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As the adoption of machine learning (ML) systems continues to grow across industries, concerns about fairness and bias in these systems have taken center stage. Fairness toolkits, designed to mitigate bias in ML models, serve as critical tools for addressing these ethical concerns.
Developers often wonder how to implement a certain functionality (e.g., how to parse XML files) using APIs. Obtaining an API usage sequence based on an API-related natural language query is very helpful in this regard.
This paper describes our experience of delivery educational programs in academia and in industry on DevOps, compare the two approaches and sum-up the lessons learnt. We also propose a vision to implement a shift in the Software Engineering Higher Education curricula.
The continuous evolution of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) demands advanced testing methodologies to ensure their safe and reliable operations in the real-world. To push the boundaries of sUAS simulation testing in realistic environments, we previously developed the DroneReqValidator (DRV) platform, allowing dev...
AI-driven software development has rapidly advanced with the emergence of software development agents that leverage large language models (LLMs) to tackle complex, repository-level software engineering tasks. These agents go beyond just generation of final code; they engage in multi-step reasoning, utilize various too...
Despite the fact that plagiarizing source code is a trivial task for most CS students, detecting such unethical behavior requires a considerable amount of effort. Thus, several plagiarism detection systems were developed to handle such issue.
Business Process Management (BPM) has the potential to help companies manage and reduce their activities' negative social and environmental impacts. However, so far, only limited capabilities for analysing the sustainability impacts of processes have been integrated into established BPM methods and tools.
Background: The literature offers various methods for capturing software architectural knowledge (AK), including views, viewpoints, and architecture decision records (ADRs). In parallel, sustainability has gained prominence in software engineering, especially concerning software architecture.
When developing and managing microservice systems, practitioners suggest that each microservice should be owned by a particular team. In effect, there is only one team with the responsibility to manage a given service.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely developed and applied in many areas, and the quality assurance of DNNs is critical. Neural network verification (NNV) aims to provide formal guarantees to DNN models.
Pre-trained language models have demonstrated powerful capabilities in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Recently, code pre-trained model (PTM), which draw from the experiences of the NLP field, have also achieved state-of-the-art results in many software engineering (SE) downstream tasks.
This technical report presents the work done as part of the AutoSeer project. Our work in this project was to develop a source-to-source compiler, MANET, for the C language that could be used for instrumentation of critical parts of applications under testing.
Transaction-level modeling with SystemC has been very successful in describing the behavior of embedded systems by providing high-level executable models, in which many of them have inherent probabilistic behaviors, e.g., random data and unreliable components. It thus is crucial to have both quantitative and qualitati...
Code generation is a longstanding challenge, aiming to generate a code snippet based on a natural language description. Usually, expensive text-code paired data is essential for training a code generation model.
In this era, significant transformations in industries and tool utilization are driven by AI/Large Language Models (LLMs) and advancements in Machine Learning. There's a growing emphasis on Machine Learning Operations(MLOps) for managing and deploying these AI models.
Deep learning (DL) defines a new data-driven programming paradigm that constructs the internal system logic of a crafted neuron network through a set of training data. We have seen wide adoption of DL in many safety-critical scenarios.
Software composition analysis (SCA) denotes the process of identifying open-source software components in an input software application. SCA has been extensively developed and adopted by academia and industry.
Stack Overflow has become an essential technical resource for developers. However, given the vast amount of knowledge available on Stack Overflow, finding the right information that is relevant for a given task is still challenging, especially when a developer is looking for a solution that applies to their specific r...
Nowadays, software analytics tools using machine learning (ML) models to, for example, predict the risk of a code change are well established. However, as the goals of a project shift over time, and developers and their habits change, the performance of said models tends to degrade (drift) over time.
Many software projects fail due to problems in requirements engineering (RE). The goal of this paper is analyzing a specific and relevant RE problem in detail: incomplete/hidden requirements.
The paper entitled "Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering" by Carolyn Seaman was published in TSE in 1999. It has been chosen as one of the most influential papers from the third decade of TSE's 50 years history.
Performance-influence models can help stakeholders understand how and where configuration options and their interactions influence the performance of a system. With this understanding, stakeholders can debug performance behavior and make deliberate configuration decisions.
In this position paper (1) we discuss two particular aspects of Systems of Systems, i.e., variability and evolution. (2) We argue that concepts from Product Line Engineering and Software Evolution are relevant to Systems of Systems Engineering.
Software visualization can be of great use for understanding and exploring a software system in an intuitive manner. Spatial representation of software is a promising approach of increasing interest.
Software ecosystems have gained a lot of attention in recent times. Industry and developers gather around technologies and collaborate to their advancement; when the boundaries of such an effort go beyond certain amount of projects, we are witnessing the appearance of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) ecosys...
Datasets collecting software mentions from scholarly publications can potentially be used for research into the software that has been used in the published research, as well as into the practice of software citation. Recently, new software mention datasets with different characteristics have been published.
Over the past eight years, the META method has served as a multidimensional testing skill assessment system in the National College Student Contest on Software Testing, successfully assessing over 100,000 students' testing skills. However, META is primarily limited to the objective assessment of test scripts, lack...
Context. The adoption of Machine Learning (ML)--enabled systems is steadily increasing.
Context: The globalisation of activities associated with software development and use has introduced many challenges in practice and for research. While the predominant approach to research in software engineering has followed a positivist science model, this approach may be sub-optimal when addressing problems with a...
The label quality of defect data sets has a direct influence on the reliability of defect prediction models. In this study, for multi-version-project defect data sets, we propose an approach to automatically detecting instances with inconsistent labels (i.e. the phenomena of instances having the same source code but d...
Increasing code velocity (or the speed with which code changes are reviewed and merged) is integral to speeding up development and contributes to the work satisfaction of engineers. While factors affecting code change acceptance have been investigated in the past, solutions to decrease the code review lifetime are les...
The test is one of the approaches commonly used for validating systems to ensure qualitative and quantitative implementation requirements. In this paper, we interest in formal testing using graph transformation, thus we propose an approach for translating a Durational Actions Timed Automata model (DATA*) with a high n...
Context: Profiling developers is challenging since many factors, such as their skills, experience, development environment and behaviors, may influence a detailed analysis and the delivery of coherent interpretations. <br>Objective: We aim at profiling software developers by mining their software development process.
Software components for on-board architectures in the space domain are increasingly reliant on Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS), Open Source (OSS) or other third party software products. However, these software components often have not been built with mission critical requirements in mind.
Internet of Things Driven Data Analytics (IoT-DA) has the potential to excel data-driven operationalisation of smart environments. However, limited research exists on how IoT-DA applications are designed, implemented, operationalised, and evolved in the context of software and system engineering life-cycle.
Augmenting missing key aspects in Textual Vulnerability Descriptions (TVDs) is crucial for effective vulnerability analysis. For instance, in TVDs, key aspects include Attack Vector, Vulnerability Type, among others.
The integration of industrial automation systems and software agents has been practiced for many years. However, such an integration is usually done by experts and there is no consistent way to assess these practices and to optimally select one for a specific system.
Testing PLC and DCS control logic in industrial automation is laborious and challenging since appropriate test cases are often complex and difficult to formulate. Researchers have previously proposed several automated test case generation approaches for PLC software applying symbolic execution and search-based techniq...
The concept of agile process models has attained great popularity in software (SW) development community in last few years. Agile models promote fast development.
Safety Critical Java (SCJ) is a profile of the Real-Time Specification for Java that brings to the safety-critical industry the possibility of using Java. SCJ defines three compliance levels: Level 0, Level 1 and Level 2.
Stakeholders make various types of decisions with respect to requirements, design, management, and so on during the software development life cycle. Nevertheless, these decisions are typically not well documented and classified due to limited human resources, time, and budget.
Decompiler is a specialized type of reverse engineering tool extensively employed in program analysis tasks, particularly in program comprehension and vulnerability detection. However, current Solidity smart contract decompilers face significant limitations in reconstructing the original source code.
In both commercial and open-source software, bug reports or issues are used to track bugs or feature requests. However, the quality of issues can differ a lot.
Career is a journey of life that made the field of profession or employment options as a way to live. Careers are basis to generate income to sustain the needs of everyday life.
The Why3 IDE and verification system facilitates the use of a wide range of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers through a driver-based architecture. We present Where4: a portfolio-based approach to discharge Why3 proof obligations.
Traceability is a fundamental component of the modern software development process that helps to ensure properly functioning, secure programs. Due to the high cost of manually establishing trace links, researchers have developed automated approaches that draw relationships between pairs of textual software artifacts u...
The design productivity gap requires more efficient design methods. Software systems have faced the same challenge and seem to have mastered it with the introduction of more abstract design methods.
Call graph construction is the foundation of inter-procedural static analysis. PYCG is the state-of-the-art approach for constructing call graphs for Python programs.
Agile methods have gotten a good reputation for managing projects in many different sectors. A challenge among practitioners in the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) domain, is to decide if an agile method is suitable or not for new projects.
Authentication is a critical security feature for confirming the identity of a system's users, typically implemented with help from frameworks like Spring Security. It is a complex feature which should be robustly tested at all stages of development.
Software vulnerability detection is crucial for high-quality software development. Recently, some studies utilizing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn the graph representation of code in vulnerability detection tasks have achieved remarkable success.
Existing work on the practical impact of software engineering (SE) research examines industrial relevance rather than adoption of study results, hence the question of how results have been practically applied remains open. To answer this and investigate the outcomes of impactful research, we performed a quantitative a...
Simulation environments are essential for the continuous development of complex cyber-physical systems such as self-driving cars (SDCs). Previous results on simulation-based testing for SDCs have shown that many automatically generated tests do not strongly contribute to identification of SDC faults, hence do not cont...
This paper introduces a novel software visualisation and animation method, manifested in a prototype software tool - AnimArch. The introduced method is based on model fusion of static and dynamic models.
Most existing pre-trained language models for source code focus on learning the static code text, typically augmented with static code structures (abstract syntax tree, dependency graphs, etc.). However, program semantics will not be fully exposed before the real execution.
A simple technique is presented for testing a C99 compiler, by comparison of its output with output from preexisting tools. The advantage to this approach is that new test cases can be added in bulk from existing sources, reducing the need for in-depth investigation of correctness issues, and for creating new test cod...
Software Engineering and the implementation of software has become a challenging task as many tools, frameworks and languages must be orchestrated into one functioning piece. This complexity increases the need for testing and analysis methodologies that aid the developers and engineers as the software grows and evolve...
Systematic application of software metric techniques can lead to significant improvements of the quality of a final software product. However, there is still the evident lack of wider utilization of software metrics techniques and tools due to many reasons.
Background: Code reviewing is an essential part of software development to ensure software quality. However, the abundance of review tasks and the intensity of the workload for reviewers negatively impact the quality of the reviews.
In this vision paper, we explore the challenges and opportunities of a form of computation that employs an empirical (rather than a formal) approach, where the solution of a computational problem is returned as empirically most likely (rather than necessarily correct). We call this approach as empirical computation ...
Software-intensive systems produce logs for troubleshooting purposes. Recently, many deep learning models have been proposed to automatically detect system anomalies based on log data.
We report on a large-scale empirical study investigating the relevance of socio-technical congruence over key basic software quality metrics, namely, bugs and churn. In particular, we explore whether alignment or misalignment of social communication structures and technical dependencies in large software projects infl...
Pull Requests (PRs) are a mechanism on modern collaborative coding platforms, such as GitHub. PRs allow developers to tell others that their code changes are available for merging into another branch in a repository.
Cloud computing systems fail in complex and unforeseen ways due to unexpected combinations of events and interactions among hardware and software components. These failures are especially problematic when they are silent, i.e., not accompanied by any explicit failure notification, hindering the timely detection and re...
Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques for the rigorous development of software-intensive systems. The railway signaling domain is a field in which formal methods have traditionally been applied, with several success stories.
Context: Technical debt management is challenging for software engineers due to poor tool support and a lack of knowledge on how to prioritize technical debt repayment and prevention activities. Furthermore, when there is a large backlog of debt, developers often lack the motivation to address it.
Open Source Software (OSS) project success relies on crowd contributions. When an issue arises in pull-request based systems, @-mentions are used to call on people to task; previous studies have shown that @-mentions in discussions are associated with faster issue resolution.
User Interfaces (UIs) intensively rely on event-driven programming: widgets send UI events, which capture users' interactions, to dedicated objects called controllers. Controllers use several UI listeners that handle these events to produce UI commands.
Models in face of increasing complexity support development of new systems and enterprises. For an efficient procedure, reference models are adapted in order to reach a solution with les overhead which covers all necessary aspects.
An agile approach has become very popular over the last decade, which requires good communication and teamwork within teams as well as with outside stakeholders. Therefore, social interaction is central for a software development team to be successful.
We introduce an efficient parametric model checking (ePMC) method for the analysis of reliability, performance and other quality-of-service (QoS) properties of software systems. ePMC speeds up the analysis of parametric Markov chains modelling the behaviour of software by exploiting domain-specific modelling patterns ...
The given paper considered a generalized model representation of the software system "Instrumental complex for ontological engineering purpose". Represented complete software system development process.
Cloud-based services are surging into popularity in recent years. However, outages, i.e., severe incidents that always impact multiple services, can dramatically affect user experience and incur severe economic losses.
Managing open-source software (OSS) projects requires managing communities of contributors. In particular, it is essential for project leaders to understand their community's diversity and turnover.
As one of the crucial human aspects, individual decision-making behavior that may affect the quality of a software project is adaptive to the environment in which the individual is. However, no comprehensive reference framework of the environmental factors influencing individual decision-making behavior in software pr...
The use of model such as LEL (Lexicon Extended Language) in natural language is very interesting in Requirements Engineering. But LEL, even if it is derived from the Universe of Discourse (UofD) does not provide further details on the concepts it describes.
Software non-functional requirements address a multitude of objectives, expectations, and even liabilities that must be considered during development and operation. Typically, these non-functional requirements originate from different domains and their concrete scope, notion, and demarcation to functional requirements...
This study investigates the impact of software design model capabilities and data structure algorithm abilities on microservices architecture design within enterprises. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, the research involved in-depth interviews with software architects and developers who possess extensive experienc...
In the age of autonomously driving vehicles, functionality and complexity of embedded systems are increasing tremendously. Safety aspects become more important and require such systems to operate with the highest possible level of fault tolerance.
Open-source licenses establish the legal foundation for software reuse, yet license variants, including both modified standard licenses and custom-created alternatives, introduce significant compliance complexities. Despite their prevalence and potential impact, these variants are poorly understood in modern software ...
Nowadays, systems containing components based on machine learning (ML) methods are becoming more widespread. In order to ensure the intended behavior of a software system, there are standards that define necessary quality aspects of the system and its components (such as ISO/IEC 25010).
Background: Over the years, Automated Program Repair (APR) has attracted much attention from both academia and industry since it can reduce the costs in fixing bugs. However, how to assess the patch correctness remains to be an open challenge.
Bug patterns are erroneous code idioms or bad coding practices that have been proved to fail time and time again, which are usually caused by the misunderstanding of a programming language's features, the use of erroneous design patterns, or simple mistakes sharing common behaviors. This paper identifies and categ...
The Android permission system is a set of controls to regulate access to sensitive data and platform resources (e.g., camera). The fast evolving nature of Android permissions, coupled with inadequate documentation, results in numerous challenges for third-party developers.
We present a structure-aware code editor, called Deuce, that is equipped with direct manipulation capabilities for invoking automated program transformations. Compared to traditional refactoring environments, Deuce employs a direct manipulation interface that is tightly integrated within a text-based editing workflow....
Testing with randomly generated inputs (fuzzing) has gained significant traction due to its capacity to expose program vulnerabilities automatically. Fuzz testing campaigns generate large amounts of data, making them ideal for the application of machine learning (ML).
Metamodel-based DSL development in language workbenches like Xtext allows language engineers to focus more on metamodels and domain concepts rather than grammar details. However, the grammar generated from metamodels often requires manual modification, which can be tedious and time-consuming.
Multi-source logs provide a comprehensive overview of ongoing system activities, allowing for in-depth analysis to detect potential threats. A practical approach for threat detection involves explicit extraction of entity triples (subject, action, object) towards building provenance graphs to facilitate the analysis o...
Web APIs provide a systematic and extensible approach for application-to-application interaction. A large number of mobile applications makes use of web APIs to integrate services into apps.
This paper discusses how model checking, a technique used for the verification of behavioural requirements of dynamic systems, can be usefully deployed for the verification of contracts. A process view of agreements between parties is taken, whereby a contract is modelled as it evolves over time in terms of actions or...
Recent breakthroughs in deep-learning (DL) approaches have resulted in the dynamic generation of trace links that are far more accurate than was previously possible. However, DL-generated links lack clear explanations, and therefore non-experts in the domain can find it difficult to understand the underlying semantics...
Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) refers to circumstances where developers use textual artifacts to explain why the existing implementation is not optimal. Past research in detecting SATD has focused on either identifying SATD (classifying SATD items as SATD or not) or categorizing SATD (labeling instances as SATD t...
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), e.g., elevator systems and autonomous driving systems, are progressively permeating our everyday lives. To ensure their safety, various analyses need to be conducted, such as anomaly detection and time-to-event analysis (the focus of this paper).
We present CD2Alloy, a novel, powerful translation of UML class diagrams (CDs) to Alloy. Unlike existing translations, which are based on a shallow embedding strategy, and are thus limited to checking consistency and generating conforming object models of a single CD, and support a limited set of CD language features,...
Intelligent Apps (iApps), equipped with in-App deep learning (DL) models, are emerging to offer stable DL inference services. However, App marketplaces have trouble auto testing iApps because the in-App model is black-box and couples with ordinary codes.
We report an investigation of data analysis methods derived from other disciplines, which we applied to physics software systems. They concern the analysis of inequality, trend analysis and the analysis of diversity.
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly gaining momentum in software modeling education, embraced by both students and educators. As GenAI assists with interpreting requirements, formalizing models, and translating students' mental models into structured notations, it increasingly shapes core learnin...
Given natural language test case description for an Android application, existing testing approaches require developers to manually write scripts using tools such as Appium and Espresso to execute the corresponding test case. This process is labor-intensive and demands significant effort to maintain as UI interfaces e...
Most modern software systems are characterized by a high number of components whose interactions can affect and complicate testing activities. During testing, developers can account for the interactions by isolating the code under test using test doubles and stubbings.
HL7's Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard is designed to provide a consistent way in which to represent and exchange healthcare data, such as electronic health records (EHRs). SMART--on--FHIR (SoF) technology uses this standard to augment existing healthcare data systems with a standard FHIR...

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