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configs:
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path: Alberta/train-*
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path: Alberta/validation-*
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path: British Columbia/test-*
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path: Manitoba/test-*
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path: New Brunswick/train-*
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path: New Brunswick/test-*
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data_files:
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/train-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/validation-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/test-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Northwest Territories/train-*
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path: Northwest Territories/validation-*
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path: Northwest Territories/test-*
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path: Northwest Territories/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Nova Scotia/train-*
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path: Nova Scotia/validation-*
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path: Nova Scotia/test-*
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path: Nova Scotia/test_hard-*
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path: Nunavut/train-*
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path: Nunavut/validation-*
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path: Nunavut/test-*
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path: Nunavut/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Ontario/train-*
- split: validation
path: Ontario/validation-*
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path: Ontario/test-*
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path: Ontario/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Quebec/train-*
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path: Quebec/validation-*
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path: Quebec/test-*
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path: Quebec/test_hard-*
- config_name: Saskatchewan
data_files:
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path: Saskatchewan/train-*
- split: validation
path: Saskatchewan/validation-*
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path: Saskatchewan/test-*
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path: Saskatchewan/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Yukon/train-*
- split: validation
path: Yukon/validation-*
- split: test
path: Yukon/test-*
- split: test_hard
path: Yukon/test_hard-*
license: mit
task_categories:
- image-segmentation
tags:
- environment
- wildfire
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
Dataset Card for CanadaFireSat π₯π°οΈ
In this benchmark, we investigate the potential of deep learning with multiple modalities for high-resolution wildfire forecasting. Leveraging different data settings across two types of model architectures: CNN-based and ViT-based.
- π Paper on ArXiv
- πΏ Dataset repository on GitHub
- π€ Model repository on GitHub & Weights on Hugging Face
π Summary Representation
The main use of this dataset is to push for the development of algorithms towards high-resolution wildfire forecasting via multi-modal learning. Indeed, we show the potential through our experiments of models trained on satellite image time series (Sentinel-2) and with environmental predictors (ERA5, MODIS, FWI). We hope to emulate the community to benchmark their EO and climate foundation models on CanadaFireSat to investigate their downstream fine-tuning capabilities on this complex extreme event forecasting task.
Sources
We describe below the different sources necessary to build the CanadaFireSat benchmark.
π₯π Fire Polygons Source
- π» National Burned Area Composite (NBAC π¨π¦): Polygons Shapefile downloaded from CWFIS Datamart
- π
Filter fires since 2015 aligning with Sentinel-2 imagery availability
- π No restrictions are applied on ignition source or other metadata
- β Spatial aggregation: Fires are mapped to a 2.8 km Γ 2.8 km grid | Temporal aggregation into 8-day windows
π°οΈπΊοΈ Satellite Image Time Series Source
- π°οΈ Sentinel-2 (S2) Level-1C Satellite Imagery (2015β2023) from Google Earth Engine
- πΊοΈ For each grid cell (2.8β―km Γ 2.8β―km): Collect cloud-free S2 images (β€ 40% cloud cover) over a 64-day period before prediction
- β οΈ We discard samples with: Fewer than 3 valid images | Less than 40 days of coverage
π¦οΈπ² Environmental Predictors
- π‘οΈ Hydrometeorological Drivers: Key variables like temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and humidity from ERA5-Land (11 km, available on Google Earth Engine) and MODIS11 (1 km, available on Google Earth Engine), aggregated over 8-day windows using mean, max, and min values.
- πΏ Vegetation Indices (MODIS13 and MODIS15): NDVI, EVI, LAI, and FPAR (500 m) captured in 8 or 16-day composites, informing on vegetation state.
- π₯ Fire Danger Metrics (CEMS previously on CDS): Fire Weather Index and Drought Code from the Canadian FWI system (0.25Β° resolution).
- π For each sample, we gather predictor data from 64 days prior to reflect pre-fire conditions.
ποΈ Land Cover
- βοΈ Exclusively used for adversarial sampling and post-training analysis.
- πΎ Data extracted is the 2020 North American Land Cover 30-meter dataset, produced as part of the North American Land Change Monitoring System (NALCMS) (available on Google Earth Engine)
π· Outputs
π CanadaFireSat Dataset Statistics (Without Test Hard):
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Total Samples | 177,801 |
| Target Spatial Resolution | 100 m |
| Region Coverage | Canada |
| Temporal Coverage | 2016 - 2023 |
| Sample Area Size | 2.64 km Γ 2.64 km |
| Fire Occurrence Rate | 39% of samples |
| Total Fire Patches | 16% of patches |
| Training Set (2016β2021) | 78,030 samples |
| Validation Set (2022) | 14,329 samples |
| Test Set (2023) | 85,442 samples |
| Sentinel-2 Temporal Median Coverage | 55 days (8 images) |
| Number of Environmental Predictors | 58 |
| Data Sources | ERA5, MODIS, CEMS |
π Samples Localisation:
Figure 1: Spatial distribution of positive (left) and negative (right) wildfire samples.
π°οΈ Example of S2 time series:
Figure 2: Row 1-3 Samples of Sentinel-2 input time series for 4 locations in Canada, with only the RGB bands with rescaled intensity. Row 4 Sentinel-2 images after the fire occurred. Row 5 Fire polygons used as labels with the Sentinel-2 images post-fire.
Dataset Structure
| Name | Type | Shape | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
date |
timestamp[s] |
- | Fire Date |
doy |
sequence<int64> |
- | Sentinel-2 Tiles Day of the Year |
10x |
sequence<array3_d> |
(4, 264, 264) | Sentinel-2 10m bands |
20x |
sequence<array3_d> |
(6, 132, 132) | Sentinel-2 20m bands |
60x |
sequence<array3_d> |
(3, 44, 44) | Sentinel-2 60m bands |
loc |
array3_d<float32> |
(2, 264, 264) | Latitude and Longitude grid |
labels |
array2_d<uint8> |
(264, 264) | Fire binary label mask |
tab_cds |
array2_d<float32> |
(8, 6) | Tabular CDS variables |
tab_era5 |
array2_d<float32> |
(8, 45) | Tabular ERA5 variables |
tab_modis |
array2_d<float32> |
(8, 7) | Tabular MODIS products |
env_cds |
array4_d<float32> |
(8, 6, 13, 13) | Spatial CDS variables |
env_cds_loc |
array3_d<float32> |
(13, 13, 2) | Grid coordinates for CDS |
env_era5 |
array4_d<float32> |
(8, 45, 32, 32) | Spatial ERA5 variables |
env_era5_loc |
array3_d<float32> |
(32, 32, 2) | Grid coordinates for ERA5 |
env_modis11 |
array4_d<float32> |
(8, 3, 16, 16) | Spatial MODIS11 variables |
env_modis11_loc |
array3_d<float32> |
(16, 16, 2) | Grid coordinates for MODIS11 |
env_modis13_15 |
array4_d<float32> |
(8, 4, 32, 32) | Spatial MODIS13/15 variables |
env_modis13_15_loc |
array3_d<float32> |
(32, 32, 2) | Grid coordinates for MODIS13/15) |
env_doy |
sequence<int64> |
- | Environment Variables Day of the Year |
region |
string |
- | Canadian Province or Territory |
tile_id |
int32 |
- | Tile identifier |
file_id |
string |
- | Unique file identifier |
fwi |
float32 |
- | Tile Fire Weather Index |
Citation
The paper is currently under review with a preprint available on ArXiv.
@article{porta2025canadafiresat,
title={CanadaFireSat: Toward high-resolution wildfire forecasting with multiple modalities},
author={Porta, Hugo and Dalsasso, Emanuele and McCarty, Jessica L and Tuia, Devis},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08690},
year={2025}
}
Contacts & Information
- Curated by: Hugo Porta
- Contact Email: hugo.porta@epfl.ch
- Shared by: ECEO Lab
- License: MiT License