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---
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data_files:
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path: Alberta/train-*
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path: Alberta/validation-*
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path: Alberta/test-*
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path: Alberta/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: British Columbia/train-*
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path: British Columbia/validation-*
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path: British Columbia/test-*
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path: British Columbia/test_hard-*
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path: Manitoba/train-*
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path: Manitoba/validation-*
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path: Manitoba/test-*
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path: Manitoba/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: New Brunswick/train-*
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path: New Brunswick/test-*
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path: New Brunswick/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/train-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/validation-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/test-*
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path: Newfoundland and Labrador/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Northwest Territories/train-*
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path: Northwest Territories/validation-*
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path: Northwest Territories/test-*
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path: Northwest Territories/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Nova Scotia/train-*
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path: Nova Scotia/validation-*
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path: Nova Scotia/test-*
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path: Nova Scotia/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Nunavut/train-*
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path: Nunavut/validation-*
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path: Nunavut/test-*
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path: Nunavut/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Ontario/train-*
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path: Ontario/validation-*
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path: Ontario/test-*
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path: Ontario/test_hard-*
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data_files:
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path: Quebec/train-*
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path: Quebec/validation-*
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path: Quebec/test-*
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path: Quebec/test_hard-*
- config_name: Saskatchewan
data_files:
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path: Saskatchewan/train-*
- split: validation
path: Saskatchewan/validation-*
- split: test
path: Saskatchewan/test-*
- split: test_hard
path: Saskatchewan/test_hard-*
- config_name: Yukon
data_files:
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path: Yukon/train-*
- split: validation
path: Yukon/validation-*
- split: test
path: Yukon/test-*
- split: test_hard
path: Yukon/test_hard-*
license: mit
task_categories:
- image-segmentation
tags:
- environment
- wildfire
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
---
# Dataset Card for CanadaFireSat ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ›ฐ๏ธ
In this benchmark, we investigate the potential of deep learning with multiple modalities for high-resolution wildfire forecasting. Leveraging different data settings across two types of model architectures: CNN-based and ViT-based.
- ๐Ÿ“ Paper on [ArXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08690) <br>
- ๐Ÿ’ฟ Dataset repository on [GitHub](https://github.com/eceo-epfl/CanadaFireSat-Data) <br>
- ๐Ÿค– Model repository on [GitHub](https://github.com/eceo-epfl/CanadaFireSat-Model) & Weights on [Hugging Face](TBC)
## ๐Ÿ“ Summary Representation
The main use of this dataset is to push for the development of algorithms towards high-resolution wildfire forecasting via multi-modal learning. Indeed, we show the potential through our experiments of models trained on satellite image time series (Sentinel-2) and with environmental predictors (ERA5, MODIS, FWI). We hope to emulate the community to benchmark their EO and climate foundation models on CanadaFireSat to investigate their downstream fine-tuning capabilities on this complex extreme event forecasting task.
<p align="center">
<img src="images/summary-canadafiresat.png"/>
</p>
## Sources
We describe below the different sources necessary to build the CanadaFireSat benchmark.
### ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ“ Fire Polygons Source
- ๐Ÿ’ป National Burned Area Composite (NBAC ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฆ): Polygons Shapefile downloaded from [CWFIS Datamart](https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/home) <br>
- ๐Ÿ“… Filter fires since 2015 aligning with Sentinel-2 imagery availability <br>
- ๐Ÿ›‘ No restrictions are applied on ignition source or other metadata <br>
- โž• Spatial aggregation: Fires are mapped to a 2.8 km ร— 2.8 km grid | Temporal aggregation into 8-day windows
### ๐Ÿ›ฐ๏ธ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ Satellite Image Time Series Source
- ๐Ÿ›ฐ๏ธ Sentinel-2 (S2) Level-1C Satellite Imagery (2015โ€“2023) from [Google Earth Engine](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S2_HARMONIZED) <br>
- ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ For each grid cell (2.8โ€ฏkm ร— 2.8โ€ฏkm): Collect cloud-free S2 images (โ‰ค 40% cloud cover) over a 64-day period before prediction <br>
- โš ๏ธ We discard samples with: Fewer than 3 valid images | Less than 40 days of coverage <br>
### ๐ŸŒฆ๏ธ๐ŸŒฒ Environmental Predictors
- ๐ŸŒก๏ธ Hydrometeorological Drivers: Key variables like temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and humidity from ERA5-Land (11 km, available on [Google Earth Engine](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/ECMWF_ERA5_LAND_DAILY_AGGR)) and MODIS11 (1 km, available on [Google Earth Engine](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/MODIS_061_MOD11A1)), aggregated over 8-day windows using mean, max, and min values.
- ๐ŸŒฟ Vegetation Indices ([MODIS13](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/MODIS_061_MOD13A1) and [MODIS15](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/MODIS_061_MOD15A2H)): NDVI, EVI, LAI, and FPAR (500 m) captured in 8 or 16-day composites, informing on vegetation state.
- ๐Ÿ”ฅ Fire Danger Metrics ([CEMS](https://ewds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/cems-fire-historical-v1?tab=overview) previously on CDS): Fire Weather Index and Drought Code from the Canadian FWI system (0.25ยฐ resolution).
- ๐Ÿ•’ For each sample, we gather predictor data from 64 days prior to reflect pre-fire conditions.
### ๐Ÿž๏ธ Land Cover
- โ›”๏ธ Exclusively used for adversarial sampling and post-training analysis.
- ๐Ÿ’พ Data extracted is the 2020 North American Land Cover 30-meter dataset, produced as part of the North American Land Change Monitoring System (NALCMS) (available on [Google Earth Engine](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/USGS_NLCD_RELEASES_2020_REL_NALCMS))
## ๐Ÿ“ท Outputs
### ๐Ÿ“Š CanadaFireSat Dataset Statistics (Without Test Hard):
| **Statistic** | **Value** |
|----------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Total Samples | 177,801 |
| Target Spatial Resolution | 100 m |
| Region Coverage | Canada |
| Temporal Coverage | 2016 - 2023 |
| Sample Area Size | 2.64 km ร— 2.64 km |
| Fire Occurrence Rate | 39% of samples |
| Total Fire Patches | 16% of patches |
| Training Set (2016โ€“2021) | 78,030 samples |
| Validation Set (2022) | 14,329 samples |
| Test Set (2023) | 85,442 samples |
| Sentinel-2 Temporal Median Coverage | 55 days (8 images) |
| Number of Environmental Predictors | 58 |
| Data Sources | ERA5, MODIS, CEMS |
### ๐Ÿ“ Samples Localisation:
<p align="center">
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 10px;">
<img src="images/pos_samples.png" alt="Positive Samples" width="45%"/>
<img src="images/neg_samples.png" alt="Negative Samples" width="45%"/>
</div>
</p>
<p align="center">
<b>Figure 1:</b> Spatial distribution of positive (left) and negative (right) wildfire samples.
</p>
### ๐Ÿ›ฐ๏ธ Example of S2 time series:
<p align="center">
<img src="images/s2_tiles.png"/>
</p>
<p align="center">
<b>Figure 2:</b> Row 1-3 Samples of Sentinel-2 input time series for 4 locations in Canada, with only the RGB bands with rescaled intensity. Row 4 Sentinel-2 images after the fire occurred. Row 5 Fire polygons used as labels with the Sentinel-2 images post-fire.
</p>
## Dataset Structure
| Name | Type | Shape | Description |
|----------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| `date` | `timestamp[s]` | - | Fire Date |
| `doy` | `sequence<int64>` | - | Sentinel-2 Tiles Day of the Year |
| `10x` | `sequence<array3_d>` | (4, 264, 264) | Sentinel-2 10m bands |
| `20x` | `sequence<array3_d>` | (6, 132, 132) | Sentinel-2 20m bands |
| `60x` | `sequence<array3_d>` | (3, 44, 44) | Sentinel-2 60m bands |
| `loc` | `array3_d<float32>` | (2, 264, 264) | Latitude and Longitude grid |
| `labels` | `array2_d<uint8>` | (264, 264) | Fire binary label mask |
| `tab_cds` | `array2_d<float32>` | (8, 6) | Tabular CDS variables |
| `tab_era5` | `array2_d<float32>` | (8, 45) | Tabular ERA5 variables |
| `tab_modis` | `array2_d<float32>` | (8, 7) | Tabular MODIS products |
| `env_cds` | `array4_d<float32>` | (8, 6, 13, 13) | Spatial CDS variables |
| `env_cds_loc` | `array3_d<float32>` | (13, 13, 2) | Grid coordinates for CDS |
| `env_era5` | `array4_d<float32>` | (8, 45, 32, 32) | Spatial ERA5 variables |
| `env_era5_loc` | `array3_d<float32>` | (32, 32, 2) | Grid coordinates for ERA5 |
| `env_modis11` | `array4_d<float32>` | (8, 3, 16, 16) | Spatial MODIS11 variables |
| `env_modis11_loc` | `array3_d<float32>` | (16, 16, 2) | Grid coordinates for MODIS11 |
| `env_modis13_15` | `array4_d<float32>` | (8, 4, 32, 32) | Spatial MODIS13/15 variables |
| `env_modis13_15_loc`| `array3_d<float32>` | (32, 32, 2) | Grid coordinates for MODIS13/15) |
| `env_doy` | `sequence<int64>` | - | Environment Variables Day of the Year|
| `region` | `string` | - | Canadian Province or Territory |
| `tile_id` | `int32` | - | Tile identifier |
| `file_id` | `string` | - | Unique file identifier |
| `fwi` | `float32` | - | Tile Fire Weather Index |
## Citation
The paper is currently under review with a preprint available on ArXiv.
```
@article{porta2025canadafiresat,
title={CanadaFireSat: Toward high-resolution wildfire forecasting with multiple modalities},
author={Porta, Hugo and Dalsasso, Emanuele and McCarty, Jessica L and Tuia, Devis},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08690},
year={2025}
}
```
## Contacts & Information
- **Curated by:** [Hugo Porta](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=IQMApuoAAAAJ&hl=fr)
- **Contact Email:** hugo.porta@epfl.ch
- **Shared by:** [ECEO Lab](https://www.epfl.ch/labs/eceo/)
- **License:** MiT License