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Glyndŵr University Research Online |
Conference Paper |
Review of unmanned aircraft system technologies to enable |
beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations |
Davies, L., Bolam, R., Vagapov, Y. and Anuchin, A. |
This is a paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Electrical Power Drive |
Systems ICEPDS 2018, Novocherkassk, Russia, 3 -6 October 2018 . |
Copyright of the author(s). Reproduced here with their permission and the permission of the |
conference organisers. |
Recommended citation: |
Davies, L., Bolam, R., Vagapov, Y. and Anuchin, A. (2018) ‘Review of unmanned aircraft |
system technologies to enable beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations’. In Proc. 10th |
International Conference on Electrical Power Drive Systems IC EPDS 2018, Novocherkassk, |
Russia, 3 -6 October 2018, pp. 1 -6. doi: 10.1109/ICEPDS.2018.8571665Abstract—The need to develop and deploy Beyond Visual |
Line of Sight (BVLOS) aerial vehicles has intensified over the |
last decade. As the demand for Unmanned Aircraft Systems |
(UAS) has increased, so too has the regulations that surrounds |
the industry. Strict regulations are currently in place but |
differ from country to country. Due to these regulations |
BVLOS innovators have been posed the task of exploring the |
means of operating flight missions with the UAV out of the |
sight of the pilot. Autonomous flight capability is not only |
fundamental to BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to |
have a significant impact on the future development of |
passenger carrying autonomous aircraft. This review explores |
the technologies that have been developed to date that enable |
BVLOS applications. BVLOS flight operations have the |
potential to open a huge area of commercial opportunity |
however, there remain many concerns about the current |
capabilities of UAS to detect and avoid manned andunmanned airborne hazards that may pose a significant safety |
risk. |
Keywords —drones, unmanned aircraft system, BVLOS, |
autonomous aircraft |
I. INTRODUCTION |
Accompanying the rapid increase of drone operations |
over the past few years has been a comparative increase in |
the regulations governing the industry. The main driver for |
which has been the safety of societies with respect to their |
populations, property and environment. This cautious |
approach has been very successful to date and in the UK, in |
common with many other European countries, amateur |
drone operations are only permitted to take place within the |
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) of the Remote Pilot. This is |
commonly interpreted to mean up to 500m horizontally and |
400ft (120m) vertically. For commercial UAV operators |
Extended Visual Line of Sight (EVLOS) operations beyond |
the aforementioned distances may also be permissible. |
Applications must be submitted to the Civil AviationAuthority (CAA) for EVLOS which include an acceptable |
safety case and the use of deployed observers. Operations |
Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) may also be |
permitted if an approved method of aerial separation and |
collision avoidance is employed or alternatively the flights |
are made within segregated airspace under Instrument |
Flying Rules (IFR) and with Air Traffic Control (ATC) |
clearance [1]. Fig. 1 illustrates VLOS, EVLOS and BVLOS |
operations. Recently many national governments have identified |
UAS as a key economic growth sector for technology and |
are keen to encourage its development. In June 2017 the |
Single European Sky Air traffic management Research |
Joint Undertaking (SESAR Joint Undertaking) released a |
blueprint aimed at making a strong and dynamic EU drone |
services market by introducing the concept of “U -Space” a |
low-level airspace for drone operations [3]. This airspace is |
intended to be in place by 2019 and extend vertically to150m. Drone operations within it are to be safe and |
automated for BVLOS operations. It has been predicted |
that the advent of BVLOS operations will herald a new |
boom in the drone industry [4]. |
It could be claimed that the first recorded BVLOS UAV |
mission was carried out by the Austrian army in 1849 with |
an attack on Venice using hot air balloons filled with |
explosives. [5] Since then the use of UAVs has increase |
substantially in both the military and commercial sectors. In |
the UK, BVLOS flights are more commonly conducted by |
the military normally under the guidance of the Military |
Aviation Authority (MAA), but that seems to be about the |
change as the UK Civil Aviation Authority has granted |
permission to the Defence Infrastructure Organisation |
Service Delivery Training (DIO SD TRG), to conduct a |
BVLOS test at the Salisbury Plain Training area to meet its |
military requirements [6], [7]. This form of approval for |
BVLOS flights could be applied to a wide and variednumber of government and public applications. There are |
quite a few scenarios where BVLOS could be executed |
efficiently and safely such as: package delivery, which has |
already been tested by Amazon; pipeline inspections that Review of Unmanned Aircraft System Technologies |
to Enable Beyond Visual Line of Sight |
(BVLOS) Operations |
Alecksey Anuchin |
Moscow Power Engineering Institute |
Moscow, Russia Lee Davies |
Glyndwr University |
Wrexham, UK |
Fig. 1. VLOS, EVLOS and BVLOS illustrated [2]. |
UAV Pilot Additional ObserverVLOS Flights EVLOS FlightsBVLOS Flights |
Range of Remote ControlVisual Range |
978-1-5386 -4713 -4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE Yuriy Vagapov |
Glyndwr University |
Wrexham, UK Robert Cameron Bolam |
Glyndwr University |
Wrexham, UK 2018 X International Conference on Electrical Power Drive Systems (ICEPDS)stretch over great distances; agriculture; search and rescue; |
policing and border control etc. [8] -[12]. BVLOS |
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