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metadata
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        path: Saskatchewan/train-*
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      - split: validation
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      - split: test_hard
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license: mit
task_categories:
  - image-segmentation
tags:
  - environment
  - wildfire
size_categories:
  - 100K<n<1M

Dataset Card for CanadaFireSat πŸ”₯πŸ›°οΈ

In this benchmark, we investigate the potential of deep learning with multiple modalities for high-resolution wildfire forecasting. Leveraging different data settings across two types of model architectures: CNN-based and ViT-based.

πŸ“ Summary Representation

The main use of this dataset is to push for the development of algorithms towards high-resolution wildfire forecasting via multi-modal learning. Indeed, we show the potential through our experiments of models trained on satellite image time series (Sentinel-2) and with environmental predictors (ERA5, MODIS, FWI). We hope to emulate the community to benchmark their EO and climate foundation models on CanadaFireSat to investigate their downstream fine-tuning capabilities on this complex extreme event forecasting task.

Sources

We describe below the different sources necessary to build the CanadaFireSat benchmark.

πŸ”₯πŸ“ Fire Polygons Source

  • πŸ’» National Burned Area Composite (NBAC πŸ‡¨πŸ‡¦): Polygons Shapefile downloaded from CWFIS Datamart
  • πŸ“… Filter fires since 2015 aligning with Sentinel-2 imagery availability
  • πŸ›‘ No restrictions are applied on ignition source or other metadata
  • βž• Spatial aggregation: Fires are mapped to a 2.8 km Γ— 2.8 km grid | Temporal aggregation into 8-day windows

πŸ›°οΈπŸ—ΊοΈ Satellite Image Time Series Source

  • πŸ›°οΈ Sentinel-2 (S2) Level-1C Satellite Imagery (2015–2023) from Google Earth Engine
  • πŸ—ΊοΈ For each grid cell (2.8β€―km Γ— 2.8β€―km): Collect cloud-free S2 images (≀ 40% cloud cover) over a 64-day period before prediction
  • ⚠️ We discard samples with: Fewer than 3 valid images | Less than 40 days of coverage

🌦️🌲 Environmental Predictors

  • 🌑️ Hydrometeorological Drivers: Key variables like temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and humidity from ERA5-Land (11 km, available on Google Earth Engine) and MODIS11 (1 km, available on Google Earth Engine), aggregated over 8-day windows using mean, max, and min values.
  • 🌿 Vegetation Indices (MODIS13 and MODIS15): NDVI, EVI, LAI, and FPAR (500 m) captured in 8 or 16-day composites, informing on vegetation state.
  • πŸ”₯ Fire Danger Metrics (CEMS previously on CDS): Fire Weather Index and Drought Code from the Canadian FWI system (0.25Β° resolution).
  • πŸ•’ For each sample, we gather predictor data from 64 days prior to reflect pre-fire conditions.

🏞️ Land Cover

  • ⛔️ Exclusively used for adversarial sampling and post-training analysis.
  • πŸ’Ύ Data extracted is the 2020 North American Land Cover 30-meter dataset, produced as part of the North American Land Change Monitoring System (NALCMS) (available on Google Earth Engine)

πŸ“· Outputs

πŸ“Š CanadaFireSat Dataset Statistics (Without Test Hard):

Statistic Value
Total Samples 177,801
Target Spatial Resolution 100 m
Region Coverage Canada
Temporal Coverage 2016 - 2023
Sample Area Size 2.64 km Γ— 2.64 km
Fire Occurrence Rate 39% of samples
Total Fire Patches 16% of patches
Training Set (2016–2021) 78,030 samples
Validation Set (2022) 14,329 samples
Test Set (2023) 85,442 samples
Sentinel-2 Temporal Median Coverage 55 days (8 images)
Number of Environmental Predictors 58
Data Sources ERA5, MODIS, CEMS

πŸ“ Samples Localisation:

Positive Samples Negative Samples

Figure 1: Spatial distribution of positive (left) and negative (right) wildfire samples.

πŸ›°οΈ Example of S2 time series:

Figure 2: Row 1-3 Samples of Sentinel-2 input time series for 4 locations in Canada, with only the RGB bands with rescaled intensity. Row 4 Sentinel-2 images after the fire occurred. Row 5 Fire polygons used as labels with the Sentinel-2 images post-fire.

Dataset Structure

Name Type Shape Description
date timestamp[s] - Fire Date
doy sequence<int64> - Sentinel-2 Tiles Day of the Year
10x sequence<array3_d> (4, 264, 264) Sentinel-2 10m bands
20x sequence<array3_d> (6, 132, 132) Sentinel-2 20m bands
60x sequence<array3_d> (3, 44, 44) Sentinel-2 60m bands
loc array3_d<float32> (2, 264, 264) Latitude and Longitude grid
labels array2_d<uint8> (264, 264) Fire binary label mask
tab_cds array2_d<float32> (8, 6) Tabular CDS variables
tab_era5 array2_d<float32> (8, 45) Tabular ERA5 variables
tab_modis array2_d<float32> (8, 7) Tabular MODIS products
env_cds array4_d<float32> (8, 6, 13, 13) Spatial CDS variables
env_cds_loc array3_d<float32> (13, 13, 2) Grid coordinates for CDS
env_era5 array4_d<float32> (8, 45, 32, 32) Spatial ERA5 variables
env_era5_loc array3_d<float32> (32, 32, 2) Grid coordinates for ERA5
env_modis11 array4_d<float32> (8, 3, 16, 16) Spatial MODIS11 variables
env_modis11_loc array3_d<float32> (16, 16, 2) Grid coordinates for MODIS11
env_modis13_15 array4_d<float32> (8, 4, 32, 32) Spatial MODIS13/15 variables
env_modis13_15_loc array3_d<float32> (32, 32, 2) Grid coordinates for MODIS13/15)
env_doy sequence<int64> - Environment Variables Day of the Year
region string - Canadian Province or Territory
tile_id int32 - Tile identifier
file_id string - Unique file identifier
fwi float32 - Tile Fire Weather Index

Citation

The paper is currently under review with a preprint available on ArXiv.

@article{porta2025canadafiresat,
  title={CanadaFireSat: Toward high-resolution wildfire forecasting with multiple modalities},
  author={Porta, Hugo and Dalsasso, Emanuele and McCarty, Jessica L and Tuia, Devis},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08690},
  year={2025}
}

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