathetic accountant at the bank Cassa di Risparmio . He proceeded to solicit donations from all over Italy , and succeeded in raising sufficient money to cover the operating costs . The prize money came from a casino in San Remo after Francesco Sghirla , a former Gazzetta employee , encouraged them to contribute to the race . Even Corriere , La Gazzetta 's rival , donated 3 @,@ 000 lire .
= = Rules and course = =
Both teams and individual riders were allowed to enter the race , which was run in eight stages with two to three rest days between each stage . Compared to modern races the stages were extraordinarily long , with an average distance of more than 300 km ( 190 mi ) , compared to the 165 km ( 103 mi ) average stage length in the 2012 Giro d 'Italia .
The route was primarily flat , although it did contain a few major ascents . The third stage contained ascents to Macerone , Rionero Sannitico , and Roccaraso . The Giro 's sixth stage contained only one pass , the Passo Bracco . The seventh stage was the last to contain any major ascents : the climbs of the Colle di Nava and the ascent to San Bartolomeo .
Riders were required to sign in at checkpoints during each stage to minimize the opportunities for cheating ; they were also photographed at the beginning and end of each stage , and the images compared by the judges . Riders could receive assistance when repairing their bicycles , but were not allowed to replace their machines if they became damaged during the course of the stage .
The inaugural Giro used a points system to determine the race winner . The organizers chose to have a points system over a system based around elapsed time after the scandal that engulfed the 1904 Tour de France . Another factor in the organizer 's decision was that it would be cheaper to count the placings of the riders rather than clocking their times during each stage . The race leader was determined by adding up each rider 's placing in each stage . Thus if a rider placed second in the first stage and third in the second stage he would have a total of five points , and whoever had the lowest points total was the leader . Under this system Luigi Ganna was declared the winner , but had the Giro been a time @-@ based event he would have lost to the third @-@ place finisher Giovanni Rossignoli by 37 minutes .
The winner of the general classification received a grand prize of 5 @,@ 325 lire . Every rider who finished the race with more than 100 points without winning any prizes in any of the stages was given 100 lire .
= = Participants = =
A total of 166 riders signed up to participate in the event . Twenty of the riders who entered were non @-@ Italians : fifteen were French , two were German , one was Argentinian , one was Belgian , and one was from Trieste , which at the time was not a part of Italy . Only 127 riders started the first stage of the race , all but five of Italian descent , of whom only 49 reached the finish in Milan on 30 May . Riders were allowed to enter the race as independents or as a member of a team .
The two best @-@ known Italians taking part in the race were Luigi Ganna and Giovanni Gerbi . Gerbi was the more successful of the two , having won the Giro di Lombardia , the Milano – Torino , and several other one @-@ day races . Ganna had won Milan – San Remo earlier the same year – notably the first Italian winner of the race . The peloton also featured two Tour de France winners , Louis Trousselier and Lucien Petit @-@ Breton , as well as two future Giro d 'Italia winners : Carlo Galetti and Carlo Oriani .
= = Race overview = =
The inaugural Giro d 'Italia 's first stage , 397 km ( 247 mi ) from Milan to Bologna , began on 13 May 1909 at 2 : 53 am in front of a large crowd . 127 riders set off from the starting line outside La Gazzetta 's headquarters in the Piazzale Loreto . The stage was marred by mechanical issues and crashes owing to bad weather , the first mass crash occurring before dawn less than 2 km ( 1 mi ) from the start . Luigi Ganna , leading after the first real climb near Lake Garda , was delayed by a puncture with about 70 km ( 43 mi ) to go and the other racers attacked , but he caught them again after they were stopped by a train crossing . The leading riders then made their way into Bologna , where Dario Beni won the stage . The second stage , 378 @.@ 5 km ( 235 mi ) long , saw the first uphill finish , into Chieti , where Giovanni Cuniolo edged out Ganna for the stage win . Ganna 's second place was nevertheless high enough to make him the new race leader .
The third stage , to Naples , was 242 @.@ 8 km ( 151 mi ) . Before the start , three riders were disqualified and subsequently removed from the race for taking a train during the second stage . They were caught after failing to pass through an unexpected checkpoint set up by the organizers . The start of the third stage was moved downhill after the opening descent was found to be too dangerous for the participants ' brakes . The stage featured three major climbs . After the mountains Giovanni Rossignoli pursued the leader , Carlo Galetti , eventually catching him and going on to win the stage , while Galetti took the race lead away from Ganna . On the fourth stage , 228 @.@ 1 km ( 142 mi ) from Naples to the Italian capital Rome , French rider Louis Trousselier was doing well until he ran over tacks strewn on the road by spectators , and the other riders left him behind . Galetti and Ganna formed a group at the front and Ganna went on to win the stage in front of thousands of spectators , retaking the race lead by a single point .
The fifth stage was 346 @.@ 5 km ( 215 mi ) to Florence . Like the fourth , it was plagued by punctures . Luigi Ganna led until he had a flat tyre with about 10 km ( 6 mi ) to go . A few riders passed him as he repaired it but he chased them down and won the stage . On the sixth stage , 294 @.@ 4 km ( 183 mi ) from Florence to Genoa , Carlo Galetti and Giovanni Rossignoli broke away from the leading group of seven as they neared the downhill finish , with Rossignoli winning the stage in front of a large crowd . Race leader Ganna had suffered more punctures but managed to fight his way back to finish third .
The seventh stage , 357 km ( 222 mi ) , was scheduled to run from Genoa to Turin . Massive crowds at the start led Armando Cougnet to introduce a rule forbidding riders to attack over the first few kilometers until the peloton was outside the city and the race proper could begin . There was also rumored to be close to 50 @,@ 000 spectators and a bakers ' strike in Turin , so Cougnet switched the finish to the city of Beinasco , about 6 km ( 4 mi ) short of Turin . Ganna and Rossignoli led for most of the stage until about 6 km ( 4 mi ) before the finish , when Ganna attacked and Rossignoli could not counter . Ganna 's win extended his race lead over Carlo Galetti .
The eighth and final stage started in Turin , covered 206 km ( 128 mi ) , and finished in Milan in front of a crowd of more than 30 @,@ 000 . Ganna was amongst the leading group until he suffered a flat tyre . He managed to fight his way back until , with the leaders in sight , he had another puncture . The leading group pulled away until the race directors stopped them to let Ganna catch up . Escorted by mounted police , the riders then made their way into Milan 's Arena Civica stadium for the finish . As the racers geared up for the sprint finish a police horse fell , causing a few riders to crash . Dario Beni avoided the incident and edged out Galetti for the stage win , with Ganna coming in third . Thus Ganna became the first winner of the Giro d 'Italia . He and his team , Atala , also won the team classification .
= = Results = =
= = = Stage results = = =
= = = General classification = = =
Forty @-@ nine cyclists completed all eight stages . The points each received from their stage placings were added up for the general classification , and the winner was the rider with the fewest accumulated points .
= = Aftermath = =
The first Giro d 'Italia was a great success , prompting organizers to arrange a second one for 1910 . The race substantially increased La Gazzetta 's circulation , and the starts and finishes were attended by large audiences . Ganna 's prize money helped him start his own bike factory in 1912 . The newspaper ran the event through 1988 , when the RCS Organizzazzioni Sportivi company was created to run it .
= Turning Point ( 2005 wrestling ) =
Turning Point ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on December 11 , 2005 at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the second event under the Turning Point name and the twelfth and final event of the 2005 TNA PPV schedule . Nine professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match were featured on the event 's card , two of which featured championships .
The main event at Turning Point was for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Jeff Jarrett was pitted against the challenger Rhino . Jarrett won the match to retain the title . A.J. Styles defended the TNA X Division Championship against Samoa Joe at the event . Joe defeated Styles to become the new champion . Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) fought America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ; AMW ) in a Tag Team Elimination Tables match at the event , which Team 3D won . TNA held the first @-@ ever Barbed Wire Massacre at Turning Point between Abyss and Sabu . Sabu was the victor in the contest . Christian Cage defeated Monty Brown also at the event .
Turning Point is remembered for the first @-@ ever Barbed Wire Massacre , the announcement of TNA 's signing of the wrestler Sting , and Samoa Joe 's title win which was ranked by TNA as the 34th greatest moment in the company 's history . Bob Kapur of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 7 out of 10 , as he had for the 2004 installment .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
The second installment in the TNA Turning Point chronology was announced in September 2005 . The date for the show was revealed in late @-@ September on TNA 's official website as December 11 , with it to be held at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . A promotional poster for the event was released by TNA featuring Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) . A thirty @-@ minute pre @-@ show was slotted to take place prior to the telecast featuring one wrestling match . TNA advertised that a major announcement would take place at Turning Point that would " change the face of TNA in 2006 " .
= = = Storylines = = =
Turning Point featured nine professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches .
The main event at Turning Point was for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Jeff Jarrett defended against the challenger Rhino . The storyline behind this match began at TNA 's Bound for Glory PPV event on October 23 , 2005 , where Jarrett was to defend the title against Kevin Nash . However , Nash was rushed to the hospital the night before and was not cleared to wrestle . Rhino took Nash 's place in the match , where he defeated Jarrett to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Later , Jarrett reclaimed the title on the November 3 , 2005 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! . This led to a Six @-@ Man Tag Team match pitting the team of Rhino and Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) against the team of Jarrett and America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ; AMW ) at TNA 's Genesis PPV event on November 13 , 2005 . Rhino and Team 3D were the victors of the encounter . A rematch between Rhino and Jarrett for the title was announced on the November 19 , 2005 episode of Impact ! for Turning Point . TNA aired a series of video packages focusing on Rhino and his title match heading into the show .
The TNA X Division Championship was also defended at Turning Point , with then @-@ champion A.J. Styles facing Samoa Joe . This rivalry started at TNA 's Sacrifice PPV event held on August 14 , 2005 , where Joe defeated Styles in the final round of the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament . By winning the tournament , Joe was entitled to a TNA X Division Championship match against then @-@ champion Christopher Daniels . Daniels had interfered in the match , leading to Joe 's victory . As a result , Styles was added to Joe 's title match with Daniels , making it a Three Way match at TNA 's Unbreakable PPV event held on September 11 , 2005 . Styles won the bout at Unbreakable becoming the new champion , thus leading to a defense against Daniels at Bound for Glory in a Thirty @-@ Minute Iron Man match which Styles also won .
Styles went on to defend the championship against Petey Williams , while Daniels and Joe competed in a Four @-@ on @-@ Four Tag Team Elimination X match at Genesis . Styles retained the title at the event , while Daniels and Joe 's team were the victors in their contest . After Daniels and Joe won their match , Joe assaulted Daniels by bashing him over the head with a steel chair and slamming him on a steel chair back @-@ first . Daniels was sidelined with an injury in the storyline as a result of these action . Thereafter , Joe proceeded to carry around a blood stained towel from the attack . Joe 's action at Genesis angered Styles in the storyline , as Styles accused Joe of violating the unwritten code of the TNA X Division . Styles followed by challenging Joe to a match at Turning Point for the TNA X Division Championship on the November 19 , 2005 episode of Impact ! , which Joe accepted . On the December 3 , 2005 episode of Impact ! , Joe attacked Styles , claiming he did not care about the X Division code .
Team 3D fought AMW in a Tag Team Elimination Tables match at Turning Point . The storyline behind this match began on the October 8 , 2005 episode of Impact ! where AMW and Jeff Jarrett violently assaulted Team 3D leaving them covered with blood . Afterwards , Team 3D were not seen due to a scripted injury , with Jarrett , AMW , and Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 , Bobby Roode , Eric Young , Petey Williams , and Coach Scott D 'Amore ) hosting a segment where they buried Team 3D 's careers on the October 15 , 2005 episode of Impact ! . Team 3D made their return from injury at Bound for Glory , attacking Jarrett and AMW . At Genesis , Team 3D teamed with Rhino to defeat AMW and Jarrett in a Six @-@ Man Tag Team match . A Tables match between Team 3D and AMW was announced on the November 19 , 2005 episode of Impact ! to take place at the show .
The number @-@ one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship was determined at Turning Point , with Christian Cage being pitted against Monty Brown . At Genesis , Brown defeated Jeff Hardy to become number @-@ one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Also at Genesis , Christian Cage made his debut in the company , proclaiming he came to TNA to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . On the November 19 , 2005 episode of Impact ! , Cage reiterated his statement from Genesis , which angered Brown in the storyline . Brown said that Cage would have to go through him in order to get a title shot before the segment resulted in a fight between the two . Cage requested the match against Brown from NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko on the November 26 , 2005 episode of Impact ! , which he was granted .
TNA held the first @-@ ever Barbed Wire Massacre at Turning Point between Abyss and Sabu . This match was the result of a long @-@ standing rivalry between the two that began at Unbreakable . There , Abyss defeated Sabu in a No Disqualification match . Abyss and Sabu competed in a Monster 's Ball match at Bound for Glory alongside Jeff Hardy and Rhino , which Rhino won . At Genesis , Abyss defeated Sabu in another No Disqualification match . TNA advertised the Barbed Wire Massacre between Abyss and Sabu on the November 19 , 2005 episode of Impact ! . The reasoning behind the match stipulation had to do with Abyss fearing barbed wire in the storyline . Abyss challenged this fear on the December 3 episode ofImpact ! , by bashing Sabu over the head with a barbed wire wrapped steel chair .
= = Event = =
= = = Pre @-@ Show = = =
Prior to Turning Point , TNA held a thirty @-@ minute pre @-@ show . During the broadcast , the team of Lance Hoyt and The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) faced the team of Buck Quartermain , Jon Bolen and Joe Doering in a Six Man Tag Team match that last 7 minutes and 11 seconds . Hoyt pinned Bolen after dropping Bolen face @-@ first with his signature Blackoutmaneuver .
= = = Miscellaneous = = =
Turning Point featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay , Don West , and Bobby Heenan ( for the Basebrawl only ) were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were the ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Rudy Charles , and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Shane Douglas handled the interview duties during the show . Besides employees who appeared in a wrestling role , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder Johnny Damon , James Mitchell , Traci , Larry Zbyszko , Cassidy Riley , Coach Scott D 'Amore , and MLB catcher A. J. Pierzynski all appeared on camera , either in backstage or ringside segments .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The show opened with Sabu versus Abyss in the ( first @-@ ever ) " Barbed Wire Massacre " , in which the ring ropes were replaced with barbed wire , and the only way to win was by pinfall or submission . James Mitchell accompanied Abyss to the ring . The duration of the contest was 10 minutes and 59 seconds . Early in the bout Sabu was pushed face @-@ first into the barbed wire ropes as a result of Abyss kicking out of a pin attempt . Later , Abyss lifted up and dropped Sabu face @-@ first into the barbed wire ropes . After this Sabu used a sharp weapon , which he had hidden under his belt , to stab Abyss in the arm repeatedly . Abyss was next to fall into the barbed wire after Sabu tripped him as he ran . A barbed wire wrapped steel was introduced in the match , which Sabu used to bash Abyss over the head . A barbed wire covered board was pushed into the ring after this by Sabu , which Abyss used to lift up and drop Sabu on . Another barbed wire covered board was introduced following this , with Sabu causing Abyss to run into it . He then pushed Abyss onto the other one and covered him for the pin to win the encounter .
The team of Austin Aries and Matt Bentley fought the team of Alex Shelley and Roderick Strong in the next match , spanning 8 minutes and 4 seconds . Bentley was accompanied by Traci to the ring . Bentley won the match for his team by pinning Shelley after kicking him in the face .
The third match of the show was between Raven and Chris K. This match occurred because Raven refused to quit the company , which was something NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko had requested in the storyline . Raven pinned Chris K after slamming Chris K 's head into the mat with his signature Raven Effect DDT maneuver at 5 minutes and 45 seconds in .
Next , Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 , Bobby Roode , Eric Young , and Petey Williams ) were pitted against the 4Live Kru ( B.G. James , Kip James , Konnan , and Ron Killings ) in an Eight @-@ Man Tag Team match . Coach Scott D 'Amore accompanied Team Canada to the ring . The duration of the encounter was 7 minutes and 18 seconds . Despite the match being contested under disqualifications and count @-@ outs , Konnan used his shoe as a weapon during the match . Roode won the bout for his team by pinning Kip after Konnan betrayed his teammates and bashed Kip over the head with a steel chair . After the match , Konnan also bashed B.G. over the head with the chair before leaving the ring .
TNA held a Six Man Tag Team match in which the team of Chris Sabin , Sonjay Dutt , and Dale Torborg faced The Diamonds in the Rough ( David Young , Elix Skipper , and Simon Diamond ) . This was promoted as a " Basebrawl " , since Torborg was a baseball coach and MLB catcher . A. J. Pierzynski accompanied Sabin , Dutt , and Torborg to the ring . Near the end of the match , Pierzynski pulled the referee out of the ring as he was counting a pin for Diamond . This led to announcer Bobby Heenan characterizing Pierzynski 's actions to the referee as ignorance , while Johnny Damon handed Pierzynski a home plate . Pierzynski then entered the ring and bashed Diamond over the head with it . Sabin then slammed Diamond neck @-@ first into the mat with his signature Cradle Shock maneuver , while Dutt followed by performing his signature Hindu Press aerial maneuver against Diamond . Dutt then pinned Diamond at 7 minutes and 57 seconds in , to win the bout for his team .
= = = Main event matches = = =
Christian Cage fought Monty Brown next to determine the number @-@ one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . This bout lasted 12 minutes and 32 seconds . In the beginning the two fought at ringside , until Cage jumped from the top of a padded turnbuckle onto Brown with an aerial splash . After this , Cage removed the padding from one of the turnbuckles . Brown gained a two @-@ count on Cage after slamming him against the mat with his signature Alpha Bomb maneuver and covered for the pin , but the referee had a delayed reaction . Later , Cage caused Brown to run into the exposed turnbuckle , he then followed by forcing Brown 's face into the mat with his signature Unprettier maneuver . He then pinned Brown to become the number @-@ one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship .
The seventh match of the event was a Tag Team Elimination Tables match between Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) and America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ; AMW ) . In this type of match , there are no disqualifications and no count @-@ outs , with the only way to win being to eliminate both members of the other team by forcing them through a table . Storm was the first eliminated , with Team 3D using AMW 's signature Death Sentence tag team maneuver to drive him through a table back @-@ first . Harris was the next eliminated , with Team 3D performing their signature 3D tag team maneuver on the entrance ramp , forcing Harris through the table face @-@ first . With Harris eliminated at 9 minutes and 40 seconds , Team 3D were named the victors of the encounter .
The TNA X Division Championship was defended by A.J. Styles against Samoa Joe next . Styles ' mouth was busted open during the bout . The two wrestlers fought at ringside during the opening minutes before entering the ring . Back in the ring Joe and Styles fought back and forth with each trading near @-@ falls . Finally , Styles slammed Joe face @-@ first into the mat with his signature Styles Clash maneuver . Joe kicked out of the following pin , leading to an exchange which allowed Joe to place Styles in his signature Coquina Clutch submission hold . After a brief period of time , Styles passed out and the referee awarded Joe the victory and thus became the new TNA X Division Champion at 18 minutes and 58 seconds in . After the match , Joe bashed Styles in the face with the TNA X Division Championship belt and then set up to slam him on a steel chair in the ring but was foalied by Christopher Daniels coming to Styles ' defense . A brawl ensued between Joe and Daniels , leading to security breaking it up .
The main event was for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Jeff Jarrett defended against the challenger Rhino . The duration of the match was 17 minutes and 30 seconds . Jarrett was busted open during the contest . Despite this being a standard wrestling match , Jarrett and Rhino used weapons throughout and primarily fought outside of the ring . Jarrett hit Rhino with a chair while the two stood on a scaffolding , causing Rhino to fall off and crash through a table . Rhino attempted to tackle Jarrett through a table set up on the entrance ramp . He succeeded , but the table did not break . Team Canada interfered afterwards , trying to stop Rhino from getting to the ring before the referee counted both Rhino and Jarrett out . They failed as Rhino came rushing back into the ring before the count finished . Jarrett pinned Rhino after slamming Rhino face @-@ first with his signature Stroke maneuver onto several steel chairs . As such , Jarrett retained the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . After the title match , the lights went off with the logo of the wrestler Sting appearing on the screens in the arena , thus being the major announcement advertised for the show .
= = Reception = =
A total of 900 people attended Turning Point . Canadian Online Explorer writer Bob Kapur rated the entire event a 7 out of 10 , which was the same rating he had given to the 2004 installment . It was higher than the 6 @.@ 5 out of ten the 2006 event was given by Chris Sokol . The Turning Point ranking was lower than Genesis ' rating , which received an 8 out of 10 from Corey David Lacroix . TNA 's next PPV event , Final Resolution , was ranked lower than Turning Point ; it received a rating of 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 from Kapur . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) Armageddon PPV event , Turning Point was ranked higher as Armageddon was given a 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 by Chris Sokol .
The highest rating given by Kapur went to the TNA X Division Championship bout , with a 9 out of 10 . The Barbed Wire Massacre received an 8 out of 10 , while the Christian Cage versus Monty Brown and the Tables match were both rated 7 out of 10 . The lowest rating assessed was a 6 out of 10 , given to the main event and several other matches on the card .
James Caldwell of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter reviewed the same and stated he felt the main event involved the " usual shortcuts , " the " usual outside interference , " the " usual illogical finish , " and the " usual compromise of rules . " Though Caldwell commented that he could not say the " match wasn 't exciting , because it was . " When discussing the Cage versus Brown bout , Caldwell said it " never reached a second gear . " Caldwell said the Barbed Wire Massacre was " well developed " but was " below expectations . " Regarding the Tables match , Caldwell believed that Team 3D were not " mentally prepared for the match . " He also said that TNA should " demand a better return on investment when Team 3D can ’ t show up to the PPV in a decent shape to wrestle . " He also discussed the TNA X Division Championship bout , commenting that it was " state of the art " and that " the two men saved a downer PPV with an outstanding performance . " He praised Joe 's performance saying that " Joe is the most dynamic wrestler the company has , " and that his character was " TNA ’ s ticket to success . "
TNA released a DVD counting down the top 50 moments in their history in 2007 , with Joe 's X Division Champion victory ranking at number 34 on the compilation .
= = Aftermath = =
Several wrestlers were injured at the show . Abyss suffered several serious cuts to his left arm , while Sabu had cuts on his arms , legs , and face . Both wrestlers required several stitches after their match . A.J. Styles busted his lip during his title defense , requiring stitches , while Samoa Joe dislocated his jaw . Raven busted his lip but no stitches were required . Jeff Jarrett suffered a bad cut to his forehead during the main event . Lastly , James Storm was diagnosed with a neck stinger .
The BaseBrawl bout at Turning Point was featured on a variety of news outlets after the show , including ESPN 's SportsCenter .
Sting made his TNA wrestling debut at Final Resolution on January 15 , 2006 , teaming with Christian Cage to face Jeff Jarrett and Monty Brown . This match was announced on the December 31 , 2005 episode of Impact ! . The team of Cage and Sting won the match at the event . This led to Cage facing Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at TNA 's Against All Odds PPV event on February 12 , 2006 . Cage won the encounter to become the new champion .
Samoa Joe defended his TNA X Division Championship against Christopher Daniels at Final Resolution . TNA promoted this match for Final Resolution on the January 7 , 2006 episode of Impact ! . Joe won the contest after A.J. Styles threw in the towel for Daniels due to Joe beating Daniels senseless in the storyline . The rivalry continued at Against All Odds , where Daniels , Joe , and Styles competed in a Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship ; Joe gained the pinfall to retain the title . The three competed again at TNA 's Destination X PPV event on March 12 , 2006 , but this time in a Three Way Ultimate X match for the championship . Daniels won the bout , thus becoming the new TNA X Division Champion . The rivalry ended on the April 13 , 2006 episode of Impact ! when Joe defeated Daniels to win back the championship .
Team 3D continued their feud with AMW at Final Resolution . Due to their victory at Turning Point Team 3D were number @-@ one contenders to the NWA World Tag Team Championship , thus earning a championship match . TNA advertised Team 3D versus AMW for the tag team championship to take place at Final Resolution . AMW defeated Team 3D to retain the championship at the show .
Abyss started a rivalry with Rhino after the event . This started on the December 31 , 2005 episode of Impact ! when Abyss attacked Rhino after Rhino defeated A @-@ 1 in a match . Afterwards , TNA promoted a match between the two at Final Resolution . At the event , Rhino pinned Abyss to win the encounter .
Raven and NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zybysko continued their feud after Turning Point . On the December 17 , 2005 episode of Impact ! , Zybysko announced that at Final Resolution he would choose a new opponent to challenge Raven . He added a stipulation that if Raven won he gained a future NWA World Heavyweight Championship match , but if Raven lost , he would be fired from TNA . Raven faced Sean Waltman at the show in a Raven 's Rules match . Raven lost the match after interference from Zybysko . Due to the stipulation attached , Raven was fired in the storyline .
The 4Live Kru broke up as a result of Konnan 's actions at Turning Point . This led to B.G. James and Kip James forming The James Gang tag team and Konnan creating The Latin American Exchange alliance with Homicide and Apolo . The two teams fought at Against All Odds , which The James Gang won . Ron Killings chose not to be involved in the rivalry in the storyline , instead facing Bobby Roode at Final Resolution in a losing effort .
= = Results = =
= Kimberella =
Kimberella is a monospecific genus of bilaterian known only from rocks of the Ediacaran period . The slug @-@ like organism fed by scratching the microbial surface on which it dwelt in a manner similar to the molluscs , although its affinity with this group is contentious .
Specimens were first found in Australia 's Ediacara Hills , but recent research has concentrated on the numerous finds near the White Sea in Russia , which cover an interval of time from 555 to 558 million years ago . As with many fossils from this time , its evolutionary relationships to other organisms are hotly debated . Paleontologists initially classified Kimberella as a type of jellyfish , but since 1997 features of its anatomy and its association with scratch marks resembling those made by a radula have been interpreted as signs that it may have been a mollusc . Although some paleontologists dispute its classification as a mollusc , it is generally accepted as being at least a bilaterian .
The classification of Kimberella is important for scientific understanding of the Cambrian explosion : if it was a mollusc or at least a protostome , the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have diverged significantly before 555 million years ago . Even if it was a bilaterian but not a mollusc , its age would indicate that animals were diversifying well before the start of the Cambrian .
= = Etymology = =
The genus is named after Mr. John Kimber , student , teacher , and collector who lost his life during an expedition to Central Australia in 1964 . Originally it was described with the name Kimberia . Dr. N. H. Ludbrook drew attention to the fact that the name Kimberia is preoccupied by Kimberia Cotton and Woods , a turtle subgenus . Accordingly , the new name Kimberella was proposed by Mary Wade in 1972 .
= = Occurrence = =
Kimberella has been found both in the Ediacara Hills of South Australia and in the Ust ’ Pinega Formation in the White Sea region of Russia . The White Sea fossils are often associated with the Ediacaran " animals " Tribrachidium and Dickinsonia ; meandering trace fossil trails , possibly made by Kimberella ; and algae . Beds in the White Sea succession have been dated to 555 @.@ 3 ± 0 @.@ 3 million years ago and 558 million years ago by radiometric dating , using uranium @-@ lead ratios in zircons found in volcanic ash layers that are sandwiched between layers that contain Kimberella fossils . Kimberella fossils are also known from beds older and younger than this precisely dated range . The fossils from the Ediacara Hills have not been dated precisely .
= = Description = =
Over 1000 specimens , representing organisms of all stages of maturity , have now been found in the White Sea area at the bottom of fine @-@ grained sandstone layers . The large number of specimens , the small grain @-@ size of the sediments and the variety of circumstances in which specimens were preserved provide detailed information about Kimberella ′ s external form , internal anatomy , locomotion and feeding style .
All of the fossils are oval in outline . Elongated specimens illustrate that the organism was capable of stretching in an anterior @-@ posterior direction , perhaps by as much as a factor of two . The only type of symmetry visible in the White Sea specimens is bilateral ; there is no sign of any of the kinds of radial symmetry that are normal in the Cnidaria , the group that includes jellyfish , sea anemones and hydras . The Australian fossils were originally described as a type of jellyfish , but this is inconsistent with the bilateral symmetry in the fossils . The White Sea fossils and the surrounding sediments also show that Kimberella lived on the surface of the sea @-@ floor .
Kimberella had a dorsal integument that has been described as a non @-@ mineralized " shell " ; in the larger specimens this reached up to 15 cm in length , 5 to 7 cm in width , and was 3 to 4 cm high ; the smallest specimens are only about 2 – 3 mm long . The shell was stiff but flexible , and appears to have been non @-@ mineralized , becoming tougher as it grew larger ( and presumably thicker ) in more mature specimens . The deformation observed in elongated and folded specimens illustrates that the shell was highly malleable ; perhaps , rather than a single integument , it consisted of an aggregation of ( mineralized ? ) sclerites . At its highest point was a hood @-@ like structure , forming what is thought to be the front . In some specimens , the inner surface of the shell bears stripes spanning the width of the creature ; these may represent the attachment sites of muscles . Similar stripes around the edge of the shell may have been connected to muscles involved in retracting the muscular foot into the shell .
The long axis of the organism is marked by a raised ridge ; the middle axis is slightly humped . Kimberella ′ s body had no visible segmentation but had a series of repeated " modules " . Each module included a well @-@ developed band of dorso @-@ ventral muscles running from the top to the single , broad , muscular " foot " , and smaller transverse ventral muscles from side to side on the underside of the body . The combination of the bands of dorso @-@ ventral and transverse ventral muscles enabled Kimberella to move by making the foot ripple .
The body also had a frilled fringe that may have been part of the animal 's respiratory system , performing a function similar to that of gills . The fact that the fringe extended well beyond the shell may indicate that Kimberella ′ s " gills " were inefficient and needed a large area , or that there were no effective predators on Kimberella and the shell 's main function was to provide a platform for the muscles .
= = Ecology = =
Kimberella dwelt in shallow waters ( up to tens of meters in depth ) , sharing the calm , well @-@ oxygenated sea floor with photosynthetic organisms and microbial mats . Assemblages bearing Kimberella often also bear fossils of Yorgia , Dickinsonia , Tribrachidium and Charniodiscus , suggesting that it lived alongside these organisms .
Kimberella probably grazed on microbial mats , but a selective predatory habit cannot be ruled out . Fedonkin reckons that as it ate , it moved " backwards " ; the trail thus created was destroyed by the subsequent grazing activity . Conversely , Gehling et al. claim that it moved ' forwards ' . Fans of grooves are often found radiating from the " head " end of the organism ; these indicate that the organism stayed in one place , and raked the surface of the microbial mat towards it by extension of its head , which bore two " teeth " . Gehling et al. reconstruct Kimberella as having a long neck that operated like the arm of a digger , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the sea floor in order to produce the sweep of the fan , and rotating towards and away from the animal to scrape food from the substrate to the mouth .
The lack of evidence to the contrary suggests that the organisms reproduced sexually .
The waters in which Kimberella dwelt were occasionally disturbed by sandy currents , caused when sediments were whipped up by storms or meltwater discharge , and washed over the creatures . In response to this stress , the organisms appear to have retracted their soft parts into their shells ; apparently they could not move fast enough to outrun the currents . Some organisms survived the current , and attempted to burrow out of the sand that had been deposited above them ; some unsuccessful attempts can be seen where juveniles were fossilised at the end of a burrow a few centimetres long .
= = Preservation = =
Kimberella fossils are generally preserved on top of a clay @-@ rich bed and beneath a sandy bed . All fossils are preserved as depressions in the bases of beds , implying that the organism , although not mineralised , was firm enough to resist being crushed as sediment accumulated above it ; as the soft parts of the organism decayed , the soft muds underneath would be squeezed up into the shell , preserving the shape of the organism .
Preservation of most specimens was made possible by the fast sedimentation that quickly cut the organism off from seawater ; it may also have been enhanced by the decay products of the rotting organism , which could have helped the overlying sediment to mineralise and harden . It has been suggested that a mucus trail produced by the organism may have assisted its preservation , but experiments suggest that mucus disintegrates too easily to play a role in binding sediment together .
= = Classification = =
All the Kimberella fossils found so far are assigned to one species , K. quadrata . The first specimens were discovered in Australia in 1959 . They were originally classified as jellyfish by Martin Glaessner and Mary Wade in 1966 , and then as box jellyfish by Wade in 1972 , a view that remained popular until the fossils of the White sea region were discovered ; these prompted a reinterpretation . Research on these specimens by Mikhail A. Fedonkin , initially with Benjamin M. Waggoner in 1997 , led to Kimberella being recognised as the oldest well @-@ documented triploblastic bilaterian organism — not a jellyfish at all .
So far Kimberella fossils show no sign of a radula , the toothed chitinous " tongue " that is the diagnostic feature of modern molluscs , excluding bivalves . Since radulae are very rarely preserved in fossil molluscs , its absence does not necessarily mean that K. quadrata did not have one . The rocks in the immediate vicinity of Kimberella fossils bear scratch marks that have been compared to those made by the radulae of molluscs as they graze on microbial mats . These traces , named Radulichnus and Kimberichnus , have been interpreted as circumstantial evidence for the presence of a radula . In conjunction with the univalve shell , this has been taken to indicate Kimberella was a mollusc or very closely related to molluscs . In 2001 and 2007 Fedonkin suggested that the feeding mechanism might be a retractable proboscis with hook @-@ like organs at its end . Kimberella ′ s feeding apparatus appears to differ significantly from the typical mollusc radula , and this demonstrates that Kimberella is at best a stem @-@ group mollusc . Notably , the scratch marks indicate that the ' teeth ' were dragged towards the organism , not pushed away as in molluscs , and that the maximum impact on the sediment was when the mouthpart was furthest from the organism . The direction of grazing is also backwards , as opposed to forwards as in molluscs . Furthermore , the constant width of grooves implies stereoglossy – a trait that is very derived in molluscs . It has been argued that the shape of the feeding traces is incompatible with a radula , and that despite the molluscan body form , the lack of a radula places Kimberella well outside the molluscan crown group . Butterfield points out that plenty of other groups of organisms bear structures capable of making similar marks .
Taken together , sceptics doubt that the available evidence is enough to reliably identify Kimberella as a mollusc or near @-@ mollusc , and suggest that it is presumptuous to call it anything more than a " possible " mollusc , or even just a " probable bilaterian " .
= = Theoretical importance = =
The Cambrian explosion is an apparently rapid increase in the variety of basic body structures of animals in the Early Cambrian period , starting after 543 million years ago and finishing before 518 million years ago . A few of the Early Cambrian fossils were already known in the mid @-@ 19th century , and Charles Darwin saw the apparently sudden appearance and diversification of animals as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection .
The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other Cnidarians are split into two groups , the protostomes and deuterostomes . The mollusc @-@ like features of Kimberella strongly suggest that it was a member of the protostomes . If so , this means that the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before Kimberella appeared — at least 558 million years ago , and hence well before the start of the Cambrian 541 million years ago . Even if it is not a protostome , it is widely accepted as a member of the more inclusive bilaterian clade . Since fossils of rather modern @-@ looking Cnidarians have been found in the Doushantuo lagerstätte , the Cnidarian and bilaterian lineages would have diverged well over 580 million years ago .
= Poison ( Final Fight ) =
Poison ( ポイズン , Poizun ) is a fictional character in the Final Fight and Street Fighter series of video games . Created by Akira Yasuda for Capcom , Poison first appeared in the original Final Fight alongside a similar character , Roxy , later appearing in Capcom @-@ produced games , media and merchandise related to the Street Fighter franchise . She is voiced by Atsuko Tanaka since the Street Fighter III series and Masae Yumi in SNK vs. Capcom : SVC Chaos .
Originally conceived as a female thug in Final Fight and part of the game 's antagonist group , Mad Gear , concerns during the game 's development about reactions from North American audiences to fighting women , resulted in the character being re @-@ imagined as a trans woman . However , that was not considered satisfactory and both Poison and her palette swap Roxy were replaced by the male characters " Billy " and " Sid " , and have been for every subsequent North American port of the title on Nintendo consoles and handhelds . After the Final Fight series , she later appeared alongside wrestler Hugo , acting as his manager , with her schemes revolving around finding a tag team partner for him or developing their own wrestling organization . Poison was also to appear in both Capcom Fighting All @-@ Stars and Final Fight : Streetwise ; however , the former was canceled , and she was omitted from the latter as development progressed . Following those aborted attempts , she ended up appearing as a playable character on Street Fighter X Tekken . She was also added as a playable character to Ultra Street Fighter IV .
The character 's status as potentially a trans woman , consciously left ambiguous by the developers , has remained a topic of frequent debate by both fans and media alike .
= = Conception and history = =
Poison 's first appearance in Final Fight featured her and a palette swap character named Roxy as recurring minor enemies for the player to fight . Named after the band by an unnamed female employee at Capcom , she was designed by Akira Yasuda to contrast against the bigger characters in the game and move about randomly . According to the book All About Capcom Head to Head Fighting Games and Final Fight director Akira Nishitani , the characters were originally planned to be cisgender females , but were changed to " newhalfs " ( a Japanese term for pre @-@ op trans individuals ) after the game 's release , due to the suggestion that " hitting women was considered rude " in America and the concern that feminist groups would sue . However , concept artwork included in the 2005 compilation Capcom Classics Collection of the pair specifically uses the kana for ' newhalf ' ( ニューハーフ ) , contradicting the statement the change occurred post @-@ release .
A later appearance by Poison as a playable character in Final Fight Revenge , an American @-@ produced 3D fighting game spinoff of Final Fight , portrayed the character in a highly feminine manner and had her romantically interested in Final Fight hero Cody . Commentary about her ending in the game in All About Capcom suggested that the character may have received sex reassignment surgery . The Final Fight @-@ related character profiles featured in Capcom Classics Collection instead allude to her being a cross @-@ dresser , while addressing Roxy as a " she " who dislikes Poison 's cross @-@ dressing .
The discrepancies regarding Poison have been addressed more than once in interviews with former and current Capcom employees . Nishitani stated that he supposed the character " could be male " , but added it was up to the viewer to decide . He later clarified in a discussion on Twitter that in his personal view Poison was a woman . Street Fighter IV 's producer Yoshinori Ono , when asked in an interview about the matter , stated : " Let 's set the record straight : In North America , Poison is officially a post @-@ op transsexual woman . But in Japan , she simply tucks her business away to look female . " He later emphasized it again when asked about what female characters could be included in the game Street Fighter IV , stating that it would be too confusing to include her due to the region @-@ specific gender . However , in a 2011 interview with Electronic Gaming Monthly at the Tokyo Game Show , he stated that Capcom " doesn 't have a stance technically " , and while they wouldn 't give an official answer , felt it was up to the viewer to decide . He added that his intent was to please all fans and that the mystery behind her gender was the core of the character . During the same interview , a Capcom representative further added that they worked closely with GLAAD , an organization concerned with the portrayal of LGBT people in media , to ensure " anything that might be offensive has been very tailored to not be " for Poison 's portrayal in Street Fighter X Tekken .
= = = Designs = = =
Poison is shown to be a female with long , rugged , pink hair . She wears a black cap , a choker , cutoff , blue jean @-@ shorts , red high @-@ heels , and a tanktop cut just below her breasts . In Final Fight Revenge and some artworks , her hair is shown to be purple instead . She wears several armbands around her right arm and has chains and a pair of handcuffs suspended off her shorts . Final Fight Revenge features her also possessing a whip used in attacks , though the character has not been shown with one in other titles or artwork ( other than Street Fighter X Tekken and Ultra Street Fighter IV ) . Poison stands about 5 feet 9 inches ( 175 cm ) tall and has three sizes of 34 @-@ 25 @-@ 35 " ( 88 @-@ 66 @-@ 89 cm ) .
Poison was given a secondary outfit for Capcom Fighting All @-@ Stars alongside her primary classic attire . Made of shiny , silvery material it consisted of boots that extended halfway up her thighs and a combined sleeveless shirt / short skirt with a plunging neckline . Gloves and a small hairband were also added , as well as a belt , with the handcuffs hanging off of it . Her arm straps were removed , though the strap around her neck remained .
The concept art section of the promotional comic for Final Fight : Streetwise showcased concept art by designer Trent Kaniuga for the game , including a reimagined Poison . The design features red hair , a red micro skirt showing a hint of underwear , a jacket , a button @-@ up white shirt showing some of her abdomen , black high @-@ heeled boots , a gold belt , and a wool cap . In August 2006 , Kaniuga revealed three additional alternate designs on ConceptArt.org 's internet forum ; one being the classic look ; another being a white button @-@ up shirt with red pants , high @-@ heels , and short hair ; and the third keeping the high @-@ heels and pants , but adding shades , returning her hair to full length and swapping the shirt for a jacket with deep cleavage . All four designs use the same color scheme , belt , and handcuffs .
= = In video games = =
Introduced in the original Final Fight , Poison is an orphan from Los Angeles . She enjoys fighting and uses it as a means to stay in shape , making use of her ties with the original Mad Gear Gang to keep herself out of prison . In Final Fight Revenge , her behavior was represented as womanly and sultry , ranging from flirtatious comments to pole dancing . She frames Cody for her assault crimes and gets him arrested by Edi . E , though she later visits him in jail having developed romantic feelings for him . In the Street Fighter III series , she reappears working as a wrestling manager for her friend Hugo , who could not find a tag team partner due to his immense strength . From here their plots would focus on the two searching for a tag partner or starting their own wrestling association , echoed in their SNK vs. Capcom : SVC Chaos appearance . Poison later appeared as a playable character alongside Hugo in Street Fighter X Tekken with similar goals , and in Ultra Street Fighter IV , in which she combined the concept with a rock band theme in her character ending .
Poison was also planned to appear both in Capcom Fighting All @-@ Stars and Final Fight Streetwise , though the first game was canceled and she was cut from the second . In Mighty Final Fight , a super deformed parody of the character named " Poison Kiss " appears as a generic enemy , a corrupt cop and characterized as her younger sister . Poison has also appeared based on her role
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to be an acceptable compromise , Poison and Roxy were replaced with regular male punks named " Billy " and " Sid " in the English localization despite his objections . This change has been repeated with every English port to Nintendo consoles , including the Game Boy Advance version Final Fight One and the Wii 's Virtual Console . English versions of the Sega CD port censored the characters in a different manner , redrawing both of them with longer shirts and shorts , and covering the under @-@ cleavage shown when the characters were struck .
= = Promotion and reception = =
Poison has been featured in various promotional Street Fighter related artworks , as early as Street Fighter II . Additionally she has been used as a cameo character three times in the Street Fighter Alpha series . In terms of merchandise , an immovable model was being made for the 2008 Capcom Girls Collection line of figurines by Mitsumasa Yoshizawa , using her Final Fight attire and at 1 / 6 height , standing nearly 11 inches tall . A similar model was released later on , identical to the previous figurine except with her giving a thumbs down gesture and darker colors . A version with blonde hair was later released as well . In Capcom 's press kit for the 2010 release of Final Fight : Double Impact , a pink hair spray was included in tribute to the character , with the text describing it as " For men , women , and everything in between . " Capcom later featured her as one of the characters for their Capcom Girls 2011 calendar .
In February 1991 , Gamest magazine named her one of the top fifty characters in video games of 1990 , placing her twenty @-@ sixth on their list . UGO.com ranked her thirtieth on their " Top 50 Videogame Hotties " list , citing her as " one of the most controversial video game characters to date . " Former Tips & Tricks executive editor Wataru Maruyama cited her design as an example of how an outfit is worn compared to its complexity can make a character memorable and stand out , stating " to use a phrase I don ’ t particularly like to use , she totally worked it . " She has also been a subject drawn by non @-@ Capcom artists , such as Falcoon . GameDaily ranked her twenty @-@ third on their " Top 25 " list of their favorite Capcom characters , stating of the characters in Final Fight " The Mad Gear gang is a feisty bunch , and we could 've picked anyone from the list ... Instead , we selected Poison " . GamesRadar named her one of twelve Street Fighter related characters they wished to see in Super Street Fighter IV , arguing that her status should not be an issue against her inclusion and that the character deserved another stand @-@ alone appearance of her own . Later , GamesRadar included her in the list of " The 30 best Capcom characters of the last 30 years " . Joystiq named her their favorite character of the Final Fight series , stating that her " hypersexualized appearance and random flipping " made the character memorable , and that the controversy over her gender made the character even more so .
As the exact nature of Poison 's status as gender @-@ variant has been left deliberately ambiguous by Capcom , the topic has remained a popular subject for debate among fans and gaming media alike . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Eric L. Patterson described her as being a significant character to the trans community , and a perfect example of how it is " so awkward when it comes to knowing how to deal with characters who aren 't white , male , and heterosexual " in video games . Complex pointed her out as an example of stereotypical depiction of trans hookers , listing Poison among The 15 Most Stereotypical Characters in Video Games . GamesRadar commented " Poison holds a distinction as one of gaming ’ s first trans characters , which began as a strange choice in localization but has become a part of the character that she wears with pride . If you take issue with it , that ’ s your problem , not hers . It 's that kind of confidence that makes her so appealing . "
= A Song of Ice and Fire =
A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . The first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , was begun in 1991 and first published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . The sixth novel , The Winds of Winter , is still being written .
A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty @-@ one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne .
Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise .
As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and have been translated into at least 45 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games .
= = Plot synopsis = =
A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the first Lord of the Seven Kingdoms and founder of the Targaryen dynasty , Aegon I. At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen ruler , King Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king and Lord of the Seven Kingdoms .
The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne between the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's eldest son , Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard " Ned " Stark , King Robert 's " Hand " ( chief advisor ) , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin Jaime , Eddard is executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , several regions of Westeros attempt self @-@ rule : Ned 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy re @-@ establishes an independent kingdom in his region , the Iron Islands . The so @-@ called ' War of the Five Kings ' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings .
The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old wall of ice defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the " Wildlings " or " Free Folk " , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , the bastard son of Eddard Stark . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings .
The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of the last Targaryen ruler of the Seven Kingdoms , and is set on the continent of Essos , which is located directly east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea . Daenerys ' storyline is isolated from the others until A Dance with Dragons . On Essos , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother to a powerful warlord but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and legitimate claim to the Iron Throne , but devastating weapons of war .
= = Publishing history = =
= = = Overview = = =
Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re @-@ released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions .
= = = First three novels ( 1991 – 2000 ) = = =
George R. R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci @-@ fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid @-@ 1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid @-@ 1980s . He principally worked on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV @-@ related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas .
When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non @-@ prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired .
In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two @-@ page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice And Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for " Ice and Fire " , whereas the word " song " had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem " Fire and Ice " and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title .
The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre @-@ release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella .
The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best @-@ seller lists , reaching 13 on the The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of the The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers .
Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the " Red Wedding " , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other @-@ language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list .
= = = Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 – 2011 ) = = =
After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints .
In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five @-@ year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five @-@ year gap . The material of the written 250 @-@ page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin .
The manuscript length of A Feast For Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in " microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass " was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books .
With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons .
Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of the New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin " the American Tolkien " . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half @-@ finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 .
With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two @-@ thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff @-@ hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling " the Meereenese knot " , which the interviewer understood as " making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on [ Daenerys ] " . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of his more extravagant critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money .
= = = Planned novels and future = = =
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book .
= = = = The Winds of Winter = = = =
The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and " will open with the two big battles that [ the fifth book ] was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle [ ... ] of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . " By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Damphair , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella .
In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as " really finished " ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book " will be done when it 's done " , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again .
In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end @-@ of @-@ year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was " a lot still left to write " and that completion of the book was " months away still ... if the writing goes well . " Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end @-@ of @-@ year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter .
= = = = A Dream of Spring = = = =
Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel " until I decide not to be firm " . With his stated goal to tell the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show .
= = = = TV series and other writings = = = =
Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss in case he should die . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two @-@ year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2nd , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series .
Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand @-@ alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand @-@ alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project .
= = Inspiration and writing = =
= = = Genre = = =
George R. R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H. P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as " epic fantasy " , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean .
The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books .
Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were " far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors " , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher @-@ edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie .
= = = Writing process = = =
Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one @-@ year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . Martin still types his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4 @.@ 0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re @-@ inserted at a later time .
Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle @-@ earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in " almost a daydreaming process " , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished .
Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries .
The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and fans watch out for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication , such as changed eye colors or a switched horse gender .
= = = Narrative structure = = =
The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Each POV character may act from different locations . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short @-@ lived one @-@ time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of " the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death " . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers " experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once " , such that " every fight is both triumph and tragedy [ ... ] and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time " .
Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi @-@ authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense .
Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of " cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle " , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear @-@ cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one @-@ time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn .
The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true .
= = = Character development = = =
Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 @-@ page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever @-@ growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to " make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well @-@ mixed in their natures " . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that " Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity " ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) .
Martin deliberately ignored the writing rules to never give two characters a name starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called " Robert " in obeisance to King Robert of House Baratheon , a " Brandon " in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable " Ty " commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin then used techniques as in modern times to discern people with identical given names , such as adding numbers or locations to their given name ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y.
All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voice to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister – Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader " cannot be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . " Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had a mind of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him .
Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five @-@ year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five @-@ year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) .
= = Themes = =
Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others .
Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as " more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential " , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa .
A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters instead of orcs and angels , Martin instead endorses Nobel Prize laureate William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Just like people 's capacity for good and for evil in real life , Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that , unlike in many other fantasies , the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . The reader may then decide about good and evil through the novels ' actions and politics .
Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature .
According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality as much as the Ice and Fire books do , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , " whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . " Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non @-@ existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure .
Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore some of the ramifications of the novels being set in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Martin can identify with all point @-@ of @-@ view characters in the writing process despite significant differences to him , be it gender or age .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that " few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series " , for which reviews have been " orders of magnitude better " than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a " superb fantasy saga " that " raised Martin to a whole new level of success " . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that " no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort " , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was " rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage " . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated :
The success is all the more remarkable because [ the series debuted ] without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R. R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of .
Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that " Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . " After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a " major force for evolution in fantasy " and proclaimed him " the American Tolkien " , explaining that , although Martin was " [ not ] the best known of America 's straight @-@ up fantasy writers " at the time and would " never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today " . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien " has stuck to [ Martin ] , as it was meant to " , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( " He 's much better than that " ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( " an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy " ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 .
According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that " Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons " . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had " superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody @-@ mindedness " , that A Clash of Kings was " notable particularly for the lived @-@ in quality of [ their fictional world and ] for the comparatively modest role of magic " , and that A Storm of Swords was one " of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy " . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment " sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . " Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although " The new volume has a similar feel to Feast " , " Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters [ who were ] notably absent from the previous book . "
According to the Los Angeles Times , " Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage " , and the novels captivate readers with " complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters " . CNN remarked that " the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well @-@ crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style " , and David Orr of The New York Times found that " All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . " Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard " couldn 't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . " The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to " catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that [ Martin ] leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . "
Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized " It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I couldn 't stop reading .... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding [ of the long impending winter ] . " Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views :
That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy [ in the real world ] , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it .
= = = Sales = = =
The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8 @.@ 5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest @-@ earning author worldwide in 2011 at $ 15 million .
Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best @-@ seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is " a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it " . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making the The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out @-@ of @-@ print solo novels .
The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best @-@ seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on " The New York Times " hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple @-@ digit growth in year @-@ on @-@ year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie @-@ ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4 @.@ 5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re @-@ appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 .
At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650 @,@ 000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first @-@ day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170 @,@ 000 hardcovers , 110 @,@ 000 e @-@ books , and 18 @,@ 000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e @-@ books . All five volumes and the four @-@ volume boxed set were among the top 100 best @-@ selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 .
The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box @-@ sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales .
= = = Fandom = = =
During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre @-@ internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie @-@ like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish @-@ based fan of Cuban @-@ American descent , Elio M. García , Jr . , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi @-@ professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends .
Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science @-@ fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended .
While Martin calls the majority of his fans " great " , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called " To My Detractors " on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this " an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . "
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) – Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997
A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) – Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999
A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) – Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001
A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) – Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006
A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) – Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012
= = Derived works = =
= = = Novellas = = =
Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire " Egg " , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned .
The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen .
Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon :
Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones .
Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords .
Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows .
= = = TV series = = =
With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and was watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series .
= = = Other works = = =
A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin @-@ off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same @-@ titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full @-@ sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise .
= British Birds Rarities Committee =
The British Birds Rarities Committee ( BBRC ) , established in 1959 , is the national bird rarities committee for Britain . It assesses claimed sightings of bird species that are rarely seen in Britain , based on descriptions , photographs and video recordings submitted by observers . Its findings are published in an annual report in the journal British Birds .
The BBRC covers around 280 species whose annually recorded sightings in Britain fall below a threshold deemed to signify rarity . Since the establishment of the committee , some previously included species have become more common — or at least better recorded ; this has resulted in their removal from the committee 's list and their reclassification as " scarce migrants " .
The committee has a chairman , a secretary , and ten voting members , and is supported by others who serve in an advisory capacity . Since its inception , a total of 69 people have served on the committee as assessors . In addition to assessing annual records of rare birds , the committee conducts regular reviews of batches of previously accepted records on a species @-@ by @-@ species basis , to ensure that only those consistent with advances in knowledge of bird identification are retained , and to determine the subspecies of accepted records . Several species have been problematic for assessment , and extreme examples have taken more than 20 years from initial observation to acceptance . The committee has been criticised for its approach to assessing records where only one observer was present , for not publishing reasons for rejecting the validity of records , and for placing undue weight on descriptive detail when assessing record submissions . Seabird identification has proved particularly difficult , leading some observers to suggest that the committee sets too high a standard .
= = Role and status = =
The " Rarity Records Committee " ( as it was originally known ) was established in 1959 by the editors of the journal British Birds . Its original purpose was to provide a means whereby uniform assessment standards could be applied to all rare bird records across Britain . Prior to the establishment of the committee , records were assessed by local bird recording organisations using varying standards . The most recent statement of the British Birds Rarities Committee 's role is given in Bradshaw , Harvey and Steele ( 2004 ) :
BBRC aims to maintain an accurate database of the occurrence of rare taxa in Britain , in order to enable individuals or organisations to assess the current status of , and any changes in , the patterns of occurrence and distribution of these taxa in Britain .
Contradictory information has been published on the exact nature of the committee 's status . On its website , BBRC describes itself as the " official adjudicator of rare bird records in Britain " ( although it does not say on what basis it has this status ) . In Birders : Tales of a Tribe , author Mark Cocker erroneously describes the committee as a " statutory vetting body " ( i.e. one established by an Act of Parliament ) . BBRC 's constitution states that it " has no automatic or legal expectation that birders submit records " .
The committee does not assess records of birds from Ireland ; that task is carried out by the Irish Rare Birds Committee , which publishes its decisions in Irish Birds . Records of IRBC @-@ assessed rarities were included in BBRC annual reports for many years , although this ceased in 2002 at the request of IRBC . Although the British Ornithologists ' Union Records Committee does not regard records from the Isle of Man as contributing towards their British list , BBRC does include records from there in its totals . BBRC has had an ongoing sponsor in the German optical equipment manufacturer Carl Zeiss since 1983 .
= = Species covered = =
Over 580 bird species have been recorded in Britain ; some 250 have regular breeding or wintering populations , or are common migrants , and a further 50 are " scarce migrants " . The BBRC assesses the remaining species . A list of the species the committee assesses ( known as " British Birds rarities " , or " BB rarities " for short ) is on its website , although the list has not been updated to account for the most recent changes . The committee generally considers only the records of species rare enough to meet its criteria for inclusion on the BBRC rarities list , based on a numerical threshold . In addition to considering full species , records of some rare subspecies are considered and , in a few cases , the committee considers indeterminate records ( birds that belong to a pair or group of rare species that are particularly difficult to separate , such as frigatebirds or dowitchers ) .
The committee keeps the list of species it considers under review and , from time to time , makes changes . These are usually because species have increased in frequency and no longer meet the numerical criteria for inclusion . A species is removed if it has more than 150 records in the preceding ten years , with ten or more in at least eight of those years . Different criteria were used in a review in 2006 ( see below ) . There have been three major " purges " of species since the committee 's formation . The first was soon after the committee 's formation , in 1963 , when 16 species were removed : red @-@ crested pochard , snow goose , pectoral sandpiper , Mediterranean gull , Sabine 's gull , melodious warbler , icterine warbler , yellow @-@ browed warbler , northern goshawk , golden eagle , red kite , Kentish plover , crested tit , bearded tit , marsh warbler and Dartford warbler . Records of the last eight species had been considered only outside their " normal " British range ( e.g. crested tits outside Scotland , and red kites outside Wales ) . The second was in 1982 , when ten further species were removed : Cory 's shearwater , purple heron , white stork , buff @-@ breasted sandpiper , Richard 's pipit , tawny pipit , Savi 's warbler , aquatic warbler , serin and common rosefinch . Savi 's warbler was re @-@ admitted to the committee 's list in 1998 , due to declining numbers of occurrences . Thirdly , in 2006 , a further 17 species were dropped from the list : ferruginous duck , Wilson ’ s petrel , great white egret , black kite , red @-@ footed falcon , American golden plover , white @-@ rumped sandpiper , white @-@ winged black tern , alpine swift , red @-@ rumped swallow , red @-@ throated pipit , subalpine warbler , greenish warbler , dusky warbler , Radde 's warbler , Arctic redpoll and rustic bunting . Their selection was based on different criteria from those previously used : more than 200 records in Britain ever , and more than 100 occasions in the last decade .
Many other species and subspecies have been removed over the years : Cetti 's warbler ( in 1976 ) ; long @-@ tailed skua ( in 1979 ) ; common crane and ring @-@ billed gull ( in 1987 ) ; surf scoter , little egret , European bee @-@ eater , Pallas 's warbler and woodchat shrike ( in 1990 ) ; green @-@ winged teal ( in 1992 ) ; ring @-@ necked duck , short @-@ toed lark and little bunting ( in 1993 ) ; white @-@ tailed eagle and Kumlien 's gull ( in 1998 ) ; American wigeon , black @-@ crowned night heron and rose @-@ coloured starling ( in 2001 ) ; and black brant ( in 2005 ) .
Until 2009 , the parrot crossbill was an anomaly , in that it was on the committee 's list of species , even though a breeding population existed in Scotland . In 2009 , this species was removed , along with white @-@ billed diver and cattle egret .
Once removed , a species is classed as a " scarce migrant " : British Birds publishes a separate annual report summarising the occurrence of these species , and the data is also presented on the Scarce Migrants website . In addition to parrot crossbill , four species , Cetti 's warbler , little egret , long @-@ tailed skua and Mediterranean gull , have become so common that they no longer qualify even as scarce migrants .
= = Structure and personnel = =
The committee has ten voting members , a chairman ( who may be one of the ten , or may be another , non @-@ voting individual ) and a non @-@ voting secretary . BBRC was assisted in its assessment of seabird records by a Seabirds Advisory Panel from 1987 to 1996 . In 1999 , the BBRC set up the " RIACT " ( Racial Identification Amongst Changing Taxonomy ) group to advise on how records of rare subspecies should be treated . RIACT published its first report in 2006 , setting out the subspecies it believed were sufficiently diagnosable , and that occurred infrequently enough to justify being assessed by the rarities committee . Prior to this , a partial selection of rare subspecies had been routinely included in BBRC reports ; the RIACT report aimed to bring consistency to the selection for future years . When a record is of a species not previously recorded in Britain in a wild state , BBRC deals with assessment of the bird 's identification , then passes the record to the British Ornithologists ' Union Records Committee , which decides whether the species should be included on the BOU 's British Bird list .
The committee has two permanent posts , a Chairman and a Secretary : they are appointed by the board of British Birds . There had been no fixed term for these appointments before 2008 , however , a three @-@ year fixed term , with a limit of ten years , was introduced with the change of chairman in that year . The current chairman , the committee 's seventh , is Adam Rowlands ; the six previous chairmen were Philip Hollom ( 1959 – 72 ) , Ian Wallace ( 1972 – 76 ) , Peter J. Grant ( 1976 – 86 ) , Peter Lansdown ( 1986 – 93 ) , Rob Hume ( 1993 – 97 ) and Colin Bradshaw ( 1997 – 2008 ) . The committee 's secretary is Nigel Hudson , appointed in 2007 . Its previous secretaries were G. A. Pyman ( 1959 – 61 ) , Christopher M. Swaine ( 1961 – 63 ) , Denzil D. Harber ( 1963 – 66 ) , F. R. Smith ( 1966 – 75 ) , J. N. Dymond ( 1975 – 77 ) , J. O 'Sullivan ( 1977 – 78 ) and Mike Rogers ( 1978 – 2006 ) .
At least one ( usually the longest @-@ serving ) record @-@ assessing member retires every year , to balance experience with " new blood " . The committee usually nominates its own replacement candidate , but also invites nominations from others , and if any are received , holds an election among county bird recorders and the bird observatory network . A set of criteria for membership has been developed — currently , these are " a widely acknowledged expertise in identification , proven reliability in the field , a track record of high quality submissions of descriptions of scarce and rare birds to county records committees and BBRC , considerable experience of record assessment , the capacity to handle the considerable volume of work involved in assessing upwards of 1 @,@ 000 records per year and the capacity to work quickly and efficiently " . The following 69 individuals have served on BBRC in a records assessment capacity :
A number of other individuals have served as the committee 's statisticians , museum consultants , archivists and avicultural consultants , or on the Seabirds Advisory Panel or RIACT .
The committee has stated that it has a desire to be made up of members of " all age ranges and both sexes " ; however , all BBRC members to date have been male , a fact reflected in the nickname " the ten rare men " . Measures exist to ensure that the committee has a geographic balance amongst its membership — BBRC 's constitution states that it " should attempt to provide a reasonable geographical spread with members having a detailed knowledge of each of the following areas : Wales , Scotland , Northern England , the Midlands , the Southwest and the Southeast of England " .
Documentation of records , including the members '
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the additional capital costs , the line will not be electrified , but the design will include passive provision for future electrification . The station at Clifton Bridge is not being considered for reopening , but the line in the area will be increased to double track . The line is expected to reopen in 2019 .
Trains along the reopened line will operate between Portishead and Bristol Temple Meads , with two trains per hour in each direction . Services would call at Pill and Parson Street , with aspirations to also call at Bedminster and a reopened Ashton Gate . Trains could also be extended on to the Severn Beach Line . The trains used will be diesel multiple units , likely three carriages long . The line will be operated as part of the Greater Western passenger franchise . Great Western Railway , a subsidiary of FirstGroup , operates the Greater Western franchise . Their contract expires in early 2019 , before services to Portishead are due to start .
= Springsteen ( song ) =
" Springsteen " is a song recorded by American country music artist Eric Church . It was composed by Church , Jeff Hyde and Ryan Tyndell for Church 's third studio album , Chief . The song was released as the album 's third single on February 21 , 2012 . The song was inspired by a memory of a girl and another artist 's song , but he chose to center it around an idol of his , Bruce Springsteen , and tells the story of a teenage romance .
" Springsteen " was received with critical acclaim for its melody and strong lyrics making it one of the top country songs of 2012 . The single reached number nineteen on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Church 's first song to enter the top twenty . The song also topped the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs . Outside of the United States , the song peaked at 28 on the Canadian Hot 100 . " Springsteen " was certified platinum twice by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards on December 12 , 2012 , but failed to win any of the awards at the ceremony in 2013 .
The accompanying music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered on April 13 , 2012 on Maxim.com. The video features Eric Church playing instruments in a suburban neighborhood , while a couple is shown going through the ups and downs of a relationship .
= = Composition = =
" Springsteen " features drums and a synthesizer , along with live instrumentation from the guitar and keyboard . The song notably lacks both the fiddle and steel guitar , which are staples of country music . Eric Church uses his voice throughout the piece to convey emotion , with his pitch and tone changing from verse to verse . The song is composed of two verses with a chorus that is repeated several times . It is in the key of D major with a main chord pattern of D @-@ G @-@ Bm @-@ A and a vocal range of A3 @-@ E5 .
Eric Church wrote the song with Jeff Hyde and Ryan Tyndell . The basis for the song came from a memory of a girl and involved another artist 's song . Church chose to base the song around an idol of his , Bruce Springsteen , whose career he admires . During the course of the song , Church makes several allusions to Springsteen ; he mentions the Springsteen songs Born to Run , Born in the USA , Glory Days , and I 'm on Fire . While being named after Springsteen and making several references to him , the song however tells the story of a teenage romance .
= = Critical reception = =
" Springsteen " received critical acclaim from many music critics . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song five stars out of five , calling it " the best song from one of 2011 's top country albums . " Matt Bjorke of Roughstock also gave the song five stars of five , writing that " the strong , sing @-@ a @-@ long lyrics and driving , percussive melody brings Eric Church to an accessibility that he 's previously never had . " Noah Eaton of Country Universe gave it an A- , saying that it is " a gorgeous , bittersweet anthem @-@ to @-@ be that will likely leave even some more hardened hearts simultaneously smile and cry listening . " Eaton went on further to say that this song would propel Church 's career to the next level . American Songwriter chose the song for its Lyric of the Week feature , for the week of June 11 , 2012 . The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards – Best Country Solo Performance and Best Country Song – on December 12 , 2012 , but failed to win any of the awards at the ceremony in 2013 .
Thom Jerek of Allmusic said the song had " a clever , if somewhat cloying , tune , but it gets the feeling across in spades . " The A.V. Club reviewer Steven Hyden claims that Church " is just as effective on slower , more thoughtful songs like " Springsteen " and that the song " [ reflects ] reflecting on music ’ s power to revive forgotten emotions from the past . " Bruce Springsteen himself took note of Church 's music , specifically the song " Springsteen " , and wrote Church a note on the back of a setlist . Church received the letter from Springsteen 's after a show on August 19 , 2012 . In the note , Springsteen explained his and his family 's love of the song and that he hoped to have their paths cross at some point . Church was surprised when receiving the note and said that " it ’ s a long note , takes up the entire back page of this setlist for a show that lasted three hours and 47 minutes . "
= = Music video = =
The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in April 13 , 2012 on Maxim.com. The video was later made available for purchase through iTunes on April 20 , 2012 . The video is set in a suburban neighborhood located in Elgin , Texas and work on the video began in early March 2012 . Church allowed all the neighborhood kids to make cameos in the film . The video was later nominated for Music Video of the Year for 2012 Country Music Awards ; however , it lost out to Toby Keith 's " Red Solo Cup " for the award .
The music video begins with a girl talking about what she wants in her next boyfriend while on some bleachers . After her monologue is over , the video cuts between shots of Eric Church and scenes of the girl and a boy during various high points and low points in their relationship . Church is seen throughout the video either playing with his band in a garage , in the middle of the street on a piano , or walking through the streets with an American flag around his shoulders while singing . The video ends without showing whether the girl and boy ended up together .
= = Chart and sales performance = =
" Springsteen " debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 18 , 2012 . On June 23 , 2012 , it later became Eric Church 's second number one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs after " Drink in My Hand " in 2011 . The record reached two million copies sold in January 2013 and became certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for that feat . The song has sold 2 @,@ 403 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. as of February 2014 .
On the Canadian Hot 100 , the single reached a peak of 28 on the charts before falling down the rankings . On September 5 , 2012 sales for the song in Canada received gold and platinum certifications , and on July 11 , 2013 it achieved double platinum status with over 80 @,@ 000 records sold .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Josh Hutcherson =
Joshua Ryan " Josh " Hutcherson ( born October 12 , 1992 ) is an American actor . A native of Kentucky , Hutcherson began his acting career in the early 2000s and appeared in several commercials and minor film and television roles before landing his first major role in 2002 in the pilot episode of House Blend . His first film role was in Miracle Dogs ( 2003 ) on Animal Planet , followed by a motion @-@ capture performance in The Polar Express ( 2004 ) and a voice @-@ acting role in Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2005 ) .
Hutcherson 's other early film appearances include Little Manhattan , Zathura ( both 2005 ) , RV ( 2006 ) , Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) , Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 ) , and The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) . In 2011 , he landed the leading role of Peeta Mellark in the box office record @-@ setting film series The Hunger Games , released annually from 2012 to 2015 , for which he won three MTV Movie Awards and a People 's Choice Award . During the same period he also played a lead role in Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( 2012 ) and a voice role in the animated film Epic ( 2013 ) .
Throughout his career , Hutcherson has expressed an interest in directing and producing . He has served as an executive producer in Detention ( 2011 ) , The Forger ( 2012 ) and Escobar : Paradise Lost ( 2015 ) , while also playing a lead role in each film . He is also heavily involved in the gay – straight alliance chapter called " Straight But Not Narrow " .
= = Early life = =
Born in Union , Kentucky , on October 12 , 1992 , Hutcherson is the elder son of Michelle ( née Fightmaster ) , a former Delta Air Lines employee who now assists with Josh 's career , and Chris Hutcherson , an analyst for the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . His parents , who were also born and raised in Kentucky , met in high school in Dry Ridge . He has one younger brother , Connor .
Hutcherson 's interest in acting developed as a child despite his parents ' concerns about the profession . According to the actor himself , he had " loved the entertainment industry " from the age of four . His father said that his son was compelled to perform for people from a very young age , possessing a personality that attracted people 's attention . His mother said that he " bugged us so much " into becoming an actor , but believed it was a phase he was going through and would grow out of . Aged eight , Hutcherson went through the yellow pages and contacted an acting agency . In January 2002 , he and his mother met acting coach Bob Luke , who travelled from New York to Kentucky to meet them . Luke advised them to go to Los Angeles and begin auditioning Hutcherson for TV pilots . At the time , his only acting experience had been in a Kroger television commercial and a Vacation Bible School training film . For three years , Hutcherson and his mother lived in Los Angeles ' Oakwood apartments , a housing community that accommodates young child actors and their families .
Most of Hutcherson 's childhood was spent on film sets rather than in a classroom . He attended New Haven Elementary School in Union until he began his career at the age of nine , after which he began homeschooling , with his mother as his teacher . He later returned to Kentucky to attend Ryle High School for one semester . Hutcherson played on the high school 's soccer team and has been a keen sports enthusiast since , also displaying a passion for football and tennis . At the age of 13 , he participated in a triathlon . He later said of his schooling experiences , " I know it 's something kids have to deal with every single day but getting up at the same time every day and having to listen to teachers talk about things I could learn so much more easily on my own , I hated it . "
= = Acting career = =
= = = 2002 – 2010 : Early roles = = =
After moving to Hollywood in 2002 , Hutcherson appeared in various television commercials . He landed his first major acting role as Nicky Harper in the 2002 pilot episode of House Blend , followed by minor roles in an episode of ER and the pilot episode of Becoming Glen . The following year , he played leading role Charlie Logan in the television film Miracle Dogs , which was released on Animal Planet . The film , Hutcherson 's first , received a 79 percent approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . Later that year , he starred opposite Peter Falk and Tim Daly in the television film , Wilder Days , playing Falk 's grandson who accompanies him on a turbulent road trip . Daly was impressed with the young Hutcherson , remarking , " He 's an exceptional kid . He 's a really good actor , and he 's very smart and confident in himself . " Hutcherson 's next role was as a boy dressed as Robin in his first feature film appearance , the well @-@ reviewed independent film American Splendor , which won the grand jury prize at the Sundance Film Festival . His character in 2004 's fantasy film The Polar Express , young Hero Boy , was created by motion @-@ capture of his facial expressions and body movements . The film starred Tom Hanks in the lead role and received mixed reviews from critics . In the animated fantasy film Howl 's Moving Castle , he voiced the character of Markl , working alongside two other lead characters Christian Bale and Billy Crystal . All of his dialogue for the film was recorded in about eight consecutive hours .
In 2005 , Hutcherson appeared in several Hollywood films while trying to establish himself in the industry . He portrayed the minor role of Bucky Weston in the comedy Kicking & Screaming . In 2005 's Little Manhattan , he had a lead role alongside his younger brother , Connor . Stella Papamichael of the BBC approved of his performance , saying that " Hutcherson 's delivery is spot @-@ on , showing a keen instinct for self @-@ effacing humor that would make even Woody Allen feel that bit more inadequate " , but Variety columnist Brian Lowry felt that Hutcherson " might have looked cute on the page , but even with his Linus voice the language and tone [ didn 't ] feel natural . " He next appeared in a lead role in Jon Favreau 's Zathura , which he enjoyed filming owing to the number of special effects and stunts he was involved with . Hutcherson received the Young Artist Award for " Best Performance in a Feature Film by a Leading Young Actor " for the film .
Hutcherson 's next appearance was in the comedy RV in early 2006 , playing the son of Robin Williams 's character Bob Munro . He professed finding it difficult to concentrate during the production because he was " constantly laughing " at co @-@ star Williams . The film was not received favorably by critics and audiences ; Variety said the film suffered from " blunt predictability and meager laughs " . He received his second Young Artist Award nomination for his role , but lost to Logan Lerman in Hoot .
Hutcherson 's breakthrough role in his career as a child actor came in 2007 when he portrayed Jesse Aarons in the fantasy drama Bridge to Terabithia . The film was shot on location in New Zealand for three and a half months . Hutcherson said of the filming : " That was an amazing experience . It doesn 't get any prettier than that . There were beaches everywhere and all sorts of forests . We took little road trips everywhere and just had a lot of fun . " He admitted to not having read the novel that the film is based upon before being cast . Author Ann C. Paietta describes his character of Jesse Aarons as " an introverted boy with four sisters , a financially strapped family , and a real talent for drawing " whose life is turned around when Leslie Burke ( AnnaSophia Robb ) arrives , with whom he creates an imaginary utopian world . Anne Hornaday of The Washington Post found his casting to be " a perfect fit " and commended how he portrayed the " sensitive , artistic , temperament " of his character , while Miriam Di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times noted the chemistry between Hutcherson and Robb , referring to them as a " dynamic duo " . He won his second Young Artist Award for " Best Performance in a Feature Film by a Leading Young Actor " for the film . Hutcherson 's next role was in Firehouse Dog ( 2007 ) , in which he played Shane Fahey , a firefighter 's son who befriends a dog . He has expressed his pleasure in working and bonding with the four different dogs who played his canine co @-@ star . The film received mixed reviews , although critics were favorable to Hutcherson . Following the film , Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer referred to him as the " Jodie Foster of Generation Y " , remarking that with " each successive film Hutcherson dives deeper into his reservoir of shame and hurt and hope , unnerving for one so young , but also unusually urgent for an actor of any age . "
In 2008 , he appeared in the independent crime drama Winged Creatures ( released as Fragments on DVD ) alongside Dakota Fanning as they portrayed two teenage friends who survive a massacre , and in Journey to the Center of the Earth , a 3D film adaptation of the novel of the same name where he portrayed a teen who travels to Iceland with an uncle he hardly knows , played by Brendan Fraser . Over the next two years , he appeared as a boy named Steve " Leopard " Leonard who visits a freak show with his friends in the vampire fiction film adaptation of the book Cirque du Freak and had a supporting role in the critically acclaimed The Kids Are All Right , portraying the son of a lesbian couple , played by Annette Bening and Julianne Moore . According to Kaleem Aftab of The Independent , his role in the film was a pivotal point in his career and one of vital importance to continuing his career into adulthood . Hutcherson expressed gratitude at being cast in the film , displaying satisfaction with the intimacy and creative freedom that independent films provide over studio films . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy in 2010 , and was a nominee for Best Picture at the 83rd Academy Awards . Gregory Ellwood of entertainment site HitFix stated : " Hutcherson 's charismatic wit and natural instincts shine and it 's arguably the first film where he proves he 's more than just another sharp @-@ looking teen actor . "
= = = 2011 – present : The Hunger Games and breakthrough = = =
On April 4 , 2011 , Lionsgate announced that Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta Mellark in The Hunger Games series , opposite Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen . He was eager to land the role , feeling that he related to the character extremely well . In preparation for filming , he had to bleach his hair and gain 15 pounds . Lawrence , a close friend , has always spoken highly of him as an actor ; in regards to his portrayal of Peeta Mellark she stated , " He 's charming , he 's sweet , he 's down to earth , he 's normal . He embodies all of it and brings it all to Peeta ... he 's got all those great qualities and every single one of them comes across in every line he says out loud as Peeta . " He became known for his pranks on set , leading to an accident as he was play @-@ fighting with Lawrence who kicked him in the head , unintentionally knocking him unconscious and giving him a concussion . The initial film , The Hunger Games , was released on March 23 , 2012 , and went on to become one of the highest @-@ grossing films of the year . Hutcherson received the MTV Movie Award for " Best Male Performance " . He was also awarded the 2012 NewNowNext award for " Next Mega Star " and the National Association of Theatre Owners 's 2012 CinemaCon award for " Breakthrough Performer of the Year " . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described the actor 's portrayal saying , " [ Hutcherson ] brings humor and a bruised heart to a boy who needs to mature fast . "
Between landing the role in The Hunger Games and the film 's release , he played a lead role and served as an executive producer for two films : Detention ( 2011 ) and The Forger ( 2012 ) . In Detention , he played the role of popular teenager Clapton Davis in a film the plot of which has been compared to 1985 's The Breakfast Club . His role in The Forger was as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old orphan who finds himself in trouble until Alfred Molina 's character comes to his aid . The film was not well received but the actors ' chemistry together and their performance was . He next reprised his role as Sean Anderson in the 2012 Journey to the Center of the Earth sequel , Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island . Hutcherson has always been vocal about his desire to work on films of all sorts of genres . Regarding the switch from comedy @-@ drama The Kids Are All Right to the Journey sequel , he stated : " For me , I like to do all different types of films and to go from having that awesome [ indie ] kind of thing that I love doing so much with great characters and a really great script to a bigger kind of studio film , to just cover the whole kind of spectrum of movies is really , really cool . " Although the film was largely panned , it fared well commercially and his performance was well received , with Kofi Outlaw of Screenrant.com appreciating how he " does a good job holding the screen and portraying a somewhat layered protagonist " . Later in 2012 , he appeared in Red Dawn , a remake of the 1984 film of the same name . The film was panned by critics , achieving only a 12 percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , the lowest score of any film Hutcherson has acted in .
In 2013 , Hutcherson voiced the character Nod in the animated action @-@ adventure 3D film Epic , loosely based on William Joyce 's book , The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs ; the film is his most commercially successful except for The Hunger Games series . As filming approached for The Hunger Games sequel , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , he enlisted celebrity trainer Bobby Strom to assist him in five hour @-@ long workouts per week . The film brought in $ 420 million at the North American box office , making it his most commercially successful film . Todd Gilchrist of Indiewire proclaimed of the actor 's performance that " Hutcherson 's maturing talents achieve a parallelism with the character 's self @-@ actualization , proving subtler and more self @-@ aware with every resigned decision he makes on behalf of the people around him that he loves . " Hutcherson received his second MTV Movie Award for " Best Male Performance " for his role in the sequel .
On November 23 , 2013 , the day following The Hunger Games : Catching Fire 's United States release , Hutcherson hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live . His performance received mediocre reviews , with Mike Ryan of The Huffington Post stating that he did not really bring " anything special to the table except having a nice attitude " , and John Surico of GQ remarking that " while the night didn 't necessarily disappoint , it also didn 't dazzle " .
Hutcherson again reprised his role in the two feature @-@ length parts of the Mockingjay film adaptation . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 21 , 2014 , and Part 2 followed on November 20 , 2015 . His character goes through a significant personality change in the films , which provided him with an acting challenge ; he said , " I 'm nervous about portraying it because I 've never gone crazy before in a movie . " Emily Yahr of The Washington Post spoke positively of his acting , by saying " Peeta 's crazed expression is sure to haunt our nightmares for a long time , " while David Edelstein of New York criticized his portrayal in relation to scenes with the other characters , saying " at least Josh Hutcherson 's captured Peeta is mostly seen in interviews with Stanley Tucci 's camp talk @-@ show host on TV screens ... so the actor can 't bring his lack of urgency to scenes with [ Jennifer Lawrence ] . "
Before filming the Mockingjay movies , Hutcherson filmed Escobar : Paradise Lost , a French @-@ Spanish romantic thriller film , which was released on January 16 , 2015 , in the U.S. He also served as an executive producer for the film , alongside first @-@ time director Andrea Di Stefano , assisting with casting and blocking shots . Hutcherson said the opportunity " made [ him ] so hungry to do more like that " .
= = Personal life = =
Hutcherson has cited actor Jake Gyllenhaal as an inspiration , admiring the way Gyllenhaal " has taken his career and the kind of jobs that he 's taken " . He has also named actor , director , and producer Philip Seymour Hoffman as another of his inspirations .
Hutcherson currently lives in Los Angeles , California . In May 2012 , he purchased the 1 @,@ 861 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 172 @.@ 9 m2 ) $ 2 @.@ 5 million former house of Heath Ledger in Laurel Canyon in the Hollywood Hills , a small ranch built in 1951 . He professes that his fame has not changed him as a person , stating , " I love my job more than anything in the world and I could never imagine doing anything else . So this whole thing is a very small price to pay compared to someone who has to go to an office to work . "
As a known ally to the LGBT ( lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ) community , Hutcherson advocates the gay – straight alliance campaign " Straight But Not Narrow " . Since its formation , he has been its most active supporter . His involvement with the LGBT community stems from his family ties ; two of his uncles who were gay died of AIDS @-@ related illnesses . In April 2012 , he became the youngest recipient of the Vanguard Award from GLAAD , given for promoting equal rights for LGBT people . He was also awarded with Young Humanitarian Award at the 2015 unite4 : humanity award ceremony . Regarding his own sexuality , he considers himself to be " mostly straight " and does not believe in being limited by labels . Hutcherson also worked alongside The Trevor Project and human @-@ I @-@ T in 2014 when he began his campaign " Power On " , which serves to help young LGBT people from rural areas to form communities by donating old computers and cell phones to LGBT resource centers ; he began the campaign by donating an old computer of his own . Annually from 2012 through 2014 , he has hosted the " Josh Hutcherson Celebrity Basketball Game " in Los Angeles , which raises funds and awareness for the " Straight But Not Narrow " campaign . In November 2013 , Hutcherson and Queen Latifah presented trophies together to four young community volunteers in a live ceremony at the fifth annual TeenNick HALO Awards at the Hollywood Palladium .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Music videos = = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
During the first stage of Hutcherson 's acting career , he received eight Young Artist Award nominations , four of which he won . He and the cast of 2010 's The Kids Are All Right received eight nominations for " Best Cast " or " Best Ensemble " by eight different organizations including SAG @-@ AFTRA and Broadcast Film Critics Association . For The Hunger Games , Hutcherson and his co @-@ stars were nominated for ten awards , winning eight of them , including National Association of Theatre Owners ' 2012 " Breakthrough Performer of the Year " and Logo TV 's 2012 " Next Mega Star " .
= Hotel Valley Ho =
Hotel Valley Ho is a historic hotel in Scottsdale , Arizona . Also called the Valley Ho and , for 28 years , the Ramada Valley Ho , the hotel was originally designed by Edward L. Varney , a student of Frank Lloyd Wright . It first opened in 1956 with a forward @-@ looking and futuristic design . Movie stars and famous baseball players stayed , and the building quickly became known for its trendsetting guests and its fashionable atmosphere . The success of the venture resulted in expansion in 1958 , with two additional two @-@ story wings of guest rooms extending to the north . Though initially proposed by Varney , a central tower of guest rooms , rising over the lobby , was not built .
The property was bought by the Ramada hotel chain in 1973 , and was redecorated to cover the 1950s design , seen at the time as outdated . No longer in vogue , but centrally located , the hotel remained prominent for years , and hosted conferences , business meetings , and vacationers . Under Ramada management , however , the property began to show a lack of maintenance , and its popularity declined . It closed in 2001 and its demolition was considered when no purchase offers were received . Admirers of the hotel 's exemplary architecture and its local history rallied to save it , and it was placed on the Scottsdale Historic Register .
In 2002 , the hotel was bought by Westroc Hotels & Resorts and underwent a renovation , which was completed in 2005 . Conceived anew by the architectural firm Allen + Philp , a seven @-@ story tower with guest rooms and condominiums was built above the lobby , in the spirit of Varney 's proposal . New restaurants were incorporated , including a retro @-@ chic seasonal @-@ American restaurant ( ZuZu ) , and a Trader Vic 's franchise at the northeast end of the property ( closed in 2011 ) . The hotel 's original jet @-@ age design was restored as much as possible , augmented with 2000s @-@ era fixtures .
The Hotel Valley Ho is a AAA " Four Diamond Award " winner and a member of " Preferred Hotels & Resorts " . Author and architect Alan Hess called the hotel " one of the best @-@ preserved mid @-@ century hotels in the country " .
= = History = =
Robert and Evelyn Foehl were the first to conceive of the hotel . Robert Foehl trained at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . He then bought the Hotel San Marcos in Chandler , Arizona . Following that , he managed the Jokake Inn in Scottsdale . Evelyn Foehl managed the Hacienda del Sol in Tucson as one of the few women in the hotel business . The two established a core of investors to build a new hotel on an 8 @.@ 86 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 59 ha ) site in Scottsdale and to design it , they hired Edward L. Varney , one of the most prominent local architects of the time . Varney set the hotel around a central pool lounge and used extended horizontal lines in the wings where rooms included air conditioning for year @-@ round operation , a first for Scottsdale . A curving porte @-@ cochere with abstract Southwestern designs in cast concrete opened onto a high @-@ ceiling lobby which gave guests a " sense of arrival " , a feature often used by Frank Lloyd Wright . The tall lobby connected the guests to a restaurant , a lounge , a nightclub , and the central pool . The interior design was conceived and executed by interior architect Thelma Hawkins , the director of Barker Bros. Phoenix Studio of Interior Design . The project was completed on December 20 , 1956 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 5 million , an amount equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 1 million in current value .
Varney added an unusual feature for a hotel of the time : a parking lot . The parking lot afforded guests the personal comfort and freedom of pulling their car up very close to their rooms . This was the first motor resort in Scottsdale .
The Foehls held a contest in March 1956 to name the as @-@ yet @-@ uncompleted hotel . They specified that the name should have a " westward flavor " like its parent , the Westward Ho in Phoenix . The winning name " Valley Ho " was selected because the location was at the periphery of Paradise Valley , an affluent area , and because the identical " Ho " connected the new hotel with the older one in Phoenix . Later , it was discovered that ho means " you are welcomed here , this is a friendly place " in a local aboriginal American language .
The Foehls knew many in the Hollywood film industry , and a number of film stars stayed at the hotel . In late December 1957 , Robert Wagner and Natalie Wood celebrated their wedding reception at the hotel . Bette Davis , Roy Rogers , Bing Crosby , Frankie Avalon , Humphrey Bogart , Betty Grable , Janet Leigh , Marilyn Monroe , Zsa Zsa Gabor , Ingrid Bergman , Cary Grant , and Tony Curtis were known to have stayed there . Sometimes late at night , Jimmy Durante would come down from his room to play the piano in the lounge for other sleepless guests . The Foehls ran the hotel very closely — they lived on the premises .
Local Scottsdale corporation Motorola used the hotel to house its transferred employees while they looked for permanent residences . Some of the baseball players , coaches , and managers taking part in the spring training Cactus League of Arizona stayed at the hotel , including Joe DiMaggio , Ted Williams , and Leo Durocher , the latter requesting Room 103 every time he visited , for its nearness to the lobby . Chicago @-@ based sports reporter Dave Hoekstra writes that he and his " Bleacher Bum " colleagues did not have enough money to stay under the same roof as the baseball players they were watching , and instead crowded into rooms at the Safari motel next door ( since razed ) . Hoekstra notes that , throughout the 1960s , " the Ho was the high @-@ roller place in the Sun Valley " .
The Valley Ho competed favorably with the Safari Hotel , erected about the same time east of Scottsdale Fashion Square . Both hotels offered premium hospitality , and helped Scottsdale expand its public image . With the Valley Ho an immediate financial success , in 1958 Varney designed and built two more wings of guest rooms to the northwest of the original complex . The same materials and style were employed on the expansion buildings , but instead of single exterior corridors with rooms to one side , the added wings loaded central corridors with rooms on both sides . Another Scottsdale landmark hotel , the Mountain Shadows Resort , opened the following year , in 1959 . These three tourist havens reflected a desired cosmopolitan and exotic feel on Scottsdale .
= = Renovation = =
In 1973 , Robert Foehl died and Evelyn Foehl sold the hotel to Ramada , a hotel chain . The Ramada managers remodeled the hotel , stripping out and covering much of what they considered an outdated interior . The hotel was named Ramada Valley Ho . Though it remained a fashionable location for a while , its original character was largely absent and it began to suffer from neglect and disrepair . It continued to host conferences and business meetings , such as the Natural Health , Aromatherapy and Herb Conference & Trade Show in early 2000 , and the Arizona LANBasher 's League party in early 2001 . Later that year , the hotel closed and was put on the market . Plans for its demolition were considered when no offers were made . To protect it , Alan Hess wrote a letter detailing its importance , and a successful campaign was mounted in Scottsdale to place it on the Scottsdale Historic Register in recognition of its significance to city history and its architectural connection to the past . To save it from demolition , business partners Scott Lyon and Bill Nassikas of Westroc Hotels & Resorts bought the property and undertook an extensive renovation and building addition that eventually cost $ 80M . Evelyn Foehl died in August 2003 , two years after the hotel was closed for renovation .
The local Scottsdale architectural firm Allen + Philp accepted the task of renovation , and in researching the hotel 's history , they found that in the 1950s , Varney had originally intended a tower of guest rooms to rise above the central lobby , a feature that was not built at the time . Allen + Philp designed a seven @-@ story tower for the purpose of giving the new hotel owners a chance of greater financial viability . Architect Mark Philp said of the project , " We worked to stay true to the spirit of the original . " Interior designer Cole @-@ Martinez carefully updated the decorations and furnishings with " one foot firmly in the present with subtle salutes to the past " . Chicago reporter Hoekstra happily noted that the renovation retained the original " Jetsons @-@ in @-@ the @-@ desert flavor " . The hotel re @-@ opened on December 20 , 2005 , exactly 49 years after its first grand opening .
= = Amenities = =
The hotel operates one restaurant and has a wide selection of guest rooms and suites in addition to over 30 luxury condominiums for permanent residents . The condos range from 1 @,@ 450 to 2 @,@ 400 square feet ( 135 to 223 m2 ) . The location is 15 minutes by car from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and from Arizona State University . Hotel Valley Ho earned a " Four Diamond Award " from AAA each year 2007 – 2009 , and after passing the " Standards of Excellence " was invited to join Preferred Hotels and Resorts in 2006 . The Valley Ho is a top @-@ ten @-@ ranked Scottsdale property on TripAdvisor.com , topping even the renowned five @-@ star Phoenician Resort . In a nod to " Mad Men , " the widely acclaimed television series that takes place largely during the Valley Ho 's original heyday , one TripAdvisor reviewer noted : " Don Draper would approve . "
Centrally placed in the main lobby , ZuZu is a restaurant that offers seasonal American food . Executive Chef Charles Wiley compared the hotel restaurant renovation project with its long , curving counter , soda fountain and pie case to the careful rebuilding of " an old Harley @-@ Davidson , " with new features complementing vintage ones . Food and drinks are also served at the OH Pool Bar + Cabanas .
There are 21 large studio rooms which feature a bathroom separated only by a curtain . Eleven cabana rooms overlooking the pool come with a double @-@ sized patio . Two executive suites and three terrace suites include an 800 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 74 m2 ) balcony or patio .
Since its renovation , Jamie Foxx , Eddie Van Halen , and Korn have stayed at the hotel , and Robert Wagner has returned from time to time .
= = Architectural style = =
The Hotel Valley Ho is a striking example of the mid @-@ century modern architectural style . Varney 's use of masonry , cast and poured concrete , natural stone , and wide expanses of glass make for a close connection between the building and its environment . Stone floor and wall patterns link the exterior entry and the lobby , as does the extension of the redwood ceiling . The hotel is now considered one of the finest examples of organic architecture . Rooms in the two adjacent wings added in the late 1950s are unusual , and remarkably forward @-@ thinking even by mid @-@ century design standards , for their high nine @-@ foot @-@ ceilings . The prevailing trend at the time of original construction was low @-@ ceilinged rooms , in some cases with ceilings only seven feet above ground level , but the Valley Ho 's rooms feel exceptionally roomy and airy thanks to its original decision to buck design trends .
The repeated horizontal rows of V @-@ shaped burnished red concrete forms resemble abstract arrowheads . These precast forms , extending horizontally , give a modest " Southwestern " or " American Indian " flavor to the building .
During the renovation , walls and coverings were stripped away to reveal 1950s features . Drywall was removed from guest room walls to highlight the original masonry bricks . Walls partitioning the central lobby were torn down to open up Varney 's intended connection between the indoor and outdoor public spaces . Concrete columns in the lobby were stripped of mirrors added by Ramada so as to show their original design .
The hotel offers a 90 @-@ minute architectural tour , available by appointment and led by experts from Ultimate Art & Cultural Tours of Scottsdale . The tour is focused on the hotel 's design and Hollywood past , and includes a look inside some of the restored rooms , a walk around the grounds , and a stop at the Sky Line Rooftop for wonderful views of Phoenix and Scottsdale .
= Afterbirth ( American Horror Story ) =
" Afterbirth " is the twelfth episode of the first season of the television series American Horror Story and the season finale , which premiered on FX on December 21 , 2011 . The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Bradley Buecker . Due to a very aggressive production schedule it was previously announced that the show 's first season would be cut short . This was the last episode to feature the Harmons . Murphy announced that a new cast will return for the second season .
In the aftermath of family tragedy , Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) tries to take his child out of the Murder House . Meanwhile , Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) and Vivien ( Connie Britton ) accustom themselves to their new living arrangements , Constance ( Jessica Lange ) raises Tate 's child as her own and a new family buys the house . Kate Mara and Charles S. Dutton guest star as Hayden McClaine and Detective Granger .
The episode was well received by the majority of television critics and viewership and ratings for the episode reached a season high with 3 @.@ 22 million . It garnered a 1 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen Media Research . This episode is rated TV @-@ MA ( LSV ) .
= = Plot = =
= = = Nine months ago = = =
In Boston , after Vivien ( Connie Britton ) catches Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) cheating on her , he begs for her forgiveness , and says he would do anything to save their marriage . This includes getting out of Boston and relocating to a different city . He shows her pictures of a great house in an older district of Los Angeles , claiming Vivien loves old houses . He tells her the price of the house is strangely lower than those around it , and that it would be a great place for the family to start over .
= = = Present = = =
Days after Vivien 's death , Ben attempts to find Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) in the house . He goes to see Constance ( Jessica Lange ) , who has been taking care of the baby since Vivien 's death . He discovers that she is Tate 's mother , argues with her , and threatens her before leaving with the child . Back at the house , Moira ( Frances Conroy ) reminds Vivien that she can show herself to Ben at will , allowing Vivien to ease his sadness , but Vivien notes she 'd rather not give Ben reason to stay .
Ben starts drinking and plans to commit suicide , but Vivien appears to stop him . He then reconciles with Vivien and Violet 's ghosts , who encourage him to take the child and start a new life away from the house . Before he can leave , Hayden ( Kate Mara ) , with the help of Dallas and Fiona , hangs him from a chandelier , killing him and making it appear like a suicide . Hayden takes the baby , but Constance reclaims the baby with Travis ' ( Michael Graziadei ) assistance . Later , she tells the police that she found Ben after he hanged himself and that Violet must have run off with the baby .
Moira explains that while some ghosts in the house only wish for the living to suffer the same fates they did , other ghosts are innocent and do not wish to see any more bloodshed . The Harmons realize the house is a danger to those living in it and resolve to protect future residents by scaring them away . Both of Moira 's ghostly forms ( Conroy and Alexandra Breckenridge ) and other ghosts , including nurse Gladys ( Celia Finkelstein ) , Beau ( Sam Kinsey ) , the exterminator ( W. Earl Brown ) , and the Black Dahlia ( Mena Suvari ) , join the Harmons to protect the Ramoses , a new family that moved in , against malicious ghosts .
Meanwhile , Tate , still in love with Violet , is concerned that she is lonely . He attempts to kill Gabriel ( Brennan Mejia ) , thinking he might be a better boyfriend for Violet , but she stops Tate , and gives him a goodbye kiss , allowing the boy to escape . Gabriel and his family flee the home , while the Harmons happily watch them drive off .
Tate seeks counsel from Ben , who wants nothing to do with him . Tate finally takes responsibility for his actions and apologizes , before asking for Ben 's friendship .
In the basement , Vivien discovers that the other twin had actually lived for a brief moment before dying , and its ghost is being taken care of by Nora ( Lily Rabe ) , who finds that she does not have the constitution to be a caring mother and returns the baby to Vivien . Vivien asks Moira to join their family as the baby 's godmother , which she happily accepts . Together , as one happy family , they all celebrate Christmas by decorating a tree in the abandoned house with various ornaments found in the attic . Watching from outside , Hayden tells Tate that Violet will never forgive him for what he did and that he should get over her , but he resolves to wait for her " forever " .
= = = Three years later = = =
Constance returns home from the hairdresser to find that her grandson Michael has killed his nanny . She smiles and remarks , " Now what am I going to do with you ? " as Michael gleefully smiles back , while swinging back and forth in his rocking chair .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by consulting producer Jessica Sharzer and directed by Bradley Buecker . Due to a " very aggressive " production schedule and the series ' pilot shoot having to wait for co @-@ creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk 's other show , Glee , to wrap its second season production , it was announced that the show 's first season finale would be thirty minutes shorter than planned . An option was given to Murphy by the network to drop the thirteenth episode altogether and air an hour @-@ long finale , but Murphy came up with a plan for a ninety @-@ minute episode .
After the episode aired , Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season . He did say , however , that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning . " The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters , creatures , monsters , etc . [ The Harmons ] stories are done . People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters , " he announced .
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Murphy commented on the structure of the series ' first season . " I loved how it began . I loved it in the middle and I loved the end . The only thing really frustrating for me , to be honest with you , is that sometimes people would write this idea that we were making it up as we went along and I wanted to say , ' Really ? ' But I think now people are writing and saying , ' Oh yeah ! ' I 'm excited for people to see it on DVD , because now that they know how it ended , [ they can ] go back and see all of the little things , like people who have no reflections in mirrors . When you go back , you will see everything was set up . " When asked if the House " pulled " the Harmons to it , Murphy responded : " I don 't know if they were targeted . I don 't think the Internet site had any supernatural pull to it ... although that would have been hilarious . I thought it was two things : it was house porn because I think that house really is extraordinary . And also I think there 's always that allure in American lives of the fresh start , moving West , starting fresh . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Afterbirth " was seen by an estimated 3 @.@ 22 million household viewers and earned a 1 @.@ 7 rating share among adults aged 18 – 49 , according to Nielsen Media Research , its highest numbers of the season . The first season tied with the TNT series Falling Skies as the biggest new cable series of the year among adults 18 @-@ 49 .
James Queally from The Star @-@ Ledger commented about the season and its finale : " After a wildly uneven first nine episodes ... and two red @-@ hot episodes leading up to the finale ... " Afterbirth " starts out flying high at the way too fast pace that has made American Horror Story an enjoyable ride these past two weeks . But somewhere in the final 30 minutes of this episode , " Afterbirth " turns into a wandering epilogue . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club stated : " Part of the fun of those early episodes – even when I really didn 't like them – was that you never quite had a good sense of what the hell kind of show you were watching . The finale sticks us into what seems to be a pretty basic setup for season two . " Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly called " Afterbirth " " an exhilarating shocker . " Matt Fowler at IGN gave the episode a score eight out of ten , signifying a " great " rating . He stated : " " Afterbirth " was a very odd finale and I 'm pretty sure that it was nothing like most of us thought it would be . "
The Horror Writers Association gave " Afterbirth " the 2011 Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in a Screenplay .
= Haley Farm State Park =
Haley Farm State Park is a Connecticut state park preserving Colonial @-@ era farmland as open space in the town of Groton . It was the site of a dairy farm owned by Caleb Haley . The land was sold to A. C. White in 1953 who developed Mumford Cove and sold 198 acres to the State of Connecticut for $ 300 @,@ 000 in July 1970 . In 1975 , a bike trail from Mystic to Noank was established and part of it goes through the Haley Farm State Park . Another 57 acres were purchased for a total of $ 913 @,@ 300 and added to the park in 2002 . The Haley Farm State Park includes 267 acres that is directly connected to Bluff Point Coastal Reserve through a pedestrian bridge over railroad tracks . The park is reserved for activities such as bicycling and walking . The facilities only include pit toilets .
= = History = =
Land containing the acreage for Haley Farm State Park was part of a larger parcel granted to John Winthrop Jr . , in 1648 or 1649 . Winthrop , known better as " John Winthrop the Younger " , was governor of the Saybrook Colony and often recognized as " Connecticut 's first governor " . The land was later split up , and the piece which contained Haley Farm was designated Fort Hill Farm . The farm was purchased by Starr Chester in 1789 and passed to Noyes Barber in 1833 . The land was split again in 1852 with the farm being sold to Henry B. Lewis . Four hundred acres were sold to Caleb Haley in 1869 for the price of $ 12 @,@ 000 . Haley farmed the land , built stone walls throughout the property and raced horses around " Racetrack Pond " . The land passed to his son , Samuel Haley , after his death in 1924 . Samuel Haley continued to operate the farm until his death in 1947 , when it was passed to his daughter Juliet Haley . The farm produced cream and milk that was shipped to Noank , West Mystic and Mystic . In 1953 , the farm was sold out of the Haley family to A. C. White who abandoned the farm to develop a gully called Mumford Cove . Mr. White placed the 250 @-@ acre parcel of land containing Haley Farm for sale . In 1960 , the homestead burned down and the other buildings eventually were demolished in 1973 after being documented for possible future reconstruction .
In 1963 , efforts were made to purchase the land to prevent it from being developed . The town opposed re @-@ zoning it to multi @-@ residential for Algernon @-@ Blair 's development plan . The land was sold from Alcor Inc. to O & G Construction Co. as a 250 acre parcel in 1966 . A total of 198 acres of land was returned to Mr. White after O & G Construction " were in arrears on their payments and back taxes " . In July 1970 , the state acquired 198 acres of Haley Farm from A. C. White for a total of $ 300 @,@ 000 . The money was the result of federal funding for $ 150 @,@ 000 , state funding for $ 100 @,@ 000 , and the remaining $ 50 @,@ 000 came from the Groton Open Space Association , a local organization that completed raising the required funds in early 1970 . At the time , the Park and Forest Commission said there were no plans to make it into a park . However , the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection recognizes that Haley Farm was officially made a Connecticut State Park in July 1970 .
In 1975 , a bike trail from Mystic to Noank was established and part of it goes through the Haley Farm State Park . In 1981 , a $ 27 @,@ 000 planned improvement to enhance the trail with stone dust resulted in objections and concerns by locals . Objections were raised on the belief the project would increase motorbike traffic in the park which could pose a hazard to hikers and bicyclers . Riding motorbikes in the state park is illegal , but it was also noted that staff was unable to effectively to catch the bikers and had limited means to deter them . The concern of motorcycle collisions were not without merit as a fatal motorcycle @-@ to @-@ motorcycle crash occurred in September 1980 . The idea for trail barriers was rejected because the trail also needed to be able accommodate serve emergency vehicles which were already unable to access the trail effectively .
In 2002 , 57 acres were purchased for a total of $ 913 @,@ 300 and added to the park . The first plot of land of the purchase was 49 @.@ 95 acres from GuerraDeAngelis Trustees ( O & G ) and another 7 @.@ 14 acres from Bowen Briggs . The funds for the purchase were from the State of Connecticut 's Recreation and Natural Heritage Trust Program . In 2001 , the " Racetrack Pond " area was purchased from the Mumford Cove Association , resulting in Haley Farm State Park now totaling 267 acres . The park was directly connected to Bluff Point Coastal Reserve through a pedestrian bridge over railroad tracks , built atop the former Groton and Stonington Street Railway bridge .
= = Vegetation = =
According to Leary , " [ t ] he park is a mosaic of upland and wetland vegetation types . " Algae and intertidal plants can be found on the shore , including salt meadow grass , sedge and sphagnum moss . The swampy areas of Haley Farm State Park have red maple and tulip trees , but the uplands include cherry , hickory and shrubs . The history of the area and region have been revealed through the study of the trees . In 1973 , a white oak on the site was found to be 142 years old , in the upper end of the life expectancy of the species . The first 34 years of its life showed rapid growth , believed to have been a result of the 1815 New England hurricane which cleared out many of the older trees and opened the canopy . The rings show a widening in 1918 in response to the chestnut blight and further growth in response to the 1938 New England hurricane . The mid @-@ to @-@ late 1960s shows little growth and serves as evidence of the near @-@ drought conditions of New England . Haley Farm State Park is a rare habitat that " squeezes a great variety of biological diversity into a very small space . " The growth and composition of the forest changes based on the major storms and other biological intrusions that result in " constant change and continuous self @-@ adjustment " that allows the forest to thrive .
= = Activities = =
Haley Farm State Park has a 0 @.@ 8 mile bike trail that is part of a larger 7 @.@ 5 mile bikeway from Mystic to Groton . The park also supports jogging and hiking activities . Both the soil and bike trails are listed as " easy " difficulty by America 's State Parks website . As with other state parks , motorbikes are illegal and are not permitted to be used . Hunting and shooting is not allowed in the park as it is close to residences and a high school . The facilities only include pit toilets .
= Papal conclave =
A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a new Bishop of Rome , also known as the Pope . The pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church . The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope for almost a thousand years , and is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution .
A history of political interference in papal selection and consequently long vacancies between popes , culminating in the interregnum of 1268 – 1271 , prompted Pope Gregory X to decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave ( Latin for " with a key " ) and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome had been elected . Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace .
Since the Apostolic Age , the Bishop of Rome , like other bishops , was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese . The body of electors was more precisely defined when , in 1059 , the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors . Since then , other details of the process have developed . In 1970 , Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age . The current procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis as amended by motu proprios of Pope Benedict XVI dated 11 June 2007 and 25 February 2013 . A two @-@ thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope , which also requires acceptance from the person elected .
= = Historical development = =
The procedures relating to the election of the pope have undergone almost two millennia of development . Procedures similar to the present system were introduced in 1274 with the promulgation of Ubi periculum by Gregory X , based on the action of the magistrates of Viterbo during the interregnum of 1268 – 1271 .
= = = Electorate = = =
As the Christian communities became established they started to elect bishops , chosen by the clergy and laity of the community with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring dioceses . St. Cyprian says that Pope Cornelius was chosen Bishop of Rome " by the decree of God and of His Church , by the testimony of nearly all the clergy , by the college of aged bishops [ sacerdotum ] , and of good men . " As was true for bishops of other dioceses , the clergy of the Diocese of Rome was the electoral body for the Bishop of Rome . Instead of casting votes , the bishop was selected by general consensus or by acclamation . The candidate would then be submitted to the people for their general approval or disapproval . This lack of precision in the election procedures occasionally gave rise to rival popes or antipopes .
The right of the laity to refuse the person elected was abolished by a Synod held in the Lateran in 769 , but restored to Roman noblemen by Pope Nicholas I during a Synod of Rome in 862 . The pope was also subjected to oaths of loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor , whose task it was to provide security and public peace in Rome . A major change was introduced in 1059 , when Pope Nicholas II decreed in In Nomine Domini that the cardinals were to elect a candidate , who would take office after receiving the assent of the clergy and laity . The cardinal bishops were to meet first and discuss the candidates before summoning the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons for the actual vote . The Second Council of the Lateran in 1139 removed the requirement that the assent of the lower clergy and the laity be obtained , while the Third Council of the Lateran in 1179 gave equal rights to the entire College of Cardinals when electing a new pope .
Through much of the Middle Ages and Renaissance there were a small number of cardinals , down to as few as seven under either Pope Alexander IV or Pope John XXI . Difficult travel further reduced the number arriving at the conclave . With a small electorate an individual vote was significant , and was not easily shaken from familial or political lines . Conclaves could last months and even years . In addition to the decree in 1274 that the electors should be locked in seclusion , Gregory X also limited each cardinal elector to two servants , and rationed their food progressively on the fourth and ninth days should they fail to elect a new pope . The strict rules of the conclave were disliked by the cardinals and temporarily suspended by Pope Adrian V in 1276 before being formally revoked by John XXI 's Licet felicis recordationis later that same year , both of whom had intended to promulgate new constitution governing papal election but died before doing so . Lengthy elections resumed and continued to be the norm until 1294 , when a Benedictine hermit was elected Pope Celestine V. Celestine reinstated the strict conclave , but soon resigned the papacy . Long interregna occurred after the reinstatement of the conclave : in 1314 – 1316 during the Avignon Papacy , where the original conclave were dispersed by besieging mercenaries and not reconvened until almost two years had passed ; and in 1415 – 1417 , as a result of the Western Schism .
In 1587 , Pope Sixtus V limited the maximum number of cardinals to 70 , following the precedent of Moses who was assisted by 70 elders in governing the Children of Israel : six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . Beginning with Pope John XXIII 's attempts to broaden the representation of nations in the College of Cardinals , that number has increased . In 1970 , Paul VI decreed that cardinals upon reaching the age of eighty before a conclave start were ineligible to vote in the conclave , and also increased the limit of active cardinal electors to 120 . Though this remains the theoretical limit , John Paul II exceeded this for short periods of time with knowledge of impending retirements . John Paul II also specified that cardinals who are under eighty before the day the Holy See becomes vacant would still be entitled to vote even if they had turned eighty by the time the conclave starts .
= = = Choice of electors = = =
Originally , lay status did not bar election to the Bishop of Rome . Bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected while still catechumens , such as the case of St. Ambrose . In the wake of the violent dispute over the election of Antipope Constantine II , Pope Stephen III held the synod of 769 which decreed that only a cardinal priest or cardinal deacon could be elected specifically excluding those that are already bishops . This was however deviated from as early as 817 and fully ignored from 882 with the election of Pope Marinus I , the Bishop of Caere . Nicholas II , in the synod of 1059 , formally codified existing practice by decreeing that preference was to be given to the clergy of Rome , but leaving the cardinal bishops free to select a cleric from elsewhere if they so decided . These restrictions on eligibility were rescinded by the Council of 1179 .
Pope Urban VI in 1378 was the last pope elected from outside the College of Cardinals . The last person elected as pope who was not already an ordained priest or deacon was Pope Leo X in 1513 . His successor , Pope Adrian VI , was the last to be elected in absentia . In more recent history it is reported that Archbishop Giovanni Montini of Milan received several votes in the 1958 conclave despite not being a cardinal . The newly elected John XXIII elevated Montini to the cardinalate almost immediately , and would be succeeded by him as Paul VI in 1963 . As the Catholic Church holds that women cannot be validly ordained , women are not eligible for the papacy . Claims that there was a female pope , including the legendary Pope Joan , are fictitious . This tale began as a satire on the deplorable state of corruption in the College of Cardinals ; things were so bad , even a woman could be elected Pope . Though the pope is the Bishop of Rome , he need not be of Italian background . The current pope , Francis , is an Argentinian while his predecessor , Benedict XVI , is a German and before him was John Paul II , a Pole .
A simple majority vote sufficed for election until 1179 , when the Third Council of the Lateran increased the required majority to two @-@ thirds . As cardinals were not allowed to vote for themselves ( after 1621 ) , an elaborate procedure was adopted to ensure secrecy while at the same time preventing self voting . In 1945 , Pope Pius XII removed the prohibition on a cardinal voting for himself by increasing the requisite majority to two @-@ thirds plus one at all times . This change was immediately overturned by his successor John XXIII who reinstated the two @-@ thirds majority if the number of cardinal electors voting is divisible by three , with a rounding up to two @-@ thirds plus one otherwise . Pius XII 's rule was reinstated by Paul VI thirteen years later , but overturned again by John Paul II . In 1996 , John Paul II 's constitution allowed election by absolute majority if deadlock prevailed after thirty three or thirty four ballots . In 2
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
007 Benedict XVI rescinded John Paul II 's change , which had been criticised as effectively abolishing the two @-@ thirds majority requirement , as any majority would suffice to block the election until a simple majority was enough to elect the next pope , reaffirming the requirement of a two @-@ thirds majority .
Electors formerly made choices by accessus , acclamation ( per inspirationem ) , adoration , compromise ( per compromissum ) or scrutiny ( per scrutinium ) . With acclamation , the cardinals would unanimously declare the new pope quasi afflati Spiritu Sancto ( as if inspired by the Holy Spirit ) . If this took place before any formal ballot has taken place , the method was called adoration , but this method was excluded in 1621 by Pope Gregory XV . To elect by compromise , a deadlocked College would unanimously delegate the election to a committee of cardinals whose choice they all agree to abide by . Scrutiny is election via the casting of secret ballots . Accessus was a method for cardinals to change their most recent vote to accede to another candidate in an attempt to reach the requisite two @-@ thirds majority and end the conclave . This method was first disallowed by the Cardinal Dean at the 1903 conclave . The last election by compromise is considered to be that of Pope John XXII in 1316 , and the last election by acclamation that of Pope Innocent XI in the 1676 conclave . The long unused methods of acclamation and compromise were formally abolished in Universi Dominici gregis . Scrutiny is now the only approved method for the election of a new pope .
= = = Secular influence = = =
For a significant part of its history , the Church was influenced in the choice of its leaders by powerful monarchs and governments . For example , the Roman emperors once held considerable sway in the elections of popes . In 418 , Honorius settled a controversial election , upholding Pope Boniface I over the challenger Antipope Eulalius . On the request of Boniface I , Honorius ordered that in future cases , any disputed election would be settled by a fresh election . After the demise of the Western Roman Empire , influence passed to the Ostrogothic Kings of Italy and in 533 , Pope John II formally recognised the right of the Ostrogothic monarchs to ratify elections . By 537 , the Ostrogothic monarchy had been overthrown , and power passed to the Byzantine emperors . A procedure was adopted whereby officials were required to notify the Exarch of Ravenna upon the death of a pope before proceeding with the election . Once the electors arrived at a choice , they were required to send a delegation to Constantinople requesting the emperor 's consent , which was necessary before the individual elected could take office . Lengthy delays were caused by the journey to and from Constantinople . When Pope Benedict II complained about them , Emperor Constantine IV acquiesced , ending the requirement that elections be confirmed by emperors . Thereafter , the Emperor was only required to be notified . The last pope to notify the Byzantine emperors was Pope Zachary in 741 .
In the 9th century , the Holy Roman Empire came to exert control over the elections of popes . While Charlemagne and Louis the Pious did not interfere with the Church , Lothair I claimed that an election could only be conducted in the presence of imperial ambassadors . In 898 , riots forced Pope John IX to recognise the superintendence of the Holy Roman Emperor . At the same time , the Roman nobility also continued to exert a great influence , especially during the tenth century period known as saeculum obscurum ( Latin for " the dark age " ) .
In 1059 , the same papal bull that restricted suffrage to the cardinals also recognised the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor , at the time Henry IV , but only as a concession made by the pope , declaring that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements . Pope Gregory VII was the last to submit to the interference of the Holy Roman Emperors . The breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the Investiture Controversy led to the abolition of the Emperor 's role . In 1122 , the Holy Roman Empire acceded to the Concordat of Worms , accepting the papal decision .
From about 1600 , certain Catholic monarchs claimed a jus exclusivae ( right of exclusion ) , i.e. a veto over papal elections , exercised through a crown @-@ cardinal . By an informal convention , each state claiming the veto was allowed to exercise the right once per conclave . Therefore , a crown @-@ cardinal did not announce the veto until the very last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected . This was however not strictly enforced , as Francis II through František de Paula Hrzán z Harasova is known to have exercised the veto twice at the 1799 – 1800 conclave . No vetoes could be employed after an election . After the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 , its veto power devolved upon the Austrian Empire . The last exercise of the veto was in 1903 , when Prince Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko informed the College of Cardinals that Austria opposed the election of Mariano Rampolla . Consequently , the College elected Giuseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X , who issued the papal bull Commissum nobis six months later declaring that any cardinal who communicated his government 's veto in the future would suffer excommunication latae sententiae .
= = = Conclaves = = =
To resolve prolonged deadlocks in the earlier years of papal elections , local authorities often resorted to the forced seclusion of the cardinal electors , such as that first adopted by the city of Rome in 1241 , and possibly before that by Perugia in 1216 . In 1269 , when the forced seclusion of the cardinals alone failed to produce a pope , the city of Viterbo refused to send in any materials except bread and water . When even this failed to produce a result , the townspeople removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi in their attempt to speed up the election .
In an attempt to avoid future lengthy elections , Gregory X introduced stringent rules with the promulgation of Ubi periculum . Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area and not accorded individual rooms . No cardinal was allowed , unless ill , to be attended by more than two servants . Food was supplied through a window to avoid outside contact . After three days of the conclave , the cardinals were to receive only one dish a day ; after another five days , they were to receive just bread and water . During the conclave , no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue .
Gregory X 's strict regulations were abolished in 1276 by Adrian V , but Celestine V , elected in 1294 following a two @-@ year vacancy , restored them . In 1562 , Pius IV issued a papal bull that introduced regulations relating to the enclosure of the conclave and other procedures . Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election ; the first , in 1621 , concerned electoral processes , while the other , in 1622 , fixed the ceremonies to be observed . In 1904 , Pope Pius X issued a constitution consolidating almost all the previous rules , making some changes . Several reforms were also instituted by John Paul II in 1996 .
The location of the conclaves was not fixed until the fourteenth century . Since the Western Schism , however , elections have always been held in Rome ( except in 1800 , when French troops occupying Rome forced the election to be held in Venice ) , and normally in what , since the Lateran Treaties of 1929 , has become the independent Vatican City State . Since 1846 , when the Quirinal Palace was used , the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican has always served as the location of the election . Popes have often fine @-@ tuned the rules for the election of their successors : Pope Pius XII 's Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis of 1945 governed the conclave of 1958 , Pope John XXIII 's Summi Pontificis Electio of 1962 that of 1963 , Pope Paul VI 's Romano Pontifici Eligendo of 1975 those of 1978 , and John Paul II 's Universi Dominici Gregis of 1996 that of 2005 . Benedict XVI 's De Aliquibus Mutationibus of 2007 governed that of 2013 .
= = Modern practice = =
In 1996 , John Paul II promulgated a new Apostolic Constitution , called Universi Dominici gregis , which with a slight modification by Pope Benedict XVI now governs the election of the pope , abolishing all previous constitutions on the matter , but preserving many procedures that date to much earlier times .
Under Universi Dominici gregis , the cardinals are to be lodged in a purpose @-@ built edifice , the Domus Sanctae Marthae , but are to continue to vote in the Sistine Chapel .
Several duties are performed by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , who is always a Cardinal Bishop . If the Dean is not entitled to participate in the conclave owing to age , his place is taken by the Sub @-@ Dean , who is also always a Cardinal Bishop . If the Sub @-@ Dean also cannot participate , the senior Cardinal Bishop participating performs the functions .
Since the College of Cardinals is a small body , there have been proposals that the electorate should be expanded . Proposed reforms include a plan to replace the College of Cardinals as the electoral body with the Synod of Bishops , which includes many more members . Under present procedure , however , the Synod may only meet when called by the pope . Universi Dominici gregis explicitly provides that even if a synod or an ecumenical council is in session at the time of a pope 's death , it may not perform the election . Upon the pope 's death , either body 's proceedings are suspended , to be resumed only upon the order of the new pope .
It is considered poor form to campaign for the position of pope . However , there is inevitably always much speculation about which cardinals have serious prospects of being elected . Speculation tends to mount when a pope is ill or aged and shortlists of potential candidates appear in the media . A cardinal who is considered to be a prospect for the papacy is described informally as a papabile ( an adjective used substantively : the plural form is papabili ) , a term coined by Italian @-@ speaking Vatican watchers in the mid @-@ twentieth century , literally meaning " pope @-@ able " .
= = = Death of the pope = = =
The death of the pope is verified by the Cardinal Camerlengo , or Chamberlain , who traditionally performed the task by gently striking the pope 's head with a small silver hammer and calling out his Christian ( not papal ) name three times . During the 20th century the use of the hammer in this ritual has been abandoned ; under Universi Dominici gregis , the Camerlengo must merely declare the pope 's death in the presence of the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations , and of the Cleric Prelates , Secretary and Chancellor of the Apostolic Camera . The Cardinal Camerlengo takes possession of the Ring of the Fisherman worn by the pope ; the ring , along with the papal seal , is later destroyed before the College of Cardinals . The tradition originated to avoid forgery of documents , but today merely is a symbol of the end of the pope 's reign .
During the sede vacante , as the papal vacancy is known , certain limited powers pass to the College of Cardinals , which is convoked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals . All cardinals are obliged to attend the General Congregation of Cardinals , except those whose health does not permit , or who are over eighty ( but those cardinals may choose to attend if they please ) . The Particular Congregation , which deals with the day @-@ to @-@ day matters of the Church , includes the Cardinal Camerlengo and the three Cardinal Assistants — one Cardinal @-@ Bishop , one Cardinal @-@ Priest and one Cardinal @-@ Deacon — chosen by lot . Every three days , new Cardinal Assistants are chosen by lot . The Cardinal Camerlengo and Cardinal Assistants are responsible , among other things , for maintaining the election 's secrecy .
The Congregations must make certain arrangements in respect of the pope 's burial , which by tradition takes place within four to six days of the pope 's death , leaving time for pilgrims to see the dead pontiff , and is to be followed by a nine @-@ day period of mourning ( this is known as the novemdiales , Latin for " nine days " ) . The Congregations also fix the date and time of the commencement of the conclave . The conclave normally takes place fifteen days after the death of the pope , but the Congregations may extend the period to a maximum of twenty days in order to permit other cardinals to arrive in the Vatican City .
= = = Resignation of a pope = = =
A vacancy in the papal office may also result from a papal resignation . Until the resignation of Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013 , no pope had abdicated since Gregory XII in 1415 . In his book The Light of the World Benedict XVI had espoused the idea of abdication on health grounds which already had some theological respectability .
= = = Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel = = =
The cardinals hear two sermons before the election : one before actually entering the conclave , and one once they are settled in the Sistine Chapel . In both cases , the sermons are meant to lay out the current state of the Church , and to suggest the qualities necessary for a pope to possess in that specific time . The first preacher in the 2005 conclave was Fr . Raniero Cantalamessa , the preacher of the papal household and a member of the Capuchin Franciscan order , who spoke at one of the meetings of the cardinals held before the actual day when the conclave began . Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík , a former professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and a non @-@ voting member ( due to age ) of the College of Cardinals , spoke just before the doors were finally closed for the conclave .
On the morning of the day designated by the Congregations of Cardinals , the cardinal electors assemble in St Peter 's Basilica to celebrate the Eucharist . Then , they gather in the afternoon in the Pauline Chapel of the Palace of the Vatican , processioning to the Sistine Chapel whilst invoking the Litany of the Saints by congregational singing . The Cardinals will also sing as a congregation the Veni Creator then take an oath to observe the procedures set down by the apostolic constitutions ; to , if elected , defend the liberty of the Holy See ; to maintain secrecy ; and to disregard the instructions of secular authorities on voting . The Cardinal Dean reads the oath aloud in full ; in order of precedence ( where their rank is the same , their birthdate is taken as precedence ) , the other cardinal electors repeat the oath , while touching the Gospels . The oath is as follows :
Et ego , ( first name ) , Cardinalis ( surname ) , spondeo , voveo , ac iuro . Sic me Deus adiuvet et haec Sancta Dei Evangelia , quae manu mea tango .
( And I , ( name ) Cardinal , ( name ) , promise , vow and swear . Thus , may God help me and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand . )
= = = Expelling the outsiders = = =
After all the cardinals present have taken the oath , the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations orders all individuals other than the cardinal electors and conclave participants to leave the Chapel . Traditionally , he stands at the door of the Sistine Chapel and calls out : " Extra omnes ! " ( Latin for , roughly , " Everybody else , get out ! " ) He then closes the door . In modern practice , the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations does not have to stand at the door of the Sistine Chapel — during the 2013 conclave , the Master Guido Marini stood in front of the altar and gave the command and only went to the chapel doors to close them after the outsiders had left .
The Master himself may remain , as may one ecclesiastic designated by the Congregations prior to the commencement of the election . The ecclesiastic makes a speech concerning the problems facing the Church and on the qualities the new pope needs to have . After the speech concludes , the ecclesiastic leaves . Following the recitation of prayers , the Cardinal Dean asks if any doubts relating to procedure remain . After the clarification of the doubts , the election may commence . Cardinals who arrive after the conclave has begun are admitted nevertheless . An ill cardinal may leave the conclave and later be readmitted ; a cardinal who leaves for any reason other than illness may not return to the conclave .
Although in the past cardinal electors could be accompanied by attendants ( " conclavists " ) , now only a nurse may accompany a cardinal who for reasons of ill @-@ health , as confirmed by the Congregation of Cardinals , needs such assistance . The Secretary of the College of Cardinals , the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations , two Masters of Ceremonies , two officers of the Papal Sacristy and an ecclesiastic assisting the Dean of the College of Cardinals are also admitted to the conclave . Priests are available to hear confessions in different languages ; two doctors are also admitted . Finally , a strictly limited number of servant staff are permitted for housekeeping and the preparing and serving of meals .
Secrecy is maintained during the conclave ; the cardinals as well as the conclavists and staff are forbidden to disclose any information relating to the election . Cardinal electors may not correspond or converse with anyone outside the conclave , by post , radio , telephone , internet and social media , or otherwise and eavesdropping is an offense punishable by excommunication latae sententiae . Only three cardinals electors are permitted to communicate with the outside world under grave circumstances , prior to approval of the College , to fulfil their duties : the Major Penitentiary , the Cardinal Vicar for the Diocese of Rome , and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State .
Before the conclave that elected Pope Francis , the Sistine Chapel was " swept " using the latest electronic devices to detect any hidden " bugs " or surveillance devices ( there were no reports that any were found , but in previous conclaves press reporters who had disguised themselves as conclave servants were discovered ) . Universi Dominici gregis specifically prohibits media such as newspapers , the radio , and television . Wi @-@ Fi access is blocked in Vatican City and wireless signal jammers are deployed at the Sistine Chapel to prevent any form of electronic communications to or from the Cardinal electors .
= = = Voting = = =
On the afternoon of the first day , one ballot may be held . If a ballot takes place on the afternoon of the first day and no @-@ one is elected , or no ballot had taken place , four ballots are held on each successive day : two in each morning and two in each afternoon . Before voting in the morning and again before voting in the afternoon , the electors take an oath to obey the rules of the conclave . If no result is obtained after three vote days of balloting , the process is suspended for a maximum of one day for prayer and an address by the senior Cardinal Deacon . After seven further ballots , the process may again be similarly suspended , with the address now being delivered by the senior Cardinal Priest . If , after another seven ballots , no result is achieved , voting is suspended once more , the address being delivered by the senior Cardinal Bishop . After a further seven ballots , there shall be a day of prayer , reflection and dialogue . In the following ballots , only the two names who received the most votes in the last ballot shall be eligible in a runoff election . However , the two people who are being voted on , if Cardinal electors , shall not themselves have the right to vote .
The process of voting comprises three phases : the " pre @-@ scrutiny " , the " scrutiny " , and the " post @-@ scrutiny . "
= = = = Pre @-@ scrutiny = = = =
During the pre @-@ scrutiny , the Masters of the Ceremonies prepare ballot papers bearing the words Eligo in Summum Pontificem ( " I elect as Supreme Pontiff " ) and provide at least two to each cardinal elector . As the cardinals begin to write down their votes , the Secretary of the College of Cardinals , the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations and the Masters of Ceremonies exit ; the junior Cardinal Deacon then closes the door . The junior Cardinal Deacon then draws by lot nine names ; the first three become Scrutineers , the second three Infirmarii and the last three Revisers . New Scrutineers , Infirmarii and Revisers are not selected again after the first scrutiny ; the same nine cardinals perform the same task for the second scrutiny . After lunch , the election resumes with the oath to obey the rules of the conclave taken anew when the cardinals again assemble in the Sistine Chapel . Nine names are chosen for new scrutineers , infirmarii , and revisers . The third scrutiny then commences , and if necessary , a fourth immediately follows . No changes in these rules were made by Benedict XVI in 2007 . These rules were followed , so far as is known , given the secrecy of a conclave , in electing Pope Francis in March 2013 .
= = = = Scrutiny = = = =
The scrutiny phase of the election is as follows : The cardinal electors proceed , in order of precedence , to take their completed ballots ( which bear only the name of the individual voted for ) to the altar , where the Scrutineers stand . Before casting the ballot , each cardinal elector takes a Latin oath , which translates to : " I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge , that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected . " If any cardinal elector is in the Chapel , but cannot proceed to the altar due to infirmity , the last Scrutineer may go to him and take his ballot after the oath is recited . If any cardinal elector is by reason of infirmity confined to his room , the Infirmarii go to their rooms with ballot papers and a box . Any such sick cardinals take the oath and then complete the ballot papers . When the Infirmarii return to the Chapel , the ballots are counted to ensure that their number matches with the number of ill cardinals ; thereafter , they are deposited in the appropriate receptacle . This oath is taken by all cardinals as they cast their ballots . If no one is chosen on the first scrutiny , then a second scrutiny immediately follows . A total of four scrutinies are taken each day , two in the morning and two in the afternoon .
The oath when casting one 's vote is therefore anonymous , since the name of the elector is no longer signed on the ballot with that of the candidate . ( Previously , the ballot was signed by the elector , who included his motiff [ unique identification code ] . Then he folded it over at two places to cover his signature and motiff . After this , it was sealed with wax to result in a semi @-@ secret ballot . See example above . ) This was the procedure prior to 1945 . The example above is a copy of the old three section semi @-@ secret ballot , which was last used in the conclave of 1939 . There was no oath taken when actually casting ballots , prior to 1621 . Completely secret ballots ( at the option of the cardinals present and voting ) were sometimes used prior to 1621 , but these secret ballots had no oath taken when the vote was actually cast . At some conclaves prior to 1621 , the cardinals verbally voted and sometimes stood in groups to facilitate counting the votes cast . The signature and motiff of the elector covered by two folded @-@ over parts of the ballot paper was added by Gregory XV in 1621 , to prevent anyone from casting the deciding vote for himself . Cardinal Pole of England refused to cast the deciding vote for himself in 1549 ( and was not elected ) , but in 1492 Cardinal Borgia ( Pope Alexander VI ) did cast the deciding vote for himself . Faced by the mortal challenge to the papacy emanating from Protestantism , and fearing schism due to several stormy conclaves in the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Gregory XV established this procedure to prevent any cardinal from casting the deciding vote for himself . Since 1945 , a cardinal can again cast the deciding vote for himself , though the ⅔ majority rule has always been continued , except when John Paul II had modified that rule in 1996 ( after 33 ballots , a simple majority was sufficient ) , with the ⅔ majority rule restored in 2007 by Benedict XVI .
Prior to 1621 , the only oath taken was that of obedience to the rules of the conclave in force at that time , when the cardinals entered the conclave and the doors were locked , and each morning and afternoon as they entered the Sistine Chapel to vote . Gregory XV added the additional oath , taken when each cardinal casts his ballot , to prevent cardinals wasting time in casting " courtesy votes " and instead narrowing the number of realistic candidates for the papal throne to perhaps only two or three . Speed in electing a pope was important , and that meant using an oath so as to get the cardinals down to the serious business of electing a new pope and narrowing the number of potentially electable candidates . The reforms of Gregory XV in 1621 and reaffirmed in 1622 created the written detailed step @-@ by @-@ step procedure used in choosing a pope ; a procedure that was essentially the same as that which was used in 2013 to elect Pope Francis . The biggest change since 1621 was the elimination of the rule that required the electors to sign their ballots resulting in the detailed voting procedure of scrutiny making use of anonymous oaths . This was perhaps the most significant change in the modern era . It was a significant change to the step @-@ by @-@ step voting procedure , since that detailed voting procedure was first created in 1621 . It was Pius XII who made this change in 1945 .
Once all votes have been cast , the first Scrutineer chosen shakes the container , and the last Scrutineer removes and counts the ballots . If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of cardinal electors present ( including sick cardinals in their rooms ) , the ballots are burnt , unread , and the vote is repeated . If , however , no irregularities are observed , the ballots may be opened and the votes counted . Each ballot is unfolded by the first Scrutineer ; all three Scrutineers separately write down the name indicated on the ballot . The last of the Scrutineers reads the name aloud .
Once all of the ballots have been opened , the final post @-@ scrutiny phase begins .
= = = = Post @-@ scrutiny = = = =
The Scrutineers add up all of the votes , and the Revisers check the ballots and the names on the Scrutineers ' lists to ensure that no error was made . The ballots are then all burned by the Scrutineers with the assistance of the Secretary of the College and the Masters of Ceremonies . If the first scrutiny held in any given morning or afternoon does not result in an election , the cardinals proceed to the next scrutiny immediately . The papers from both scrutinies are then burned together at the end of the second scrutiny .
= = = = = Smoke colors = = = = =
The color of the smoke indicates the results to the people assembled in St Peter 's Square . Dark smoke ( fumata nera ) indicates that the ballot did not result in an election , while white smoke ( fumata bianca ) announces that a new pope was chosen . Originally , in the event a pope was not elected , damp straw was added to the fire to create dark smoke . In the event a new pope was elected , the ballots were burned alone , creating white smoke .
Prior to 1945 ( when Pius XII changed the form of ballot to use anonymous oaths , first carried out in 1958 ) , the sealing wax on the complex type ballots illustrated above had the effect of making the smoke from burning the ballots either black or white , depending on whether or not damp straw was added . Until the 20th century , sealing wax customarily had beeswax mixed into its composition . The use of wax made solely from animal fat does not give as much white colored smoke , as does wax that includes beeswax . A simple experiment will confirm this . In the 1939 conclave there was some confusion over the smoke color , which was even more apparent in the 1958 conclave . This explains the confusion over the color of the smoke in the 1958 Papal conclave , caused by the lack of sealing wax on the ballots . The Siri Thesis was based on the confusion over the smoke color on the first day of that conclave .
Since 1963 , chemicals have been added to the burning process , and beginning in 2005 , bells ring after a successful election to augment the white smoke .
During the 2013 conclave , the Vatican disclosed the chemicals used to color the smoke :
Black smoke : Potassium perchlorate , Anthracene , Sulphur
White smoke : Potassium chlorate , Lactose / milk sugar , Colophony / pine rosin
= = = Acceptance and proclamation = = =
Once the election concludes , the Cardinal Dean summons the Secretary of the College of Cardinals and the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations into the hall . The Cardinal Dean then asks the pope @-@ elect if he assents to the election , saying in Latin : " Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem ? ( Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff ? ) " There is no requirement that the pope @-@ elect do so and he is free to respond " Non accepto " ( I don 't accept ) .
In practice , any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this before he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope , as Giovanni Colombo did in October 1978 .
If he accepts , and is already a bishop , he immediately takes office . If he is not a bishop , however , he must be first consecrated as one before he can assume office . If a priest is elected , the Cardinal Dean consecrates him bishop ; if a layman is elected , then the Cardinal Dean first ordains him deacon , then priest , and only then consecrates him as bishop . Only after becoming a bishop does the pope @-@ elect take office . These functions of the Dean are assumed , if necessary , by the sub @-@ Dean , and if the sub @-@ Dean is also impeded , they are assumed by the senior cardinal @-@ bishop in attendance . In 2005 the Dean himself — Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger — was elected pope . In 2013 , the Dean and sub @-@ Dean were not in attendance ( over the age limit ) , and these functions were assumed by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re .
Since 533 , the new pope has also decided on his regnal name . Pope John II was the first to adopt a new papal name ; he felt that his original name , Mercurius , was inappropriate , as it was also the name of a Roman god . In most cases , even if such considerations are absent , popes tend to choose papal names different from their baptismal names ; the last pope to reign under his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II ( 1555 ) . After the newly elected pope accepts his election , the Cardinal Dean asks him about his papal name , saying in Latin : " Quo nomine vis vocari ? ( By what name do you wish to be called ? ) " After the papal name is chosen , the officials are readmitted to the conclave , and the Master of Pontifical Liturgical Ceremonies writes a document recording the acceptance and the new name of the pope .
In the past , when the cardinals were voting during the conclave , they sat on canopied thrones symbolizing the cardinals ' collective governance of the church during the period of sede vacante . Upon the acceptance by the new pope of his election , all other cardinals in attendance would each pull a cord and lower the canopies above their respective thrones signifying an end to the period of collective governance and only the newly elected pope 's canopy remained unlowered . The last time canopied thrones were used was during the 1963 conclave . Beginning with the 1978 August conclave canopied thrones were no longer used due to the lack of space resulting from the large increase in the number of cardinal electors .
At the end of the conclave , the new pope if he so chose , would give his cardinalitial zucchetto or skull cap to the secretary of the conclave , indicating the secretary would be made cardinal at the next consistory to create cardinals . Prior to the 2013 conclave , this tradition was last followed at the 1958 conclave by the newly elected Pope John XXIII , who bestowed his cardinal 's skull cap on Alberto di Jorio and created him a cardinal at the consistory on December 15 of that year . In 2013 the Portuguese section of Vatican Radio reported that at the conclusion of the 2013 conclave , the newly elected Pope Francis bestowed his cardinalitial zucchetto on Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri the secretary of that conclave and on February 22 , 2014 at Pope Francis ' first consistory , Baldisseri was formally made a cardinal with the title of Cardinal @-@ Deacon of Sant ’ Anselmo all ’ Aventino .
Then , the new pope goes to the " Room of Tears " , a small red room next to the Sistine Chapel ; the room has the nickname because of the strong emotions experienced by the new pope . The new pope dresses by himself , choosing a set of pontifical choir robes — consisting of a white cassock , rochet , and red mozzetta — from three sizes provided . He then wears a gold corded pectoral cross , a red and gold embroidered stole , and then dons the white papal zucchetto on his head . In 2013 , Pope Francis dispensed with the red mozzetta , rochet , and gold pectoral cross , wearing only the white cassock and his own pectoral cross when he appeared on the central balcony . He also did not emerge wearing the stole , vesting in it only to impart the Apostolic Blessing and removing it shortly after .
Next , the Cardinal Protodeacon ( the senior Cardinal Deacon ) appears at the loggia of the Basilica to proclaim the new pope . He usually proceeds with the traditional Latin formula ( assuming the new Pope was a cardinal ) :
During the announcement for Pope Benedict XVI 's election , the cardinal protodeacon Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez greeted the crowds first in several different languages " Dear brothers and sisters " before proceeding to the Latin announcement . This was not done when Pope Francis was elected .
It has happened in the past that the Cardinal Protodeacon has himself been the person elected pope . In such an event , the announcement is made by the next senior Deacon , who has thus succeeded as Protodeacon . The last time the cardinal protodeacon was elected was in 1513 when Giovanni de Medici was elected as Pope Leo X and the next senior cardinal deacon Alessandro Farnese ( the future Pope Paul III ) made the announcement . During the election of Pope Leo XIII in 1878 Protodeacon Prospero Caterini appeared and started to make the announcement but was physically incapable of completing it , so another made it for him .
Following the announcement , the senior Cardinal Deacon retreats , and papal aides unfurl a large , maroon banner that out of practicality often bears the late pope 's arms in the centre , draping it onto the railing of the Basilica 's loggia . During Pope Francis ' announcement , there was no image of his predecessor 's arms ( indicating that the previous pope was still alive ) , and during Pope Pius XI 's first appearance following his election at the 1922 conclave , the banner showed the arms of Pope Pius IX instead of the arms of his immediate predecessor Pope Benedict XV . The new pope then emerges onto the balcony to the adulation of the crowd , while a brass band in the forecourt below plays the Pontifical Anthem . He then imparts the Urbi et Orbi blessing . The Pope may on this occasion choose to give the shorter episcopal blessing as his first Apostolic Blessing instead of the traditional Urbi et Orbi blessing , this happened most recently with Pope Paul VI after his election at the 1963 conclave Beginning with Pope John Paul II , the last three popes elected including Pope Francis , have chosen to address the crowds first before imparting the Urbi et Orbi blessing . Also , at Pope Francis ' first appearance , he led the faithful first in prayers for his predecessor and asked them for prayers for himself before imparting the Urbi et Orbi blessing .
Formerly , the pope would later be crowned by the triregnum or Triple Tiara at the Papal Coronation . All popes since John Paul I have refused an elaborate coronation , choosing instead to have a simpler papal inauguration ceremony .
= = Historical voting patterns = =
The newly elected pope often contrasts dramatically with his predecessor , a tendency expressed by the Italian saying " After a fat pope , a lean pope " . Past cardinals have often voted for someone radically different from the pope who appointed them . The controversial one @-@ time populist @-@ turned @-@ conservative , long @-@ lived Pope Pius IX ( 1846 – 1878 ) was succeeded by the aristocratic and diplomatic Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 – 1903 ) . He in turn was succeeded by the lower @-@ class , bluntly outspoken Pope Pius X ( 1903 – 1914 ) . Pius X 's rugged ultra @-@ conservatism contrasted with the low @-@ key moderatism of Pope Benedict XV ( 1914 – 1922 ) , which again contrasted with the former librarian and mountain climber Pope Pius XI ( 1922 – 1939 ) , who led Roman Catholicism with an authoritarianism more akin to Pius X , who also shared his temperament .
Pius XI was succeeded in 1939 by his Secretary of State , the aristocratic ultra @-@ insider Curialist Pope Pius XII ( 1939 – 1958 ) . Pius XII was seen as one of the great thinkers to assume the papacy in the 20th century and was also the ultimate insider ; his grandfather , father , cousin and brother have been Vatican high @-@ ranking officials . Pius was succeeded by the lower @-@ class , elderly , popular , and informal Pope John XXIII ( 1958 – 1963 ) . The contrast between the diffident , intellectual and distant Pius XII and the humble — in his own words " ordinary " — " Good Pope John " was dramatic , with none more surprised at the election than Pope John himself . He reportedly already had his return rail ticket in his pocket when he was elected .
John proved to be a radical break with the two previous popes , and indeed with most of the popes of the 20th century . After a short but dramatic pontificate during which he convoked the Second Vatican Council , John XXIII was replaced by the widely expected Giovanni Batista Montini , who many believed would have been elected in 1958 had he been a cardinal then . Pope Paul VI ( 1963 – 1978 ) was a curialist like Pius XII , whom he had worked with in the curia during the 1930s and 1940s . Paul VI himself was briefly succeeded by non @-@ curialist Pope John Paul I ( 1978 ) , who in turn was succeeded by Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II ( 1978 – 2005 ) . Wojtyła , the first non @-@ Italian since 1523 , spoke many languages and was originally from the Eastern Bloc , an important consideration given contemporary Cold War politics and the Church 's repression there . After a relatively long reign , he was succeeded in 2005 by the German Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Cardinal Dean , Joseph Ratzinger , as Pope Benedict XVI . A more reserved and conservative pontiff than his predecessor , he reigned until his resignation in 2013 , when he was succeeded by the simpler and less formal Argentinian Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires Jorge Bergoglio as Pope Francis .
= = Direct citations = =
= Power dividers and directional couplers =
Power dividers ( also power splitters and , when used in reverse , power combiners ) and directional couplers are passive devices used in the field of radio technology . They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling the signal to be used in another circuit . An essential feature of directional couplers is that they only couple power flowing in one direction . Power entering the output port is coupled to the isolated port but not to the coupled port .
Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other . This technique is favoured at the microwave frequencies where transmission line designs are commonly used to implement many circuit elements . However , lumped component devices are also possible at lower frequencies . Also at microwave frequencies , particularly the higher bands , waveguide designs can be used . Many of these waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs , but there are also types that are unique to waveguide .
Directional couplers and power dividers have many applications , these include ; providing a signal sample for measurement or monitoring , feedback , combining feeds to and from antennae , antenna beam forming , providing taps for cable distributed systems such as cable TV , and separating transmitted and received signals on telephone lines .
= = Notation and symbols = =
The symbols most often used for directional couplers are shown in figure 1 . The symbol may have the coupling factor in dB marked on it . Directional couplers have four ports . Port 1 is the input port where power is applied . Port 3 is the coupled port where a portion of the power applied to port 1 appears . Port 2 is the transmitted port where the power from port 1 is outputted , less the portion that went to port 3 . Directional couplers are frequently symmetrical so there also exists port 4 , the isolated port . A portion of the power applied to port 2 will be coupled to port 4 . However , the device is not normally used in this mode and port 4 is usually terminated with a matched load ( typically 50 ohms ) . This termination can be internal to the device and port 4 is not accessible to the user . Effectively , this results in a 3 @-@ port device , hence the utility of the second symbol for directional couplers in figure 1 .
Symbols of the form ;
<formula>
in this article have the meaning " parameter P at port a due to an input at port b " .
A symbol for power dividers is shown in figure 2 . Power dividers and directional couplers are in all essentials the same class of device . Directional coupler tends to be used for 4 @-@ port devices that are only loosely coupled – that is , only a small fraction of the input power appears at the coupled port . Power divider is used for devices with tight coupling ( commonly , a power divider will provide half the input power at each of its output ports – a 3 dB divider ) and is usually considered a 3 @-@ port device .
= = Parameters = =
Common properties desired for all directional couplers are wide operational bandwidth , high directivity , and a good impedance match at all ports when the other ports are terminated in matched loads . Some of these , and other , general characteristics are discussed below .
= = = Coupling factor = = =
The coupling factor is defined as : <formula>
where P1 is the input power at port 1 and P3 is the output power from the coupled port ( see figure 1 ) .
The coupling factor represents the primary property of a directional coupler . Coupling factor is a negative quantity , it cannot exceed 0 dB for a passive device , and in practice does not exceed − 3 dB since more than this would result in more power output from the coupled port than power from the transmitted port – in effect their roles would be reversed . Although a negative quantity , the minus sign is frequently dropped ( but still implied ) in running text and diagrams and a few authors go so far as to define it as a positive quantity . Coupling is not constant , but varies with frequency . While different designs may reduce the variance , a perfectly flat coupler theoretically cannot be built . Directional couplers are specified in terms of the coupling accuracy at the frequency band center .
= = = Loss = = =
The main line insertion loss from port 1 to port 2 ( P1 – P2 ) is :
Insertion loss : <formula>
Part of this loss is due to some power going to the coupled port and is called coupling loss and is given by :
Coupling loss : <formula>
The insertion loss of an ideal directional coupler will consist entirely of the coupling loss . In a real directional coupler , however , the insertion loss consists of a combination of coupling loss , dielectric loss , conductor loss , and VSWR loss . Depending on the frequency range , coupling loss becomes less significant above 15 dB coupling where the other losses constitute the majority of the total loss . The theoretical insertion loss ( dB ) vs coupling ( dB ) for a dissipationless coupler is shown in the graph of figure 3 and the table below .
= = = Isolation = = =
Isolation of a directional coupler can be defined as the difference in signal levels in dB between the input port and the isolated port when the two other ports are terminated by matched loads , or :
Isolation : <formula>
Isolation can also be defined between the two output ports . In this case , one of the output ports is used as the input ; the other is considered the output port while the other two ports ( input and isolated ) are terminated by matched loads .
Consequently : <formula>
The isolation between the input and the isolated ports may be different from the isolation between the two output ports . For example , the isolation between ports 1 and 4 can be 30 dB while the isolation between ports 2 and 3 can be a different value such as 25 dB . Isolation can be estimated from the coupling plus return loss . The isolation should be as high as possible . In actual couplers the isolated port is never completely isolated . Some RF power will always be present . Waveguide directional couplers will have the best isolation .
= = = Directivity = = =
Directivity is directly related to isolation . It is defined as :
Directivity : <formula>
where : P3 is the output power from the coupled port and P4 is the power output from the isolated port .
The directivity should be as high as possible . The directivity is very high at the design frequency and is a more sensitive function of frequency because it depends on the cancellation of two wave components . Waveguide directional couplers will have the best directivity . Directivity is not directly measurable , and is calculated from the addition of the isolation and ( negative ) coupling measurements as :
<formula>
Note that if the positive definition of coupling is used , the formula results in :
<formula>
= = = S @-@ parameters = = =
The S @-@ matrix for an ideal ( infinite isolation and perfectly matched ) symmetrical directional coupler is given by ,
<formula>
<formula> is the transmission coefficient and ,
<formula> is the coupling coefficient
In general , <formula> and <formula> are complex , frequency dependent , numbers . The zeroes on the matrix main diagonal are a consequence of perfect matching – power input to any port is not reflected back to that same port . The zeroes on the matrix antidiagonal are a consequence of perfect isolation between the input and isolated port .
For a passive lossless directional coupler , we must in addition have ,
<formula>
since the power entering the input port must all leave by one of the other two ports .
Insertion loss is related to <formula> by ;
<formula>
Coupling factor is related to <formula> by ;
<formula>
Non @-@ zero main diagonal entries are related to return loss , and non @-@ zero antidiagonal entries are related to isolation by similar expressions .
Some authors define the port numbers with ports 3 and 4 interchanged . This results in a scattering matrix that is no longer all @-@ zeroes on the antidiagonal .
= = = Amplitude balance = = =
This terminology defines the power difference in dB between the two output ports of a 3 dB hybrid . In an ideal hybrid circuit , the difference should be 0 dB . However , in a practical device the amplitude balance is frequency dependent and departs from the ideal 0 dB difference .
= = = Phase balance = = =
The phase difference between the two output ports of a hybrid coupler should be 0 ° , 90 ° , or 180 ° depending on the type used . However , like amplitude balance , the phase difference is sensitive to the input frequency and typically will vary a few degrees .
= = Transmission line types = =
= = = Directional couplers = = =
= = = = Coupled transmission lines = = = =
The most common form of directional coupler is a pair of coupled transmission lines . They can be realised in a number of technologies including coaxial and the planar technologies ( stripline and microstrip ) . An implementation in stripline is shown in figure 4 of a quarter @-@ wavelength ( λ / 4 ) directional coupler . The power on the coupled line flows in the opposite direction to the power on the main line , hence the port arrangement is not the same as shown in figure 1 , but the numbering remains the same . For this reason it is sometimes called a backward coupler .
The main line is the section between ports 1 and 2 and the coupled line is the section between ports 3 and 4 . Since the directional coupler is a linear device , the notations on figure 1 are arbitrary . Any port can be the input , ( an example is seen in figure 20 ) which will result in the directly connected port being the transmitted port , the adjacent port being the coupled port , and the diagonal port being the isolated port . On some directional couplers , the main line is designed for high power operation ( large connectors ) , while the coupled port may use a small connector , such as an SMA connector . The internal load power rating may also limit operation on the coupled line .
Accuracy of coupling factor depends on the dimensional tolerances for the spacing of the two coupled lines . For planar printed technologies this comes down to the resolution of the printing process which determines the minimum track width that can be produced and also puts a limit on how close the lines can be placed to each other . This becomes a problem when very tight coupling is required and 3 dB couplers often use a different design . However , tightly coupled lines can be produced in air stripline which also permits manufacture by printed planar technology . In this design the two lines are printed on opposite sides of the dielectric rather than side by side . The coupling of the two lines across their width is much greater than the coupling when they are edge @-@ on to each other .
The λ / 4 coupled line design is good for coaxial and stripline implementations but does not work so well in the now popular microstrip format , although designs do exist . The reason for this is that microstrip is not a homogeneous medium – there are two different mediums above and below the transmission strip . This leads to transmission modes other than the usual TEM mode found in conductive circuits . The propagation velocities of even and odd modes are different leading to signal dispersion . A better solution for microstrip is a coupled line much shorter than λ / 4 , shown in figure 5 , but this has the disadvantage of a coupling factor which rises noticeably with frequency . A variation of this design sometimes encountered has the coupled line a higher impedance than the main line such as shown in figure 6 . This design is advantageous where the coupler is being fed to a detector for power monitoring . The higher impedance line results in a higher RF voltage for a given main line power making the work of the detector diode easier .
The frequency range specified by manufacturers is that of the coupled line . The main line response is much wider : for instance a coupler specified as 2 – 4 GHz might have a main line which could operate at 1 – 5 GHz . As with all distributed element circuits , the coupled response is periodic with frequency . For example , a λ / 4 coupled line coupler will have responses at nλ / 4 where n is an odd integer .
A single λ / 4 coupled section is good for bandwidths of less than an octave . To achieve greater bandwidths multiple λ / 4 coupling sections are used . The design of such couplers proceeds in much the same way as the design of distributed element filters . The sections of the coupler are treated as being sections of a filter , and by adjusting the coupling factor of each section the coupled port can be made to have any of the classic filter responses such as maximally flat ( Butterworth filter ) , equal @-@ ripple ( Cauer filter ) , or a specified @-@ ripple ( Chebychev filter ) response . Ripple is the maximum variation in output of the coupled port in its passband , usually quoted as plus or minus a value in dB from the nominal coupling factor .
It can be shown that coupled line directional couplers have <formula> purely real and <formula> purely imaginary at all frequencies . This leads to a simplification of the S @-@ matrix and the result that the coupled port is always in quadrature phase ( 90 ° ) with the output port . Some applications make use of this phase difference . Letting <formula> , the ideal case of lossless operation simplifies to ,
<formula>
= = = = Branch @-@ line coupler = = = =
The branch @-@ line coupler consists of two parallel transmission lines physically coupled together with two or more branch lines between them . The branch lines are spaced λ / 4 apart and represent sections of a multi @-@ section filter design in the same way as the multiple sections of a coupled line coupler except that here the coupling of each section is controlled with the impedance of the branch lines . The main and coupled line are <formula> of the system impedance . The more sections there are in the coupler , the higher is the ratio of impedances of the branch lines . High impedance lines have narrow tracks and this usually limits the design to three sections in planar formats due to manufacturing limitations . A similar limitation applies for coupling factors looser than 10 dB ; low coupling also requires narrow tracks . Coupled lines are a better choice when loose coupling is required , but branch @-@ line couplers are good for tight coupling and can be used for 3 dB hybrids . Branch @-@ line couplers usually do not have such a wide bandwidth as coupled lines . This style of coupler is good for implementing in high @-@ power , air dielectric , solid bar formats as the rigid structure is easy to mechanically support .
= = = = Lange coupler = = = =
The construction of the Lange coupler is similar to the interdigital filter with paralleled lines interleaved to achieve the coupling . It is used for strong couplings in the range 3 dB to 6 dB .
= = = Power dividers = = =
The earliest transmission line power dividers were simple T @-@ junctions . These suffer from very poor isolation between the output ports – a large part of the power reflected back from port 2 finds it way into port 3 . It can be shown that it is not theoretically possible to simultaneously match all three ports of a passive , lossless three @-@ port and poor isolation is unavoidable . It is , however , possible with four @-@ ports and this is the fundamental reason why four @-@ port devices are used to implement three @-@ port power dividers : four @-@ port devices can be designed so that power arriving at port 2 is split between port 1 and port 4 ( which is terminated with a matching load ) and none ( in the ideal case ) goes to port 3 .
The term hybrid coupler originally applied to 3 dB coupled line directional couplers , that is , directional couplers in which the two outputs are each half the input power . This synonymously meant a quadrature 3 dB coupler with outputs 90 ° out of phase . Now any matched 4 @-@ port with isolated arms and equal power division is called a hybrid or hybrid coupler . Other types can have different phase relationships . If 90 ° , it is a 90 ° hybrid , if 180 ° , a 180 ° hybrid and so on . In this article hybrid coupler without qualification means a coupled line hybrid .
= = = = Wilkinson power divider = = = =
The Wilkinson power divider consists of two parallel uncoupled λ / 4 transmission lines . The input is fed to both lines in parallel and the outputs are terminated with twice the system impedance bridged between them . The design can be realised in planar format but it has a more natural implementation in coax – in planar , the two lines have to be kept apart so they do not couple but have to be brought together at their outputs so they can be terminated whereas in coax the lines can be run side @-@ by @-@ side relying on the coax outer conductors for screening . The Wilkinson power divider solves the matching problem of the simple T @-@ junction : it has low VSWR at all ports and high isolation between output ports . The input and output impedances at each port are designed to be equal to the characteristic impedance of the microwave system . This is achieved by making the line impedance <formula> of the system impedance – for a 50 Ω system the Wilkinson lines are approximately 70 Ω
= = = = Hybrid coupler = = = =
Coupled line directional couplers are described above . When the coupling is designed to be 3 dB it is called a hybrid coupler . The S @-@ matrix for an ideal , symmetric hybrid coupler reduces to ;
<formula>
The two output ports have a 90 ° phase difference ( -i to − 1 ) and so this is a 90 ° hybrid .
= = = = Hybrid ring coupler = = = =
The hybrid ring coupler , also called the rat @-@ race coupler , is a four @-@ port 3 dB directional coupler consisting of a 3λ / 2 ring of transmission line with four lines at the intervals shown in figure 12 . Power input at port 1 splits and travels both ways round the ring . At ports 2 and 3 the signal arrives in phase and adds whereas at port 4 it is out of phase and cancels . Ports 2 and 3 are in phase with each other , hence this is an example of a 0 ° hybrid . Figure 12 shows a planar implementation but this design can also be implemented in coax or waveguide . It is possible to produce a coupler with a coupling factor different from 3 dB by making each λ / 4 section of the ring alternately low and high impedance but for a 3 dB coupler the entire ring is made <formula> of the port impedances – for a 50 Ω design the ring would be approximately 70 Ω .
The S @-@ matrix for this hybrid is given by ;
<formula>
The hybrid ring is not symmetric on its ports ; choosing a different port as the input does not necessarily produce the same results . With port 1 or port 3 as the input the hybrid ring is a 0 ° hybrid as stated . However using port 2 or port 4 as the input results in a 180 ° hybrid . This fact leads to another useful application of the hybrid ring : it can be used to produce sum ( Σ ) and difference ( Δ ) signals from two input signals as shown in figure 12 . With inputs to ports 2 and 3 , the Σ signal appears at port 1 and the Δ signal appears at port 4 .
= = = = Multiple output dividers = = = =
A typical power divider is shown in figure 13 . Ideally , input power would be divided equally between the output ports . Dividers are made up of multiple couplers and , like couplers , may be reversed and used as multiplexers . The drawback is that for a four channel multiplexer , the output consists of only 1 / 4 the power from each , and is relatively inefficient . The reason for this is that at each combiner half the input power goes to port 4 and is dissipated in the termination load . If the two inputs were coherent the phases could be so arranged that cancellation occurred at port 4 and then all the power would go to port 1 . However , multiplexer inputs are usually from entirely independent sources and therefore not coherent . Lossless multiplexing can only be done with filter networks .
= = Waveguide types = =
= = = Waveguide directional couplers = = =
= = = = Waveguide branch @-@ line coupler = = = =
The branch @-@ line coupler described above can also be implemented in waveguide .
= = = = Bethe @-@ hole directional coupler = = = =
One of the most common , and simplest , waveguide directional couplers is the Bethe @-@ hole directional coupler . This consists of two parallel waveguides , one stacked on top of the other , with a hole between them . Some of the power from one guide is launched through the hole into the other . The Bethe @-@ hole coupler is another example of a backward coupler .
The concept of the Bethe @-@ hole coupler can be extended by providing multiple holes . The holes are spaced λ / 4 apart . The design of such couplers has parallels with the multiple section coupled transmission lines . Using multiple holes allows the bandwidth to be extended by designing the sections as a Butterworth , Chebyshev , or some other filter class . The hole size is chosen to give the desired coupling for each section of the filter . Design criteria are to achieve a substantially flat coupling together with high directivity over the desired band .
= = = = Riblet short @-@ slot coupler = = = =
The Riblet short @-@ slot coupler is two waveguides side @-@ by @-@ side with the side @-@ wall in common instead of the long side as in the Bethe @-@ hole coupler . A slot is cut in the sidewall to allow coupling . This design is frequently used to produce a 3 dB coupler .
= = = = Schwinger reversed @-@ phase coupler = = = =
The Schwinger reversed @-@ phase coupler is another design using parallel waveguides , this time the long side of one is common with the short side @-@ wall of the other . Two off @-@ centre slots are cut between the waveguides spaced λ / 4 apart . The Schwinger is a backward coupler . This design has the advantage of a substantially flat directivity response and the disadvantage of a strongly frequency @-@ dependent coupling compared to the Bethe @-@ hole coupler , which has little variation in coupling factor .
= = = = Moreno crossed @-@ guide coupler = = = =
The Moreno crossed @-@ guide coupler has two waveguides stacked one on top of the other like the Bethe @-@ hole coupler but at right angles to each other instead of parallel . Two off @-@ centre holes , usually cross @-@ shaped are cut on the diagonal between the waveguides a distance <formula> apart . The Moreno coupler is good for tight coupling applications . It is a compromise between the properties of the Bethe @-@ hole and Schwinger couplers with both coupling and directivity varying with frequency .
= = = Waveguide power dividers = = =
= = = = Waveguide hybrid ring = = = =
The hybrid ring discussed above can also be implemented in waveguide .
= = = = Magic tee = = = =
Coherent power division was first accomplished by means of simple Tee junctions . At microwave frequencies , waveguide tees have two possible forms – the E @-@ plane and H @-@ plane . These two junctions split power equally , but because of the different field configurations at the junction , the electric fields at the output arms are in phase for the H @-@ plane tee and are 180 ° out of phase for the E @-@ plane tee . The combination of these two tees to form a hybrid tee is known as the magic tee . The magic tee is a four @-@ port component which can perform the vector sum ( Σ ) and difference ( Δ ) of two coherent microwave signals .
= = Discrete element types = =
= = = Hybrid transformer = = =
The standard 3 dB hybrid transformer is shown in figure 16 . Power at port 1 is split equally between ports 2 and 3 but in antiphase to each other . The hybrid transformer is therefore a 180 ° hybrid . The centre @-@ tap is usually terminated internally but it is possible to bring it out as port 4 ; in which case the hybrid can be used as a sum and difference hybrid . However , port 4 presents as a different impedance to the other ports and will require an additional transformer for impedance conversion if it is required to use this port at the same system impedance .
Hybrid transformers are commonly used in telecommunications for 2 to 4 wire conversion . Telephone handsets include such a converter to convert the 2 @-@ wire line to the 4 wires from the earpiece and mouthpiece .
= = = Cross @-@ connected transformers = = =
For lower frequencies ( less than 600 MHz ) a compact broadband implementation by means of RF transformers is possible . In figure 17 a circuit is shown which is meant for weak coupling and can be understood along these lines : A signal is coming in one line pair . One transformer reduces the voltage of the signal the other reduces the current . Therefore , the impedance is matched . The same argument holds for every other direction of a signal through the coupler . The relative sign of the induced voltage and current determines the direction of the outgoing signal .
The coupling is given by ;
<formula>
where n is the secondary to primary turns ratio .
For a 3 dB coupling , that is equal splitting of the signal between the transmitted port and the coupled port , <formula> and the isolated port is terminated in twice the characteristic impedance – 100 Ω for a 50 Ω system . A 3 dB power divider based on this circuit has the two outputs in 180 ° phase to each other , compared to λ / 4 coupled lines which have a 90 ° phase relationship .
= = = Resistive tee = = =
A simple tee circuit of resistors
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
half way through and asking the audience " Who wrote that ? " then following up with his own Controversy track suggesting he did . He did it again during his 1990 Nude tour and during his shows in 2015 still stopping halfway through the song still asking " Who wrote this ? " . There was a dispute regarding the paternity of the music . Prince believed Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis used an old demo he did with them in the early days of the Time . He performed " What Have You Done for Me Lately " again in late 2013 during shows in Uncasville , Connecticut . Jackson 's sister La Toya Jackson sampled the song on her song " Wild Side " from her 1991 album No Relations . The song was interpolated for a medley sung in the 1993 comedy Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit , and was covered by the American soul and funk band Sharon Jones & The Dap @-@ Kings in 2002 for their debut album , Dap Dippin ' with Sharon Jones and the Dap @-@ Kings .
" What Have You Done for Me Lately " is regarded as one of the singer 's singles which helped establish her as a known artist . Upon its debut , it was compared favorably to similar recordings of female empowerment released by black women , such as " New Attitude " by Patti LaBelle , " Better Be Good to Me " by Tina Turner and " Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves " by Aretha Franklin . Oprah Winfrey commented : " What you 're seeing in all the areas of arts and entertainment is black women internalizing the idea of black power and pride ... Black women started listening to their inner cues , rather than society or even the black community 's idea of what they are supposed to be and can be . " It ranked number three hundred and forty @-@ one on Blender 's list of " The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born " . In 2012 , Mike Staver wrote in Leadership Isn 't For Cowards : How to Drive Performance by Challenging People that " ' What Have You Done for Me Lately ? ' is not just some old Janet Jackson song , but a regular tune sung by leaders every day " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Janet Jackson - lead vocals , songwriter , synthesizer , co @-@ producer , rhythm and vocal arranger
Jimmy Jam - producer , songwriter , synthesizer , synthesizer programming , digital sampling , percussion , acoustic piano , background vocals , rhythm and vocal arranger , assistant engineer
Terry Lewis - producer , songwriter , drum programming , percussion , background vocals , rhythm and vocal arranger , recording engineer
Melanie Andrews - background vocals
Steve Hodge - recording engineer , mixing
Credits adapted from Control album booklet .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Tabqa Dam =
The Tabqa Dam ( Arabic : سد الطبقة ) , or al @-@ Thawra Dam as it is also named ( Arabic : سد الثورة , literally dam of the revolution ) , is an earth @-@ fill dam on the Euphrates , located 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) upstream from the city of Ar @-@ Raqqah in Ar @-@ Raqqah Governorate , Syria . The dam is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) high and 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) long and is the largest dam in Syria . Its construction led to the creation of Lake Assad , Syria 's largest water reservoir . The dam was constructed between 1968 and 1973 with help from the Soviet Union . At the same time , an international effort was made to excavate and document as many archaeological remains as possible in the area of the future lake before they would be flooded by the rising water . When the flow of the Euphrates was reduced in 1974 to fill the lake behind the dam , a dispute broke out between Syria and Iraq that was settled by intervention from Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union . The dam was originally built to generate hydroelectric power , as well as irrigate lands on both sides of the Euphrates . The dam has not reached its full potential in either of these objectives .
= = Project history = =
In 1927 , when Syria was a French mandate , it was proposed to build a dam in the Euphrates near the Syro – Turkish border . After Syria became independent in 1946 , the feasibility of this proposal was re @-@ investigated , but the plan was not carried out . In 1957 , the Syrian government reached an agreement with the Soviet Union for technical and financial aid for the construction of a dam in the Euphrates . Syria , as part of the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) , signed an agreement with West Germany in 1960 for a loan to finance the construction of the dam . After Syria left the UAR in 1961 , a new agreement about the financing of the dam was reached with the Soviet Union in 1965 . A special government department was created in 1961 to oversee the construction of the dam .
Originally , the Tabqa Dam was conceived as a dual @-@ purpose dam . The dam would include a hydroelectric power station with eight turbines capable of producing 824 MW in total , and would irrigate an area of 640 @,@ 000 hectares ( 2 @,@ 500 sq mi ) on both sides of the Euphrates . Construction of the dam lasted between 1968 and 1973 , while the accompanying power station was finished in 1977 . Total cost of the dam was US $ 340 million of which US $ 100 million was in the form of a loan by the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union also provided technical expertise . During construction , up to 12 thousand Syrians and 900 Russian technicians worked on the dam . They were housed in the greatly expanded town near the construction site , which was subsequently renamed Al @-@ Thawra . To facilitate this project , as well as the construction of irrigation works on the Khabur River , the national railway system ( Chemins de Fer Syriens ) was extended from Aleppo to the dam , Ar @-@ Raqqa , Deir ez @-@ Zor , and eventually Al @-@ Qamishli . The four thousand @-@ some Arab families who had been living in the flooded part of the Euphrates Valley were resettled in other parts of northern Syria . This resettlement was part of an only partially implemented plan to establish an " Arab belt " along the borders with Turkey and Iraq in order to separate Kurds living in Syria from Kurds living in Turkey and Iraq .
= = = Dispute with Iraq = = =
In 1974 , Syria started to fill the lake behind the dam by reducing the flow of the Euphrates . Slightly earlier , Turkey had started filling the reservoir of the newly constructed Keban Dam , and at the same time the area was also hit by significant drought . As a result , Iraq received significantly less water from the Euphrates than normal , and complained that annual Euphrates flow had dropped from 15 @.@ 3 cubic kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 cu mi ) in 1973 to 9 @.@ 4 cubic kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 cu mi ) in 1975 . Iraq asked the Arab League to intervene but Syria argued that it received less water from Turkey as well and refused to cooperate . As a result , tensions rose and Iraq and Syria sent troops to their shared border . Iraq also threatened to bomb the Tabqa Dam . Before the dispute could escalate any further , an agreement was reached in 1975 by mediation of Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union whereby Syria immediately increased the flow from the dam and reportedly henceforth agreed to let 60 percent of the Euphrates water flow into Iraq . In 1987 , Turkey , Syria and Iraq signed an agreement by which Turkey was committed to maintain an average Euphrates flow of 500 cubic metres ( 18 @,@ 000 cu ft ) per second into Syria , which translates into 16 cubic kilometres ( 3 @.@ 8 cu mi ) of water per year .
= = = Rescue excavations in the Lake Assad region = = =
The upper part of the Syrian Euphrates valley has been intensively occupied at least since the Late Natufian period ( 10 @,@ 800 – 9500 BC ) . Nineteenth- and early twentieth @-@ century European travellers had already noted the presence of numerous archaeological sites in the area that would be flooded by the new reservoir . In order to preserve or at least document as many of these remains as possible , an extensive archaeological rescue programme was initiated during which more than 25 sites were excavated .
Between 1963 and 1965 , archaeological sites and remains were located with the help of aerial photographs , and a ground survey was carried out as well to determine the periods that were present at each site . Between 1965 and 1970 , foreign archaeological missions carried out systematic excavations at the sites of Mureybet ( United States ) , Tell Qannas ( Belgium ) , Habuba Kabira , Mumbaqa ( Germany ) , Selenkahiye ( Netherlands ) , and Emar ( France ) . With help from UNESCO , two minarets at Mureybet and Meskene were photogrammetrically measured , and a protective glacis was built around the castle Qal 'at Ja 'bar . The castle was located on a hilltop that would not be flooded , but the lake would turn it in an island . The castle is now connected to the shore by a causeway .
In 1971 , with support from UNESCO , Syria appealed to the international community to participate in the efforts to salvage as many archaeological remains as possible before the area would disappear under the rising water of Lake Assad . To stimulate foreign participation , the Syrian antiquities law was modified so that foreign missions had the right to claim a part of the artefacts that were found during excavation . As a result , between 1971 and 1974 , numerous excavations were carried out in the Lake Assad area by Syrian as well as foreign missions . Syrian archaeologists worked at the sites of Tell al- ' Abd , ' Anab al @-@ Safinah , Tell Sheikh Hassan , Qal 'at Ja 'bar , Dibsi Faraj and Tell Fray . There were missions from the United States on Dibsi Faraj , Tell Fray and Shams ed @-@ Din @-@ Tannira ; from France on Mureybet and Emar ; from Italy on Tell Fray ; from the Netherlands on Tell Ta 'as , Hadidi , Jebel ' Aruda and Selenkahiye ; from Switzerland on Tell al @-@ Hajj ; from Great Britain on Abu Hureyra and Tell es @-@ Sweyhat ; and from Japan on Tell Roumeila . In addition , the minarets of Mureybet and Meskene were moved to higher locations , and Qal 'at Ja 'bar was further reinforced and restored . Many finds from the excavations are now on display in the National Museum of Aleppo , where a special permanent exhibition is devoted to the finds from the Lake Assad region .
= = = Other dams in the Syrian Euphrates valley = = =
After the completion of the Tabqa Dam , Syria built two more dams in the Euphrates , both of which were functionally related to the Tabqa Dam . The Baath Dam , located 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) downstream from the Tabqa Dam , was completed in 1986 and functions as a floodwater control to manage the irregular output of the Tabqa Dam and as a hydroelectric power station . The Tishrin Dam , which functions primarily as a hydroelectric power station , has been constructed 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south from the Syro – Turkish border and filling of the reservoir started in 1999 . Its construction was partly motivated by the disappointing performance of the Tabqa Dam . The implementation of a fourth dam between Ar @-@ Raqqah and Deir ez @-@ Zor – the Halabiye Dam – has recently been initiated with an appeal to archaeologists to excavate sites that will be flooded by the new reservoir .
= = = Recent history = = =
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported on 11 February 2013 that the dam was captured by the Syrian opposition in their fight against the government . As of May 2013 the village near the dam , Al @-@ Thawrah , is occupied by the Uwais al @-@ Qarni Brigade . Four of the dam 's eight turbines are operational and the original staff continues to manage the dam . Workers at the dam still receive pay from the Syrian Government and fighting in the area will temporary cease if repairs are needed .
= = Characteristics of the dam and the reservoir = =
The Tabqa dam is located on a spot where rocky outcrops on each side of the Euphrates Valley are less than 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) apart . The dam is an earth @-@ fill dam that is 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) long , 60 metres ( 200 ft ) high from the riverbed ( 307 metres ( 1 @,@ 007 ft ) above sea @-@ level ) , 512 metres ( 1 @,@ 680 ft ) wide at its base and 19 metres ( 62 ft ) at the top . The hydroelectric power station is located on the southern end of the dam and contains eight Kaplan turbines . The turbines ' rotation speed is 125 RPM , and they can potentially generate 103 MW each . Lake Assad is 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) long and on average 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) wide . The reservoir can potentially hold 11 @.@ 7 cubic kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 cu mi ) of water , at which size its surface area would be 610 square kilometres ( 240 sq mi ) . Annual evaporation is 1 @.@ 3 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 31 cu mi ) due to the high average summer temperature in northern Syria . This is high compared to reservoirs upstream from Lake Assad . For example , the evaporation at Keban Dam Lake is 0 @.@ 48 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 12 cu mi ) per year at roughly the same surface area .
Neither the Tabqa Dam nor Lake Assad is currently used to its full economic potential . Although the lake can potentially hold 11 @.@ 7 cubic kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 cu mi ) , actual capacity is 9 @.@ 6 cubic kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 cu mi ) , with a surface area of 447 square kilometres ( 173 sq mi ) . The proposed irrigation scheme suffered from a number of problems , including the high gypsum content in the reclaimed soils around Lake Assad , soil salinization , the collapse of canals that distributed the water from Lake Assad , and the unwillingness of farmers to resettle in the reclaimed areas . As a result , only 60 @,@ 000 hectares ( 230 sq mi ) were irrigated from Lake Assad in 1984 . In 2000 , the irrigated surface had risen to 124 @,@ 000 hectares ( 480 sq mi ) , which is 19 percent of the projected 640 @,@ 000 hectares ( 2 @,@ 500 sq mi ) . Due to lower than expected water flow from Turkey , as well as lack of maintenance , the dam generates only 150 MW instead of 800 MW . Lake Assad is the most important source of drinking water to Aleppo , providing the city through a pipeline with 0 @.@ 08 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 019 cu mi ) of drinking water per year . The lake also supports a fishing industry .
= = = Environmental effects = = =
Research indicates that the salinity of the Euphrates water in Iraq has increased considerably since the nearly simultaneous construction of the Keban Dam in Turkey and the Tabqa Dam in Syria . This increase can , among other things , be related to the lower discharge of the Euphrates as a result of the construction of the Keban Dam and the dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project ( GAP ) in Turkey , and to a lesser degree of the Tabqa Dam in Syria . High @-@ salinity water is less useful for domestic and irrigation purposes .
The shore of the lake has developed into an important marshland area . On the southeastern shore , some areas have been reforested with evergreen trees including the Aleppo pine and the Euphrates poplar . Lake Assad is an important wintering location for migratory birds and the government has recently undertaken measures to protect small areas along the shores of Lake Assad from hunters by downgrading access roads . The island of Jazirat al @-@ Thawra has been designated a nature reserve .
= 2010 Price Chopper 400 =
The 2010 Price Chopper 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on October 3 , 2010 at Kansas Speedway in Kansas City , Kansas . The 300 lap race was the twenty @-@ ninth in the 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . The race was also the third event in the ten round Chase for the Sprint Cup competition , which would conclude the 2010 season . Greg Biffle , of the Roush Fenway Racing team , won the race , with Jimmie Johnson finishing second and Kevin Harvick third .
Pole position driver Kasey Kahne maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race , as Jeff Gordon , who started in the third position on the grid , remained behind him . Twenty @-@ three laps later Jeff Gordon became the leader of the race . After the final pit stops , Paul Menard became the leader of the race , but with less than fifty laps remaining , Biffle passed him . He maintained the first position to lead a total of sixty laps , and to win his second race of the season .
There were five cautions and twenty lead changes among twelve different drivers throughout the course of the race . It was Greg Biffle 's second win in the 2010 season , and the sixteenth of his career . The result moved Biffle up to eighth in the Drivers ' Championship , eighty @-@ five points behind Jimmie Johnson and sixteen ahead of Jeff Burton . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , thirty @-@ seven ahead of Toyota and seventy @-@ seven ahead of Ford , with seven races remaining in the season . A total of 100 @,@ 000 people attended the race , while 5 @.@ 25 million watched it on television .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Kansas Speedway is one of ten intermediate to hold NASCAR races . The standard track at Kansas Speedway is a four @-@ turn D @-@ shaped oval track that is 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at fifteen degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , is 10 @.@ 4 degrees . The back stretch , opposite of the front , is at only five degrees . The racetrack has seats for 82 @,@ 000 spectators .
Before the race , Denny Hamlin led the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 368 points , and Jimmie Johnson stood in second with 5 @,@ 333 . Kyle Busch was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 323 points , fourteen ahead of Kurt Busch and twenty ahead of Kevin Harvick in fourth and fifth . Carl Edwards with 5 @,@ 295 was seven ahead of Jeff Burton , as Jeff Gordon with 5 @,@ 285 points , was fifty @-@ seven ahead of Greg Biffle , and seventy @-@ nine in front of Tony Stewart . Matt Kenseth and Clint Bowyer was eleventh and twelfth with 5 @,@ 203 and 5 @,@ 130 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 206 points , thirty @-@ five ahead of Toyota . Ford , with 126 points , was thirteen points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Tony Stewart was the race 's defending champion .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race , one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , the second session lasted 45 minutes , and the final session lasted 60 minutes . During the first practice session , Juan Pablo Montoya , for the Earnhardt Ganassi Racing team , was quickest ahead of Ryan Newman in second and Jimmie Johnson in the third position . Paul Menard was scored fourth , and Jamie McMurray managed fifth . Carl Edwards , Clint Bowyer , Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin , and David Reutimann rounded out the top ten quickest drivers in the session .
During qualifying , forty @-@ six cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three were able because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Kasey Kahne clinched his eighteenth pole position in the Sprint Cup Series , with a time of 30 @.@ 920 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Menard . Jeff Gordon qualified third , Joey Logano took fourth , and Greg Biffle started fifth . Kevin Harvick , one of the drivers in the Chase for the Sprint Cup , qualified twenty @-@ fourth , while Carl Edwards was scored thirty @-@ first . The three drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Jason Leffler , Mike Bliss , and Joe Nemechek . Once qualifying concluded , Kahne stated , " Coming to the green I felt great . I got through one and two really good and just got a little bit free into three so I missed the entrance a touch and then was able to gather it back and get rolling . I gave up a little bit of time there . " He also added , " I noticed Paul Menard gained a lot right there in three going out late . He actually came really close to clipping us off . It was good . I ’ m glad we got the pole for Budweiser and Ford . It ’ ll be exciting , a couple of RPM guys on the front row on Sunday . That ’ s pretty exciting for the whole company . They did a real nice job . "
On the next morning , Kurt Busch was quickest in the second practice session , ahead of Gordon and Matt Kenseth in second and third . Reutimann was fourth quickest , and Greg Biffle took fifth . Johnson , Dale Earnhardt , Jr . , Kahne , David Ragan , and Edwards followed in the top @-@ ten . Other drivers in the chase , such as Kyle Busch , was twenty @-@ first , and Kevin Harvick , who was twenty @-@ second . Also in the second practice session , Biffle , who was scored fifth , spun sideways coming to the finish line , but received minor damage . During the third , and final practice session , Mark Martin , with a fastest time of 31 @.@ 574 , was quickest . Jimmie Johnson and Greg Biffle followed in second and third with times of 31 @.@ 596 and 31 @.@ 609 seconds . Logano managed to be fourth fastest , ahead of Jeff Gordon and Paul Menard . Edwards was scored seventh , McMurray took eighth , Bowyer was ninth , and Ragan took tenth . In this practice , both Martin and Johnson spun sideways at different times . Neither , Martin or Johnson sustained major damages to their race cars during the accidents .
= = = Race = = =
The race , the twenty @-@ ninth out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Prior to the race , weather conditions were sunny with the air temperature around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . Steve Schulze , pastor of Parsons Foursquare Church , began pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Next , Betti O. , an Army veteran from Manhattan , Kansas , performed the national anthem , and Kelli Fuller , a Price Chopper contest winner , gave the command for drivers to start their engines . On the pace laps , three drivers had to move the rear of the grid ; they were Mark Martin , Marcos Ambrose , both because of an engine change , and Casey Mears because of a transmission change .
Kasey Kahne retained his pole position lead into the first corner , followed by Paul Menard in the second position . On the same lap , Jeff Gordon passed Menard to claim second . Greg Biffle , who had started fifth , fell three position to eighth by lap two . Afterward , Biffle had fallen to ninth , and he started complaining about his car handling . By the ninth lap , Kahne had a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over Gordon . Menard challenged Gordon for the second position on lap twelve . Matt Kenseth passed Joey Logano for fifth , while Biffle moved three positions to sixth . Kahne 's lead grew more by lap 17 , but less than two laps later , Gordon began to catch him . On lap 24 , Kevin Conway was put a lap behind , after being passed by Kahne . Four laps later , Gordon became the new leader , after Kahne led twenty @-@ seven laps .
On lap 29 , Gordon was the leader , ahead of Kahne in second , Ryan Newman in third , Matt Kenseth was fourth , and Biffle in fifth . During the laps , 30 through 34 , several drivers were put a lap down , which included , Tony Raines , Bobby Labonte , and Travis Kvapil . Afterward , Landon Cassill drove his car to the garage , as Gordon passed J. J. Yeley to put him a lap behind. had a lead of 3 @.@ 4 secs when a caution was shown because Juan Pablo Montoya collided into the SAFER barrier . The drivers on the same lap as the leader made a pit stop during the caution , but Michael McDowell stayed on the race track to lead one lap before giving the lead back to Jeff Gordon .
On lap 49 , Kurt Busch passed Kahne for the third position . Three laps later , the second caution was given because Kyle Busch crashed into David Reutimann , causing him to spin into the SAFER barrier . Most drivers stayed on the race track , but some exceptions were Jamie McMurray , Jimmie Johnson , and Clint Bowyer . One lap after the restart , Kenseth became the leader , after passing Gordon . After the collision , Reutimann was several laps behind the leader . After restarting second , Newman had fallen to sixth , while Tony Stewart moved into third . Seven laps later , Stewart claimed second from Gordon . Gordon was passed by Biffle on lap 72 , as Stewart was catching Kenseth . Newman fell to eighth on lap 77 , after Kyle Busch and Kevin Harvick passed him .
Two laps later , Harvick claimed the sixth position from Kyle Busch . Afterwards , Stewart became the leader , passing Kenseth on lap 81 . By lap 86 , Stewart had a 1 @.@ 4 second lead over Kenseth . Less than five laps later , Biffle passed Kenseth for the second position . On lap 93 , green flag pit stops began . Stewart , followed by Biffle came to pit road , giving the lead back to Matt Kenseth two laps later . When Kenseth made his pit stop , he gave the lead to Jeff Gordon . Allmendinger became the leader , after Gordon , Jeff Burton , Johnson , Mark Martin , and Kurt Busch made pit stops . Once most of the drivers completed their pit stops , Patrick Carpentier was the leader . On lap 99 , Sam Hornish , Jr. drove to the garage because of drive shaft problems . Four laps later , Travis Kvapil , who was running third , made his pit stop . Kvapil was followed by the second running car , David Gilliland . On lap 108 , Carpentier drove to pit road for his pit stop , giving the lead to Stewart .
Five laps later , Johnson passed Kahne for the twelfth position . By the 123rd lap , Stewart had a 2 @.@ 2 second lead over Biffle . Brad Keselowski and Elliott Sadler became a lap behind the leader , after Stewart passed them on lap 135 . Nine laps later , green flag pit stops began . Afterward , Stewart gave the lead to Harvick , when he made a pit stop . Once Harvick came to pit road , Burton became the leader . On lap 149 , Stewart reclaimed the lead . Three laps later , Reutimann collided with Kyle Busch , prompting the third caution on the race to be given . Most drivers made pit stops during the caution , but Harvick was an exception . Harvick led on the restart , as Stewart moved into second . On lap 163 , Biffle passed Mark Martin for fourth , as Newman fell to sixth .
One lap later , Kahne collided into the SAFER barrier to cause the fourth caution . Most drivers after the ninth position made pit stops during the caution . Harvick led during the restart , but Stewart managed to pass Harvick to lead the next lap . Afterward , Harivck fell to third , as Biffle passed him . On lap 175 , Burton moved to fifth , while Stewart had a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over second . Then on lap 186 , the fifth caution was given because Conway 's engine failed . On the restart , McMurray was the leader , but he fell to second one lap later , after Menard passed him . On lap 202 , Harvick passed McMurray for the fifth position . Five laps later , Biffle passed Menard to become the leader .
Afterward , Johnson moved to seventh , after passing Newman and McMurray . Gordon passed McMurray three laps later . By lap 220 , Biffle had a 2 @.@ 1 second lead over Menard , as Harvick passed Edwards for fourth . With 39 laps remaining , Biffle expanded his lead to 3 @.@ 2 seconds . Four laps later , Johnson moved to sixth , after passing Edwards . On lap 135 , the final green flag pit stops began . Once they began , Edwards became the leader , but one lap later , Biffle reclaimed the lead . After the pit stops concluded , Biffle was first , ahead of Stewart , Kenseth , Johnson , and Harvick in the top @-@ five positions . By lap 244 , Biffle had a 5 @.@ 1 second lead over Stewart . One lap later , Johnson passed Kenseth for the third position . With less than ten laps remaining Stewart fell to fourth , after Johnson and Harvick passed him . Greg Biffle maintained the lead to win his second race of the 2010 season . Jimmie Johnson finished second , ahead of Harvick in third and Stewart in fourth . Gordon clinched the fifth position , after starting third .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
Greg Biffle appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his second win of the season , in front of a crowd of 100 @,@ 000 people . Afterward , he said , " We were kind of down in the dumps about Dover , one of our best race tracks , and we got trapped [ when forced to pit off @-@ sequence ] – we had a top @-@ 10 car there . But we can 't go back and do it over again . We 'll keep doing the best we can . Everybody asks if we 're out of it , and I said , ' We 're going to do the best we can . If we win ' em all , we win ' em all . "
" We had to change a lot of the race car around to get it right for today . It leads to a sleepless night and a frustrating morning , having anxious moments before the race , said secon place finisher , Jimmie Johnson . Then , Denny Hamlin , who finished twelfth , stated , " It 's not the kind of run we wanted , but we 're not out of this by any means . The good part is we didn 't panic . "
Following the race , Johnson became the Drivers ' championship with 5 @,@ 503 . Hamlin stood in second , eight points behind Johnson , and twenty @-@ two ahead of Kevin Harvick . Carl Edwards , after finishing sixth in the race , remained in the fourth position with 5 @,@ 450 points . Jeff Gordon was fifth , as Kurt Busch , Kyle Busch , Biffle , Jeff Burton , and Tony Stewart followed in the top @-@ ten positions . The final two positions available in the Chase for the Sprint Cup was occupied with Matt Kenseth in eleventh and Clint Bowyer in twelfth . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 212 points . Toyota remained second with 175 points . Ford followed with 135 points , nineteen points ahead of Dodge in fourth . 5 @.@ 25 million people watched the race on television . The race took two hours , fifty @-@ four minutes and two seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 7 @.@ 638 seconds .
= = Results = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race results = = =
= = Standings after the race = =
= When I Look at You =
" When I Look at You " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus . The song was written by Hillary Lindsey and John Shanks , and produced by Shanks . It was released on March 26 , 2010 by Hollywood Records as the second and final single from Cyrus ' first EP , The Time of Our Lives ( 2009 ) . " When I Look at You " was featured on the 2010 romantic @-@ drama film The Last Song and its corresponding soundtrack , being used to promote the film . The song contains an instrumentation primarily based on piano , while its lyrics speak of a dream boy .
" When I Look at You " received average to mixed critical reception and was unable to duplicate the commercial success of Cyrus ' previous single , " Party in the U.S.A. " " When I Look at You " peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and charted within the top 30 on charts in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Adam Shankman . It features Cyrus playing a grand piano throughout several settings , including a beach and forest . Two other versions of the video were released : one replacing several scenes with clips from The Last Song and another featuring Bisbal . The song was included on her first world tour , the Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) .
= = Background = =
" When I Look at You " was written by Hillary Lindsey and John Shanks . It was used to promote the 2010 film The Last Song , in which Cyrus stars as Veronica " Ronnie " Miller , an angry , rebellious adolescent forced to spend a summer with her estranged father . The song was first included on Cyrus 's 2009 extended play The Time of Our Lives and then on the film and its corresponding soundtrack . The song was initially to be included on Cyrus 's 2010 album Can 't Be Tamed ; however , it was decided to include it on the The Time of Our Lives as well as The Last Song because it fit the film 's concept well . According to Cyrus , when she sings " When I Look at You " , she thinks of family and love . " It 's kind of what this movie is all about " , she said . A remix version titled " Te Miro a Ti " , featuring Spanish singer David Bisbal was released later ; in it , Cyrus sings her lines in English , while Bisbal 's are mingled in both English and Spanish .
= = Composition = =
" When I Look at You " is pop song with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . According to Katie Byrne of MTV News , the song is a power ballad . The song is set in 34 time and has a moderate tempo of 138 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G @-@ flat major and Cyrus 's vocals span two octaves , from G3 to E5 . The song begins with piano in its intro and then transitions to Cyrus singing in a hushed tone . She begins to belt towards the second verse and an electric guitar solo follows the second chorus , showing the influence of country music on the song . It follows the chord progression E ♭ m – G ♭ – D ♭ – C ♭ – C ♭ . Jocelyn Vena , also of MTV News , interpreted the lyrics of " When I Look at You " to be about Cyrus ' dream boy . According to Byrne , the last line — " You appear just like a dream to me " — is very fantasy @-@ like .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Reception from contemporary critics for the song has been average to mixed , with Variety magazine 's Lael Lowenstein calling it an " almost inevitable hit single " and Allmusic 's Heather Phares noting that " When she lets her ... ballad @-@ singing diva come to the fore , Cyrus really shines . " Phares added , " She is just as accomplished on the EP 's ballads " . Bill Lamb of About.com disagreed and stated , " the two ballad songs , ' When I Look At You ' and ' Obsessed , ' feel like throwaways . Miley Cyrus did have a big hit with the highly inspirational ' The Climb , ' but the ballads here flush out the distinctiveness in her voice and simply feel ordinary . " Michael Hann of the English newspaper The Guardian referred to " When I Look at You " as one of the " inferior ballads " on The Time of Our Lives . The song won the 2010 Teen Choice Award for " Choice Music : Love Song " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , on the week ending January 23 , 2010 , " When I Look at You " debuted at number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On the week ending April 17 , 2010 , " When I Look at You " ascended to its peak at number 16 , from its previous position at number 25 , on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song peaked at number 18 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary Chart . The song first appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 59 and peaked at number 24 . As of June 2013 , " When I Look At You " has sold 1 @,@ 319 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
The song also made moderate success in Australia and New Zealand . The song entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 50 and , after three weeks of ascending the chart , reached its peak at number 19 . In New Zealand , " When I Look at You " debuted and peaked at number 27 . The song debuted at number 79 on the UK Singles Chart . On the week ending April 1 , 2010 , it debuted and peaked at number 45 on the Irish Singles Chart . In mainland Europe , " When I Look at You " peaked at number 23 on the Belgian Tip Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) and number 49 on the Swiss Singles Chart .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " When I Look at You " was directed by Adam Shankman , producer of The Last Song . The video was filmed on August 16 , 2009 in several outdoor settings in Savannah , Georgia . " The premise of the video for ' When I Look at You ' is to put together the relationships between Miley , the piano , and music , her relationship with Liam , her relationship to the song " , Shankman commented , in regards to the video 's concept . He believed Cyrus and Hemsworth had " great chemistry " while filming The Last Song and brought it into the set of the video . The video opens by showing a black grand piano alone on a pier , which transitions to a close @-@ up of Cyrus with her wavy hair styled loose . She is shown playing the piano in a long white dress . Australian actor Liam Hemsworth , who portrays Will Blakelee in The Last Song , appears next to the piano , Cyrus not being present . Throughout the rest of the video , Cyrus sings and plays the piano in a forest , the beach , and a mansion 's front yard . Cut @-@ scenes feature Cyrus and Hemsworth interacting romantically , at one point kissing in a wheat field . The video ends by , again , showing the piano alone in the pier . Two alternate versions of the music video were later released : one replaces the cut @-@ scenes of Cyrus and Hemsworth with clips from The Last Song , and another for the song 's remix featuring Bisbal . The latter version replaces cut @-@ scenes with shots of Bisbal signing in a forest and beach ; his scenes were directed by Marc Roussel .
The video was officially premiered on February 21 , 2010 on ABC Family , but was previously leaked to the Internet on September 11 , 2009 . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News congratulated Shankman for capturing romance in the video . She further commented , " Cyrus is definitely growing up , something she 's wanted to prove to the world for a while now . And although there 's nothing particularly jarring in the clip , the vibe shows that Cyrus is most certainly ready to leave Hannah Montana behind . " Jefferson Reid of E ! reviewed the version where clips from the film are used , and said the clips made production values high , " but also helping to keep things easy on the eyes " .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus performed " When I Look at You " at the 2009 Wonder World Tour , her first world tour . She performed the song at each venue during the tour , wearing a black dress with tail that extended below her knees . The performances began with large video screens surrounding the stage displaying The Last Song 's trailer ; the trailer premiered the on September 14 concert in Portland , Oregon , at the Rose Garden Arena , the Wonder World Tour 's opening night . Cyrus then emerged from the bottom of the stage while playing a white grand piano , sitting on a bench . Midway through the song , Cyrus stood up and continued performing while the video screens were brought down to Cyrus ' height . Cyrus described the performance as a " sneak preview " of The Last Song , adding that her excitement about the life imitating art scenario she experienced while filming The Last Song led her to show the movie on tour . Melinda M. Thompson of The Oregonian believed that by playing the piano at the opening night 's performance of " When I Look at You " , Cyrus " showcased her many talents and proved she really just beginning to grasp her star power . " Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times attended the September 22 concert in Los Angeles , California at the Staples Center and commented , " Once again , make @-@ believe
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
requires less , so the water @-@ gas shift reaction is suppressed , and fewer by @-@ products are formed .
By altering the process conditions , acetic anhydride may also be produced on the same plant using the rhodium catalysts .
= = = Acetaldehyde oxidation = = =
Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process , most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde . This remains the second @-@ most @-@ important manufacturing method , although it is usually not competitive with the carbonylation of methanol .
The acetaldehyde may be produced by oxidation of butane or light naphtha , or by hydration of ethylene . When butane or light naphtha is heated with air in the presence of various metal ions , including those of manganese , cobalt , and chromium , peroxides form and then decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation :
2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 4 CH3COOH + 2 H2O
The typical reaction is conducted at temperatures and pressures designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid . Typical reaction conditions are 150 ° C ( 302 ° F ) and 55 atm . Side @-@ products may also form , including butanone , ethyl acetate , formic acid , and propionic acid . These side @-@ products are also commercially valuable , and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them where needed . However , the separation of acetic acid from these by @-@ products adds to the cost of the process .
Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation , the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde .
2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3COOH
Using modern catalysts , this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95 % . The major side @-@ products are ethyl acetate , formic acid , and formaldehyde , all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation .
= = = Ethylene oxidation = = =
Acetaldehyde may be prepared from ethylene via the Wacker process , and then oxidised as above . In more recent times , chemical company Showa Denko , which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in Ōita , Japan , in 1997 , commercialised a cheaper single @-@ stage conversion of ethylene to acetic acid . The process is catalyzed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as tungstosilicic acid . It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants ( 100 – 250 kt / a ) , depending on the local price of ethylene . The approach will be based on utilizing a novel selective photocatalytic oxidation technology for the selective oxidation of ethylene and ethane to acetic acid . Unlike traditional oxidation catalysts , the selective oxidation process will use UV light to produce acetic acid at ambient temperatures and pressure .
= = = Oxidative fermentation = = =
For most of human history , acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have made acetic acid , in the form of vinegar . Given sufficient oxygen , these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs . Commonly used feeds include apple cider , wine , and fermented grain , malt , rice , or potato mashes . The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is :
C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm , airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months . Industrial vinegar @-@ making methods accelerate this process by improving the supply of oxygen to the bacteria .
The first batches of vinegar produced by fermentation probably followed errors in the winemaking process . If must is fermented at too high a temperature , acetobacter will overwhelm the yeast naturally occurring on the grapes . As the demand for vinegar for culinary , medical , and sanitary purposes increased , vintners quickly learned to use other organic materials to produce vinegar in the hot summer months before the grapes were ripe and ready for processing into wine . This method was slow , however , and not always successful , as the vintners did not understand the process .
One of the first modern commercial processes was the " fast method " or " German method " , first practised in Germany in 1823 . In this process , fermentation takes place in a tower packed with wood shavings or charcoal . The alcohol @-@ containing feed is trickled into the top of the tower , and fresh air supplied from the bottom by either natural or forced convection . The improved air supply in this process cut the time to prepare vinegar from months to weeks .
Nowadays , most vinegar is made in submerged tank culture , first described in 1949 by Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner . In this method , alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank , and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution . Using modern applications of this method , vinegar of 15 % acetic acid can be prepared in only 24 hours in batch process , even 20 % in 60 @-@ hour fed @-@ batch process .
= = = Anaerobic fermentation = = =
Species of anaerobic bacteria , including members of the genus Clostridium or Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly without creating ethanol as an intermediate . The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as :
C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH
These acetogenic bacteria produce acetic acid from one @-@ carbon compounds , including methanol , carbon monoxide , or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen :
2 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O
This ability of Clostridium to metabolize sugars directly , or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs , suggests that these bacteria could produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol @-@ oxidizers like Acetobacter . However , Clostridium bacteria are less acid @-@ tolerant than Acetobacter . Even the most acid @-@ tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar in concentrations of only a few per cent , compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar in concentrations up to 20 % . At present , it remains more cost @-@ effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter , rather than using Clostridium and concentrating it . As a result , although acetogenic bacteria have been known since 1940 , their industrial use is confined to a few niche applications .
= = Uses = =
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds . The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer , closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production . The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small .
= = = Vinyl acetate monomer = = =
The primary use of acetic acid is the production of vinyl acetate monomer ( VAM ) . In 2008 , this application was estimated to consume a third of the world 's production of acetic acid . The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst , conducted in the gas phase .
2 H3C − COOH + 2 C2H4 + O2 → 2 H3C − CO − O − CH = CH2 + 2 H2O
Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers , which are components in paints and adhesives .
= = = Ester production = = =
The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks , paints and coatings . The esters include ethyl acetate , n @-@ butyl acetate , isobutyl acetate , and propyl acetate . They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol :
H3C − COOH + HO − R → H3C − CO − O − R + H2O , ( R = a general alkyl group )
Most acetate esters , however , are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction . In addition , ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose , acrylic lacquers , varnish removers , and wood stains . First , glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol , which are then esterified with acetic acid . The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate ( EEA ) , ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate ( EBA ) , and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate ( PMA , more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes , where it is used as a resist solvent ) . This application consumes about 15 % to 20 % of worldwide acetic acid . Ether acetates , for example EEA , have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction .
= = = Acetic anhydride = = =
The product of the condensation of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride . The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application , and uses approximately 25 % to 30 % of the global production of acetic acid . The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700 – 750 ° C. Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride :
CH3CO2H → CH2 = C = O + H2O
CH3CO2H + CH2 = C = O → ( CH3CO ) 2O
Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent . As such , its major application is for cellulose acetate , a synthetic textile also used for photographic film . Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds .
= = = Use as solvent = = =
Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent , as noted above . It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds . Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid ( TPA ) , the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) . In 2006 , about 20 % of acetic acid was used for TPA production .
Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations , such as Friedel @-@ Crafts alkylation . For example , one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner @-@ Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate ; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation .
Glacial acetic acid is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides . Glacial acetic acid is a much weaker base than water , so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium . It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid , such as perchloric acid .
= = = Medical use = = =
Diluted acetic acid is used in physical therapy using iontophoresis .
= = = Vinegar = = =
Vinegar is typically 4 – 18 % acetic acid by mass . Vinegar is used directly as a condiment , and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods . Table vinegar tends to be more diluted ( 4 % to 8 % acetic acid ) , while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated . The amount of acetic acid used as vinegar on a worldwide scale is not large , but is by far the oldest and best @-@ known application .
= = Reactions = =
= = = Organic chemistry = = =
Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid . Upon treatment with a standard base , it converts to metal acetate and water . With strong bases ( e.g. , organolithium reagents ) , it can be doubly deprotonated to give LiCH2CO2Li . Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol . The OH group is the main site of reaction , as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride . Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride ; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid . Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification , and amides can be formed . When heated above 440 ° C ( 824 ° F ) , acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane , or to produce ketene and water :
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
CH3COOH → CH2CO + H2O
= = = Reactions with inorganic compounds = = =
Acetic acid is mildly corrosive to metals including iron , magnesium , and zinc , forming hydrogen gas and salts called acetates :
Mg + 2 CH3COOH → ( CH3COO ) 2Mg + H2
Because aluminium forms a passivating acid @-@ resistant film of aluminium oxide , aluminium tanks are used to transport acetic acid . Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base , as in the popular " baking soda + vinegar " reaction :
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
A colour reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron ( III ) chloride solution , which results in a deeply red colour that disappears after acidification . A more sensitive test uses lanthanum nitrate with iodine and ammonia to give a blue solution . Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide , which can be detected by its malodorous vapours .
= = = Other derivatives = = =
Organic or inorganic salts are produced from acetic acid , including :
Sodium acetate , used in the textile industry and as a food preservative ( E262 ) .
Copper ( II ) acetate , used as a pigment and a fungicide .
Aluminium acetate and iron ( II ) acetate — used as mordants for dyes .
Palladium ( II ) acetate , used as a catalyst for organic coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction .
Silver acetate , used as a pesticide .
Substituted acetic acids produced include :
Chloroacetic acid ( monochloroacetic acid , MCA ) , dichloroacetic acid ( considered a by @-@ product ) , and trichloroacetic acid . MCA is used in the manufacture of indigo dye .
Bromoacetic acid , which is esterified to produce the reagent ethyl bromoacetate .
Trifluoroacetic acid , which is a common reagent in organic synthesis .
Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together ( apart from TPA ) account for another 5 – 10 % of acetic acid use worldwide . These applications are , however , not expected to grow as much as TPA production .
= = History = =
Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air , because acetic acid @-@ producing bacteria are present globally . The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC , when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art , including white lead ( lead carbonate ) and verdigris , a green mixture of copper salts including copper ( II ) acetate . Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa . Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate , a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn , which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy .
In the 16th @-@ century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate , ketonic decarboxylation . The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid 's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances . French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical .
In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time . This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride , followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid , and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid .
By 1910 , most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the pyroligneous liquor , a product of the distillation of wood . The acetic acid was isolated by treatment with milk of lime , and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid . At that time , Germany was producing 10 @,@ 000 tons of glacial acetic acid , around 30 % of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye .
Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials , methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid . Henri Dreyfus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925 . However , a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed ( 200 atm or more ) discouraged commercialization of these routes . The first commercial methanol carbonylation process , which used a cobalt catalyst , was developed by German chemical company BASF in 1963 . In 1968 , a rhodium @-@ based catalyst ( cis − [ Rh ( CO ) 2I2 ] − ) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by @-@ products . US chemical company Monsanto Company built the first plant using this catalyst in 1970 , and rhodium @-@ catalyzed methanol carbonylation became the dominant method of acetic acid production ( see Monsanto process ) . In the late 1990s , the chemicals company BP Chemicals commercialised the Cativa catalyst ( [ Ir ( CO ) 2I2 ] − ) , which is promoted by iridium for greater efficiency . This iridium @-@ catalyzed Cativa process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process , often in the same production plants .
= = = In the interstellar medium = = =
Interstellar acetic acid was discovered in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer using the former Berkeley @-@ Illinois @-@ Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory . It was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular cloud ( also known as the Sgr B2 Large Molecule Heimat source ) . Acetic acid has the distinction of being the first molecule discovered in the interstellar medium using solely radio interferometers ; in all previous ISM molecular discoveries made in the millimetre and centimetre wavelength regimes , single dish radio telescopes were at least partly responsible for the detections .
= = Health effects and safety = =
Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive to skin and must therefore be handled with appropriate care to avoid skin burns , permanent eye damage , and irritation to the mucous membranes . These burns or blisters may not appear until hours after exposure . Latex gloves offer no protection , so specially resistant gloves , such as those made of nitrile rubber , are worn when handling the compound .
Prolonged skin contact with glacial acetic acid may result in tissue destruction . Inhalation exposure ( eight hours ) to acetic acid vapours at 10 ppm can produce some irritation of eyes , nose , and throat ; at 100 ppm marked lung irritation and possible damage to lungs , eyes , and skin may result . Vapour concentrations of 1 @,@ 000 ppm cause marked irritation of eyes , nose and upper respiratory tract and cannot be tolerated . These predictions were based on animal experiments and industrial exposure . Skin sensitization to acetic acid is rare , but has occurred .
It has been reported that , in 12 workers exposed for two or more years to acetic acid airborne average concentration of 51 ppm ( estimated ) , produced symptoms of conjunctive irritation , upper respiratory tract irritation , and hyperkeratotic dermatitis . Exposure to 50 ppm or more is intolerable to most persons and results in intensive lacrimation and irritation of the eyes , nose , and throat , with pharyngeal oedema and chronic bronchitis . Unacclimatised humans experience extreme eye and nasal irritation at concentrations in excess of 25 ppm , and conjunctivitis from concentrations below 10 ppm has been reported . In a study of five workers exposed for seven to 12 years to concentrations of 80 to 200 ppm at peaks , the principal findings were blackening and hyperkeratosis of the skin of the hands , conjunctivitis ( but no corneal damage ) , bronchitis and pharyngitis , and erosion of the exposed teeth ( incisors and canines ) .
The hazards of solutions of acetic acid depend on the concentration . The following table lists the EU classification of acetic acid solutions :
Solutions at more than 25 % acetic acid are handled in a fume hood because of the pungent , corrosive vapour . Dilute acetic acid , in the form of vinegar , is practically harmless . However , ingestion of stronger solutions is dangerous to human and animal life . It can cause severe damage to the digestive system , and a potentially lethal change in the acidity of the blood .
Due to incompatibilities , it is recommended to keep acetic acid away from chromic acid , ethylene glycol , nitric acid , perchloric acid , permanganates , peroxides and hydroxyls .
Concentrated acetic acid can be ignited only with difficulty in the laboratory , but becomes a flammable risk in ambient temperatures above 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) , and can form explosive mixtures with air at higher temperatures ( explosive limits : 5 @.@ 4 – 16 % ) .
= Moonshine ( Bruno Mars song ) =
" Moonshine " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . It was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Andrew Wyatt , Jeff Bhasker and Mark Ronson who also served as its producer along with the former three , under their alias , The Smeezingtons , and Bhasker . " Moonshine " is a midtempo dance @-@ pop , power pop and R & B record . In addition to be heavily influenced by quiet storm style and a " disco groove " . Development of " Moonshine " began while Mars , Ronson and Bhasker " went out one night " and drunk moonshine all night long . When they returned to the studio they started jamming , while Mars screamed " Moonshine , take us to the stars ! " .
The song was released as the second promotional single on November 19 , 2012 . It was set to be issued on contemporary hit radio as the fourth single of the album in Europe and South America , as announced by Brazilian Warner Music Group in their official website . However , it was replaced by " Gorilla " , which had already been released in the United States and Oceania at the time . Commercially , " Moonshine " charted only in South Korea , where it reached number 17 , along with the release of its parent album . It eventually charted in both Belgium charts in 2013 , peaking at number 30 on the Ultratop 50 Flanders and Ultratip Wallonia , a component of the Ultratop 50 Wallonia at number four . On the following year , it debuted in France , spending 11 weeks on the chart , Netherlands and Poland , during the month of January , peaking at number 117 , 32 and 11 , respectively .
It received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who compared its composition to the works of Michael Jackson , Prince and Madonna . Musically , the track has a " retro " vibe , which is noted on the " flanged guitar notes " , " moody chord progressions " and " cheesy flecks of synthesizer " . Its lyrics , had different interpretations with some using its denotative meaning , saying that Mars tries to escape " to ecstasy in a bottle of his favorite vice " , while others took a connotative approach by writing that " Moonshine " is about " longing for the high water mark of a relationship " , which becomes " impossible to reach " . The track was performed on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 @-@ 2015 ) as the opening act .
= = Background and release = =
During an interview , with Rolling Stone , Mars explained the origin of " Moonshine " , by saying " We all [ Mars , Ronson and Bhasker ] went out one night , and they had actual moonshine on the menu . We drank it all night , then headed to the studio – Jeff got on keyboards , Mark starts playing electronic drums that sound like Eighties Prince and I started screaming , ' Moonshine , take us to the stars ! ' There were a lot of nights like that " .
" Moonshine " was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Andrew Wyatt , Jeff Bhasker and Mark Ronson . Mars , Lawrence , and Levine , Bhasker and Ronson were in charge of the production . The song was recorded by Levine , with additional engineering by Charles Moniz . The guitar was played by Wyatt and Ronson , the latter also handled the bass and other beats , while the former contributed with backing vocals along with Bhasker . The lead singer performs the keyboards on the recording . The mixing of the track was done at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . David Kutch mastered the track .
Upon the song lifting , Mars tweeted " Ive been jammin to this song for a while now . I hope yall can groove wit me and slide wit me but most important BOK wit me # Moonshine " . " Moonshine " was released digitally as a promotional single in the United States on November 19 , 2012 as part of the iTunes countdown through Atlantic Records . In countries outside of the US it as liberated by Warner Entertainment Group on the same date . On September 16 , 2013 a promotional CD single containing the song was made available by the former label . It was announced on the Brazilian website of Warner Music Group that the track was set to be released on contemporary hit radio as a single on October 25 , 2013 in Europe and South America , while " Gorilla " had been sent to United States and Oceania mainstream radio . Nevertheless , it was replaced by Gorilla as the fourth single .
A remix of the song , made by The Futuristics ( Alex Schwartz and Joe Khajadourian ) , was exclusively released as bonus track on the Target edition of the album , on December 11 , 2012 . Almost a year later , on November 5 , 2013 , the remix of the song was also included on the deluxe edition of the album , released worldwide .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Moonshine " has a length of three minutes and forty @-@ nine seconds . It has been described as a midtempo dance @-@ pop , power pop , and R & B song . Critics noticed being heavily influenced by quiet storm style and having a " disco groove " , as well as , having a " retro " and " slightly ’ 80s @-@ informed " vibe . Mitchell Peters , while writing the Billboard cover story where Mars was featured , called " Moonshine " a " sexed @-@ up rocker " According to the sheet music published at Music Notes by Alfred Music , the recording is composed in the key of A minor with a time signature in common time , and a moderate groove of 104 beats per minute . Mars 's vocals range spans from the note of C4 to Eb5 . As the track progresses " flanged guitar notes and moody chord progressions " can be heard with " cheesy flecks of synthesizer " . The song lope is " amusing Simple Minds @-@ like " and its chorus is similar to ' Heartbeat ' by Don Johnson . A bass guitar , drums and additional beats are also part of its instrumentation .
The subject addressed in the recording lyrics has divided the critics , while Spin 's Chris Martins was " slightly disappointed " when he realized that " the song was not , in fact , an ode to bootleg liquor " , but a " longing for the high water mark of a relationship that now seems impossible to reach " , despite the fact that " Mars ’ lyrics intoxicate in their own way " . On the other hand , a writer for Neon Limelight commented that the " Mars croons about escaping to ecstasy in a bottle of his favorite vice " ; using the lyrics on the first verse and the chorus , " Oh moonshine , take us to the stars tonight / Take us to that special place / That place we went the last time , the last time " , as evidence . Pop Crush 's Jessica Sager felt the lyrics subject could be " about alcohol addiction " or " a girl who feels like it " .
The recording 's composition brought attention due to its similarities to the works of Michael Jackson . Martins of Spin stated that the track finds Mars channeling " the King of Pop with a markedly more reverent aplomb " . Similarly , Neon Limelight writer , stated that " Bruno Mars channels Michael Jackson in his new single " . The writer furthered that the track was " Built on a very Off The Wall @-@ era , mid @-@ tempo disco groove " . Sam Lansky of Idolator concurred , writing that the artist is channeling " 80 's pop icon : Michael Jackson " . Nevertheless , Lansky discovered a " a little bit of Prince in there " , as well , " but Mars ’ vocals sound eerily like Jacko in his prime " . The song has drawn comparisons to Daft Punk due to its " disco groove " , with Sarah Rodman from The Boston Globe calling the it " wistful " and Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Wood called it " conflict @-@ free tune " gritting with " desperation " . Mars said that the primary influence for the track was American musician Prince .
= = Critical reception = =
The song has received generally favorable reviews from critics , who couldn 't help to avoid comparisons between the track and Michael Jackson 's work . Chris Martins of Spin called the recording " ' wonderfall ' , stating that was something that " Mars might say " . He also wrote that the track was an " 80 's @-@ informed backing track " . Sam Lanksy of Idolator praised the track , saying " fortunately " the drinking during the recording sections " paid off on the song " since it " is probably our favorite effort from Mars to date " . A reviewer for Neon Limelight believed that Mars " channels Michael Jackson in his intoxicating new single " . Tina Jamias from AXS.com recommended , " Watch the turning point of an 80s movie and listen to " Moonshine " . Perfect match " . Having previously stated " The ' 80s are revisited in " Moonshine " with Mars taking on the sounds and styles of Michael Jackson and Madonna " . Jason Lipshut of Billboard wrote that " The production is so buttery that the listener can 't help but get another sugar rush " . Jessica Sager of Pop Crush opined " echoes and sparse production make this sound similar to a Phil Collins track , but in Mars ’ song , a midtempo beat kicks it into modern gear .
In a mixed review , Metro ' Amy Dawson , while reviewing the album , commented that " Moonshine ’ s melodic , mid @-@ tempo disco makes a genuinely decent stab at channelling Michael Jackson " . On the other hand , Jon Caramanica of New York Times called it " melodramatic and spry " , furthering " the song feels bigger than the contours Mr. Mars can give it . It demands a yowler . It could use Adam Lambert " .
= = Chart performance = =
Following the release of Unorthodox Jukebox in 2012 , " Moonshine " debuted at number 17 on the South Korea International Download Chart , with 11 , 360 copies sold . In 2013 , the track entered in the Ultratop 50 Flanders chart , debuting at its peak position 30 . Around the same time , it also appeared on the Ultratip Wallonia , a chart that depends on both airplay and sales , peaking at number 4 . On January 4 , 2014 , it debuted at number one on the Tipparade in Netherlandes . On the following week , the song entered the Dutch Top 40 and eventually it peaked at number 32 . During the month of January , it also charted on the French single charts , spending 11 weeks , peaking at number 117 in its fourth week ; and in Poland , it peaked at number 11 .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Moonshine " – 3 : 49
Promo CD single
" Moonshine " – 3 : 49
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at : Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California
Mixed at : Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records .
= = Chart performance = =
= = Release History = =
= Thunderbird 6 =
Thunderbird 6 is a 1968 British science @-@ fiction adventure film written by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson , directed by David Lane and produced by Century 21 Cinema . A sequel to 1966 's Thunderbirds Are Go , it was the second film to be adapted from the 1960s television series Thunderbirds , which combined scale models and special effects with marionette puppet characters in a filming process that the Andersons termed " Supermarionation " . Intended to provide a lighter @-@ hearted cinematic experience to contrast with the harder science of Thunderbirds Are Go , the Andersons elected to base the plot of Thunderbird 6 on Skyship One , a futuristic airship that is the latest project of the scientist Brains .
Alan , Tin @-@ Tin , Lady Penelope and Parker represent International Rescue on Skyship One 's round @-@ the @-@ world maiden flight , unaware that criminal mastermind the Hood is once again plotting to acquire the secrets of the Thunderbird machines . Paid agents of the Hood murder the original crew of Skyship One prior to take @-@ off and assume their identities , entertaining the guests while scheming to lure the Tracy brothers into a trap . Meanwhile , Brains ' efforts to produce a satisfactory design concept for Jeff 's proposed Thunderbird 6 collide with fate when Skyship One is damaged and Alan 's old Tiger Moth biplane appears to be the only hope of saving the International Rescue group and their impostor hosts .
Actors John Carson and Geoffrey Keen provide guest speaking roles , with additions to the regular voice cast in the form of Keith Alexander and Gary Files . The design of the puppets that appear in Thunderbird 6 marks a transition between the caricatures that Century 21 had used up to Thunderbirds Are Go and the realism introduced in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons . Filming ran from May to December 1967 , and the art and special effects departments collaborated to realise Skyship One as both a miniature model and a collection of themed interior designs . A number of sequences of the Tiger Moth in flight were filmed on location with a full @-@ sized stunt plane , but a legal dispute with the Ministry of Transport regarding alleged dangerous flying by pilot Joan Hughes forced the production team to film the remaining shots in @-@ studio with scale replicas .
Released in July 1968 , Thunderbird 6 had a mediocre reception at the box office , which ruled out the production of further sequels in the Thunderbirds film series . Critical response has remained mixed : although the special effects have been praised , commentators are divided on the quality of the plotting , which is considered either well @-@ paced and concluding on a note of high action , or confusing and inordinately long , with little visual spectacle to contrast with the dialogue . Nevertheless , Thunderbird 6 is viewed favourably in comparison to Jonathan Frakes ' 2004 film adaptation , receiving praise for the perceived agelessness of its entertainment value .
= = Plot = =
In 2068 , the New World Aircraft Corporation ( NWAC ) provides Brains , the inventor of the Thunderbird machines of the humanitarian International Rescue organisation , with an open brief to design a revolutionary aircraft . Although Brains is ridiculed when he proposes an airship for the 21st century , NWAC accepts his blueprints and builds Skyship One , which will circumnavigate the world on its maiden flight with pre @-@ programmed stopover destinations . Alan , Tin @-@ Tin , Lady Penelope and Parker will represent International Rescue as special guests . Brains , meanwhile , is forced to remain on Tracy Island when Jeff decides that International Rescue requires a Thunderbird 6 . Contracted to design this latest addition to the Thunderbirds fleet with no specification , Brains produces a range of concepts , all of which are rejected by Jeff .
Alan and Tin @-@ Tin travel to England in an old de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane and join Penelope and Parker . As Skyship One embarks on its round @-@ the @-@ world voyage , the International Rescue guests are unaware that Captain Foster and the stewards have been murdered and replaced by agents in the pay of the Hood , who is operating under the alias of " Black Phantom " and is based at the disused El Hadim airfield near Casablanca in Morocco . Codenamed " White Ghost " , the impostors are not required to demonstrate technical knowledge of Skyship One since it incorporates automated systems , meaning that the trip passes without incident as the airship visits such locations as New York , the Grand Canyon , Rio de Janeiro and India .
Penelope has been warming to the dashing impersonator of Captain Foster , but uncovers a listening device in her room after Skyship One passes through the Egyptian Pyramids . Foster and his associates have secretly been recording and editing Penelope 's speech to assemble a false transmission , which requests that Jeff dispatch Thunderbirds 1 and 2 , with Brains on board , to El Hadim airfield where the Hood and his henchmen will be waiting to hi @-@ jack the machines . When Skyship One makes its final stop in the Swiss Alps , while Foster , Alan , Tin @-@ Tin , and Lady Penelope dine at a steam train themed inn , Parker locates the editing equipment , but the transmission has been finished and is soon sent to John on Thunderbird 5 . Alan determines the threat against International Rescue just in time for Penelope to contact Jeff in person and warn that Thunderbirds 1 and 2 are about to be ambushed . Dispatched by Jeff in accordance with the transmission , Scott and Virgil now open fire on and annihilate the Hood 's hideout .
On Skyship One , Alan , Penelope and Parker battle Foster and his associates in a gunfight and kill two of the five White Ghost operatives , but are forced to surrender when Tin @-@ Tin is captured as a hostage . One of the " Gravity Compensators " has also been damaged in the fighting , causing the airship to lose altitude . Crossing the English coast , it crashes into a radio mast at a missile base in Dover . With the airship balanced precariously on top of the mast and its anti @-@ gravity field failing , it is up to Scott , Virgil and Brains to rescue all on board before it collapses onto the base . On Tracy Island , Gordon proposes that Alan 's Tiger Moth , in storage at the NWAC Headquarters , is light enough to land on the airship without precipitating its fall .
Brains pilots the plane onto the top deck but is confronted by Foster and his two surviving associates . Holding Penelope hostage in the cockpit , Foster intends to abandon the others , but Alan shoots and kills the impostor . The Tiger Moth lifts off again with all hanging on to either the wings or undercarriage , just before Skyship One crashes to the ground and obliterates the evacuated missile base in a chain reaction . A shootout on board the Tiger Moth disposes of the last of the White Ghost agents , but a bullet has penetrated the fuel tank and the controls will not respond to Penelope . After narrow misses with a bridge on the unfinished M104 motorway and an exhaust tower , Alan and Penelope finally manage to ditch the plane into a field with Tin @-@ Tin , Parker and Brains all unhurt . Back on Tracy Island , Brains unveils Thunderbird 6 as none other than the repaired , repainted and revamped Tiger Moth , which all agree has proven its value as a rescue aircraft .
= = Production = =
Despite the unexpected failure of Thunderbirds Are Go on its release in December 1966 , the United Artists distributors authorised a sequel , to be budgeted at £ 300 @,@ 000 . Major production credits were unchanged from the first film : while Gerry and Sylvia Anderson scripted the film in three months and returned as producers , David Lane filled the position of director .
The plot of the ill @-@ fated Skyship One was intended to be more light @-@ hearted than that of Zero @-@ X in Thunderbirds Are Go , although at the earliest production stage the focus was to be a " Russo @-@ American space project " . From an idea of Desmond Saunders , a long @-@ standing collaborator who had an interest in aviation , the Andersons @-@ based the plot on the destruction of the British R101 in 1930 . Gerry Anderson researched airship history by reading books on the R101 , the R100 and the Graf Zeppelin . The plot also emulates the Thunderbirds Series Two episode " Alias Mr. Hackenbacker " , which stars another of Brains ' pioneering aircraft , Skythrust .
Introducing a vintage de Havilland Tiger Moth as the new Thunderbird 6 , in their script the Andersons allude to 1960s publicity for Esso , which advertised under the promotional banner of " Put a Tiger in Your Tank " . A line from Virgil Tracy during the final rescue of the Skyship One occupants adapts this slogan to refer to the " Tiger " stored inside Thunderbird 2 's Pod . However , no character dialogue explicitly refers to the aircraft by the full name " Tiger Moth " .
= = = Casting = = =
Voice acting was recorded in six days at the Anvil Films Recording Studio at Denham in Buckinghamshire , where dialogue for Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons would also be recorded . Dialogue for characters returning from Thunderbirds Are Go , such as the Tracy family , Tracy Island 's other residents , Lady Penelope , Parker and the Hood is , with two exceptions , provided by the same actors . Voice actors introduced in Thunderbird 6 are :
Keith Alexander as John Tracy and the Narrator . John 's original voice , Ray Barrett , had returned to his native Australia on the completion of Thunderbirds Are Go . Replacing Barrett in this role for Thunderbird 6 , Alexander was also contracted to provide an opening narration , which describes the secrecy of the International Rescue organisation and Tracy Island . Emigrating from Australia in 1965 , Alexander continued his association with the Andersons after Thunderbird 6 , voicing the characters of Sam Loover in Joe 90 ( 1968 ) and Agent Blake in the final Supermarionation series , The Secret Service ( 1969 ) . He also held the regular part of Lieutenant Keith Ford in UFO in the 1970s .
Gary Files as " Black Phantom " . While production of Thunderbird 6 progressed , Files , another Australian actor , also provided voices for Captain Scarlet ( 1967 ) , including the recurring character of Captain Magenta . More roles followed , from supporting voices in Joe 90 to the regular part of Matthew Harding in The Secret Service . He recalls that his lines in Thunderbird 6 were intended as a test prior to Captain Scarlet and has fond memories of his casting , stating in an interview , " I was just knocked out to be working with people like Geoffrey Keen , and those other marvellous people involved . "
John Carson as the replacement Captain Foster ( " White Ghost " ) . A British actor of television and cinema , Carson 's small @-@ screen credits of the 1960s and 70s include The Saint , Man in a Suitcase , Department S and The Professionals , while his film roles include Plague of the Zombies ( 1966 ) and Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) . His appearances in The Troubleshooters attracted the attention of the Andersons . Carson 's delivery of Foster 's lines has led to a mistaken assertion that fellow British actor James Mason was cast for the role .
Geoffrey Keen as James Glenn , the New World Aircraft Corporation President . Also known to the Andersons for his role in The Troubleshooters ( as the leading character of Brian Stead ) , stage , television and cinema actor Keen appeared in more than 100 films in his lifetime , including Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) , Born Free ( 1966 ) and , with Carson , Taste the Blood of Dracula . Spanning 1977 to 1987 , he portrayed Sir Frederick Gray , the fictional Minister for Defence in the James Bond series , from the films The Spy Who Loved Me to The Living Daylights .
Gerry Anderson biographers Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn suggest that Thunderbird 6 develops the character of Lady Penelope from her previous appearances in the Thunderbirds franchise . This is argued to be due , in part , to a more mature reading of the character 's lines from Sylvia Anderson , who provided Penelope 's voice from the first episode of the Thunderbirds television series . Archer and Hearn also praise the work of David Graham , particularly his reading of Parker 's dialogue , but note that other regular characters , such as Gordon and John , appear infrequently in the film .
= = = Puppets = = =
With the cancellation of Thunderbirds after the six episodes of Series Two , the next small @-@ screen project for AP Films , re @-@ branded as " Century 21 " in December 1966 , would be Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons . This series , which was screened from September 1967 , starred a brand @-@ new generation of Supermarionation puppets sculpted with more realistic proportions than the caricatured marionettes of Thunderbirds . However , in the pre @-@ production stages for Thunderbirds Are Go , it was decided that audiences who had seen Thunderbirds were too accustomed to the older style of puppet for the returning characters to be upgraded to the new design . To maintain continuity , a compromise was made to produce puppets for the second Thunderbirds film which would mix traits from the two Supermarionation generations : although the heads and hands would remain disproportionately large , the marked caricature from the television episodes would be reduced .
For guest roles , puppets were mainly recycled from their previous appearances in Thunderbirds Are Go , although the Captain Foster puppet was a new addition . Puppeteer Wanda Webb recalls that Thunderbird 6 maintained a high standard in the appearance of its cast , commenting on a shot which depicts Lady Penelope asleep on board Skyship One , " I had placed the sleeping eyelids in Plasticine and made the eye shadow a little too blue . We ended up re @-@ shooting the whole sequence . " One @-@ use puppets appear in what Supermarionation historian Stephen La Rivière describes as " a contender for the most horrific scene ever produced by Century 21 " : in the opening scene , the characters of the NWAC executives present gaping mouths and teeth , complete with dental fillings , when Brains ' plan to design an airship sends them into howls of laughter . The decision to begin the film with a cold open and delay the title sequence and opening credits was one of Century 21 's efforts to distinguish Thunderbird 6 from the preceding film .
= = = Design and effects = = =
Principal photography for Thunderbird 6 commenced on 1 May 1967 , by which time Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons had already entered production . One of the Century 21 production units was transferred from Captain Scarlet to the second Thunderbirds film and shooting was completed in four months alongside that of the new television series . Special effects director Derek Meddings constructed the Skyship One model and supervised the creation of scale replicas of destinations explored in the film , such as the Great Sphinx of Giza , the Egyptian Pyramids and the Grand Canyon . The Swiss Alps shots which frame a scene set inside the fictional Whistle Stop Inn called for the FAB1 model to skate across ice , while scale figures of Alan and Tin @-@ Tin follow the Rolls @-@ Royce on skis . The length of movement required necessitated the construction of a special effects set that was between 40 and 50 feet ( 12 and 15 m ) wide ( the largest used for the film ) , filled with salt to simulate the snow @-@ capped Swiss mountains . The film was also shot in parallel with Joe 90 , as evidenced by special effects footage of the destruction of the Dover Missile Complex re @-@ appearing in the pilot episode of that series , and a brief appearance of Sam Loover 's car during the evacuation of the Complex .
The art department , headed by Bob Bell and responsible for the interiors of Skyship One , designed each room in a unique style : while the airship 's Ball Room includes spherical @-@ shaped décor , a Games Room is furnished to a dice and chessboards theme . Although Keith Wilson was attached to the production of Captain Scarlet , he contributed the design of Lady Penelope 's bedroom , which is shaded a bright pink to match the colour of FAB1 . In the course of filming , the floor of the Skyship One Bottle Room set ignited under the heat of the studio lights and had to be completely rebuilt . The interior of the Whistle Stop Inn is a favourite of Bell . Shooting on this set had to be carefully timed due to the presence of model trains , of a smaller scale than the puppets , which run on tracks and transport meals to the characters as their " cargo " . In their biography of Gerry Anderson , Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn hold the Skyship One Gravity Compensation Room , in which the Gravity Compensators are represented by rotating metal frames , in high regard . However , Penelope 's bedroom is described as resembling a " Barbara Cartland nightmare " .
= = = Aerial stunts = = =
The vintage de Havilland Tiger Moth appears as a scale model for sequences such as Alan and Tin @-@ Tin 's departure from Tracy Island and Brains ' arrival on the top deck of Skyship One . The production team also decided to arrange a live @-@ action location shoot in Buckinghamshire to star a full @-@ sized biplane . Joan Hughes , an experienced pilot who had flown Supermarine Spitfires and Avro Lancasters from factories to airbases during the Second World War , was selected to fly the aircraft . Sequences that comprise live @-@ action filming include Brains launching the Tiger Moth from a field to rescue the occupants of Skyship One , Penelope 's subsequent struggle to control the aircraft , the gun battle with Foster 's remaining henchmen , the near collisions with the motorway bridge and the exhaust tower , and the final crash @-@ landing . For the later sequences , stunt dummies fixed to the Tiger Moth 's wings and undercarriage represent the characters of Alan , Tin @-@ Tin , Parker , Brains and the White Ghost agents , while Hughes doubles for Penelope in the cockpit . The location filming was based at Wycombe Air Park .
The M40 motorway , which was nearing completion at the time of production , doubled for the fictitious M104 . In the run @-@ up to the filming of the plane 's near @-@ miss with the bridge between Junctions 4 and 5 , at Lane End on the High Wycombe Bypass , the Ministry of Transport and the local police ordered that in accordance with Ministry of Civil Aviation regulations , the manoeuvre be performed with the wheels in contact with the tarmac at all times . During a take , a crosswind sprang up and the drag caused by the dummies left Hughes concerned that she would lose control of the Tiger Moth if it were to hit the ground . She therefore kept the plane in mid @-@ air while passing under the bridge , clearing it by nine feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) as originally planned . On another attempt , the continuing adverse conditions necessitated a second low @-@ level glide , angering the Ministry of Transport official supervising the filming ; subsequently , Hughes and production manager were arrested . Hughes , a pilot with more than three decades ' flight experience by 1968 , later commented that this dangerous stunt marked only the first time in her career that she had feared for her safety .
Both Hughes and Foster were prosecuted ; the former was charged with seven counts of " dangerous flying " , and the latter with three of aiding and abetting . However , it was not until 18 March 1968 – after production had ended – that the case against them was heard at Aylesbury Crown Court . The jury viewed the final cut of Thunderbird 6 and found both defendants not guilty on 20 March . Reported in the Daily Express below the headline " Under The Bridge Goes Lady Penelope " , the acquittal inspired Foster to remark that the character had " opened the way for much greater realism in filmmaking . "
In the intervening months , the Ministry of Transport had withdrawn permission for further stunts to be filmed on the M40 , forcing the production team to resort to alternative methods to complete the Tiger Moth sequences . The special effects department constructed a 1 ⁄ 6 @-@ scale model re @-@ creation , located on the Century 21 outdoor backlot to reduce lighting discrepancies , with radio @-@ controlled miniatures of the Tiger Moth made to replace Hughes ' aircraft . Ranging from six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in width to a smaller 1 ⁄ 3 @-@ scale for filming with the puppet characters , the replicas were unreliable and frequently crashed , but Anderson asserts that the production team successfully merged the full @-@ sized and miniature shots so that it is difficult to distinguish which aircraft is piloted by Hughes and which is remote @-@ controlled . The scale reconstruction of the M40 bridge was aligned with a backdrop of real trees and fields to simulate the intended setting as faithfully as possible . Bad weather forced the outdoor filming to run for six weeks .
Built at Hatfield Aerodrome in Hertfordshire in 1940 , the DH82A Tiger Moth that appears in the film ( registration G @-@ ANFM , serial number 83604 ) had served in the RAF before being sold to the Association of British Aero Clubs in 1953 . Since the production of Thunderbird 6 , the plane has made appearances in other films , such as Michael Apted 's Agatha ( 1978 ) . Damaged in a crash in 1992 , the repaired Tiger Moth currently forms a part of the Diamond Nine aerobatics squadron , based at White Waltham Airfield , Berkshire .
= = = Music = = =
Barry Gray considered the musical score for Thunderbird 6 superior to that of Thunderbirds Are Go since its depiction of round @-@ the @-@ world travel provided scope for a large number of musical themes . Music was recorded in six sessions at the Olympic Studios at Barnes , London , between 1 and 5 February 1968 , with an orchestra of 56 members . The main title music , described as " jaunty " in Gerry Anderson 's biography , accompanies opening credits superimposed on shots of Skyship One as it sits on the NWAC airfield . The soundtrack was released in a limited edition in 2005 . A rendition of the 19th @-@ century song " The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze " accompanies the aerial shots which chart Alan and Tin @-@ Tin 's departure from Tracy Island at the start of the film . Director David Lane wanted the movements of the Tiger Moth to simulate a dance in mid @-@ air , and to this end played the song on loudspeakers from the shooting helicopter to inspire the stunt pilot .
= = Release = =
Completed in December 1967 and awarded a " U " rating from the British Board of Film Classification on 22 January 1968 , Thunderbird 6 did not premiere until 29 July , at the London Odeon Cinema in Leicester Square . To promote the film , a Lady Penelope impersonator , Penny Snow , toured Britain in a pink Rolls @-@ Royce imitation of FAB1 . Commenting on the six @-@ month postponement between classification and release , Thunderbirds historian Chris Bentley conjectures that United Artists had lost faith in distributing the Thunderbirds franchise in light of the disappointing box office returns for Thunderbirds Are Go , and therefore intentionally shelved the sequel between January and July .
= = Reception = =
Underperforming at the box office on its general release , Thunderbird 6 went on to become a commercial failure and spoilt chances for the production of a potential third Thunderbirds film . In his review published in the Daily Mail , critic Barry Norman described the sequel to Thunderbirds Are Go as child @-@ orientated but still a showcase of " technical excellence " . In what he termed a " class @-@ conscious " side to the film , Norman also discussed the characterisation of Parker , a manservant , as a butt of jokes , such as being the one unfortunate character to find himself stuck upside @-@ down in a tree as the Tiger Moth crash @-@ lands .
La Rivière theorises that the commercial failure of the film is attributable to the facts that ITC financier Lew Grade had cancelled Thunderbirds as a television series in 1966 , and that , by July 1968 , 18 months had passed since the screening of the final episode ( " Give or Take a Million " ) , resulting in a loss of public interest in the franchise . He praises Thunderbird 6 for its visual work , and holds the model Tiger Moth effects in particularly high regard , writing that it represents " some of the best effects work Century 21 would ever create . It is a testament to their skill and ingenuity that , in the motorway sequence , the model shots are indistinguishable from the original . " However , he questions whether the sparseness of the action sequences is a disappointment to child viewers , suggesting that the film " feels like an extended puppet version of holiday magazine programme Wish You Were Here ... ? " Adding to the " unfamiliar air " of the film are the characters , who La Rivière argues sound more mature than before in a development which he partly attributes to the new casting of Gary Files and Keith Alexander . He also asserts that the film intentionally avoids iconic elements from the original Thunderbirds episodes , such as the Thunderbird launch sequences and the " Thunderbirds March " theme music .
La Rivière argues that the use of the Tiger Moth as the star vehicle , and the pun on the Esso promotional banner of " Put a Tiger in Your Tank " , are more suited to an adult audience . Meanwhile , children " had spent the entire 90 minutes eagerly waiting for the most fantastic piece of hardware to arrive . They got an old plane . " Thunderbirds historian John Marriott voices similar criticism of the Tiger Moth , writing that " the big screen was an unsuitable place for the gentle irony of steam @-@ age technology scoring triumphantly over an array of fantasy machines . " Science @-@ fiction author John Peel is dismissive of the film in general and compares it pessimistically to the " well @-@ made fun " of Thunderbirds Are Go . He summarises it as a " big mistake " and " a feeble last fling for a brilliant series " , with a long and illogical plot , poor jokes and little action during the final rescue sequences . Responding to claims that the tone of Thunderbird 6 differs significantly from that of its predecessor , Gerry Anderson maintains that the time that had elapsed since the airing of the final television episode meant that " we were much more aware with the second one that it wasn 't just a question of making a longer episode , but it was , indeed , to make something special for the cinema . "
A BBC Online review suggests that the sequel to Thunderbirds Are Go is " a weak and perhaps too padded adventure
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@ Falun Gong campaign . Luo Gan was selected to helm of the office , whose mission at the time was described as studying , investigating , and developing a " unified approach … to resolve the Falun Gong problem . " The office was not created with any legislation , and there are no provisions describing its precise mandate . Nonetheless , it was authorized “ to deal with central and local , party and state agencies , which were called upon to act in close coordination with that office , ” according to UCLA professor James Tong .
On 17 June 1999 , the 610 Office came under the newly created Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong , headed by Politburo Standing Committee member Li Lanqing . Four other deputy directors of the Central Leading Group also held high @-@ level positions in the Communist Party , including minister of the propaganda department , Ding Guangen . The leaders of the 610 Office and CLGDF were " able to call on top government and party officials to work on the case and draw on their institutional resources , " and had personal access to the Communist Party general secretary and the Premier .
Journalist Ian Johnson , whose coverage of the crackdown on Falun Gong earned him a Pulitzer Prize , wrote that the job of the 610 Office was " to mobilize the country 's pliant social organizations . Under orders from the Public Security Bureau , churches , temples , mosques , newspapers , media , courts and police all quickly lined up behind the government 's simple plan : to crush Falun Gong , no measures too excessive . Within days a wave of arrests swept China . By the end of 1999 , Falun Gong adherents were dying in custody . ”
= = Structure = =
The 610 Office is managed by top echelon leaders of the Communist Party of China , and the CLGDF that oversees the 610 Office has , since its inception , been helmed by a senior member of the Politburo Standing Committee . A list of 610 Office Chiefs , including their time in that position , includes Li Lanqing ( 1999 – 2003 ) , Luo Gan ( 2003 – 2007 ) , Zhou Yongkang ( 2007 – 2012 ) , Li Dongsheng ( 2013 ) , Liu Jinguo ( 2013 @-@ 2015 ) , Fu Zhenghua ( 2015 @-@ 2016 ) , and most recently Huang Ming ( 2016 ) .
The practice of appointing top @-@ ranked Party authorities to run the CLGDF and 610 Office was intended to ensure that they outranked other departmental officials . According to James Tong , the 610 Office is situated " several administrative strata " above organizations such as the State Administration of Radio , Film , and Television , Xinhua News Agency , China Central Television , and the News and Publications Bureau . The 610 Office plays the role of coordinating the anti @-@ Falun Gong media coverage in the state @-@ run press , as well influencing other party and state entities , including security agencies , in the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign .
Cook and Lemish speculate that the 610 Office was created outside the traditional state @-@ based security system for several reasons : first , a number of officials within the military and security agencies were practicing Falun Gong , leading Jiang and other CPC leaders to fear that these organizations had already been quietly compromised ; second , there was a need for a nimble and powerful organization to coordinate the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign ; third , the creation of a top @-@ level party organization sent a message down the ranks that the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign was a priority ; and finally , CPC leaders did not want the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign to be hindered by legal or bureaucratic restrictions , and thus established the 610 Office extrajudicially .
Soon after the creation of the central 610 Office , parallel 610 Offices were established at each administrative level wherever populations of Falun Gong practitioners were present , including the provincial , district , municipal , and sometime neighborhood levels . In some instances , 610 Offices have been established within large corporations and universities . Each office takes orders from the 610 Office one administrative level above , or from the Communist Party authorities at the same organizational level . In turn , the local 610 Offices influence the officers of other state and party bodies , such as media organizations , local public security bureaus , and courts .
The structure of the 610 Office overlaps with the Communist Party ’ s Political and Legislative Affairs Committee ( PLAC ) . Both Luo Gan and Zhou Yongkang oversaw both the PLC and the 610 Office simultaneously . This overlap is also reflected at local levels , where the 610 Office is regularly aligned with the local PLAC , sometimes even sharing physical offices .
The individual 610 Offices at local levels show minor variations in organizational structure . One example of how local offices are organized comes from Leiyang city in Hunan province . There , the 610 Office consisted in 2008 of a " composite group " and an " education group . " The education group was in charge of " propaganda work " and the " transformation through reeducation " of Falun Gong adherents . The composite group was in charge of administrative and logistics tasks , intelligence collection , and the protection of confidential information .
James Tong wrote that the Party 's decision to run the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign through the CLGDF and the 610 Office reflected " a pattern of regime institutional choice " to use " ad hoc committees rather than permanent agencies , and invested power in the top party echelon rather than functional state bureaucracies . "
= = = Recruitment = = =
Relatively little is known about recruiting processes for local 610 Offices . In rare instances where such information is available , 610 officers appeared to have been drawn from other party or state agencies ( such as the Political and Legislative Committee staff or Public Security Bureaus ) . Hao Fengjun , a defector and former officer with the 610 Office in Tianjin City , was one such officer . Hao had previously worked for the Public Security Bureau in Tianjin , and was among the officers selected to be seconded to the newly created 610 Office . According to Hao , few officers volunteered for a position in the 610 Office , so selections were made through a random draw . Some 610 Offices conduct their own recruiting efforts to bring in staff with university degrees .
= = = Responsibility system = = =
In order to ensure compliance with the Party 's directives against Falun Gong , the 610 offices implemented a responsibility system that extended down to the grassroots levels of society . Under this system , the local officials were held accountable for all Falun Gong @-@ related outcomes under their jurisdiction , and a system of punitive fines were imposed on regions and officials who failed to adequately persecute Falun Gong . " This showed that , instead of creating a modern system to rule China , the government still relied on an ad hoc patchwork of edicts , orders and personal connections , " wrote Johnson .
An example of this responsibility system was shown in the handling of protesters traveling to Beijing in the early years of the persecution . After the persecution of Falun Gong began in 1999 , hundreds of Falun Gong practitioners traveled daily to Tiananmen Square or to petitioning offices in Beijing to appeal for their rights . In order to stem the flow of protesters in the capital , the central 610 Office held local authorities responsible for ensuring that no one from their region went to Beijing . " The provincial government fined mayors and heads of counties for each Falun Gong practitioner from their district who went to Beijing , " wrote Johnson . The mayors and county leaders then fined the heads of their local 610 offices or PLAC branches , who in turn fined the village chiefs , who fined the police . The police administered punishment to the Falun Gong practitioners , and regularly demanded money from them to recoup the costs . Johnson wrote that " The fines were illegal ; no law or regulation has ever been issued in writing that lists them . " Government officials announced them only orally in meetings . " There was never to be anything in writing because they didn 't want it made public , " one official told Johnson .
= = Functions = =
= = = Surveillance and intelligence = = =
Surveillance of Falun Gong practitioners and intelligence collection is among the chief functions of 610 Offices . At the local levels , this involves monitoring workplaces and residences to identify Falun Gong practitioners , making daily visits to the homes of known ( or " registered " ) Falun Gong practitioners , or coordinating and overseeing 24 @-@ hour monitoring of practitioners . The 610 Office does not necessarily conduct the surveillance directly ; instead , it orders local authorities to do so , and has them report at regular intervals to the 610 Office . Basic @-@ level 610 Offices relay the intelligence they have collected up the operational chain to the 610 Office above them . In many instances , the surveillance is targeted towards Falun Gong practitioners who had previously recanted the practice while in prison or labor camps , and is intended to prevent " recidivism . "
The 610 Office 's intelligence collection efforts are bolstered through he cultivation of paid civilian informants . 610 Offices at local levels have been found to offer substantial monetary rewards for information leading to the capture of Falun Gong practitioners , and 24 @-@ hour hotlines have been created for civilians to report on Falun Gong @-@ related activity . In some locales , ' responsibility measures ' are enacted whereby workplaces , schools , neighborhood committees and families are held accountable for monitoring and reporting on Falun Gong practitioners within their ranks .
In addition to domestic surveillance , the 610 Office is allegedly involved in foreign intelligence . Hao Fengjun , the former 610 officer @-@ turned defector from Tianjin , testified that his job at the 610 Office involved collating and analyzing intelligence reports on overseas Falun Gong populations , including in the United States , Canada and Australia .
In 2005 , a Chinese agent working with the Chinese embassy in Berlin recruited a German Falun Gong practitioner Dr. Dan Sun to act as an informant . The agent reportedly arranged a meeting for Sun with two men who purported to be scholars of Chinese medicine interested in researching Falun Gong , and Sun agreed to pass information to them , ostensibly hoping to further their understanding of the practice . The men were in fact high @-@ ranking agents of the 610 Office in Shanghai . Sun maintained that he had no knowledge the men he was corresponding with were Chinese intelligence agents , but because he cooperated with them , he was nonetheless convicted of espionage in 2011 . According to Der Spiegel , the case demonstrated " how important fighting [ Falun Gong ] is to the [ Chinese ] government , " and " points to the extremely offensive approach that is sometimes being taken by the Chinese intelligence agencies . "
= = = Propaganda = = =
Propaganda is among the core functions of the 610 Office , both at the central and local levels . The CLGDF includes high @-@ ranking members of the Communist Party 's propaganda department , including the minister of propaganda and deputy head of the Central Leading Group on Propaganda and Ideological Work . This , coupled with the 610 Office 's organizational position above the main news and propaganda organs , gives it sufficient influence to direct the anti @-@ Falun Gong propaganda efforts at the central level .
Tong notes that the first " propaganda assaults " on the Falun Gong were launched in the leading state @-@ run newspapers in late June , 1999 — shortly after the establishment of the 610 office , but before the campaign against Falun Gong had been officially announced . The effort was overseen by Ding Guangen in his capacity as the deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong and the country 's propaganda chief . The initial media attacks contained only veiled , indirect references to Falun Gong , and their content aimed to deride " superstition " and extol the virtues of atheism . In the weeks leading up to the official launch of the campaign , the CLGDF and the 610 Office set to work preparing a large number of books , editorials , and television programs denouncing the group , which were made public after 20 July 1999 when the campaign against Falun Gong officially began .
In the months following July 1999 , David Ownby writes that the country 's media apparatus " was churning out hundreds of articles , books , and television reports against Falun Gong . The Chinese public had not witnessed such overkill since the heyday of the Cultural Revolution . " State propaganda initially used the appeal of scientific rationalism to argue that Falun Gong 's worldview was in " complete opposition to science " and communism ; the People 's Daily asserted on 27 July 1999 , that it " was a struggle between theism and atheism , superstition and science , idealism and materialism . " Other rhetoric appearing in the state @-@ run press centered on charges that Falun Gong had misled followers and was dangerous to health . To make the propaganda more accessible to the masses , the government published comic books , some of which compared Falun Gong ’ s founder to Lin Biao and Adolf Hitler .
The Central 610 Office also directs local 610 Offices to carry out propaganda work against Falun Gong . This includes working with local media , as well as conducting grassroots campaigns to " educate " target audiences in schools and universities , state @-@ run enterprises , and social and commercial enterprises . In 2008 , for instance , the central 610 Office issued a directive to engage in propaganda work intended to prevent Falun Gong from " interfering with " the Beijing Olympics . The campaign was referenced on government web sites in every Chinese province .
= = = Reeducation and detention = = =
610 Offices work with local security agencies to monitor and capture Falun Gong adherents , many of whom are then sentenced administratively to reeducation @-@ through @-@ labor camps ( RTL ) , or , if they continue to practice and advocate for Falun Gong , sentenced to prison . The number of Falun Gong adherents detained in China is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands ; in some facilities , Falun Gong practitioners are in the majority .
610 Offices throughout China maintain an informal network of " transformation @-@ through @-@ reeducation " facilities . These facilities are used specifically for ideological reprogramming of Falun Gong practitioners , whereby they are subjected to physical and mental coercion in an effort to have them renounce Falun Gong . In 2001 , the central 610 Office began ordering " all neighborhood committees , state institutions and companies " to begin using the transformation facilities . No Falun Gong practitioners were to be spared , including students and the elderly . The same year , the 610 Office reportedly relayed orders that those who actively practice Falun Gong must be sent to prisons or labor camps , and those who did not renounce their belief in Falun Gong were to be socially isolated and monitored by families and employers .
In 2010 , the central 610 Office initiated a three @-@ year campaign to intensify the " transformation " of known Falun Gong practitioners . Documents from local 610 Offices across the country revealed the details of the campaign , which involved setting transformation quotas , and required local authorities to forcefully take Falun Gong practitioners into transformation @-@ through @-@ reeducation sessions . If they failed to recant their practice , the practitioners would be sent to labor camps .
In addition to prisons , labor camps and transformation facilities , the 610 Office can arbitrarily compel mentally healthy Falun Gong practitioners into psychiatric facilities . In 2002 , it was estimated that approximately 1 @,@ 000 Falun Gong adherents were being held against their will in mental hospitals , where reports of abuse were common .
= = = Interference in legal system = = =
The majority of detained Falun Gong practitioners are sentenced administratively to reeducation @-@ through @-@ labor camps , though several thousand have been condemned to longer sentences in prisons , often under the charge of " using a heretical organization to undermine the implementation of the law " — a vaguely worded provision that often carries sentences exceeding ten years .
Chinese human rights lawyers have charged that the 610 Office regularly interferes with legal cases involving Falun Gong practitioners , subverting the ability of judges to adjudicate independently . Attorney Jiang Tianyong has noted that cases where the defendants are Falun Gong practitioners are decided by the local 610 Offices , rather than through recourse to legal standards . In November 2008 , two lawyers seeking to represent Falun Gong practitioners in Heilongjiang noted that the presiding judge in the case was seen meeting with 610 Office agents . Other lawyers , including Gao Zhisheng , Guo Guoting and Wang Yajun have alleged that the 610 Office interfered with their ability to meet with Falun Gong clients or defend them in court .
Official documents support the allegation of interference by the 610 Office . In 2009 , two separate documents from Jilin province and Liaoning Province described how legal cases against Falun Gong practitioners must be approved and / or audited by the 610 Office . The 610 Office 's organizational proximity to the CPC 's Political and Judicial Committee better enables it to exercise influence with the Supreme People 's Court and Ministry of Justice , both at the central level and with their counterparts at local levels .
= = Allegations of torture and killing = =
Several sources have reported 610 officers as being involved in or ordering the torture of Falun Gong adherents in custody . In a letter to Chinese leaders in 2005 , prominent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng relayed accounts of 610 officers beating and sexually assaulting Falun Gong practitioners : “ of all the true accounts of incredible violence that I have heard , of all the records of the government ’ s inhuman torture of its own people , what has shaken me most is the routine practice on the part of the 6 – 10 Office and the police of assaulting women ’ s genitals , ” wrote Gao . Defector Hao Fengjun described witnessing one of his 610 Office colleagues beating an elderly female Falun Gong practitioner with an iron bar . The event helped catalyze Hao 's decision to defect to Australia . The 2009 report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings relayed allegations that the 610 Office was involved in the torture deaths of Falun Gong practitioners ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics .
Ian Johnson of the Wall Street Journal reported in 2000 that Falun Gong practitioners were tortured to death in " transformation @-@ through @-@ reeducation " facilities that are run by the 610 Office . The central 610 Office had informed local authorities that they could use any means necessary to prevent Falun Gong practitioners from traveling to Beijing to protest the ban — an order that reportedly resulted in widespread abuse in custody .
= = Expanded functions = =
In 2003 , the name of the Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong was changed to the " Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions . " The same year , its mandate was expanded to include disposing of 28 other " heretical religions " and " harmful qigong practices " . Although Falun Gong continues to be the 610 Office 's primary concern , there is evidence of local offices targeting members of other groups , some of which identify as Buddhist or Protestant denominations . This include carrying out surveillance against members , engaging in propaganda efforts , and detaining and imprisoning members .
In some cases , the 610 Office performs functions unrelated to the monitoring and persecution of unrecognized religions . For instance , the Economist reported that 610 officers were involved in enforcing the house arrest of Chen Guangcheng , a blind human rights lawyer best known for his opposition to forced abortions and compulsory sterilizations .
In 2008 , a new set of " leading groups " appeared with the mandate of " maintaining stability . " Corresponding local offices were established in every district in major coastal cities , being tasked with " ferreting out " anti @-@ Communist Party elements . The branch offices for Maintaining Stability overlap significantly with local 610 Offices , sometimes sharing offices , staff , and leadership .
Cook and Lemish write that the increased reliance on ad hoc committees such as the 610 Office and stability maintenance offices may indicate a sense among Communist Party leaders that the existing state security services are ineffective in meeting its needs . " That these officials are increasingly relying on more arbitrary , extra @-@ legal , and personalized security forces to protect their hold on power does not only bode badly for China 's human rights record . It also threatens the stability of internal CCP politics should 610 Office work become politicized , " they write .
= Death of Benito Mussolini =
The death of Benito Mussolini , the deposed Italian fascist dictator , occurred on 28 April 1945 , in the final days of World War II in Europe , when he was summarily executed by Italian Communists in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy . The " official " version of events is that Mussolini was shot by Walter Audisio , a communist partisan who used the nom de guerre of " Colonel Valerio " . However , since the end of the war , the circumstances of Mussolini 's death , and the identity of his killer , have been subjects of continuing confusion , dispute and controversy in Italy .
In 1940 , Mussolini took his country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany but soon met with military failure . By the autumn of 1943 , he was reduced to being the leader of a German puppet state in northern Italy and was faced with the Allied advance from the south and an increasingly violent internal conflict with the partisans . In April 1945 , with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities , Mussolini 's situation became untenable . On 25 April he fled Milan , where he had been based , and tried to escape to the Swiss border . He and his mistress , Claretta Petacci , were captured on 27 April by local partisans near the village of Dongo on Lake Como . Mussolini and Petacci were shot the following afternoon , two days before Adolf Hitler 's suicide .
The bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were taken to Milan and left in a suburban square , the Piazzale Loreto , for a large angry crowd to insult and physically abuse . They were then hung upside down from a metal girder above a service station on the square . Initially , Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but , in 1946 , his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters . Four months later it was recovered by the authorities who then kept it hidden for the next eleven years . Eventually , in 1957 , his remains were allowed to be interred in the Mussolini family crypt in his home town of Predappio . His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo @-@ fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo @-@ fascist rallies .
In the post @-@ war years , the " official " version of Mussolini 's death has been questioned in Italy ( but , generally , not internationally ) in a way that has drawn comparison with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories . Journalists , politicians and historians , doubting the veracity of Audisio 's account , have put forward a wide variety of theories and speculation as to how Mussolini died and who was responsible . At least twelve different individuals have , at various times , been claimed to be the killer . These have included Luigi Longo and Sandro Pertini who subsequently became Secretary @-@ General of the Italian Communist Party and President of Italy respectively . Several writers believe that Mussolini 's death was part of a British special forces operation . The aim was supposedly to retrieve compromising " secret agreements " and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured . However , the " official " explanation , with Audisio as Mussolini 's executioner , remains the most credible narrative .
= = Preceding events = =
= = = Background = = =
Mussolini had ruled Italy as its fascist leader since 1922 ( and as dictator with the title Il Duce from 1925 ) and had taken the country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany in June 1940 . Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , Mussolini was deposed and put under arrest ; Italy then switched sides and joined the Allies . Later that year , he was rescued from prison in the Gran Sasso raid by German special forces and Hitler installed him as leader of the Italian Social Republic , a German puppet state set up in northern Italy and based at the town of Salò near Lake Garda . By 1944 , the " Salò Republic " , as it came to be called , was threatened not only by the Allies advancing from the south but also internally by Italian anti @-@ fascist partisans , in a brutal conflict that was to become known as the Italian civil war .
Slowly fighting their way up the Italian peninsula , the Allies took Rome and then Florence in the summer of 1944 and later that year they began advancing into northern Italy . With the final collapse of the German army 's Gothic Line in April 1945 , total defeat for the Salò Republic and its German protectors was imminent .
From mid @-@ April Mussolini based himself in Milan , and he and his government took up residence in the city 's Prefecture . At the end of the month , the partisan leadership , the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia ( CLNAI ) , declared a general uprising in the main northern cities as the German forces retreated . With the CLNAI 's assumption of control in Milan and the German army in northern Italy about to surrender , Mussolini fled the city on 25 April and attempted to escape north to Switzerland .
On the same day as Mussolini left Milan , the CNLAI declared :
The members of the fascist government and those fascist leaders who are guilty of having suppressed constitutional guarantees , destroyed the people 's freedoms , created the fascist regime , compromised and betrayed the country , bringing it to the current catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death .
= = = Capture and arrest = = =
On 27 April 1945 , Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci , together with other fascist leaders , were travelling in a German convoy near the village of Dongo on the north western shore of Lake Como . A group of local communist partisans led by Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro attacked the convoy and forced it to halt . The partisans recognised one Italian fascist leader in the convoy , but not Mussolini at this stage , and made the Germans hand over all the Italians in exchange for allowing the Germans to proceed . Eventually Mussolini was discovered slumped in one of the convoy vehicles . Lazzaro later said that :
his face was like wax and his stare glassy , but somehow blind . I read utter exhaustion , but not fear ... Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will , spiritually dead .
The partisans arrested Mussolini and took him to Dongo , where he spent part of the night in the local barracks . In all , over fifty fascist leaders and their families were found in the convoy and arrested by the partisans . Aside from Mussolini and Petacci , sixteen of the most prominent of them would be summarily shot in Dongo the following day and a further ten would be killed over two successive nights .
Fighting was still going on in the area around Dongo . Fearing that Mussolini and Petacci might be rescued by fascist supporters , the partisans drove them , in the middle of the night , to a nearby farm of a peasant family named de Maria ; they believed this would be a safe place to hold them . Mussolini and Petacci spent the rest of the night and most of the following day there .
On the evening of Mussolini 's capture , Sandro Pertini , the Socialist partisan leader in northern Italy , announced on Radio Milano :
The head of this association of delinquents , Mussolini , while yellow with rancour and fear and trying to cross the Swiss frontier , has been arrested . He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly . We want this , even though we think an execution platoon is too much of an honour for this man . He would deserve to be killed like a mangy dog .
= = = Order to execute = = =
Differing accounts exist of who made the decision that Mussolini should be summarily executed . Palmiro Togliatti , the Secretary @-@ General of the Communist Party , claimed that he had ordered Mussolini 's execution prior to his capture . Togliatti said he had done so by a radio message on 26 April 1945 with the words : " Only one thing is needed to decide that they [ Mussolini and the other fascist leaders ] must pay with their lives : the question of their identity " . He also claimed that he had given the order as deputy prime minister of the government in Rome and as leader of the Communist Party . Ivanoe Bonomi , the prime minister , later denied that this was said with his government 's authority or approval . A senior communist in Milan , Luigi Longo , said that the order came from the General Command of the partisan military units " in application of a CLNAI decision " . Longo subsequently gave a different story : he said that when he and Fermo Solari , a member of the Action Party ( which was part of the CLNAI ) , heard the news of Mussolini 's capture they immediately agreed that he should be summarily executed and Longo gave the order for it to be carried out .
According to Leo Valiani , the Action Party representative on the CLNAI , the decision to execute Mussolini was taken on the night of 27 / 28 April by a group acting on behalf of the CLNAI comprising himself , Sandro Pertini , and the communists Emilio Sereni and Luigi Longo . The CLNAI subsequently announced , on the day after his death , that Mussolini had been executed on its orders .
In any event , Longo instructed a communist partisan of the General Command , Walter Audisio , to go immediately to Dongo to carry out the order . According to Longo , he did so with the words " go and shoot him " . Longo asked another partisan , Aldo Lampredi , to go as well because , according to Lampredi , Longo thought Audisio was " impudent , too inflexible and rash " .
= = Execution = =
Although several conflicting versions and theories of how Mussolini and Petacci died were put forward after the war , the account of Walter Audisio , or at least its essential components , remains the most credible and is sometimes referred to in Italy as the " official " version .
It was largely confirmed by an account provided by Aldo Lampredi and the " classical " narrative of the story was set out in books written in the 1960s by Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro , and the journalist Franco Bandini . Although each of these accounts vary in detail , they are consistent on the main facts .
Audisio and Lampredi left Milan for Dongo early on the morning of 28 April to carry out the orders Audisio had been given by Longo . On arrival in Dongo , they met with Bellini delle Stelle , who was the local partisan commander , to arrange for Mussolini to be handed over to them . Audisio used the nom de guerre of " Colonel Valerio " during his mission . In the afternoon , he , with other partisans , including Aldo Lampredi and Michele Moretti , drove to the de Maria 's farmhouse to collect Mussolini and Petacci . After they were picked up , they drove a short distance to the village of Giulino de Mezzegra . The vehicle pulled up at the entrance of the Villa Belmonte on a narrow road known as via XXIV maggio and Mussolini and Petacci were told to get out and stand by the villa 's wall . Audisio then shot them at 4 : 10 pm with a submachine gun borrowed from Moretti , his own gun having jammed .
There were differences in Lampredi 's account and that of Audisio . Audisio presented Mussolini as acting in a cowardly manner immediately prior to his death whereas Lampredi did not . Audisio said he read out a sentence of death , whereas Lampredi omitted this . Lampredi said that Mussolini 's last words were " aim at my heart " . In Audisio 's account , Mussolini said nothing immediately prior to or during the execution .
Differences also exist with the account given by others involved , including Lazzaro and Bellini delle Stelle . According to the latter , when he met Audisio in Dongo , Audisio asked for a list of the fascist prisoners that had been captured the previous day and marked Mussolini 's and Petacci 's names for execution . Bellini delle Stelle said he challenged Audisio as to why Petacci should be executed . Audisio replied that she had been Mussolini 's adviser , had inspired his policies and was " just as responsible as he is " . According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place .
Audisio gave a different account . He claimed that on 28 April he convened a " war tribunal " in Dongo comprising Lampredi , Bellini delle Stelle , Michele Moretti and Lazzaro with himself as president . The tribunal condemned Mussolini and Petacci to death . There were no objections to any of the proposed executions . Urbano Lazzaro later denied that such a tribunal had been convened and said :
I was convinced Mussolini deserved death ... but there should have been a trial according to law . It was very barbarous .
In a book he wrote in the 1970s , Audisio argued that the decision to execute Mussolini taken at the meeting in Dongo of the partisan leaders on 28 April constituted a valid judgment of a tribunal under Article 15 of the CNLAI 's ordinance on the Constitution of Courts of War . However , the lack of a judge or a Commissario di Guerra ( required by the ordinance to be present ) casts doubt on this assertion .
= = Subsequent events = =
During his dictatorship , representations of Mussolini 's body — for example pictures of him engaged in physical labour either bare @-@ chested or half @-@ naked — formed a central part of fascist propaganda . His body remained a potent symbol after his death , causing it to be either revered by supporters or treated with contempt and disrespect by opponents , and assuming a broader political significance .
= = = Piazzale Loreto = = =
In the evening of 28 April , the bodies of Mussolini , Petacci , and the other executed Fascists were loaded onto a van and trucked south to Milan . On arriving in the city in the early hours of 29 April , they were dumped on the ground in the Piazzale Loreto , a suburban square near the main railway station . The choice of location was deliberate . Fifteen partisans had been shot there in August 1944 in retaliation for partisan attacks and Allied bombing raids , and their bodies had then been left on public display . At the time , Mussolini is said to have remarked " for the blood of Piazzale Loreto , we shall pay dearly " .
Their bodies were left in a heap , and by 9 am a considerable crowd had gathered . The corpses were pelted with vegetables , spat at , urinated on , shot at and kicked ; Mussolini 's face was disfigured by beatings . An American eye witness described the crowd as " sinister , depraved , out of control " . After a while , the bodies were hoisted up on to the metal girder framework of a half @-@ built Standard Oil service station , and hung upside down on meat hooks . This mode of hanging had been used in northern Italy since medieval times to stress the " infamy " of the hanged . However , the reason given by those involved in hanging Mussolini and the others in this way was to protect the bodies from the mob . Movie footage of what happened appears to confirm that to be the case .
= = = Morgue and autopsy = = =
At about 2 pm , the American military authorities , who had arrived in the city , ordered that the bodies be taken down and delivered to the city morgue for autopsies to be carried out . A US army cameraman took photographs of the bodies for publication , including one with Mussolini and Petacci positioned in a macabre pose as though they were arm @-@ in @-@ arm .
On 30 April , an autopsy was carried out on Mussolini at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Milan . One version of the subsequent report indicated that he had been shot with nine bullets , while another version specified seven bullets . Four bullets near the heart were given as the cause of death . The calibres of the bullets were not identified . Samples of Mussolini 's brain were taken and sent to America for analysis . The intention was to prove the hypothesis that syphilis had caused insanity in him , but nothing resulted from the analysis ; no evidence of syphilis was found on his body either . No autopsy was carried out on Petacci .
= = = Interment and theft of corpse = = =
After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan , Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery , to the north of the city . On Easter Sunday 1946 , Mussolini 's body was located and dug up by a young fascist , Domenico Leccisi , and two friends . Over a period of sixteen weeks it was moved from place to place — the hiding places included a villa , a monastery and a convent — while the authorities searched for it . Eventually , in August , the body ( with a leg missing ) was tracked down to the Certosa di Pavia , a monastery not far from Milan . Two Franciscan friars were charged with assisting Leccisi hide the body .
The authorities then arranged for the body to be hidden at a Capuchin monastery in the small town of Cerro Maggiore where it remained for the next eleven years . The whereabouts of the body was kept a secret , even from Mussolini 's family . This remained the position until May 1957 , when the newly appointed Prime Minister , Adone Zoli , agreed to Mussolini 's re @-@ interment at his place of birth in Predappio in Romagna . Zoli was reliant on the far right ( including Leccisi himself , who was now a neo @-@ fascist party deputy ) to support him in Parliament . He also came from Predappio and knew Mussolini 's widow , Rachele , well .
= = = Tomb and anniversary of death = = =
The re @-@ interment in the Mussolini family crypt in Predappio was carried out on 1 September 1957 , with supporters present giving the fascist salute . Mussolini was laid to rest in a large stone sarcophagus . The tomb is decorated with fascist symbols and contains a large marble head of Mussolini . In front of the tomb is a register for visitors paying their respects to sign . The tomb has become a neo @-@ fascist place of pilgrimage . The numbers signing the tomb 's register range from dozens to hundreds per day , with thousands signing on certain anniversaries ; almost all the comments left are supportive of Mussolini .
The anniversary of Mussolini 's death on 28 April has become one of three dates neo @-@ fascist supporters mark with major rallies . In Predappio , a march takes place between the centre of town and the cemetery . The event usually attracts supporters in the thousands and includes speeches , songs and people giving the fascist salute .
= = Post @-@ war controversy = =
Outside of Italy , Audisio 's version of how Mussolini was executed has largely been accepted and is uncontroversial . However , within Italy , the subject has been a matter of extensive debate and dispute since the late 1940s to the present and a variety of theories of how Mussolini died has proliferated . At least 12 different individuals have been identified at various times as being responsible for carrying out the shooting . Comparisons have been made with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories , and it has been described as the Italian equivalent of that speculation .
= = = Reception of Audisio 's version = = =
Until 1947 , Audisio 's involvement was kept a secret , and in the earliest descriptions of the events ( in a series of articles in the Communist Party newspaper L 'Unità in late 1945 ) the person who carried out the shootings was only referred to as " Colonnello Valerio " .
Audisio was first named in a series of articles in the newspaper Il Tempo in March 1947 and the Communist Party subsequently confirmed Audisio 's involvement . Audisio himself did not speak publicly about it until he published his account in a series of five articles in L 'Unità later that month ( and repeated in a book that Audisio later wrote which was published in 1975 , two years after his death ) . Other versions of the story were also published , including , in the 1960s , two books setting out the " classical " account of the story : Dongo , la fine di Mussolini by Lazzaro and Bellini delle Stelle and Le ultime 95 ore di Mussolini by journalist Franco Bandini .
Before long , it was noted that there were discrepancies between Audisio 's original story published in L 'Unità , subsequent versions that he provided and the versions of events provided by others . Although his account most probably is built around the facts , it was certainly embellished . The discrepancies and obvious exaggerations , coupled with the belief that the Communist Party had selected him to claim responsibility for their own political purposes , led some in Italy to believe that his story was wholly or largely untrue .
In 1996 , a previously unpublished private account written in 1972 by Aldo Lampredi for the Communist Party 's archives , appeared in L 'Unità . In it , Lampredi confirmed the key facts of Audisio 's story but without the embellishments . Lampredi was undoubtedly an eyewitness and , because he prepared his narrative for the private records of the Communist Party – and not for publication – it was perceived that he had no motivation other than to tell the truth . Furthermore , he had had a reputation for being reliable and trustworthy ; he was also known to have disliked Audisio personally . For all these reasons it was seen as significant that he largely confirmed Audisio 's account . After Lampredi 's account was published , most , but not all , commentators were convinced of its veracity . The historian Giorgio Bocca commented that " it sweeps away all the bad novels constructed over 50 years on the end of the Duce of fascism ... There was no possibility that the many ridiculous versions put about in these years were true ... The truth is now unmistakably clear " .
= = = Claims by Lazzaro = = =
In his 1993 book Dongo : half a century of lies , the partisan leader Urbano Lazzaro repeated a claim he had made earlier that Luigi Longo and not Audisio , was " Colonnello Valerio " . He also claimed that Mussolini was inadvertently wounded earlier in the day when Petacci tried to grab the gun of one of the partisans , who killed Petacci and Michele Moretti then shot dead Mussolini .
= = = The " British hypothesis " = = =
There have been several claims that Britain 's wartime covert operations unit , the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) , was responsible for Mussolini 's death , and that it may have even been ordered by the British prime minister , Winston Churchill . Allegedly , it was part of a " cover up " to retrieve " secret agreements " and compromising correspondence between the two men , which Mussolini was carrying when he was captured by partisans . It is said that the correspondence included offers from Churchill of peace and territorial concessions in exchange for Mussolini persuading Hitler to join the western Allies in an alliance against the Soviet Union . Proponents of this theory have included historians such as Renzo De Felice and Pierre Milza and journalists including Peter Tompkins and Luciano Garibaldi ; however , the theory has been dismissed by many .
In 1994 Bruno Lonati , a former partisan leader , published a book in which he claimed that he had shot Mussolini and he was accompanied on his mission by a British army officer called " John " , who shot Petacci . Journalist Peter Tompkins claimed to have established that " John " was Robert Maccarrone , a British SOE agent who had Sicilian ancestry . According to Lonati , he and " John " went to the de Maria farmhouse in the morning of 28 April and killed Mussolini and Petacci at about 11 : 00 am . In 2004 , the Italian state television channel , RAI , broadcast a documentary , co @-@ produced by Tompkins , in which the theory was put forward . Lonati was interviewed for the documentary and claimed that when he arrived at the farmhouse :
Petacci was sitting on the bed and Mussolini was standing . " John " took me outside and told me his orders were to eliminate them both , because Petacci knew many things . I said I could not shoot Petacci , so John said he would shoot her himself , while making it quite clear that Mussolini however , had to be killed by an Italian .
They took them out of the house and , at the corner of a nearby lane they were stood against a fence and shot . The documentary included an interview with Dorina Mazzola who said that her mother had seen the shooting . She also said that she herself had heard the shots and that she " looked at the clock , it was almost 11 " . The documentary went on to claim that the later shootings at the Villa Belmonte were subsequently staged as part of the " cover up " .
The theory has been criticised for lacking any serious evidence , particularly on the existence of the correspondence with Churchill . Commenting on the RAI television documentary in 2004 , Christopher Woods , researcher for the official history of the SOE , dismissed these claims saying that " it 's just love of conspiracy @-@ making " .
= = = Other " earlier death " theories = = =
Some , including most persistently the journalist Giorgio Pisanò , have claimed that Mussolini and Petacci were shot earlier in the day near the de Maria farmhouse and that the execution at Giulino de Mezzegra was staged with corpses . The first to put this forward was Franco Bandini in 1978 .
= = = Other theories = = =
Other theories have included allegations not only that Luigi Longo , subsequently leader of the Communist Party in post @-@ war Italy , but also Sandro Pertini , a future President of Italy , carried out the shootings . Others have claimed that Mussolini ( or Mussolini and Petacci together ) committed suicide with cyanide capsules .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Newspaper articles , journals and websites = = =
= Ashot Nadanian =
Ashot Nadanian ( sometimes transliterated as Nadanyan ; Armenian : Աշոտ Նադանյան ; born September 19 , 1972 ) is an Armenian chess International Master ( 1997 ) , chess theoretician and chess coach .
His highest achievements have been in opening theory and coaching . Two opening variations are named after him : the Nadanian Variation in the Grünfeld Defence and the Nadanian Attack in the Queen 's Pawn Opening . He began coaching at the age of 22 and has brought up three grandmasters . He has coached the national teams of Kuwait and Singapore and was awarded the titles Honoured Coach of Armenia in 1998 and FIDE Trainer in 2007 . Since 2011 , he has been a permanent second of Levon Aronian .
Although a strong player who competed in the 1996 Chess Olympiad and narrowly failed to qualify for the 1999 FIDE World Chess Championship , he has never fulfilled his potential . According to Valery Chekhov , Nadanian " possesses enormous chess potential , but he was not able to find enough time to work professionally on his chess . " Levon Aronian said that due to the situation in Armenia , Nadanian " was not able to display even one @-@ tenth of his playing talent . "
Due to his imaginative attacking style , Nadanian has been described as a " brilliant eccentric " , the " Armenian Tal " and " Kasparov 's half @-@ brother " . The sixth chapter of Tibor Karolyi 's 2009 book Genius in the Background is devoted to Nadanian .
= = Early years = =
Nadanian was born on 19 September 1972 in Baku , Azerbaijan SSR , which then was part of the Soviet Union , to Sergei and Irina , both hairdressers . He was taught to play chess by his father when he was seven . His early coach was Rafael Sarkisov , who took him on as a pupil at Spartak in Baku . In his article The Voiceless Old Man Nadanian recollects , that when he was nine or ten there were almost no chess tournaments in which young players could play with seniors and therefore he often went to the park near his house to play chess with older chess lovers . He remembers that in one of these park @-@ battles he played against a mysterious , silent stranger who turned out to be the highly respected chess champion Vladimir Makogonov . In 1986 and 1987 Nadanian won the under @-@ sixteen Azerbaijani championship . With the beginning of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War in 1988 , his family was forced to leave Baku and flee to Armenia .
= = Chess career = =
Nadanian played in the Soviet Union Junior Chess Championships of 1987 , 1988 and 1989 , in the Armenian Chess Championships of 1997 , 1998 and 1999 ( 7th – 8th places ) , in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan 1996 , in the 13th European Chess Club Cup 1997 , in the Zonal tournament in Panormo 1998 , where he shared 7th – 11th places out of 72 participants , in the European Individual Chess Championships of 2000 and 2014 and in the FIDE World Rapid and Blitz Championships 2013 in Khanty @-@ Mansiysk . In 2014 , playing board 4 , he helped his team BKMA Yerevan to a silver medal in the Armenian Team Chess Championship .
His other performances :
= = Playing strength and style = =
Nadanian reached his best Elo rating in July 1997 with 2475 Elo points . His best single performance was at Moscow Aeroflot Open , 2002 , where he scored five of nine possible points ( 56 % ) , exceeding his first grandmaster norm by half a point . His second norm came at Moscow 2004 , where he scored eight points out of eleven with a performance rating of 2630 .
Nadanian has an imaginative and adventurous style of playing , and even his mistakes , according to Tibor Karolyi , " contain elements of creativity " . He likes to create fresh , atypical positions straight from the opening , often employing bizarre maneuvers to achieve his goals . Uncommon chess openings have always been a part of his repertoire ( e.g. Sokolsky Opening , Budapest Gambit ) .
Kingpin magazine called him " a brilliant eccentric " . Tibor Karolyi devoted a chapter to him in his 2009 book Genius in the Background and jokingly called him " Kasparov 's Half @-@ Brother " , as Kasparov and Nadanian were both coached by Alexander Shakarov , and there were similarities in their playing styles . In particular , Karolyi emphasizes their ability to implement effective ideas on the edge of the board , attributing this to the influence of their common chess " father " . As an example of flank pawn advances versus a solid centre , John L. Watson in his 2003 book Chess Strategy in Action brings attention to the game Nadanian – Ponomariov , Kiev 1997 and calls it " almost satire on rule @-@ breaking " , as nine of White 's first thirteen moves have been pawn moves and only one of those has been with a central pawn , yet Black 's position was extremely difficult .
The 2005 World Cup winner Levon Aronian said of Nadanian : " His passion for beauty , his devotion to the romantic chess school has always been inspiring . " Grandmaster Valery Chekhov noted that " along with his positive qualities like very subtle understanding of dynamic positions , very good sense of initiative and quick thinking , Ashot ’ s play has a few negative facets like weak opening repertoire , bad defence , and the psychological element of the game as well . "
= = Chess theoretician = =
Nadanian has contributions to opening theory , with two variations named after him : the Nadanian Variation in the Grünfeld Defence ( after the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Na4 ) and the Nadanian Attack in the Queen 's Pawn Opening ( after the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 h6 3.c4 g5 ) . The first variation has been used by many strong GMs such as Viktor Korchnoi , Bu Xiangzhi , Walter Browne , Smbat Lputian , Jonathan Rowson , Andrei Kharlov , Bogdan Lalić , Igor Lysyj , while the second has never enjoyed popularity among top @-@ flight players .
Described by John Donaldson as " the ever inventive creator of novelties " , he has made a number of other notable innovations , including :
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Be7 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.Bf4 0 – 0 6.e3 c5 7.dxc5 Bxc5 8.Qc2 Nc6 9.a3 Qa5 10.Ra2 ;
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.g3 Ba6 5.b3 Bb4 + 6.Bd2 Be7 7.Bg2 c6 8.Bc3 d5 9.Ne5 Nfd7 10.Nd3 ;
1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Nf3 Nc6 4.g3 e4 5.Ng5 Ng4 ;
1.Nf3 c5 2.c4 Nc6 3.Nc3 e5 4.e3 Nf6 5.d4 e4 6.d5 exf3 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.e4. Aronian , who played this novelty against Caruana in Stavanger 2012 and won a pawn on move 19 , said after the game : " This is a move that my second Ashot Nadanian has invented . "
Nadanian has contributed analysis to many chess publications throughout the world including the Chess Informant , New In Chess Yearbook , 64 , Kaissiber and Szachy Chess . He is a columnist for the Chessville.com website and has also written for ChessBase and the Armenian Chess Academy website .
= = Chess coach and second = =
After Nadanian graduated from the Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture in 1994 , he became a chess trainer . At 26 he became the youngest Honoured Coach of Armenia . Among his students are Grandmasters Gabriel Sargissian , Varuzhan Akobian and Davit G. Petrosian . He has also occasionally helped GM Tigran L. Petrosian .
From December 1999 until August 2001 , Nadanian worked as the National Team Coach of Kuwait . Between 2005 and 2010 , he was the National Coach of Singapore Men 's Team . In 2007 , he was awarded the title of FIDE Trainer .
At the " Full English Breakfast " website ( thefeb.com , podcast # 7 Part 1 ) , Levon Aronian refers to Nadanian as his friend and second . Unable to accompany Aronian to the 2011 Wijk aan Zee tournament , they maintained daily contact online . During the entire month of February 2011 , Nadanian , together with a team of five grandmasters — Wang Hao , Movsesian , Sargissian , Pashikian and Melkumyan — held training camp in Tsaghkadzor , helping Aronian to prepare for the Candidates Tournament of the World Chess Championship 2012 cycle . At the 2011 Crestbook KC @-@ Conference Aronian noted : " Lots of players are involved in my team , but Ashot Nadanian is absolutely irreplaceable . Besides the work he does himself he manages the whole process , while also planning training sessions . " During the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2012 in Wijk aan Zee Aronian referred to Nadanian as his permanent assistant .
Nadanian once said in an interview that one of the joyful events of his life was the ending of the Turin Olympiad in 2006 , when his student Sargissian became Olympic champion with the Armenian team and his other student Akobian won bronze with the U.S. team . At the next Olympiad in Dresden the story repeated itself : Sargissian won team gold medal and Akobian won team bronze .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Other chess activities and hobbies = = =
One of Nadanian 's hobbies along with reading , watching classical piano performances and writing aphorisms is chess composition . His first puzzle appeared in 1986 and since that time he has composed about fifty studies and puzzles , of which he considers only ten or twelve to be good . He is particularly attracted by the problems , where in a final position White wins with a king and knights only . Whilst two knights cannot force checkmate against a lone king , they can do so in some exceptional cases when the defender has pawns or other pieces . This idea is most clearly embodied in the highly original Nadanian 's problem with seven knights ( see diagram ) . In December 2009 , ChessBase published three of Nadanian 's puzzles on " knights theme " , calling him " a hippophile chess composer " .
A chess book collector , Nadanian has a private library of more than a thousand volumes . He also plays correspondence chess .
= = = Family = = =
Nadanian lives in Yerevan . He married Evelina Zakharian since 1999 , and they have a daughter Kiti ( born 2004 in Moscow ) and a son Vigen ( born 2010 in Singapore ) . When asked in an interview whether being a father negatively affects his chess career , Nadanian replied , " I do not know , but even if that would be true , I 'll never be sorry . Kiti and Vigen are more important to me than all my chess achievements put together . "
= = = Relationships = = =
In the same interview Nadanian said that he has " perfect relations with virtually all Armenian top players " , stressing that the closest are Levon Aronian , Gabriel Sargissian , Ara Minasian , Varuzhan Akobian and Andranik Matikozian . Nadanian also said that during the Linares Open of 1998 his friend Levon Aronian joked that Nadanian ate cat food . When in 2004 Nadanian named his daughter Kiti , Aronian replied , " See ? I told you that it was ' Whiskas ' ! "
= = Notable games = =
= = = Nadanian – Sakaev , ICC 2001 = = =
The game was played between Nadanian ( White ) and the former Russian champion , Konstantin Sakaev ( Black ) on the Internet Chess Club server in 2001 . It was annotated by Tibor Karolyi in his Genius in the Background book ( 2009 ) and by Lubomir Kavalek in The Washington Post on January 4 , 2010 :
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Na4 The Nadanian Variation . White preventing c7 – c5 and threatening 6.e4. 5 ... Bg7 6.e4 Nb6 7.Be3 0 @-@ 0 8.Nf3 f5 ? ! This weakens the kingside . 9.exf5 gxf5 10.Nxb6 ax
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
b6 11.Bc4 + Kh8 ? Yet another mistake ; 11 ... e6 is correct . 12.Ng5 ! Opens the diagonal for the queen to reach the h @-@ file . 12 ... Qe8 13.Bf7 ! ! Kavalek writes , " A shocking deflection allowing the white queen to join the attack . " 13 ... Rxf7 14.Qh5 Kg8 After 14 ... Bf6 15.Nxf7 + Kg7 16.Qh6 + ! Kxf7 17.Qh5 + Kf8 18.Bh6 + White wins . 15.Qxh7 + Kf8 16.Ne6 + ! ! Karolyi writes , " This is a truly ferocious shot " . 16 ... Bxe6 17.Bh6 ! Black has no defense against 18.Qh8 checkmate . 1 – 0
Karolyi proclaims , " A particularly striking example to showcase Ashot 's brilliant attacking play . "
= = = Wu Shaobin – Nadanian , Singapore 2006 = = =
The following game was played between the former member of China 's Olympiad team GM Wu Shaobin ( White ) and Nadanian ( Black ) at Singapore 2006 :
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Be2 Ncxe5 7.Nxe5 Nxe5 8 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 9.b3 Re8 10.Bb2 a5 Well @-@ known plan in this position , introduced by the IM Dolfi Drimer in 1968 , with which Black develops the a8 rook along the sixth rank using the Ra8 – a6 – h6 manoeuvre . Nadanian calls the pawn advance a7 – a5 " the soul of the Budapest Gambit " . 11.Nc3 Ra6 12.Ne4 Ba7 13.Ng3 Qh4 14.Nf5 Qg5 ! ? This was a new move . Before had been played 14 ... Qe4 . 15.Nd4 Rg6 16.g3 d5 ? ! 18 ... Qh6 was stronger . 17.cxd5 ? White should have played 17.Nb5 ! 17 ... Bh3 ! 18.Re1 Ng4 19.Nf3 Qxe3 ! Karolyi writes , " This shows Kasparov @-@ like aggression and ingenuity . " 20.Bd4 Qxf2 + ! ! 21.Bxf2 Bxf2 + 22.Kh1 Bb6 23.Qb1 ? White should have defended with 23.Rf1 ! After 23 ... Ne3 24.Qd3 Bg2 + 25.Kg1 Bh3 White can either repeat moves with 26.Kh1 , or try 26.Nd4. 23 ... Nf2 + 24.Kg1 Rf6 ! Black has time to increase the pressure . 25.b4 ! If 25.Qc2 ? , then 25 ... Ng4 + 26.Kh1 Bg2 + ! winning the queen . 25 ... a4 ! But not 25 ... Rxf3 ? 26.bxa5 26.Ng5 Ng4 + ! 27.Kh1 Bg2 + ! ! " This is a marvellous move , and it must have been such a thrill to play it on the board . " ( Karolyi ) . 28.Kxg2 Rf2 + 29.Kh3 Rxh2 + 30.Kxg4 h5 + 31.Kf4 Be3 + 0 – 1
= = Books = =
Nadanian , Ashot ( 2013 ) . Мои шахматы [ My Chess ] ( in Russian ) . Дюаль . ISBN 978 @-@ 99941 @-@ 2 @-@ 910 @-@ 2 .
= Wressle Castle =
Wressle Castle is a ruined palace @-@ fortress in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England , built for Thomas Percy in the 1390s . It is privately owned and not open to the public . Wressle Castle originally consisted of four ranges built around a central courtyard ; there was a tower at each corner , and the structure was entered through a gatehouse in the east wall , facing the village .
After Thomas Percy was executed for rebelling against Henry IV , Wressle Castle passed into royal control . With occasional periods when it was granted to other people , the castle was mostly under royal control until 1471 when it was returned to the Percy family . Henry Percy , 5th Earl of Northumberland , refurbished the castle and gardens , bringing them to the standard of royal properties .
The castle was embedded within an ornamental landscape , with two gardens laid out at the same time as the castle was founded and a third created later . Wressle was intended as a high @-@ status residence rather than a fortress and was never besieged . However , it was held by Parliament during the English Civil War and demolished in 1646 – 50 . Nearly 150 years later , it was further damaged by fire and all that remains above ground of the building is the south range .
= = History = =
In the later Middle Ages , the Percy family was one of four major land @-@ owning dynasties in Yorkshire . The 14th century saw their properties spread into Northumberland , though Yorkshire remained important . The Percys held the manor of Wressle from the early 14th century , and it was granted to Thomas Percy in 1364 . Wressle Castle was first documented in 1402 , but was probably built in the 1390s . By 1390 , Thomas Percy had spent nearly ten years abroad as either a soldier or on diplomatic errands . From then on he was active in the royal sphere and friends of both Richard II and Henry IV . According to archaeologist and architectural historian Anthony Emery Wressle Castle was built “ as a residence reflecting [ the Earl ’ s ] pedigree and distinguished state service ” .
Though Henry IV gave Thomas Percy influence in south Wales , relations between the two deteriorated due partly to delays in payment . Thomas ’ nephew , Henry Percy , rose in armed rebellion in July 1403 and Thomas joined him . The rebellion culminated in the battle of Shrewsbury in which Thomas Percy was captured . Two days later , on 23 July , he was beheaded and his property – including Wressle Castle – was subsequently confiscated by the crown . Between 1403 and 1471 ownership of the castle swapped between the crown and those the reigning monarch chose to grant it to , though only for short periods . In 1471 , Wressle Castle was given to Henry Percy , 4th Earl of Northumberland , returning it to the Percy family . His son , Henry Algernon Percy , 5th Earl of Northumberland , undertook an extensive programme of refurbishment at Wressle Castle , refurbishing the interior and updating the gardens . At the time he was one of the richest men in England . The Northumberland Household Book was compiled around this time and details day @-@ to @-@ day domestic activities at the castles of Wressle and Leconfield , and is used by historians to study the late medieval household .
Percy died at Wressle in 1527 and was succeeded by his son , Henry Algernon Percy , 6th Earl of Northumberland . The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular revolt against the rule of Henry VIII in 1536 partly in response to the dissolution of the monasteries . The rebels in Yorkshire were led by Robert Aske and in October he sought the support of the Percy family . Aske travelled to Wressle Castle and tried to persuade Henry Algernon Percy , who at the time was suffering from illness , to join the rebellion . Though initially opposed to Aske , Percy eventually gave him control of Wressle Castle . Percy had fallen out with his younger brothers , and when he died in 1537 his one surviving brother did not inherit because he was imprisoned for his role in the Pilgrimage of Grace . In 1537 , the crown again resumed control of Wressle Castle , and Henry VIII visited for three nights in 1541 .
Antiquarian John Leland visited Wressle Castle in about 1540 . He wrote in his Itinerary that the castle was " one of the most proper beyond the Trent , and seemeth as newly made ... The castle is all of very fair and great squared stone , both within and without " . He also gave the first surviving description of the castle gardens , noting that they were " exceedingly fair " and with orchards beyond the moat .
The castle was garrisoned by parliamentarians during the English Civil War during which time it was badly damaged . At the time it was estimated that the damaged to the castle and surrounding area would take £ 1 @,@ 000 to repair . Wressle Castle was slighted ( partially demolished ) on several occasions in 1646 – 50 . The 1648 demolition work was focused on the castle ’ s battlements , with a contemporary letter noting that “ [ Parliament ’ s ] agents would show no care in preserving any of the materials , but pitched of [ f ] the stones from the battlements to the ground ” Destruction was more extensive two years later , when Algernon Percy , 10th Earl of Northumberland , was ordered to demolish everything that remain except the south range of the castle . The earl would be allowed to use the surviving range as a manor house . The damage was not confined to the castle buildings , and probably affected the ornamental landscape .
The castle remained with the Percy family until the mid @-@ 18th century when it passed to the earls of Egremont . The lands and castle were then inherited by Elizabeth Seymour who assumed the name Percy and was later Duchess of Northumberland . Wressle Castle was occupied by a tenant farmer who on 19 February 1796 caused a fire which gutted the castle ’ s remaining wing . He had had been trying to clear the chimney . A report three months later in The Gentleman 's Magazine noted that “ This loss was of truly national significance " . The farm continued to be leased to tenants , and the farmhouse which still stands was built c . 1810 . By 1880 the castle was partially covered in ivy . In 1957 the castle and farm were sold to the Falkingham family who own the site today .
Wressle Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin and a scheduled monument. remains include earthworks indicating the moat , and some parts of the castle : the remains of the two towers of the south range ; and a building fragment , thought to have been a bakehouse . According to Historic England , the site was first investigated archaeologically in 1993 , when Humberside Archaeology Unit held a watching brief . The state of the site deteriorated to the point at which in 1999 Wressle Castle was included on the Heritage at Risk register . Historic England , Natural England and the Country Houses Foundation invested £ 500 @,@ 000 in repairing the castle and in 2015 Wressle was no longer considered ‘ at risk ’ and was removed from the register . This included architectural and landscape surveys carried out by Ed Dennison Archaeological Services , with funding from the Castle Studies Trust for the landscape survey .
= = Architecture = =
A quadrangular castle , Wressle Castle was laid out with four ranges in a square around a courtyard . At each corner was a tower , and in the centre of the east side was a five @-@ storey gatehouse . Clockwise from north east the corner towers were named the Constable Tower ( where the constable who ran the castle on a daily basis lived ) , the Chapel Tower , the Lord ’ s Tower , and the Kitchen Tower . Opposite the gatehouse , in the castle 's west range , was the great hall and the Lord 's Tower in the south west contained the owner 's accommodation and private rooms .
Based on architectural similarities with the castles of Sheriff Hutton , Bolton , and Lumley , historian Eric John Fisher suggested that Wressle Castle was built in the last quarter of the 14th century . This coincides with the career of John Lewyn , who designed the great tower at Warkworth Castle and worked at Lumley , both Percy properties . Archaeologist Malcolm Hislop suggests that Lewyn also designed Wressle , and that " it is difficult to believe that [ Lumley and Wressle ] were designed independently of each other . "
= = Landscape = =
The village of Wressle pre @-@ dates the castle , and was recorded in the Domesday Book . The castle was built at the west end of the settlement on one of the two main roads through Wressle . It is unclear whether this was a manorial centre before the castle was built , or whether it was an entirely new site . The castle was given multiple gardens which likely resulted in some parts of the village being built over . The River Derwent flows north – south about 590 feet ( 180 m ) west of the castle .
The gardens at Wressle Castle were probably created at the same time as the castle was built . Documentary evidence indicates that by the late @-@ 15th century Wressle Castle had two gardens , both located to the south of the castle . One was probably between the south moat and the castle ( the Moat Garden ) and the other was south of the moat ( the Old Garden ) . A third garden ( the New Garden ) was laid out north of the castle around 1472 – 1517 . The Old and New Gardens covered about 1 acre ( 4 @,@ 000 m2 ) each ; the former had a brick wall while the later was enclosed by a wet moat . The Old Garden contained an orchard and alleys for bowling and walking , popular pastimes of the nobility from the 16th century onwards . It also contained a two @-@ storey 15th @-@ century building known as the ‘ School House ’ where Henry Percy , 5th Earl of Northumberland , would read .
A banqueting house was built just inside the south @-@ west corner of the moat . Though it was probably built in the 16th century , it was in a dilapidated state by 1577 . A base court ( an enclosed area ) was added in front of the castle ’ s gatehouse after the main complex was built , but it unclear when . Wetland areas south and east of the castle may have been used to emulate a mere , a type of broad shallow lake . As well as this , there were two fishponds , but their dating is uncertain . During Wressle Castle ’ s heyday in the 16th century , the quality of the gardens and ornamental landscape would have paralleled the interior of the renovated buildings , possibly even rivalling gardens at royal properties .
= Diana Marshall =
Diana Marshall is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours , played by Jane Badler . She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 June 2010 . Badler had a four @-@ month contract with the show and she began filming her first scenes in April following a successful audition . Badler revealed that the writers are fans of the 1983 television miniseries V , which she starred in , and wrote the role of Diana with her in mind . They named the character Diana in a homage to the role she played in the show . The character departed on 20 September 2010 .
Diana is a highly ambitious and very driven businesswoman who works for Lassiter 's International . She arrives in Erinsborough from New York on a business trip and decides to try to take control of the company . She also wants to get revenge on the former lover who broke her heart , Paul Robinson ( Stefan Dennis ) . Diana wants to get to the top , but Paul stands in her way as his place within the company is secure . However , Diana discovers that Paul has been embezzling money and uses this to get what she wants . Diana clashes with a lot of the other Erinsborough residents and she is not well liked . She is described as a " villainess " , a " dangerous femme fatale " and a woman on a mission . Diana sleeps with Paul , despite the fact that he is married and she becomes a suspect following an attempt on his life . Badler and Diana were well received by critics .
= = Character creation and casting = =
In March 2010 , it was announced that Badler had joined the cast of Neighbours as " super @-@ bitch " Diana Marshall . Badler said that when she met with the writers , they told her that they are big fans of V and so they wrote the part of Diana with her in mind . They named the character Diana in a homage to the role she played in V. The writers did not know that Badler was living in the county until a chance meeting brought them together . Badler revealed that the guitarist in her band managed to connect her to Neighbours ' executive producer , Susan Bower and when she tried to get her music featured on the show , she was asked to play Diana instead . Badler said that she still had to audition for the role , which she said was " depressing " as she hates auditioning . However , she said it was fun as the part was for a bad girl , which is the kind of role she enjoys playing . She added " Now I 'm happy that I had to earn the role ; I feel as though it was made for me . "
Badler had a four @-@ month guest contract with the show and she began filming her first scenes in April which were due to air in June 2010 . Badler admitted that filming her first scenes were hard and she " could not get it together " . She said " I noticed a few of the other new people . They all went through the same thing , where you have a day where you just go , ' Wow , I can 't seem to function ! ' " . Badler also said that occasionally there were no rehearsals and that it was " very daunting " and challenging . She added that the cast were " really nice " and that she got used to the quick pace of filming . Badler 's debut episode aired on 22 June 2010 . When Badler was asked if the door would be left open for Diana to return , she said " Oh yes , absolutely . I was contracted for four months and the way that it ended is very up in the air and I 'm sure that they will use me whenever they need to shake things up a bit , you know " .
= = Character development = =
= = = Characterisation = = =
Before Diana made her first appearance , she was being described as being a " mega bitch " , an " Erinsborough villainess " and a " manipulative businesswoman . " Diana is a dangerous femme fatale , who is " beautiful , sexy and strong " . TV Soap said she is a woman on a mission . Badler described her character 's background saying she had a dysfunctional upbringing , which made her strong and a fighter . Diana has had to fight for everything in her life , so she works hard in order to survive . Badler added in an interview with Network Ten that Diana is highly ambitious and very driven , which makes her kind of like a man . Diana is one of the chiefs of Lassiter 's International , but she knows that she will not get to the top of the company because Paul Robinson ( Stefan Dennis ) is the heir to the Robinson fortune .
Diana arrives in Erinsborough from New York , on a business trip and she decides that she wants to try to take control of the company . Diana clashes with a lot of the other Erinsborough residents and she is not well liked because she is abrupt and does not hide her ambition to bring people down . Diana can be very charming and this hides the fact that she is looking after herself and her interests . Of this , Badler said " She is the smiling assassin , but she 's irresistible as she has the wit , the brain and the moves to get away with it ! " To go with her job and personality , Diana has a glamourous wardrobe , which Badler said is the complete opposite of hers . Badler explained that Diana is more conservative as she wears a lot of beige , silver and grey , with Cartier watches . She added " There are many power suits and stilettos ! "
= = = Relationship with Paul Robinson = = =
As well as trying to take over Lassiter 's , Diana also wants to " settle a score with Paul Robinson " . Paul stands in her way of achieving her goal as his place within the company is secure for life as Diana 's boss , Rosemary Daniels ( Joy Chambers ) , is Paul 's aunt . Badler explained that Diana resents Paul as she is not part of his family and knows that she cannot ever be at the top . Further to that , Paul and Diana were once lovers and Diana fell in love with him , but he walked out on her and broke her heart . Stefan Dennis said that Paul and Diana 's relationship came at a time when Paul was " a philandering playboy and didn 't care . " Paul became one of a few men that Diana has ever fallen in love with and because he treated her badly , she decides to bring him down . Badler said that Diana has been keeping an eye on Paul and knows everything about what he has been up to . Following her arrival , Diana begins to make Paul 's life " a nightmare " and Badler said " Diana 's back to force him to fall in love with her again , or destroy him – whichever comes first " .
Diana uses Paul 's son and stepson to help her plan along . Declan Napier ( Erin Mullally ) gives Diana inside info about Paul embezzling as he believes he is doing the right thing . Andrew Robinson ( Jordan Smith ) tries to bond with Diana by giving her company information and Diana discovers the extent of Paul 's money problems and knows that she has enough details to ruin him . Paul realises that Diana knows the truth and offers to join forces with her to bring down Rosemary instead . Diana becomes friends with Paul 's wife , Rebecca ( Jane Hall ) , and she realises that she can " shatter Paul 's marriage " as Rebecca does not suspect anything is wrong . Badler said " There is all this history between Paul and Diana and now they seem to be dancing around each other . There 's every chance they could catch fire again . Diana is so charming and when people meet her they think she is lovely – but she really is not . And that 's what makes her even more of a superbitch . "
Diana asks Paul to prove to her how far he is prepared to go to create an alliance between them and to prove his loyalty he proposes that they sleep together . Diana suspects that Paul is not being genuine , but Paul insists that he is and describes Rebecca as " collateral damage . " Paul believes that sleeping with Diana is the only option he has got to keep her on side . Dennis added that Paul feels guilty when he takes off his wedding ring and terrible about betraying Rebecca . Badler said that the situation is an " ego thing " for Diana and afterwards she makes it clear that her plans to destroy Paul have not changed . Badler said she enjoyed working with Stefan Dennis and said he is " fantastic " and that she felt comfortable with him . She said " I kind of felt like it was a well @-@ played tennis match – every time you zing him something , he zings it right back . He 's right there for you , so I absolutely loved working with him .
= = = Who Pushed P.R ? = = =
In July 2010 , it was revealed that the 6000th episode of Neighbours would see Paul pushed from the mezzanine of Lassiter 's Hotel . This then kicks off a whodunit storyline with Diana being one of six suspects . Susan Bower said that as the Neighbours team was developing the storyline , they decided to add to the story that Paul 's financial situation leads to him embezzling , which in turn leads to Diana arriving . Badler said it was " great " to be involved in the storyline and said she was largely featured in the 6000th episode . Diana becomes a suspect in the attempt on Paul 's life because he jilts her " in the boardroom and the bedroom " . Paul then humiliates Diana and sends her packing from Lassiter 's . On Diana 's reason to kill Paul , Badler said " Seeing her name splashed across the Erinsborough News prompts Diana to pull out all the stops in order to bring Paul down . And she still has friends in high places ! " Diana is seen placing a call asking for something to be taken care of and she hands money over to a stranger just before Paul is pushed . Following the attempt on Paul 's life , Diana 's earring is found at the scene and the police manage to catch her at the airport before she returns to America . Diana diverts the police attention to Rebecca by telling them that she revealed Paul 's affair to her .
= = Storylines = =
Declan Napier calls Diana to tell her that some money has gone missing from the Lassiter 's Hotel account and Diana arrives in Erinsborough . She goes to Charlie 's for a drink and Declan calls her and says that the situation with the money was down to a software glitch . Diana see Paul Robinson arrive and she goes over to him . Paul introduces her to Declan and Diana tells him that if there is any dirt to be found on Paul , she will find it . Paul later introduces Diana to his son , Andrew , and his wife , Rebecca . Rebecca invites Diana for dinner and Diana asks to meet Declan to discuss why he called her . Diana reveals to Declan that she knows that Paul has been embezzling money from the company . Andrew becomes jealous of Declan and Diana 's bond and he gives Diana some of Paul 's financial papers when he tells her about his business idea . Diana calls Rosemary Daniels and tells her that she has evidence of Paul 's embezzlement . Rosemary asks Diana to keep her updated on the situation . Paul asks Diana to join him in taking over the company and to prove his loyalty , he goes to Diana 's hotel room and sleeps with her . Diana hides a camera in the room and after Paul leaves she checks the tape , but finds Paul has wiped the footage . Diana tries to sabotage an event being held at Rebecca 's bar , by taking all of the security for a conference at Lassiter 's . Declan pleads with Diana to help his mother out , but Kate Ramsay ( Ashleigh Brewer ) solves the problem instead .
Diana asks Paul 's lawyer , Toadfish Rebecchi ( Ryan Moloney ) , to work for her in bringing Paul down and he agrees . Diana discovers that Paul is blackmailing Toadie into covering up his embezzlement . Paul tells Diana that he has sold PirateNet and that his money troubles will soon be over , before giving her cab fare to the airport . Diana tells Rosemary that she was the one who secured the deal to sell PirateNet and that she did the deal to protect Paul . Rosemary is grateful and tells Diana that she will book her a flight home . Diana asks Paul to comes to her hotel room and she tries to seduce him , but he pushes her away . Diana tells him that she is not going anywhere and that she will take everything from him . Paul goads Diana when she comes into Charlie 's , he tells her that it was fun crushing her and Diana throws her drink in Paul 's face . Diana is about to go home , when she hears that Paul has decided to put Declan in charge of Lassiter 's for six months , so he can spend more time with his family . Diana asks Declan to help her bring Paul and Rosemary down and he agrees . Diana begins calling the board members in the hope that she can persuade them to vote Rosemary and Paul out . Paul discovers that Toadie and Declan are working against him and he tells Rosemary about Diana 's plan . Diana goes to Declan 's office and finds Paul waiting for her . He tells her that her plan has not worked and that Rosemary has fired her .
Diana discovers that Paul has written a story about her in his newspaper and she confronts him . Diana tells him that she will have a lot of job offers in New York , but Paul says that no one will be interested as she is toxic . Diana 's plane ticket is cancelled and she is thrown out of the hotel by Paul . She asks Declan for help and he tells her that Paul keeps his business papers in the home safe . Diana kisses Paul , and at the same time she takes his house keys from his pocket and she breaks into his house . Diana does not find anything and , in anger , she smashes Paul 's possessions . Diana calls a mystery person and arranges for them to hurt Paul . She then goes to Rebecca and tells her about her husband 's affair . Someone goes to the Lassiter 's mezzanine and pushes Paul from it . Detective Mark Brennan ( Scott McGregor ) discovers one of Diana 's earrings at the scene and he stops her at the airport . During questioning , Diana tells him to speak to Rebecca again after revealing her affair with Paul . Andrew , Summer Hoyland ( Jordy Lucas ) and Natasha Williams ( Valentina Novakovic ) follow Diana and see her meeting with Jack Ward ( Peter Lowrey ) , a hitman she called on the night Paul was pushed . Natasha retrieves Jack 's phone and the group listen to a message left by Diana , telling him to leave town . Andrew confronts Diana at her hotel and Mark arrives to arrest her for conspiracy to commit murder . Susan Kennedy ( Jackie Woodburne ) receives some emails telling her that Diana did not push Paul and she goes to see her . Diana tells Susan that she has been formally charged , but insists that she is innocent . She realises that Susan believes her and she begs Susan to help . Diana is later released .
After Paul wakes up and mentions that he argued with Diana , an anonymous caller informs Diana of what Paul said and she begins packing . Mark and his team arrive at her hotel , but they find the room is empty . Diana goes to the hospital to see Paul , he tries to call for help , but he is too weak . Diana tells him that she did not push him , but if she did , he would be in the morgue . She asks him to tell the truth and do the right thing , before leaving through the side entrance of the room .
= = Reception = =
Badler 's co @-@ star , Mullally , praised her appearance in Neighbours . He said that " she has so much intensity on screen and sometimes she 'll throw in some interesting comedy as well " . He added " She is great to work with , so beautiful , really happy and chirpy . And when she goes on screen she plays this callous , powerful , intimidating persona and her eyes just go straight through you ! " TV Week said that they have been " desperate " to see Neighbours cast a new female villain and that their prayers had been answered when Badler joined the cast as Diana .
Television critic , Andrew Mercado , said that Neighbours had made its " best casting decision in years " when they asked Badler to join the show . He hoped that she would be around for a while and he added the show " desperately needs a bitch right now " . Mercado later compared Diana and Paul to Australia 's Prime Minister Julia Gillard and her predecessor Kevin Rudd . He said " Arrogant men rarely see wily women sneaking up from behind to stab them in the back . Kevin Rudd has just been forced to stand aside as Australian Prime Minister to avoid an embarrassing defeat at the hands of Deputy Leader Julia Gillard and now Neighbours ' Paul Robinson could be the next to go with a celebrated 80 's superbitch infiltrating Ramsay Street " . Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture said Diana was a " fabulous plot device " .
= Jay Cooke & Company =
Jay Cooke & Company was a U.S. bank that operated from 1861 to 1873 . Headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , with branches in New York City and Washington , D.C. , the bank helped underwrite the Union Civil War effort . It was the first " wire " brokerage house , pioneering the use of telegraph messages to confirm securities transactions with clients . The bank became overextended in the building of the Northern Pacific Railway and failed during the Panic of 1873 .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
Jay Cooke founded the bank in 1861 with William E. C. Moorhead , the ownership split two @-@ thirds to one @-@ third . Later partners included Cooke 's brothers , Henry and Pitt , then H. C. Fahnestock and Edward Dodge , who would hold the bank 's seat on the New York Stock Exchange after 1870 .
During the Civil War , Cooke & Company sold hundreds of millions of dollars in Union government bonds . Its reputation among investors around the world enabled the bank to sell these bonds when other brokerages could not . Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase asked Cooke to try to sell the government 's new $ 500 million issue of 5 @-@ 20 bonds . These paid six percent interest ( in gold ) and matured in 20 years , but were callable in five years . Cooke used numerous agents from a variety of professions — small bankers , insurance agents , and real estate professionals — to sell these bonds to support the Union war effort . Cooke & Company 's innovative use of the telegraph to confirm sales allowed selling throughout the country to be coordinated in Philadelphia .
= = = After the war = = =
After the war , Cooke & Company continued to fund its investments through the sale of US treasuries . After the Black Friday scare , however , it became apparent that Cooke & Company would have to find other sources of capital . The firm turned to investing in railroads . In 1870 , the Northern Pacific Railroad made Cooke & Company its exclusive bond agent . But Cooke had difficulty marketing the bonds to investors , wound up owning 75 percent of the company , and overextended his bank . As this liability became public , investors began withdrawing money from Cooke & Company .
Cooke & Company wrote liabilities against expected returns from the sale of its Northern Pacific Railroad bonds , but ultimately could not sell enough bonds to meet its obligations . A run on the bank ensued , and its operations were suspended . When the New York Stock Exchange heard the announcement , equities plummeted , causing a chain reaction of bank runs and failures throughout the United States that signaled the arrival of the Panic of 1873 to American shores .
Bankruptcy commenced soon after the collapse . Many of the junior partners at Cooke did not suffer when the bank collapsed because they anticipated the failure and had divested from assets that would crumble if Cooke became insolvent . The government seized most of Cooke 's larger estates while Cooke moved to one of his smaller properties . Many of Cooke 's allies in the banking business soon collapsed , including Livermore , Clews & Co. and Fisk & Hatch .
In 1880 , a former executive of Jay Cooke refused to testify before Congress and was found in contempt and detained . The U.S. Supreme Court declined to release him in Kilbourn v. Thompson .
= NG Life =
NG Life ( Japanese : NGライフ , Hepburn : NG Raifu ) is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Mizuho Kusanagi . It was serialized in Hakusensha 's Hana to Yume from December 2005 to March 2009 . The individual chapters were then encapsulated and released in nine tankōbon volumes . The series was licensed for an English @-@ language release in North America by Tokyopop between 2008 up to 2011 when Tokyopop 's North American publishing company was closed down .
The story follows Keidai Saeki , a teenager who retains memories of his past life as a gladiator in Pompeii . In the present , Keidai is reunited with his past life 's wife who has reincarnated as a male ; meanwhile his male best friend is reincarnated as a female with feelings for Keidai . Reviews have been mixed about the series with reviewers praising or panning the art style and characters . In Japan , the sixth volume of NG Life was ranked 25th on the Tohan charts .
= = Plot = =
Keidai Saeki is a high school student with memories of his past life as Sirix Lucretius Fronto , a gladiator in Pompeii who lost his wife Serena in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD . In the present , he is reunited with Loleus , Sirix 's male best friend who reincarnated as a girl named Mii Serizawa , and with Serena , who has reincarnated as a male middle school student named Yuuma Ujoh . Keidai has to deal with the feelings he has for Mii and his past love for Serena . As the series progresses , Keidai meets other people who retain memories of Pompeii and discovers that Sirix 's guilt in failing to save his friends is the reason why he retains his memories . When Keidai falls into a coma , he is able to relive the last moments of Pompeii where his actions put Sirix 's suffering to rest , allowing him to move on with his life and confess his love to Mii .
= = = Characters = = =
Keidai Saeki ( 冴木 敬大 , Saeki Keidai )
Keidai is a high school student with memories of his past life as Sirix Lucretius Fronto ( シリクス ルクレティウス フロント , Shirikusu Rukuretiusu Furonto ) , a Pompeiian gladiator . His life is thrown into turmoil after he meets Yuuma Ujoh , the reincarnation of Sirix 's wife . Keidai is also linked to his family 's incarnations ; his mother , Renka Saeki ( 冴木 蓮香 , Saeki Renka ) , was Sirix 's younger sister , Aria ( アリア ) , while his father , Shuugo Saeki ( 冴木 秀吾 , Saeki Shuugo ) , was Sirix 's rival Raoul Lucius Verus ( ラウル ・ ルスティウス ・ ウェルス , Rauru Rusutiusu Werusu ) . He is friends with Mii Serizawa , the reincarnation of Sirix 's close friend . He is unaware of Mii 's feelings towards him and his own feelings of her . As the series progresses , Keidai 's feelings for Mii grow as he starts to distance himself from Sirix 's memories .
Yuuma Ujoh ( 佑城 裕真 , Ujoh Yūma )
Yuuma is the reincarnation of Sirix 's wife Serena ( セレナ ) , a maiden who captured the hearts of men with her beauty and kindness . Yuuma retains Serena 's feminine face and is often mistaken for a female . As a result , he aims to become more masculine to stop the confusion . Yuuma develops a secret crush on Mii early in the series , but his feelings are not reciprocated . He decides to give up on those feelings believing Keidai and Mii belong together and tries to push them together in order to help Keidai move on from Serena . It is revealed that Serena was reborn as a boy because in her final moments she felt that had she been a man , she could have been at Sirix 's side in the final days of Pompeii , rather than be left behind waiting for him .
Mii Serizawa ( 芹沢 美依 , Serizawa Mii )
Mii is the reincarnation of Sirix 's best friend Loleus ( ロレイウス , Roreiusu ) . Serizawa met Keidai in seventh grade when they helped a trapped bird and was the first to learn about his past life . She has a crush on Keidai but remains silent about it , fearing it would ruin their friendship . Serizawa is very popular with boys , though they do not make advances , believing she and Keidai are a couple . In her past life , Loleus helped Sirix meet Serena . Kusanagi reveals Mii 's name comes from Serizawa Kamo .
Shinogu Kagami ( 加賀巳 凌 , Kagami Shinogu )
Shinogu is Yuuma 's older male cousin and the reincarnation of Serena 's overprotective older sister Smyrna ( スミルナ , Sumiruna ) . Like Keidai , he retains memories of his past life , and hates Keidai for abandoning Serena during the volcanic eruption . He has an aversion to hot weather because of his strong memories of that day . He began working as a student teacher at Keidai 's high school after Yuuma 's family moved to town . Shinogu despises males except for Yuuma , and is a womanizer . Shinogu holds a grudge against Souichi Mikage because in his past life as Delos , he betrayed Aglaia .
Shuna Sakakibara ( 榊原 朱奈 , Sakakibara Shuna )
The reincarnation of a noblewoman named Aglaia Felix ( アグライヤ フェリクス , Aguraiya Ferikusu ) , Shuna was reborn into a wealthy family and retains memories of Pompeii . She loses them at seventeen when she wishes to move on from her past . Shuna is a kind @-@ hearted young woman willing to help anyone in need . When she was two years old , she called her newborn sister Serena due to their physical resemblance ; her parents , misheard and named the child Reina . At the age of 10 , Shuna meets Souichi Mikage , who also retains his memories of Pompeii , where he served as her bodyguard henceforth . Shuna initially hates Souichi due to his past betrayal , but her feelings for him grow over time and she falls in love with him .
Reina Sakakibara ( 榊原 麗奈 , Sakakibara Reina )
Reina is Shuna 's younger sister who closely resembles Serena and dresses in gothic Lolita @-@ style clothing . She grew up hearing stories of Pompeii and developed a crush on Souichi . After Reina has her confession rejected by Souichi , she runs away and happens upon Keidai and the others . She discovers that he also has memories of Pompeii and brings them to Shuna hoping it would bring back her memories . She is in the same class as Yuuma where their similarities make them seem like twins . Reina and Yuuma grow close as friends and begin to speak to each other about their problems . They connect over their predicament of having romantic feelings for those who only see them as a younger sibling . Reina is later revealed to be the reincarnation of a girl named Tina ( ティナ ) , a friend of Serena . Her appearance of resembling Serena is explained as Tina 's wish to experience the same love Serena has with Sirix .
Souichi Mikage ( 深影 蒼一 , Mikage Souichi )
Souichi is the reincarnation of a mercenary named Delos ( ディロス , Dirosu ) , who served as a bodyguard to Lady Aglaia in Pompeii but later betrayed her . He retains all of his memories of his life in Pompeii and encounters Reina and Shuna when he is fifteen . After discovering that Shuna still has her memories of being Lady Aglaia , he begins working to regain her trust . Souichi blames himself for the her memory 's disappearance , claiming that her hatred towards him is the cause . Later in the series , it is revealed that Delos fell in love with Lady Aglaia even though he was mercenary hired by the House of Britius to betray her . After framing Aglaia for murder , Delos sought revenge against the House of Britius and murdered every member of the family .
= = Release = =
NG Life , written and illustrated by Mizuho Kusanagi , had its first chapter published in The Hana to Yume on December 26 , 2005 . It was then serialized in Hana to Yume beginning with the second chapter on March 20 , 2006 and ended its run on March 5 , 2009 . The first tankōbon volume was released by Hakusensha on November 19 , 2006 and the ninth on June 19 , 2009 . Tokyopop licensed the series in 2008 and released the English adapted tankōbon between March 17 , 2009 and April 12 , 2011 . After Tokyopop was shut down , the license was returned to Hakusensha .
During the planning of NG Life , Mizuho Kusanagi discussed with her editor about having a female lead protagonist allowing the readers to relate more to the protagonist . However , a male lead was settled for and the story was written in a romantic @-@ panic comedy style . Kusanagi planned to end the series in its fourth volume , but wanted to add more to the story as it progressed resulting in more volumes . She also commented that even though she struggled with the plot , she enjoyed drawing the characters in the end . In the final chapter , the author revealed she had planned to pair Keidai with Mii since the beginning .
= = = Volume list = = =
= = Reception = =
The sixth volume of NG Life was ranked 25th on the Tohan charts between January 20 and 26 , 2009 . Erin Jones of Mania.com commented on the unoriginal plot and typical shōjo art but praised the characters ' distinctive designs and the art sense used to convey a dramatic scenes . He concludes that the character relationships are the " selling point " of the series . GraphicNovelReporter.com 's Courtney Kraft comments that the art style is adequate but criticizes the " kookyness " citing the drama at the end of volume one was necessary to balance it . Comics Worth Reading 's Johanna Draper Carlson heavily panned the manga for its art and " two @-@ dimensional characters that are predictable and uninteresting . "
= Nighthawk ( roller coaster ) =
Nighthawk is a steel flying roller coaster from Vekoma located at Carowinds amusement park . Originally opening as Stealth at California 's Great America on April 1 , 2000 , the roller coaster was the first flying roller coaster model in the world . In 2003 , Paramount decided to relocate the roller coaster to Carowinds . It reopened as Borg Assimilator – the first coaster in the world to be themed to Star Trek – on March 20 , 2004 . After Cedar Fair purchased Carowinds in 2006 , Paramount themes were soon removed from the park , and the ride was renamed Nighthawk . It is one of only three Flying Dutchman models still in existence from Vekoma .
= = History = =
= = = Paramount 's Great America ( 2000 — 2003 ) = = =
On June 22 , 1999 , Paramount 's Great America announced Stealth as " the world 's first true flying coaster . " For Stealth to be installed , the lower flume of Logger 's Run had to be altered and the Yankee Clipper had to be removed . The ride officially opened to the public on April 1 , 2000 . On August 21 , 2003 , it was announced Stealth would close on September 1 to make room for a new water park , Boomerang Bay . The station and several footers are still located in the water park today .
= = = Carowinds ( 2004 — present ) = = =
On August 21 , 2003 , Carowinds announced a new flying roller coaster that would be relocated from California 's Great America . The ride 's name was not announced at the time . On January 15 , 2004 , it was announced the new roller coaster would be named Borg Assimilator and would be the first Star Trek themed roller coaster . Regarding the design of the attraction , Dale Kaetzel , Vice President of marketing and Assistant General Manager , said :
Nighthawk subsequently replaced the Carolina Sternwheeler Riverboat , a paddle boat ride that took riders around the seven themed areas of the park . It officially opened to the public on March 20 , 2004 .
Cedar Fair Entertainment Company purchased Carowinds in 2006 and did not own the rights to several licenses used by the park . In 2008 , the park renamed several attractions including Borg Assimilator . It was renamed to Nighthawk and the Star Trek theming was removed , including the black sphere that was in the pond underneath the ride . In 2009 , Nighthawk was painted with dark blue supports and yellow track .
= = Ride experience = =
= = = Track = = =
The steel track is approximately 2 @,@ 766 feet ( 843 m ) in length and the height of the lift is approximately 115 feet ( 35 m ) . While at California 's Great America , the track was painted red and white with steel gray supports . When the ride was relocated to Carowinds , the track was repainted black and green and the supports remained gray . After the name was changed in 2008 , the ride was once again repainted with yellow track and blue supports .
Nighthawk has a total of five inversions . It features one vertical loop , a double corkscrew , two " Lie to Fly " and two " Fly to Lie " elements . Each " Lie to Fly " and " Fly to Lie " element is counted as a half inversion . A " Lie to Fly " element is when riders are on their backs , facing the sky and they are flipped and face the ground . A " Fly to Lie " element is the opposite .
= = = Layout = = =
Once riders are seated and restrained , the train tilts backwards into a ' lay @-@ down ' position and dispatched . The train travels backwards out of the station , turns left and travels up the 115 @-@ foot ( 35 m ) lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the lift hill , it dips down into a twist ( called a " Lie @-@ to @-@ Fly " ) that turns the trains upside down into a flying position where riders face the ground . After the twist , the train travels down the first drop , reaching speeds of 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) . Riders then go through an over banked Horseshoe Curve element . Following the Horseshoe , the train enters a " Fly @-@ to @-@ Lie " element that turns riders back to a lay @-@ down position . After the banked turn , the ride enters the 66 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) tall vertical loop , where riders experience 4 @.@ 3 G 's . The train then goes into another " Lie @-@ to @-@ Fly " element . Following the loop , riders go through another turn into the final " Fly @-@ to @-@ Lie " element before entering two consecutive corkscrews before making a right turn onto the brake run .
= = = Theme = = =
While the ride was located at California 's Great America , there was no theme for the ride . When it was relocated to Carowinds in 2004 , it was built as the first Star Trek themed roller coaster in the world . It was renamed Borg Assimilator and the story was that " Borg crash @-@ landed in the middle of Carowinds and their ship – a giant gray and black sphere – has come to rest near the park 's new flying roller coaster . " There was a gray and black sphere located in the pond underneath the ride that the Borg crashed in . In addition to other theming , a voice was played surrounding the ride saying Borg quotes . After Cedar Fair bought the park , all the Star Trek theming was removed and the name was changed for the 2008 season .
= = = Trains = = =
Nighthawk currently operates with two trains . Each train has six cars that have four seats in a single row for a total of 24 riders . Riders are restrained by an over the shoulder restraint and a lap bar . Riders can put on the over the shoulder restraint but a ride operator will push down the lap bar . While in the station , the trains will recline back to the laying down position .
= = Incidents = =
On March 17 , 2007 , seven employees received minor injuries when their seats changed position during a test run of the roller coaster . An inspection discovered that the ride operator accidentally pushed a button controlling the seat positions while the ride was in motion . That button was later modified to only work when the ride is stopped .
= Tropical Storm Arlene ( 2005 ) =
Tropical Storm Arlene was an unusually large and early @-@ forming tropical storm forming during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the first storm of the season , which would become the most active on record . Tropical Storm Arlene formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved northwards . It crossed western Cuba on June 10 and strengthened to just under hurricane strength before making its final landfall on the Florida Panhandle the next day . The storm weakened as it continued to move north over the United States , becoming extratropical on June 13 . Arlene was responsible for only one death and minor damages .
= = Meteorological history = =
Early in the season — nearly two months earlier than the first storm formation in 2004 — a low @-@ pressure area formed and persisted north of Honduras . Despite significant shear , the low managed to become Tropical Depression One on June 8 just north of Honduras . The depression began to head north towards western Cuba that day , but as it was a very large and poorly organized system under the influence of heavy shear , the official forecasts from the National Hurricane Center emphasized that the route the storm would take was uncertain . Despite this uncertainty , the official forecasts were highly accurate in predicting the storm 's track .
As the shear dropped , the depression strengthened further and it became Tropical Storm Arlene on June 9 . It produced precipitation over a very wide area ; the Cayman Islands reported tropical storm @-@ force winds and heavy rain over 150 statute miles ( 240 km ) east of the center . Arlene crossed the western tip of Cuba on the morning of June 10 with 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds . Tropical Storm Arlene had an unusual structure throughout its life , with a large circulation containing numerous small centers rotating about a larger gyre , as opposed to an inner convective core .
Tropical Storm Arlene then entered the Gulf of Mexico and strengthened further to its peak strength with 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) winds . The official forecast at this time called for further intensification to minimal hurricane strength . This did not occur however and Arlene instead weakened as result of dry air entering the circulation . The storm made landfall just west of Pensacola , Florida in the afternoon of June 11 with 57 @.@ 5 mph ( 95 km / h ) winds . As most of the precipitation and wind of the storm were located north and east of the center , most of the effects of the storm were on land long before it made landfall .
Arlene was the most intense landfalling June storm since Hurricane Allison hit the same location as a strong tropical storm during the 1995 season . Arlene weakened into a tropical depression later that day , but managed to persist as a tropical system as it moved north over the United States . The system finally became extratropical on June 13 just northeast of Flint , Michigan and was absorbed by a larger system the next day .
= = Preparations = =
Tropical storm warnings were issued for western Cuba , the Caymans , and the Dry Tortugas before the landfall on Cuba on June 10 . While Arlene was over Cuba a tropical storm watch was issued for the Gulf Coast from Morgan City , Louisiana to Indian Pass , Florida . A tropical storm warning was issued for a stretch of coast slightly further east than the area covered by the preceding watch , and a hurricane watch was issued for the central section of this region . This turned into a hurricane warning from Pearl River , Louisiana to Indian Pass due to fears of a strengthening to hurricane strength . The warnings were reduced and were then canceled eight hours after the second landfall .
Florida Governor Jeb Bush issued a state of emergency two days before the storm 's final landfall . Recovery teams were also deployed for the area . An evacuation order was issued for all areas south of the Gulf Coast Highway , including Pensacola Beach , Perdido Key , and Inerarity Point . Walton County officials issued a voluntary evacuation for low line areas and mobile homes . Walton County also opened a shelter in Freeport , and four shelters and one special needs shelter were opened in Escambia County .
Two days prior to landfall , 36 oil platforms and 16 rigs were evacuated . The cumulative production loss caused from the evacuation of the storm totalled 0 @.@ 109 % of the yearly production , approximately 575 million barrels . The stopped rigs also accounted for 3 @.@ 87 % of the daily production on June 13 .
= = Impact = =
= = = Cuba = = =
Between June 9 and 10 , Tropical Storm Arlene produced heavy rains over western areas of Cuba , leading to school closures and several cities . The area impacted by the rainfall was previously suffering from a severe drought and moisture brought in by Arlene helped to alleviate the dry conditions . Upwards of 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain was expected to fall due to the storm , possibly triggering flooding and mudslides .
= = = United States = = =
The only death attributed to Arlene was that of a woman caught in a rip current in Miami Beach , Florida , far from the center of circulation .
= = = = Florida = = = =
In the Florida Keys , Arlene produced wind gusts of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , causing wind damage to four homes in Lower Matecumbe Key . The storm caused a storm surge of 1 @.@ 25 feet ( 0 @.@ 38 m ) above normal . Waves on top of the surge caused flooding on roads in Key West . Damage in the Florida Keys totaled to $ 90 @,@ 000 ( 2005 USD ) .
In the Florida Panhandle , the storm dropped heavy rainfall , peaking at 8 @.@ 51 inches ( 216 mm ) in Plantation Bay , Florida in Flagler County . Upon making landfall , Arlene caused a storm surge of up to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in Walton County . Moderate beach erosion also occurred . The storm surge and strong waves caused moderate to severe damage to roads along the panhandle . Strong winds caused power outages to 500 people in Walton , Washington and Bay counties . The storm spawned a weak tornado in Navarre , Florida , causing minor damage on its 0 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 2 @-@ km ) path . Damage on the panhandle totaled to $ 3 @.@ 5 million ( 2005 USD ) , $ 2 @.@ 5 million of which was in Fort Pickens alone .
= = = = Alabama = = = =
Upon making landfall , the storm produced storm tides of up to 3 @.@ 9 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in height . Minor beach erosion occurred as well . Arlene dropped moderate to heavy rainfall throughout Alabama , with higher totals of up to eight inches ( 200 mm ) to the west of Interstate 65 . Four to six inches ( 152 mm ) of rain fell in a three @-@ hour period in the Mobile area . Several roads were temporarily impassable from the flooding , and one road was completely washed away . Wind speeds were around 20 to 30 mph ( 30 to 50 km / h ) , while wind gusts of over 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) existed . The winds downed several trees and power lines , leaving thousands without power for several hours . With the storm following a path similar to Hurricane Ivan just nine months earlier , many trees damaged from Ivan were downed completely . In addition , several homes experienced light wind damage . The outer bands of the storm also caused numerous funnel clouds , though no tornadoes were reported . Overall , damage was light , amounting to $ 1 @.@ 7 million ( 2005 USD ) .
= = = = Elsewhere = = = =
Heavy rainfall in Towns County , Georgia forced multiple residents to evacuate from rising flood water . Numerous creeks and rivers in the northern portion of the state overflowed .
Tropical Storm Arlene caused light rainfall across southeastern Mississippi , typically between 1 and 2 inches ( 25 to 50 mm ) . Effects were generally minimal .
In Indiana , the remnants of Arlene dropped heavy rainfall , peaking at 4 @.@ 44 inches ( 112 @.@ 8 mm ) in Evansville . In Indianapolis , 3 @.@ 04 inches ( 75 mm ) fell at the International Airport . Rainfall from the storm was 85 % of the typical June rainfall level . Arlene also spawned two tornadoes . An F1 tornado developed to the southwest of Hayden on June 12 . The tornado damaged several buildings and trees on its 5 @.@ 3 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 5 @-@ km ) path , with total damage amounting to $ 100 @,@ 000 ( 2005 USD ) . Outer rainbands also developed an F0 tornado just south of Indianapolis , downing a few tree limbs .
The remnants of Arlene combined with a non @-@ tropical system caused heavy rainfall across New York , with some locations reporting 6 to 7 inches ( 150 to 175 mm ) of precipitation in a 2 @-@ hour period . The rainfall collected into streams and rivers , with some officials calling it a 1 in 500 year flood . The flash flooding caused at least one mudslide , and damaged several roads . The flooding forced at least 20 to evacuate from their homes , and numerous houses were damaged . Strong winds also downed trees and power lines , causing scattered power outages . Damage totaled to $ 6 @.@ 5 million ( 2005 USD ) .
= SummerSlam ( 1994 ) =
SummerSlam ( 1994 ) was the seventh annual SummerSlam , a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) on August 29 , 1994 , at the newly opened United Center in Chicago , Illinois , which had opened eleven days earlier .
The pay @-@ per @-@ view had two main events . The first pitted Owen Hart against his brother Bret Hart in a steel cage match . Bret won the match , but the storyline feud escalated after Owen and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Jim Neidhart attacked Bret after the match . The other main event was a match between the real Undertaker ( portrayed by Mark Calaway ) and an impostor Undertaker ( portrayed by Brian Lee ) . The real Undertaker won the match , and the impostor did not appear in the WWF again .
The undercard included a match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship between Diesel and Razor Ramon , which Ramon won to regain the title . The other major angle going into SummerSlam was a feud in which Tatanka accused Lex Luger of joining the Million Dollar Corporation , a stable of heel wrestlers . This storyline
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
turned out to be a swerve , as Tatanka was revealed to have secretly joined the corporation .
= = Background = =
Kwang and Adam Bomb were both managed by Harvey Wippleman . On May 28 , 1994 , a King of the Ring qualifying match between Bomb and the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid was televised on WWF Superstars . The angle saw The Kid win after Kwang attempted to interfere on Bomb 's behalf . Kwang accidentally spat green mist in Bomb 's face , allowing the Kid to get the victory . Wippleman had Bomb and Kwang work as a tag team , but problems continued to develop between the two . The pair split after an argument cost them the match when they faced the team of the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid and " Sparky " Thurman Plugg . Bomb and Kwang faced each other on house shows leading up to their dark match at SummerSlam 1994 .
One of the WWF 's main storylines in 1994 was Ted DiBiase 's creation of a stable known as the Million Dollar Corporation . That summer , DiBiase purchased the rights to Bam Bam Bigelow 's contract from Bigelow 's kayfabe girlfriend , Luna Vachon . Irwin R. Schyster , DiBiase 's former partner in Money Inc. also joined the stable . Bigelow and Schyster were paired together to challenge for the WWF Tag Team Championship . The night before SummerSlam , The Headshrinkers dropped the belts to Diesel and Shawn Michaels . The match took place as scheduled , but the title was not on the line .
In early 1994 the WWF brought back the WWF Women 's Championship , which had been deactivated in 1990 , and pushed Alundra Blayze to win a championship tournament and defeat all challengers . Luna Vachon was brought in to challenge Blayze in a series of matches but was defeated each time . The storyline then saw Vachon bring in Bull Nakano , a Japanese female wrestler , to gain revenge and challenge Blayze .
Razor Ramon had been feuding with Shawn Michaels since being pushed to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship in late 1993 . After defeating Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania X , Ramon dropped the belt to Diesel , Michaels ' bodyguard . A rematch was scheduled for SummerSlam 1994 . Ramon brought in NFL Hall of Famer Walter Payton to be his cornerman and help prevent Michaels from interfering .
On the July 11 , 1994 edition of Monday Night Raw , a major worked storyline began when Ted DiBiase announced that he had convinced Lex Luger to join the Million Dollar Corporation . Leading up to the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Tatanka confronted Lex Luger on several occasions , criticizing him for " selling out " to DiBiase . This led to a kayfabe admission from Luger that he had met with DiBiase , but Luger repeatedly denied having joined the corporation . He agreed to face Tatanka at SummerSlam to settle the argument .
Jeff Jarrett and Mabel had no real feud going into SummerSlam . Jarrett played the role of an aspiring country music singer , and Mabel portrayed a rapper . As a result , the WWF promoted the match as part of a " rap versus country " rivalry . There was little buildup for the match until Mabel was booked to confront Jarrett on Monday Night Raw the week before SummerSlam . He tried to provoke Jarrett into a fight , but Jarrett walked away through the crowd to avoid Mabel .
The biggest storyline at SummerSlam began at the 1993 Survivor Series when Owen Hart was eliminated from the “ Hart Brothers vs. Shawn Michaels and His Knights ” elimination match due to miscommunication within the Hart team . Bret Hart was walking along the ring apron when Owen ran into him , causing Owen to lose his focus and be pinned by Michaels . After the match , Owen interrupted his brothers ’ victory celebration to verbally attack Bret . The brothers reunited over the Christmas holidays and focused on challenging The Quebecers for the World Tag Team Championship at Royal Rumble 1994 . During the match , Bret kayfabe injured his knee , which eventually caused the referee to stop the match . Owen then turned on Bret by kicking his injured leg and leaving him lying in the ring . Bret jobbed to Owen in the opening match at WrestleMania X but defeated Yokozuna later in the pay @-@ per @-@ view to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . Jim Neidhart , Bret and Owen 's real @-@ life brother @-@ in @-@ law , became involved at King of the Ring 1994 by aligning himself with Owen Hart . To settle the feud , Bret and Owen were booked to face each other in a Steel cage match at SummerSlam .
After losing a Casket match to Yokozuna at the 1994 Royal Rumble , The Undertaker did not appear in the WWF for several months . In reality , he was given time off to allow a back injury to heal . The WWF foreshadowed his return by airing videos of people who claimed to have seen The Undertaker . Eventually , DiBiase , who introduced The Undertaker to the WWF in 1990 , claimed to have brought The Undertaker back to the WWF. but Paul Bearer informed him that DiBiase ’ s Undertaker was an impostor and that Bearer had located the true Undertaker . This led to a match at SummerSlam pitting The Undertaker against The Undertaker . In the buildup to the match , Leslie Nielsen perform short segments trying to solve the mystery of how two Undertakers could exist in a spinoff of his roles on Police Squad ! and The Naked Gun films .
= = Event = =
In a dark match before the pay @-@ per @-@ view broadcast , Adam Bomb pinned Kwang . As the broadcast opened , the commentators , Vince McMahon ( fresh off his federal trial acquittal , one month earlier ) and Jerry Lawler , announced that The Headshrinkers had dropped the tag team title to Diesel and Shawn Michaels , and that the belts would not be on the line at SummerSlam . Throughout the broadcast , Nielsen and his co @-@ star from The Naked Gun , George Kennedy , appeared backstage in skits trying to solve the mystery of the two Undertakers .
In the first televised match , The Headshrinkers were accompanied by managers Afa and Captain Lou Albano , and Bigelow and I.R.S. came to the ring with Ted DiBiase . Bigelow began the match by overpowering Fatu , but The Headshrinkers gained the advantage when Bigelow missed an Avalanche attempt . Schyster tagged in , and Bigelow pulled down the ropes to allow I.R.S. to throw Samu out of the ring . Outside the ring , Bigelow attacked Fatu with Schyster 's briefcase . Samu performed a diving headbutt , but he was unable to get the pinfall . Ted DiBiase distracted the referee , which prompted Albano to protest . Meanwhile , Afa entered the ring to attack Bigelow . The referee saw Afa in the ring and awarded the match to Bigelow and Schyster as the result of a disqualification .
The following match saw Nakano challenging Blayze for the Women 's Championship . Nakano used her size to perform such moves as leg drops and several submission holds . Blayze countered with aerial maneuvers like a hurricanrana and a spinning heel kick . Vachon got involved by choking Blayze while Nakano distracted the referee . The match ended when Nakano missed a diving leg drop , allowing Blayze to pin her for the win .
Early in the next match , Diesel threw Razor Ramon out of the ring , allowing Michaels to remove the turnbuckle padding . Payton argued with Michaels about his interference , drawing the referee 's attention . Michaels seized the opportunity to attack Ramon behind the referee 's back . Diesel used two big boots and a series of submission holds to maintain the advantage . When he tried to throw Ramon into the unprotected turnbuckle , Payton pointed out the missing padding to the referee , who stood in the way to prevent the move . Soon after , Diesel tried to ram Ramon into the turnbuckle , but Ramon escaped and pushed Diesel into the turnbuckle . Ramon kept his momentum by performing a bulldog , a scoop slam , and a superplex . When Michaels tried to get involved again , Payton chased him around the outside of the ring . While the referee was distracted , Michaels entered the ring and tried to perform a superkick while Diesel held Ramon . Ramon moved , causing Michaels to kick Diesel instead . Ramon pinned Diesel to win the match and regain the Intercontinental Championship .
The match between Tatanka and Lex Luger began with the two wrestlers arguing . Luger relied on his power by punching and performing a shoulderblock . Tatanka focused on wearing Luger down with a wristlock and an armbar . After Luger performed a vertical suplex , Tatanka recovered and powerslammed Luger . Eventually , DiBiase came to ringside with a bag of money . As Luger yelled at DiBiase , Tatanka performed a schoolboy roll @-@ up for the victory . After the match , Tatanka revealed that he had joined DiBiase 's corporation . Tatanka attacked Luger and used the Million Dollar Dream , DiBiase 's signature move , on Luger before leaving with DiBiase .
Mabel used his weight advantage to gain the early advantage in his match with Jeff Jarrett . Jarrett gained momentum when he tripped Mabel and performed a fist drop and two double axe handles from the ropes . On two occasions , Jarrett jumped on Mabel 's back to perform sleeper holds , but Mabel backed him into the corner to escape both times . Mabel attempted to perform a splash from the second rope but missed . Jarrett attempted a sunset flip , which Mabel tried to counter by sitting on him . Jarrett moved out of the way and quickly pinned Mabel to win the match . In a reference to the 1994 Major League Baseball strike , Abe " Knuckleball " Schwartz was shown picketing in the crowd with an " I 'm on strike ! " sign .
As Owen Hart entered the steel cage for his championship match with his brother Bret , he immediately attacked Bret . Bret gained the advantage by performing a DDT . Owen kicked Bret in the head and tried to escape from the cage . The brothers both tried to climb over the cage several times , but neither would let the other escape . The match consisted mainly of brawling , including a couple of occasions when the two exchanged punches while standing on the top rope . Owen climbed over the cage , but Bret dragged him back in by pulling Owen 's hair . Owen performed a piledriver on Bret , but Bret came back by throwing Owen into the bars of the cage . As Owen tried to escape , Bret suplexed him back into the ring from the top of the cage . Owen recovered and performed the Sharpshooter on Bret , but Bret escaped and used the same move on Owen . The match ended after Bret threw Owen 's head into the steel cage and Owen 's leg became trapped between the cage 's bars . Bret climbed over the top of the cage and dropped to the floor to win the match and retain the title . After the match , Jim Neidhart attacked Davey Boy Smith , another brother @-@ in @-@ law of the Hart brothers . Owen padlocked the cage , and he and Neidhart attacked Bret until the other Harts could intervene .
The second main event match had Bearer 's Undertaker fighting DiBiase 's Undertaker . After DiBiase 's Undertaker walked to the ring , Bearer appeared by himself while pushing a casket to the ring . He reached inside the casket and pulled out an urn , which had a light inside it when Bearer removed its lid . Bearer 's Undertaker came to the ring and confronted DiBiase 's Undertaker . Both wrestlers were wearing identical costumes , but Bearer 's Undertaker wore purple while DiBiase 's wore grey . Bearer 's Undertaker kicked his opponent out of the ring , where DiBiase 's Undertaker tried to attack Bearer . DiBiase 's Undertaker attempted to perform an arm twist ropewalk chop , but Bearer 's Undertaker stopped him and performed the move . DiBiase 's Undertaker then performed a chokeslam and a Tombstone piledriver . As he tried for another Tombstone piledriver , Bearer 's Undertaker reversed it and performed the move . Bearer 's Undertaker then performed two more Tombstone piledrivers before getting the pinfall victory . A group of people dressed as druids came to ringside , put DiBiase 's Undertaker in the casket , and took the casket away .
= = Aftermath = =
DiBiase continued to manage his corporation until he left the WWF in 1996 , but none of his wrestlers won a championship under his management . Tatanka and Luger continued to feud until they faced each other as part of an elimination match at the 1994 Survivor Series . Bigelow was later " fired " from the stable , leading to a feud with DiBiase 's wrestlers .
Nakano was booked to win the Women 's Championship on November 27 , 1994 . After Blayze won it back the following spring , Nakano disappeared from the WWF without mention and joined World Championship Wrestling .
Bret Hart was scheduled to defend his title against Bob Backlund at Survivor Series 1994 . The stipulations stated that the only way to win was to force the person in your opponent 's corner to throw a towel into the ring . Davey Boy Smith was in Bret 's corner , while Owen Hart was in Backlund 's corner . Smith chased Owen around the ring until Smith suffered a kayfabe injury , leaving nobody to throw in Bret 's towel . As Backlund performed the crossface chickenwing on Bret , Owen pretended to show remorse . He convinced his mother , Helen , to throw in Bret 's towel . After Backlund was awarded the belt , Owen celebrated his success in costing Bret the title .
At Survivor Series 1994 , the storyline with Michaels and Diesel saw Michaels accidentally superkick Diesel once again . As a result , Diesel turned on Michaels , becoming a face and vacating the Tag Team Championship . Three days later , Bob Backlund put Diesel over by dropping his WWF World Heavyweight Championship in a match that lasted eight seconds . Diesel feuded with Michaels and defended the belt against him at WrestleMania XI .
DiBiase 's Undertaker was not seen again , but the wrestler portraying him , Brian Lee , returned to the WWF in 1997 as Chainz . Bearer 's Undertaker gained revenge against Yokozuna at Survivor Series 1994 by defeating him in a casket match . To prevent interference , Chuck Norris was at ringside as a special guest enforcer .
= = Results = =
= The Oval ( Belfast ) =
The Oval is a football stadium in Belfast , Northern Ireland , which has been home to Glentoran F.C. since 1892 . The Oval was bombed during the Belfast blitz of World War II , and was out of use until 1949 when it was rebuilt by the club along with supporters , who had jointly formed the ' Back to the Oval ' committee . During their exile , the club played games at the ground of fellow Belfast club , Distillery - Grosvenor Park . It had a new stand built in 2000 but requires consistent maintenance to fulfill health and safety requirements and its capacity is currently restricted to 6 @,@ 050 . The Oval has occasionally hosted the final of the Irish Cup as well as hosting the final of the County Antrim Shield and the Setanta Cup .
= = History = =
From 1882 to 1886 , Glentoran used Ormeau Park as their home ground . They moved to Westbourne in Ballymacarrett for six years until 1892 . They then moved to The Oval . Initially it was on Dee Street , however in 1903 The Oval 's pitch was rotated 90 degrees to its current location . During the early 20th century , the land on which The Oval stood was given in perpetuity to Glentoran by the Lord Mayor of Belfast , Daniel Dixon .
In 1941 the Oval was bombed in the Belfast blitz , destroying both grandstands and leaving a crater in the pitch . As a result , the ground was flooded repeatedly by the Connswater River ; the water pumps were insufficient to drain the pitch . Grosvenor Park was used as a temporary home for Glentoran , until August 1949 . In 1953 the main grandstand was built .
In September 1995 , Glentoran had an advertising board with " JESUS " in white letters on a black background erected at The Oval . This became known as the " Jesus sign " . It remained at the ground until 2010 ; Glentoran officials removed it , saying that they needed the space to sell advertising because of the club 's financial troubles and because the sign had garnered no income for Glentoran for several years . In 2000 The Oval received funding for the refurbishment of the railway stand , by bolting seats on to the old terracing to create a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ person @-@ capacity stand . It was funded by a small grant as part of the much bigger £ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 investment in Northern Irish sports announced by the Northern Ireland sports minister Michael McGimpsey . Other than new floodlights and a small section of terracing refurbishment , the ground has received no public investment since . During this time , in excess of £ 50 million of public money has been spent on 15 other football grounds in Northern Ireland .
In 2005 , after a match between Glentoran and rival team Linfield , Linfield fans broke down a gate in The Oval to access the pitch and throw objects at Glentoran fans in the main stand after both sets of fans had been throwing missiles at each other beforehand . Two people were charged with rioting .
In 2008 , The Oval was the site of a protest by the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster against a decision by the Irish Football Association to allow football matches to be played on Sundays , a first in Northern Ireland due to traditional sabbatarianism . The protesters were concerned that regular Sunday matches would attract churchgoers away from attending church . The protest was led by Reverend David McIlveen , who said " Fundamentally , it is a desecration of God 's day . " In October 2010 the British National Party ( BNP ) , who were trying to gain electoral support , held a rally outside The Oval . Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) Member of the Legislative Assembly , Robin Newton described the BNP 's presence outside The Oval as " nauseous " . In July 2011 , an incendiary bomb was discovered outside The Oval requiring evacuation of surrounding streets . In October 2011 during an Irish Cup match between Glentoran and Portadown , a Portadown fan threw fireworks onto the pitch , injuring Glentoran 's assistant manager Pete Batey and goalkeeping coach Davy McClelland .
In the 21st century , the Oval has been dilapidated and has required constant repairs to fulfill Health and Safety requirements for Glentoran to host its home matches there . In 2009 , Glentoran 's Irish Cup match against Limavady United was abandoned after the stadium 's floodlight pylons started shaking in the high winds and the referee deemed it too dangerous for the match to continue . In 2012 , after considering selling naming rights to The Oval , Glentoran unveiled plans to move the club to a new stadium in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast . The Oval was sold to property developers in March 2003 for £ 4 million . Glentoran 's chairman suggested that the Oval might be redeveloped into social housing .
= = Location and design = =
The Oval is located near the Port of Belfast , and Harland and Wolff 's Samson and Goliath cranes are visible from inside the stadium . It is viewed as a historic ground by football fans because of its concrete terraces and steel fencing . This limits its capacity in UEFA @-@ sanctioned matches to the 3 @,@ 000 seats in the two main stands as terracing has not been permitted in UEFA matches since 1998 .
The stadium 's capacity is 26 @,@ 556 , but was estimated in 2010 by the Northern Ireland Assembly to have a safe capacity of 5 @,@ 056 under safety legislation . However , since 2011 , the safe capacity permitted by Health and Safety authorities is 5 @,@ 300 ; before 2010 the stadium could hold more than 8 @,@ 000 . Linfield 's manager David Jeffrey criticised these restrictions and said that they were " murdering local football . " The main stand holds 2 @,@ 720 and the Railway stand holds 2 @,@ 070 . The Oval 's record attendance is 55 @,@ 000 for a European Cup Winners Cup match against Rangers on 27 September 1966 .
The design of the main stand is very similar to the one at Springfield Park , former home of Wigan Athletic . This was also built in 1953
= = Finals = =
In previous years , the Oval was used to host the final of the Irish Cup as one of Northern Ireland 's biggest stadiums along with Windsor Park , with the location of the final often being decided on a coin toss . During the 1985 Irish Cup final , Glentoran supporters released a cockerel and a pig that had been painted blue onto the pitch to antagonize Linfield supporters . The Oval was used to host the final of the County Antrim Shield in 2012 . The Oval has also been used to host the Setanta Cup final . It hosted the 2012 final between Belfast 's Crusaders representing the IFA Premiership , and County Londonderry based Derry City , representing the League of Ireland . The 2015 Irish Cup Final between Glentoran and Portadown was played at The Oval .
= James Rowland ( RAAF officer ) =
Air Marshal Sir James Anthony ( Jim ) Rowland , AC , KBE , DFC , AFC ( 1 November 1922 – 27 May 1999 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , serving as Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) from 1975 to 1979 . He later held office as Governor of New South Wales from 1981 to 1989 , and was Chancellor of the University of Sydney from 1990 to 1991 . Born in rural New South Wales , Rowland cut short his aeronautical engineering studies at the University of Sydney to join the RAAF in 1942 . He was posted to Britain and served as a bomber pilot with the Pathfinders in the air war over Europe , earning the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1944 . The following year he was forced to bail out over Germany following a collision with another Allied aircraft , and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner .
After repatriation and demobilisation , Rowland gained his engineering degree and rejoined the RAAF . He became a test pilot , serving with and later commanding the Aircraft Research and Development Unit in the 1950s , and also a senior engineering officer , being closely involved in preparations for delivery to Australia of the Dassault Mirage III supersonic fighter in the 1960s . In 1972 he was promoted to air vice marshal and became Air Member for Technical Services , holding this post until his elevation to air marshal and appointment as CAS in March 1975 . He was the first engineering officer to lead the RAAF , and the first man to personally command it in a legal sense , following abolition of the Australian Air Board in 1976 . Knighted in 1977 , Rowland retired from the Air Force in 1979 and became Governor of New South Wales in January 1981 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1987 . Retiring from the Governorship in 1989 , he held a place on several boards as well as the Chancellorship of the University of Sydney . He died in 1999 .
= = Early life and World War II = =
Rowland was born in Armidale , New South Wales , on 1 November 1922 . He was the son of Louis Rowland , a commander in the Royal Australian Navy , and his wife Elsie . He evinced a fascination with aviation from an early age , carving model aeroplanes out of wood . Growing up with his three brothers on the family 's 3 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) rural property , he was schooled via correspondence before completing his secondary education at Cranbrook , Sydney . At 17 , he entered the University of Sydney to study aeronautical engineering , but left in May 1942 to enlist in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as a pilot under the Empire Air Training Scheme . He was commissioned as a pilot officer in July 1943 and posted to Britain , where he converted to Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster heavy bombers .
Rowland was posted to the Pathfinder Force that marked targets for other aircraft on strategic bombing missions over Europe . Considered an exceptional pilot , he became a master bomber with No. 635 Squadron RAF in 1944 . As a master bomber , his role was to arrive ahead of the main Allied force , check that flares marking the target were in place , and warn his fellows if they were bombing inaccurately . No. 635 Squadron operated Lancasters , a type that , Rowland recalled , " would forgive sprog pilots doing the most outrageous things to it , and would even bring them home with quite large bits shot off it " .
Having been promoted to acting flight lieutenant , he was on a sortie to attack Düsseldorf in December 1944 when he lost one of his engines . He nevertheless continued on to the target where , owing to his lower @-@ than @-@ normal altitude , his aircraft was seriously damaged by anti @-@ aircraft fire before and after he dropped his bombs . Nursing his plane back to base , he was recommended for the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) in recognition of his " great determination and devotion to duty " ; the award was promulgated in the London Gazette on 16 February 1945 . In January 1945 , Rowland 's Lancaster collided with a Canadian bomber over Frankfurt , and he had to bail out with his surviving crew . Captured and held by the Gestapo in solitary confinement , he was scheduled to be executed but was saved by two Luftwaffe officers who had learned of his situation . They took him to a prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , where he remained until being repatriated at the end of hostilities .
= = Post @-@ war RAAF career = =
Rowland 's commission was terminated in November 1945 . Returning to Australia , he resumed his studies at the University of Sydney and completed his degree , before rejoining the RAAF as a member of its newly formed Technical Branch in 1947 . He was posted to Britain in 1949 to attend the Empire Test Pilots ' School . In 1952 , he was appointed chief test pilot with the Aircraft Research and Development Unit ( ARDU ) at RAAF Base Laverton , Victoria . Rowland led trial programs that involved many of the Air Force 's early jets such as the Gloster Meteor , De Havilland Vampire , English Electric Canberra , and CAC Sabre . Promoted to squadron leader , he earned the Air Force Cross ( AFC ) for his test flying achievements ; the award was gazetted on 1 January 1955 . He married Faye Doughton on 20 April 1955 ; the couple had a daughter , Anni .
Rowland attended RAAF Staff College , Point Cook , in 1956 . Promoted to wing commander , he took charge of ARDU from November 1956 until June 1959 . In 1957 , he raised concerns that the supersonic Lockheed F @-@ 104 Starfighter , touted as a multi @-@ role replacement for the Sabre , was ill @-@ suited for any purpose except interception . Defence Minister Sir Philip McBride had reached a similar conclusion , and kept the Sabre in frontline service until a more suitable aircraft could be chosen , namely the Dassault Mirage III delta @-@ wing fighter . From 1961 to 1964 Rowland was based in Paris , as Technical Staff Officer on the RAAF team preparing for the Mirage 's acceptance into Australian service . In contrast to most of the team members , he displayed a talent for language and by his second year was chairing meetings with Dassault engineers in French . After returning to Australia , he was posted to the Directorate of Aircraft Engineering at the Department of Air , Canberra , responsible for ongoing technical oversight of the Mirage .
In December 1966 Rowland became commanding officer of No. 3 Aircraft Depot ( No. 3 AD ) at RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , with the acting rank of group captain ; his promotion was made substantive in November 1967 . After completing his tenure at No. 3 AD in January 1969 , Rowland was appointed Senior Engineering Staff Officer at Headquarters Operational Command in Glenbrook , New South Wales . In 1971 he was posted to Britain to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies , London . Returning to Australia , he was Director @-@ General of Aircraft Engineering before being promoted to air vice marshal to serve as Air Member for Technical Services ( AMTS ) , the RAAF 's senior engineering position , in November 1972 . The AMTS occupied a seat on the Australian Air Board , the service 's controlling body that was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) . In March 1975 Rowland was raised to air marshal and took over from Air Marshal Charles Read as CAS , becoming the first appointee to the position who had joined the RAAF after the commencement of World War II . He was also the first engineering officer to lead the RAAF , and was selected over a more senior air vice marshal through the personal influence of the Defence Secretary , Sir Arthur Tange . The CAS was nevertheless required to be a member of the Air Force 's aircrew stream so Rowland , still a qualified pilot , had to transfer from the Technical Branch to the General Duties Branch . Soon afterwards , the stipulation for the CAS to be a member of the General Duties Branch was removed .
In 1976 , Rowland became the first CAS to personally command the RAAF in a legal sense , following dissolution of the Air Board , a consequence of defence reorganisation in the wake of the 1973 " Tange report " that recommended departmental rationalisation . A new Chief of the Air Staff Advisory Committee ( CASAC ) was set up , but there was no requirement for the CAS to accept its advice . According to Air Force historian Alan Stephens , Rowland considered that the " collective wisdom " engendered by the Air Board had been generally beneficial to the RAAF , and believed the new arrangements led to " ' paralysis and arrogation of decision making ' , and empire building in the Public Service component " . Though known as a strong committee member who enjoyed a good argument , he " found that the sheer time involved in attending meetings made it very difficult for him to run the Air Force ' the way [ he ] wanted to ' " . To help facilitate the cross @-@ fertilisation of ideas on air power between senior officers , he inaugurated an annual CAS Symposium . During his period as CAS , Rowland reoriented the RAAF 's priorities in line with the Defence of Australia policy , which had been adopted by the government in the early 1970s . As a result , he placed the strongest emphasis on protecting Australia from air attack , followed by conducting air strikes on targets in other countries , and supporting the Army and Navy .
On 11 June 1977 , Rowland was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the military division ( KBE ) . In July the same year , he was awarded the National Medal with First Clasp , given " for diligent long service to the community " . Rowland 's original three @-@ year term as CAS was extended by a year . He retired from the Air Force in March 1979 , and was succeeded by his deputy and former classmate at RAAF Staff College , Air Vice Marshal Neville McNamara .
= = Governorship and later life = =
After leaving the Air Force , Rowland continued to live in Canberra , consulting part @-@ time for French arms concern Ofema . In late 1980 he was recommended by the government of Premier Neville Wran to serve as the next Governor of New South Wales , replacing Sir Roden Cutler . Rowland admitted that he did not have " the faintest idea " why he was chosen , and thought that " there must be a lot of people who could do it a lot better than I could " . He saw the role as the monarch 's representative in New South Wales as helping to provide " a valuable link with an older part of the world " . Wran , for his part , was understood to have chosen Rowland largely on the basis of his engaging personality ; it was also said that the Premier preferred military men for vice @-@ regal office because " they knew how to take orders " . Rowland was duly appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 20 January 1981 . Upon taking office , he declared that he wished to be seen as a " man of the people " . To this end , he opened Government House to the public on a more frequent basis , and also extended invitations for official functions to a broader range of society than was previously the case .
As Governor of New South Wales and therefore the senior state governor , Rowland held a dormant commission to serve as Administrator of the Commonwealth and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Australian Defence Force during absences by the Governor General , and did so six times while in office . On one such occasion he was required to dismiss an old colleague , Air Vice Marshal James Flemming , from his position as director of the Australian War Memorial , Canberra , after the Government lost faith in Flemming 's ability to properly manage the Memorial . Rowland had served as one of Flemming 's referees when he applied to head the Memorial in 1982 . The journalist and public servant Evan Williams also credited Rowland with being " the first Viceregal whistleblower " for alerting the Wran government to an unusual number of early release requests for prisoners that he was being asked to sign by Corrective Services Minister Rex Jackson . The inquiries set in motion by Rowland 's queries revealed that Jackson was receiving money from criminals for misusing the early release scheme . Forced to resign , Jackson was later charged with corruption and imprisoned .
Rowland was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Engineering by the University of Sydney in 1983 , and also appointed a Knight of the Order of St John . On 26 January 1987 , he was invested as a Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) for " service to the Crown and to the people of New South Wales " . At Sydney Town Hall on 3 October that year , he took the salute of Vietnam veterans during their official " Welcome Home March " . His governorship coincided with Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988 . A popular Governor , Rowland was considered by his Labor premiers to be " a safe pair of hands " . His original four @-@ year term was extended twice , each time for two years , by the Wran and Unsworth administrations . On 27 April 1988 , Rowland opened the Forty @-@ Ninth New South Wales Parliament with a new premier , Nick Greiner , whose Liberal Party had defeated Labor in the March elections . That November , he took a turn at flying one of the RAAF 's recently acquired F / A @-@ 18 Hornets piloted by Wing Commander ( later Air Vice Marshal ) John Kindler . He was succeeded on 20 January 1989 by Rear Admiral Sir David Martin . After retiring from the Governorship , Rowland served as President of the Royal Humane Society , Chancellor of the University of Sydney from 1990 to 1991 , and as a member of the Police Board from 1989 to 1992 . He was also a member of the boards of several private companies , including Angus & Coote and Thomson @-@ CSF Pacific Holdings , and Chairman of the Aerospace Foundation of Australia from 1992 until his death in Sydney on 27 May 1999 . Sir James Rowland was survived by his wife and daughter , and accorded a state funeral .
= Maya civilization =
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples , and noted for its hieroglyphic script — the only known fully developed writing system of the pre @-@ Columbian Americas — as well as for its art , architecture , mathematics , calendar , and astronomical system . The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico , all of Guatemala and Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula , and the highlands of the Sierra Madre , running from the Mexican state of Chiapas , across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador , and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain .
The Archaic period , prior to 2000 BC , saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages . The Preclassic period ( c . 2000 BC to 250 AD ) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region , and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet , including maize , beans , squashes , and chili peppers . The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC , and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture , including large temples with elaborate stucco façades . Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin , and Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands . Beginning around 250 AD , the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates . This period saw the Maya civilization develop a large number of city @-@ states linked by a complex trade network . In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals , Tikal and Calakmul , became powerful . The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics . In the 9th century , there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region , resulting in internecine warfare , the abandonment of cities , and a northward shift of population . The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north , and the expansion of the aggressive K 'iche ' kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands . In the 16th century , the Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region , and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén , the last Maya city in 1697 .
Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the " divine king " , who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm . Kingship was patrilineal , and power would normally pass to the eldest son . A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader . Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage , although the exact political make @-@ up of a kingdom varied from city @-@ state to city @-@ state . By the Late Classic , the aristocracy had greatly increased , resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king . The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms , and the Maya created art using both perishable and non @-@ perishable materials , including wood , jade , obsidian , ceramics , sculpted stone monuments , stucco , and finely painted murals .
Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly , and the city centre would be occupied by ceremonial and administrative complexes , surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts . Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways . The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces , pyramid @-@ temples , ceremonial ballcourts , and structures aligned for astronomical observation . The Maya elite were literate , and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre @-@ Columbian Americas . The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books , of which only three uncontested examples remain , the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish . There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics . The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars , and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zero in the world . As a part of their religion , the Maya practised human sacrifice .
= = Mesoamerica = =
The Maya civilization developed within the Mesoamerican cultural area , which covers a region that spreads from northern Mexico southwards into Central America . Mesoamerica was one of six cradles of civilization worldwide . The Mesoamerican area gave rise to a series of cultural developments that included complex societies , agriculture , cities , monumental architecture , writing , and calendrical systems . The set of traits shared by Mesoamerican cultures also included astronomical knowledge , blood and human sacrifice , and a cosmovision that viewed the world as divided into four divisions aligned with the cardinal directions , each with different attributes , and a three @-@ way division of the world into the celestial realm , the earth , and the underworld .
By 6000 BC , the early inhabitants of Mesoamerica were experimenting with the domestication of plants , a process that eventually led to the establishment of sedentary agricultural societies . The diverse climate allowed for wide variation in available crops , but all regions of Mesoamerica cultivated the base crops of maize , beans , and squashes . All Mesoamerican cultures used Stone Age technology ; after c . 1000 AD copper , silver and gold were worked . Mesoamerica lacked draft animals , did not use the wheel , and possessed few domesticated animals ; the principal means of transport was on foot or by canoe . Mesoamericans viewed the world as hostile and governed by unpredictable deities . The ritual Mesoamerican ballgame was widely played . Mesoamerica is linguistically diverse , with most languages falling within a small number of language families – the major families are Mayan , Mixe – Zoquean , Otomanguean , and Uto @-@ Aztecan ; there are also a number of smaller families and isolates . The Mesoamerican language area shares a number of important features , including widespread loanwords , and use of a vigesimal number system .
The territory of the Maya covered a third of Mesoamerica , and the Maya were engaged in a dynamic relationship with neighbouring cultures that included the Olmecs , Mixtecs , Teotihuacan , the Aztecs , and others . During the Early Classic period , the Maya cities of Tikal and Kaminaljuyu were key Maya foci in a network that extended beyond the Maya area into the highlands of central Mexico . At around the same time , there was a strong Maya presence at the Tetitla compound of Teotihuacan . Centuries later , during the 9th century AD , murals at Cacaxtla , another site in the central Mexican highlands , were painted in a Maya style . This may have been either an effort to align itself with the still @-@ powerful Maya area after the collapse of Teotihuacan and ensuing political fragmentation in the Mexican Highlands , or an attempt to express a distant Maya origin of the inhabitants . The Maya city of Chichen Itza and the distant Toltec capital of Tula had an especially close relationship .
= = Geography = =
The Maya civilization occupied a wide territory that included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America . This area included the entire Yucatán Peninsula and all of the territory now incorporated into the modern countries of Guatemala and Belize , as well as the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline .
The Petén region consists of densely forested low @-@ lying limestone plain ; a chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén . To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands . Dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize , most of Quintana Roo , southern Campeche , and a portion of the south of Yucatán state . Farther north , the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub .
The littoral zone of Soconusco lies to the south of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , and consists of a narrow coastal plain and the foothills of the Sierra Madre . The Maya highlands extend eastwards from Chiapas into Guatemala , reaching their highest in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes . The major pre @-@ Columbian population centres of the highlands were located in the largest highland valleys , such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango Valley in the southern highlands , a belt of volcanic cones running parallel to the Pacific coast . The highlands extend northwards into Verapaz , and gradually descend to the east .
= = History = =
The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods : the Preclassic , Classic , and Postclassic periods . These were preceded by the Archaic Period , during which the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture emerged . Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of Maya chronology , rather than indicative of cultural evolution or decline . Definitions of the start and end dates of period spans can vary by as much as a century , depending on the author .
= = = Preclassic period ( c . 2000 BC – 250 AD ) = = =
The Maya developed their first civilization in the Preclassic period . Scholars continue to discuss when this era of Maya civilization began . Maya occupation at Cuello ( modern @-@ day Belize ) has been carbon dated to around 2600 BC . Settlements were established around 1800 BC in the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast , and the Maya were already cultivating the staple crops of maize , beans , squash , and chili pepper . This period was characterised by sedentary communities and the introduction of pottery and fired clay figurines .
During the Middle Preclassic Period , small villages began to grow to form cities . Nakbe in the Petén department of Guatemala is the earliest well @-@ documented city in the Maya lowlands , where large structures have been dated to around 750 BC . The northern lowlands of Yucatán were widely settled by the Middle Preclassic . By approximately 400 BC , early Maya rulers were raising stelae . A developed script was already being used in Petén by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic Period , the enormous city of El Mirador grew to cover approximately 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) . Although not as large , Tikal was already a significant city by around 350 BC .
In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu emerged as a principal centre in the Late Preclassic . Takalik Abaj and Chocolá were two of the most important cities on the Pacific coastal plain , and Komchen grew to become an important site in northern Yucatán . The Late Preclassic cultural florescence collapsed in the 1st century AD and many of the great Maya cities of the epoch were abandoned ; the cause of this collapse is unknown .
= = = Classic period ( c . 250 – 900 AD ) = = =
The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar . This period marked the peak of large @-@ scale construction and urbanism , the recording of monumental inscriptions , and demonstrated significant intellectual and artistic development , particularly in the southern lowland regions . The Classic period Maya political landscape has been likened to that of Renaissance Italy or Classical Greece , with multiple city @-@ states engaged in a complex network of alliances and enmities . The largest cities had populations numbering 50 @,@ 000 to 120 @,@ 000 and were linked to networks of subsidiary sites .
During the Early Classic , cities throughout the Maya region were influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . In AD 378 , Teotihuacan decisively intervened at Tikal and other nearby cities , deposed their rulers , and installed a new Teotihuacan @-@ backed dynasty . This intervention was led by Siyaj K 'ak ' ( " Born of Fire " ) , who arrived at Tikal in early 378 . The king of Tikal , Chak Tok Ich 'aak I , died on the same day , suggesting a violent takeover . A year later , Siyaj K 'ak ' oversaw the installation of a new king , Yax Nuun Ahiin I. The installation of the new dynasty led to a period of political dominance when Tikal became the most powerful city in the central lowlands .
Tikal 's great rival was Calakmul , another powerful city in the Petén Basin . Tikal and Calakmul both developed extensive systems of allies and vassals ; lesser cities that entered one of these networks gained prestige from their association with the top @-@ tier city , and maintained peaceful relations with other members of the same network . Tikal and Calakmul engaged in the manoeuvering of their alliance networks against each other . At various points during the Classic period , one or other of these powers would gain a strategic victory over its great rival , resulting in respective periods of florescence and decline .
In 629 , B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil , a son of the Tikal king K 'inich Muwaan Jol II , was sent to found a new city at Dos Pilas , in the Petexbatún region , apparently as an outpost to extend Tikal 's power beyond the reach of Calakmul . For the next two decades he fought loyally for his brother and overlord at Tikal . In 648 , king Yuknoom Ch 'een II of Calakmul captured Balaj Chan K 'awiil . Yuknoom Ch 'een II then reinstated Balaj Chan K 'awiil upon the throne of Dos Pilas as his vassal . He thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul .
In the southeast , Copán was the most important city . Its Classic @-@ period dynasty was founded in 426 by K 'inich Yax K 'uk ' Mo ' . The new king had strong ties with central Petén and Teotihuacan . Copán reached the height of its cultural and artistic development during the rule of Uaxaclajuun Ub 'aah K 'awiil , who ruled from 695 to 738 . His reign ended catastrophically when he was captured by his vassal , king K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá . The captured lord of Copán was taken back to Quiriguá and was decapitated in a public ritual . It is likely that this coup was backed by Calakmul , in order to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal . Palenque and Yaxchilan were the most powerful cities in the Usumacinta region . In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was already a sprawling city by 300 . In the north of the Maya area , Coba was the most important capital .
= = = = Classic Maya collapse = = = =
During the 9th century AD , the central Maya region suffered major political collapse , marked by the abandonment of cities , the ending of dynasties , and a northward shift in activity . No universally accepted theory explains this collapse , but it likely had a combination of causes , including endemic internecine warfare , overpopulation resulting in severe environmental degradation , and drought . During this period , known as the Terminal Classic , the northern cities of Chichen Itza and Uxmal showed increased activity . Major cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula continued to be inhabited long after the cities of the southern lowlands ceased to raise monuments .
Classic Maya social organisation was based on the ritual authority of the ruler , rather than central control of trade and food distribution . This model of rulership was poorly structured to respond to changes , because the ruler 's actions were limited by tradition to such activities as construction , ritual , and warfare . This only served to exacerbate systemic problems . By the 9th and 10th centuries , this resulted in collapse of this system of rulership . In the northern Yucatán , individual rule was replaced by a ruling council formed from elite lineages . In the southern Yucatán and central Petén , kingdoms declined ; in western Petén and some other areas , the changes were catastrophic and resulted in the rapid depopulation of cities . Within a couple of generations , large swathes of the central Maya area were all but abandoned . Both the capitals and their secondary centres were generally abandoned within a period of 50 to 100 years . One by one , cities stopped sculpting dated monuments ; the last Long Count date was inscribed at Toniná in 909 . Stelae were no longer raised , and squatters moved into abandoned royal palaces . Mesoamerican trade routes shifted and bypassed Petén .
= = = Postclassic period ( c . 950 – 1539 AD ) = = =
Although much reduced , a significant Maya presence remained into the Postclassic period after the abandonment of the major Classic period cities ; the population was particularly concentrated near permanent water sources . Unlike during previous cycles of contraction in the Maya region , abandoned lands were not quickly resettled in the Postclassic . Activity shifted to the northern lowlands and the Maya Highlands ; this may have involved migration from the southern lowlands , because many Postclassic Maya groups had migration myths . Chichen Itza and its Puuc neighbours declined dramatically in the 11th century , and this may represent the final episode of Classic Period collapse . After the decline of Chichen Itza , the Maya region lacked a dominant power until the rise of the city of Mayapan in the 12th century . New cities arose near the Caribbean and Gulf coasts , and new trade networks were formed .
The Postclassic Period was marked by changes from the preceding Classic Period . The once @-@ great city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was abandoned after continuous occupation of almost 2 @,@ 000 years . Across the highlands and neighbouring Pacific coast , long @-@ occupied cities in exposed locations were relocated , apparently due to a proliferation of warfare . Cities came to occupy more @-@ easily defended hilltop locations surrounded by deep ravines , with ditch @-@ and @-@ wall defences sometimes supplementing the protection provided by the natural terrain . One of the most important cities in the Guatemalan Highlands at this time was Q 'umarkaj , the capital of the aggressive K 'iche ' kingdom . The government of Maya states , from the Yucatán to the Guatemalan highlands , was often organised as joint rule by a council . However , in practice one member of the council could act as a supreme ruler , while the other members served him as advisors .
Mayapan was abandoned around 1448 , after a period of political , social and environmental turbulence that in many ways echoed the Classic period collapse in the southern Maya region . The abandonment of the city was followed by a period of prolonged warfare , disease and natural disasters in the Yucatán Peninsula , which ended only shortly before Spanish contact in 1511 . Even without a dominant regional capital , the early Spanish explorers reported wealthy coastal cities and thriving marketplaces . During the Late Postclassic , the Yucatán Peninsula was divided into a number of independent provinces that shared a common culture but varied in internal sociopolitical organisation . On the eve of the Spanish conquest , the highlands of Guatemala were dominated by several powerful Maya states . The K 'iche ' had carved out a small empire covering a large part of the western Guatemalan Highlands and the neighbouring Pacific coastal plain . However , in the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the K 'iche ' .
= = = Contact period and Spanish conquest ( 1511 – 1697 AD ) = = =
In 1511 , a Spanish caravel was wrecked in the Caribbean , and about a dozen survivors made landfall on the coast of Yucatán . They were seized by a Maya lord , and most were sacrificed , although two managed to escape . From 1517 to 1519 , three separate Spanish expeditions explored the Yucatán coast , and engaged in a number of battles with the Maya inhabitants . After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521 , Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry , 300 infantry , 4 cannons , and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico ; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523 . The K 'iche ' capital , Q 'umarkaj , fell to Alvarado in 1524 . Shortly afterwards , the Spanish were invited as allies into Iximche , the capital city of the Kaqchikel Maya . Good relations did not last , due to excessive Spanish demands for gold as tribute , and the city was abandoned a few months later . This was followed by the fall of Zaculeu , the Mam Maya capital , in 1525 . Francisco de Montejo and his son , Francisco de Montejo the Younger , launched a long series of campaigns against the polities of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1527 , and finally completed the conquest of the northern portion of the peninsula in 1546 . This left only the Maya kingdoms of the Petén Basin independent . In 1697 , Martín de Ursúa launched an assault on the Itza capital Nojpetén and the last independent Maya city fell to the Spanish .
= = = Persistence of Maya culture = = =
The Spanish conquest stripped away most of the defining features of Maya civilization . However , many Maya villages remained remote from Spanish colonial authority , and for the most part continued to manage their own affairs . Maya communities and the nuclear family maintained their traditional day @-@ to @-@ day life . The basic Mesoamerican diet of maize and beans continued , although agricultural output was improved by the introduction of steel tools . Traditional crafts such as weaving , ceramics , and basketry continued to be practiced . Community markets and trade in local products continued long after the conquest . At times , the colonial administration encouraged the traditional economy in order to extract tribute in the form of ceramics or cotton textiles , although these were usually made to European specifications . Maya beliefs and language proved resistant to change , despite vigorous efforts by Catholic missionaries . The 260 @-@ day tzolk 'in ritual calendar continues in use in modern Maya communities in the highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas , and millions of Mayan @-@ language speakers inhabit the territory in which their ancestors developed their civilization .
= = = Investigation of Maya civilization = = =
The agents of the Catholic Church wrote detailed accounts of the Maya , in support of their efforts at evangelisation , and absorption of the Maya into the Spanish Empire . This was followed by various Spanish priests and colonial officials who left descriptions of ruins they visited in Yucatán and Central America . In 1839 , American traveller and writer John Lloyd Stephens set out to visit a number of Maya sites with English architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood . Their illustrated accounts of the ruins sparked strong popular interest , and brought the Maya to the attention of the world . The later 19th century saw the recording and recovery of ethnohistoric accounts of the Maya , and the first steps in deciphering Maya hieroglyphs .
The final two decades of the 19th century saw the birth of modern scientific archaeology in the Maya region , with the meticulous work of Alfred Maudslay and Teoberto Maler . By the early 20th century , the Peabody Museum was sponsoring excavations at Copán and in the Yucatán Peninsula . In the first two decades of the 20th century , advances were made in deciphering the Maya calendar , and identifying deities , dates , and religious concepts . Since the 1930s , archaeological exploration increased dramatically , with large @-@ scale excavations across the Maya region .
In the 1960s , the distinguished Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson promoted the ideas that Maya cities were essentially vacant ceremonial centres serving a dispersed population in the forest , and that the Maya civilization was governed by peaceful astronomer @-@ priests . These ideas began to collapse with major advances in the decipherment of the script in the late 20th century , pioneered by Heinrich Berlin , Tatiana Proskouriakoff , and Yuri Knorozov . With breakthroughs in understanding of Maya script since the 1950s , the texts revealed the warlike activities of the Classic Maya kings , and the view of the Maya as peaceful could no longer be supported . Detailed settlement surveys of Maya cities revealed the evidence of large populations , putting an end to the vacant ceremonial centre model .
= = Politics = =
Unlike the Aztecs and the Incas , the Maya political system never integrated the entire Maya cultural area into a single state or empire . Rather , throughout its history , the Maya area contained a varying mix of political complexity that included both states and chiefdoms . These polities fluctuated greatly in their relationships with each other and were engaged in a complex web of rivalries , periods of dominance or submission , vassalage , and alliances . At times , different polities achieved regional dominance , such as Calakmul , Caracol , Mayapan , and Tikal . The first reliably evidenced polities formed in the Maya lowlands in the 9th century BC . During the Late Preclassic , the Maya political system coalesced into a theopolitical form , where elite ideology justified the ruler 's authority , and was reinforced by public display , ritual , and religion . The divine king was the centre of political power , exercising ultimate control over the administrative , economic , judicial , and military functions of the polity . The divine authority invested within the ruler was such that the king was able to mobilise both the aristocracy and commoners in executing huge infrastructure projects , apparently with no police force or standing army . Some polities engaged in a strategy of increasing administration , and filling administrative posts with loyal supporters rather than blood relatives . Within a polity , mid @-@ ranking population centres would have played a key role in managing resources and internal conflict .
The Maya political landscape was highly complex and Maya elites engaged in political intrigue to gain economic and social advantage over neighbours . In the Late Classic , some cities established a long period of dominance over other large cities , such as the dominance of Caracol over Naranjo for half a century . In other cases , loose alliance networks were formed around a dominant city . Border settlements , usually located about halfway between neighbouring capitals , often switched allegiance over the course of their history , and at times acted independently . Dominant capitals exacted tribute in the form of luxury items from subjugated population centres . Political power was reinforced by military power , and the capture and humiliation of enemy warriors played an important part in elite culture . An overriding sense of pride and honour among the warrior aristocracy could lead to extended feuds and vendettas , which caused political instability and the fragmentation of polities .
= = Society = =
From the Early Preclassic , Maya society was sharply divided between the elite and commoners . As population increased over time , various sectors of society became increasingly specialised , and political organisation became increasingly complex . By the Late Classic , when populations had grown enormously and hundreds of cities were connected in a complex web of political hierarchies , the wealthy segment of society multiplied . A middle class may have developed , that included artisans , low ranking priests and officials , merchants , and soldiers . Commoners included farmers , servants , labourers , and slaves . According to indigenous histories , land was held communally by noble houses or clans . Such clans held that the land was the property of the clan ancestors , and such ties between the land and the ancestors were reinforced by the burial of the dead within residential compounds .
= = = King and court = = =
Classic Maya rule was centred in a royal culture that was displayed in all areas of Classic Maya art . The king was the supreme ruler , and held a semi @-@ divine status that made him the mediator between the mortal realm and that of the gods . From very early times , kings were specifically identified with the young maize god , whose gift of maize was the basis of Mesoamerican civilization . Maya royal succession was patrilineal , and royal power only passed to queens when doing otherwise would result in the extinction of the dynasty . Typically , power was passed to the eldest son . A young prince was called a ch 'ok ( " youth " ) , although this word later came to refer to nobility in general . The royal heir was called b 'aah ch 'ok ( " head youth " ) . Various points in the young prince 's childhood were marked by ritual ; the most important was a bloodletting ceremony at age five or six years . Although being of the royal bloodline was of utmost importance , the heir also had to be a successful war leader , as demonstrated by taking of captives . The enthronement of a new king was a highly elaborate ceremony , involving a series of separate acts that included enthronement upon a jaguar @-@ skin cushion , human sacrifice , and receiving the symbols of royal power , such as a headband bearing a jade representation of the so @-@ called " jester god " , an elaborate headdress adorned with quetzal feathers , and a sceptre representing the god K 'awiil .
Maya political administration , based around the royal court , was not bureaucratic in nature . Government was hierarchical , and official posts were sponsored by higher @-@ ranking members of the aristocracy ; officials tended to be promoted to higher levels of office during the course of their lives . Officials are referred to as being " owned " by their sponsor , and this relationship continued even after the death of the sponsor . The Maya royal court was a vibrant and dynamic political institution . There was no universal structure for the Maya royal court , instead each polity formed a royal court that was suited to its own individual context . A number of royal and noble titles have been identified by epigraphers translating Classic Maya inscriptions . Ajaw is usually translated as " lord " or " king " . In the Early Classic , an ajaw was the ruler of a city . Later , with increasing social complexity , the ajaw was a member of the ruling class and a major city could have more than one , each ruling over different districts . Paramount rulers distinguished themselves from the extended nobility by prefixing the word k 'uhul to their ajaw title . A k 'uhul ajaw was " divine lord " , originally confined to the kings of the most prestigious and ancient royal lines . Kalomte was a royal title , whose exact meaning is not yet deciphered , but it was held only by the most powerful kings of the strongest dynasties . It indicated an overlord , or high king , and the title was only in use during the Classic period . By the Late Classic , the absolute power of the k 'uhul ajaw had weakened , and the political system had diversified to include a wider aristocracy , that by this time may well have expanded disproportionately .
A sajal was ranked below the ajaw , and indicated a subservient lord . A sajal would be lord of a second- or third @-@ tier site , answering to an ajaw , who may himself have been subservient to a kalomte . A sajal would often be a war captain or regional governor , and inscriptions often link the sajal title to warfare ; they are often mentioned as the holders of war captives . Sajal meant " feared one " . The titles of ah tz 'ihb and ah ch 'ul hun are both related to scribes . The ah tz 'ihb was a royal scribe , usually a member of the royal family ; the ah ch 'ul hun was the Keeper of the Holy Books , a title that is closely associated with the ajaw title , indicating that an ajaw always held the ah ch 'ul hun title simultaneously . Other courtly titles , the functions of which are not well understood , were yajaw k 'ahk ' ( " Lord of Fire " ) , ti 'huun and ti 'sakhuun . These last two may be variations on the same title , and Mark Zender has suggested that the holder of this title may have been the spokesman for the ruler . Courtly titles are overwhelmingly male @-@ oriented , and in those relatively rare occasions where they are applied to a woman , they appear to be used as honorifics for female royalty . Titled elites were often associated with particular structures in the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Classic period cities , indicating that such office holders either owned that structure , or that the structure was an important focus for their activities . A lakam was possibly the only non @-@ elite post @-@ holder in the royal court . The lakam was only found in larger sites , and they appear to have been responsible for the taxation of local districts .
Different factions may have existed in the royal court . The k 'uhul ahaw and his household would have formed the central power @-@ base , but other important groups were the priesthood , the warrior aristocracy , and other aristocratic courtiers . Where ruling councils existed , as at Chichen Itza and Copán , these may have formed an additional faction . Rivalry between different factions would have led to dynamic political institutions as compromises and disagreements were played out . In such a setting , public performance was vital . Such performances
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
known that at least some traders were members of the elite . During the Contact period , it is known that Maya nobility took part in long distance trading expeditions . The majority of traders were middle class , but were largely engaged in local and regional trade rather than the prestigious long distance trading that was the preserve of the elite . The travelling of merchants into dangerous foreign territory was likened to a passage through the underworld ; the patron deities of merchants were two underworld gods carrying backpacks . When merchants travelled , they painted themselves black , like their patron gods , and went heavily armed .
The Maya had no pack animals , so all trade goods were carried on the backs of porters when going overland ; if the trade route followed a river or the coast , then goods were transported in canoes . A substantial Maya trading canoe was encountered off Honduras on Christopher Columbus 's fourth voyage . It was made from a large hollowed @-@ out tree trunk and had a palm @-@ covered canopy . The canoe was 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) broad and was powered by 25 rowers . Trade goods carried included cacao , obsidian , ceramics , textiles , food and drink for the crew , and copper bells and axes . Cacao was used as currency ( although not exclusively ) , and its value was such that counterfeiting occurred by removing the flesh from the pod , and stuffing it with dirt or avocado rind .
= = = Marketplaces = = =
Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically . However , the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region . At some Classic period cities , archaeologists have tentatively identified formal arcade @-@ style masonry architecture and parallel alignments of scattered stones as the permanent foundations of market stalls . A 2007 study analysed soils from a modern Guatemalan market and compared the results with those obtained from analysis at a proposed ancient market at Chunchucmil . Unusually high levels of zinc and phosphorus at both sites indicated similar food production and vegetable sales activity . The calculated density of market stalls at Chunchucmil strongly suggests that a thriving market economy already existed in the Early Classic . Archaeologists have tentatively identified marketplaces at an increasing number of Maya cities by means of a combination of archaeology and soil analysis . When the Spanish arrived , Postclassic cities in the highlands had markets in permanent plazas , with officials on hand to settle disputes , enforce rules , and collect taxes .
= = Art = =
Maya art is essentially the art of the royal court . It is almost exclusively concerned with the Maya elite and their world . Maya art was crafted from both perishable and non @-@ perishable materials , and served to link the Maya to their ancestors . Although surviving Maya art represents only a small proportion of the art that the Maya created , it represents a wider variety of subjects than any other art tradition in the Americas . Maya art has many regional styles , and is unique in the ancient Americas in bearing narrative text . The finest surviving Maya art dates to the Late Classic period .
The Maya exhibited a preference for the colour green or blue @-@ green , and used the same word for the colours blue and green . Correspondingly , they placed high value on apple @-@ green jade , and other greenstones , associating them with the sun @-@ god K 'inich Ajau . They sculpted artefacts that included fine tesserae and beads , to carved heads weighing 4 @.@ 42 kilograms ( 9 @.@ 7 lb ) . The Maya nobility practised dental modification , and some lords wore encrusted jade in their teeth . Mosaic funerary masks could also be fashioned from jade , such as that of K 'inich Janaab ' Pakal , king of Palenque .
Maya stone sculpture emerged into the archaeological record as a fully developed tradition , suggesting that it may have evolved from a tradition of sculpting wood . Because of the biodegradability of wood , the corpus of Maya woodwork has almost entirely disappeared . The few wooden artefacts that have survived include three @-@ dimensional sculptures , and hieroglyphic panels . Stone Maya stelae are widespread in city sites , often paired with low , circular stones referred to as altars in the literature . Stone sculpture also took other forms , such as the limestone relief panels at Palenque and Piedras Negras . At Yaxchilan , Dos Pilas , Copán , and other sites , stone stairways were decorated with sculpture . The hieroglyphic stairway at Copán comprises the longest surviving Maya hieroglyphic text , and consists of 2 @,@ 200 individual glyphs .
The largest Maya sculptures consisted of architectural façades crafted from stucco . The rough form was laid out on a plain plaster base coating on the wall , and the three @-@ dimensional form was built up using small stones . Finally , this was coated with stucco and moulded into the finished form ; human body forms were first modelled in stucco , with their costumes added afterwards . The final stucco sculpture was then brightly painted . Giant stucco masks were used to adorn temple façades by the Late Preclassic , and such decoration continued into the Classic period .
The Maya had a long tradition of mural painting ; rich polychrome murals have been excavated at San Bartolo , dating to between 300 and 200 BC . Walls were coated with plaster , and polychrome designs were painted onto the smooth finish . The majority of such murals have not survived , but Early Classic tombs painted in cream , red , and black have been excavated at Caracol , Río Azul , and Tikal . Among the best preserved murals are a full @-@ size series of Late Classic paintings at Bonampak .
Flint , chert , and obsidian all served utilitarian purposes in Maya culture , but many pieces were finely crafted into forms that were never intended to be used as tools . Eccentric flints are among the finest lithic artefacts produced by the ancient Maya . They were technically very challenging to produce , requiring considerable skill on the part of the artisan . Large obsidian eccentrics can measure over 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length . Their actual form varies considerably but they generally depict human , animal and geometric forms associated with Maya religion . Eccentric flints show a great variety of forms , such as crescents , crosses , snakes , and scorpions . The largest and most elaborate examples display multiple human heads , with minor heads sometimes branching off from larger one .
Maya textiles are very poorly represented in the archaeological record , although by comparison with other pre @-@ Columbian cultures , such as the Aztecs and the Andean region , it is likely that they were high @-@ value items . A few scraps of textile have been recovered by archaeologists , but the best evidence for textile art is where they are represented in other media , such as painted murals or ceramics . Such secondary representations show the elite of the Maya court adorned with sumptuous cloths , generally these would have been cotton , but jaguar pelts and deer hides are also shown .
Ceramics are the most commonly surviving type of Maya art . The Maya had no knowledge of the potter 's wheel , and Maya vessels were built up by coiling rolled strips of clay into the desired form . Maya pottery was not glazed , although it often had a fine finish produced by burnishing . Maya ceramics were painted with clay slips blended with minerals and coloured clays . Ancient Maya firing techniques have yet to be replicated . A quantity of extremely fine ceramic figurines have been excavated from Late Classic tombs on Jaina Island , in northern Yucatán . They stand from between 10 to 25 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 to 9 @.@ 8 in ) high and were hand modelled , with exquisite detail . The Ik @-@ style polychrome ceramic corpus , including finely painted plates and cylindrical vessels , originated in Late Classic Motul de San José . It includes a set of features such as hieroglyphs painted in a pink or pale red colour and scenes with dancers wearing masks . One of the most distinctive features is the realistic representation of subjects as they appeared in life . The subject matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD , such as diplomatic meetings , feasting , bloodletting , scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war .
Bone , both human and animal , was also sculpted ; human bones may have been trophies , or relics of ancestors . The Maya valued Spondylus shells , and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines , to reveal the fine orange interior . Around the 10th century AD , metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America , and the Maya began to make small objects in gold , silver and copper . The Maya generally hammered sheet metal into objects such as beads , bells , and disks . In the last centuries before the Spanish Conquest , the Maya began to use the lost @-@ wax method to cast small metal pieces .
One poorly studied area of Maya folk art is graffiti . Additional graffiti , not part of the planned decoration , was incised into the stucco of interior walls , floors , and benches , in a wide variety of buildings , including temples , residences , and storerooms . Graffiti has been recorded at 51 Maya sites , particularly clustered in the Petén Basin and southern Campeche , and the Chenes region of northwestern Yucatán . At Tikal , where a great quantity of graffiti has been recorded , the subject matter includes drawings of temples , people , deities , animals , banners , litters , and thrones . Graffiti was often inscribed haphazardly , with drawings overlapping each other , and display a mix of crude , untrained art , and examples by artists who were familiar with Classic @-@ period artistic conventions .
= = Architecture = =
The Maya produced a vast array of structures , and have left an extensive architectural legacy that places the Maya civilization as one of the great preindustrial civilizations of the world . Maya architecture also incorporates various art forms and hieroglyphic texts . Masonry architecture built by the Maya evidences craft specialisation in Maya society , centralised organisation and the political means to mobilise a large workforce . It is estimated that a large elite residence at Copán required an estimated 10 @,@ 686 man @-@ days to build , which compares to 67 @-@ man @-@ days for a commoner 's hut . It is further estimated that 65 % of the labour required to build the noble residence was used in the quarrying , transporting , and finishing of the stone used in construction , and 24 % of the labour was required for the manufacture and application of limestone @-@ based plaster . Altogether , it is estimated that two to three months were required for the construction of the residence for this single noble at Copán , using between 80 and 130 full @-@ time labourers . A Classic @-@ period city like Tikal was spread over 20 square kilometres ( 7 @.@ 7 sq mi ) , with an urban core covering 6 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ) . The labour required to build such a city was immense , running into many millions of man @-@ days . The most massive structures ever erected by the Maya were built during the Preclassic period . Craft specialisation would have required dedicated stonemasons and plasterers by the Late Preclassic , and would have required planners and architects .
= = = Urban design = = =
Maya cities were not formally planned , and were subject to irregular expansion , with the haphazard addition of palaces , temples and other buildings . Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core , and upwards as new structures were superimposed upon preceding architecture . Maya cities usually had a ceremonial and administrative centre surrounded by a vast irregular sprawl of residential complexes . The centres of all Maya cities featured sacred precincts , sometimes separated from nearby residential areas by walls . These precincts contained pyramid temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities , such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes . Sculpted monuments were raised to record the deeds of the ruling dynasty . City centres also featured plazas , sacred ballcourts and buildings used for marketplaces and schools . Frequently causeways linked the centre to outlying areas of the city . Some of these classes of architecture formed lesser groups in the outlying areas of the city , which served as sacred centres for non @-@ royal lineages . The areas adjacent to these sacred compounds included residential complexes housing wealthy lineages . The largest and richest of these elite compounds sometimes possessed sculpture and art of craftsmanship equal to that of royal art .
The ceremonial centre of the Maya city was where the ruling elite lived , and where the administrative functions of the city were performed , together with religious ceremonies . It was also where the inhabitants of the city gathered for public activities . Elite residential complexes occupied the best land around the city centre , while commoners had their residences dispersed further away from the ceremonial centre . Residential units were built on top of stone platforms to raise them above the level of the rain season floodwaters .
= = = Building materials and methods = = =
The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology ; they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone . The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources , and this also affected the building style . Across a broad swathe of the Maya area , limestone was immediately available . The local limestone is relatively soft when freshly cut , but hardens with exposure . There was great variety in the quality of limestone , with good @-@ quality stone available in the Usumacinta region ; in the northern Yucatán , the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality . Volcanic tuff was used at Copán , and nearby Quiriguá employed sandstone . In Comalcalco , where suitable stone was not available locally , fired bricks were employed . Limestone was burned at high temperatures in order to manufacture cement , plaster , and stucco . Lime @-@ based cement was used to seal stonework in place , and stone blocks were fashioned using rope @-@ and @-@ water abrasion , and with obsidian tools . The Maya did not employ a functional wheel , so all loads were transported on litters , barges , or rolled on logs . Heavy loads were lifted with rope , but probably without employing pulleys .
Wood was used for beams , and for lintels , even in masonry structures . Throughout Maya history , common huts and some temples continued to be built from wooden poles and thatch . Adobe was also applied ; this consisted of mud strengthened with straw and was applied as a coating over the woven @-@ stick walls of huts . Like wood and thatch , adobe was used throughout Maya history , even after the development of masonry structures . In the southern Maya area , adobe was employed in monumental architecture when no suitable stone was locally available .
= = = Principal construction types = = =
The great cities of the Maya civilization were composed of pyramid temples , palaces , ballcourts , sacbeob ( causeways ) , patios and plazas . Some cities also possessed extensive hydraulic systems or defensive walls . The exteriors of most buildings were painted , either in one or multiple colours , or with imagery . Many buildings were adorned with sculpture or painted stucco reliefs .
= = = = Palaces and acropoleis = = = =
These complexes were usually located in the site core , beside a principal plaza . Maya palaces consisted of a platform supporting a multiroom range structure . The term acropolis , in a Maya context , refers to a complex of structures built upon platforms of varying height . Palaces and acropoleis were essentially elite residential compounds . They generally extended horizontally as opposed to the towering Maya pyramids , and often had restricted access . Some structures in Maya acropoleis supported roof combs . Rooms often had stone benches , used for sleeping , and holes indicate where curtains once hung . Large palaces , such as at Palenque , could be fitted with a water supply , and sweat baths were often found within the complex , or nearby . During the Early Classic , rulers were sometimes buried underneath the acropolis complex . Some rooms in palaces were true throne rooms ; in the royal palace of Palenque there were a number of throne rooms that were used for important events , including the inauguration of new kings .
Palaces are usually arranged around one or more courtyards , with their façades facing inwards ; some examples are adorned with sculpture . Some palaces possess associated hieroglyphic descriptions that identify them as the royal residences of named rulers . There is abundant evidence that palaces were far more than simple elite residences , and that a range of courtly activities took place in them , including audiences , formal receptions , and important rituals .
= = = = Pyramids and temples = = = =
Temples were sometimes referred to in hieroglyphic texts as k 'uh nah , meaning " god 's house " . Temples were raised on platforms , most often upon a pyramid . The earliest temples were probably thatched huts built upon low platforms . By the Late Preclassic period , their walls were of stone , and the development of the corbel arch allowed stone roofs to replace thatch . By the Classic period , temple roofs were being topped with roof combs that extended the height of the temple and served as a foundation for monumental art . The temple shrine contained between one and three rooms , and were dedicated to important deities . Such a deity might be one of the patron gods of the city , or a deified ancestor . In general , freestanding pyramids were shrines honouring powerful ancestors .
= = = = E @-@ Groups and observatories = = = =
The Maya were keen observers of the sun , stars , and planets . E @-@ Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region ; they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun . They consisted of three small structures facing a fourth structure , and were used to mark the solstices and equinoxes . The earliest examples date to the Preclassic period . The Lost World complex at Tikal started out as an E @-@ Group built towards the end of the Middle Preclassic . Due to its nature , the basic layout of an E @-@ Group was constant . A structure was built on the west side of a plaza ; it was usually a radial pyramid with stairways facing the cardinal directions . It faced east across the plaza to three small temples on the far side . From the west pyramid , the sun was seen to rise over these temples on the solstices and equinoxes . E @-@ Groups were raised across the central and southern Maya area for over a millennium ; not all were properly aligned as observatories , and their function may have been symbolic .
As well as E @-@ Groups , the Maya built other structures dedicated to observing the movements of celestial bodies . Many Maya buildings were aligned with astronomical bodies , including the planet Venus , and various constellations . The Caracol structure at Chichen Itza was a circular multi @-@ level edifice , with a conical superstructure . It has slit windows that marked the movements of Venus . At Copán , a pair of stelae were raised to mark the position of the setting sun at the equinoxes .
= = = = Triadic pyramids = = = =
Triadic pyramids first appeared in the Preclassic . They consisted of a dominant structure flanked by two smaller inward @-@ facing buildings , all mounted upon a single basal platform . The largest known triadic pyramid was built at El Mirador in the Petén Basin ; it covers an area six times as large as that covered by Temple IV , the largest pyramid at Tikal . The three superstructures all have stairways leading up from the central plaza on top of the basal platform . No securely established forerunners of Triadic Groups are known , but they may have developed from the eastern range building of E @-@ Group complexes . The triadic form was the predominant architectural form in the Petén region during the Late Preclassic . Examples of triadic pyramids are known from as many as 88 archaeological sites . At Nakbe , there are at least a dozen examples of triadic complexes and the four largest structures in the city are triadic in nature . At El Mirador there are probably as many as 36 triadic structures . Examples of the triadic form are even known from Dzibilchaltun in the far north of the Yucatán Peninsula , and Q 'umarkaj in the Highlands of Guatemala . The triadic pyramid remained a popular architectural form for centuries after the first examples were built ; it continued in use into the Classic Period , with later examples being found at Uaxactun , Caracol , Seibal , Nakum , Tikal and Palenque . The Q 'umarkaj example is the only one that has been dated to the Postclassic Period . The triple @-@ temple form of the triadic pyramid appears to be related to Maya mythology .
= = = = Ballcourts = = = =
The ballcourt is a distinctive pan @-@ Mesoamerican form of architecture . Although the majority of Maya ballcourts date to the Classic period , the earliest examples appeared around 1000 BC in northwestern Yucatán , during the Middle Preclassic . By the time of Spanish contact , ballcourts were only in use in the Guatemalan Highlands , at cities such as Q 'umarkaj and Iximche . Throughout Maya history , ballcourts maintained a characteristic form consisting of an ɪ shape , with a central playing area terminating in two transverse end zones . The central playing area usually measures between 20 and 30 metres ( 66 and 98 ft ) long , and is flanked by two lateral structures that stood up to 3 or 4 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 or 13 @.@ 1 ft ) high . The lateral platforms often supported structures that may have held privileged spectators . The Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza is the largest in Mesoamerica , measuring 83 metres ( 272 ft ) long by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide , with walls standing 8 @.@ 2 metres ( 27 ft ) high .
= = = Regional architectural styles = = =
Although Maya cities shared many common features , there was considerable variation in architectural style . Such styles were influenced by locally available construction materials , climate , topography , and local preferences . In the Late Classic , these local differences developed into distinctive regional architectural styles .
= = = = Central Petén = = = =
The central Petén style of architecture is modelled after the great city of Tikal . The style is characterised by tall pyramids supporting a summit shrine adorned with a roof comb , and accessed by a single doorway . Additional features are the use of stela @-@ altar pairings , and the decoration of architectural façades , lintels , and roof combs with relief sculptures of rulers and gods . One of the finest examples of Central Petén style architecture is Tikal Temple I. Examples of sites in the Central Petén style include Altun Ha , Calakmul , Holmul , Ixkun , Nakum , Naranjo , and Yaxhá .
= = = = Puuc = = = =
The exemplar of Puuc @-@ style architecture is Uxmal . The style developed in the Puuc Hills of northwestern Yucatán ; during the Terminal Classic it spread beyond this core region across the northern Yucatán Peninsula . Puuc sites replaced rubble cores with lime cement , resulting in stronger walls , and also strengthened their corbel arches ; this allowed Puuc @-@ style cities to build freestanding entrance archways . The upper façades of buildings were decorated with precut stones mosaic @-@ fashion , erected as facing over the core , forming elaborate compositions of long @-@ nosed deities such as the rain god Chaac and the Principal Bird Deity . The motifs also included geometric patterns , lattices and spools , possibly influenced by styles from highland Oaxaca , outside the Maya area . In contrast , the lower façades were left undecorated . Roof combs were relatively uncommon at Puuc sites .
= = = = Chenes = = = =
The Chenes style is very similar to the Puuc style , but predates the use of the mosaic façades of the Puuc region . It featured fully adorned façades on both the upper and lower sections of structures . Some doorways were surrounded by mosaic masks of monsters representing mountain or sky deities , identifying the doorways as entrances to the supernatural realm . Some buildings contained interior stairways that accessed different levels . The Chenes style is most commonly encountered in the southern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula , although individual buildings in the style can be found elsewhere in the peninsula . Examples of Chenes sites include Dzibilnocac , Hochob , Santa Rosa Xtampak , and Tabasqueño .
= = = = Río Bec = = = =
The Río Bec style forms a sub @-@ region of the Chenes style , and also features elements of the Central Petén style , such as prominent roof combs . Its palaces are distinctive for their false @-@ tower decorations , lacking interior rooms , with steep , almost vertical , stairways and false doors . These towers were adorned with deity masks , and were built to impress the viewer , rather than serve any practical function . Such false towers are only found in the Río Bec region . Río Bec sites include Chicanná , Hormiguero , and Xpuhil .
= = = = Usumacinta = = = =
The Usumacinta style developed in the hilly terrain of the Usumacinta drainage . Cities took advantage of the hillsides to support their major architecture , as at Palenque and Yaxchilan . Sites modified corbel vaulting to allow thinner walls and multiple access doors to temples . As in Petén , roof combs adorned principal structures . Palaces had multiple entrances that used post @-@ and @-@ lintel entrances rather than corbel vaulting . Many sites erected stelae , but Palenque instead developed finely sculpted panelling to decorate its buildings .
= = Language = =
Before 2000 BC , the Maya spoke a single language , dubbed proto @-@ Mayan by linguists . Linguistic analysis of reconstructed Proto @-@ Mayan vocabulary suggests that the original Proto @-@ Mayan homeland was in the western or northern Guatemalan Highlands , although the evidence is not conclusive . Proto @-@ Mayan diverged during the Preclassic period to form the major Mayan language groups that make up the family , including Huastecan , Greater K 'iche 'an , Greater Q 'anjobalan , Mamean , Tz 'eltalan @-@ Ch 'olan , and Yucatecan . These groups diverged further during the pre @-@ Columbian era to form over 30 languages that have survived into modern times . The language of almost all Classic Maya texts over the entire Maya area has been identified as Ch 'olan ; Late Preclassic text from Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands , also appears to be in , or related to , Ch 'olan . The use of Ch 'olan as the language of Maya text does not necessarily indicate that it was the language commonly used by the local populace – it may have been equivalent to Medieval Latin as a ritual or prestige language . Classic Ch 'olan may have been the prestige language of the Classic Maya elite , used in inter @-@ polity communication such as diplomacy and trade . By the Postclassic period , Yucatec was also being written in Maya codices alongside Ch 'olan .
= = Writing and literacy = =
The Maya writing system is one of the outstanding achievements of the pre @-@ Columbian inhabitants of the Americas . It was the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system of more than a dozen systems that developed in Mesoamerica . The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 300 – 200 BC , in the Petén Basin . However , this is preceded by several other Mesoamerican writing systems , such as the Epi @-@ Olmec and Zapotec scripts . Early Maya script had appeared on the Pacific coast of Guatemala by the late 1st century AD , or early 2nd century . Similarities between the Isthmian script and Early Maya script of the Pacific coast suggest that the two systems developed in tandem . By about AD 250 , the Maya script had become a more formalised and consistent writing system .
The Catholic Church and colonial officials , notably Bishop Diego de Landa , destroyed Maya texts wherever they found them , and with them the knowledge of Maya writing , but by chance three uncontested pre @-@ Columbian books dated to the Postclassic period have been preserved . These are known as the Madrid Codex , the Dresden Codex and the Paris Codex . A few pages survive from a fourth , the Grolier Codex , whose authenticity is disputed . Archaeology conducted at Maya sites often reveals other fragments , rectangular lumps of plaster and paint chips which were codices ; these tantalizing remains are , however , too severely damaged for any inscriptions to have survived , most of the organic material having decayed . In reference to the few extant Maya writings , Michael D. Coe , a prominent archaeologist at Yale University , stated :
[ O ] ur knowledge of ancient Maya thought must represent only a tiny fraction of the whole picture , for of the thousands of books in which the full extent of their learning and ritual was recorded , only four have survived to modern times ( as though all that posterity knew of ourselves were to be based upon three prayer books and ' Pilgrim 's Progress ' ) .
Most surviving pre @-@ Columbian Maya writing dates to the Classic period and is contained in stone inscriptions from Maya sites , such as stelae , or on ceramics vessels . Other media include the aforementioned codices , stucco façades , frescoes , wooden lintels , cave walls , and portable artefacts crafted from a variety of materials , including bone , shell , obsidian , and jade .
= = = Writing system = = =
The Maya writing system ( often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing ) is a logosyllabic writing system , combining a syllabary of phonetic signs representing syllables with logogram representing entire words . Among the writing systems of the Pre @-@ Columbian New World , Maya script most closely represents the spoken language . At any one time , no more than around 500 glyphs were in use , some 200 of which ( including variations ) were phonetic .
The Maya script was in use up to the arrival of the Europeans , its use peaking during the Classic Period . In excess of 10 @,@ 000 individual texts have been recovered , mostly inscribed on stone monuments , lintels , stelae and ceramics . The Maya also produced texts painted on a form of paper manufactured from processed tree @-@ bark generally now known by its Nahuatl @-@ language name amatl used to produce codices . The skill and knowledge of Maya writing persisted among segments of the population right up to the Spanish conquest . The knowledge was subsequently lost , as a result of the impact of the conquest on Maya society .
The decipherment and recovery of the knowledge of Maya writing has been a long and laborious process . Some elements were first deciphered in the late 19th and early 20th century , mostly the parts having to do with numbers , the Maya calendar , and astronomy . Major breakthroughs were made from the 1950s to 1970s , and accelerated rapidly thereafter . By the end of the 20th century , scholars were able to read the majority of Maya texts , and ongoing work continues to further illuminate the content .
= = = Hieroglyphic script = = =
The basic unit of Maya hieroglyphic text is the glyph block , which transcribes a word or phrase . The block is composed of one or more individual glyphs attached to each other to form the glyph block , with individual glyph blocks generally being separated by a space . Glyph blocks are usually arranged in a grid pattern . For ease of reference , epigraphers refer to glyph blocks from left to right alphabetically , and top to bottom numerically . Thus , any glyph block in a piece of text can be identified : C4 would be third block counting from the left , and the fourth block counting downwards . If a monument or artefact has more than one inscription , column labels are not repeated , rather they continue in the alphabetic series ; if there are more than 26 columns , the labelling continues as A ' , B ' , etc . Numeric row labels restart from 1 for each discrete unit of text .
Although hieroglyphic text may be laid out in varying manners , generally text is arranged into double columns of glyph blocks . The reading order of text starts at the top left ( block A1 ) , continues to the second block in the double @-@ column ( B1 ) , then drops down a row and starts again from the left half of the double column ( A2 ) , and thus continues in zig @-@ zag fashion . Once the bottom is reached , the inscription continues from the top left of the next double column . Where an inscription ends in a single ( unpaired ) column , this final column is usually read straight downwards .
Individual glyph blocks may be composed of a number of elements . These consist of the main sign , and any affixes . Main signs represent the major element of the block , and may be a noun , verb , adverb , adjective , or phonetic sign . Some main signs are abstract , some are pictures of the object they represent , and others are " head variants " , personifications of the word they represent . Affixes are smaller rectangular elements , usually attached to a main sign , although a block may be composed entirely of affixes . Affixes may represent a wide variety of speech elements , including nouns , verbs , verbal suffixes , prepositions , pronouns , and more . Small sections of a main sign could be used to represent the whole main sign , and Maya scribes were highly inventive in their usage and adaptation of glyph elements .
= = = Writing tools = = =
Although the archaeological record does not provide examples of brushes or pens , analysis of ink strokes on the Postclassic codices suggests that it was applied with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair . A Classic period sculpture from Copán , Honduras , depicts a scribe with an inkpot fashioned from a conch shell . Excavations at Aguateca uncovered a number of scribal artefacts from the residences of elite status scribes , including palettes and mortars and pestles .
= = = Scribes and literacy = = =
Commoners were illiterate ; scribes were drawn from the elite . It is not known if all members of the aristocracy could read and write , although at least some women could , since there are representations of female scribes in Maya art . Maya scribes were called aj tz 'ib , meaning " one who writes or paints " . There were probably scribal schools where members of the aristocracy were taught to write . Scribal activity is identifiable in the archaeological record ; Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I , king of Tikal , was interred with his paint pot . Some junior members of the Copán royal dynasty have also been found buried with their writing implements . A palace at Copán has been identified as that of a noble lineage of scribes ; it is decorated with sculpture that includes figures holding ink pots .
Although not much is known about Maya scribes , some did sign their work , both on ceramics and on stone sculpture . Usually , only a single scribe signed a ceramic vessel , but multiple sculptors are known to have recorded their names on stone sculpture ; eight sculptors signed one stela at Piedras Negras . However , most works remained unsigned by their artists .
= = Mathematics = =
In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations , the Maya used a base 20 ( vigesimal ) system . The bar @-@ and @-@ dot counting system that is the base of Maya numerals was in use in Mesoamerica by 1000 BC ; the Maya adopted it by the Late Preclassic , and added the symbol for zero . This may have been the earliest known occurrence of the idea of an explicit zero worldwide , although it may have been predated by the Babylonian system . The earliest explicit use of zero occurred on monuments dated to 357 AD . In its earliest uses , the zero served as a place holder , indicating an absence of a particular calendrical count . This later developed into a numeral that was used to perform calculation , and was used in hieroglyphic texts for more than a thousand years , until its use was extinguished by the Spanish .
The basic number system consists of a dot to represent one , and a bar to represent five . By the Postclassic period a shell symbol represented zero ; during the Classic period other glyphs were used . The Maya could write any number from 0 to 19 using a combination of these symbols . The precise value of a numeral was determined by its position ; as a numeral shifted upwards , its basic value multiplied by twenty . In this way , the lowest symbol would represent units , the next symbol up would represent multiples of twenty , and the symbol above that would represent multiples of 400 , and so on . For example , the number 884 would be written with four dots on the lowest level , four dots on the next level up , and two dots on the next level after that , to give 4x1 , plus 4x20 , plus 2x400 . Using this system , the Maya were able to record huge numbers . Simple addition could be performed by summing the dots and bars in two columns to give the result in a third column .
= = Calendar = =
The Maya calendrical system , in common with other Mesoamerican calendars , had its origins in the Preclassic period . However , it was the Maya that developed the calendar to its maximum sophistication , recording lunar and solar cycles , eclipses and movements of planets with great accuracy . In some cases , the Maya calculations were more accurate than equivalent calculations in the Old World ; for example , the Maya solar year was calculated to greater accuracy than the Julian year . The Maya calendar was intrinsically tied to Maya ritual , and it was central to Maya religious practices . The calendar combined a non @-@ repeating Long Count with three interlocking cycles , each measuring a progressively larger period . These were the 260 @-@ day tzolk 'in , the 365 @-@ day haab ' , and the 52 @-@ year Calendar Round , resulting from the combination of the tzolk 'in with the haab ' . There were also additional calendric cycles , such as an 819 @-@ day cycle associated with the four quadrants of Maya cosmology , governed by four different aspects of the god K 'awiil .
The basic unit in the Maya calendar was one day , or k 'in , and 20 k 'in grouped to form a winal . The next unit , instead of being multiplied by 20 , as called for by the vigesimal system , was multiplied by 18 in order to provide a rough approximation of the solar year ( hence producing 360 days ) . This 360 @-@ day year was called a tun . Each succeeding level of multiplication followed the vigesimal system .
The 260 @-@ day tzolk 'in provided the basic cycle of Maya ceremony , and the foundations of Maya prophecy . No astronomical basis for this count has been proved , and it may be that the 260 @-@ day count is based on the human gestation period . This is reinforced by the use of the tzolk 'in to record dates of birth , and provide corresponding prophecy . The 260 @-@ day cycle repeated a series of 20 @-@ day @-@ names , with a number from 1 to 13 prefixed to indicated where in the cycle a particular day occurred .
The 365 @-@ day haab was produced by a cycle of eighteen named 20 @-@ day winals , completed by the addition of 5 @-@ day period called the wayeb . The wayeb was considered to be a dangerous time , when the barriers between the mortal and supernatural realms were broken , allowing malignant deities to cross over and interfere in human concerns . In a similar way to the tz 'olkin , the named winal would be prefixed by a number ( from 0 to 19 ) , in the case of the shorter wayeb period , the prefix numbers ran 0 to 4 . Since each day in the tz 'olkin had a name and number ( e.g. 8 Ajaw ) , this would interlock with the haab , producing an additional number and name , to give any day a more complete designation , for example 8 Ajaw 13 Keh . Such a day name could only recur once every 52 years , and this period is referred to by Mayanists as the Calendar Round . In most Mesoamerican cultures , the Calendar Round was the largest unit for measuring time .
As with any non @-@ repeating calendar , the Maya measured time from a fixed start point . The Maya set the beginning of their calendar as the end of a previous cycle of bak 'tuns , equivalent to a day in 3114 BC . This was believed by the Maya to be the day of the creation of the world in its current form . The Maya used the Long Count Calendar to fix any given day of the Calendar Round within their current great Piktun cycle consisting of either 20 bak 'tuns . There was some variation in the calendar , specifically texts in Palenque demonstrate that the piktun cycle that ended in 3114 BC had only 13 bak 'tuns , and other inscriptions seem to have used an exceptional cycle of 13 + 20 bak 'tun in the current piktun . Additionally , there may have been some regional variation in how these exceptional cycles were managed .
A full long count date consisted of an introductory glyph followed by five glyphs counting off the number of bak 'tuns , kat 'uns , tuns , winals , and k 'ins since the start of the current creation . This would be followed by the tz 'olkin portion of the Calendar Round date , and after a number of intervening glyphs , the Long Count date would end with the Haab portion of the Calendar Round date .
= = = Correlation of the Long Count calendar = = =
Although the Calendar Round is still in use today , the Maya started using an abbreviated Short Count during the Late Classic period . The Short Count is a count of 13 k 'atuns . For this reason , there is no direct correlation between the Long Count and the European calendar . The most generally accepted correlation is the Goodman @-@ Martínez @-@ Thompson , or GMT , correlation . This equates the Long Count date 11 @.@ 16 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 13 Ajaw 8 Xul with the Gregorian date of 12 November 1539 . Epigraphers Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube argue for a two @-@ day shift from the standard GMT correlation . The Spinden Correlation would shift the Long Count dates back by 260 years ; it also accords with the documentary evidence , and is better suited to the archaeology of the Yucatán Peninsula , but presents problems with the rest of the Maya region . The George Vaillant Correlation would shift all Maya dates 260 years later , and would greatly shorten the Postclassic period . Radiocarbon dating of dated wooden lintels at Tikal supports the GMT correlation .
= = Astronomy = =
The famous astrologer John Dee used an Aztec obsidian mirror to see into the future . We may look down our noses at his ideas , but one may be sure that in outlook he was far closer to a Maya priest astronomer than is an astronomer of our century .
The Maya made meticulous observations of celestial bodies , patiently recording astronomical data on the movements of the sun , moon , Venus , and the stars . This information was used for divination , so Maya astronomy was essentially for astrological purposes . Maya astronomy did not serve to study the universe for scientific reasons , nor was it used to measure the seasons in order to calculate crop planting . It was rather used by the priesthood to comprehend past cycles of time , and project them into the future to produce prophecy . The priesthood refined observations and recorded eclipses of the sun and moon , and movements of Venus and the stars ; these were measured against dated events in the past , on the assumption that similar events would occur in the future when the same astronomical conditions prevailed . Illustrations in the codices show that priests made astronomical observations using the naked eye , assisted by crossed sticks as a sighting device . Analysis of the few remaining Postclassic codices has revealed that , at the time of European contact , the Maya had recorded eclipse tables , calendars , and astronomical knowledge that was more accurate at that time than comparable knowledge in Europe .
The Maya measured the 584 @-@ day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours . Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365 @-@ day haab calendrical cycles , and this period was recorded in the codices . The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter , Mars and Mercury . When Venus rose as the Morning Star , this was associated with the rebirth of the Maya Hero Twins . For the Maya , the heliacal rising of Venus was associated with destruction and upheaval . Venus was closely associated with warfare , and the hieroglyph meaning " war " incorporated the glyph @-@ element symbolising the planet . Sight @-@ lines through the windows of the Caracol building at Chichen Itza align with the northernmost and southernmost extremes of Venus ' path . Maya rulers launched military campaigns to coincide with the heliacal or cosmical rising of Venus , and would also sacrifice important captives to coincide with such conjunctions .
Solar and lunar eclipses were considered to be especially dangerous events that could bring catastrophe upon the world . In the Dresden Codex , a solar eclipse is represented by a serpent devouring the k 'in ( " day " ) hieroglyph . Eclipses were interpreted as the sun or moon being bitten , and lunar tables were recorded in order that the Maya might be able to predict them , and perform the appropriate ceremonies to ward off disaster .
= = Religion and mythology = =
In common with the rest of Mesoamerica , the Maya believed in a supernatural realm inhabited by an array of powerful deities . These deities needed to be placated with ceremonial offerings and ritual practices . At the core of Maya religious practice was the worship of deceased ancestors , who would act as go @-@ betweens for their living descendants in dealings with the denizens of the supernatural realm . The earliest intermediaries between humans and the supernatural realm were shamans . As the Maya civilization developed , the ruling elite codified the general concepts held by Maya society , and developed them into religious cults that justified their right to rule . In the Late Preclassic , the pinnacle of this process was the combination of ultimate political and religious power in the divine king , the k 'uhul ajaw . Although it is difficult to reconstruct the belief system through archaeology , some indicators of ritual practice do leave physical traces . These include dedicatory caches and other ritual deposits , shrines , and burials and their associated funerary offerings . In addition , Maya art , architecture , and writing all assist in the reconstruction of ancient Maya beliefs ; these can be combined with ethnographic sources , including records of Maya religious practices made by the Spanish during the conquest .
The Maya viewed the cosmos as highly structured ; there were thirteen levels in the heavens , and nine levels in the underworld ; the mortal world occupied a position between the heavens and the underworld . Each level had four cardinal directions associated with a different colour . Major deities had aspects associated with these directions and colours ; north was white , east was red , south was yellow , and west was black .
Maya households interred their dead underneath the floors of their houses , with offerings appropriate to the social status of the family . There the dead could act as protective ancestors . Maya lineages were patrilineal , so the worship of a prominent male ancestor would be emphasized , often with a household shrine . As Maya society developed , and the elite became more powerful , Maya royalty developed their household shrines into the great pyramids that held the tombs of their ancestors .
Supernatural forces pervaded Maya life , and influenced every aspect of it from the simplest day @-@ to @-@ day activities such as food preparation , to trade , politics , and elite activities . Maya deities governed all aspects of the world , both visible and invisible . The Maya priesthood was a closed group , drawing its members from the established elite ; by the Early Classic they were recording increasingly complex ritual information in their hieroglyphic books , including astronomical observations , calendrical cycles , history and mythology . The priests performed public ceremonies that incorporated feasting , bloodletting , incense burning , music , ritual dance , and , on certain occasions , human sacrifice . During the Classic period , the Maya ruler was the high priest , and the direct conduit between mortals and the gods . It is highly likely that , among commoners , shamanism continued in parallel to state religion . By the Postclassic , religious emphasis had changed ; there was an increase in worship of the images of deities , and more frequent recourse to human sacrifice .
= = = Human sacrifice = = =
Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities , and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering . By extension , the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods , and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice . Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed , with lower status captives being used for labour .
Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering . The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized offering , and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the Maya death gods . In AD 738 , the vassal king K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá captured his overlord , Uaxaclajuun Ub 'aah K 'awiil of Copán and a few days later he ritually decapitated him ; The decapitation of an enemy king may have been performed as part of a ritual ballgame reenacting the victory of the Maya Hero Twins over the gods of the underworld . Sacrifice by decapitation is depicted in Classic period Maya art , and sometimes took place after the victim was tortured , being variously beaten , scalped , burnt or disembowelled . The Hero Twins myth recounted in the Popol Vuh relates how one of each pair of twins was decapitated by their ballgame opponents .
During the Postclassic period , the most common form
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, launched in 1907 and completed in 1908 . She was the third member of the Regina Elena class , which included three other vessels : Regina Elena , Napoli , and Vittorio Emanuele . Roma was armed with a main battery of two 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns and twelve 8 in ( 200 mm ) guns . She was quite fast for the period , with a top speed of nearly 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) .
Roma saw action in the Italo @-@ Turkish War in 1911 and 1912 ; she took part in the attack on Benghazi , and the amphibious assaults on the islands of Rhodes and the Dodecanese in the Aegean Sea . Roma remained in service during World War I in 1915 – 18 , but saw no action as a result of the cautious policies of both the Italian and Austro @-@ Hungarian navies . She remained in the Italian inventory until she was stricken from the naval register in September 1926 and was subsequently broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Roma was 144 @.@ 6 meters ( 474 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 22 @.@ 4 m ( 73 ft ) and a maximum draft of 8 @.@ 58 m ( 28 @.@ 1 ft ) . She displaced 13 @,@ 772 long tons ( 13 @,@ 993 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple expansion engines rated at 21 @,@ 968 indicated horsepower ( 16 @,@ 382 kW ) . Steam for the engines was provided by twenty @-@ eight coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 21 @.@ 39 knots ( 39 @.@ 61 km / h ; 24 @.@ 62 mph ) and a range of approximately 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Roma had a crew of 742 – 764 officers and enlisted men .
As built , the ship was armed with two 12 in ( 305 mm ) 40 @-@ caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The ship was also equipped with twelve 8 in ( 203 mm ) 40 @-@ cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships . Close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of twenty @-@ four 3 in ( 76 mm ) 40 @-@ cal. guns . She was also equipped with two 17 @.@ 7 in ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline . Roma was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni . The main belt was 9 @.@ 8 in ( 249 mm ) thick , and the deck was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . The conning tower was protected by 10 in ( 254 mm ) of armor plating . The main battery guns had 8 in ( 203 mm ) thick plating , and the 8 @-@ inch gun turrets had 6 in ( 152 mm ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
Roma was laid down at the La Spezia shipyard on 20 August 1903 and launched on 21 April 1907 . After fitting @-@ out work , the ship was completed on 17 December 1908 . After her commissioning , Roma was assigned to the active duty squadron , where she remained through 1910 , which included her three sisters and the two Regina Margherita @-@ class battleships . At the time , these six battleships represented Italy 's front @-@ line battle fleet . The active duty squadron was typically in service for seven months of the year for training ; the rest of the year they were placed in reserve .
= = = Italo @-@ Turkish War = = =
Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya and other Ottoman holdings in the Mediterranean on 29 September 1911 . For the duration of the conflict , Roma served in the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron with her three sister ships , under the command of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry . On 30 September , Roma , her sister Vittorio Emanuele , and the armored cruiser Pisa conducted a sweep in the Aegean , in the hopes of catching the Turkish training squadron , which was at the time returning from the Levant to Constantinople . Shortly thereafter , Roma , her sister Napoli , and the armored cruisers Pisa and Amalfi conducted a blockade of the port of Tripoli . The ships were relieved on 3 October by the battleships Benedetto Brin and the three vessels of the Re Umberto class .
On 18 October , Roma and the rest of the 1st Division escorted a convoy of eight troopships to Benghazi . The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender . During the bombardment , parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore . The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening . After a short siege , the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October , leaving the city to the Italians . By December , Roma and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica . Roma remained stationed at Benghazi along with her sister Regina Elena , along with the armored cruiser San Marco and the protected cruiser Agordat . While there , the ships assisted in the defense of the recently conquered city from Turkish counter @-@ attacks . In early 1912 , Roma and the bulk of the fleet withdrew to Italy for maintenance necessary after several months of combat operations . Only a small force of cruisers and light craft was left to patrol the North African coast , since the Ottoman fleet remained confined to port .
The 1st Division left Taranto on 13 April for a demonstration off the Anatolian coast , along with the battleships of the 3rd Division , which had left from Tobruk . The two squadrons met on 17 April off the island of Stampalia , after which the combined fleet steamed north . The following day , the ships cut submarine telegraph cables between Imbros , Tenedos , Lemnos , Salonica , and the Dardanelles . The ships then steamed to the entrance to the Dardanelles in an attempt to lure out the Ottoman fleet . When the Ottoman coastal fortifications began to take the Italian ships under fire , the Italians returned fire and inflicted serious damage on them . On 19 April , Roma and most of the fleet returned to Italy , leaving only Pisa , Amalfi , and a flotilla of torpedo boats to cruise off the Ottoman coast .
On 30 April , the 1st Division again departed from Taranto , bound for the island of Rhodes . Meanwhile , the 3rd Division battleships escorted a convoy of troopships from Tobruk to the island . The Italian heavy ships cruised off the city of Rhodes while the transports landed the expeditionary force 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the south on 4 May ; the soldiers quickly advanced on the city , supported by artillery fire from the Italian fleet . The Turks surrendered the city the following day . Between 8 and 20 May , Roma was involved in the seizure of several islands in the Dodecanese between Crete , Rhodes , and Samos . In June , Roma and the rest of the 1st Division was stationed at Rhodes . Over the next two months , the ships cruised in the Aegean to prevent the Turks from attempting to launch their own amphibious operations to retake the islands Italy had seized in May . The 1st Division returned to Italy in late August for repairs and refitting , and were replaced by the battleships of the 2nd Squadron . The 1st Division left port on 14 October , but was recalled later that day , when the Ottomans had agreed to sign a peace treaty to end the war .
= = = World War I = = =
Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but by July 1915 , the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers with promises of territory acquisition in Italia irredenta . The Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , which had been Italy 's primary rival for decades , was the primary opponent in the conflict . The Austro @-@ Hungarian battle fleet lay in its harbors directly across the narrow Adriatic Sea . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and minelayers could operate too effectively in the narrow waters of the Adriatic . The threat from these underwater weapons to his capital ships was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS boats , conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Meanwhile , Revel 's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro @-@ Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement . As a result , Roma and her sisters did not see significant action during the war .
For the duration of the conflict , Roma and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division . They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto , Brindisi , and Valona , but did not see combat . On 14 – 15 May 1917 , three light cruisers of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage ; in the ensuing Battle of the Strait of Otranto , Roma and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships , but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine @-@ infested Adriatic .
In November 1918 , Roma participated in the occupation of Constantinople following the surrender of the Ottomans . She and the protected cruiser Agordat joined a fleet of British , French , and Greek warships that entered the Dardanelles and landed troops to occupy the city . The world 's major navies , including Italy , signed the Washington Naval Treaty in early 1922 in an effort to stop naval arms races , which were seen as one of the causes of the Great War . According to the terms of the treaty , Italy could keep Roma and her three sisters , along with the newer dreadnought battleships . Due to the small size and age of the ships the Italians could have kept the ships in service indefinitely . They could not , however , be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system , which provided for replacements after a ship was 20 years old . Roma was retained for only a few years after the signing of the treaty . On 3 September 1926 , Roma was stricken from the naval register and subsequently broken up for scrap .
= Retreat to Move Forward =
" Retreat to Move Forward " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 45th overall episode of the series . It was written by executive story editor Tami Sagher and directed by Steve Buscemi . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on January 22 , 2009 . Guest stars in this episode include Shalin Agarwal , Cheryl Lynn Bowers , Mark La Mura , Chris Parnell , Lola Pashalinski , and Elizabeth Rouse .
In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) invites Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) to a corporate retreat , following his Bush administration and CEO debacles , for moral support . Meanwhile , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) employs method acting for her Janis Joplin role , which Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) quickly takes advantage of . After Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is diagnosed with diabetes Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) attempts to find a way to dissuade Tracy from eating sugary food .
" Retreat to Move Forward " was generally well received among television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) asks Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) to accompany him to the Six Sigmas Retreat in Croton @-@ on @-@ Hudson , New York , following his Bush administration and CEO debacles . There , Jack meets with the Six Sigmas , six men who each embody a core feature of Six Sigma : teamwork , insight , brutality , male enhancement , hand @-@ shake @-@ fulness and play @-@ hard . They disapprove of Liz 's antics during the team building exercises and demand that Jack distance himself from her if he wants to succeed , which he does . Before his dinner speech , Jack psyches himself up in the men 's room , completely forgetting that he is wearing a microphone and that everyone can hear him . Liz quickly takes the stage to draw attention away from Jack 's embarrassment and finally ends up ripping her blouse open and dancing in front of everyone . She succeeds , and is banned from the retreat forever .
Meanwhile , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) employs method acting for her upcoming role as singer Janis Joplin , thus allowing Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) to take advantage of her . He tells her to do her research on Joplin on Wikipedia , then quickly edits the page contents with nonsense when Jenna goes off to read it . Jenna , however , believes what she reads and proceeds to imitate all the " facts " on the page to the amusement of everyone . When she finally confronts Frank , they end up having sex and Jenna is affronted when Frank wants to keep it a secret from their co @-@ workers . She reveals their fling in front of the other TGS with Tracy Jordan writers to the dismay of Frank . At hearing this , Katie ( Elizabeth Rouse ) , the show 's hair dresser and Frank 's girlfriend , ruins Jenna 's hair and face making her look like a witch .
At the same time , NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) tries to help Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) understand how diabetes affects him after Dr. Leo Spaceman ( Chris Parnell ) told Tracy that he is at risk of getting diabetes . Kenneth tells him a story of how a wicked witch will come and take him away if he continues to consume his unhealthy eating habits but Tracy does not believe him . Tracy gets disgusted when Kenneth tries to scare him by dressing as a witch but suddenly Jenna comes running in screaming and looking like a witch complete with a broomstick in hand . This scares both Kenneth and Tracy who fearfully vows to change his eating habits immediately .
= = Production = =
" Retreat to Move Forward " was written by executive story editor Tami Sagher and directed by Steve Buscemi . This was Sagher 's second writing credit , having written season two episode " Ludachristmas " that aired on December 13 , 2007 . This was Buscemi 's first directed episode . " Retreat to Move Forward " originally aired on January 22 , 2009 , on NBC in the United States as the ninth episode of the show 's third season and the 45th overall episode of the series .
Buscemi has appeared on the show as the character Lenny Wosniak , a private investigator who has been hired by Jack Donaghy in the episodes " The Collection " , " The Natural Order " , " Mamma Mia " , and " Season 4 " . Actor Chris Parnell reprised his role as Dr. Leo Spaceman in this episode . This was Parnell 's ninth appearance on the show .
= = Cultural references = =
At the beginning of this 30 Rock episode , Liz tells Jack that she and Jenna used to perform improvisation at corporate retreats . In a flashback , the audience shout out Sling Blade and Oprah as suggestions for Liz and Jenna to do . Liz does the impression of the Sling Blade character , but Jenna believed that Liz was Oprah . Tracy becomes intrigued with the idea of having his foot replaced with a wheel , after Dr. Spaceman informs him that if diabetes is left untreated he could lose a foot , to which he asks Dr. Spaceman " Could I replace it with a wheel like Rosie from The Jetsons ? " Rosie is the humanoid robot maid for the title family , and she rolls about on a set of caster wheels . When the TGS writers learn from Jenna that she will be employing method acting , Frank suggests that she do her research of Janis Joplin on Wikipedia , the free online encyclopedia . When Frank sees Jenna getting ready to eat a cat , he stops her and tells her that ALF , an extraterrestrial , eats cats . After admitting that she hooked up with Frank , Jenna reveals that Dog the Bounty Hunter is the second grossest guy she has ever been with .
Later in the episode , to cover @-@ up for Jack , after psyching himself up and completely forgetting that he was wearing a microphone and that everyone could hear him , Liz starts singing the song " Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) " by dance music group C + C Music Factory . " Retreat to Move Forward " references Jack 's time in the Bush administration that occurred in the show 's second season , and Jack 's unsuccessful attempts of becoming CEO of General Electric in the December 4 , 2008 , episode " Reunion " , after Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) — who woke up from his diabetic coma — informs him he wants to remain as CEO of the company . This was the second time 30 Rock referenced Jenna trying to play singer Janis Joplin in a feature film . This plot first began in the episode , " Señor Macho Solo " , in which Jenna auditions to play the singer in a biographical movie .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Retreat to Move Forward " was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households , according to the Nielsen Media Research . This episode earned a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 share in the 18 and 49 demographic , meaning that 3 @.@ 2 percent of all people in that group , and 8 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Flu Shot " , which was watched by 6 @.@ 6 million American viewers .
Television columnist Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger felt that " Retreat to Move Forward " was one of the best episodes of an uneven season . Sepinwall , however , felt it " petered out " towards the end , and that the Tracy and Kenneth plot did not work until it met the Jenna and Frank story . He noted that without the addition of a guest star , " this one made good use of virtually the entire cast " . IGN contributor Robert Canning enjoyed Liz and Jack 's relationship in the episode . Canning felt that while the show occasionally hints at a romantic relationship between the two , they should never become linked . In his opinion , the episode demonstrated their non @-@ romantic friendship " perfectly " . Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad liked the episode , but noted " ... it 's the second week in a row where one of the plots was way too over the top for me . " Sassone wrote that he was not thrilled with the Kenneth and Tracy plot , citing that it was " way too silly and loud " . TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich said that " Retreat to Move Forward " was " [ a ] nother very funny , super @-@ huge @-@ guest @-@ star @-@ free episode " . Rick Porter of Zap2it reported that he found himself " more attracted " to the second @-@ tier plots than to the Jack and Liz plot , observing that it " had its moments , but the overall story didn 't hit too many new notes in their relationship . [ ... ] So yeah , some funny bits here and there with the main story ... But we 've seen this kind of dynamic between Liz and Jack before , and so it didn 't have the same comedic force as in the past . " Kevin D. Thompson for The Palm Beach Post praised 30 Rock for doing a perfect job with its three plots in the episode , and said that Jenna 's line , " The academy loves dead singers and the handicapped . And Janis was both ! " , was " [ h ] ands @-@ down , the funniest line of the show . "
The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin , who had been favorable to Jenna 's story arc of her playing Joplin , was not impressed with her antics in this episode . In regards to the episode itself , Rabin opined , " Tonight 's episode was consistently amusing but 30 Rock engenders such sky @-@ high expectations that being good oftentimes just isn 't good enough . " In conclusion , he gave the episode a B grade rating . " ' Retreat to Move Forward ' had some amusing moments , but it 's a bit unmemorable in retrospect . I 'm still waiting for a true classic 30 Rock episode this season " , said Jeremy Medina for Paste magazine . Nonetheless , Medina preferred this episode over The Office 's " Prince Family Paper " , in which its plot focused on whether actress Hilary Swank was attractive or not .
= William Baker ( colonist ) =
William Baker ( c . 1761 – 14 September 1836 ) was a New South Wales Marine and member of the First Fleet that founded the European penal colony of New South Wales .
Initially an orderly for the colony 's first Governor , Arthur Phillip , Baker was later appointed government storekeeper in Parramatta , and storekeeper and superintendent of convicts in the rural settlement of Hawkesbury . In 1810 he was dismissed from all government posts after being found to have misused his position for personal gain , and relocated to Hobart where he became the inaugural crier for Australia 's oldest colony @-@ wide judicature , the Supreme Court of Van Diemen 's Land .
The Australian fish Latropiscis purpurissatus , or " Sergeant Baker " , is named in his honour .
= = Early life = =
There are no surviving records of Baker 's life prior to enlistment in the New South Wales Marine Corps at the age of 26 . Enlistment requirements mandated that members of the New South Wales Corps were at least five and a half feet tall , with previous satisfactory service in the British Marines and the appearance of being among " the stoutest , fittest and healthiest [ of ] men " .
= = = Voyage on First Fleet = = =
Baker joined the First Fleet to New South Wales in 1787 as a Marine corporal of the 53rd ( Portsmouth ) Company , embarked aboard the convict transport Charlotte . The Fleet set sail from Portsmouth on 13 May 1787 . Two days later Baker was severely wounded when he accidentally shot himself in the foot , having placed his loaded musket on the deck while preparing for guard duty . Ship 's surgeon John White treated the wound , and reported a significant injury to the right ankle :
" The bones , after being a good deal shattered , turned the ( musket ) ball which , taking another direction , had still force enough left to go through a harness cask full of beef at some distance , and after that to kill two geese who were on the other side of it . "
Baker was incapacitated for three months , but took pains to advance his recovery through exercise and careful tending of the wound . To the surprise of his shipmates he had recovered sufficiently to resume active duty when the Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro in August 1787 . Surgeon White recorded that Baker had regained " the perfect use of the wounded leg " , which he credited to Baker 's youth and " good habit of body " .
= = = Marine Service in New South Wales = = =
The Fleet arrived in New South Wales in January 1788 , with the Marines disembarking first at Botany Bay . Six days later they reboarded the ships for the voyage to Port Jackson , where they were reorganised into four companies under the commands of Captains James Campbell and John Shea , and Captain @-@ Lieutenants Watkin Tench and James Meredith . Baker was promoted to sergeant and assigned to Tench 's company alongside fellow sergeants William Perry and Edward Campion . He was further appointed as orderly to the colony 's Governor , Arthur Phillip , an administrative office that relieved him of routine duties such as supervising the landing of convicts or clearing trees and undergrowth for the building of the settlement .
Immediately on arrival in Port Jackson Baker also took a common @-@ law wife from among the convicts – 25 @-@ year @-@ old Susannah Huffnell , who had been sentenced to seven years transportation for petty larceny . Their only child , Elizabeth , was born on 1 January 1789 . The relationship was not a happy one and Baker refused to accompany his wife and child when they were transferred to the remote colonial outpost of Norfolk Island in March 1790 . Susannah and Elizabeth had no further contact with Baker , even after they returned to Sydney in the 1800s .
Baker 's Marine service was uneventful , and his name rarely appears in colonial records for this period . He was an enthusiastic fisherman and may have been the first to catch Latropiscis purpurissatus , a common species along the New South Wales coast and described as " growing to more than two feet , coloured red to violet blue with red and yellow tail fin " , and " edible , but not greatly esteemed " . The fish was named in his honour in 1843 .
Marine Corps ' terms of enlistment were for three years , with Baker 's service expiring in 1791 . The bulk of the Marine force departed in December of that year aboard HMS Gorgon , leaving sixty men behind under the command of Lieutenant John Poulden to support the newly established New South Wales Corps . Baker also remained in the colony , continuing his duties as orderly to Governor Phillip . He returned to England in December 1792 , in company with Phillip and the remaining Marines as passengers aboard the convict transport Atlantic .
= = Civilian life = =
On arrival in England , Baker declined re @-@ enlistment into the British Marines and returned to civilian life . Within six months he received an appointment from the Navy Board to act as civilian superintendent of convicts aboard the transport vessel Surprize , which departed for New South Wales in early 1794 . A British loyalist , Baker took an immediate dislike to four of the convicts under his watch , sentenced for political offences and collectively known as Scottish Martyrs . Late in the voyage he advised Surprize 's captain Patrick Campbell that the Martyrs planned to mutiny and seize the vessel . Acting on Baker 's word , Campbell had three of the four confined until Surprize reached Sydney Cove .
= = = Farmer and storekeeper = = =
On reaching Sydney Baker resigned his Navy position and sought opportunities as a farmer . His interests were assisted by the deregulation of land grants under Governor Phillip 's successor , Francis Grose . In October 1794 he obtained a grant of 40 acres ( 16 @.@ 2 ha ) of farming land near Toongabbie , which he partly cleared and planted with wheat and maize . To supplement his farming income he petitioned for administrative employment and was appointed storekeeper in Parramatta in January 1795 , supervising distribution and security of military and civilian supplies . On 26 August 1795 , having comfortably established himself as a farmer and government agent , Baker married former convict Elizabeth Lavender .
Two months later Governor John Hunter appointed him superintendent of convicts for the Hawkesbury region , a newly established area of farms to the northwest of Baker 's own lands . His reputation was somewhat marred by a 1797 conviction for stealing a boat worth ₤ 16 from a neighbour , Thomas Raby . Baker admitted possession of the vessel but denied it was Raby 's . He was found guilty of theft and fined a proportion of the vessel 's value .
In 1798 Baker received a third official appointment , as government storekeeper for the Hawkesbury region in addition to his equivalent duties in Parramatta . Despite his past experience , Baker was quickly found wanting in the management of the stores , specifically those for farmers near the settlement of Windsor . In 1798 the local grain harvest was too large to be receipted and stored in the Windsor storehouse , so Baker elected to fill that store solely with produce supplied by the region 's three largest landholders . In consequence , smaller farmers at Windsor had no means of selling or storing their grain and were brought close to bankruptcy . Baker was deaf to their complaints , and Governor Hunter was forced to intervene in person to keep the peace . In a letter on 19 April , sent via the New South Wales Corps commander in Hawkesbury , Hunter directed Baker to return half of the harvest he had already stored , and instead fill the storehouse with goods from smaller farms .
Regardless of this setback , the following years were personally prosperous for Baker . In early 1800 he received a further official grant of 30 acres ( 12 @.@ 1 ha ) at Mulgrave , and on 20 June he purchased another 30 acres from a dissolute former convict , Charles Williams , who had settled in 1791 but abandoned active farming . Baker 's dealings in this period were not particularly honest ; in 1800 he refused to pay a government debt of £ 86 owed for use of two servants that had worked on his farm since 1798 , and historian Brian Fletcher has suggested he also misappropriated supplies and labour from his own government store . No action was taken against Baker for these offences , and with ready access to resources he was able to swiftly clear and farm his properties .
Land grant records in 1801 indicate that Baker had twelve acres of maize and wheat under cultivation with another twelve acres lying fallow , and that he owned one horse , four goats and 22 hogs . His two unpaid servants were recorded as still being present on the farm . In 1800 Baker also bought and began operating a public house , The Royal Oak , selling alcohol to convicts and settlers in Windsor .
= = = Dismissal = = =
As a publican Baker supported Governor William Bligh 's attempts to regulate liquor imports , and signed a letter to this effect in 1807 . Despite this , he publicly welcomed Bligh 's overthrow in the 1808 Rum Rebellion and congratulated former Marines officer George Johnston for helping seize executive authority on behalf of the New South Wales Corps . In so doing he drew the attention of Bligh 's replacement , Governor Lachlan Macquarie , who commenced an investigation into accusations that Baker had unfairly treated Hawkesbury settlers by appropriating supplies from the government store . The accusations were upheld and in 1810 Baker was dismissed from all his government posts . The Royal Oak , described by a later historian as one of " the worst houses along the river " , was also ordered to be closed .
= = = Life in Hobart = = =
His business interests having collapsed , Baker abandoned his farm and relocated from New South Wales to the southern settlement of Hobart in Van Diemen 's Land . In 1814 he is recorded as holding the office of government storekeeper in Hobart . A year later , at an approximate age of 54 , he accepted a job as town crier for the newly created Deputy Judge Advocate 's Court , calling witnesses and announcing verdicts on the roadside outside the courthouse . Any remaining business links with New South Wales were severed in 1819 with the sale of Baker 's former farm to a colleague , Samuel Terry , who had recently visited him in Hobart . His wife , Elizabeth Baker , died in April 1824 and was buried in Hobart Cemetery .
The Supreme Court of Van Diemen 's Land was established by The Royal Letters Patent of 13 October 1823 and commenced activities on 10 May 1824 , with Baker as its inaugural crier . This would be Baker 's last and longest occupation . In February 1836 he received his first pay rise since becoming crier , being granted an extra £ 20 . A contemporary reference applauded Baker 's respectable appearance as crier but noted that he was " in the habit of sometimes getting tipsy " while performing his tasks .
= = Death = =
Baker died in Hobart on 14 September 1836 , at the age of 75 . At the time of his death he owned 230 acres of uncultivated land at Argyle and Ulva , Van Diemen 's Land .
He is commemorated in the naming of Baker Street in Windsor , New South Wales , adjacent to the former site of The Royal Oak hotel , and in Baker 's Lagoon , a body of water located between the Hawkesbury River and the town of Richmond .
= Tuesday 's Child ( Holby City ) =
" Tuesday 's Child " is the 38th episode of the seventh series of the British medical drama television series Holby City . The episode was written by Andrew Holden and directed by Simon Meyers , and premiered on BBC One on 5 July 2005 . In " Tuesday 's Child " , registrar Diane Lloyd ( Patricia Potter ) travels to Ghana in an attempt to persuade consultant Ric Griffin ( Hugh Quarshie ) to return to Holby and save Holby City Hospital 's general surgery ward . Ric deals with family issues , whilst trying to secure funding for his brother 's clinic .
The episode was filmed entirely on location in Ghana as part of the BBC 's " Africa lives " season , exploring African culture for UK audiences . It was the second episode of Holby City filmed outside the UK , following a 2004 episode set in Paris . The serial continued to film one episode abroad annually until 2008 , when BBC budget cuts curtailed further foreign filming . The Holby City crew spent five weeks in Elmina , using members of the local community in supporting roles . One crew member contracted malaria during filming , and several more were hospitalised . Both Quarshie and Potter expressed their pride at being part of the episode , with Quarshie deeming it his best work for the series . Adrian Edmondson guest @-@ starred as surgeon Abra Durant , his first appearance in Holby City . He proved so popular in the role that he was asked to return twice more in 2005 , and continued to make appearances in the series until December 2008 .
The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 27 million viewers . It was the second most @-@ watched programme on BBC One for the week of broadcast , and the fourth most @-@ watched show across all channels . The episode 's premise received some criticism prior to broadcast , however the episode itself was generally well received by critics , and was praised by viewers in a 2006 report on the portrayal of Africa on British television .
= = Plot = =
Registrar Diane Lloyd flies to Ghana , hoping to persuade consultant Ric Griffin to return to Holby and save Holby City Hospital 's general surgery ward from being subsumed into an expanded cardiothoracic ward . She finds Ric at odds with his brother Kumi ( Danny Sapani ) , who runs a clinic . Ric wants to perform free operations , but Kumi is desperate for money to keep the clinic running .
Diane appeals to Ric to return to Holby , for the sake of his pregnant daughter Jess as well as the hospital , but Ric insists that he is needed in Ghana , and tells Diane to go home . She talks to Ric 's mother , Paulina ( Abigail Kubeka ) , who reveals that Ric had a strained relationship with his father , and did not attend his funeral after twenty years of estrangement . She also meets Ric 's friend Percy " Abra " Durant ( Adrian Edmondson ) , who pries as to the nature of her relationship with Ric , and flirts with Diane .
Ric meets with an old school friend , Kwame Attakora ( Fred Nii Amugi ) , now a successful local businessman . He attempts to persuade him to invest in the clinic , but Kwame , aware of Ric 's family trouble in England , doubts his commitment . Ric is furious with Kumi for telling Kwame about his problems , but Kwame states that he could not deceive him , and that Ric is does not understand Ghanaian honour . Without Kwame 's support , the clinic goes bankrupt and Kumi chains the doors closed .
Travelling to the airport for her flight home , Diane and Ric come across a woman in labour , Joanna ( Akofa Edjeani Asiedu ) , who is also suffering from malaria and having trouble breathing . It is unlikely she will survive a natural childbirth , and the nearest hospital is two hours away . They travel back to Kumi 's clinic , collecting an inebriated Abra along the way . After Abra threatens to force entry , Kumi unchains the doors and they manage to deliver the baby and save Joanna .
As Diane has missed her flight , she suggests to Ric that they visit his father 's grave . At the graveside , Ric tells Diane about his troubled relationship with his father , and confesses that he has feelings for her . They see a woman nearby who Diane recognises , having seen Paulina giving her money the day before . Ric confronts her , and discovers she is Esi Griffin ( Gloria Acheampong ) , his father 's last wife and widow . She has a son who is not in school , but will not explain her circumstances and tells Ric to speak to Kumi .
Ric confronts his brother about Esi , and Kumi tells him that their father died of AIDS , but the family kept it secret to avoid bringing shame on themselves . Because of her relationship with his father , Esi is also HIV positive . Ric confides in Diane , who attempts to kiss him , but Ric tells her to go home to her husband Owen . She asks him to return with her , but Ric says he must stay in Ghana . Abra takes Diane to Kwame , and she pleads with him on Ric 's behalf . They go to the clinic , where Kwame tells Ric he will provide the required funding , on the condition that Ric stays in Ghana . Ric agrees , and bids Diane goodbye as she returns to Holby .
= = Production = =
Holby City is regularly filmed at the BBC 's Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire . In 2004 , an episode was shot on location in Paris , and in March 2005 , it was announced that an upcoming episode would be set in Ghana , as part of the BBC 's " Africa lives " series , a week of programmes exploring African life and culture for UK audiences . The episode was shot entirely on location in Ghana , and was described by the BBC as " chang [ ing ] Ric and Diane 's lives forever . " The crew stayed in Elmina , and spent five weeks in Africa . During filming , one crew member contracted malaria , and three more were hospitalised with dehydration , diarrhoea and heat exhaustion . Until 2008 , Holby City continued to film one episode abroad annually , with a 2006 episode set in Switzerland , a 2007 episode in Dubai , and a 2008 episode in Cape Town . Series producer Diana Kyle stated in November 2008 that due to major BBC budget cuts , the series would not be filming abroad again for the " foreseeable future " .
Potter and Quarshie are the only regular Holby City cast members who appear in the episode . Discussing Ric 's motivations in " Tuesday 's Child " , Quarshie explained that his character was born there , and was " always meant to return at some point " , leading to issues with his family . He expanded that in leaving Holby , Ric aimed to escape " the politics and stresses in his own life " , stating : " It 's somewhere he can recharge himself by getting back to uncomplicated medicine . The irony is , when he gets there , he realises there 's no such thing , especially when you 're constantly hustling to get funding for your clinic and struggling to find qualified doctors and nurses . " Like his character , Quarshie is native to Ghana , though moved to the United Kingdom when he was three years old . His background had some influence on the episode 's plot . While the end of the episode sees Ric choose to stay in Ghana , Quarshie remained in Holby City , with his character returning to the series soon thereafter . He explained that : " [ Ric ] has to stay in the country for the integrity of the episode , but for the integrity of the series , he must return . " Quarshie deemed the episode the greatest work he had done for Holby City , and " one of the best episodes written " , expressing his pride for it , and commending the BBC for the season of Africa @-@ related programmes . Potter felt " honoured " to be part of the episode , deeming it a " privilege " to work on . She was concerned about her ability to work in the 120 ° F Ghanaian heat , which she described as " like walking into an oven " , but through the work of the series ' make @-@ up artists , was made to seem temperate on screen .
Actor and comedian Adrian Edmondson guest @-@ starred in the episode as surgeon Abra Durant , having been a fan of the show since its 1999 conception . His character proved so popular that Edmondson reprised the role twice in 2005 , and signed a six @-@ month contract in 2006 , with series producer Emma Turner commenting that : " He made a huge impact in the few episodes that he was involved in . " Edmondson returned to the series again in 2007 , then 2008 , making his final appearance in December 2008 , when Abra returned to Ghana with Holby General nurse Kyla Tyson ( Rakie Ayola ) . Edmondson ultimately departed from the series to pursue a full @-@ time music career as part of the folk band The Bad Shepherds . He deemed the role of Abra a " dream " , calling him a " great character " , and characterising him as " a maverick [ that ] can do things the others would not be able to get away with . "
Other guest @-@ stars were cast locally . Ghanaian actors Kwame O. Ansah , David Dontoh and Akorfa Asiedu appeared in the episode , and a scene between Ric and Kwame involving a flotilla of boats featured real Elmina fisherman . Following the episode 's completion , the Holby City production team in conjunction with the British High Commission gifted three flat @-@ screen computers and a laser printer to the Elmina OLA Girls Boarding School . Simon Massey of the BBC stated that the people of Elmina had been " extremely supportive " and played a large role during filming , and that the donated equipment was a way of giving something back to the community .
= = Reception = =
The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 27 million viewers , up 310 @,@ 000 on the previous episode , " Rat Race " , and 230 @,@ 000 higher than the series average of 7 @.@ 04 million viewers . Holby City was the second most @-@ watched programme on BBC One in the week of broadcast , with only the soap opera EastEnders attaining higher ratings . It was also the fourth most @-@ watched show across all channels , behind EastEnders , and ITV1 's Coronation Street and Emmerdale .
Prior to the episode 's broadcast , John McKie of the Daily Record commented that in setting special editions of Holby City , Ground Force and Rolf on Art in Africa , BBC One controller Lorraine Heggessey was contradicting her desire to provide an alternative to negative coverage of the continent . The Western Mail criticised the build @-@ up to the episode , writing that Holby City had abandoned its roots as a medical drama , concentrating instead on " wholly unbelievable " relationships between its main characters , with patient @-@ care now incidental to inter @-@ collegiate romances .
The episode itself received positive reviews . Television critic Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror called it " mad but brilliant " , and the Sunday Mercury selected the episode as recommended viewing . Sarah Moolla of The People praised the episode for strengthening her " growing belief that Holby is becoming by far the best medical drama on TV " . She called Ric and Diane two of the series ' " strongest and most likeable characters " , commenting that with the addition of nurses Donna Jackson ( Jaye Jacobs ) and Mickie Hendrie ( Kelly Adams ) , it could be turned into a spin @-@ off series . Moolla felt that the episode could have been a " patronising Holby Goes Ghananas farce " , like the Paris episode which she found " appalling [ ... ] toe @-@ curlingly bad " , but instead deemed " Tuesday 's Child " a " powerful , haunting and believable episode which you don 't have to be a fan of the series to enjoy . "
" Reflecting the Real World " , a 2006 report examining the portrayal of Africa on British television , found that " Tuesday 's Child " was one of the most popular programmes amongst those shown to viewers , alongside a Channel 4 documentary on AIDS and a BBC series following teachers and pupils in Uganda . Neera Dhingra of Voluntary Service Overseas ( VSO ) , one of the organisations which commissioned the report , commented that , " The people who took part in our focus groups were very clear that they liked positive and transformative television , characters that they could relate to - basically good storytelling . "
= Gennady Yanayev =
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev ( Russian : Генна ́ дий Ива ́ нович Яна ́ ев ; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010 ) was a Soviet politician who served as the first and only Vice President of the Soviet Union . Yanayev 's political career spanned the rules of Khrushchev , Brezhnev , Andropov and Chernenko , and culminated during the Gorbachev years . Yanayev was born in Perevoz , Gorky Oblast . After years in local politics , he rose to prominence as Chairman of the All @-@ Union Central Council of Trade Unions , but he also held other lesser posts such as deputy of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries .
Due to his chairmanship of the All @-@ Union Central Council of Trade Unions he gained a seat in the 28th Politburo and Secretary of the Central Committee . Later that year , with the help of Mikhail Gorbachev , Yanayev was elected the first , and only , Vice President of the Soviet Union . Having growing doubts about where Gorbachev 's reforms were leading , Yanayev started working with , and eventually formally leading , the Gang of Eight , the group which deposed Gorbachev during the August coup of 1991 . After three days the coup collapsed due to the popularity of Boris Yeltsin , but during its brief grip of power Yanayev was made Acting President of the Soviet Union . He was then arrested for his role in the coup , but in 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma . He spent the rest of his life working in the Russian tourism administration until his death on 24 September 2010 .
= = Early life and career = =
Yanayev was born on 26 August 1937 in the town of Perevoz , Gorky Oblast during the height of Stalinist repression in the Soviet Union . He graduated from the Gorky Institute of Agriculture in 1959 . After graduation he worked as the head of a mechanised agricultural unit and later as a chief engineer in the Gorky Oblast . He applied and officially became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) in 1962 . From 1963 to 1968 , he held the positions of second , and subsequently first , secretary of the Gorky Komsomol , and later became Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organisations , which he held for 12 years . From 1980 to 1986 he was Deputy Chairman of the Union of Soviet Societies for
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries . He became Secretary for International Affairs of All @-@ Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1986 and became Deputy Chairman of the trade unions in 1989 . In April 1990 he was elected Chairman of the All @-@ Union Central Council of Trade Unions . As chairman of the trade unions , he was not able to quell the growing labour discontent in the country , but his position granted him a seat in the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) at the 28th CPSU Congress ( held in 1990 ) , alongside his election as Secretary of the Central Committee .
= = Vice President = =
On 27 December 1990 , Mikhail Gorbachev proposed Yanayev as Vice President of the Soviet Union . He was Gorbachev 's third choice for the post ; Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev had turned the offer down .
Yanayev had initially been rejected by the Supreme Soviet , but he was finally approved due to Gorbachev 's reluctance to replace him with another candidate . Since Yanayev was known to oppose glasnost and perestroika , Shevardnadze resigned from office to protest against the increasing numbers of conservatives in top political offices . At the beginning of January 1991 , Yanayev headed a committee working on the formation of a new cabinet . Later , he was sent to the Soviet city of Kuznetsk to negotiate with a newly formed independent trade union , making this the first time since 1917 that a Russian government official had negotiated with a trade union . However , after gaining the attention of the Soviet government , the unionists withdrew their plans for a strike .
= = = August Coup = = =
Shortly after taking office , Yanayev joined a group of more conservative Communist politicians who hoped to persuade Gorbachev to declare a state of emergency , led by KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov .
After Gorbachev announced his proposal for a New Union Treaty to form the Union of Sovereign States , as a reorganisation of the Soviet Union into a new confederation , he went on vacation to his dacha in the Crimea . Believing that this new ≈ Union treaty would lead to the disintegration of the USSR , the State Committee of the State of Emergency placed Gorbachev under house arrest on 19 August , one day before the treaty was due to be signed . On that same day the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union ( TASS ) issued the coup plotters ' decree , which stated : " Owing to the conditions of his health , Mikhail Gorbachev is no longer capable of carrying on the duties of the President of the USSR . In accordance with article 127 , clause 7 of the USSR constitution , Vice President Gennady Yanayev has assumed the duties of the President of the USSR . " The decree made references to the growing problems facing the country such as ethnic tensions , political confrontations and chaos , which according to the coup leaders threatened the very existence of Soviet life and the territorial integrity of the USSR . Yanayev further claimed that the danger of collapse was imminent , and if the economic situation was not handled quickly , the Soviet Union would collapse . In addition , Yanayev and the rest of the state committee ordered the Cabinet of Ministers to alter the then current five @-@ year plan to relieve the housing shortage . All city @-@ dwellers were given one third of an acre each to combat winter food shortages by growing fruit and vegetables .
When asked about Gorbachev , Yanayev replied " Let me say that Mikhail Gorbachev is now on vacation . He is undergoing treatment , himself , in our country . He is very tired after these many years and he will need some time to get better . " At a press conference Yanayev 's hands were shaking rather violently , leading many journalists to focus on Yanayev 's apparent drunkenness instead of Gorbachev 's allegedly bad health . In an interview from 2008 , Yanayev said he regretted making himself acting President , further claiming that he was pressured by the more conservative members to sign the documents which declared his own presidency . He described the events of 1991 as a burden for the rest of his life . Yanayev has also admitted to being drunk when he signed the decree which made him acting President .
On 19 August , citizens of Moscow gathered around Russia 's White House and began to erect barricades around it , in which at 16 : 00 Yanayev responded by declaring a state of emergency in Moscow . Yanayev declared at the press conference at 17 : 00 that Gorbachev was " resting " . He said : " Over these years he has become very tired and needs some time to get his health back . " Yanayev said the Emergency Committee was committed to continuing his reforms . However , Yanayev 's weak posture , trembling hands and shaky expressions made his words unconvincing . According to some historians , Yanayev was the most visible and powerful member of the Emergency Committee but was not its mastermind ; Kryuchkov has been described as the " heart and soul of the conspiracy " . Yanayev only agreed to head the Emergency Committee on 20 August . Along with the other coup leaders , such as Valentin Pavlov and Boris Pugo for instance , Yanayev was dismissed as Vice President and later jailed for his " crimes " against the Soviet state .
= = Later life and death = =
Three years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Yanayev was freed by an amnesty of the Russian State Duma in 1994 . He would eventually become the head of the Department of History and International Relations of the Russian International Academy of Tourism . On 20 September 2010 , he fell ill and was hospitalised at the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow , where he was diagnosed with lung cancer . He died on 24 September 2010 .
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation ( CPRF ) expressed their condolences to Yanayev 's family . Gennady Zyuganov , the leader of the CPRF , said of him : " Yanayev lived an interesting , complicated and worthy life . " The CPRF officially praised him as " a highly professional specialist [ ... ] a dear and trustworthy comrade " . In another statement made by the CPRF , this time on their official website , they claimed : " If they had acted much more decisively , our unified country would have been preserved . " He was buried at the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery , in a ceremony attended by several prominent CPRF members . He was survived by his wife and two daughters .
= = Decorations and awards = =
Order of the Red Banner of Labour , twice
Order of the Badge of Honour , twice
= Darby Creek ( Pennsylvania ) =
Darby Creek ( historically known as Church Creek or the Derby River ) is a tributary of the Delaware River in Chester County , Delaware County , and Philadelphia County , in Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) long . The watershed of the creek has an area of 77 @.@ 2 square miles ( 200 km2 ) . It has twelve named direct tributaries , including Cobbs Creek , Little Darby Creek , Ithan Creek , and Muckinipattis Creek . The creek has a low level of water quality for most of its length . A reach of it is considered to be impaired by habitat modification , siltation , and flow variability stemming from urban runoff and storm sewers . The creek is slightly alkaline .
Darby Creek flows through a narrow valley in its upper reaches and a tidal flat in its lower reaches . The creek is in the Piedmont Uplands and Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic provinces . Major rock formations in the watershed include the Wissahickon Formation . Three small dams historically existed on the creek , but were removed in 2012 . The watershed of the creek is largely developed , with roughly half a million people inhabiting it . Most of the watershed is in Delaware County , but some parts are in Chester County , Philadelphia County , and Montgomery County . The watershed is part of the Lower Delaware drainage basin .
Historically , the Lenni Lenape people inhabited the area in the vicinity of Darby Creek . By the 17th century , the Dutch and Swedish had arrived in the area , followed some years later by the English . Numerous mills of various types were eventually build along the creek and several railroads traversed the watershed . In modern times , grants by various organizations have been awarded to improve the creek and its watershed . The Darby Creek Valley Association operates within the watershed . Part of the creek 's length is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery , part is a Trout Stocked Fishery and a Migratory Fishery . Various species of fish , including redbreast sunfish , eels , and trout , inhabit it . Several areas in the vicinity of the creek are listed on the Delaware County Natural Areas Inventory . These include the Darby Creek Mouth Mudflat , the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge , and the Ithan @-@ Darby Creek Wetlands . A reach of the creek is navigable by canoe .
= = Course = =
Darby Creek begins in a small valley near US Route 30 in Treddyffrin Township , Chester County . It flows south @-@ southeast for more than a mile before entering Easttown Township and turning east @-@ northeast for several tenths of a mile . The creek then turns southeast for a few miles , passing through Newtown Township , Delaware County and entering Radnor Township , where it receives its first two named tributaries , Thomas Run and Little Darby Creek , from the right and left , respectively . The creek then turns south @-@ southeast for several tenths of a mile before turning southeast for several more miles . In this reach , it receives the tributary Miles Run from the left and the tributary Camp Run from the right . The creek eventually turns east briefly before receiving the tributary Ithan Creek from the left and turning south @-@ southeast for several miles along the border between Marple Township and Haverford Township . In this reach , the creek flows alongside Interstate 476 and crosses it once . As it continues downstream alongside the highway , it crosses Pennsylvania Route 3 and receives the tributary Longford Run from the left . Near Pilgrim Gardens , it turns southeast again and begins to flow along the border between Upper Darby Township and Springfield Township , crossing US Route 1 and receiving the tributaries Colleen Brook and Lewis Run from the left and right , respectively . Further downstream , the creek 's valley becomes much steeper and narrower and it makes several meanders as it passes by Clifton Heights and Landsowne before flowing along the border between Aldan and Yeadon . The creek then flows south @-@ southeast for a few miles , leaving its valley and passing Darby , Collingdale , Sharon Hill , and Colwyn as it crosses US Route 13 . It then receives the tributary Cobbs Creek from the left .
The creek turns south and enters the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge 4 @.@ 5 miles upstream from its mouth . At this point it passes through the largest freshwater marsh in Pennsylvania before becoming entirely tidal . It turns west @-@ southwest for a few miles , passing by Philadelphia , Folcroft , Norwood , Tinicum Township , and Ridley Township and receives the tributary Muckinipattis Creek from the right . Darby Creek winds through a large lagoon 30 ft deep in places that was dredged in the 1960s . The creek then receives Stony Creek , its last named tributary , from the right and turns south for a few tenths of a mile before reaching its confluence with the Delaware River .
Darby Creek joins the Delaware River 85 @.@ 28 miles ( 137 @.@ 24 km ) upriver of its mouth .
= = = Tributaries = = =
Tributaries of Darby Creek include Cobbs Creek , Little Darby Creek , Ithan Creek , Muckinipattis Creek , and numerous others . Muckinipattis Creek joins Darby Creek 2 @.@ 50 miles ( 4 @.@ 02 km ) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 4 @.@ 29 square miles ( 11 @.@ 1 km2 ) . Cobbs Creek joins Darby Creek 6 @.@ 20 miles ( 9 @.@ 98 km ) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 22 @.@ 3 square miles ( 58 km2 ) . Ithan Creek joins Darby Creek 17 @.@ 90 miles ( 28 @.@ 81 km ) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 7 @.@ 39 square miles ( 19 @.@ 1 km2 ) . Little Darby Creek joins Darby Creek 20 @.@ 80 miles ( 33 @.@ 47 km ) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 3 @.@ 61 square miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km2 ) .
= = Hydrology = =
For most of its length , Darby Creek has a low level of water quality . However , in some reaches of the watershed , especially the upper reaches , the streams in the watershed have a medium @-@ low or even medium @-@ high level of water quality . A Superfund site known as the Lower Darby Creek Superfund Site contaminates Darby Creek and impacts the creek 's water quality . The creek is considered to be impaired for its lower 10 @.@ 9 miles ( 17 @.@ 5 km ) . The causes of the impairment are habitat modification , siltation , and flow variability stemming from urban runoff and storm sewers .
Two measures of the instantaneous discharge of Darby Creek at Foxcroft in the 2000s were 10 and 17 cubic feet per second . The specific conductance of the creek ranged from 274 to 313 micro @-@ siemens per centimeter . The pH was slightly alkaline , ranging from 7 @.@ 3 to 7 @.@ 8 . The concentration of water hardness in the creek ranged between 100 and 109 milligrams per liter .
The concentration of dissolved oxygen in Darby Creek was measured to range from 7 @.@ 4 to 12 @.@ 4 milligrams per liter . The carbon dioxide concentration ranged from 1 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 4 milligrams per liter and the nitrogen concentration range from 2 @.@ 1 to 2 @.@ 2 milligrams per liter . The concentration of organic nitrogen ranged between < 0 @.@ 19 and 0 @.@ 25 milligrams per liter and the concentration of organic carbon ranged from 2 @.@ 1 t to 2 @.@ 2 milligrams per liter . The concentration of ammonia in filtered water was less than or equal to 0 @.@ 02 milligrams per liter in two measurements and the nitrate concentration was half that in two measurements . The orthophosphate concentration in filtered water ranged from < 0 @.@ 031 to 0 @.@ 071 milligrams per liter and the phosphorus concentration in unfiltered water ranged from 0 @.@ 032 to 0 @.@ 045 milligrams per liter .
The concentration of magnesium in Darby Creek ranged from 10 @.@ 7 to 11 @.@ 7 milligrams per liter in filtered water and the concentration of calcium ranged from 22 @.@ 5 to 24 @.@ 6 milligrams per liter . The sodium concentration ranged between 11 @.@ 1 and 13 @.@ 0 milligrams per liter and the potassium concentration ranged between 2 @.@ 15 and 2 @.@ 80 milligrams per liter . The manganese concentration ranges from 10 @.@ 6 to 25 @.@ 6 milligrams per liter and the iron concentration ranges from 18 @.@ 9 to 60 @.@ 7 milligrams per liter . The boron concentration ranges from an estimated 12 to 16 milligrams per liter .
The concentration of fluoride in Darby Creek is less than 0 @.@ 01 milligrams per liter and the chloride concentration ranges from 26 @.@ 2 to 33 @.@ 6 milligrams per liter . The sulfate concentration ranges between 18 @.@ 1 and 19 @.@ 9 milligrams per liter . The silica concentration was twice measured to be 15 @.@ 7 milligrams per liter .
= = Geography , geology , and climate = =
The elevation near the mouth of Darby Creek is 0 feet ( 0 m ) above sea level . The elevation of the creek 's source is between 420 and 440 feet ( 130 and 130 m ) above sea level . The gradient of the creek for its first 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) is 36 @.@ 4 feet ( 11 @.@ 1 m ) per 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . For the next 10 miles ( 16 km ) , the gradient of the creek is 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) per 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . For the last 8 @.@ 5 miles ( 13 @.@ 7 km ) , the gradient is only a few feet per mile .
The valley of Darby Creek is considerably narrower in its upper reaches , but widens out as it approaches the Delaware River . Numerous reaches of the creek have been armored with boulders or riprap . Upstream of the tributary Cobbs Creek , the stream 's channel is sinuous and the creek flows through a narrow valley bordered by low , steep hills . From Cobbs Creek downstream to its mouth , the creek is in a tidal flat .
The northern section of Darby Creek is within the Piedmont Uplands physiographic province , while the southern section is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain province . The Piedmont Uplands section has generally old , hard upland rocks that eroded from the Appalachian Mountains . The rocks from the northern portion of the watershed date to the Precambrian Era and Lower Paleozoic Era . The rocks from the southern portion of the watershed are newer , dating from the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods . Atlantic Coastal Plain rock is generally softer than Piedmont Uplands rock and was deposited in the area about 1 @.@ 6 million years ago through glacial erosion .
Several geologic formations can be found within watershed of Darby Creek . The Wissahickon Formation is the most prevalent formation in the watershed . It is derived from derived from sandstones and mudstones and is composed of mica schist . Metamorphic felsic gneiss and mafic gneiss formations are common in the northern parts of the watershed . The Bryn Mawr Formation and the Bridgeton Formation are also present and are unconsolidated deposits of rock that rest on top of the dense crystalline bedrock . Mica slate is present in Marple Township and was manufactured to form " Darby Creek scythe stones " in the 1860s .
Darby Creek tends to be a fast stream with some riffles . There is also whitewater in places . The creek is a " radically intermittent storm drain " in its upper reaches and a tidal estuary in its lower reaches . It passes through the only substantial tidal wetlands in Pennsylvania .
There used to be three small dams on Darby Creek . Going downstream , their heights were 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) , 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , and 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) . However , they were removed in late 2012 because they were contributing to flooding in the area and blocking fish passage .
During several measurements in the 2000s , the water temperature of Darby Creek at Foxcroft ranged from 14 @.@ 4 to 20 @.@ 2 ° C ( 57 @.@ 9 to 68 @.@ 4 ° F ) . The air temperature in the area ranged from 19 @.@ 7 to 24 @.@ 0 ° C ( 67 @.@ 5 to 75 @.@ 2 ° F ) . The barometric pressures range from 759 to 762 mm Hg . The average annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Darby Creek is between 45 and 50 inches ( 110 and 130 cm ) .
= = = Soil = = =
Three soil associations exist in the Darby Creek watershed . The Neshaminy @-@ Lehigh @-@ Glenlg soil association is prevalent in the northwest part of the watershed . It consists of silty , well drained , gravelly , and deep soil that rests on gabbro and granodiorite bedrock . The Chester @-@ Glenlg @-@ Manor soil association is prevalent throughout the watershed except in its lower reaches . It consists of silty , channery , and shallow to deep soil that rests on brown schist and gneiss bedrock . The Urban Land @-@ Wetbrook @-@ Pitts soil association is prevalent in the southern part of the watershed . It consists of silty , sandy , and deep soil that rests on coastal sediments . Roughly 53 % of the land in the Darby Creek watershed is classified as having slightly erodible soil .
= = Watershed = =
The watershed of Darby Creek has an area of 77 @.@ 2 square miles ( 200 km2 ) . A total of 6 @.@ 5 square miles ( 17 km2 ) are in Chester County , 4 @.@ 2 square miles ( 11 km2 ) are in Montgomery County , 60 square miles ( 160 km2 ) are in Delaware County , and 6 @.@ 5 square miles ( 17 km2 ) are in Philadelphia . Darby Creek ’ s watershed is often referred to as the " Darby @-@ Cobbs watershed " since its largest tributary , Cobbs Creek , drains a total area of 22 @.@ 2 square miles ( 57 km2 ) , or approximately one third of the Darby Creek watershed . The watershed is part of the Lower Delaware drainage basin . Neighboring major watersheds are Crum Creek to the west and the Schuylkill River to the east . The creek serves as the county line between Delaware County and Philadelphia County for a reach of 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . The creek 's mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Bridgeport . However , its source is in the quadrangle of Valley Forge . The creek also passes through the quadrangles of Lansdowne and Norristown . There are 31 municipalities in the watershed , of which 26 are in Delaware County .
A large part of the watershed of Darby Creek is on developed land and many suburbs of Philadelphia are in the wateshed . The majority ( 61 % ) of the land use is considered residential , while 11 % is undeveloped and 10 % is open space . Of the remaining land , most of it is considered industrial , commercial , and institutional , with 2 @.@ 45 % classified as paved . Estimates for the population of the watershed range from 484 @,@ 000 to 500 @,@ 000 . In general , the topography of the watershed consists of rolling land that is densely settled . A large undeveloped tract of land owned by the Delaware County Industrial Development Authority is located at the mouth of the creek .
The developed nature of the watershed of Darby Creek has caused it to be prone to storm surges during rains . Substantial amounts of nonpoint source pollution flows into the creek during storm events . Additionally , much of the older development in the watershed was built before current environmental regulations were enacted . In 2012 , a Philadelphia Inquirer article stated that Darby Creek " is one of the country 's most flood @-@ prone streams , a significant drain on the National Flood Insurance Program , and a national lesson in what can go wrong along a developed waterway . " A Superfund site known as the Lower Darby Creek Area site is located in the vicinity of the creek . This site consists of two landfills . Major roads in the watershed include Interstate 95 and Interstate 476 .
= = History and name = =
Darby Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2 , 1979 . Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172928 . According to the Geographic Names Information System , variant names include Church Creek and Derby River .
= = = Before 1900 = = =
The Lenni Lenape tribe was the first Native American tribe to inhabit the area in the vicinity of Darby Creek . They fished , hunted , and used the creek for transportation via canoe . At the time , the area was forested , so they burned clearings in the forest in order to farm and for security purposes .
The first Europeans to come to the area in the vicinity of Darby Creek were the Dutch , though they did not establish any permanent settlements . In 1643 , Swedish colonists led by Johan Printz established New Sweden near the confluence of Darby Creek and the Delaware River . The settlement they established served as the seat of government for the Swedes in North America for 12 years . They may have built impoundments in the creek to isolate marsh areas . Dutch settlers conquered the Swedish villages in 1655 . In 1664 , the Dutch surrendered the Darby Creek drainage basin to the English , who began settling the area after William Penn was issued a charter in 1681 . The Darby Creek Ferry House , near the site of Printz 's headquarters , was erected in 1694 .
The English settlers were attracted to the Darby Creek watershed due to the proximity to trading routes and productive landscape . In 1777 , British soldiers breached dikes and floodwalls that were constructed on the creek . The Pennsylvania legislature passed an act in 1788 that mandated a maintenance of the dikes and the mowing of plants such as elderberries and pokeweed three times a year . Early English colonists utilized Darby Creek as a source of water power . Lumber , grist , and textile mills were established along the banks of the creek . Most of these mills have been demolished , although some of the tenement structures are currently in use as housing . At the end of the 19th century , industrial advances such as engine @-@ driven machinery had made these mills obsolete .
= = = After 1900 = = =
The advent of railroads in the late 19th century led to further development in the watershed of Darby Creek . Stops along the Pennsylvania Railroad such as Darby , Prospect Park , and Ridley Park increased in population greatly . Concern for the health of the creek led Lansdowne residents to raise funds to preserve a stretch of the creek in 1910 . In the early 1900s , the major industries in the watershed of Darby Creek included agriculture . However , in modern times , agriculture is only done in a few small areas in the watershed 's upper reaches . During this time period , railroads such as the Pennsylvania Railroad , the Philadelphia , Baltimore and Washington Railroad , and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crossed the watershed . A gauging station was established on the creek at Landsowne in 1911 .
Nature ’ s Plan For Parkways - Recreational Lands was published in 1932 and proposed a regional plan that would place Darby and Cobbs Creeks in an interior network of parks . These streams were chosen due to the fact that the flowed through some of the most densely populated areas in Southeastern Pennsylvania and it could serve as buffers through urban areas . During the 1930s there were a number of projects undertaken on Darby Creek by the Army Corps of Engineers . The dikes along the southern end of the creek were repaired by a joint force of the Works Progress Administration , the Pennsylvania legislature , and Delaware County . A series of ditches in the Tinicum marshland were constructed by the Corps in 1935 as a means of mosquito control . The dredged material was deposited throughout the marsh over the next few years .
After World War II , residential development continued to expand in the watershed of Darby Creek . The automobile replaced railroads as the dominant form of transportation , and it allowed workers to live farther from their places of employment . As a result , the population of Springfield Township more than doubled between 1950 and 1960 . The Tinicum Wildlife Preserve was established in 1955 after the Gulf Oil Corporation donated a diked impoundment on the creek to the City of Philadelphia . Local resident Jean Diehl started a grassroots campaign to preserve the marsh in 1969 , and Two Studies of Tinicum Marsh was published the following year which demonstrated the ecological importance of the marsh . The Folcroft Landfill and the Clearview Landfill operated along the creek between the 1950s and the 1970s before closing in the mid 1970s . The former is on the west bank of the creek and the latter is on the east bank . They supposedly accepted municipal waste , demolition waste , and medical waste . A number of businesses operated at the site of the Clearview Landfill after its closing .
On September 16 , 1999 , Hurricane Floyd struck Pennsylvania . Upper Darby Township received seven inches of rainfall , causing massive flooding in Darby Creek . Forty @-@ three homes were deemed uninhabitable in Darby and were purchased by the Borough . They were demolished in 2000 and the open space was converted into John Bartram Memorial Park in honor of the botanist and Darby native . In Springfield Township , Rolling Green Park was expanded when six homes were ravaged by the hurricane and had to be demolished .
A number of studies have been carried out on the creek and its watershed . These include the Darby Creek Stream Valley Park Master Plan in 1987 and the Greenway Plan for the Darby Creek Watershed in 2011 . A $ 1047 Pennsylvania Growing Greener grant was given to Delco Anglers and Conservationists for riparian restoration on Darby Creek . Another Growing Greener grant , this one for $ 68 @,@ 225 , was given to Marple Township for a streambank stabilization project on the creek . Additionally , a $ 1000 grant from the Pennsylvania Watershed Restoration Assistance Program was given to Delco Anglers and Conservationists for riparian improvement of the creek and several other creeks . In 1997 , a $ 60 @,@ 000 grant was given to the Darby Creek Valley Association and DelCo Anglers and Conservationists for developing a conservation plan . The grant was provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . The Darby Creek Valley Association is an organization whose purpose is to preserve and improve the creek 's watershed . It has approximately 100 members .
= = Biology = =
The main stem of Darby Creek is designed as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery from its source to the Pennsylvania Route 3 bridge . From that point downstream to its mouth , the non @-@ tidal portions of the creek 's main stem are a Trout Stocked Fishery and a Migratory Fishery . Numerous fish species were observed in the creek during a 2009 electrofishing survey by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission . The catch per unit effort per hour rate for smallmouth bass was slightly over 10 and the rate for rock bass was under 10 . The catch per unit effort per hour rate for redbreast sunfish was 123 , the highest of several warmwater streams tested during the survey . Some stocked rainbow trout and brown trout were also captured in the creek . High numbers of American eels were observed in the creek was well . Fish species such as mummichogs , silvery minnows , striped bass , and white perch were found at the head @-@ of @-@ tide of the creek . Brown trout naturally reproduce in the creek 's headwaters .
The Ithan @-@ Darby Creek Wetlands and the Darby Creek Mouth Mudflat are listed on the Delaware County Natural Areas Inventory . The former is a " notable significance " site while the latter is an " exceptional significance " site , one of only four in Delaware County . The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge is also in the vicinity of the creek and is an " exceptional significance " site .
The Darby Creek Mouth Mudflat , which is a remnant tidal flat at the mouth of Darby Creek in Ridley Township and Tinicum Township , is inhabited by 14 " species of concern " . At the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge , which is a tidal estuary along the creek , supports various plant and animal species and is a critical migratory habitat for waterfowl . It is also designated as a National Wildlife Refuge . The Ithan @-@ Darby Creek Wetlands contain old fields , wet meadows , and riparian buffers . They are inhabited by one " species of concern " . The population of white @-@ tailed deer in the Darby Creek watershed is large and " ecologically unsustainable " , according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .
Plant species of concern at the Darby Creek Mouth Mudflat include Amaranthus cannabinus , Baccharis halimifolia , Bidens bidentoides , Bidens laevis , Eleocharis obtusa , Eleocharis parvula , Heteranthera multiflora , Lycopus rubellus , Pluchea odorata , Sagittaria calycina , Sagittaria subulata , Schoenoplectus fluviatilis , and Zizania aquatica . Some , such as Eleocharis obtusa , Eleocharis parvula , and Heteranthera multiflora , have not been seen since 1994 . However , four other species have been seen as recently as 2009 .
At the floodplain at the confluence of Ithan Creek and Darby Creek , the main trees species include silver maple , black willow , boxelder , and red maple . In the wetlands at this site , the main tree species include scattered black willow and silver maple . There are also patches of silky dogwood and wild rose , which are surrounded by assorted wetland plants , including herbs , grasses , sedges , and rushes . However , numerous exotic plants also inhabit the site .
The watershed of Darby Creek and several other nearby creeks house most of the herptiles in Delaware County . The macroinvertebrate communities of the creek mainly consist of Limestone Agricultural Stream communities . No mussel communities have been described on the creek . In the 2000s , the dry weight of periphyton in the creek was 248 @.@ 2 grams per square meter .
= = Recreation = =
A total of 18 @.@ 0 miles ( 29 @.@ 0 km ) of Darby Creek is navigable by canoe . The difficulty rating of the creek ranges from A to 2- . Edward Gertler 's book Keystone Canoeing describes the scenery as being " poor to fair " in its upper reach and " poor to " good in its lower reach " . However , it is only canoeable within a single day of heavy rain in from river mile 18 to river mile 7 @.@ 2 . It is canoeable at any time in its lower 7 @.@ 2 miles .
A multi @-@ use trail along Darby Creek has been proposed . The trail would run from Garrett Road in Upper Darby Township to Pine Street in the borough of Darby . There are many public parks that line Darby Creek , with some having large recreation areas with athletic fields for baseball , soccer , and football , and others containing woodlands and nature trails . There are a total of eight golf clubs bordering the creek , featuring some of the largest stetches of undeveloped land in the watershed . The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge offers many recreational activities such as hiking and canoeing . The Ridley Township marina is located on the lower end of the creek .
Darby Creek is a popular site for angling . It is stocked annually by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission , and by a number of local sportsman organizations . The former has been stocking progressively fewer trout every year for some time .
= Million Dollar Maybe =
" Million Dollar Maybe " is the eleventh episode of the twenty @-@ first season of the animated comedy series The Simpsons . It first aired on Fox in the United States on January 31 , 2010 . In this episode , Homer wins $ 1 million in the lottery . Later fearing that Marge will discover that he missed a wedding reception while buying the winning ticket , Homer uses his windfall to buy the family anonymous gifts . Meanwhile , Lisa uses a Funtendo Zii to make life more interesting for Grampa Simpson and his friends at the retirement home .
" Million Dollar Maybe " was written by Bill Odenkirk and directed by Chris Clements . The episode was well received by most television critics , who praised its humor and storyline . Upon its initial airing , the episode attained 5 @.@ 11 million viewers and garnered a 2 @.@ 4 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . " Million Dollar Maybe " featured a guest appearance from Chris Martin of Coldplay , as well as appearances from recurring voice actors and actresses for the series .
= = Plot = =
Homer and Marge are scheduled to do a singing toast at their cousin Valerie 's wedding , causing Marge to become nervous , due to her fear of embarrassment . Homer tells her not to worry
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
described by Skylitzes and Kekaumenos . Other historians emphasize that the death of Emperor Samuel two months later was much more fateful for Bulgaria . His heirs Gabriel Radomir and Ivan Vladislav were unable to effectively resist the attacks of Basil II , and Bulgaria was completely defeated in 1018 . In that year Emperor Ivan Vladislav was killed in a battle at Dyrrhachium , and Bulgaria became a province of the Byzantine Empire until the successful uprising led by the Asen brothers in 1185 .
Other theses in the historiography stress the significance of the battle . As a result of the battle of Belasitsa , the Bulgarian army suffered heavy casualties that could not be restored . The ability of the central government to control the peripheral and interior provinces of the Empire was reduced and the actions of the local and provincial governors became more decisive for the outcome of the war with Byzantium . Many of them voluntarily surrendered to Basil II .
The battle also had an impact on the Serbs and the Croats , who were forced to acknowledge the supremacy of the Byzantine Emperor after 1018 . The borders of the Byzantine Empire were restored to the Danube for the first time since the 7th century , allowing Byzantium to control the entire Balkan peninsula from the Danube to the Peloponnese and from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea .
= Khonani =
" Khonani " is the eighteenth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 76th overall episode of the series . It was written by co @-@ producer Vali Chandrasekaran and directed by Beth McCarthy Miller . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on April 22 , 2010 , following shortly after the episode " Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter " on the same night . Guest stars in this episode include Kapil Bawa and Subhas Ramsaywack .
In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) distracts himself from his romantic problems by attempting to resolve a dispute between two janitors ( Bawa and Ramsaywack ) . Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is offended when she learns that her employees hang out outside of work but do not invite her . This episode of 30 Rock closely mirrored the feud between television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O 'Brien .
" Khonani " received generally mixed reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 182 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) distracts himself from his romantic problems involving the choice between CNBC host Avery Jessup ( Elizabeth Banks ) and his high school sweetheart Nancy Donovan ( Julianne Moore ) by attempting to resolve a dispute between two janitors , Subhas ( Subhas Ramsaywack ) and Khonani ( Kapil Bawa ) . Five years ago , Khonani signed a contract to take the 11 : 30 p.m. janitorial shift from Subhas and informs Jack that he is ready to start at the new time . Jack grants him permission , and calls a meeting with Subhas informing him that Khonani will take over the 11 : 30 shift . Subhas is not happy with this , so Jack decides to move him to 10 : 00 p.m. , which Subhas has no problem with . As he begins his scheduled shift , Khonani is unhappy with it as there is no trash to pick up because Subhas has already collected it . Khonani complains to Jack about this , resulting in Jack returning Subhas to 11 : 30 , and Khonani leaving NBC to work at Foxwoods Resort Casino .
Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is distraught to learn that although her writing staff sometimes hang out after work , they never invite her . She tells Jack — her boss — about this , however , Jack explains that it is best for her to keep her distance from them . Later , Liz 's assistant Cerie Xerox ( Katrina Bowden ) announces that her wedding is back on and that Liz and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) need to plan a bachelorette party for her . Liz decides to have the party at her apartment and prove to her employees — who are invited — that she can be fun to be with . At the bachelorette party , staff members Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) and J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) show up , but want to leave as they are not having a good time . Liz gets upset about this , calls them out for not inviting her to hang out with them and demands that they apologize to her .
At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is torn between his commitments to his pregnant wife Angie Jordan ( Sherri Shepherd ) and his desire to party . He asks NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) to assist with any of Angie 's needs , however , it becomes too much for Kenneth to deal with and he tells Tracy that he needs to be with her instead . Tracy realizes he needs to be with Angie , but changes his mind and goes to a strip club . After returning home and in order to stay there , Tracy decides to wear his dog 's shock collar on himself . Tracy then sends Kenneth to take his place at Liz 's party . Unbeknownst to Kenneth , Tracy 's dog has followed him to the bachelorette party . Kenneth bursts in Liz 's home with Tracy 's dog right behind him , resulting in the staff hiding from the dog after it attacks them . They all turn to Liz to get rid of the dog , which she at first refuses . She eventually agrees to help them , after they tell her she is a mother figure to them and that nobody wants to go drinking with their mom . Liz finds comfort in this , so she distracts the dog , and the staff exits her apartment unharmed .
= = Production = =
" Khonani " was written by 30 Rock co @-@ producer Vali Chandrasekaran and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , a long @-@ time television director who worked with series creator Tina Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . This episode was Chandrasekaran 's second writing credit , having co @-@ written the " Winter Madness " episode that aired on January 21 , 2010 . This was McCarthy @-@ Miller 's eleventh directed episode . " Khonani " originally aired in the United States on April 22 , 2010 , on NBC as the eighteenth episode of the show 's fourth season and the 76th overall episode of the series .
The main plot regarding the two janitors — Subhas and Khonani — battling for the late @-@ night shift at 11 : 30 p.m. closely mirrored the feud between television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O 'Brien over the hosting job of The Tonight Show . Similar to the feud , in this 30 Rock episode , Khonani signed a contract five years ago to take over the 11 : 30 p.m. from Subhas and asked Jack Donaghy to make it happen , which Jack does . In September 2004 , it was announced by the NBC network that Jay Leno would be succeeded by Conan O 'Brien in 2009 as host of The Tonight Show . Five years later , Leno would host his final episode of The Tonight Show in May 2009 ; similarly , Jack informs Subhas that Khonani will take over that shift . Subhas is not thrilled with this , resulting in Jack moving Subhas to the 10 : 00 shift ; O 'Brien took over as host of The Tonight Show in June 2009 . NBC , afraid of losing Leno to another network , gave him a new nightly prime time series , The Jay Leno Show , which premiered in September 2009 at 10 : 00 p.m. In " Khonani " , as he begins his shift , Khonani is unhappy as there is no trash to pick up as it already has been collected by Subhas . As a result , Subhas goes back to the 11 : 30 shift , and Khonani leaves NBC to continue his janitorial duties at Foxwoods Resort Casino . The Jay Leno Show debuted to good ratings , however , as the show continued it would garner low ratings , resulting in NBC proposing that the show air at 11 : 35 p.m. and that The Tonight Show be moved to 12 : 05 . O 'Brien , however , rejected the timeslot . In January 2010 , O 'Brien reached a deal with the network that would see him leave The Tonight Show on January 22 , 2010 , and two months later Leno returned as host of The Tonight Show on March 1 , 2010 . In April 2010 , O 'Brien signed a deal with the cable network TBS to host a new late @-@ night talk show .
Lorne Michaels , who is the executive producer of 30 Rock and who used to produce Late Night with Conan O 'Brien , was O 'Brien 's mentor . Michaels told The Hollywood Reporter in March 2010 that O 'Brien would " prevail " from his departure of The Tonight Show . In addition , O 'Brien appeared as himself on 30 Rock 's first season episode " Tracy Does Conan " that was broadcast on December 6 , 2006 .
Despite not appearing in the episode , the show made reference of Jack 's love triangle storyline with Avery Jessup and Nancy Donovan , played by actresses Elizabeth Banks and Julianne Moore , respectively . This plot was first introduced in the previous episode , " Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter " . The Jack characters love dilemma would continue throughout the season . Moore was announced as a love interest for Alec Baldwin 's television character in November 2009 , while Banks ' guest spot as a love interest for the Jack character was confirmed in December 2009 .
30 Rock executive producer and co @-@ showrunner Robert Carlock was asked in a 2009 interview if Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , Toofer Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) , and J.D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) — the staff writers of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) — were going to be seen more in the upcoming season , to which he replied , " One of the great things about this show and the blessing and the curse is that we have so many characters and so many different interactions between characters that work so well . [ ... ] And so , yeah , absolutely because we love those guys " . In this episode , Liz Lemon , the head writer for TGS , discovers that Frank , Toofer , and Lutz , along with Pete , do not invite her to hang out with them as they consider her a mother figure .
= = Cultural references = =
Jack tells Khonani that every April 22 he honors former United States President Richard Nixon 's death by getting drunk and making some unpopular decisions , after Khonani demands to start working at the 11 : 30 shift as he signed a contract with Jack on April 22 , 2005 . Cerie says that her wedding is back on after learning that her fiancé was rescued by the A @-@ Team — a fictional group of ex @-@ United States Army Special Forces who work as soldiers of fortune while being on the run from the military — from pirates . Khonani tells Jack that Subhas will want to leave NBC so he can attend to his hobbies of " [ collecting ] classic car ... " , Khonani coughs , " cardboard . Classic cardboard . " This is a satirical reference to Jay Leno who collects classic cars . Later , after Jack gives back Subhas his original time shift , Khonani says he has a " great job lined up at Fox " , Khonani coughs , " ... woods . Foxwoods Casino . " Following his departure from NBC , reports circulated that the Fox network wanted to hire Conan O 'Brien . At the bachelorette party , Jenna sings the 1840s song " Jimmy Crack Corn " .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Khonani " was watched by 5 @.@ 182 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It achieved a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 7 share in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was an increase from the previous episode , " Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter " , that aired the same day of the week , which was watched by 4 @.@ 216 million American viewers .
The episode received generally mixed critical reception . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin found the episode less enjoyable than " Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter " . He explained that when he first learned that the show would tackle the Jay Leno and Conan O 'Brien situation " I felt a surge of excitement and optimism . I thought the writers would come up with a smart new angle to attack the imbroglio " , but after the airing he noted the janitor plot only hampered the episode . Rabin , however , enjoyed Tracy 's actions in the episode , commenting that it " provided a showcase for some great Tracy Morgan non @-@ sequiturs " . Emily Exton of Entertainment Weekly also found " Khonani " the weaker of the two episodes , and also believed that the " late @-@ night jokes felt tired " . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger disliked the episode , and as a result he noted in his recap that he would remove 30 Rock from the rotation of shows for which he always did detailed reviews . Willa Paskin of New York magazine wrote had the show make reference to the Leno and O 'Brien debacle a few months ago " this would have been a cutting @-@ edge satire ... Now , not so much . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad remarked that the writing in " Khonani " was sharp , though added that " for some reason " the episode " didn 't ring nearly as sharp or funny as many others . I think it was a lot of unfulfilled potential . " Sean Gandert of Paste magazine deemed this episode disappointing , but proclaimed " it was still entertaining enough . "
James Poniewozik of Time observed , " NBC 's public troubles have been 30 Rock 's greatest blessing this season , providing it with satiric fodder from The Jay Leno Show to the Comcast acquisition . The show may not be the best sitcom on TV now , but it 's definitely the best work of NBC @-@ criticism . " In regards to the main plot , he said it " could have done even more with the premise of the Jaypocalypse re @-@ enacted with janitors , but it gets a lot of credit for the inspired idea . " IGN contributor Robert Canning gave the episode an 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 rating , writing that the janitor plot " came at a perfect time " in regards to the Leno and O 'Brien controversy . He , however , did not like the other two plots , noting they were " less impressive " . Meredith Blake from the Los Angeles Times said that the Khonani and Subhas plot was " supremely clever and self @-@ referential " , and that the show 's take on it was " decidedly neutral , albeit very funny " .
= The Boat Race 1967 =
The 113th Boat Race took place on 30 March 1967 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was won by Oxford by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter @-@ lengths . Goldie won the reserve race while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by three @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter lengths . Cambridge , however , held the overall lead with 61 victories to Oxford 's 50 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
The race was umpired by George Douglas " Jock " Clapperton who had coxed Oxford in the 1923 and 1924 races as well as umpiring in the 1959 boat race .
Cambridge 's coaching team included Norman Addison ( rowed for Cambridge in the 1939 race ) , James Crowden ( 1951 and 1952 races ) , David Jennens ( 1949 , 1950 and 1951 races ) , Mike Muir @-@ Smith ( 1964 race ) , Mike Nicholson ( non @-@ rowing boat club president for the 1947 race ) , J. R. Owen ( 1959 and 1960 races ) and M. Wolfson while Oxford 's comprised Hugh " Jumbo " Edwards ( rowed for Oxford in the 1926 and 1930 races ) and Ronnie Howard ( 1957 and 1959 races ) .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 11 lb ( 87 @.@ 3 kg ) , 1 @.@ 75 pounds ( 0 @.@ 8 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew containing three former Blues in Martin Kennard , Chris Freeman and Jock Mullard , while Cambridge saw bow @-@ man Lindsay Henderson and Patrick Delafield return . Oxford 's American number four , Josh Jensen , was the heaviest oarsman in the history of the race at 15 st 4 lb ( 96 @.@ 8 kg ) . The former Cambridge Blue Donald Legget , writing in The Observer suggested that the Light Blue crew was " possibly their fastest ever " , but nevertheless predicted a two @-@ length victory for Oxford .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss for the third successive year and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The race commenced at 1.17pm. Despite the conditions favouring the Light Blues , Oxford were ahead from the start and led by two seconds the Mile Post in a record @-@ equalling time of 3 minutes 47 seconds . According to Legget , Cambridge " were untidy and rather rushed " . Near Harrods Furniture Depository , the crews nearly clashed oars , but Oxford held firm and reached Hammersmith Bridge with a three @-@ second lead . Rounding the corner , Cambridge chose to stay on the tide , while Oxford headed for shelter towards the Surrey shore . The Light Blues reduced the lead marginally but by Chiswick Steps , Oxford were six seconds ahead and moved back to the Middlesex shore , with Cambridge resolute in midstream . Oxford briefly left the shelter of the shoreline to shoot Barnes Bridge through the centre arch , before heading back , with a lead of eight seconds . Despite pushing their rating to 36 strokes per minute , Cambridge could not reduce the deficit , and as Oxford accelerated to a rating of 38 , they passed the finishing post three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths ahead , in a time of 18 minutes 52 seconds . It was the first time in 54 years that Oxford had won three consecutive Boat Races . Upon the conclusion of the race , the Oxford boat club president Mullard hailed his coaches from the boat : " Thanks Ronnie , thanks Jumbo " .
In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by two lengths and five seconds , their inaugural victory on the third running of the contest , in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds . In the 22nd running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their fifth consecutive victory .
= Flying Blind , Flying Safe =
Flying Blind , Flying Safe is a non @-@ fiction book about the American airline industry and Federal Aviation Administration , written by Mary Schiavo with Sabra Chartrand . The book was first published in March 1997 in hardcover format by Avon Books . An updated paperback edition was published on April 1 , 1998 . Schiavo is a former Inspector General of the United States Department of Transportation , and Chartrand a journalist for The New York Times . Schiavo was Inspector General of the United States Department of Transportation for six years , and resigned in 1996 shortly after the ValuJet Flight 592 airline crash in the Florida Everglades . She became a whistleblower and was highly critical of the airline industry and its relationship with aviation safety agencies in the United States federal government .
The book is structured into two sections . The first portion of the book is critical of the aviation industry and the U.S. government agencies tasked with inspecting it . The second portion of the book addresses consumers and potential airline passengers . The book became successful shortly after publication . It reached number 10 on the New York Times Best Seller list and number 9 on a Chicago Tribune list of bestsellers in early April 1997 . Most reviews of the book in media publications were positive . Some individuals within the airline industry claimed the book contained factual inaccuracies , and this was investigated as part of a class project at George Washington University .
= = Authors = =
Mary Schiavo was raised in Williams County , Ohio , and received her pilot 's license while studying in her first two years of college at Ohio State University ( OSU ) . She obtained a bachelor 's degree from Harvard University , and a master 's degree in public administration from OSU . She has a law degree from New York University , and has worked as a federal prosecutor . Schiavo served as Inspector General of the United States Department of Transportation from 1990 to July 1996 .
Schiavo resigned from her position at the U.S. Department of Transportation in order to blow the whistle on what she saw as deficiencies in safety practices by the federal government 's oversight of the airline industry . She was publicly critical of high @-@ ranking U.S. aviation officials regarding the ValuJet Flight 592 passenger jet crash in the Florida Everglades which resulted in the deaths of all 110 people aboard . Schiavo appeared on ABC 's Nightline program the night after the crash and was highly critical of FAA safety inspections methods . After resigning her position as Inspector General Schiavo taught courses at Ohio State University , and in April 1997 she joined the staff of Ohio State University in the position of Enarson Executive @-@ in @-@ Residence .
Co @-@ writer Sabra Chartrand graduated from the University of Washington , and reported for Reuters and Israel Radio in Tel Aviv , Israel . She later joined The New York Times as a journalist with their Jerusalem bureau . After Flying Blind , Flying Safe , she co @-@ wrote Black And White on Wall Street , The Untold Story of the Man Wrongly Accused of Bringing Down Kidder Peabody with former Kidder , Peabody & Co. bond trader Joseph Jett .
= = Contents = =
The first portion of the book is a critique of deficiencies in safety practices by the Federal Aviation Administration and United States Department of Transportation , and the inherent problems with the closeness between these agencies and the airline industry . The book is an exposé of what Schiavo saw as fraud , corruption , waste , mismanagement , and dangerous negligence in the aviation industry and the FAA as a crusader for flight safety . Her primary criticisms in the book focus on the FAA 's reluctance to address its many shortcomings , while expressing her concern that there was a fundamental conflict of interest between the FAA job of oversight and the FAA job of promoting aviation .
Schiavo describes how the FAA uses a formula ascribing specific monetary value to human lives , and how the agency allows numbers to decide whether the cost of extra safety is worth the additional expense . For example , if equipping an airline fleet with smoke detectors would cost $ 100 million , but would only save 10 lives each worth $ 1 million , then the expense is ruled out . Schiavo is similarly critical of the internal FAA politics and the FAA 's administrators .
The last 145 pages of the book is addressed to passengers , to help them determine which airlines have good safety records and how to better ensure safe travel while flying . Schiavo discusses the average ages of certain airline fleets , reveals the accident rates of the major airline carriers , safety ratings at national airlines , bomb detection rates at U.S. airports , and provides a list of airports where power failures have affected the effectiveness of control towers . She concludes with a list of recommendations for how individuals can effect change at government agencies including the FAA , and how to address concerns of conflict of interest between air safety and inspection and the airline industry .
= = Reception = =
Flying Blind , Flying Safe reached number 10 on the New York Times Best Seller list on April 6 , 1997 , and remained on the list through June 1997 . On April 13 , 1997 the book was ranked 9th on the Chicago Tribune list of bestsellers for hardback non @-@ fiction .
Christina Del Valle reviewed the book for BusinessWeek , and wrote : " Flying Blind , Flying Safe is an incisive primer on what ails the aviation industry and the feds ' regulation of it " . A subsequent article in BusinessWeek highlighted the book among " The Best Business Books of 1997 " . In a review in The Washington Post , Judy Mann called the book " a scathing -- and frightening -- indictment of the FAA , the multibillion @-@ dollar airline industry and its lapdogs in Congress " . James T. Yenckel of The Washington Post called the book " frightening " and " informative " , and wrote that " passengers should have this kind of safety information when choosing a flight . " In a review for The Virginian @-@ Pilot , Michael Anft wrote : " She may be to the airplane what Ralph Nader was to the automobile . " Bill Wallace gave the book a favorable review in the San Francisco Chronicle , and wrote : " Part memoir , part expose , her book gives an inside view of how the FAA does its job of regulating air travel -- and how it frequently fails . " R.J. Ignelzi gave the book a positive recommendation in a review for The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune , and commented : " Mary Schiavo 's candid evaluation of the Federal Aviation Administration , airport security and air traffic controllers will give even the occasional flier some apprehension . Still , it should be read . "
Carl Marbach of AVweb wrote positively of the first portion of the book , but was critical of the latter half : " On the whole , the book has some worthwhile sections notwithstanding the soap opera ramblings at the end . Read the first half , then pass it along to another pilot @-@ friend . " John Clark of The Plain Dealer gave the book a positive review , but was also critical of the instructive section at the end of the book : " Narratively , the book breaks down when Schiavo resorts to lists and tables to provide information to help the reader fly more safely . " Robert W. Poole Jr. reviewed the book for Reason , and called it " valuable and frustrating " . Poole noted " Only an outsider @-@ insider like Schiavo could provide ordinary people with authentic accounts of how badly off @-@ track the FAA has gotten in its job of looking after aviation safety , " but commented that some aviation veterans regarded her as a " loose cannon " . Jerry Fraser of The Boston Globe was critical in his review of the book , and wrote that " a book that sets out to be ' everything you need to know to travel safer by air ' winds up griping about how the FAA reimburses employees for moving expenses and conducts crude management @-@ training seminars " . The book received a critical review from Bill Adair in the St. Petersburg Times , who wrote : " Schiavo is right about many problems at the FAA . ... But Schiavo seems unable to offer a calm and constructive account of the FAA 's problems . She 'd rather grab headlines with wild and often inaccurate comments . "
Many in the airline industry were critical of the book , and asserted that it contained factual inaccuracies . In 1998 , Instructor Darryl Jenkins of George Washington University decided to assign a class project in a graduate course he was teaching on airline economics for students to fact @-@ check statements made by Schiavo in the book . Edmund Pinto , a former Federal Aviation Administration spokesman and publisher of the newsletter Aviation Daily , later co @-@ authored a report with Jenkins on their findings . In some instances the authors agreed with Schiavo 's conclusions , but argued that what they saw as discrepancies detracted from Schiavo 's position . In response Schiavo commented that the report by Jenkins and Pinto was " hardly the sort of unbiased reporting which warrants my response " , and an article on the matter in The Washington Post noted that : " Jenkins occasionally does economic consulting work for airlines and for airline unions , but he said he took on the book project on his own . "
= Geist und Seele wird verwirret , BWV 35 =
Geist und Seele wird verwirret ( Spirit and soul become confused ) , BWV 35 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed the solo cantata for alto voice in Leipzig for the twelfth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 8 September 1726 .
Bach composed the cantata in his fourth year as Thomaskantor ( musical director ) in Leipzig . The text is based on the day 's prescribed reading from the Gospel of Mark , the healing of a deaf mute man . The librettist is Georg Christian Lehms , whose poetry Bach had used already in Weimar as the basis for solo cantatas . The text quotes ideas from the gospel and derives from these the analogy that as the tongue of the deaf mute man was opened , the believer should be open to admire God 's miraculous deeds . The cantatas for this Sunday have a positive character , which Bach stressed in earlier works for the occasion by including trumpets in the score . In this work , he uses instead an obbligato solo organ in several movements .
The cantata is structured in seven movements in two parts , to be performed before and after the sermon . Both parts are opened by an instrumental sinfonia with solo organ , probably derived from concerto music composed earlier in Weimar or Köthen . The alto singer performs a sequence of alternating arias and recitatives , accompanied in all three arias by the organ as an equal partner . The orchestra is formed by two oboes , taille , strings and basso continuo . The alto part is demanding and was probably written with a specific singer in mind , as with the two other solo cantatas composed in the same period .
= = History and words = =
Bach composed the cantata in his fourth year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the twelfth Sunday after Trinity . It is regarded as part of his third annual cantata cycle .
The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Second Epistle to the Corinthians , the ministry of the Spirit ( 2 Corinthians 3 : 4 – 11 ) , and from the Gospel of Mark , the healing of a deaf mute man ( Mark 7 : 31 – 37 ) . The cantata text was written by Georg Christian Lehms and published in Gottgefälliges Kirchen @-@ Opffer ( 1711 ) . The text connects the healing of the deaf man to the thoughts of the believer who is left deaf and mute in awe looking at the healing of Jesus and God 's creation . The text of the second aria is almost a quote of the gospel 's last verse .
Because of the requirements that " new music " be composed as often as possible , Bach seldom chose older poems for his cantatas ; consequently , the conductor Craig Smith has suggested that parts of this work may have been composed earlier than the first recorded Leipzig performance . Bach had already composed his first solo cantata on a text by Lehms , Widerstehe doch der Sünde , BWV 54 , composed during his tenure in Weimar , also for an alto soloist .
The cantata is one of three Bach cantatas written in Leipzig in 1726 in which an alto is the only vocal soloist , the others being Vergnügte Ruh , beliebte Seelenlust , BWV 170 , and Gott soll allein mein Herze haben , BWV 169 . It seems likely that Bach had a capable alto singer at his disposal during this period .
Bach had earlier composed two other cantatas for the twelfth Sunday after Trinity , in his first year in Leipzig Lobe den Herrn , meine Seele , BWV 69a , first performed on 15 August 1723 , and in his third year Lobe den Herren , den mächtigen König der Ehren , BWV 137 , first performed on 19 August 1725 , as an added part of his cycle of chorale cantatas . Both works focus on praise ( Lob ) and use an orchestra including festive trumpets .
Furthermore , the work has two large concerto movements for organ and orchestra , probably from a lost concerto for keyboard , oboe or violin , perhaps indicating that the cantata was composed for a seasonal choral absentia at Thomaskirche . The first nine bars of the opening sinfonia are practically identical to the fragment BWV 1059 .
Bach led the first performance on 8 September 1726 , and probably played the organ part himself .
= = Scoring and structure = =
Bach structured the cantata in two parts , four movements to be performed before the sermon , three after the sermon . Both parts begin with a sinfonia . Bach scored it for an alto soloist , two oboes ( Ob ) , taille ( Ot ) , obbligato solo organ ( Org ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds , strings , and organ and continuo .
= = Music = =
John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted this work on the twelfth Sunday after Trinity in St. Jakob , Köthen as part of the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir in 2000 , calls the occasion " one of the most cheerful programmes of the whole Trinity season " , leading Bach to compose " celebratory pieces " , two with trumpets and timpani , and finally this one with an obbligato organ . In an expanded two @-@ part structure , the organ is both an instrumental soloist in the two sinfonias and a partner for the singer in all three arias . The musicologist Laurence Dreyfus distinguished Bach 's use of the organ as " sacred icon " versus " galant conversationalist " , writing on Bach 's " assimilation of the secular solo concerto into his church cantatas and his adjustment of the normal concerto principle , that of soloist @-@ versus @-@ orchestra , through subtle shifts in role playing , the instrument now posing as a soloist , now retreating into the background . "
= = = 1 = = =
The opening allegro sinfonia incorporates concerto techniques , suggesting an origin in a pre @-@ existing concerto . The organ performs both the solo melody and the continuo line , punctuated by quasi @-@ cadenza passages and interspersed ten @-@ measure ritornellos . The musicologist Klaus Hofmann notes that in the movement in Italian style , the theme is " subjected to intensive thematic working @-@ out in the dialogue between solo instrument and orchestra " .
= = = 2 = = =
The first aria in da capo form , " Geist und Seele wird verwirret " ( Spirit and soul become confused ) , is characterized by a broken ritornello and a sense of confusion and uncertainty . The rhythm is siciliano , a frequent feature in slow concerto movements by Bach and others . Hofmann concludes from many corrections in Bach 's autograph that the aria is a new composition . He sees the " agility of the organ part which does not follow the siciliano pattern " as an image of the " confusion " mentioned in the text .
= = = 3 = = =
A secco recitative , " Ich wundre mich " ( I am amazed ) , expresses awe at the creation , rendered in the first person which according to Mincham underlines the cantata 's " personal and individual emphasis " . Beginning in a major mode which contrasts with the preceding aria , it turns to " the solemnity of the minor mode " .
= = = 4 = = =
An aria with obbligato organ , " Gott hat alles wohlgemacht " ( God has made everything well ) , is the first movement in a major mode , expressing pleasure with God 's creation . It has a dominating two @-@ part ritornello . Hofmann observes that the organ , this time the only partner of the voice , is " rich in coloratura " and has a theme , " heard throughout the movement , sometimes in the manner of an ostinato , sometimes freely developed ; in its figuration and motoric drive it is stylized just like Bach ’ s writing for the violoncello piccolo " . Gardiner notes that not only the tessitura but also " characteristic string @-@ crossing patterns " are reminiscent of violoncello piccolo use .
= = = 5 = = =
Part 2 begins with another sinfonia , this time in binary form . Hofmann describes it as " an engaging perpetuum mobile introduced by the keyboard " . It may be based on the final movement of a concerto . The organ interacts with the orchestra without a prelude , which is unusual in Bach 's concertos , but not without precedent , such as the harpsichord concerto in F major , BWV 1057
= = = 6 = = =
Another secco recitative , " Ach , starker Gott , laß mich " ( Ah , powerful God , let me [ think upon this continually ] ) , is a prayer for the ability to always reflect on the miracle of creation . It quotes Jesus saying " Hephata " ( Be opened ) to the deaf mute man , and turns it to " the believer 's heart would open up and his tongue would be loosened so that he might perceive and praise the divine miracles " .
= = = 7 = = =
The cantata concludes with an aria with the complete orchestra , " Ich wünsche nur bei Gott zu leben " ( I wish to live with God alone ) . It expresses the wish to dwell with God forever in a minuet of positive character . The movement again uses a two @-@ part ritornello . When contrasting aspects of life on earth are mentioned , such as " jammerreichen Schmerzensjoch " ( sorrowful yoke of pain ) and " martervollen Leben " ( tormented life ) , the music darkens to minor keys . The organ supplies triplet figures , which the voice also uses to express " ein fröhliches Halleluja " ( a joyful hallelujah ) .
= = Selected recordings = =
The sortable table is based on the listing on the Bach Cantatas website . The type of orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background , and as an ensemble playing period instruments in historically informed performance by green background .
= Murder of Victoria Climbié =
In 2000 in London , an eight @-@ year @-@ old Ivorian girl , Victoria Adjo Climbié ( 2 November 1991 – 25 February 2000 ) , was tortured and murdered by her guardians . Her death led to a public inquiry and produced major changes in child protection policies in the United Kingdom .
Born in Abobo , Côte d ’ Ivoire , Climbié left the country with her great @-@ aunt Marie @-@ Thérèse Kouao , a French citizen , for an education in France , where they travelled , before arriving in London in April 1999 . It is not known exactly when Kouao started abusing Climbié , although it is suspected to have worsened when Kouao and Climbié met and moved in with Carl Manning , who became Kouao 's boyfriend . During the abuse , Climbié was burnt with cigarettes , tied up for periods of longer than 24 hours , and hit with bike chains , hammers and wires . Up to her death , the police , the social services department of four local authorities , the National Health Service , the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) , and local churches all had contact with her , and noted the signs of abuse . However , in what the judge in the trial following Climbié 's death described as " blinding incompetence " , all failed to properly investigate the case and little action was taken . Kouao and Manning were convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment .
After Climbié 's death , the parties involved in her case were widely criticised . A public inquiry , headed by Lord Laming , was ordered . It discovered numerous instances where Climbié could have been saved , noted that many of the organisations involved in her care were badly run , and discussed the racial aspects surrounding the case , as many of the participants were black . The subsequent report by Laming made numerous recommendations related to child protection in England . Climbié 's death was largely responsible for the formation of the Every Child Matters initiative ; the introduction of the Children Act 2004 ; the creation of the ContactPoint project , a government database designed to hold information on all children in England ( now defunct after closure by the government of 2010 ) ; and the creation of the Office of the Children 's Commissioner chaired by the Children 's Commissioner for England .
= = Life = =
Victoria Climbié was born on 2 November 1991 in Abobo near Abidjan , Ivory Coast , the fifth of seven children . Her parents were Francis Climbié and his wife Berthe Amoissi . Marie @-@ Thérèse Kouao , Francis ' aunt , was born on 17 July 1956 in Bonoua , Ivory Coast and lived in France with her three sons , claiming welfare benefits . She divorced her former husband in 1978 and he died in 1995 . Kouao was attending her brother 's funeral in the Ivory Coast when she visited the Climbié family in October 1998 . She informed them that she wanted to take a child back to France with her and arrange for their education ; this sort of informal fosterage is common in the family 's society . Victoria Climbié was apparently happy to be chosen , and although her parents had only met Kouao a few times , they were satisfied with the arrangements .
From that point onwards , Kouao pretended that Climbié was her daughter . Kouao had originally planned to take another young girl called Anna Kouao , but Anna 's parents changed their minds . Climbié travelled on a French passport in the name of Anna Kouao and was known as Anna throughout her life in the United Kingdom . It is not known exactly when Kouao started abusing Climbié . Climbié 's parents received three messages about her from when she left them until her death , all saying she was in good health .
Kouao and Climbié left the Ivory Coast possibly in November 1998 and flew to Paris , France , where Climbié enrolled at school . By December 1998 , however , Kouao began to receive warnings about Climbié 's absenteeism , and in February 1999 , the school issued a child @-@ at @-@ risk notification and a social worker became involved . The school observed how Climbié tended to fall asleep in class , and the headteacher later recalled Kouao mentioning Climbié suffering from some form of dermatological condition and that , on her last visit to the school on 25 March 1999 , Climbié had a shaven head and was wearing a wig . When they left France , Kouao owed the authorities £ 2 @,@ 000 , after being wrongly paid in child benefit , and it is claimed that Kouao viewed Climbié as a useful tool for claiming benefits . Kouao had also been evicted from her home in France because of rent arrears .
= = = United Kingdom = = =
On 24 April 1999 , Kouao and Victoria Climbié left France and travelled to the United Kingdom , where they settled in Ealing , west London . They had a reservation in a bed and breakfast at Twyford Crescent , Acton , where they lived until 1 May 1999 , when they moved to Nicoll Road , Harlesden , in the London Borough of Brent . On 25 April 1999 , Kouao and Climbié visited Esther Ackah , a distant relative of Kouao by marriage , and a midwife , counsellor and preacher . Ackah and her daughter noted that Climbié was wearing a wig and looked small and frail . On 26 April 1999 , Kouao and Climbié visited the Homeless Persons ' Unit of Ealing Council , where they were seen by Julie Winter , a homeless persons ' officer . Together , Kouao and Winter completed a housing application form . Kouao explained that Climbié was wearing a wig because she had short hair , an explanation accepted by Winter . Although Winter was shown Climbié 's passport ( with a photograph of Anna ) , she paid no attention to them , believing that Kouao 's application was ineligible on the grounds of habitual residence . Winter confirmed her decision with her duty senior and told Kouao that she was not eligible for housing . She telephoned the referral across to Pamela Fortune , a social worker in Ealing 's Acton referral and assessment team . She did not produce a written or electronic documentation of the referral , however , something which would have helped in double @-@ checking the accounts that Kouao gave .
Between 26 April and early July 1999 , Kouao visited Ealing social services 18 times for housing and financial purposes . Climbié was with her on at least ten occasions . The staff there noted Climbié 's unkempt appearance , with one staff member , Deborah Gaunt , thinking that she looked like a child from an ActionAid advertisement . However , they did not take any action and may have assumed that Climbié 's appearance was a purposeful attempt to " persuade the authorities to hand out money " . On 8 June 1999 , Kouao got a job at Northwick Park Hospital . During her first month , no effort was made by Kouao or Ealing social services to enroll Climbié in educational or daycare activities .
On 8 June 1999 , Kouao took Climbié to a local GP surgery . The practice nurse there did not carry out a physical examination as she was not reported to have any current health problems . By the middle of June 1999 , Climbié was spending the majority of her days at the Brent home of Priscilla Cameron , an unregistered childminder , who Kouao met at her job at the hospital . There is no evidence that Climbié was treated badly during her time with Cameron . On several occasions , Cameron observed small cuts to Climbié 's fingers . When questioned by Cameron , Kouao said that they were caused by razor blades that Climbié played with . Kouao and Climbié met Ackah on the street on or around 14 June 1999 . In what may have been early signs of deliberate physical harm , Ackah noted a scar on Climbié 's cheek , which Kouao said was caused by a fall on an escalator . On 17 June 1999 , in response to what she had seen three days earlier , Ackah visited Kouao and Climbié 's home , and thought that the accommodation was unsuitable .
On 18 June 1999 , Ackah anonymously telephoned Brent social services , expressing concern over Climbié 's situation . Samantha Hunt , the customer @-@ service officer who received the call at the One Stop Shop at Brent House , faxed the referral to the children 's social work department on that same day . Nobody picked up the referral on that Friday afternoon , and what happened to it was — according to Lord Laming , who headed the subsequent inquiry — the subject of " some of the most bizarre and contradictory evidence " the inquiry heard . A few days later , possibly on 21 June 1999 , Ackah phoned Brent social services again to make sure her concerns were being addressed . Ackah said that she was told by the person on the other end of the telephone that " probably they [ social services ] had done something about it " . This call , however , did not trigger a new , separate referral . The first referral was not seen until three weeks later on 6 July 1999 , when Robert Smith , the group administrative officer , logged the details of the referral onto the computer , with details of Climbié 's injuries . Laming said the delay constituted " a significant missed opportunity " to protect Climbié . Edward Armstrong , the team manager of the intake duty team , said that he completed a duty manager 's action sheet not for the 18 June referral , which he said never arrived in his office , but for the 21 June referral , which was a less serious case than the first ; Laming called this version of events " wholly unbelievable " . Laming said that Armstrong 's evidence was out of line with that of the other Brent witnesses , that the quality of it " [ left ] much to be desired " , and that Armstrong 's insistence that he dealt with the 21 June referral was an attempt to cover up his team 's " inept handling " of a genuine child protection case .
On 14 June 1999 , Kouao and Climbié met Carl Manning ( born 31 October 1972 ) on a bus which he was driving . This was the start of Kouao and Manning 's relationship which ended at the time of their arrest eight months later . She was his first girlfriend . The relationship developed quickly and on 6 July 1999 , Kouao and Climbié moved into Manning 's one @-@ bedroom flat at Somerset Gardens in Tottenham , in the London Borough of Haringey . There is evidence that Climbié 's abuse increased soon after moving into Manning 's flat .
On 7 July 1999 , Brent social services sent a letter to Nicoll Road , where Kouao and Climbié were staying , informing them of a home visit . On 14 July 1999 , two social workers , Lori Hobbs and Monica Bridgeman , visited the address but found no answer : Kouao and Climbié had already moved out on 6 July 1999 . Hobbs and Bridgeman made no further inquiries at the property that might have led to a trail on Climbié 's whereabouts . Prior to the visit , they had not done any background checks and had only the " haziest idea " of what they were investigating . The Laming report suggests that no reports or follow @-@ up notes were made and that the only information additional to the referral were the notes " Not at this address . Have moved . "
= = = First hospital admission = = =
On 13 July 1999 , Kouao took Climbié to Cameron 's house , asking her to take Climbié permanently because Manning did not want her . Cameron refused but agreed to take her for the night . Cameron , her son Patrick , and her daughter Avril , observed that Climbié had numerous injuries — including a burn on her face and a loose piece of skin hanging from her right eyelid — which Kouao said was self @-@ inflicted . Manning 's account in the subsequent inquiry differed and he said that he hit Climbié because of her incontinence , beginning with slaps , but progressing to using his fist by the end of July . It was highly likely that at least some of the injuries were the result of deliberate physical harm .
The next day , on 14 July 1999 , Cameron 's daughter Avril took Climbié to see Marie Cader , a French teacher at her son 's school . Cader advised that Climbié be taken to hospital . At 11 : 00 am the same day , Avril took Climbié to the emergency department of Central Middlesex Hospital . At 11 : 50 am , Climbié was seen by Dr Rhys Beynon , a senior house officer in the department . Beynon took Climbié 's history from Avril and thought that there was a strong possibility that the injuries were non @-@ accidental . Due to hospital child protection guidelines , he referred the case to Dr Ekundayo Ajayi @-@ Obe , the on @-@ call paediatric registrar . Beynon conducted only a cursory examination of Climbié because he believed she was going to be examined by the paediatric team . The Laming report said that " he exhibited sound judgement in his care of Victoria by referring her immediately to a paediatric registrar . " Climbié arrived at Barnaby Bear ward where she was examined by Ajayi @-@ Obe , who noted various injuries . When asked about the injuries , Climbié said they were self @-@ inflicted , a claim the paediatrician did not think was credible . Ajayi @-@ Obe 's notes were detailed and thorough , in contrast to those of the other doctors that examined her . Having examined Climbié , the paediatrician was " strongly suspicious " that the injuries were non @-@ accidental , and she decided to admit Climbié onto the ward .
The doctors alerted Brent police and social services , and she was placed under police protection , with a 72 @-@ hour protection order preventing her from leaving hospital . Kouao told the doctors that she had scabies , and that the injuries were self @-@ inflicted . Many doctors and nurses suspected that the injuries were non @-@ accidental . However , Ruby Schwartz , the consultant paediatrician and named child protection doctor at the hospital , diagnosed scabies and decided that it was scratching that caused the injuries . She made the diagnosis without speaking to Climbié alone . Schwartz later admitted that she made a mistake . Another doctor , one of Schwartz ' juniors , misleadingly wrote to social services saying there was no child protection issue . When Michelle Hine , a child protection officer at Brent council , received a report notifying her of Climbié 's injuries , she planned to open an investigation into the case . However , the next day she heard of Schwartz ' diagnosis and downgraded Climbié 's level of care , trusting Schwartz ' judgement . She later expressed regret over her actions . Schwartz said in the inquiry that she expected social services to follow up the case . Neil Garnham QC , counsel to the inquiry following Climbié 's death , later said to her , " there is a terrible danger here — is there not , doctor — of social services on the one hand and you on the other each expecting the other to do the investigation , with the result that nobody does " . The police officer allocated to Climbié 's case for the Brent Child Protection team , Rachel Dewar , decided to lift the police protection , allowing Climbié to return home , when told by a social worker that she had scabies . Under the Children Act 1989 , Dewar was obliged to see Climbié and tell her she was under police protection , but she did not do this . She also failed to see Kouao or Manning . At the time of the decision , Dewar was attending a seminar on child protection . Garnham later said , " we will need to ask why it was thought more important for her to attend a seminar to learn how to deal with child protection cases than deal with the real child protection case for which she was responsible at the time " . Kouao took Climbié home on 15 July 1999 .
Some time in July , probably just before Climbié was admitted to the Central Middlesex Hospital , Kouao befriended a couple , Julien and Chantal Kimbidima . Climbié and Kouao visited their home several times over the following months . According to Chantal , Kouao would shout at Climbié all the time and never showed her affection .
= = = Second hospital admission = = =
On 24 July 1999 , Climbié was taken by Kouao to the accident @-@ and @-@ emergency department at North Middlesex Hospital with severe scalding to her head and other injuries . The hospital found no evidence of scabies . Consultant Mary Rossiter felt Climbié was being abused but still wrote ' able to discharge ' on her notes . According to Maureen Ann Meates , another doctor at the hospital , when Rossiter had written that note , she had noted that Climbié was exhibiting signs of neglect , emotional abuse and physical abuse . Later , in the inquiry , Rossiter said that by writing ' able to discharge ' , she did not mean she wanted Climbié to go home , merely that she was physically fit to leave . Garnham said , " quite how the subtlety of that distinction was to be ascertained from the notes is far from obvious " . Rossiter admitted to the inquiry that she had expected police and social services to follow up on the case . For a brief period while she was in hospital , Enfield social services took up the case before passing it to Haringey .
A social worker and police officer from Haringey council , Lisa Arthurworrey and Karen Jones , respectively , were assigned to her case , and were scheduled to make a home visit on 4 August 1999 ; however , the visit was cancelled once they heard about the scabies . Jones later said , " it might not be logical but I did not know anything about scabies " . She said that she telephoned North Middlesex Hospital for information about the disease , but Garnham had evidence that the staff there dealt with no such inquiry . Jones was told by a doctor that Climbié 's injuries were consistent with belt buckle marks , although she claimed in the inquiry there was no evidence of child abuse .
On 5 August 1999 , a Haringey social worker , Barry Almeida , took Climbié to an NSPCC centre in Tottenham , where she was assigned to Sylvia Henry . There was some confusion as to why the centre was being referred to for the case . Henry later contacted Almeida and was told , according to Henry , that Climbié had moved out of the borough , thereby closing the case . Almeida said he could not remember whether this conversation did take place . On the same day , Kouao met Arthurworrey and Jones at the Haringey social services department , and claimed that Climbié had poured boiling water over herself to stop the itching caused by the scabies and that she had used utensils to cause the other injuries . The social worker and police officer believed her , deciding that the injuries were probably accidental , and allowed Climbié to return home the following day , which she did .
= = = Post @-@ hospital events = = =
On 7 August 1999 , Kouao visited Ealing social services ; they said it was a housing issue and that the case was closed . Ealing social services would later be described as ' chaotic ' . As a follow @-@ up measure , a staff member at the hospital contacted a health visitor , but the health visitor said in the inquiry that she did not receive any contact . On 13 August 1999 , Rossiter wrote to Petra Kitchman of Brent council , asking her to follow up on the Climbié case . Kitchman said in the inquiry that she contacted Arthurworrey , but Arthurworrey denied this . Later , on 2 September 1999 , Rossiter sent a second letter . Kitchman said she spoke to Arthurworrey about this , but Arthurworrey denied this again . Arthurworrey made a visit to Climbié 's home on 16 August 1999 and another one when Manning began forcing Climbié to sleep in the bath . Arthurworrey said in the inquiry that she was under the impression that Climbié seemed happy , but Garnham criticised Arthurworrey for not detecting any of the abuse , although Manning had described this visit as a " put up job " . Arthurworrey and Climbié had met on four occasions , where they were together for a total of less than 30 minutes , barely speaking to each other .
From then on , Kouao kept Climbié away from hospitals , turning instead to churches . Kouao said to the pastors that she was the mother and that demons were inside Climbié . The pastor at the Mission Ensemble Pour Christ , Pascal Orome , offered prayers for Climbié to cast out the devil , and thought that her injuries were due to demonic possession . On another occasion , Kouao took Climbié to a church run by the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , where the pastor , Alvaro Lima , suspected she was being abused , although he took no action . He said in the inquiry that Climbié told him that Satan had told her to burn herself . The pastor did not believe her , but he still believed that a person could be possessed .
From October 1999 to January 2000 , Manning forced Climbié to sleep in a bin liner in the bath in her own excrement . During a later police interview , Manning said this was because of her frequent bedwetting . At Haringey social services on 1 November 1999 , Kouao told social workers that Manning sexually assaulted Climbié , but withdrew the accusation the following day . In one of Arthurworrey 's visits , during a conversation about housing , Arthurworrey said that the council only accommodated children believed to be at serious risk . Laming said in his report , " it may be no coincidence that within three days of this conversation , Kouao contacted Ms. Arthurworrey to make allegations which , if true , would have placed Victoria squarely within that category " . Jones sent a letter to Kouao , which was ignored , and no further action was taken . Manning later denied the allegation . Alan Hodges , the police sergeant overseeing the investigation , claimed in the inquiry that the social workers were obstructing the police in dealing with child protection cases . Between December 1999 and January 2000 , Arthurworrey made three visits to the flat , but she received no answer . She speculated to her supervisor , Carole Baptiste , that they had returned to France . Despite no evidence , her supervisor wrote on Climbié 's file that they had left the area . On 18 February 2000 they wrote to Kouao saying that if they did not receive any contact from them , they would close the case . A week later , on 25 February 2000 , they closed the case — on the same day that Climbié died .
= = = Death and trial = = =
On 24 February 2000 , Victoria Climbié was taken semi @-@ conscious and suffering from hypothermia , multiple organ failure and malnutrition , to the local Universal Church of the Kingdom of God . After they left , the mini cab driver was horrified at Climbié 's condition and took her straight to the accident @-@ and @-@ emergency department at North Middlesex Hospital ; she was then transferred to the intensive @-@ care unit at St Mary 's Hospital . The ambulance crew who drove her to St Mary 's described how although Kouao had kept saying , " my baby , my baby " , her concern seemed " not quite enough " , and that Manning seemed " almost as if he was not there " . Climbié died the following day at 3 : 15 pm local time . The pathologist who examined her body noted 128 separate injuries and scars on her body , and described it as the worst case of child abuse she had ever seen ; Climbié had been burnt with cigarettes , tied up for periods of longer than 24 hours , and hit with bike chains , hammers and wires . During her life in Britain , Climbié was known to four local authorities ( four social services departments and three housing departments ) , two child protection police teams , two hospitals , an NSPCC centre , and a few local churches . She was buried in Grand @-@ Bassam near her home town .
Kouao was arrested on the day that Climbié died , and Manning the following day . Kouao told police , " It is terrible , I have just lost my child " . On 20 November 2000 , at the Old Bailey , the trial into her death opened , where Kouao and Manning were charged with child cruelty and murder . Kouao denied all charges , and Manning pleaded guilty to charges of cruelty and manslaughter . The judge described the people in Climbié 's case as " blindingly incompetent " . In his diary , Manning described Climbié as Satan , and said that no matter how hard he hit her , she did not cry or show signs that she was hurt . On 12 January 2001 , both were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . The judge said to them , " what Victoria endured was truly unimaginable . She died at both your hands , a lonely drawn out death " . Kouao went to Durham prison and Manning went to Wakefield prison .
= = Inquiry = =
On 20 April 2000 , the health secretary , Alan Milburn , and the home secretary , Jack Straw , appointed William Laming , Lord Laming , former chief inspector of the Social Services Inspectorate ( SSI ) , to conduct a statutory inquiry into Climbié 's death . Laming was given the choice of staging a public inquiry or a private inquiry ; he chose a public inquiry . It was the first inquiry to be set up by two secretaries of state . The inquiry was actually three separate inquiries , together called the Victoria Climbié Inquiry , as it had a statutory base of three pieces of legislation : section 81 of the Children Act 1989 , section 84 of the National Health Service Act 1977 , and section 49 of the Police Act 1996 . It drew together the involvement of social services , the National Health Service , and the police , and became the first tripartite inquiry into child protection . The Counsel to the Inquiry was Neil Garnham QC . The inquiry , based in Hannibal House , Elephant and Castle , London , cost £ 3 @.@ 8 million , making it the most expensive child protection investigation in British history . The website victoria @-@ climbie @-@ inquiry.org.uk was created , where all the evidence and documents were made available freely .
The inquiry was launched on 31 May 2001 , and was split into two phases : phase one and phase two . Phase one investigated the involvement of people and agencies in Climbié 's death , in the form of hearings . Two hundred and seventy witnesses were involved . The phase one hearings began on 26 September 2001 and finished on 31 July 2002 ; it was originally supposed to end on 4 February 2002 but late documents caused delays . Phase two of the inquiry , taking place between 15 March 2002 and 26 April 2002 , took the form of five seminars , which looked at the child protection system in general . It was chaired by Garnham and brought together experts in all aspects of child protection .
= = = Laming controversy = = =
Laming 's appointment was controversial as he had been director of Hertfordshire county council 's social services department in 1990 , a department which was strongly criticised for its handling of a child abuse case , and which had the Local Government Ombudsman making a finding of ' maladministration with injustice ' against them in 1995 . The father of the child in the case said of Laming 's appointment , " I don 't see how he has the qualifications or experience to be able to lead an investigation into another borough which has been failing to protect a child in exactly the same manner that his own authority failed to protect a child in 1990 " . Liberal Democrat spokesman Paul Burstow said , " the findings of the ombudsman in the Hertfordshire case must give rise to questions about Lord Laming 's appointment to head this inquiry " ; and Conservative Party spokesman Liam Fox said , " I think the government maybe should have thought twice about this and maybe , even yet , they will think again " . The Department for Health , however , said that they were " fully confident that he is the right person to conduct the inquiry " .
= = = Obstruction of evidence = = =
Several documents were submitted late or in suspicious circumstances to the inquiry . A report by the SSI was submitted late because the SSI presumed the document was not relevant to the inquiry . The report was produced in April 2001 but was not handed over to the inquiry until 2002 . An earlier report by the Joint Review about Haringey social services , which was heavily relied upon during the inquiry , said that service users were " generally well served " ; the SSI report said that the former report presented " an overly positive picture of Haringey 's social services , particularly children 's services " . Further documents were received late , when Haringey council handed in 71 case documents five months after the hearings began . Laming said , " it shows a blatant and flagrant disregard to the work of this inquiry " . The people involved were threatened with disciplinary action . This was not the first time that Haringey council did not produce documents on time , which led Laming to say to its chief executive , " it is a long sad and sorry saga of missed dates and missed timetables " . Garnham warned that Haringey senior managers , who had access to the documents , would enjoy an unfair advantage in the inquiry , but Laming said he was " determined that Haringey is not given any advantage " . The inquiry found contradictory information in the NSPCC 's files . One file said that Climbié 's case was " accepted for ongoing service " , whilst another computer record , made after Climbié 's death , said that " no further action " was to be taken , suggesting the possibility that records may have been changed . Documents given to the inquiry may also have been altered : the NSPCC provided photocopies of original documents , which had alterations in them , saying that the originals were lost ; however , the originals were later produced with pressure from the inquiry . The NSPCC held an internal investigation but found no evidence of deception .
= = = Findings of the hearings = = =
The inquiry heard that many of the councils were understaffed , underfunded , and poorly managed . The chief executive
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
population of the city was about 25 @,@ 000 ( those between the age of fifteen and seventy who could bear arms ) ; 1 @,@ 500 of these were noble and upper class citizens . Giovanni Villani stated that at all times there were about 1 @,@ 500 foreigners , transients , and soldiers in the city .
= = = Education = = =
Besides population statistics , Villani also offered statistics on education . He wrote that boys and girls learning to read numbered 8 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 each year . There were 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 children learning to use the abacus and algorism for mathematics . In the four large , prestigious schools of Florence , there were always 550 to 600 students in attendance to learn proper grammar and scholastic logic .
= = = Religious facilities = = =
Villani also offered statistics on religious and health facilities . The total number of churches in Florence and its suburbs was 110 — including 57 parishes , five abbeys with two priors and 80 monks each , 24 nunneries with some 500 women , 10 orders of friars , and 30 hospitals with over 1 @,@ 000 beds to offer to the sick and dying . Overall there were 250 to 350 chaplain priests in the city .
= = = Commerce and trade = = =
Besides religious facilities , Villani also provided information on commerce and trade . He states that there were about 200 workshops overseen by the Arte della Lana ( guild of wool merchants and entrepreneurs in the woolen industry ) of Florence . He states that these workshops produced some 70 @,@ 000 to 80 @,@ 000 pieces of cloth a year , with a total worth of 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 gold florins . He states that a third of this sum " remained in the land " as a reward for labor , while 30 @,@ 000 people lived from this sum of money . Giovanni notes that earlier in Florence there were actually 300 workshops producing 100 @,@ 000 pieces of cloth annually , but these were of coarser quality and lesser value ( before the importation and knowledge of English wool ) . Giovanni noted that the rise of the Florentine wool industry in the 13th century came about with this shift from producing a mass of cheap woolen products to high @-@ margin luxury fabrics produced in limited qualities with high demand .
The guild of the Arte di Calimala ( importers , refinishers , and sellers of French and Transalpine cloth ) annually imported 10 @,@ 000 pieces of cloth worth 300 @,@ 000 gold florins ; these were sold on the streets of Florence , while a large but unknown amount was exported back out of Florence . There was a large flux of international traders entering Florence , so much so that Villani states all attempts at creating market fairs in the early 14th century failed because " there always is a market in Florence . "
= = = Knights and the ordinances = = =
Villani states that there were only 75 full @-@ dress knights in his day and not 250 knights as in the previous government of Florence , because the popular second government denied the magnates much of their authority and status , " hence few persons were knighted . " In 1293 , new city ordinances were passed that stated anyone who did not belong to a guild or a council of the captain of the people were to be barred from serving as priors , standard @-@ bearers of justice , or judges . This effectively excluded the powerful magnates of the city from holding important offices , while a prison for magnates was built in 1294 , and Giovanni Villani writes that the first magnates punished for failing to adhere to these ordinances were the Galli .
= = Legacy = =
The Nuova Cronica by Villani stands as a milestone achievement in the history of European chronicles . Mark Phillips writes that Villani 's account provided the basis for the historical works of Leonardo Bruni and Niccolò Machiavelli . Villani 's extensive work has also allowed for greater study of his contemporary Dante Alighieri by modern historians . Yet the Nuova Cronica also has its limitations , mostly with relying on inaccurate accounts of eras preceding its compilation . Earlier chronicles , such as the Chronica de origine civitatis of 1231 , provided little substantive or factual material , relying instead on legendary accounts and not venturing to analyze their historicity or question their validity . The historian Nicolai Rubinstein called Villani 's chronicle a much more " mature expression " of validated Florentine history , yet Villani still relied on the Chronica de origine civitatis for covering events of Florence 's earliest history ; hence he adopted some of the highly questionable legendary accounts as true historical events . Although Villani 's work is most reliable when it comes to historical events that occurred within his lifetime , there are some factual errors even in the contemporary biographies he presented . Kenneth R. Bartlett writes that Villani 's interest and elaboration in economic details , statistical information , and political and psychological insight signifies him as a more modern late medieval chronicler of Europe . However , he adds that Villani 's reliance upon divine providence aligned him more with the medieval tradition of chroniclers than the more credible historians of the Renaissance .
= Proto @-@ globalization =
Proto @-@ globalization or early modern globalization is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800 , following the period of archaic globalization . First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly , the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so @-@ called " modern globalization " in the 19th century .
Proto @-@ globalization distinguished itself from modern globalization on the basis of expansionism , the method of managing global trade , and the level of information exchange . The period of proto @-@ globalization is marked by such trade arrangements as the East India Company , the shift of hegemony to Western Europe , the rise of larger @-@ scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the Thirty Year War , and a rise of new commodities — most particularly slave trade . The Triangular Trade made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the western hemisphere . The transfer of plant and animal crops and epidemic diseases associated with Alfred Crosby 's concept of The Columbian Exchange also played a central role in this process . Proto @-@ globalization trade and communications involved a vast group including European , Muslim , Indian , Southeast Asian and Chinese merchants , particularly in the Indian Ocean region .
The transition from proto @-@ globalization to modern globalization was marked with a more complex global network based on both capitalistic and technological exchange ; however , it led to a significant collapse in cultural exchange .
= = Description = =
Although the 17th and 18th centuries saw a rise in Western Imperialism in the world system , the period of Proto @-@ globalization involved increased interaction between Western Europe and the systems that had formed between nations in East Asia and the Middle East . Proto @-@ globalization was a period of reconciling the governments and traditional systems of individual nations , world regions , and religions with the " new world order " of global trade , imperialism and political alliances , what historian A.G. Hopkins called " the product of the contemporary world and the product of distant past . "
According to Hopkins , " globalization remains an incomplete process : it promotes fragmentation as well as uniformity ; it may recede as well as advance ; its geographical scope may exhibit a strong regional bias ; its future direction and speed cannot be predicted with confidence — and certainly not by presuming that it has an ' inner logic ' of its own . Before proto @-@ globalization , globalizing networks were the product of " great kings and warriors searching for wealth and honor in fabulous lands , by religious wanderers , ... and by merchant princes " . Proto @-@ globalization held on to and matured many aspects of archaic globalization such as the importance of cities , migrants , and specialization of labor .
Proto @-@ globalization was also marked by two main political and economic developments : " the reconfiguration of the state systems , and the growth of finance , services , and pre @-@ industrial manufacturing " . A number of states at the time began to " strengthen their connections between territory , taxation , and sovereignty " despite their continuing monopoly of loyalties from their citizens . The process of globalization during this time was heavily focused on material world and the labor needed for its production . The proto @-@ globalization period was a time of " improved efficiency in the transactions sector " with the generation of goods such as sugar , tobacco , tea , coffee , and opium unlike anything the archaic globalization possessed . The improvement of economic management also spread to the expansion of transportation which created a complex set of connection between the West and East . The expansion of trade routes led to the " green revolution " based on the plantation system and slave exportation from Africa .
= = Precursors = =
During the pre @-@ modern era early forms of globalization were already beginning to affect a world system , marking a period that historian A. G. Hopkins has called archaic globalization . The world system leading up to proto @-@ globalization was one that hinged on one or more hegemonic powers assimilating neighboring cultures into their political system , waging war on other nations , and dominating world trade .
A major hegemony in archaic globalization was the Roman Empire , which united the Greater Mediterranean Area and Western Europe through a long @-@ running series of military and political campaigns expanding the Roman system of government and Roman values to more underdeveloped areas . Conquered areas became provinces of the empire and Roman military outposts in the provinces became cities with structures designed by the best Roman architects , which hastened the spread of Rome 's " modern " way of life while absorbing the traditions and beliefs of these native cultures . Nationalist ideology as well as propaganda supporting the Roman Army and military success , bravery , and valor also strengthened the Roman Empire 's spread across Western Europe and the Mediterranean Area . The Roman Empire 's well @-@ built aqueducts and cities and sturdy , effective naval fleets , ships and an organized system of paved roads also facilitated fast , easy travel and better networking and trade with neighboring nations and the provinces .
During the Han dynasty under Han Wudi ( 141 – 87 BCE ) , the Chinese government united and became powerful enough that China began to successfully indulge in imperialistic endeavors with its neighboring nations in East Asia . Han China 's imperialism was a peaceful tributary system , which focused mainly on diplomatic and trade relations . The growth of the Han Empire facilitated trade and cultural exchange with virtually all of the known world as reached from Asia , and Chinese silks spread through Asia and Inner Asia and even to Rome . The early T 'ang dynasty saw China as even more responsive to foreign influence and the T 'ang dynasty becoming a great empire . Overseas trade with India and the Middle East grew rapidly , and China 's East and Southern Coasts , once distant and unimportant regions , gradually became chief areas of foreign trade . During the Song Dynasty China 's navy became more powerful thanks to technological improvements in shipbuilding and navigation , and China 's maritime commerce also increased exponentially .
China 's power began to decline in the 16th century when the rulers of the subsequent Ming Dynastyneglected the importance of China 's trade from sea power . The Ming rulers let China 's naval dominance and its grip on the Spice trade slacken , and the European powers stepped in . Portugal , with its technological advances in naval architecture , weaponry , seamanship and navigation , took over the Spice Trade and subdued China 's navy . With this , European Imperialism and the age of European Hegemony was beginning , although China still retained power of many of its areas of trade .
= = Changes in trade systems = =
One of the most significant differences between proto @-@ globalization and archaic globalization was the switch from inter @-@ nation trading of rarities to the trading of commodities . During the 12th and 13th centuries it was common to trade items that were foreign and rare to different cultures . A popular trade during archaic globalization involved European merchants sailing to areas of India or China in order to purchase luxury items such as porcelain , silk and spices . Traders of the pre @-@ modern period also traded drugs and certain foods such as sugar cane and other crops . While these items were not rarities as such , the drugs and food traded were valued for the health and function of the human body . It was more common during proto @-@ globalization to trade various commodities such as cotton , rice and tobacco . The shift into proto @-@ globalization trade signified the " emergence of the modern international order " and the development of early capitalist expansion which began in the Atlantic during the 17th century and spread throughout the world by 1830 .
= = = Atlantic slave trade = = =
One of the main reasons for the rise of commodities was the rise in the slave trade , specifically the Atlantic slave trade .
The use of slaves prior to the 15th century was only a minor practice in the labor force and was not crucial in the development of products and goods ; but , due to labor shortage , the use of slaves rose . After 1500 , the settlement of island despots and plantation centers in Sao Tome began trade relations with the Kingdom of the Kongo , which brought West Central Africa into the Atlantic Slave Trade . The Portuguese maintained an export of slaves from Agadir , an Atlantic port , which they maintained for most of the early 16th century . Also the Portuguese settlement of the Brazilian subcontinent allowed the opening of the American slave market and slaves were shipped from Sao Tome directly to America . The Europeans also took use of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the first half of the century . The European slave ships took their slaves to the Iberian Peninsula , however slave owners in Europe were only seen in wealthy , aristocrat families due to the high costs of slaves and the cheap peasant labor available for agricultural uses , and as its name implies the first use of the African @-@ American slaves in plantation work arose in the Atlantic islands not in the continental Europe . Approximately 10 @.@ 2 million Africans survived the Atlantic crossing between 1450 and 1870 . The large slave population thrived due to the demand for production from the Europeans who found it cheaper to import crops and goods rather than produce them on their own .
Many wars were fought during the 17th century between the slave trading companies for areas that were economically dependent on slaves . The West India Company gained many slaves through these wars ( specifically with Portugal ) by captains who had captured enemy ships ; between 1623 and 1637 , 2 @,@ 336 were captured and sold in the New World by the West India Company . The selling of slaves to the New World opened up trading posts in North America ; the Dutch opened their first on Manhattan Island in 1613 . The West India Company had also opened a trading post in the Caribbean and the company was also carrying slaves to a colony of New Netherland . The use of slaves had many benefits to the economies and productions in the areas of trade . The emergent rise of coffee , tea , and chocolate in Europe led to the demand for the production of sugar ; 70 percent of slaves were used solely for the labor @-@ intensive production of crop . Slave trade was also beneficial to the trade voyages , because the constant sailing allowed investors to buy small shares of many ships at the same time . Hopkin states that many scholars , him among them , argue that slave trade was essential to the wealth of many nations , during and after proto @-@ globalization , and without the trade production would have plummeted . The investment in ships and nautical technology was the catalyst to the complex trade networks developed throughout proto @-@ globalization and into modern globalization .
= = = Plantation economy = = =
Consequently , the rise of slavery was due to the increasing rise of crops being produced and traded , more specifically the rise of the plantation economy The rise of the plantations was the main reason for the trade of commodities during proto @-@ globalization . Plantations were used by the exporting countries ( mainly America ) to grow the raw materials needed to manufacture the goods which were traded back into the plantation economy . Commodities that grew in trade due to the plantation economy were mainly tobacco , cotton , sugar cane , and rubber .
= = = = Tobacco = = = =
During the second half of the 16th century , Europeans ' interest in the New World revolved around gold and silver and not tobacco . The European lack of interest in tobacco was due to the fact that the Amerindians controlled the tobacco industry ; as long as the Amerindians controlled the supply there was no need for the incorporation in European commercial capitalism .
The trading of tobacco was a new commodity and was in high popular demand in the 17th century due to the rise of the plantations . Tobacco began to be used a monetary standard , which is why the term " cash crop " was originated . The first export of tobacco from the then @-@ colonies of the United States ( specifically Virginia ) to London showed fortunes in the English enterprise and by 1627 , the Virginia tobacco was being shipped to London at 500 @,@ 000 pounds a shipment . By 1637 , tobacco had become the colony 's currency and by 1639 Maryland was exporting 100 @,@ 000 pounds of tobacco to London . English success with the production of tobacco caught the attention of many Europeans , specifically those colonized on Martinique and Guadeloupe , French islands . These islands soon became wealthy due to the tobacco production and by 1671 roughly one @-@ third of the acreage devoted to the cash crops grown for the islands were for tobacco . While the cultivation of tobacco thrived , production saw severe depressions in later years due to the profits made from sugar . According to an account of the Barbadian exports 82 percent of the island 's export value was due to sugar and less than one percent was accounted for by tobacco .
= = = = Sugar cane = = = =
Another commodity that was a prominent source of trade was the production of sugar from the crop sugar cane . The original habitat of sugar was in India , where it was taken and planted in various islands . Once reaching to the people of the Iberian Peninsula , it was further migrated across the Atlantic Ocean . In the 16th century , the first plantations of sugar were started in the New World , marking the last great stage of migration of the cane to the West . Because of the conflict of transporting sugar in its raw form , sugar was not associated with commerce until the act of refining it came into play ; this act became the center for industry . Venice was the center for refining during the Middle Ages , therefore making them the chief traders of sugar . Although , the Spanish and Portuguese held the monopolies of the sugar cane fields in America , they were being supplied by Venice . In the 17th century , England dominated Venice and became the center for refining and cultivating sugar ; this leadership was maintained until the rise of French industry . Sugar throughout the 17th century was still considered a luxury until the latter half of the 17th century when the sugar was being produced in mass quantities making it available to the mass of the English people . This turn of events made the sugar a commodity , because the crop was not being used in only special occasion , but in all daily meals .
= = Hostilities , war , and imperialism = =
Proto @-@ globalization differed from modern globalization in the practices of expansionism , methods of managing global trade , finances , as well as commercial innovation . With the shift of expansionism by large nations to Western Europe , nations began competing in an effort to achieve world domination . The rise of larger @-@ scale conflicts between these powerful nations over expanding their wealth led to nations taking control over one another ’ s territory and then moving products and the accumulated wealth of these conquered regions back to the sovereign country . Although conflicts occurred throughout the world between 1600 and 1800 , European powers found themselves far more equipped to handle the pressures of war . A quote by Christopher Alan Bayly gives a better interpretation of these advantages by stating , " Europeans became much better at killing people . The savage European ideological wars of the 17th century had created links between war , finance , and commercial innovation which extended all these gains . It gave the Continent a brute advantage in world conflicts which broke out in the 18th century . Western European warfare was peculiarly complicated and expensive , partly because it was amphibious . " These battle @-@ tested nations fought for their own needs , but in reality their success increased European advancement in the global market . Each of the following sections will shed light on the history of several key engagements . Whether a war was religious or commercial , its impact was greatly felt throughout the world . British victories during the Anglo @-@ Dutch Wars led to their dominance in commercial shipping and naval power . The stage was set for future conflicts between Britain and foreign nations , as well as domestic frustration with “ the motherland ” on the North American continent . The French and Indian War , fought between the European powers of France and England , led to a British victory and resulted in continued dominance in maritime enterprise . The American Revolutionary War marked the beginning of the power shift for control over foreign markets .
= = = English Civil War = = =
The English Civil War was a battle over not only religious and political beliefs , but also economic and social as well . This war was between Parliamentarians and Royalists and took place from 1642 to 1651 , but was broken into several separate engagements . Charles I and his supporters experienced the first two periods of the war , which resulted in King Charles I dissolving Parliament , which would not be called into session again for over ten years . Reasons for this dismissal were because supporters of Long Parliament tried to install two resolutions into English law . One called for consequences against individuals that taxed without the consent of Parliament and labeled them as enemies of England , while the other stated that innovations in religion would result in the same tag . Each of these policies was aimed at Charles I , in that he was inferior leader as well as a supporter of Catholicism . This prompted the Puritan Revolt and eventually led to the trial and execution of Charles I for treason . The final stage of the English Civil War came in 1649 , and lasted until 1651 . This time , King Charles II , the son of Charles I led supporters against Parliament . The Battle of Worcester , which took place in 1651 , marked the end of the English Civil War . Charles II and other royalist forces were defeated by Parliamentarians and their leader Oliver Cromwell . This war began to take England in different directions regarding religious and political beliefs as well as economic and social . Also , the war constitutionally established that no British monarch was permitted to rule without first having been approved by Parliament .
= = = Anglo @-@ Dutch War = = =
The Anglo @-@ Dutch War was a naval conflict between England and the Dutch Republic from 1652 to 1654 and was over the competition in commercial maritime and was focused mainly in the East Indies . The first Navigation Act , which forbade the import of goods unless they were transported either in English vessels or by vessels from the country of origin . This was a policy aimed against the Dutch , and fighting broke out on May 19 , 1652 with a small skirmish between Dutch and English fleets . The War officially began in July and fighting continued for two years . The Battle of Scheveningen which is also referred to as Texel was the end of serious fighting in the war and took place in July 1653 . The Treaty of Westminster was signed in April 1654 ending the war and obligated the Dutch Republic to respect the Navigation Act as well as compensate England for the war .
= = = French and Indian War = = =
The French and Indian War was between the nations of Great Britain and France , along with the numerous Native American Nations allied with both . The French and Indian war was the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War being fought in Europe at the time . Growing population in British territory throughout North America forced expansion west ; however , this was met with resistance from the French and their Native American allies . French forces began entering British territory , building numerous forts in preparation to defend the newly acquired land . The beginning of the war favored the French and their Native American allies , who were able to defeat British forces time and again , and it was not until 1756 that the British were able to hold off their opposition . Pittsburgh was a center for fighting during the French and Indian War , namely because of the geographical location at the center where three rivers unite : the Allegheny , the Monongahela and the Ohio . The location of present @-@ day Pittsburgh provided an advantage in naval control . Ownership of this point provided not only naval dominance , but it also expanded economic ventures , enabling shipments to be sent and received with relative ease . French and British forces both claimed ownership to this region ; the French installing Fort Duquesne and the British with Fort Pitt . Fort Pitt was established in 1758 after French forces abandoned and destroyed Fort Duquesne . The French and Indian War came to an end in 1763 , after British forces were able to secure Quebec and Montreal from the French and on February 10 , the Treaty of Paris was signed . The French were forced to surrender their territory in North America , giving England control all the way to the Mississippi River . The effects of this war were heavily felt in the North American British colonies . England imposed many taxes on colonists in order to control the newly acquired territory . These tensions would soon culminate into a war for independence as well as a shift in power for dominance in the economic world .
= = = American Revolutionary War = = =
The American Revolutionary War was a war between the nation of England and the 13 colonies in the North American continent . This war lasted from 1775 to 1783 and began with the Battle of Bunker Hill , where over 1 @,@ 150 British soldiers were killed or wounded . This equated to almost half of the entire British army that were present at the engagement . American casualties were far less severe , totaling an estimated at 450 killed and wounded . The British , however , were able to take the ground and push the newly formed Continental Army back to the city of Boston , which also soon fell to British forces . Before the Battle of Bunker Hill , the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April , 1775 , saw British troops begin their assault into the American colonies . British troops were searching for colonist supply depots , however , were met by heavy resistance and the British forces were turned around at Concord by outnumbering Minutemen forces . On July 4 , 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress and officially declared the colonies of North America to be a sovereign nation , free from England ’ s rule . Also , the Congress permitted funding for a Continental Army , which is the first instance of an American political body handling military affairs . The British were dominating in the beginning of the war , holding off Continental regulars and militia and gaining vast amounts of territory throughout North America . However , the tide began to turn for the colonists in 1777 with their first major victory over British forces at the Battle of Saratoga . Victory for the rest of the war pushed back and forth between the British and colonists , but the alliance with France in 1778 by the American colonists leveled the playing field and aided in the final push for the defeat of the British Army and Navy . In 1781 , American and French forces were able to trap the escaping southern British Army at Yorktown , thus ending the major fighting of the Revolution . The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 , and recognized the American colonies as an independent nation . The newly formed United States would undergo numerous transitions to becoming one of the top economic and military powers in the world .
= = Treaties and agreements = =
Much of the trading during the proto @-@ globalization time period was regulated by Europe . Globalization from an economic standpoint relied on the East India Company . The East India Company was a number of enterprises formed in western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries , initially created to further trade in the East Indies . The company controlled trading from India to East and Southeast Asia .
One of the key contributors to globalization was the Triangular Trade and how it connected the world . The Triangular Trade or Triangle Trade was a system used to connect three areas of the world through trade . Once traded , items and goods were shipped to other parts of the world , making the triangle trade a key to global trade . The Triangle Trade system was run by Europeans , increasing their global power .
Europeans would sail to the West African coast and trade African kings manufactured goods ( rifles and ammunition ) for slave . From there slaves would be sent to the West Indies or the east coast of North America to be used for labor . Goods such as cotton , molasses , sugar , tobacco would be sent from these places back to Europe . Europe would also use their goods and trade with Asian countries for tea , cloth and spices . The triangle trade in a sense was an agreement for established trade routes , that led to greater global integration , which ultimately contributed to globalization .
Along with the control Europe gained , as far as global trade , came several treaties and laws . In 1773 , the Regulating Act was passed , regulating affairs of the company in India and London . In 1748 , the Treaty of Aix @-@ la @-@ Chapelle ended the War of the Austrian Succession , but failed to settle the commercial struggle between England and France in the West Indies , Africa and India . The treaty was an attempt at regulating trade and market expansion between the two regions , but was ultimately unsuccessful .
Globalization at this time was hindered by war , diseases and population growth in certain areas . The Corn Laws were established to regulate imports and exports of grains in England , thus restricting trade and the expansion of globalization . The Corn Crop Laws hindered the market economy and globalization based on tariffs and import restrictions . Eventually , the Ricardian theory of economics became prominent and allowed for improved trade regulations , specifically with Portugal .
= = Transition into modern globalization = =
According to Sebastian Conrad , proto @-@ globalization is marked with a “ rise of national chauvinism , racism , Social Darwinism , and genocidal thinking ” which came to be with relations to the “ establishment of a world economy ” . Beginning in the 1870s , the global trade cycle started to cement itself so that more nations ' economies depended on one another than in any previous era . Domino effects in this new world trade cycle lead to both worldwide recessions and world economic booms . Modelski describes the late period of proto @-@ globalization as a " thick range of global networks extending throughout the world at high speed and covering all components of society " . By the 1750s , Europe , Africa , Asia , and America 's contact had grown into a stable multilateral interdependency which was echoed in the modern globalization period .
= = = Shift in capital = = =
Although the North Atlantic World dominated the global system before proto @-@ globalization , a more " multipolar global economy " started taking form around the early 19th century , and capital was becoming highly mobile . By the end of the 19th century , British capital wealth was 17 % overseas , and the level of capital invested overseas nearly doubled by 1913 to 33 % . Germany invested one @-@ fifth of their total domestic savings in 1880 , and , like Britain , increased their wealth tremendously in the early 20th century . The net foreign investment of total domestic savings abroad was 35 % in 1860 , 47 % in 1880 , and 53 % in the years prior to the Great War . Global investments were taking a steady rise throughout societies , and those able to invest thrust more and more of their domestic savings into international investments .
The ability to mobilize capital was due to the development of the Industrial Revolution and the beginnings of mechanical production ( most prominent in Great Britain ) . During proto @-@ globalization , " merchant capitalists in many societies quickly became aware of potential markets and new producers and began to link them together in new patterns of world trade . The expansion of the slave production and the exploitation of the Americas put Europeans on the top of the economic network . During the modern globalization period , mass production allowed the development of a stronger , more complex global network of trade . Another element of European success between 1750 and 1850 was the limitation and " relative ' failure ' " of the Afro @-@ Asian Industrial Revolution . The movement into modern globalization was marked with the economic drain of capital into Europe .
= = = Shift in culture = = =
Like capital , the end of proto @-@ globalization was filled with mobility of individuals . The time of proto @-@ globalization was one filled with “ mutual influence , hybridization , and cross @-@ cultural entanglement ” . Many historians blame this web of national entanglements and agreements as the cause for the intensity and vast involvement during World War I. Between 1750 @-@ 1880 , the expansion of worldwide integration was influenced by the new capacities in production , transportation , and communication . The end of proto @-@ globalization also marked the final phase of " great domestication " . After the 1650s , the process of regular and intensive agrarian exploitation was complete . Human population began to increase almost exponentially with the end of the great pandemics . At the end of the proto @-@ globalization and the cusp of modern globalization , population began to " recover in Central and South America , " where at the beginning of proto @-@ globalization , European @-@ imported illnesses had savagely decreased indigenous populations . The importation of nutritious varieties from Central and South America created a more fertile and resilient population to forge ahead into modern globalization . The greater population pushed individuals in high populated areas to " spill into less populous forested and grazing lands , and bring them under cultivation " . This development lead to an influx in produce production and exported trade .
Another development that lead to the shift to modern globalization was the development of a more politicized system . Proto @-@ globalization period marked a steady expansion of larger states from the Indonesian islands to northern Scandinava . The settlement of these individuals made it easier for governments to tax , develop an army , labor force , and create a sustainable economy . The development and streamlining of these cultural aspects lead to an increase in peripheral players in the game of globalization . The stable legal institutions developed in the late proto @-@ globalization and early modern globalization period established economic advances , intellectual property rights ( more predominantly in England ) , general geographical stability , and generational societal improvement .
The shift in exchange of technological advancements was another reason for modern globalization . In the early 19th century , European civilizations traveled the world to accumulate an " impressive knowledge about languages , religions , customs , and political orders of other countries . By the end of the 19th century , Europe was no longer receiving any significant technological innovations from Asia .
= = = Shift in global networks = = =
The developed global networks lead to the creation of new networks leading to new production . By 1880 , there was a renewed thrust of European colonial expansion . The shift to modern globalization was slow , overlapping and interacting . Mid @-@ 19th century , noncompeting goods were exchanged between continents and markets for widely used commodities developed . Also , labor was becoming globally integrated . Modern globalization came to be as the movement of general expansion of socio @-@ economic networks became more elaborate . An example of this is the development and establishment of free masonry . The " existing trading networks grew , capital and commodity flows intensified . The permanence of long @-@ term interdependencies was unchanged . By the beginning of the modern globalization period , the European colonial expansion retreats into itself . National societies began to regret the economic integration and attempted to limit the effects . Bayly , Hopkins and others stress that proto @-@ globalization 's transformation into modern globalization was a complex process that took place at different times in different regions , and involved the hold @-@ over of older notions of value and rarity which had their origins in the pre @-@ modern period . Thus leading to the age of economic deglobalization and world wars which ended after 1945 .
= Scary Monsters ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Scary Monsters " is the fourteenth episode of the ninth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It originally aired on the Fox network on April 14 , 2002 . It was written by Thomas Schnauz and directed by Dwight H. Little . The episode is a " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week " episode , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the mythology , or overarching fictional history , of The X @-@ Files . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 5 @.@ 1 and was viewed by 8 @.@ 2 million viewers in its initial broadcast . It received mixed to positive reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . In this episode , Special Agent Leyla Harrison ( Jolie Jenkins ) takes Reyes and Doggett on a drive into the mountains after a woman stabs herself repeatedly and her widowed husband refuses to let anyone see their son . The three soon discover that the boy 's imagination can bring killer bug @-@ like creatures to life .
The idea for " Scary Monsters " stemmed from an idea that became the episode 's teaser . Fellow writer Vince Gilligan suggested making Tommy the episode 's villain . Originally , the story featured Doggett and Reyes investigating the case with a new agent . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz suggested to Schnauz that the new FBI agent should be Leyla Harrison , played by Jolie Jenkins , who had first appeared in the Spotnitz @-@ penned eighth season episode " Alone " . The writing staff used Leyla 's character to comment on the state of the show and , most notably , the members of the audience who preferred Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) over Doggett .
= = Plot = =
In his room in Fairhope , Pennsylvania , Tommy Conlon ( Gavin Fink ) believes he sees a monster reflected in his mirror . He calls for his dad , Jeffrey Conlon ( Scott Paulin ) , who looks under the bed and sees a crawling bug @-@ like creature . He lies to his son and tells him to go back to sleep . Tommy sees the creature again and calls for his dad ; Jeffrey holds the door shut .
Meanwhile , Agent Leyla Harrison ( Jolie Jenkins ) tells Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) about a woman who stabbed herself repeatedly . Harrison insists that the case is an X @-@ File and that the woman was killed by monsters that her son Tommy saw . She also believes that the monster killed the family cat , Spanky . Although Scully dismisses Harrison 's claims , John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) decide to investigate . The three arrive in Fairhope , Pennsylvania where Tommy and Jeffrey are living . The agents talk to Tommy and conclude that something is going on . They soon discover that their car will not start . Back at her apartment , Scully is visited by Gabe Rotter ( Brian Poth ) , a potential suitor of Harrison 's . He presents Scully with the corpse of Spanky . Scully does an ad hoc necropsy and concludes that the cat bit its stomach open to try to get something out . She also discovers a cavity , where it appears something had lived inside the cat .
Doggett , Reyes , and Harrison camp out at the Conlon 's house and soon stumble upon the monsters that Tommy sees : insect @-@ like creatures that divide in half if shot by bullets . The local sheriff ( Steve Ryan ) arrives , alerted by Scully , but a scuffle ensues . The sheriff draws a gun , and Doggett punches him , only to have his hand go completely through the man 's chest . Upon investigation , Reyes is unable to find any organs in the man 's body . Tommy soon shows Reyes the pictures he has been drawing . They include the insect creatures , the sheriff with a gun , and Reyes with an insect creature bursting out of her stomach .
Suddenly , the sheriff 's body disappears , and Reyes doubles over in pain . Doggett and Harrison pull up her shirt to reveal bulges in her stomach , as if something is trying to get out . Harrison then begins to bleed from her eyes . Doggett is tricked into falling into a blackened abyss , where he is attacked by the insects , but , due to his skepticism , he is able to fight off the illusions . He explains to Jeffrey that all of the creatures are imaginary and are produced by Tommy 's imagination . This includes the bugs , as well as the " sheriff " who had no organs . Jeffrey 's wife and their cat Spanky killed themselves trying to remove the insect creatures , believing they were real .
Doggett manages to trick and subdue Tommy — by pretending to set the house on fire — and Tommy is transported to a psychiatric ward , where his imagination is stifled by watching several televisions all at the same time .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Scary Monsters " was written by Thomas Schnauz , who had previously penned the ninth season episode " Lord of the Flies " . The entry was directed by Dwight H. Little , his first and only directing credit for the series . Schnauz later admitted that his inspiration for the episode was " basically panic " . He explained that the writing staff needed to get the script done as quickly as possibly , but Schnauz only had the teaser conceived . When he went to pitch it , he even had a " whole other story that wasn 't working . " Fellow writer Vince Gilligan suggested that Shnauz make the child the root of the all of the episode 's problems . However , the writing staff did not want the story to develop into a " kid @-@ in @-@ the @-@ cornfield " territory , according to Gilligan — a reference to a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone wherein a monster @-@ child can control the world through his mental powers . Eventually , when the writers began to piece the script together , they realized that they needed a villain , and the only character that could play the part would be Tommy .
= = = Filming = = =
Schnauz 's original story featured Doggett and Reyes investigating the case with a new agent . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz suggested to Schnauz that the new FBI agent should be Leyla Harrison , played by Jolie Jenkins . Harrison had first appeared in the Spotnitz @-@ penned eighth season episode " Alone " . Jenkins ' character was created and named in memory of a The X @-@ Files internet fan and prolific writer of fan fiction of the same name , who had died of cancer on February 10 , 2001 . Jenkins ' characterization , according to Spotnitz , brought out the " Clint [ Eastwood ] " in Robert Patrick 's character John Doggett and her performance was called " near perfection " by Spotnitz during the audio commentary for " Alone " . Near the end of " Scary Monsters " , Leyla and Gabe Rotter were supposed to walk off @-@ screen , holding hands , which prompted series director Kim Manners to sardonically ask " when did this turn into the fucking Brady Bunch ? " The sequence was subsequently cut .
The writing staff used Leyla 's character to comment on the state of the show and , most notably , the members of the audience who preferred Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) over Doggett . Due to Harrison 's extensive knowledge of the X @-@ Files , the episode contains several references to previous episodes . Harrison suggests early on that Doggett and Reyes may be dealing with a person capable of channeling electricity , a reference to the third season entry " D.P.O. " Doggett later suggests that the three of them may be experiencing some sort of hallucination , and cites the events in the sixth season episode " Field Trip " as an example . Furthermore , when Tommy shows Reyes his drawing , he tells her " I made this " , a potential reference to the tagline at the end of every Ten Thirteen Production .
During the filming of the episode , The X @-@ Files was canceled by the Fox network , meaning that the show would not return for a tenth season . Robert Patrick explained that series creator Chris Carter watched him film a scene — an act which he had reportedly not done since Patrick had been hired in 2000 — and then informed him of the show 's cancellation . Patrick noted that Fox 's new show 24 was being heavily promoted instead of The X @-@ Files , an act which he felt was like being " abandoned by Fox " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Scary Monsters " originally aired in the United States on the Fox network on April 14 , 2002 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on February 16 , 2003 . The episode 's initial broadcast was viewed by approximately 5 @.@ 4 million households and 8 @.@ 2 million viewers , making it the fifty @-@ seventh most watched episode of television that aired during the week ending January 27 . " Scary Monsters " earned a Nielsen household rating of 5 @.@ 1 , meaning that it was seen by 5 @.@ 1 % of the nation 's estimated households .
The episode received mixed to positive reviews from television critics . Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity awarded the episode a " C – " grade . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it an 8 out of 10 . He wrote , " Overall , this was a very enjoyable and balanced episode . It gave us the scares , the humor , and the layered commentary that we had come to expect from the series . With only five episodes to go , it ’ s the perfect time for 1013 to be giving the series a good bit of resolution , even if it ’ s more metaphorical than actual . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five . The two enjoyed Schnauz 's script , calling it " better than most " of season nine 's episodes , and noted that he wrote it with " pace and wit " . They noted , however , that the entry 's self @-@ references " feel like carping [ … ] at the audience who are still left to complain . " Despite this , Shearman and Pearson also positively critiqued several of the episode 's juxtapositions , such as the scene featuring Scully performing an autopsy on a cat while wearing a kitchen apron that says " something smells goooood " , calling them " the funniest of the season " . M.A. Crang , in his book Denying the Truth : Revisiting The X @-@ Files after 9 / 11 , called the episode a " solid little entry " , saying that it was a " nice spin on the isolation stories that the series has always done so effectively " .
= Music of the Front Mission series =
Front Mission is a series of tactical role @-@ playing games produced by Square Enix ( originally Square ) . The music of the series includes the soundtracks to the main series , composed of Front Mission through Front Mission 5 : Scars of the War , as well as the spin @-@ off games , which include Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard , Front Mission Alternative , Front Mission : Online , Front Mission 2089 and its remake Front Mission 2089 : Border of Madness , Front Mission 2089 @-@ II , and Front Mission Evolved . The soundtracks of the series ' installments have been released in album form in Japan , with the exceptions of 2089 , 2089 @-@ II , and Border of Madness , which reuse music from the other installments , and Evolved , which was published in 2010 . The soundtrack to Front Mission was released in 1995 by NTT Publishing , which also published the soundtrack to Front Mission : Gun Hazard in 1996 . DigiCube published soundtrack albums for Front Mission 2 and Alternative in 1997 and 3 in 1999 . Square Enix published the albums for Front Mission 4 in 2004 , and 5 and Online in 2006 .
The soundtracks of the series have been warmly reviewed by critics , especially those of the main series and Gun Hazard . The music of Alternative and Online was less well received . The music of the series typically includes a fusion of electronic and orchestral music , though each game and composer in the series has taken the music in different directions . The composers for the series have included Yoko Shimomura , Noriko Matsueda , Koji Hayama , Hayato Matsuo , Hidenori Iwasaki , and Garry Schyman . A box set of music from across the series is currently planned , but has not yet been formally announced or given a release date .
= = Main series = =
= = = Front Mission = = =
Front Mission Original Sound Version is a soundtrack album which contains music from Front Mission , the first game in the series . The tracks were composed by Yoko Shimomura and Noriko Matsueda ; Shimomura penned the action themes while Matsueda handled the calmer tracks . The game was the first soundtrack that Matsueda had composed . Shimomura , a veteran of over a dozen games , was already at the time busy composing the soundtrack for Super Mario RPG but found herself unable to refuse to work on Front Mission after being asked by Sakaguchi to co @-@ compose the music . Shimomura feels that the soundtrack turned out to be very " passionate " due to the two composers ' motivation . The album has been described as containing a mix of techno and smooth jazz . The album was published by NTT Publishing on February 25 , 1995 with the catalog number PSCN @-@ 5019 , and was reprinted on October 1 , 2004 with the catalog number NTCP @-@ 5019 . The album contains 42 tracks and covers a duration of 1 : 08 : 17 .
The album was well received by critics such as Daniel Kalabakov of RPGFan , who claimed that it was his favorite Super Nintendo Entertainment System @-@ era Square soundtrack , primarily due to the mixture of techno and jazz . He preferred Shimomura 's techno tracks , but enjoyed the way the two styles mixed together . Kero Hazel of Square Enix Music Online similarly praised the mix of the two styles , though he criticized the sound quality of the album and stated that the album would have been improved by using real instruments rather than synthesized ones .
In 2003 , Front Mission was re @-@ released for the PlayStation as Front Mission 1st , and a corresponding promotional sound track album was released as Front Mission 1st Special BGM Selection . The nine @-@ track album contains eight tracks by Shimomura and Matsueda , arranged by Hidenori Iwasaki , and one new track by Iwasaki out of the five he composed for the remake . It was published by Square Enix on October 23 , 2003 with the catalog number FM1 @-@ DA , and has a total length of 18 : 25 . Patrick Gann of RPGFan described the album as a good sampler for the full soundtrack , and claimed that it had slightly better sound quality . He also felt that the new track was a good addition to the rest . Dave of Square Enix Music Online agreed with these praises , though he felt that the large amount of overlap between the promotional disc and the full soundtrack made its purchase not worthwhile .
Track list
= = = Front Mission 2 = = =
The soundtrack of Front Mission 2 , the second game of the main series and the third game released after Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard , was composed by Noriko Matsueda . It was her second solo video game soundtrack , after Bahamut Lagoon , and the fourth soundtrack she had worked on . The music of the game differs from that of its prequel in that it " incorporates an atmospheric , airy sound " , and does not include pieces like Shimomura 's techno tracks from the first game . An album of music from the game , titled Front Mission 2 Original Soundtrack , was released by DigiCube on September 21 , 1997 . The 43 @-@ track , 1 : 15 : 45 @-@ long album has a catalog number of SSCX @-@ 10011 , and a limited edition of the soundtrack was also released .
The album was well received by critics . A reviewer from RPGFan termed it an " excellent soundtrack " that kept the feel of the first game . Kero Hazel of Square Enix Music Online felt similarly about the album . They noted that the soundtrack had enough thematic ties to the first game 's music to connect the two games without losing originality , and concluded that it was superior to the already good Front Mission soundtrack .
= = = Front Mission 3 = = =
The soundtrack of Front Mission 3 , the third game of the main series and the fifth game of the total series , was composed by Koji Hayama and Hayato Matsuo , with one track contributed by Shigeki . Matsuo handled the orchestral pieces , while Hayama worked on the techno ones . The pieces were performed with synthesizers that were designed to sound like higher @-@ quality versions of the types of sounds used in the original Front Mission , rather than sounding more like the actual instruments they represented . Hayama worked for Square as an in @-@ house composer prior to the game , and was the one who invited Matsuo , who was an independent composer , to meet the sound team and work on the game . An album of music from the game , titled Front Mission 3 Original Soundtrack , was released by DigiCube on September 22 , 1999 . The two @-@ disc album has 47 tracks , is 2 : 30 : 00 long , and has a catalog number of SSCX @-@ 10035 .
The album was well received by critics such as Kero Hazel of Square Enix Music Online , who noted that the synthesizer effects tied the music back stylistically to that of the original game , and applauded the contributions by both composers . A reviewer from RPGFan agreed , though he was more impressed with Hayama 's pieces than those of Mats
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
modern classic " .
Reviewing the Telugu version , Sathyame Sivam , Jeevi of Idlebrain.com said that " this art @-@ kind @-@ of film does entertain the people who love Kamal Hassan flicks " while concluding that it " would remain as one of the good films made in the recent times " . Another critic from The Hindu , Gudipoodi Srihari , appreciated the pair of Haasan and Madhavan , noting that the duo " make a fine combination of pals each with different mental make up , but goodness overflowing . " A reviewer from Sify , in comparison , labelled the film as " average " , stating that it was " another predictable and corny film which is neither a comedy caper nor a class act . " Similarly , Arkay of Rediff.com praised the performances of the lead cast but wrote the film " tries to do too many things , and ends up failing at most , if not all , of them . "
Additionally , the film has been criticised for carrying much anti @-@ Hindu bias with a pro @-@ Christian tilt .
= = = Box office = = =
During the first week of its theatrical run , an analysis by Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu showed the film to have grossed ₹ 13 @.@ 1 million in Chennai alone . Despite this , the film underperformed at the box office and incurred heavy losses for Lakshmi Movie Makers , effectively stopping them from investing in other ventures for the year 2003 . An estimate by D. Govardan of The Economic Times places the losses at ₹ 65 million , while Arun Ram of India Today states the losses incurred to be ₹ 50 million . Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Times of India compared the film 's failure at the box office to that of Baba . Both K. Muralitharan and Haasan defended the film 's failure by blaming video piracy , with the latter stating that " lots of people saw it , but they didn 't pay " . Sundar C. revealed that due to the failure of Anbe Sivam , he did not have any chance to direct further films , his bank accounts were blocked , and he remained unpaid for his work .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = Legacy = =
Following its release , Anbe Sivam has attained cult status in Tamil cinema and receives re @-@ runs on television channels . Baradwaj Rangan wrote that Anbe Sivam was " leagues ahead of the average Tamil – why , even Indian – film " , though he felt that " the masses were unwilling to accept the experimental nature of the film " , while talking about the film 's box office failure . During his acceptance speech after winning the Vijay Award for Best Director in 2010 for Naan Kadavul ( 2009 ) , director Bala revealed that a scene in Anbe Sivam where Kamal Haasan says to Madhavan , " when we love others unconditionally without any expectation , we become Gods " , inspired him to make his film . Bala also made a reference to Anbe Sivam in his 2003 film , Pithamagan , in a scene where Suriya 's character goes for a screening of the film with his friends .
In 2008 S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu listed Anbe Sivam among the " top five directorial ventures of Sundar C. " In 2013 Haricharan Pudipeddi of the Indo @-@ Asian News Service agency , included Anbe Sivam in his list of " Kamal 's most underrated films " . He believed the reason for the film 's commercial failure was that audiences misunderstood the " sarcastic undertones associated with atheism " . On Haasan 's birthday , 7 November 2015 , Latha Srinivasan of Daily News and Analysis considered Anbe Sivam to be one of the " films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan 's repertoire " . The character of Nallasivam was ranked fourth in The Times of India 's list of " Kamal Haasan 's top 10 mind @-@ blowing avatars " .
In Vasool Raja MBBS ( 2004 ) , Vasool Raja ( Kamal Haasan ) , while attending a class says " Anbe Venkatachalam " , to which one of his classmates gently asks him , " isn 't it Anbe Sivam ? " . The street theatre sequence featuring Haasan 's character , Nallasivam , and his friends performing to make people aware of the atrocities committed by Nassar 's character , Kanadasamy Padayatchi , was re @-@ created in Tiruchirappalli in 2008 by Pralayan and his troupe from " Chennai Kalai Kuzhu " under the title Nammal Mudiyum . In contrast , Pralayan 's play explored gender inequality and domestic violence instead of unemployment . Kannada actor Vishnuvardhan noted in 2010 that fellow actor Sudeep 's film Just Maath Maathalli ( 2010 ) bears resemblance to Anbe Sivam . Hari Narayan , writing for The Hindu in 2014 , mentions in his article on the Indian rationalist and author Narendra Dabholkar that Umesh Shukla 's OMG – Oh My God ! ( 2012 ) was " a toned down version of Anbe Sivam where rationality propels humans to find God in themselves , with flaws , which extols the virtue of becoming as much as that of being " . In 2015 Uthiran of The Hindu in Tamil , mentions in his review of Orange Mittai ( 2015 ) that the film 's plot " might remind viewers of Anbe Sivam " .
= Constantine Diogenes =
Constantine Diogenes ( Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος Διογένης ; died 1032 ) was a prominent Byzantine general of the early 11th century , active in the Balkans . He served with distinction in the final stages of the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria under Emperor Basil II , and occupied high commands in the Balkans until his arrest in 1029 , as the result of his participation in a conspiracy against Emperor Romanos III Argyros . Imprisoned and forced to enter a monastery , he committed suicide in 1032 during an inquest on a further conspiracy . He was the father of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes .
= = Biography = =
Constantine Diogenes is the first notable member of the noble Cappadocian Diogenes family , which played an important role in 11th @-@ century Byzantium . Diogenes began his career as a commander of one of the western tagmata during the reign of Basil II ( r . 976 – 1025 ) , in the latter 's campaigns against Bulgaria . In 1014 , he participated in the decisive Byzantine victory at the Battle of Kleidion ( July 29 ) , and he subsequently succeeded Theophylact Botaneiates as commander ( doux ) of Thessalonica with the rank of patrikios , making him the second @-@ most senior general of the Empire in the Balkans after David Arianites . Following the death of Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria in October , Diogenes and Nikephoros Xiphias were dispatched to the region of Moglena as the vanguard of the emperor and the main army . During this campaign , Diogenes constructed the fortress of Mylobos , as attested in a founder 's inscription .
The conquest of Moglena was completed in 1015 or 1016 . In 1017 , Diogenes and David Arianites led troops to plunder the fertile plain of Pelagonia , where they captured many prisoners and livestock . Soon after , Basil II placed Diogenes in charge of the tagmata of the Scholai of the West and of Thessalonica , and tasked him with pursuing Tsar Ivan Vladislav . The Bulgarian ruler set up an ambush for his pursuers , but Basil was informed in time , and led the rest of his troops to Diogenes ' aid , scattering the Bulgarians .
After Ivan Vladislav 's death in February 1018 , Diogenes was charged with mopping up the last remaining centres of Bulgarian resistance . He took Sirmium and was named its commander ( archon ) ; his authority extended over the vassal Serbian statelets of Raška . His title was possibly that of " strategos of Serbia " ( Greek : στρατηγός Σερβίας ) , which is attested in a seal attributed to him . Diogenes was ordered by Basil II to subdue Sermon , the ruler of Sirmium , to consolidate Byzantine control of the northern Balkans . Consequently , Diogenes invited Sermon to a meeting at the estuary of the river Sava in the Danube , where each would only be accompanied by three attendants . Diogenes had hidden his sword in the folds of his clothes , and struck Sermon down . He then marched his army into Sirmium , taking possession of the town . Sermon 's wife was sent as a captive to Constantinople .
Around 1022 or 1025 , Diogenes succeeded Arianites as overall Byzantine commander ( strategos autokrator ) of conquered Bulgaria . In this capacity , he repelled a large Pecheneg invasion in 1027 . The same year , he was withdrawn south to Thessalonica but retained , at least nominally , his role as overall commander , as attested by another seal naming him " anthypatos , patrikios and doux of Thessalonica , Bulgaria and Serbia " .
Diogenes had been married to an anonymous daughter of Basil Argyros , brother of Emperor Romanos III Argyros ( r . 1028 – 1034 ) , but in 1029 he was accused , along with other prominent Balkan generals such as Eustathios Daphnomeles , of conspiring against the emperor with the porphyrogennete princess Theodora . He was transferred east as strategos of the Thracesian Theme but , as soon as his complicity in the affair was confirmed , was recalled to Constantinople . There he was imprisoned , beaten and publicly paraded in the Mese along with the other conspirators , and later tonsured and forced to enter the Stoudios Monastery . Theodora herself was placed in a convent , but she apparently continued to conspire with Diogenes , who planned to take advantage of Romanos 's absence on campaign in the East in 1032 to escape to the Balkans . The plot was leaked to Romanos by Theophanes , metropolitan of Thessalonica , and the conspirators were arrested . Diogenes was brought to the Palace of Blachernae for interrogation by John the Orphanotrophos , but he committed suicide , throwing himself off a wall , rather than confess under torture and implicate his fellow conspirators .
Constantine 's son Romanos Diogenes became a successful general and eventually rose to become emperor in 1068 – 71 .
= Operation Una =
Operation Una ( Croatian : Operacija Una ) was a military offensive conducted by the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) against the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 18 – 19 September 1995 , during the Bosnian War . The operation entailed a crossing of the Una and Sava rivers to establish bridgeheads at Novi Grad , Bosanska Dubica , Bosanska Kostajnica and opposite Jasenovac to allow for a subsequent advance towards Prijedor and Banja Luka .
The operation was planned in a matter of hours following a meeting between Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke , during which Holbrooke urged Tuđman to seize Prijedor and threaten to capture Banja Luka from the VRS , short of actually seizing the city , as he believed such a development would force Bosnian Serb leaders to the negotiating table . Inadequate planning and preparation , combined with flawed military intelligence on the defending force and disregard for the high water level of the Una and Sava rivers , led to a high number of casualties and little success . The offensive was called off one day after it was launched and the bridgeheads were evacuated . The HV ultimately blamed Major General Vinko Vrbanac for its failure . Vrbanac had authorized the offensive instead of deferring to the Chief of the General Staff General Zvonimir Červenko .
Operation Una was the only unsuccessful operation by the HV from a series of offensives which had commenced in November 1994 . It was controversial in the Croatian media , but was generally brushed aside as an aberration from a series of successes . In 2006 , Croatian authorities launched an investigation into alleged war crimes committed by HV soldiers during the operation , in which 40 Serb civilians were killed .
= = Background = =
As the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA ) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of the Vance plan , its 55 @,@ 000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a new Bosnian Serb army , which was later renamed the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) . This re @-@ organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992 , ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992 . This declaration would later be cited by the Bosnian Serbs as a pretext for the Bosnian War . Bosnian Serbs began fortifying the capital , Sarajevo , and other areas on 1 March 1992 . On the following day , the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo and Doboj . In the final days of March , Bosnian Serb forces bombarded Bosanski Brod with artillery , resulting in a cross @-@ border operation by the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) 108th Brigade . On 4 April 1992 , JNA artillery began shelling Sarajevo . There were other examples of the JNA directly supported the VRS , such as during the capture of Zvornik in early April 1992 , when the JNA provided artillery support from Serbia , firing across the Drina River . At the same time , the JNA attempted to defuse the situation and arrange negotiations elsewhere in the country .
The JNA and the VRS in Bosnia and Herzegovina faced the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH ) and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) , reporting to the Bosniak @-@ dominated central government and the Bosnian Croat leadership respectively , as well as the HV , which occasionally supported HVO operations . In late April , the VRS was able to deploy 200 @,@ 000 troops , hundreds of tanks , armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and artillery pieces . The HVO and the Croatian Defence Forces ( Hrvatske obrambene snage – HOS ) could field approximately 25 @,@ 000 soldiers and a handful of heavy weapons , while the ARBiH was largely unprepared with nearly 100 @,@ 000 troops , small arms for less than a half of their number and virtually no heavy weapons . Arming of the various forces was hampered by a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo introduced in September 1991 . By mid @-@ May 1992 , when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The extent of the control was extended to about 70 percent of the country by the end of the year .
= = Prelude = =
By 1995 , the ARBiH and the HVO had developed into better @-@ organised forces employing comparably large numbers of artillery pieces and good defensive fortifications . The VRS was not capable of penetrating their defences even where its forces employed sound military tactics , for instance in the Battle of Orašje in May and June 1995 . After recapture of the bulk of the Republic of Serb Krajina ( the Croatian Serb @-@ controlled areas of Croatia ) in Operation Storm in August 1995 , the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia and Herzegovina . The shift was motivated by a desire to create a security zone along the Croatian border , establish Croatia as a regional power and gain favours with the West by forcing an end to the Bosnian War . The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomed the move as it contributed to their goal of gaining control over western Bosnia and the city of Banja Luka — the largest city in the Bosnian Serb @-@ held territory .
While NATO launched Operation Deliberate Force — a series of airstrikes that generally targeted the VRS around Sarajevo , western Bosnia remained relatively calm following Operation Storm , with the exception of probing attacks launched by the VRS , HVO or ARBiH near Bihać , Drvar and Glamoč . At the time the HV , HVO and ARBiH were planning a joint offensive in the region . The HV and HVO component of the offensive , codenamed Operation Maestral 2 , was launched on 8 September with the aim of capturing the towns of Jajce , Šipovo and Drvar . On 13 September , as NATO airstrikes ceased , and the HV and HVO neared the completion of their objectives , the ARBiH 5th Corps launched Operation Sana , pushing the VRS southeast from Bihać by up to 70 kilometres ( 43 miles ) and widening the sailent held by the ARBiH north towards Novi Grad .
On 17 September , U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke and U.S. Ambassador to Croatia Peter W. Galbraith met with Croatian President Franjo Tuđman in Zagreb . Holbrooke was directed by the United States to urge Tuđman to stop offensive operations by the HV in western Bosnia and Herzegovina . However , Holbrooke and Galbraith thought the instructions unwise and saw the opportunity to defeat the VRS and establish a new military balance in the country . Holbrooke also considered that the changing situation on the ground allowed him and Galbraith to ignore the instructions . Holbrooke urged Tuđman to capture Sanski Most , Novi Grad and Prijedor from the VRS , and to do so quickly , but asked him to stop short of capturing Banja Luka . Holbrooke and Galbraith considered it would be advantageous for them and that justice would be served if the VRS lost Banja Luka , but decided against encouraging it , fearing there would be another 200 @,@ 000 refugees from the city or that Croatia would not be willing to relinquish control of Banja Luka later on . They were also hoping that more moderate Bosnian Serb leadership might be found in the city , as it was the most urban Bosnian Serb area .
= = Order of battle = =
Based on the outcome of the Holbrooke – Tuđman meeting and the assessment of the HV General Staff that the VRS 2nd Corps was completely destroyed , a decision was made to deploy the HV to the area with virtually no preparation and planning . The assessment of the HV General Staff was based on ARBiH gains in western Bosnia and Herzegovina over the previous four days . The order to attack was drawn up on 17 September and signed by Major General Vinko Vrbanac on behalf of the Chief of the General Staff , General Zvonimir Červenko . The attack , codenamed Operation Una , was to commence with crossings of the Una River at Novi Grad and Bosanska Dubica , and the Sava River at Jasenovac , followed by the seizing of Mount Prosara to allow for further advances towards Prijedor . The operation was intended to be coordinated with the ARBiH 5th Corps , which would continue its rapid advance towards Prijedor and Novi Grad .
The orders only gave the HV approximately 10 hours to prepare , so only those HV elements already deployed in the vicinity of the planned bridgeheads were committed to the attack — drawn from the Zagreb Corps along the Una and the Bjelovar Corps along the Sava . The Una crossings were considered the primary objectives , and were assigned to elements of the 1st Guards and 2nd Guards brigades supported by the 17th Home Guard Regiment . The two guards brigades combined had 1 @,@ 500 troops , with a further 1 @,@ 500 reserve infantry of the Home Guard , available for the crossing of the Una . The Bjelovar Corps had approximately 2 @,@ 500 Home Guard reserve infantry at its disposal , distributed in three battlegroups ( consisting of elements of the 52nd , 121st and 125th Home Guard regiments ) and about 900 support troops , including a battalion of 155 @-@ millimetre ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) guns from the 16th Artillery @-@ Rocket Brigade , and elements of the 18th Artillery Battalion ( a platoon each of 155 @-@ millimetre howitzers and 130 @-@ millimetre ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) guns ) . The Bjelovar Corps force was commanded by Major General Luka Džanko , while the Zagreb Corps units committed to the operation were led by Major General Marijan Mareković .
The VRS had three garrison battalions in the area , generally manned by over @-@ aged reservists . Two of them , those belonging to the 1st Novigrad Infantry Brigade and the 11th Dubica Infantry Brigade , were deployed along the Una River and faced the Zagreb Corps . The remaining one , part of the 1st Gradiška Light Infantry Brigade , was deployed along the Sava River opposite the HV Bjelovar Corps . The VRS defenders , under the overall control of the 1st Krajina Corps commanded by Lieutenant Colonel General Momir Talić , were deployed in prepared fortifications protected by minefields and strong artillery fire support . The HV estimated that the VRS units deployed along the Sava River were supported by a company of tanks and one battery each of 130 @-@ millimetre guns , 155 @-@ millimetre howitzers and 76 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) antitank guns .
= = Timeline = =
= = = 18 September = = =
The crossings were hampered by the high level of the rivers , flooding of foreshores , strong currents and floating debris , as well as a shortage of boats and other means of river crossing . The equipment provided by the 33rd Engineer Battalion , including two tugboats and an amphibious vehicle , was late in arriving and did not reach the combat zone until noon on 18 September . All along the 100 @-@ kilometre ( 62 mi ) course of the Una and Sava rivers where the offensive was to take place , the HV began artillery bombardment at noon , and crossings followed after 15 : 00 hours . The 125th Home Guard Regiment battlegroup attempted a crossing near the village of Košutarica , but failed after encountering strong small arms and mortar fire . The 52nd Home Guard Regiment battlegroup 's attempt to cross the Sava downstream of Jasenovac likewise failed , deterred by strong mortar fire . The Zagreb Corps units managed to establish small bridgeheads in their designated landing zones in Novi Grad , Bosanska Kostajnica and Bosanska Dubica , but were pinned down by artillery and machine gun fire . As the HV had suffered 27 dead in the first few hours of combat , Vrbanac was sent to inspect the situation and he was appalled by the poor organization of the assault . During the night of 18 / 19 September , VRS artillery continued to shell HV positions along the rivers , but also fired on the towns of Novska , Kutina , Nova Gradiška , and Dvor .
The ARBiH drive towards Sanski Most and Novi Grad , where one of the bridgeheads had been established by the HV , came to a halt on 18 – 19 September , as the ARBiH encountered 14 @,@ 000 previously undetected VRS troops in the area , supported by 2 @,@ 000 troops that had arrived from Serbia .
= = = 19 September = = =
Even though Vrbanac ordered a halt to the operation shortly after midnight on 18 / 19 September , the Bjelovar Corps failed to cancel new crossing attempts it had ordered for 6 : 00 the following morning . The attacks went ahead , albeit at 10 : 30 , with the 52nd and the 125th Home Guard regiments ' battlegroups trying to cross the Sava River at different locations . Despite strengthening river currents and continued VRS artillery fire , small reconnaissance elements managed to cross the river , only to be forced back an hour later .
At 12 : 50 , a force comprising elements of the 121st and 125th Home Guard regiments and the 265th Reconnaissance @-@ Sabotage Company managed to cross the Sava River at the confluence of the Sava and Una . The crossing force of 80 soldiers , encountered a minefield , VRS artillery fire and small arms fire from bunkers near the river bank . Extraction of the force began after 14 : 00 , leading to an exchange of heavy artillery fire between the VRS on one bank and the 121st and the 125th Home Guard regiments ' battlegroups on the other . The withdrawal required several river crossings using the available boats , and resulted in further losses . The situation was further complicated for the HV but a number of incidents and factors . These included a tugboat towing a damaged amphibious vehicle which caught fire because of faulty wiring , insufficient fire support from river gunboats , and boat crews provided by the 34th Engineer Battalion who refused to cross the river against VRS fire and had to be replaced by conscripts of the 33rd Engineer Battalion . Despite HV use of unmanned aerial vehicles to locate the VRS guns as targets for counter @-@ battery fire , the artillery exchange continued late into the night of 19 / 20 September .
The 52nd Home Guard Regiment battlegroup crossed the Sava River again at 14 : 30 to support the extraction of the bridgehead established by the elements of the 121st and the 125th Home Guard regiments . That crossing involved 91 soldiers who advanced about 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 feet ) and destroyed several VRS defensive positions before withdrawing at 16 : 30 .
On 19 September , the Zagreb Corps tried to reinforce the HV bridgeheads across the Una River , only to suffer further casualties . The Bjelovar Corps also committed the 121st Home Guard Regiment battlegroup to Jasenovac as a reinforcement to breach VRS defences . During the day , the Bjelovar Corps was approached by Irfan Torić , the commanding officer of the 520th ARBiH Brigade based in Velika Kladuša , requesting permission to deploy his troops to support the Bjelovar Corps attack . Džanko referred the request to Červenko . By the end of the day , Červenko had met with Tuđman to protest against the disorganised manner in which the operation had been launched , and the fact that he was not informed of it in advance . On the same day , the HV General Staff called the operation off .
= = Aftermath = =
After the war , General Janko Bobetko estimated HV losses at more than 70 killed and 250 wounded . According to official records , 49 HV soldiers were killed during the operation . Of the casualties , the Bjelovar Corps accounted for five dead and 26 wounded . According to Bosnian Serb sources , the VRS sustained 44 killed , 53 wounded and three captured . In addition , six Bosnian Serb police officers were killed and nine were wounded . Bosnian Serb sources hold that Serb civilian casualties were 54 killed , 39 wounded and 6 captured in the two days of the offensive . Two Danish peacekeepers , deployed with the United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia ( UNCRO ) , were killed in the VRS shelling of Dvor . In 2006 , Croatian authorities began investigating allegations of war crimes committed during the operation , specifically the killing of 40 civilians in the Bosanska Dubica area by troops of the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Guards Brigade .
On 20 September 1995 , Červenko submitted his report on Operation Una to Tuđman , divorcing responsibility from himself , and blaming Vrbanac and Defence Minister Gojko Šušak . The blame was subsequently placed on Vrbanac alone , ultimately ending his military career . Mareković , who was expected to succeed Červenko as the Chief of the General Staff , was passed over in favour of General Pavao Miljavac when Červenko retired in 1996 .
The offensive was the only unsuccessful operation undertaken by the HV since Operation Winter ' 94 in November 1994 , and was brushed aside in Croatia as an aberration . It still remained a subject of controversy in the Croatian media . According to Croatian historian Davor Marijan , the operation was primarily politically motivated and hastily launched in response to Holbrooke 's remarks of 17 September . Nonetheless , Marijan claims that the attack was based on incorrect intelligence , leading to an underestimation of the VRS defenses by the HV . In addition , the HV overestimated its own capacity to execute a difficult operation , and neglected the condition of the rivers that they intended to cross . The HV never attempted to repeat the crossing , instead choosing to threaten Banja Luka from a different direction in early October in Operation Southern Move .
= Taj Mahal =
The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl / , more often / ˈtɑːʒ / ; Persian for Crown of Palaces ) is an ivory @-@ white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned 1628 – 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favorite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 42 @-@ acre complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall .
Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52 @.@ 8 billion rupees ( US $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20 @,@ 000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri .
The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being " the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage " . Described by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore as " the tear @-@ drop on the cheek of time " , it is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 – 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 – 2007 ) initiative .
= = Inspiration = =
The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later .
= = Architecture and design = =
The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including ; the Gur @-@ e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad @-@ Ud @-@ Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi @-@ precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement .
= = = Tomb = = =
The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch @-@ shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin .
The base structure is a large multi @-@ chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight @-@ sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level .
The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical " drum " it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasized by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements .
The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward .
The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets — a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb .
= = = Exterior decorations = = =
The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur 'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan .
The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads " O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . " The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of " Amanat Khan " upon him as a reward for his " dazzling virtuosity " . Near the lines from the Qur 'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , " Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . " Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate .
Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting color which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns .
On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls .
= = = = Interior decoration = = = =
The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a " false " interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi @-@ precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas @-@ relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex .
Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1 @.@ 5 by 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box .
The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , " O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... " . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; " He travelled from this world to the banquet @-@ hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty @-@ sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . "
= = = Garden = = =
The complex is set around a large 300 @-@ metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the center of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north @-@ south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al @-@ Kawthar in reference to the " Tank of Abundance " promised to Muhammad .
Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east .
Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the center . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or " Moonlight Garden " on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three @-@ fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London .
= = = Outlying buildings = = =
The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant .
The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex .
At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid @-@ i Jahān @-@ Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 .
= = Construction = =
The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the center of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly three acres was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and leveled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle .
The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1 @,@ 000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty @-@ eight types of precious and semi @-@ precious stones were inlaid into the white marble .
According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A fifteen kilometer ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) tamped @-@ earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post @-@ and @-@ beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal @-@ powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex .
The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on " completion " . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52 @.@ 8 billion Indian rupees ( $ 827 million US ) based on 2015 values .
= = Later days = =
Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza @-@ i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 15 @-@ foot high finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation .
By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British @-@ style lawns that are still in place today .
= = Threats = =
In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India @-@ Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffoldings were again erected to mislead bomber pilots .
More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10 @,@ 400 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 4 @,@ 000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place .
Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 5 feet a year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . Although it has been pointed out by politicians , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards , to prevent them crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years .
= = Tourism = =
The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 – 8 million in 2014 . A two @-@ tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor center .
The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes .
The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items — water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses — are allowed inside the Taj Mahal .
= = Myths = =
Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean @-@ Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discolored white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself .
No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor @-@ general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund @-@ raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort .
Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette .
In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P. N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
= = Views of the Taj Mahal = =
= Smallville ( season 1 ) =
Season one of Smallville , an American television series developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , began airing on October 16 , 2001 , on The WB television network . The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to his developing superpowers in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , during the years before he becomes Superman . The first season comprises 21 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 21 , 2002 . Regular cast members during season one include Tom Welling , Michael Rosenbaum , Kristin Kreuk , Annette O 'Toole , John Schneider , Sam Jones III , Allison Mack , and Eric Johnson .
The season 's stories focus on Martha and Jonathan Kent 's ( O 'Toole and Schneider ) attempts to help their adopted son Clark ( Welling ) cope with his alien origin and control his developing superhuman abilities . Clark must deal with the meteor @-@ infected individuals that begin appearing in Smallville , his love for Lana Lang ( Kreuk ) , and not being able to tell his two best friends , Pete Ross ( Jones III ) and Chloe Sullivan ( Mack ) , about his abilities or his origins . Clark also befriends Lex Luthor ( Rosenbaum ) after saving Lex 's life . The season also follows Lex , as he tries to assert his independence from his father , Lionel Luthor ( John Glover ) .
The episodes were filmed primarily in Vancouver and post @-@ production work took place in Los Angeles . Gough and Millar assisted the writing staff with week @-@ to @-@ week story development . " Villain of the week " storylines were predominant during the first season ; physical effects , make @-@ up effects , and computer generated imagery became important components as well . Limited filming schedules sometimes forced guest actors to perform physical stunts , and the series regulars were more than willing to do stunt work . Episode budgets ultimately became strictly regulated , as the show frequently ran over budget during the first half of the season . The pilot broke The WB 's viewership record for a debut series , and was nominated for various awards . Although the villain of the week storylines became a concern for producers , critical reception was generally favorable , and the series was noted as having a promising start . The first season was released on DVD on September 23 , 2003 , and included various special features that focused on individual episodes and the series as a whole . It has also been released on home media in regions 2 and 4 in the international markets .
= = Episodes = =
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Ground rules for story development were established at the outset . Part of the marketing pitch , " no flights , no tights " dictated that Clark would not wear the Superman costume , nor would he fly . After initial discussion of possible storylines , a second rule decreed that Clark could never directly kill anyone . This created a dilemma since Clark must be able to defeat the " bad guys " from week to week . A solution developed in later episodes with the introduction of the Belle Reve sanitarium ( Belle Reve is a Federal prison for metahumans and other supervillains in the comics ) .
After setting the ground rules , Gough and Millar conceived ideas that facilitated week @-@ to @-@ week story development . For example , kryptonite 's role was expanded to include enhancement of the sins of the antagonist : instead of creating physical monsters , exposure to kryptonite would amplify their personal demons . This was not treated as literally in the pilot and " Metamorphosis " as it was in later episodes . In " Cool " , it was " the ' cool ' kid literally [ becoming ] cool , needing human body heat to stay alive " . After several episodes , the writers developed a story that would help establish the show as more than a " villain of the week " series . The ninth episode ( " Rogue " ) , which took longer than usual to develop due to its divergence from the standard formula , became their first " true crime story " and demonstrated that Smallville could include more than kryptonite @-@ powered villains .
" What if " episodes were another Millar @-@ Gough concept used to generate first season storylines . These episodes posed underlying questions about Clark . Episodes would evolve from basic questions , including : " what if someone had a crush on Lana , and acted on that obsession " ; " what if someone found out Clark 's secret " ; " what if someone else had Clark 's powers ? " These three questions developed into the episodes " Metamorphosis " , " Rogue " , and " Leech " , respectively . " Stray " , episode 16 , answered the question , " what if Clark had been adopted by the wrong parents and his powers were exploited ? " " X @-@ Ray " director Mark Verheiden and the rest of the crew realized divergent , unrelated storylines were not the best way to create episodes for Smallville . Verheiden believes " X @-@ Ray " was the first episode that managed to bring all the side @-@ stories together so that they affected characters other than Clark and Lana .
" Hourglass " was one of the stories included in Millar and Gough 's initial pitch to the network ( at the time it was referred to as " Cassandra " ) . " Hourglass " was the first episode to present two , distinct stories : the vengeful serial killer and the second sighted Cassandra . Two significant storylines in the same episode forced the writers to spend more time developing the episode . Cassandra 's " visceral vision " ( as it was referred to in the script ) of Lex 's future was developed into color storyboards to better illustrate to the filmmakers the " blood rain " described in the text .
When the filmmakers were dissatisfied with the initial drafts of episodes , specifically with the evolution of characters , they would rewrite events , or add scenes to re @-@ establish the original vision . The character of Earl Jenkins ( Tony Todd ) , intended to be a sympathetic villain , came across as " completely unlikable " in the original draft of " Jitters " . The character suffers from over @-@ exposure to kryptonite , causing massive seizures ; if Jenkins happened to grab someone , they could be shaken to death . Originally , the character is first seen banging on the door of LuthorCorp and killing a security guard during one of his seizures . To present a more favorable aspect to the audience , a scene in which Earl visits his infant child was added to show that he was not a " raving maniac " . Similar rewrites occurred with the characters Ryan James ( Ryan Kelley ) in " Stray " and Tyler Randall ( Reynaldo Rosales ) in " Reaper " . In the original draft of " Stray " , Ryan developed his telepathic abilities from exposure to kryptonite . ; to emphasize the show was not always about kryptonite @-@ infected villains , the story was revised so that Ryan had his ability from birth . The network also expressed dissatisfaction with Ryan as a murderer , so the character was rewritten to be the " nice kid " . The character of Tyler Randall shared Earl Jenkins 's issue : he was not sympathetic enough in the filmmakers ' eyes ; intended to be an escaped prisoner , he was rewritten to be " the world 's deadliest nice guy " .
= = = Filming = = =
Production was set up in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , because the creators were looking for a " Middle America landscape " , and Vancouver was a good substitute for Kansas . David Nutter , the director of the pilot , was given 16 days for main unit filming , twice that of the normal timeframe . Despite the extended schedule , it was still a short amount of time , and he shot the pilot primarily from storyboards created by Adrien Van Viersen .
Millar developed most of the look for Smallville with the idea that Smallville should be the epitome of " Smalltown , USA " . Millar 's design required existing buildings to be painted , built , and remodeled . The Kent farm is the home of the Andalini family , and their barn was used for the pilot before a new barn was built . The new barn was one of the major additions to the sets of the episode " Metamorphosis " . Production designer Doug Higgins and his crew built a fully functioning , three @-@ story barn for the Kent farm on a converted soundstage in Burnaby . For the pilot , the crew built only a loft , with a set of stairs leading up to it , inside the existing barn on the Andalinis ' property . To resemble the Andalinis ' barn as closely as possible , Higgins had his crew locate 100 @-@ year @-@ old wood to match the look of the Andalinis ' barn . The episode " Hourglass " called for several scenes to take place at the White House . Instead of building their own set , the Smallville producers called John Wells , producer of the political drama television series The West Wing , and obtained permission to use the West Wing set to film the vision of Lex 's future .
When the Smallville crew was not filming on one of the constructed sets , or on a sound stage , they were shooting on location at the surrounding Vancouver sites . During the filming of " Metamorphosis " , Vancouver was holding a farmers ' market , which proved beneficial to the Smallville crew , as " Metamorphosis " called for a similar event to take place in the episode . The market was on the verge of ending , so the filmmakers shot what wide @-@ angle scenes they could at the time , and filmed a close up conversation between Whitney and Clark at the Andalini 's farm , weeks after the initial market shooting . Other filming locations include Vancouver 's Pacific National Exhibition and Burnaby 's Swangard Stadium . The Pacific National Exhibit provided a storage silo for a scene in " Hourglass " , which involved Harry Bollston ( Eric Christian Olsen ) attacking Martha Kent ( O 'Toole ) in the Kents ' corn silo . " Hothead " director Greg Beeman , who had previously worked with Gough and Millar on The Strip and Martial Law , used Swangard Stadium , as a substitution for Smallville High Stadium , for the opening football scene that took place at night .
When filming fell behind schedule , another director came in to assist the main unit director in finishing the episode . Greg Beeman assisted director Chris Long for the two " visceral visions of the future " that appeared in the episode " Hourglass " . " Jitters " was an episode with so many changes that its initial scheduling as the second episode of the season was pushed back to the eighth spot . By the time filming for " Jitters " was completed , three directors had worked on the project : Greg Beeman , Phil Sgriccia , and Michael Watkins ; however , Watkins was given sole directing credit for the episode .
= = = Effects = = =
A big part of the Smallville series relies on the effects it delivers , whether digital , physical , or special make @-@ up effects . The effects shots , part of the post @-@ production work , are developed and added in Los Angeles . David Nutter hired Thomas Special Effects to create digital cornfields for the pilot episode . After attempting to grow ten thousand stalks of corn in a greenhouse , which only grew two feet tall , Nutter was forced to rely primarily on digital corn . Faux corn was also flown in from Arizona . CGI supervisor Bill Millar created digital butterflies for a scene in Lana 's bedroom , and all the insects Greg Arkin ( Chad Donella ) collected in the episode " Metamorphosis " . Greg 's insects had to be created digitally , because a green hue was needed to illustrate the kryptonite radiation in the insects . After the opening credits , the first person view of someone , later revealed to be Clark , flying through Lana 's open window and into her bedroom was created digitally . The effect was accomplished with stock footage , a sound stage and computer generated imagery . Stock footage shot from a helicopter , as it flew over several farms during the day , was used for the first person point of view . It was altered from day to night , and a CGI house was created in an empty field . Lana 's bedroom as built on a soundstage , and CGI was used to create the illusion of someone traveling through her open window and stopping above her bed .
It was decided the effects of kryptonite poisoning on Clark , " Clark time " , and the appearance of kryptonite when in the proximity of Clark would need to be illustrated in a way the audience could understand if they were not familiar with the character . Gough and Millar , after doing some research , learned the female audience was not aware of what was happening when Clark was exposed to kryptonite . Beginning with " Metamorphosis " , whenever Clark was exposed to kryptonite , his veins would rise up and develop a green hue to illustrate the effect it was having . Close @-@ up shots of Clark 's hand were used for these scenes , and it was all created with digital animation . Gough and Millar developed the idea that kryptonite would only glow when it was around Clark , as it was meant to demonstrate the draining of his powers . " Clark time " , the same idea behind bullet time , was created because previous incarnations had not explained the idea of what the world appears like to Clark when he is using his powers . The first instance of " Clark time " was used in the " Metamorphosis " scene where Greg Arkin attacks Clark and Jonathan in their barn . Jonathan is pushed over a banister and falls in the direction of some dangerous farm equipment . The effect involved slowing time down for everything except Clark , who would be moving at normal pace . When tackling Clark 's emerging power of X @-@ ray vision , Gough and Millar wanted to be able to see skeletons and bones , as opposed to previous incarnations that treated the ability like " see @-@ through " vision . The recent advances in computer imagery helped them complete that task .
The digital effects costs for each episode could stretch the budget thin . In " Shimmer " , Bill Millar , special effects supervisor , planned to create an artificial sunset for the closing scene involving Clark and Lana . The effects shot was supposed to last only a couple of seconds . James Marshall , the second unit director for the episode , decided to shoot the entire scene over the shoulders of Clark and Lana , looking at the sunset . The scene called for two greenscreen shots , but when Marshall was finished he had created seventeen greenscreen shots . The seventeen shots , which produced the artificial sunset , cost $ 50 @,@ 000 to produce . By comparison , the entire effects budget costs between $ 65 @,@ 000 and $ 100 @,@ 000 .
Over @-@ spending of that nature became a regular occurrence on the Smallville set . The regularity of over @-@ spending came to an end with " Kinetic " , as the studio decided to be stricter . With the budget on a stiffer guideline , the filmmakers were forced to cut scenes from " Kinetic " , an episode that was caught in the push for more budget @-@ friendly scripts . One of the scenes that was cut involved one of the thieves phasing through a safe wall , and acting as a portal for the merchandise to be passed through . When digital effects were not an option , Mike Walls , the physical effects supervisor who began his Smallville career with " Leech " , still tried to provide big effects . For instance , Walls used 75 cars for the final action scene of " Kinetic " , which were cabled off to protect the actors . Stunt coordinator Lauro Chartrand attempts to make sure the actors are used as much as possible when performing fight scenes , unless the scenes are particularly dangerous . The fast shooting schedule forces Chartrand to rely on guest stars who can perform their own stunts , because of the limited time to find a " good double " for the actor .
Physical effects were not an issue for the series regulars . Allison Mack performed her own stunts for the scene in " Hothead " where her character 's office is set on fire , and again in " Kinetic " , when she was cabled off and dangled 50 ft ( 15 m ) above the ground . For " Nicodemus " , the stunt coordinator received twice the help . Kristin Kreuk was expected to go to the tenth rung of a water tower , in a scene which involved her character climbing to the top and falling off . As filming progressed , Kreuk climbed to the top , so the crew cabled her off and dropped her 40 ft ( 12 m ) to the bottom . John Schneider 's experience from The Dukes of Hazzard led to him performing the stunt driving for his character . The scene required Schneider to slide his truck around a corner , while yelling at some pedestrians on the sidewalk . The previous scene had established the driver side window as closed , so Schneider improvised and opened the driver 's door as he slid 90 ° around a corner .
= = Reception = =
The series ' pilot broke The WB 's record for highest @-@ rated debut with 8 @.@ 4 million viewers . After airing the first two episodes , which averaged 7 @.@ 8 million viewers , the WB placed an order for a full season of 21 episodes . The first season averaged 5 @.@ 9 million viewers weekly , placing # 115 in the Nielsen ratings alongside Futurama , The Ellen Show , and Star Trek : Enterprise . The pilot and " Tempest " were selected in The Futon Critic 's 50 best episodes of 2001 and 2002 , respectively . The pilot placed 31st , while " Tempest " placed 15th .
The season received mostly favorable reviews . IGN 's Jeremy Conrad , who was initially against the idea of " reimagining " the Superman mythology , gave the first season a 7 / 10 rating . After reviewing the entire season , Conrad stated the first season of Smallville was " a solid start to what will be a great Superman TV series " . Entertainment Weekly 's Bruce Fretts believes the series might appear " corny " on the surface , but actually shows " subversively witty spin on the comic @-@ book myths " . Clint Morris , founder of Moviehole.net , stated the series was " still finding its feet in season one " ; although , he commended the acting , citing specifically Michael Rosenbaum 's " uncontrollably likeable Lex Luthor " . The Free @-@ Lance Star 's Rob Hedelt commended the casting as well , comparing Welling 's portrayal of a teenage Clark Kent to that of Christopher Reeve 's portrayal in the films . Hedelt considered John Schneider and Annette O 'Toole to be ideal picks for Jonathan and Martha Kent , but felt Allison Mack and Sam Jones III , important characters , were the weakest part of the ensemble . Judge Byun , of DVD Verdict , felt having Clark Kent and Lex Luthor start their relationship as best friends was a " brilliant concept " that moved the show past a " Dawson 's Creek with super powers " tone the premise of the show suggested . Byun believes the first season had " solid writing and excellent performances " , but is weakened by the freak of the week storylines that plagued the early episodes of the season ; the season works best when the episodes focus on character development and not super powers .
Other critics were less enthusiastic about the season . Peter Bowes of BBC News felt the season was simply a " soap opera " with " pretty young people " . Bowes believes the season suffered from the " sentimental boy @-@ girl storyline " , but that die @-@ hard Superman fans would still be taken in by this incarnation of the character 's early years . A common criticism for the first season was the use of " villain of the week " storylines . By the time the first seven episodes aired , at least one journalist had had enough of the villain of the week format . Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette 's Rob Owen stated the series works best with its " character interaction and a nice performance by John Schneider as Pa Kent " , but that the show needs more than the " ' monster of the week ' stories seen so far " . Jordan Levin , president of The WB 's Entertainment division , recognized the concerns that the show had become a villain of the week series . Levin announced that season two would see more " smaller mini @-@ arcs over three to four episodes , to get away from some of the formulaic storytelling structure " the series has fallen into .
= = Awards = =
By 2003 , the first season had been nominated for and won various awards . It won an Emmy Award for " Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series " , and the pilot episode was nominated for " Outstanding Visual Effects for a Series " . The pilot was recognized by other award organizations , receiving a Leo Award for " Best Visual Effects " in 2002 . Peter Wunstorf was recognized for his work on the pilot with a nomination by the American Society of Cinematographers . Casting directors Deedee Bradley , Coreen Mayrs , and Barbara Miller were nominated for an Artios Award for their work on the pilot . Chris McGeary was nominated for Golden Reel 's " Best Sound Editing in Television " award for his music editing on the pilot . The season one finale , " Tempest " , was nominated for Golden Reel 's " Best Sound Editing in Television Episodic " in 2003 . In 2002 , The American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers honored the band Remy Zero ( which provided the opening theme song for Smallville ) and composer Mark Snow for their contributions to the show ; the award recognized the composers of the theme or underscore of the highest rated television series during January 1 – December 31 , 2001 .
Several members of the regular cast were nominated for awards . In 2001 , Rosenbaum , Kreuk , and Welling were nominated for Saturn Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series , Best Actress , and Best Actor , respectively . Rosenbaum and Kreuk received additional nominations for male and female Cinescape Genre Face of the Future awards , and the entire season was nominated for Best Network Television Series . Rosenbaum was the only one to win an award ( Best Supporting Actor ) . Tom Welling won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout TV Star — Male in 2002 . Smallville 's first season placed sixth on the Parents Television Council 's list of the " best shows for families " .
= = Home media release = =
The complete first season of Smallville was released on September 23 , 2003 in North America . Additional released in region 2 and region 4 took place on October 13 , 2003 and December 3 , 2003 , respectively . The DVD box set included various special features , including episode commentary , an interactive tour of Smallville , and storyboards from select episodes .
= Gabby Hartnett =
Charles Leo " Gabby " Hartnett ( December 20 , 1900 – December 20 , 1972 ) was an American professional baseball player and manager . He played almost his entire career in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Chicago Cubs from 1922 to 1940 . He spent the final season of his career as a player @-@ coach for the New York Giants in 1941 . After his playing career , he continued his involvement in baseball as a coach and as a minor league manager .
Hartnett was an all @-@ around player , performing well both offensively and defensively . Known for his strong and accurate throwing arm , he routinely led the National League 's catchers in caught stealing percentage and was the first major league catcher to hit more than 20 home runs in a season . During the course of his career , he took part of some of the most memorable events in Major League Baseball history including ; Babe Ruth 's Called Shot during the 1932 World Series , Carl Hubbell 's strike out performance in the 1934 All @-@ Star Game and Dizzy Dean 's career @-@ altering injury during the 1937 All @-@ Star Game . But the greatest moment of Hartnett 's career came with one week left in the 1938 season , when he hit a game @-@ winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning to put the Cubs into first place . The event , which occurred as darkness descended onto Wrigley Field , became immortalized as the Homer in the Gloamin ' .
Until the career of Johnny Bench , Hartnett was considered the greatest catcher in the history of the National League . A six @-@ time All @-@ Star , he appeared in four World Series during his playing career . At the time of his retirement , Hartnett held the career records for catchers in home runs , runs batted in , hits , doubles and in most games played as a catcher . Hartnett was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955 .
= = Life and career = =
= = = Early life = = =
Hartnett was born in Woonsocket , Rhode Island as the oldest of 14 children . He began his professional baseball career at the age of 20 with the Worcester Boosters of the Eastern League in 1921 . New York Giants manager John McGraw sent scout Jesse Burkett to appraise Hartnett 's talent as a player . Burkett reported back to McGraw that Hartnett 's hands were too small for a major league catcher . The Giants ' loss would prove to be the Chicago Cubs ' gain .
= = = Professional career = = =
Hartnett joined the Cubs in 1922 , serving as a backup catcher to Bob O 'Farrell . He was given his ironic nickname of " Gabby " as a rookie due to his shy , reticient nature . On July 22 , O 'Farrell suffered a fractured skull during a game against the Boston Braves and Hartnett took over as the Cubs starting catcher , posting a .299 batting average along with 16 home runs and 67 runs batted in . After the retirement of catcher Bill Killefer , Hartnett became the favorite catcher of Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander and caught Alexander 's 300th career win on September 20 , 1924 . Hartnett played well enough during O 'Farrell 's absence that the Cubs decided to keep him as their starting catcher , trading O 'Farrell to the St. Louis Cardinals in May 1925 .
= = = Rise to stardom = = =
Hartnett hit 24 home runs in 1925 , breaking the single @-@ season home run record for catchers set by Jack Clements in 1893 . He finished second overall in the National League behind the 39 home runs hit by Rogers Hornsby . Although he led National League catchers in errors , he also led in range factor and in putouts , while his strong throwing arm helped him lead the league in assists and caught stealing percentage . Leo Durocher , who played against Hartnett and was a National League manager during Johnny Bench 's career , stated that the two catchers had similarly strong throwing arms . During the major league baseball winter meetings in December 1925 , it was rumored that Hartnett might be traded to the New York Giants for catcher Frank Snyder and outfielder Irish Meusel ; however , Cubs president Bill Veeck , Sr. , squelched the rumors saying that Hartnett would not be traded for anybody .
The young catcher had a disappointing year in 1926 as his batting average dropped to .275 with only 41 runs batted in . His offensive statistics rebounded in 1927 , producing a .294 batting average with 10 home runs and 80 runs batted in . Although he led the league 's catchers in putouts , assists and in baserunners caught stealing , his inexperience showed as he also led the league in errors and in passed balls . He finished tenth in the balloting for the 1927 National League Most Valuable Player Award .
= = = Career prime = = =
In 1928 , Hartnett would hit above .300 for the first time , posting a .302 batting average with 14 home runs . He also surpassed Jack Clements ' major league record of 72 career home runs by a catcher . Hartnett also led National League catchers in assists , caught stealing percentage and in fielding percentage . As he matured as a player , he became more disciplined on the field and committed fewer errors . He threw the baseball around the infield in a fearless manner , throwing out baserunners with a high degree of accuracy . Between 1928 and 1938 , Hartnett would lead the league 's catchers in fielding percentage seven times .
In 1929 , a mysterious arm ailment limited him to one game behind the plate and 24 games as a pinch hitter as the Cubs won the National League pennant . Hartnett struck out in all three of his at bats in the 1929 World Series against the Philadelphia Athletics . He rebounded with his best season in 1930 , hitting for a .339 batting average with career highs of 122 runs batted in , a .630 slugging percentage and 37 home runs , breaking his own single @-@ season home run record for catchers . He led all National League catchers in putouts , assists , fielding percentage and in baserunners caught stealing . His single @-@ season home run record for catchers would stand for 23 years , until Roy Campanella hit 40 home runs in 1953 .
During an exhibition game against the Chicago White Sox on September 9 , 1931 Chicago Cubs seaso , Hartnett was photographed while signing an autograph for gangster Al Capone . After the photograph was published in newspapers across the United States , Hartnett received a telegram from Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis instructing him not to have his photograph taken with Capone in the future . Hartnett replied with a telegram to the Commissioner whimsically stating , " OK , but if you don 't want me to have my picture taken with Al Capone , you tell him . "
In 1932 , Hartnett guided the Cubs ' pitching staff to the lowest team earned run average in the league , as the Cubs clinched the National League pennant by 4 games over the Pittsburgh Pirates . Hartnett was the Cubs ' catcher on October 1 , in Game 3 of the 1932 World Series against the New York Yankees when Babe Ruth hit his debated " called shot . " Although he hit for a .313 batting average with 1 home run , the Yankees went on to win the series in a four @-@ game sweep .
In 1933 , Hartnett was selected to be a reserve catcher for the National League team in the inaugural Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game held on July 6 , 1933 . It would mark the first of six consecutive All @-@ Star game selections for Hartnett . At the mid @-@ season point of the 1934 season , Hartnett was hitting for a .336 batting average with 13 home runs to earn the starting catcher 's role for the National League team in the 1934 All @-@ Star Game . Hartnett was calling the pitches for Carl Hubbell in the 1934 All @-@ Star Game when the Giants pitcher set a record by striking out future Hall of Fame members Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Jimmie Foxx , Al Simmons , and Joe Cronin in succession . He ended the 1934 season with another strong offensive performance , hitting for a .299 batting average with 22 home runs and 90 runs batted in . He dominated the defensive statistics , leading the league 's catchers in assists , putouts , baserunners caught stealing , caught stealing percentage , range factor and in fielding percentage .
Hartnett had another impressive season in 1935 when he produced a .344 batting average , third @-@ highest in the league and led the league 's catchers in assists , double plays , and fielding percentage . He also led the Cubs pitching staff to the lowest earned run average in the league as they won the National League pennant by 4 games over the St. Louis Cardinals . For his performance , Hartnett was named the recipient of the 1935 National League Most Valuable Player Award . The Cubs would eventually lose to the Detroit Tigers led by Mickey Cochrane in the 1935 World Series .
The Cubs fell to third place in 1936 , as Hartnett had a sub @-@ standard year for him , hitting only 7 home runs with 64 runs batted in , although he still hit above .300 with a .307 average , and earned his fourth consecutive All @-@ Star selection . Defensively , he led the league 's catchers in fielding percentage , and his pitch @-@ calling skills helped the Cubs pitching staff lead the league with 18 shutouts . In the 1937 All @-@ Star Game , pitcher Dizzy Dean kept shaking off Hartnett 's signs for a curve ball resulting in a hit by Joe DiMaggio , a home run by Lou Gehrig and finally , a line drive off the bat of Earl Averill that struck Dean on his toe . Dean had been one of the preeminent pitchers in the National League until the injury to his toe eventually led to the end of his baseball playing career . Hartnett ended the 1937 season with a career @-@ high .354 batting average and finished second to Joe Medwick in voting for the National League Most Valuable Player Award . His .354 batting average in 1937 was the highest batting average by a major league catcher for 60 years until 1997 , when Mike Piazza posted a .362 average .
= = = Homer in the Gloamin ' = = =
On July 20 , 1938 , Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley named the 37 @-@ year @-@ old Hartnett as the team 's player @-@ manager , replacing Charlie Grimm . When Hartnett took over as manager , the Cubs had been in third place , six games behind the first place Pittsburgh Pirates led by Pie Traynor . By September 27 , with one week left in the season , the Cubs had battled back to within a game and a half game of the Pirates in the National League standings as the two teams met for a crucial three @-@ game series . The Cubs won the first game of the series with a 2 to 1 victory by Cubs pitcher Dizzy Dean , cutting the Pirates ' lead to a half game and setting the stage for one of baseball 's most memorable moments .
On September 28 , 1938 , the two teams met for the second game of the series , where Hartnett experienced the highlight of his career . With darkness descending on the lightless Wrigley Field and the score tied at 5 runs apiece , the umpires ruled that the ninth inning would be the last to be played . The entire game would have to be replayed the following day if the score remained tied . Hartnett came to bat with two out in the bottom of the ninth inning . With a count of 0 balls and 2 strikes , Hartnett connected on a Mace Brown pitch , launching the ball into the darkness , before it eventually landed in the left @-@ center field bleachers . The stadium erupted into pandemonium as players and fans stormed the field to escort Hartnett around the bases . Hartnett 's walk @-@ off home run became immortalized as the Homer in the Gloamin ' .
The Cubs were now in first place , culminating an impressive 19 @-@ 3 @-@ 1 record in September , and the pennant would be clinched three days later . Hartnett once again led the Cubs pitching staff to the lowest earned run average in the league and led National League catchers with a .995 fielding percentage . However , the Cubs were swept in the 1938 World Series by the New York Yankees , their fourth Series loss in ten years .
= = = Later career = = =
Hartnett felt the strain of managing a team during the 1939 season as he faced player discontent over the pampering of Dizzy Dean while pitcher Larry French went over his head to complain to owner Philip Wrigley about his lack of pitching assignments . French felt he was being punished for requesting to have Gus Mancuso as his catcher . In addition , Hartnett was forced to catch more games due to the lack of hitting from the other Cubs catchers . On August 28 , 1939 , he broke Ray Schalk 's Major League record of 1 @,@ 727 career games as a catcher . His record for longevity was surpassed by Al López during the 1945 season .
After two disappointing seasons , Hartnett was dismissed by the Cubs on November 13 , 1940 , after 19 years with the club . On December 3 , he signed a contract with the New York Giants to be a player @-@ coach . Hartnett hit for a .300 average in 64 games as a backup catcher to Harry Danning in the 1941 season . He played his final game on September 24 , 1941 , retiring as a player at the age of 40 .
= = Career statistics = =
In a 20 @-@ year major league career , Hartnett played in 1 @,@ 990 games , accumulating 1 @,@ 912 hits in 6 @,@ 432 at bats for a .297 career batting average along with a .489 slugging percentage , 236 home runs , 1 @,@ 179 runs batted in and an on @-@ base percentage of .370 . He retired with a .984 career fielding percentage . Hartnett caught 100 or more games for a league record 12 times , including a record eight seasons in a row . He led the National League in putouts four times and in assists and fielding percentage six times . He led the league seven times in double plays and set a National league record with 163 career double plays . Hartnett set a since @-@ broken major league record for catchers of 452 consecutive chances without committing an error .
At the time of his retirement , Hartnett 's 236 home runs , 1 @,@ 179 runs batted in , 1 @,@ 912 hits , and 396 doubles were all records for catchers . Bill Dickey surpassed his records for most runs batted in and hits in 1943 , while his career home run record for catchers was broken by Yogi Berra in 1956 . His career mark for doubles stood until 1983 when it was broken by Ted Simmons . Hartnett also finished among the National League 's top ten in slugging percentage seven times in his career . A six @-@ time All @-@ Star , he was the recipient of one Most Valuable Player Award and played on four pennant @-@ winning teams . Hartnett 's .370 career on @-@ base percentage was higher than the .342 posted by Johnny Bench and the .348 posted by Yogi Berra . His 55 @.@ 74 % career caught stealing percentage ranks second only to Roy Campanella among major league catchers . Hartnett 's bat and catcher 's mask were the first artifacts sent to the newly constructed Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938 . In his book , The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , baseball historian Bill James ranked Hartnett 9th all @-@ time among major league catchers .
= = Post @-@ playing career and retirement = =
Afterwards , he managed in the minor leagues for five seasons , retiring to Lincolnwood , Illinois in 1946 . On January 26 , 1955 , Hartnett was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame along with Joe DiMaggio , Ted Lyons and Dazzy Vance . In 1981 , Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included Hartnett in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time . In 1999 , he was named as a finalist to the Major League Baseball All @-@ Century Team .
In his last job in the majors Hartnett worked as a coach and scout for the Kansas City Athletics for two years in the mid @-@ 1960s . Hartnett died of cirrhosis in Park Ridge , Illinois on his 72nd birthday in 1972 , and is interred in All Saints Cemetery in Des Plaines , Illinois .
= Lågskär =
Lågskär ( Swedish for " low skerry " ) is a small island within the Åland Islands archipelago of Finland . It belongs to the municipality of Lemland . It is situated about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south of Mariehamn in the Baltic 's Sea of Åland . The main island of Lågskär measures 61 hectares ( 150 acres ) in area . Rock stacks , sea cliffs and rocky shores are found along the coastline of the island . As a breeding ground for waterfowl , Lågskär has the status of an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) and is frequented by ornithologists who use the Lågskär Lighthouse buildings during their stay .
Several ferry routes pass within a few kilometres of Lågskär , including the Långnäs to Värtahamnen ferry , the Stockholm to Tallinn ferry , the Mariehamn to Helsinki ferry , and the Mariehamn to Åbo ferry . In the past , several vessels have sunk off the coast .
= = History = =
The earliest habitation on the island was linked to a cairn and a wooden beacon that existed on the island during the 1600s and 1700s . In the 1840s , when the first lighthouse was constructed to replace the beacon , there were 20 @-@ 30 inhabitants comprising the families of the lighthouse keepers . In addition to rearing livestock , fishing , and hunting wildlife , the families ran a school for their children ; a lighthouse society functioned at the time . The wooden lighthouse was remodeled into a stone structure which was destroyed during World War I. The existing lighthouse , built in 1920 , introduced a rotating gas lighting device , noted as the first of its kind in the world . After the lighthouse was automated in 1961 , the lighthouse keepers vacated the island . It is uninhabited since .
On 11 April 1918 , the German Nassau @-@ class battleship SMS Rheinland ran aground in heavy fog during World War I. In 1934 or 1935 , the German vessel Frida sprang a leak and sank off Lågskär , but the crew survived . On the evening of 21 October 1942 , Finnish submarine Vesihiisi torpedoed and sank the Soviet S @-@ class submarine S @-@ 7 near Lågskär .
= = Geography = =
The island comprises a mix of greenery and rocky areas , with the thickest vegetation towards the centre . Rock stacks , sea cliffs and rocky shores are found along the coastline . There is a small sandy beach at the north west side . Near the island , particularly to the south , there are rocky islets and rocks , including Sundbloms Grund , Söderklappen and Österkläppen . To the east are Kalvskär and Norra Kalvskär .
Wetlands International has identified the island as a wetland . The Middle Åland Sill , one of three sills in the two basins of the Åland Sea , measuring 70 metres ( 230 ft ) width , is situated between Söderarm and Lågskär and separates the two basins of the Åland Islands .
= = Nature and wildlife = =
The Björkör @-@ Lågskär area , measuring 6 @,@ 097 hectares ( 15 @,@ 070 acres ) in size , is part of a Ramsar Site , while the Nyhamn @-@ Lågskär islands area , measuring 2 @,@ 879 hectares ( 7 @,@ 110 acres ) in size , is recognized as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) since 2000 . A Birds Directive designation for 1 @,@ 079 hectares ( 2 @,@ 670 acres ) overlaps the IBA site .
Lågskär is occasionally visited by ornithologists for birdwatching , and to operate a bird ringing station which was established in 1964 . They use the abandoned buildings during their stay . The island has been identified by Alula , the Finnish birding magazine , as “ one of the most important breeding bird islands of the Finnish Baltic Sea ” . On the island are Steller 's eider ( Polysticta stelleri ) , the key bird species , and razorbill ( Alca torda ) . Other breeding species recorded are : Mute swan ( Cygnus olor ) , greylag goose ( Anser anser ) , tufted duck ( Aythya fuligula ) , gadwall ( Anas strepera ) , black guillemot ( Cepphus grylle ) , razorbill ( Alca torda ) , guillemot ( Uria aalge ) , water rail ( Rallus aquaticus ) , colonies of gulls ( Larus spp . ) , terns ( Sterna spp . ) and the white @-@ tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) .
Despite harsh conditions , the vegetation on the island is fairly diverse . Following the island 's grazing ban , vegetation has become very thick and has resulted in it becoming a breeding ground for waterfowl . There is large reed bed in the small lagoon area .
Fish species reported in the late 19th century in a small rock pool of 9 by 4 metres ( 30 ft × 13 ft ) in size continue to flourish . Carassius carassius of lengths varying between 8 @.@ 7 – 11 @.@ 7 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 6 in ) is found along the coastline , and in a 1993 study , some 18 species of macroalgae were recorded at depths varying between 4 – 7 metres ( 13 – 23 ft ) . The species reported include Pilayella littoralis , Ectocarpus siliculosus , Fucus vesiculosus , and Rhodomela confervoides , followed by a lesser number of Sphacelaria arctica , Cladophora rupestris , Stictyosiphon tortilis and Polysiphonia fucoides than in a previous 1950s study .
= 1988 Bangladesh cyclone =
The 1988 Bangladesh cyclone ( designated as Tropical Cyclone 04B by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ) was one of the worst tropical cyclones in Bangladeshi history . Striking in November 1988 , the tropical system exacerbated the catastrophic damage from what was then considered the worst floods in Bangladesh 's history . The tropical cyclone originated from a disturbance that developed within the Strait of Malacca on November 21 . Tracking slowly westward , the initial tropical depression reached tropical storm status in the Andaman Sea . On November 26 , the storm reached an intensity equivalent to that of a modern @-@ day severe cyclonic storm and subsequently turned northward . Gradually intensifying as it had previously , the tropical cyclone reached peak intensity with winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) as it was making landfall near the Bangladesh @-@ West Bengal border on November 29 . Although the storm retained strong winds well inland , it was last monitored over central Bangladesh as a moderate cyclonic storm @-@ equivalent on November 30 .
The brunt of the tropical cyclone 's damage was inflicted upon coastal areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . A total of 6 @,@ 240 people were killed as a result of the storm , with 5 @,@ 708 in Bangladesh and 538 in West Bengal . Many of the deaths were a result of the destruction of homes or electrocution after strong winds toppled power poles across the region . Along the coast of Bangladesh , strong storm surge caused heavy infrastructure damage and contributed in wiping out an estimated 70 % of all harvestable Bangladeshi crops , with an estimated 200 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 220 @,@ 000 tons ) of crops being lost . Widespread power outages cut telecommunications across Bangladesh ; in Dhaka , Bangladesh 's capital city , debris @-@ laden streets paralyzed traffic while electrical outages caused water shortages .
= = Meteorological history = =
During November 1988 , weather patterns over the Bay of Bengal were dominated by the winter monsoon , leading to lower atmospheric pressures over the region and the conglomeration of moisture across the area . The genesis of the 1988 Bangladesh cyclone was preceded by floods that occurred over the Malay Peninsula as a result of a monsoon trough redeveloping over the region . By 18 : 00 UTC on November 21 , a low @-@ pressure area within the Strait of Malacca was sufficiently organized such that the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory ; thus , the JTWC began closely monitoring the newly developing storm . Over the next few days , the tropical depression tracked west @-@ northwestward into the Andaman Sea . The inchoate storm quickly organized during this period , and convection about the storm 's center intensified . These developments caused satellite intensity estimates to increasingly indicate a stronger storm , which in turn prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 18 : 30 UTC on November 23 . At 06 : 00 UTC the following day , the JTWC upgraded the system to tropical storm status ( or modern @-@ day Cyclonic Storm @-@ equivalent ) and thus designate the storm as Tropical Cyclone 04B ; however , the storm 's " best track " listing , which details refined cyclone positions and is subject to revision , indicates that the storm reached tropical storm intensity six hours earlier .
After reaching tropical storm status , the system took on a slower and more westerly path across the Bay of Bengal . Gradually strengthening , the system attained typhoon intensity ( or modern @-@ day Severe Cyclonic Storm @-@ equivalent ) at 00 : 00 UTC on November 26 . Shortly after reaching this strength , the cyclone began to curve northward , rounding the western periphery of a subtropical ridge centered over Indochina . Due to the ridge 's broad size , the tropical cyclone was steered generally due north rather than northeast . Gradual intensification continued as the storm progressed closer to the coasts of Bangladesh and East India . At around 12 : 00 UTC on November 29 , the tropical cyclone made landfall near the border between Bangladesh and West Bengal at the mouth of the Hooghly River . At the time , the JTWC analyzed the storm to have had maximum sustained winds of 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) ; this was the cyclone 's peak intensity . After landfall , the storm slowly weakened over Bangladesh and was last noted as a cyclonic storm @-@ equivalent with sustained winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) on November 30 .
= = Impact and aftermath = =
The 1988 Bangladesh cyclone struck as Bangladesh was recovering from what had been considered the worst flood in Bangladeshi history earlier in the year . As a result , the additional effects of the passing cyclone exacerbated the flood 's impacts . Beginning two days before landfall , Bangladesh state radio and television continuously broadcast warning signals urging the evacuation of endangered residents along coastal areas .
The storm 's worst impacts were concentrated in the coastal Bangladeshi districts of Bagerhat , Barguna , Bhola , Jessore , Khulna , Patuakhali and Satkhira , as well as the Sundarbans . A 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) storm surge inflicted significant damage along the Bangladeshi coast and forced the temporary closure of the Port of Mongla , where nine were killed . Off the coast , waves generated by the tropical cyclone reached 4 @.@ 5 m ( 15 ft ) . Twenty vessels and barges and hundreds of small fishing boats sank as a result of the rough seas and storm surge generated by the storm . Another 37 vessels carrying ₤ 2 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 7 million ) of goods ran aground . Approximately 200 km ( 120 mi ) offshore , the Singaporean freighter Pumori capsized due to the cyclone , killing 19 . Initially reported as a much lower figure , 5 @,@ 708 fatalities occurred as a result of the tropical cyclone . Despite the high death toll , the Bangladeshi government stated that human casualties were minimized by efficient early warning systems . However , other deaths were blamed on poor communication systems , which did not effectively relay information to residents in more rural areas . Many of the deaths were caused by the collapse of dwellings or by electrocution due to the collapse of high tension power poles , and most of the deaths occurred in Khulna District . Nine people were killed in Khulna after a single power pole collapsed onto a house . A hundred corpses were discovered on the island of Dublar Char alone . In Satkhira , 100 people were killed due to flying debris kicked up by the storm 's fierce winds . In addition to the fatalities , nearly three million people were left homeless .
The storm 's effects also resulted in the deaths of over 33 @,@ 000 cattleheads and inflicted a heavy blow to the country 's November – December rice harvest . Crop damage occurred across 174 @,@ 000 hectares ( 430 @,@ 000 acres ) of land in Bagerhat , Bhola , Khulna , and Satkhira districts as well as Cox 's Bazar . The total gross weight of crop losses was estimated at 200 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 220 @,@ 000 tons ) , accounting for 70 % of Bangladeshi crops that were ready for harvest . Extensive damage to infrastructure was reported across the nation . Most mud and straw houses and tin shed offices and schools were destroyed due to the storm . Telecommunications and electrical supplies were disrupted by the storm in at least sixteen towns and four coastal districts . In the capital city of Dhaka , debris and fallen trees caused by winds of up to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) resulted in both power outages and paralyzed traffic . The power outages also disrupted the city 's distribution of water . In Shyamnagar Upazila , all mud and straw @-@ constructed homes were destroyed . Overall , an official estimates suggested 50 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed across the country . However , independent investigations were more aggressive in their estimates , suggesting that over a million homes accounting for 60 – 80 % of homes in coastal Bangladesh were destroyed , displacing as many as seven million people .
In nearby West Bengal in India , the death toll was largely disputed between government agencies and news agencies , with the former generally indicating lower figures . While the Kolkata Police Force initially reported 210 deaths , various news agencies suggested that the death toll was around 500 . Ultimately , the official death toll in West Bengal reached 538 . In addition to human casualties , the cyclone also killed 57 @,@ 604 heads of cattle . The damage in West Bengal totaled US $ 13 million .
Following the cyclone 's passage , the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society began dispatching relief teams , food , and other supplies to impacted areas . The Bangladesh Army and non @-@ governmental organizations participated in both air- and water @-@ borne relief operations , though inclement weather initially forced the suspension of several planned helicopter flights . Both the Bangladesh Navy and Indian Navy convened in the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal to search for the thousands of fishermen and islanders that went missing during the tropical cyclone 's landfall . Due to the wide scope of the disaster , the Bangladeshi government appealed for international aid , particularly from Japan and Canada as those countries had played large roles in the relief efforts of past Bangladeshi disasters . The Government of the Netherlands donated US $ 370 @,@ 000 for use in the relief efforts following the storm . Lord Glenarthur , then British Minister of State for Foreign Affairs , toured effected areas in Bangladesh for three days before announcing a ₤ 200 @,@ 000 grant ( US $ 370 @,@ 000 ) to voluntary relief agencies assisting in cyclone relief operations . Then @-@ Bangladeshi President Hussain Muhammad Ershad also visited the worst impacted districts , including Khulna and Bagerhat . Following these visits , Ershad 's administration established a national disaster committee composed of relief specialists to coordinate relief and rehabilitation efforts .
= No Quiero Saber =
" No Quiero Saber " is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena . It was originally a track on her second studio album Ven Conmigo ( 1990 ) . It was composed and produced by her brother , A.B. Quintanilla III . Pete Astudillo , a backup singer with Selena y Los Dinos , produced the song with Quintanilla . The recording was later mixed by A.B. for Selena 's 1996 first remix album , Siempre Selena . It was released posthumously by EMI Latin in June 1996 , as the album 's second single , behind " Siempre Hace Frio " .
The track was given positive reviews by music critics , with The Deseret News calling it one of Selena 's best songs . After its inclusion on her second remix album as a bonus acoustic track on Enamorada de Ti ( 2012 ) , critics gave a mixed review . The song won the Tejano Crossover Song of the Year award posthumously at the 1997 Tejano Music Awards . It peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart , while peaking within the top 20 on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart and the Latin Pop Airplay .
= = Background and release = =
" No Quiero Saber " was written and produced by A.B. Quintanilla III , Selena 's brother and principal record producer . Pete Astudillo , a backup singer with Selena y Los Dinos , helped Quintanilla produce the song . It was composed for Selena 's second studio album Ven Conmigo ( 1990 ) , and was mixed by Brian " Red " Moore , a family friend . A.B. later remixed the recording , for a release on Selena 's first remix album , Siempre Selena ( 1996 ) . The track was featured on the official Latin album of the 1996 Summer Olympics , Voces Unidas , which was headed by EMI Latin . The song was released as the second single from Siempre Selena in June 1996 , behind " Siempre Hace Frio " .
= = Critical response = =
The Deseret News named " No Quiero Saber " as one of Selena 's " best works " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic , named " No Quiero Saber " as one of " Tejano 's hit " tracks while reviewing the various artists album Tejano Heavy Hitters ( 1997 ) . " No Quiero Saber " won the Tejano Crossover Song of the Year award posthumously at the 1997 Tejano Music Awards .
In 2012 , " No Quiero Saber " was released as an acoustic bonus track for Selena 's second remix album , Enamorada de Ti . Joey Guerra of the San Antonio Express @-@ News wrote that the bonus acoustic recordings are " unlikely highlights , the new instrumentation gives them all a nice edge and highlights Selena 's burgeoning vocal prowess " . Domingo Banda of the Semana News , gave a more positive approach and listed them as recommended tracks and believed they are reminiscent of live Selena recordings .
= = Chart performance = =
" No Quiero Saber " debuted at number 35 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks on the issue dated 11 May 1996 . It peaked at number six on the week of 22 June 1996 . On the week of 1 June 1996 , the recording debuted at number 12 on the Latin Pop Airplay chart , and peaked at number 10 four weeks later on the week of 29 June 1996 . On the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart , " No Quiero Saber " debuted at number 20 on the week of 15 June 1996 . The following week , it peaked at number 15 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are taken from the single 's liner notes .
Vocals by Selena
Written and composed by A.B. Quintanilla III , Pete Astudillo
Produced by A.B. Quintanilla III
Arranging by A.B. Quintanilla III
Keyboards by Roland Gutierrez , Cruz Martínez
Programming by Roland Gutierrez , Cruz Martínez
Mixing by Brian " Red " Moore , A.B. Quintanilla III
Engineering by Brian " Red " Moore
Recording by Brian " Red " Moore
Sequencing by Roland Gutierrez , Cruz Martínez
= Exmoor pony =
The Exmoor pony is a horse breed native to the British Isles , where some still roam as semi @-@ feral livestock on Exmoor , a large area of moorland in Devon and Somerset in southwest England . The Exmoor has been given " endangered " status by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , and " threatened " status by The Livestock Conservancy . It is one of the British Isles ' mountain and moorland pony breeds , having conformation similar to that of other cold @-@ weather @-@ adapted pony breeds . The Exmoor pony is hardy and used for a variety of equestrian activities . In its free @-@ roaming state , the breed 's presence on Exmoor contributes to the conservation and management of several natural pasture habitats .
Equines have been present in Britain since 700 @,@ 000 BC , and fossil remains have been found in the area of Exmoor dating back to about 50 @,@ 000 BC . Some claim that the breed has been purebred since the ice age ; others claim this is unsupported by modern DNA research . There is however a close morphological resemblance to the primitive wild horse . Archeological investigations have shown that horses were used for transport in the southwest of England as early as 400 BC , and Roman carvings show ponies phenotypically similar to the Exmoor pony .
The Domesday Book records ponies on Exmoor in 1086 , and descendants of ponies removed from the moor in 1818 form the foundation bloodstock of today 's Exmoor breed , although a breed society was not formed until 1921 . The breed nearly became extinct after the Second World War , owing to soldiers using them for target practice and thieves killing them for their meat . After the war a small group of breeders worked to save the Exmoor , and during the 1950s ponies began to be exported to North America . The first stud book was published in 1963 , and in 1981 publicity resulted in increased interest in the breed . As of 2010 there were an estimated 800 Exmoor ponies worldwide .
= = Characteristics = =
Exmoor ponies are usually a variant of dark bay , called " brown " , with pangaré ( " mealy " ) markings around the eyes , muzzle , flanks , and underbelly . Pangaré markings occur in other equines as well as horses , and are considered to be a primitive trait . Entry in the breed registry requires that the animal have no white markings . They usually stand 11 @.@ 1 to 12 @.@ 3 hands ( 45 to 51 inches , 114 to 130 cm ) , with the recommended height limit for mares being 12 @.@ 2 hands ( 50 inches , 127 cm ) and that for stallions and geldings 12 @.@ 3 hands ( 51 inches , 130 cm ) .However exmoors may be taller than this limit with some reaching 13.2hh
With a stocky , powerful build , the Exmoor pony is strong for its height , and noted for its hardiness and endurance . The chest is deep and the back broad , the croup level . The legs are short , with good bone and hard hooves . Although many sources state that the Exmoor has a distinctly different jaw structure from other horse breeds , which includes the beginnings of development of a seventh molar , this is a misunderstanding based on an incorrect translation of a German study . The study , when properly translated , refers to a feature , found in multiple horse breeds and perhaps all animals with sizable lower jaws , that appears to be an extra branch of blood supply in the area . While an extra tooth may have eventually developed from this extra blood supply , its frequency among the general horse population makes its appearance in the Exmoor pony unremarkable .
The head is somewhat large in proportion to the body , with small ears , and has a unique feature called a " toad eye " caused by extra fleshiness of the eyelids , which helps to deflect water and provide extra insulation . As with most cold @-@ weather pony breeds , the Exmoor grows a winter coat consisting of a highly insulating woolly underlayer and a topcoat of longer , oily hairs that prevent the undercoat from becoming waterlogged by diverting water down the sides of the animal to fall from just a few drip areas . The mane and tail are thick and long , and the dock of the tail is of a type common in cold @-@ weather ponies , having coarse hairs , called a " frost cap , " " snow chute , " or " ice tail " that deflects rainwater away from the groin and underbelly areas to fall from the long hairs on the back of the hind legs .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistoric origin theories = = =
Exmoor fanciers claim the breed is directly descended from an isolated population of wild ancestors bred pure since the Ice Age , and thus more than 10 @,@ 000 years old . Modern DNA research to date has not supported that traditionally held view of the origin of the Exmoor pony however , as existing studies indicate they share their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA with various other horse breeds from across the world , and their paternally inherited Y @-@ chromosome is identical to that of most other domesticated horses .
However , horses have been present in Britain for hundreds of thousands of years . Two species of wild horse were identified from remains at Pakefield , East Anglia , dating back to 700 @,@ 000 BC , and spear damage on a horse shoulder bone discovered at Eartham Pit , Boxgrove , dated 500 @,@ 000 BC , showed that early humans were hunting horses in the area at that time . Horse remains from about 50 @,@ 000 BC have been recovered from Kent 's Cavern in nearby Torquay , remains dating from around 7 @,@ 000 BC have been found in Gough 's Cave in Cheddar Gorge , less than 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Exmoor , subfossil horse tracks have been found in the Bristol Channel / Severn Estuary area , and pre @-@ domesticated horse bones have been found in Severn @-@ Cotswold chamber tombs dating to 3500 BC .
= = = Modern DNA studies and archaeology = = =
No genetic studies to date have correlated these prehistoric remains to any modern breed . What has been studied are Y @-@ chromosomes ( Y @-@ DNA ) and mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) obtained from Exmoor ponies . The Y @-@ chromosome is passed on through the male line , and worldwide shows very little genetic variation in horses , except for a second Y @-@ chromosome haplotype found in China , suggesting that a very limited number of stallions contributed to the original genome of the domestic horse . The Exmoor pony shares this general Y @-@ chromosome haplotype . In contrast , mitochondrial DNA is passed on though the female line , and shows far more variation than Y @-@ DNA , indicating that a large number of wild mares from several regions have contributed to modern domestic breeds . Some mtDNA @-@ haplotypes have been found in DNA samples obtained from wild horses in prehistoric deposits , while other mtDNA @-@ haplotypes have only been found in domesticated horses , from both living individuals and archeological finds . The Exmoor pony has a high frequency of pre @-@ domestication mtDNA @-@ haplotypes , but these are also found in different breeds all around the world . Currently , for the British Isles , there are only three DNA archeological samples available , all from Ireland . Although wild horses were abundant after the last ice age , the lack of sufficient pre @-@ domestication DNA samples makes it impossible to determine the contribution of the wild horses of the British Islands to modern breeds , including the Exmoor pony . A 1995 study of morphological characteristics , the outward appearance of organisms , indicated that the Exmoor , Pottock , and Tarpan have an extremely close resemblance ; these breeds were consistently grouped together in the results from several analyses , with the Exmoor showing the closest relationship to the Tarpan of all the breeds studied , at 0 @.@ 27 ; the next @-@ closest breeds to the Tarpan were the Pottock and Merens , both with a genetic distance from the Tarpan of 0 @.@ 47 . The distance between the Exmoor and Pottock was 0 @.@ 37 , and between the Exmoor and Merens was 0 @.@ 40 ; a significantly wider gap than the distance between the Exmoor and Tarpan .
The first indication of domesticated horses in England comes from archaeological investigations showing that the ancient Britons were using wheeled horse @-@ drawn transport extensively in southwest England as early as 400 BC . Recent research has indicated that there was significant Roman involvement in mining on Exmoor . Metals including iron , tin , and copper were transported to Hengistbury Head in neighbouring Dorset for export , and Roman carvings , showing British and Roman chariots pulled by ponies phenotypically similar to the Exmoor , have been found in Somerset .
= = = Recorded history and modern times = = =
The Domesday Book mentions ponies in Exmoor in 1086 . Mentions of the ponies are rare between then and 1818 , when the Royal Exmoor Forest was sold to a private buyer . Sir Thomas Acland , the Exmoor Royal Forest 's last warden , took 30 ponies from the area to Winsford Hill , where he owned land . This herd became known as the Anchor herd , and a small number of descendants of this original herd still remain at Winsford Hill . At the same time as Acland 's removal , the rest of the ponies were sold , but some stayed with breeders in the area , and their families still preserve the descendants of those animals . From the 1820s to 1860s Exmoors were used to produce crossbreds , which although successful were not as hardy as their ancestors . In 1893 , the ponies were described in Sidney 's Book of the Horse as around 12 hands ( 48 inches , 122 cm ) high , usually bay in color , and with conformation similar to what it is today . In the late 1800s , the National Pony Society began to register Exmoors and Exmoor crossbreds . In 1921 , the Exmoor Pony Society was formed , and published its first stud book in 1963 .
The Second World War led to a sharp decrease in the breed population as the moor became a training ground . The breed nearly became extinct , with only 50 ponies surviving the war . This was partially due to soldiers using some ponies for target practice and others being stolen and eaten by people in the cities . After the war , a small group of breeders continued to preserve the population , and publicity in 1981 resulted in increased interest in the breed . The first Exmoors in North America were imported to Canada in the 1950s , and several small herds are still maintained there . In the 1990s , small herds of Exmoor ponies were established in various areas of England . These herds are used to maintain vegetation on nature reserves , many being managed by organisations such as the National Trust , Natural England , and County Wildlife Trusts .
Every purebred registered Exmoor is branded with a four @-@ point star on the near ( left ) shoulder until the 2000s which attracted criticism . However it is now limited to semi feral ponies as the bredders ' choice . In 2000 , the Moorland Mousie Trust , a British organisation , was established to assist in the preservation of the Exmoor pony . There is little market for Exmoor colts , so the organisation works to raise funds for the gelding and training of these horses .
Currently , The Livestock Conservancy considers the population of the Exmoor to be at " threatened " levels , meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is less than 5 @,@ 000 and there are less than 1 @,@ 000 registrations annually in the US . The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust considers the breed to be " endangered " , meaning that population numbers are estimated to be less than 500 in Great Britain . The Equus Survival Trust considers the breed to be " critical " , meaning that there are between 100 and 300 active adult breeding mares . As of 2010 , there were estimated to be around 800 Exmoor ponies worldwide .
= = Uses = =
In the past , Exmoors were used as pit ponies . Ponies not kept in semi @-@ feral conditions are used for a variety of activities including showing , long @-@ distance riding , driving ,
|
Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.