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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAn allergen challenge to the airways of sensitized mice causes eosinophilic airway inflammation and degranulation of goblet cells, which lead to airway obstruction. However, whether allergen challenge causes a similar pattern of airway inflammation and goblet cell degranulation in human beings is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether allergen challenge increases airway inflammatory cells and causes goblet cell degranulation in human subjects with asthma. In bronchial biopsy specimens taken from 8 asthmatic subjects at 1 and 24 hours after allergen challenge, we measured eosinophil and neutrophil numbers as indicators of inflammation. We also measured goblet cell mucin stores and the amounts of secreted mucin in bronchial lavage as indicators of goblet cell degranulation. Airway eosinophil numbers at both 1 and 24 hours after allergen challenge were twice as high as those after diluent challenge. Changes in neutrophil numbers were smaller and statistically insignificant. Goblet cell mucin stores measured in tissue stained with alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff did not decrease significantly from baseline to 1 hour and actually tended to increase at 24 hours. This increase was significant in the subgroup of subjects with normal stored mucin levels at baseline. Mucin-like glycoprotein concentrations in bronchial lavage did not change significantly at either time point.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes allergen challenge cause inflammation but not goblet cell degranulation in asthmatic subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInterferons (IFNs) have potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory activities against cancer. However, the clinical utility of IFNs is limited by toxicity and pharmacokinetics making it difficult to achieve sustained therapeutic levels especially in solid tumors. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) or a modified STAT1 (designated STAT1-CC) that is hyper-responsive to IFN were overexpressed in lung cancer SPC-A-1 and H1299 cells using lentiviral vectors. Transduction efficiency was monitored using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression. After transduction, cells were treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or interferon-beta (IFN-β) and monitored for cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness using Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell chamber assays and for apoptosis using Annexin V detection by flow cytometry. In addition, levels of STAT1, STAT1 Tyr-701 phosphorylation (pSTAT1), fibronectin, and β-catenin were determined using western blotting. In the case of IFN-γ stimulation, levels of S100A4, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and c-fos expression were also determined. We found that expression of STAT1 or STAT1-CC enhanced the effect of IFN-γ and, IFN-β on inhibition of human lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Moreover, STAT1 and STAT1-CC expression caused increases in pSTAT1 and decreases in fibronectin and β-catenin levels. STAT1-CC showed increased effects compared to STAT1 on IFN-γ induced pSTAT1 and down-regulation of S100A4, PCNA, and c-fos levels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sTAT1 modification improve therapeutic effects of interferons on lung cancer cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta3 on immortalized myometrial and leiomyoma cell lines cloned from primary cell cultures of surgical specimens, and to determine whether such treatment alters myometrial cell extracellular matrix (ECM) expression. Laboratory study. University hospital. Immortalized myometrial and leiomyoma cells from patients with symptomatic leiomyomata. Tissue culture, followed by cellular, RNA, and protein analysis. Cell proliferation, alteration in ECM component expression. Immortalized leiomyoma and myometrial cells demonstrate increased mRNA and protein production of the ECM proteins, collagen 1A1 (15.0-fold), fibronectin 1 (2.93 fold), and connective tissue growth factor (9.40-fold) with exogenous TGF-beta3 stimulation. Notably, the expression of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, and connective tissue growth factor in myometrial cells increase to similar expression levels as those found in leiomyoma cells. In addition, TGF-beta3 decreased production of genes involved in matrix resorption, including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (0.65-fold) and -11 (0.68-fold).\n\nQuestion:\nDo myometrial cells undergo fibrotic transformation under the influence of transforming growth factor beta-3?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and a major cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that play essential roles in various stages during cancer progression. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of miR-1269 in the pathogenesis of HCC. The expression of miR-1269 in HCC cells and tissues were determined by Real-time PCR analysis. Cell viability, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth ability assays were performed to examine cell proliferative capacity and tumorigenicity. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to determine cell cycle progression. The expression of p21, CyclinD1, phosphorylated Rb, Rb and FOXO1 were examined by Western blotting analysis. Luciferase assay was used to determine whether FOXO1 is the direct target of miR-1269. miR-1269 was upregulated in HCC cells and tissues. Ectopic miR-1269 expression promoted, but inhibition of miR-1269 reduced, proliferation, tumorigenicity and cell cycle progression of HCC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that FOXO1 was a direct target of miR-1269. Suppression of FOXO1 by miR-1269 was associated with dysregulation of p21, cyclin D1, phosphorylated Rb and Ki67 expression, thereby playing an essential role in the growth of HCC cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes microRNA-1269 promote proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of FOXO1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe examined the correlation between bone metabolic markers and bone scintigraphy in prostatic cancer. Osteoblastic and osteoclastic markers, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and bone scans were investigated in 83 specimens from 70 patients with prostatic cancer, including 32 with and 38 without bone metastasis. All markers except for osteocalcin were significantly greater in patients with than without bone metastasis. Pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide, an osteoclastic marker, reflected the extent of bone metastasis more accurately than PSA and other bone markers.\n\nQuestion:\nDo correlation between bone metabolic markers and bone scan in prostatic cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe ethanol extract (LF) of Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis (leaf) has been evaluated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were studied by measuring nociception induced by formalin, acetic acid and hot-plate, and inflammation induced by carrageenan, formalin, and arachidonic acid. The acute treatment of mice with LF at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg, by oral administration, produced a significant antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain licking and hot-plate-induced pain. Also, the LF significantly inhibited both carrageenan- and formalin-induced inflammation as well as arachidonic acid-induced ear edema in mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ligularia fischeri leave in experimental animals?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (Dipterocarpaceae) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory symptoms. However, no mechanistic studies on the anti-inflammatory actions of D. tuberculatus have been reported. This study is therefore aimed at exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of 95% ethanol extracts (Dt-EE) of this plant. The regulatory activity of Dt-EE and its molecular mechanism on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were elucidated by evaluating the activation of transcription factors and their upstream signals and by analyzing the kinase activities of target enzymes. Furthermore, to confirm its availability for oral use, an EtOH/HCl-induced acute gastritis model was tested with this extract. Dt-EE effectively suppressed LPS-mediated inflammatory responses such as the production of NO and PGE2 from macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, Dt-EE clearly blocked the activation of NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation of its upstream enzymes IKK and Akt. Using a direct enzyme assay, Dt-EE was shown to block the enzyme activity of PDK1. Finally, this extract also remarkably ameliorated inflammatory lesions in the stomach induced by EtOH/HCl.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dipterocarpus tuberculatus ethanol extract strongly suppress in vitro macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and in vivo acute gastritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDroperidol is used in neuroleptanesthesia and as an antiemetic. Although its antiemetic effect is thought to be caused by dopaminergic inhibition, the mechanism of droperidol's anesthetic action is unknown. Because gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated as putative targets of other general anesthetic drugs, the authors tested the ability of droperidol to modulate these receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric acid type A alpha1beta1gamma2 receptor, alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nAChRs were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied with two-electrode voltage clamp recording. The authors tested the ability of droperidol at concentrations from 1 nm to 100 microm to modulate activation of these receptors by their native agonists. Droperidol inhibited the GABA response by a maximum of 24.7 +/- 3.0%. The IC50 for inhibition was 12.6 +/- 0.47 nm droperidol. At high concentrations, droperidol (100 microm) activates the GABAA receptor in the absence of GABA. Inhibition of the GABA response is significantly greater at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. The activation of the alpha7 nAChR is also inhibited by droperidol, with an IC50 of 5.8 +/- 0.53 microm. The Hill coefficient is 0.95 +/- 0.1. Inhibition is noncompetitive, and membrane voltage dependence is insignificant.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes droperidol inhibit GABA ( A ) and neuronal nicotinic receptor activation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNicotine and agonists at alpha(4)beta(2) and alpha(7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) improve learning and memory. The alpha(7)-nAChR subtype is of special interest, since it appears to play no role in the abuse liability of nicotine. To further investigate the role of the alpha(7)-nAChR in learning and memory, the effects of the specific alpha(7)-nAChR agonist AR-R17779 on cognition were measured in the rat social recognition test (SRT) and the effect of the alpha(7)-nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) was studied. The SRT and a scopolamine-induced deficit version were validated with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate. Social memory was measured by the ability of an adult rat to recognize a juvenile rat after a delay. The difference in social interaction time (SIT) was measured between two encounters. The difference in SIT is expressed as percent reduction in social interaction time (%RSIT). Metrifonate (10 and 30 mg/kg PO) increased %RSIT in a behaviorally specific manner, employing a 24-h interval and reversed the scopolamine-induced deficit at a retention time of 15 min. Likewise, AR-R17779 increased %RSIT in unimpaired animals (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg SC) employing a 24-h retention interval, and reversed the scopolamine-induced deficit (0.3 and 1 mg/kg SC) after a 15-min retention interval. The effects of AR-R17779 (1 mg/kg SC) in unimpaired animals were reversed by MLA (10 micro g ICV), which induced a decrease of %RSI at a 15-min retention interval when given alone.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aR-R 17779 improve social recognition in rats by activation of nicotinic alpha7 receptors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases, and frequently results in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of HCV in associations with insulin signaling has been elucidated. However, the pathogenesis of HBV-associated insulin signaling remains to be clearly characterized. Therefore, we have attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying the HBV-associated impairment of insulin signaling. The expressions of insulin signaling components were investigated in HBx-transgenic mice, HBx-constitutive expressing cells, and transiently HBx-transfected cells. Protein and gene expression was examined by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and promoter assay. Protein-protein interaction was detected by coimmunoprecipitation. HBx induced a reduction in the expression of IRS1, and a potent proteasomal inhibitor blocked the downregulation of IRS1. Additionally, HBx enhanced the expression of SOCS3 and induced IRS1 ubiquitination. Also, C/EBPalpha and STAT3 were involved in the HBx-induced expression of SOCS3. HBx interfered with insulin signaling activation and recovered the insulin-mediated downregulation of gluconeogenic genes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hepatitis B virus X protein impair hepatic insulin signaling through degradation of IRS1 and induction of SOCS3?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral reports showed that neoplastic spindle cells (NSCs) may be strongly involved in the invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis, as well as in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It has not yet been investigated that NSCs relate to the recurrence and prognosis in various cancers. Furthermore, NSCs participate in EMT in pancreatic cancer (PC) too. We clinicopathologically investigated the association between NSCs and the recurrence, prognosis, and EMT in PC. We studied 68 PC patients. Cancer cells with a spindle or oval shape that do not exhibit luminal structures were defined as NSCs. We graded NSCs regarding to an area of NSCs at hematoxylin and eosin stain (NSC grade) and examined the participation in NSCs and EMT by immunohistostaining of snail antibody and E-cadherin antibody. In multivariate analysis, NSC grade was an independent risk factor for disease-free survival and overall survival. This was independent of TNM stage and histological grade. Neoplastic spindle cells were related to EMT pattern in immunohistostaining significantly.\n\nQuestion:\nAre neoplastic spindle cells an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is a rare complication of cholelithiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and risk of complications when the laparoscopic approach is applied in patients with CF. A questionnaire was mailed to all surgeons with experience of >100 cholecystectomies working in Naples, Italy, and the neighboring area. Between February 1990 and May 1999, 34 patients presented with cholecystoenteric fistula (0.2% of >15,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in the same period). These patients were allocated into two groups: the LT group (those who underwent laparotomic conversion after the diagnosis of CF), which consisted of 20 patients, four men and 16 women, with a mean age of 66.5 +/- 9.3 years (range, 46-85) and the LS group (laparoscopically treated patients), which consisted of 14 patients, three men and 11 women, with a mean age of 65.6 +/- 8.8 years (range, 51-74). They types of CF observed were as follows: in the former group of patients, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 11, 55%), cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 5, 25%), cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 3, 15%), and cholecystogastric fistulas (n = 1, 5%); in the latter group, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 8, 5.1%), and cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 4, 28.6) and cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 2, 14.3%). Stapler closure of CF was done in four LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula; it was also done in three LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystocolic fistula. Hand-sutured fistulectomy was performed in six LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula, in two LT patients with cholecystocolic fistula, and in all patients with cholecystojejunal or cholecystogastric fistula. There were no deaths or intraoperative complications in either group. One patient in the LT group developed a bronchopneumonia postoperatively. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in LT patients-17 +/- 4 vs 3+/-1 days (p < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cholecystoenteric fistula ( CF ) a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiogenesis, formation of new capillaries from existing vasculature, plays a pivotal role in different pathological states such as many chronic inflammatory diseases including the chronic liver diseases. There is increasing evidence demonstrating accumulation of endogenous opioids and their role in the pathophysiology and manifestations of cholestasis, the main feature of a number of chronic progressive liver diseases. Hence, we investigated the significance of endogenous opioids in angiogenesis in an experimental model of cholestasis. Cholestasis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by bile duct ligation and resection. Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist (20 mg/kg/day) was administered to cholestatic animals for 22 +/- 1 days. The serial sections from liver tissue were stained with von Willebrand Factor antibody and micro-vessel density was assessed by calculating mean micro-vessel number in three hot spots high power microscopic fields. Naltrexone treatment in bile duct ligated rats led to a marked increase in the micro-vessel number (6.34 +/- 0.21 vs 5.61 +/- 0.22) (P < 0.05), which had already increased during cholestasis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes opioid receptor antagonist promote angiogenesis in bile duct ligated rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn Haiti and other countries, large-scale investments in school feeding programs have been made with marginal evidence of nutrition outcomes. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of a fortified ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), Mamba, on reduced anemia and improved body composition in school-aged children compared to an unfortified cereal bar, Tablet Yo, and control groups. A cluster, randomized trial with children ages 3-13 y (n = 1167) was conducted in the north of Haiti. Six schools were matched and randomized to the control group, Tablet Yo group (42 g, 165 kcal), or Mamba group (50 g, 260 kcal, and >75% of the RDA for critical micronutrients). Children in the supplementation groups received the snack daily for 100 d, and all were followed longitudinally for hemoglobin concentrations, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance measures: baseline (December 2012), midline (March 2013), and endline (June 2013). Parent surveys were conducted at baseline and endline to examine secondary outcomes of morbidities and dietary intakes. Longitudinal regression modeling using generalized least squares and logit with random effects tested the main effects. At baseline,14.0% of children were stunted, 14.5% underweight, 9.1% thin, and 73% anemic. Fat mass percentage (mean ± SD) was 8.1% ± 4.3% for boys and 12.5% ± 4.4% for girls. In longitudinal modeling, Mamba supplementation increased body mass index z score (regression coefficient ± SEE) 0.25 ± 0.06, fat mass 0.45 ± 0.14 kg, and percentage fat mass 1.28% ± 0.27% compared with control at each time point (P < 0.001). Among boys, Mamba increased fat mass (regression coefficient ± SEE) 0.73 ± 0.19 kg and fat-free mass 0.62 ± 0.34 kg compared with control (P < 0.001). Mamba reduced the odds of developing anemia by 28% compared to control (adjusted OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.91; P < 0.001). No treatment effect was found for hemoglobin concentration.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ready-to-use supplementary food increase fat mass and BMI in Haitian school-aged children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAsthma is estimated to affect as many as 300 million people worldwide and its incidence and prevalence are rapidly increasing throughout the world, especially in children and within developing countries. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of potentially beneficial bacteria for allergic diseases. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with two different beneficial bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NutRes1) and a glucocorticoid (budesonide), as a reference treatment, on inflammatory response in a murine model for chronic allergic asthma. To mimic the chronic disease in asthmatic patients, we used the murine ovalbumin-induced asthma model combined with prolonged allergen exposure. Airway function; pulmonary airway inflammation; airway remodelling, mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, Th-specific cytokines and transcription factors in lung tissue; mast cell degranulation; in vitro T cell activation; and expression of Foxp3 in blood Th cells were examined. Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced lung resistance to a similar extent as budesonide treatment in chronically asthmatic mice. Pulmonary airway inflammation, mast cell degranulation, T cell activation and airway remodelling were suppressed by all treatments. Beneficial bacteria and budesonide differentially modulated the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), cytokines and T cell transcription factors. Bifidobacterium breve induced regulatory T cell responses in the airways by increasing Il10 and Foxp3 transcription in lung tissue as well as systemic by augmenting the mean fluorescence intensity of Foxp3 in blood CD4+ T cells.\n\nQuestion:\nIs bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment as effective as budesonide at reducing inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study is conducted to evaluate the effects of anti-HER-2 anti-CD3 bi-specific antibodies(BsAb) on HER-2/neuover-expressing human colorectal carcinoma cells. Growth was assessed by MTT assays after exposure of HCT-116 cells to Herceptin, anti-CD3 and BsAb antibodies. Immunocytochemistry was applied to test the HER-2 level of HCT-116. In a nude mouse model, HER-2 CD3 BsAb was combined with effector cells (peripheral blood lymph cells from normal human being) for observations on in Vivo growth of tumors. Compared with the control group, using effector cells combined with anti-CD3 McAb, Herceptin or HER2 CD3 BsAb, tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo was significantly inhibited (P<0.05), most remarkably in the HER2 CD3 BsAb case. The growth of xenografts with HER2 CD3 BsAb combined with effector cells was also significantly inhibited when compared with the anti-CD3 McAb or Herceptin groups (P<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDo anti-HER-2 anti-CD3 bi-specific antibodies inhibit growth of HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe disparate results from the methods commonly used to determine differential expression in Affymetrix microarray experiments may well result from the wide variety of probe set and probe level models employed. Here we take the approach of making the fewest assumptions about the structure of the microarray data. Specifically, we only require that, under the null hypothesis that a gene is not differentially expressed for specified conditions, for any probe position in the gene's probe set: a) the probe amplitudes are independent and identically distributed over the conditions, and b) the distributions of the replicated probe amplitudes are amenable to classical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Log-amplitudes that have been standardized within-chip meet these conditions well enough for our approach, which is to perform ANOVA across conditions for each probe position, and then take the median of the resulting (1 - p) values as a gene-level measure of differential expression. We applied the technique to the HGU-133A, HG-U95A, and \"Golden Spike\" spike-in data sets. The resulting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves compared favorably with other published results. This procedure is quite sensitive, so much so that it has revealed the presence of probe sets that might properly be called \"unanticipated positives\" rather than \"false positives\", because plots of these probe sets strongly suggest that they are differentially expressed.\n\nQuestion:\nDo a first principles approach to differential expression in microarray data analysis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLittle information is available regarding the relationship between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the development of gastric neoplasia. The aim of this study was to examine whether ALD is associated with the increased risk of gastric neoplasia. We reviewed the medical records 514 patients diagnosed with ALD at Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Hospital between January 2000 and December 2011. Control subjects were selected by using propensity score matching (age, sex, and body mass index) from 8190 members of the general population who underwent EGD for screening for gastric neoplasia at Boramae Health Promotion Center during the study period. We compared the frequency of gastric neoplasia between the two groups and evaluated the risk factors for the development of gastric cancer in patients with ALD. In addition, we compared the frequency of gastric cancer between patients with ALD and those with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Of the 514 patients with ALD, 16 patients (3.1 %) had gastric neoplasia, including 14 gastric cancers (2.7 %). The odds of detecting a gastric cancer in ALD patients were approximately 4.77 times greater than in healthy controls [odds ratio (OR) 4.77; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.36-16.69; P = 0.007]. ALD (OR 5.32, 95 % CI 1.51-18.68, P = 0.009) was found to be an independent risk factor by multivariate logistic analysis. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of gastric adenoma and gastric cancer between patients with ALD and those with NASH.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes alcoholic Liver Disease be Associated with an Increased Risk of Gastric Cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDespite efforts to elucidate both the molecular mechanism and the clinical predictors of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH), its pathogenesis remains unclear. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that has been firmly implicated in the pathophysiology of vasospasm and in neural tissue injury following focal ischemia in both animal models and human studies. The authors hypothesized that MCP-1 would be found in increased concentrations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ASAH and would correlate with both outcome and the occurrence of vasospasm. Seventy-seven patients who presented with ASAH were prospectively enrolled in this study between July 2001 and May 2002. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, MCP-1 levels were measured in serum daily and in CSF when available. The mean serum and CSF MCP-1 concentrations were calculated for each patient throughout the entire hospital stay. Neurological outcome was evaluated at discharge or 14 days posthemorrhage using the modified Rankin Scale. Vasospasm was evaluated on angiography. The serum MCP-1 concentrations correlated with negative outcome such that a 10% increase in concentration predicted a 25% increase in the probability of a poor outcome, whereas the serum MCP-1 levels did not correlate with vasospasm. Concentrations of MCP-1 in the CSF, however, proved to be significantly higher in patients with angiographically demonstrated vasospasm.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 predict outcome and vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCa(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are major downstream mediators of neuronal calcium signaling that regulate multiple neuronal functions. CaMKII, one of the key CaMKs, plays a significant role in mediating cellular responses to external signaling molecules. Although calcium signaling plays an essential role in the enteric nervous system (ENS), the role of CaMKII in neurogenic intestinal function has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the function and expression pattern of CaMKII in the ENS across several mammalian species. CaMKII expression was characterized by immunofluorescence analyses and Western Blot. CaMKII function was examined by intracellular recordings and by assays of colonic contractile activity. Immunoreactivity for CaMKII was detected in the ENS of guinea pig, mouse, rat and human preparations. In guinea pig ENS, CaMKII immunoreactivity was enriched in both nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and calretinin-containing myenteric plexus neurons and non-cholinergic secretomotor/vasodilator neurons in the submucosal plexus. CaMKII immunoreactivity was also expressed in both cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the ENS of mouse, rat and human. The selective CaMKII inhibitor, KN-62, suppressed stimulus-evoked purinergic slow EPSPs and ATP-induced slow EPSP-like response in guinea pig submucosal plexus, suggesting that CaMKII activity is required for some metabotropic synaptic transmissions in the ENS. More importantly, KN-62 significantly suppressed tetrodotoxin-induced contractile response in mouse colon, which suggests that CaMKII activity is a major determinant of the tonic neurogenic inhibition of this tissue.\n\nQuestion:\nIs caMKII essential for the function of the enteric nervous system?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the relationship between different sources of calcium intake (dairy [milk products only], dietary [all dietary sources including dairy], nondairy dietary [all dietary sources excluding dairy], and total [dietary + supplemental]) and fat mass in young adults. One hundred ninety-seven healthy Caucasian men and women aged 18 to 28 years from southwestern Ontario underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine total body fat mass (%FM) and truncal fat (%TF). Calcium intakes, determined using a food frequency questionnaire, were divided into quartiles for each of dairy, dietary, nondairy dietary, and total sources. Physical activity scores were collected on a subset of subjects (n = 167). Mean %FM and %TF were compared between the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) quartiles of calcium consumers for each calcium source. Calcium intakes between subjects with %FM ≥ 50th and <50th percentile were also compared. Mean calcium intakes were as follows: 568 mg/d dairy calcium, 312 mg/d nondairy dietary calcium, 881 mg/d dietary calcium, 68 mg/d supplemental calcium, and 948 mg/d total calcium. %FM was 3.9%-4.9% lower and %TF was 4.1%-5.0% lower (all P ≤ 0.05) for subjects in Q4 vs Q1, regardless of calcium source (dairy, dietary, and total). When adjusted for physical activity, lower %FM and %TF persisted (P ≤ 0.05) for subjects in Q4 (1113-1595 mg/d mean dietary and total calcium intakes) vs Q1 (116-393 mg/d mean dietary and total calcium intakes). Calcium intakes from dairy, dietary, and total sources for subjects with a %FM ≥ 50th percentile were significantly lower (all P ≤ 0.05); when adjusted for physical activity, dietary (P = 0.025) and total (P = 0.060) calcium intakes remained lower.\n\nQuestion:\nAre dietary and total calcium intakes associated with lower percentage total body and truncal fat in young , healthy adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHigher fetuin-A levels have been linked to fatty liver disease (FLD), the most common cause of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, but associations between ALT and fetuin-A level have been inconsistent. The presence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with elevated ALT levels has been shown to characterize more severe FLD. Thus, aim of the study was to investigate the association between fetuin-A level and the coexistence of elevated ALT levels and metabolic syndrome (ALT-MetS). A population-based cross-sectional study including 728 individuals (age 50-77 years) was conducted. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between serum fetuin-A level and the dichotomous outcome ALT-MetS, defined as coexistence of elevated ALT level (>75th percentile) and metabolic syndrome (any three of the components: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism). Individuals with a high fetuin-A level had an odds ratio (OR) for ALT-MetS of 2.22 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-3.63; Ptrend=<0.001] comparing extreme tertiles. After excluding individuals with cancer, stroke, or myocardial infarction, individuals with high fetuin-A levels had an OR for ALT-MetS of 2.48 (95% CI 1.38-4.47) comparing extreme tertiles, and we observed statistical interaction between fetuin-A level and age (P=0.048). Fetuin-A level was associated with ALT-MetS in young individuals, defined as <64 years of age (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.45-7.55; Ptrend=0.004), and not statistically significant in older individuals (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.74-4.31; Ptrend=0.197).\n\nQuestion:\nIs higher fetuin-A level associated with coexistence of elevated alanine aminotransferase and the metabolic syndrome in the general population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHaemophilus species are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia; however, their significance in posttraumatic pneumonia is unclear. Case series. University hospital, level I trauma center. Two hundred fifty-seven consecutive patients with blunt and penetrating trauma treated for pneumonia. Length of stay in the intensive care unit, duration of ventilatory support, rate of recurrent or persistent pneumonia, and mortality. Ninety-six (37%) of 257 patients treated for pneumonia had a Haemophilus species isolated on sputum culture. Of these 96 patients, 49 (51%) had only Haemophilus species, while 33 (34%) had associated gram-positive organisms and 14 (15%) had gram-negative organisms. Seventeen pure cultures (29%) and seven mixed cultures (15%) (P < .05) were beta-lactamase-positive trains. Compared with patients who had pneumonia caused by other bacteria, patients with Haemophilus species were younger (mean +/- SE, 35 +/- 1.7 vs 42 +/- 1.6 years; P < .05) and more severely injured (Injury Severity Score, 20.7 +/- 1.1 vs 17.5 +/- 0.9; P < .05). There were no differences in any outcome variables between the two groups. Only one (1%) of 96 patients had persistent Haemophilus species on sputum cultures after 7 days of treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nIs haemophilus pneumonia a common cause of early pulmonary dysfunction following trauma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreasing evidence points to lipoprotein composition rather than reverse cholesterol transport in the cardioprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). HDL binding to receptors at the surface of cardiomyocytes activates signalling pathways promoting survival, but downstream targets are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the pathways by which the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) constituent of HDL limits cell death induced by cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R). Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) transgenic (Apom-Tg) mice, in which plasma S1P is increased by 296%, and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to in vivo I/R. Infarct size, neutrophil infiltration into the infarcted area, and serum Troponin I were less pronounced in Apom-Tg mice. In vitro experiments suggest that this cardioprotection depends on direct effects of S1P on cardiomyocytes, whereas leucocyte recruitment seems only indirectly affected. Importantly, short-term S1P treatment at the onset of reperfusion was sufficient to reduce I/R injury in isolated perfused hearts. Mechanistic in vitro and ex vivo studies revealed that 5 min of S1P treatment induced phosphorylation of the gap junction protein Connexin43 (Cx43) on Serine368 (S368), which was mediated by S1P2 and S1P3, but not by S1P1, receptors in cardiomyocytes. Finally, S1P-induced reduction of infarct size after ex vivo I/R was lost in hearts of mice with a truncated C-terminus of Cx43 (Cx43(K258/KO)) or in which the S368 is mutated to a non-phosphorylatable alanine (Cx43(S368A/S368A)).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sphingosine-1-phosphate reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury by phosphorylating the gap junction protein Connexin43?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElderly patients with pneumonia have a high mortality rate. Since Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is involved in the inflammatory response, we conducted a prospective observational case-control study to assess the relationships of TLR2 and TLR4 mortality with elderly patients with pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from these elderly patients with pneumonia (patient group; n = 40) and healthy age-matched subjects (control 1; n = 20). TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels on blood monocytes were examined, and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) plasma concentrations were analyzed. Increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were detected in elderly patients with severe pneumonia compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels and IL-1 and IL-6 levels, and TLR2- and TLR4-positive cell percent expressions correlated with TNF-α levels. By day 28 of observation, the mortality rate of the patient group was 30%. Decreased TLR2 and TLR4 expression was observed in deceased patients compared with survivors. APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) II scores and CURB-65 scores (Confusion, blood Urea nitrogen, Respiratory rate and low Blood pressure scores) were lower in survivors.\n\nQuestion:\nIs severe pneumonia mortality in elderly patients associated with downregulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on monocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVariable frequency trains have been reported to enhance force of fatigued human skeletal muscle. More rapid calcium turnover and/or enhanced stiffness may be responsible for the augmented torque-time integral during surface stimulation at moderate amplitude. In contrast, it has recently been suggested that variable frequency train enhancement occurs only at low forces as a result of preferential stimulation of fast fibres and/or altered motor unit recruitment. If correct, this would limit the practical benefit of variable frequency trains. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that torque augmentation by variable frequency trains in fatigued skeletal muscle was independent of stimulation amplitude. The m. quadriceps femoris of six males was stimulated with constant frequency trains (six 200-micros square waves separated by 70 ms) or variable frequency trains (first interpulse interval 5 ms) at an amplitude that initially evoked approximately 25 or approximately 50% of maximal voluntary isometric torque. After 180 constant frequency trains (50% duty cycle), isometric peak torque decreased approximately 63%. In fatigued muscle, variable frequency trains enhanced the torque-time integral by approximately 23% over that for constant frequency trains and this effect was independent of stimulation amplitude. This was due to greater peak torque and less slowing of rise time.\n\nQuestion:\nDo variable frequency trains enhance torque independent of stimulation amplitude?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe herb of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaves is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine that is utilized for the treatment of sunstroke, to assuage thirst, and to cure both diarrhea and fever in China. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the herb exhibits various pharmacological effects, such as anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV, anti-microbial, and anti-hypoglycemic activities. Currently, the herb is becoming more popular in China as a \"tea drink\" or as a main ingredient of some herbal formulations, which implies that the herb and/or its products are now more likely to be concurrently administered with conventional medicines for losing body weight and reducing blood lipids. However, its potential inhibitory effect on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) has not been systemically investigated to date. The present study was performed to assess the potential inhibitory effects of lotus leaf alcoholic extract (LAE), its major fractions, and its main compounds on five CYP isoenzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) in vitro. Five probe substrates were incubated with human liver microsomes in the presence or absence of the LAE, the alkaloid fraction (AF), the flavonoid fraction (FF), or the individual aporphine alkaloids, namely, nuciferine (NF), N-nornuciferine (N-NF), and 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyaporphine (HMA). After the incubation, the relative metabolites of the substrates were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the LAE strongly inhibited CYP2D6 with an IC50 value of 12.05µg/mL and weakly inhibited other isoenzymes. In addition, FF was found to weakly inhibit CYP2D6, whereas AF exerted a markedly higher inhibitory effect on CYP2D6 activity with an IC50 value of 0.96µg/mL. The three aporphine alkaloids isolated from the AF (NF, N-NF, and HMA) significantly inhibited CYP2D6 with IC50 values of 3.78, 3.76, and 3.15µM, respectively. Their Lineweaver-Burk plots and Dixon plots showed that NF, N-NF, and HMA competitively inhibited CYP2D6 activity with Ki values of 1.88, 2.34, and 1.56µM, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes identification and characterization of potent CYP2D6 inhibitors in lotus leave?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative inhalation of milrinone on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-related inflammation. A total of 30 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited and randomized for preoperative inhalation of milrinone (Mil group) or normal saline (NS group), respectively. Each group had 15 patients. Their hemodynamic parameters were measured and blood samples were obtained longitudinally. The levels of serum interleukin (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were determined by ELISA. The levels of serum IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 significantly increased at the end of cardiac surgery and remained high for 24 h in both groups of patients. However, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines at the end of cardiac surgery in the Mil group of patients were significantly lower than those of the NS group of patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative inhalation of milrinone attenuate inflammation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the long-term disease-free and overall survivals for patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases and to define significant predictors of improved patients survival. Retrospective review. Single tertiary care center. Two hundred eighty consecutive patients underwent hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 to 1987. Fifty patients alive at the completion of the study had a mean follow-up of 11.3 years (median, 121 months). Disease-free interval following initial hepatic resection and death. The overall 5-year survival of the 280 patients was 27%. Twenty-eight patients were alive at 10 years from the time of hepatic resection, and the 10-year actuarial survival was 20%. Only 2 patients alive and free of disease at 5 years had recurrent disease. For all other patients who were free of disease more than 5 years after hepatic resection and died, the cause of death was not cancer related. No patients characteristics or features of the primary tumor affected survival. Clinical presentation of metastatic disease, configuration of hepatic lesions, the presence of extrahepatic lymph node involvement, and the existence of resectable extrahepatic disease significantly affected long-term patient survival. Need for perioperative blood product transfusion was associated with a lower probability of long-term survival.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer result in cure for some patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nc-MYC is a promising target for cancer therapy but its use is restricted by unwanted, devastating side effects. We explored whether intravesical instillation of the c-MYC inhibitor KSI-3716 could suppress tumor growth in murine orthotopic bladder xenografts. The small molecule KSI-3716, which blocks c-MYC/MAX binding to target gene promoters, was used as an intravesical chemotherapy agent. KSI-3716 action was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, transcription reporter assay and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Inhibition of cell proliferation and its mechanism was monitored by cell cytotoxicity assay, EdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry. The in vivo efficacy of KSI-3716 was examined by noninvasive luminescence imaging and histological analysis after intravesical instillation of KSI-3716 in murine orthotopic bladder xenografts. KSI-3716 blocked c-MYC/MAX from forming a complex with target gene promoters. c-MYC mediated transcriptional activity was inhibited by KSI-3716 at concentrations as low as 1 μM. The expression of c-MYC target genes, such as cyclin D2, CDK4 and hTERT, was markedly decreased. KSI-3716 exerted cytotoxic effects on bladder cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Intravesical instillation of KSI-3716 at a dose of 5 mg/kg significantly suppressed tumor growth with minimal systemic toxicity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intravesical instillation of c-MYC inhibitor KSI-3716 suppress orthotopic bladder tumor growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is associated with scleroderma-like changes in nailfold capillaries. Blinded, prospective, case-control study. University medical centers in Baltimore, MD. Thirty-seven patients with PPH, 15 patients with scleroderma, and 13 healthy control subjects. Subjects underwent nailfold capillary videomicroscopy of the fourth digits of both hands. Capillary images were evaluated by two blinded, trained graders according to standardized criteria for the presence of scleroderma nailfold changes. The prevalence of scleroderma-associated nailfold changes in patients with PPH (1 of 37 patients) was dramatically lower than that in patients with scleroderma (9 of 15 patients; p < 0.0001). The distribution of nailfold grades for the PPH patients was indistinguishable from that of the healthy control subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nIs primary pulmonary hypertension associated with scleroderma-like changes in nailfold capillaries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLiver fibrosis is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins synthesized by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). To understand molecular mechanisms of HSCs activation a comprehensive comparison of gene expression between quiescent and activated HSCs is needed. Using DNA microarrays we compared expression of 31,100 genes between quiescent rat HSCs and culture activated rat HSCs. Expression of the components of Wnt signaling was analyzed in HSCs and fibrotic livers by RT-PCR. Activation of beta-catenin was analyzed by Western blot. Nine hundred genes were upregulated more than 4.6-fold and 500 genes were downregulated more than 5.7-fold in activated HSCs. The upregulated genes included Wnt receptor frizzled 2, ligands Wnt4 and Wnt5, which was confirmed in fibrotic livers. Expression of the target genes of Wnt signaling was increased from 5- to 70-fold. Phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin were unchanged, indicating activation of the noncanonical Wnt pathway.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gene expression profile of quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells implicate Wnt signaling pathway in activation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBRAF is an oncogene which involves in pathogenesis of many thyroid carcinomas.The aim of our study was to investigate whether the downstream signalling pathway of BRAF and AKT kinase signalling pathways were active in BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinoma cells. Five thyroid (papillary and undifferentiated) carcinoma cell lines and one non-cancer thyroid cell line were screened for their BRAF V600E mutation status by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot. BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinoma cell lines were used to test the activation status of both ERK and AKT kinase proteins through immunofluorescent studies and Western blots. Expressions of BRAF V600E mutated protein were confirmed in four thyroid (papillary and undifferentiated) carcinoma cell lines. In these cell lines, both active ERK and active AKT kinase proteins were found in BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinoma cells by immunofluorescent staining and Western blots experiments.\n\nQuestion:\nAre multiple proliferation-survival signalling pathways simultaneously active in BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFrom 30% to 40% patients with osteosarcoma eventually experience medical failure; and few biomarkers of prognostic significance have been established. High-throughput methods like gene microarray analysis can help to identify molecular biomarkers that are useful for diagnosing osteosarcoma and targeting its treatment. Oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare expression profiles of osteosarcoma cell lines and osteoblasts. Differentially expressed genes were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Corresponding proteins were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis in osteosarcoma cell lines and by immunohistochemistry in osteosarcoma tissues. The association between staining intensity and clinical outcome was analyzed further. Cancer-testis antigens, including melanoma antigen family A (MAGEA), chondrosarcoma-associated gene family, member 2 (CSAG2), and preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), were increased significantly in all osteosarcoma cell lines that were analyzed. Real-time PCR examinations indicated that cancer-testis antigen expression was frequent and coordinated in patients with osteosarcoma. The expression of MAGEA was confirmed by Western blot and flow cytometry analyses in osteosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining analysis suggested that MAGEA expression may be used to predict distant metastasis and poor survival. The adjusted relative risk for lung metastasis was 2.79 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.93; P = .028) for MAGEA-positive patients. Five-year survival rates for patients with and without MAGEA expression were 39.6% ± 8.4% and 80% ± 8.9%, respectively (log-rank test; P = .01).\n\nQuestion:\nDo cancer-testis antigens expressed in osteosarcoma identified by gene microarray correlate with a poor patient prognosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are increased in patients with left heart failure. In patients with severe pulmonary embolism (PE), primary right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is frequent. Little is known about BNP secretion in acute RV failure. We prospectively studied 50 consecutive patients with confirmed PE (age range, 57 +/- 19 years; 36 men). PE was confirmed with pulmonary angiography, spiral computed tomography, or echocardiography and subsidiary analyses. On admission, echocardiography and BNP measurements were performed in all patients. Patients without RV dysfunction had significantly lower BNP levels than patients with RV dysfunction (55 +/- 69 pg/mL vs 340 +/- 362 pg/mL, P <.001). There was a significant correlation between RV end-diastolic diameter and BNP (r = 0.43, P <.05). BNP discriminated patients with or without RV dysfunction (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92). A BNP >90 pg/mL was associated with a risk ratio of 28.4 (95% CI, 3.22-251.12) for the diagnosis of RV dysfunction. All patients without LV systolic dysfunction who had syncope necessitating cardiopulmonary resuscitation had normal BNP levels. Patients with RV dysfunction had significantly more in-hospital complications (cardiogenic shock, inotropic therapy, mechanical ventilation). However, BNP levels were not predictive of mortality or in-hospital complications.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes brain natriuretic peptide predict right heart failure in patients with acute pulmonary embolism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of our study was to review and determine the cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in a Phase I study in 25 patients with advanced solid tumors. CA4P was administered in a dose-escalating fashion starting at 18 mg/m(2) i.v. every 21 days, and the maximal dosage was 90 mg/m(2). Continuous evaluation included bedside blood pressure and pulse monitoring, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) at fixed time points for measured QT interval determination, determination of the corrected QT interval (QTc) using Bazett's formula QTc = QT/(R-R interval)(1/2), and chart review. Pharmacodynamic correlations of CA4P dose, CA4P/CA4 area under the curve, and C(max) versus heart rate (HR), blood pressure, QT, and QTc intervals, over the first 4 h postdosing were analyzed. After CA4P administration, there were significant increases in QTc interval at the 3-h and 4-h time points [27.2 ms (P < 0.0001) and 30.8 ms (P < 0.0001), respectively] and HR at the 3- and 4-h time points [13.2 beats per minute (bpm; P < 0.01) and 15.1 bpm (P < 0.001), respectively]. Three of 25 patients had prolonged QTc intervals at baseline, whereas 15 (60%) of 25 and 18 (75%) of 24 patients had prolonged QTc intervals at 3 and 4 h. The slope of HR and QTc increasing as a function of time during the first 4 h was correlated to dose (in milligrams) of CA4P (P = 0.01 and r = 0.49 for HR, P = 0.005 and r = 0.55 for QTc) and to CA4 area under the curve (P = 0.04 and r = 0.41 for HR, P = 0.02 and r = 0.44 for QTc); blood pressure and uncorrected QTc interval dose-response correlations were not significant. Two patients had ECG changes consistent with an acute coronary syndrome within 24 h of CA4P infusion.\n\nQuestion:\nDo cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin a4 phosphate in a single-dose phase I study in patients with advanced cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeripheral neuropathy is the dose limiting toxicity of paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat solid tumours. This toxicity exhibits great inter-individual variability of unknown origin. The present study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with paclitaxel induced neuropathy via a whole genome approach. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 144 white European patients uniformly treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin and for whom detailed data on neuropathy was available. Per allele single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations were assessed by Cox regression, modelling the cumulative dose of paclitaxel up to the development of grade 2 sensory neuropathy. The strongest evidence of association was observed for the ephrin type A receptor 4 (EPHA4) locus (rs17348202, p=1.0×10(-6)), and EPHA6 and EPHA5 were among the top 25 and 50 hits (rs301927, p=3.4×10(-5) and rs1159057, p=6.8×10(-5)), respectively. A meta-analysis of EPHA5-rs7349683, the top marker for paclitaxel induced neuropathy in a previous GWAS (r(2)=0.79 with rs1159057), gave a hazard ratio (HR) estimate of 1.68 (p=1.4×10(-9)). Meta-analysis of the second hit of this GWAS, XKR4-rs4737264, gave a HR of 1.71 (p=3.1×10(-8)). Imputed SNPs at LIMK2 locus were also strongly associated with this toxicity (HR=2.78, p=2.0×10(-7)).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes genome-wide association study identify ephrin type A receptors implicated in paclitaxel induced peripheral sensory neuropathy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe ESH classification of blood pressure includes the high-normal blood pressure (HNBP) category, which is within normal limits but associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. To identify additional CV risk factors and early signs of target organ damage in healthy individuals with HNBP. Healthy volunteers (n = 74) with optimal blood pressure or HNBP were compared with respect to metabolic and haemodynamic parameters. The HNBP was associated with higher serum uric acid (333.1 ± 65.4 vs 267.7 ± 65.4 μmol/L, p < 0.05) and glucose (4.7 ± 0.3 vs 4.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L, p < 0.01) concentrations, intima-media thickness (0.39 ± 0.06 vs 0.36 ± 0.04 mm, p < 0.05), systemic vascular resistance index (2,678.2 ± 955.9 vs 1,930.2 ± 625.5 dyn x s x m(2)/cm(5), p < 0.001), lower total arterial compliance index (1.04 ± 0.42 vs 1.44 ± 0.48 mL/[mm Hg x m(2)], p < 0.01) and baroreflex sensitivity (14.2 ± 3.8 vs 18.0 ± 8.8 mm Hg(2)/Hz, p = 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDo individuals with high-normal blood pressure have different metabolic and haemodynamic characteristics to those with optimal blood pressure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent evidence suggests that retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4) is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum RBP4 level is a high risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in Chinese. Two hundered ten consecutive patients hospitalized at the Department of Cardiology between September 2012 and September 2014 were enrolled, including 148 males and 62 females, with an average age 63.89 ± 13.05 years. The patients were divided into the carotid artery plaque-free group (130 cases) and carotid atherosclerosis plaque group (80 cases), or into the no CHD group (160 cases) and CHD group (50 cases). Data of cardiovascular risk factors were collected from each patient and analyzed. Serum RBP4 level was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The age, serum RBP4 level, smoking, and hypertension were independently associated with carotid artery plaque formation, while serum RBP4 level, hypertension, diabetes, and carotid artery plaque formation were independently associated with CHD.\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum Retinol-Binding Protein-4 Level a High Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAt laparoscopic appendicectomy, some surgeons leave a macroscopically normal appendix in situ. To assess if this is safe practice, the authors wanted to identify the correlation between macroscopic findings at appendicectomy and pathologists' assessment with regard to the inflamed and the neoplastic. Operative cases and histological findings over a 3-year period were identified. The authors obtained 876/972 notes (90.1%). There was 100% congruity between surgeons and pathologists when perforation, abscess, or gangrene of the appendix was noted (n = 235). Where inflammation was the sole recorded finding, 8.3% of cases (37/445) were histologically normal; 33.1% (47/139) of appendices perceived to be normal at appendicectomy demonstrated histological signs of inflammation. Of 16 neoplastic lesions only 3 were identified at the time of surgery.\n\nQuestion:\nAre macroscopic findings at appendicectomy unreliable : implications for laparoscopy and malignant conditions of the appendix?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPersons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We sought to examine whether the self-report of hormonal contraception (HC), as a proxy for exposure to estrogen-based contraception, was less common for women with multiple risk factors for venous thromboembolism. We examined the prevalence of personal use of hormonal birth control in a large internet-based cohort of patients with IBD. To determine whether HC was less common among patients with IBD with increased risk of thrombosis, we estimated unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for the use of HC. Thousand four hundred ninety-nine female survey respondents answered optional fertility questions and were included in the analysis. The prevalence of HC was 33.7% (95% CI, 30.6%-36.9%) among women with Crohn's disease and was 32.6% (95% CI, 28.6%-36.8%) for women with ulcerative colitis. Women with one risk factor for thrombosis were not significantly less likely to receive HC (PR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76-1.08; adjusted PR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.80-1.11) compared with women without risk factors nor were women with 2 or more risk factors (PR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.56-1.28; adjusted PR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.83-1.45). The use of an intrauterine device was also similar between women with and without risk factors for venous thromboembolism.\n\nQuestion:\nIs hormonal Contraception Use Common Among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and an Elevated Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEosinophils are critically involved in allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein molecule which exhibits pro-fibrogenic and pro-angiogenic properties and has recently also been implicated in allergic diseases. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of OPN in human eosinophils. Osteopontin mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (immunofluorescence) expression in peripheral blood eosinophils from atopic human subjects were evaluated. Soluble OPN release was determined in resting and activated eosinophils. The contribution of OPN to eosinophil-induced angiogenesis was determined using the chick embryo chorio- allantoic membrane (CAM) assay and OPN-induced eosinophil chemotaxis was determined (ChemoTx System microplate wells). Finally, OPN expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from mild asthmatic and normal control subjects was determined. Osteopontin is expressed in human eosinophils and is increased following GM-CSF and IL-5 activation. Eosinophil-derived OPN contributes to eosinophil-induced angiogenesis. Recombinant OPN promotes eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro and this effect is mediated by alpha(4)beta(1) integrin binding. Soluble OPN is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mild asthmatic subjects and correlates with eosinophil counts.\n\nQuestion:\nIs osteopontin expressed and functional in human eosinophils?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nClinical spectrum of most of the diseases in developing countries is different from the west. Similarly whether renal cell carcinomas (RCC) in a developing country like India is seen in the same spectrum in relation to the age at presentation as in the west is not described in the literature. This study was carried out to investigate the spectrum of RCC in India with regards to age of onset, stage at presentation and survival. Patients with renal tumour, treated between January 2000 to December 2012 in a tertiary care hospital in north India, were analyzed for age at presentation, clinical features and histopathological characteristics. Clinical diagnosis was made by contrast enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) scans and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Renal masses diagnosed as angiomyolipoma, infective masses and hydatid cysts were excluded from the analysis. Impact of various age groups on gender, tumour size, TNM stage, Fuhrman grade, histopathological subtypes, lymph node, inferior vena cava (IVC) involvement and survival was analyzed. Patients were grouped in five age groups i.e. ≤39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and more than 70 yr of age. Of the total 617 patients with 617 renal tumours (2 patients had bilateral tumours but only the larger tumour was considered) clinically suspected as RCC, 586 had epithelial cell tumour and the remaining 31 had non epithelial cell tumour. The mean tumour size was 8.08±3.5 cm (median 7, range 1-25 cm). Tumour of less than 4 cm size was present in only 10.4 per cent patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 55.15±13.34 (median 56, range 14-91 yr) years. A total of 30.03 per cent of renal tumours presented in patients younger than 50 yr of age. Though there was no difference in stage, Fuhrman's grade, IVC involvement and lymph nodal spread among various age groups, younger patients had higher proportion of non clear cell RCC and only 48.59 per cent of them presented with conventional RCC. Mean survival was lower in patients younger than 39 yr with HR of 1.7 (0.8-3.2).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes renal cell carcinoma in India demonstrate early age of onset & a late stage of presentation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApomictic plants maintain functional pollen, and via pollination the genetic factors controlling apomixis can be potentially transferred to congeneric sexual populations. In contrast, the sexual individuals do not fertilize apomictic plants which produce seeds without fertilization of the egg cells. This unidirectional introgressive hybridization is expected finally to replace sexuality by apomixis and is thought to be a causal factor for the wide geographical distribution of apomictic complexes. Nevertheless, this process may be inhibited by induced selfing (mentor effects) of otherwise self-incompatible sexual individuals. Here whether mentor effects or actual cross-fertilization takes place between diploid sexual and polyploid apomictic cytotypes in the Ranunculus auricomus complex was tested via experimental crosses. Diploid sexual mother plants were pollinated with tetra- and hexaploid apomictic pollen donators by hand, and the amount of well-developed seed compared with aborted seed was evaluated. The reproductive pathways were assessed in the well-developed seed via flow cytometric seed screen (FCSS). The majority of seed was aborted; the well-developed seeds have resulted from both mentor effects and cross-fertilization at very low frequencies (1.3 and 1.6 % of achenes, respectively). Pollination by 4x apomictic pollen plants results more frequently in cross-fertilization, whereas pollen from 6x plants more frequently induced mentor effects.\n\nQuestion:\nIs introgression of apomixis into sexual species inhibited by mentor effects and ploidy barriers in the Ranunculus auricomus complex?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is a need for markers in colorectal cancer which will allow subclassification of stage groups into subgroups with high versus low risk of recurrent disease. To develop monoclonal antibodies that recognise antigens or immature crypt base cells, on the assumption that in a neoplasm undifferentiated but not the terminally differentiated cells will be responsible for tumour progression. Colon crypt cells which were isolated from human colonic mucosa by EDTA/EGTA incubation were studied. By stepwise harvesting, crypt base cell enriched fractions were obtained, and after incubation with antibodies against dominant antigens, used as immunogens. Of one crypt base cell specific antibody (5E9), the reactive epitope appeared to be a non-terminal carbohydrate in the mucin O-glycans of the colon. The epitope did not seem to be colon specific, but was expressed in a variety of other tissues. In colorectal carcinomas, 5E9 immunoreactivity identified a subgroup of patients with a tendency for worse prognosis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs expression of a marker for colonic crypt base cells correlated with poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRadiation injury to parahippocampal cingulum white matter is associated with cognitive decline. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) detects micropathologic changes in white matter. Increased radial diffusion (RD) and decreased axial diffusion (AD) correspond to demyelination and axonal degeneration/gliosis respectively. We aimed to develop a predictive model for radiation-induced cognitive changes based upon DTI changes. Twenty-seven adults with benign or low-grade tumors received partial brain radiation therapy (RT) to a median dose of 54Gy. Patients underwent DTI before RT, during RT, and at the end of RT. Cognitive testing was performed before RT, and 6 and 18months after RT. Parahippocampal cingulum white matter was contoured to obtain mean values of AD and RD. By univariate analysis, decreasing AD and increasing RD during RT predicted declines in verbal memory and verbal fluency. By multivariate analysis, baseline neurocognitive score was the only clinical variable predicting verbal memory change; no clinical variables predicted verbal fluency change. In a multivariate model, increased RD at the end of RT significantly predicted decline in verbal fluency 18months after RT.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes diffusion tensor imaging predict cognitive function change following partial brain radiotherapy for low-grade and benign tumors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRespiratory dysfunction is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in aged populations. The susceptibility to pulmonary insults is attributed to \"low pulmonary reserve\", ostensibly reflecting a combination of age-related musculoskeletal, immunologic and intrinsic pulmonary dysfunction. Using a murine model of the aging lung, senescent DBA/2 mice, we correlated a longitudinal survey of airspace size and injury measures with a transcriptome from the aging lung at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 months of age. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a nonlinear pattern of airspace caliber enlargement with a critical transition occurring between 8 and 12 months of age marked by an initial increase in oxidative stress, cell death and elastase activation which is soon followed by inflammatory cell infiltration, immune complex deposition and the onset of airspace enlargement. The temporally correlative transcriptome showed exuberant induction of immunoglobulin genes coincident with airspace enlargement. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA analysis and flow cytometry demonstrated increased immunoglobulin deposition in the lung associated with a contemporaneous increase in activated B-cells expressing high levels of TLR4 (toll receptor 4) and CD86 and macrophages during midlife. These midlife changes culminate in progressive airspace enlargement during late life stages.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes critical transition in tissue homeostasis accompany murine lung senescence?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExisting data on perfusion imaging assumes the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to be size steady. This study investigates the size of the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) in patients with lobar ICH in relation to hematoma volume during the course of treatment using perfusion CT (PCT). The present analysis is based on a previously reported cohort of 20 patients undergoing surgical evacuation for lobar SICH, with pre- and early postoperative PCT scanning. Time to peak of the residue function (T max) was measured based on the 360° cortical banding method and singular value decomposition. The size of PHZ was determined before and after treatment and correlated with hematoma volume. Preoperative mean hematoma volume constituted 63.0 ml (interquartile ranges (IQR) 39.7-99.4 ml), which correlated significantly (r=0.563, p=0.010) with mean PHZ size (5.67 cm, IQR 5.44-8.17 cm). Following a surgical hematoma evacuation, mean hematoma volume was reduced to 2.5 ml IQR 0.0-9.5 ml, which also resulted in a significant reduction of PHZ size to 0.45 cm(IQR 0.0-1.36 cm; p<0.001). There was no association between postoperative hematoma volume and size of the PHZ.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the extent of the perihemorrhagic perfusion zone correlate with hematoma volume in patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to investigate the association between follicular fluid (FF) levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which is a protease for IGFBP-4, and the quality of subsequent embryo development from in vitro fertilized oocytes aspirated from the same follicle. Prospective study. University infertility clinic and academic research laboratory. One hundred sixty-two infertile women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF and embryo transfer were recruited in a university hospital. During oocyte retrieval, samples of 225 FFs and matched mature oocytes were collected and studied. Concentrations of FF IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and PAPP-A were determined using ELISA. Progesterone secretion by cultured granulosa cells (GC) was measured by RIA. Levels of IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 in FF on the day of oocyte retrieval were significantly correlated with embryo scores on day 3 (72 hours after oocyte retrieval). Levels of IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 in FF from follicles in which oocytes developed into day 2 embryos (48 hours after oocyte retrieval; 20 >or= embryo score >or= 6) after fertilization were significantly higher than those from follicles in which oocytes were unable to be fertilized and were arrested in embryo development on day 2, whereas the levels of PAPP-A were significantly lower in the former than the latter group. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that high levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 combined with low levels of PAPP-A in FF were significantly correlated with successful fertilization and early development into day 2 embryos. In contrast, high FF IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-4 in combination with low FF IGF-I were significantly correlated with a later (day 2-day 3) embryo development. A significant stimulation of P secretion in cultured GCs by the combination of recombinant IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 further strengthened these proteins' functional roles in promoting late follicular development.\n\nQuestion:\nAre insulin-like growth factor-II ( IGF-II ) , IGF-binding protein-3 ( IGFBP-3 ) , and IGFBP-4 in follicular fluid associated with oocyte maturation and embryo development?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn experimental models of polycystic kidney disease impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and elevated mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers at the kidney level was noted. However, clinical studies investigating the potential role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are limited. We evaluated asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as marker of NO synthase inhibitor as well as 15-F2t-Isoprostane and oxidized-low density lipoprotein (oxidized-LDL) as measures of oxidative stress in patients with early stages ADPKD. We recruited 26 ADPKD patients (Group A) with modestly impaired renal function (eGFR 45-70 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), 26 age- and sex-matched ADPKD patients (Group B) with relatively preserved renal function (eGFR)>70 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), and 26 age- and sex-matched controls (Group C). Determination of circulating levels of ADMA, 15-F2t-Isoprostane, oxidized-LDL and routine biochemistry was performed. Group A and B had significantly higher ADMA levels as compared to controls (1.68 ± 0.7 vs 0.51 ± 0.2 μmol/l, P<0.001 and 1.26 ± 0.7 vs 0.51 ± 0.2 μmol/l, P<0.001, respectively). 15-F2t-IsoP and oxidized-LDL levels were also significantly higher in Group B relative to controls (788.8 ± 185.0 vs 383.1 ± 86.0 pgr/ml, P<0.001 and 11.4 ± 6.6 vs 6.4 ± 2.6 EU/ml, P<0.05 respectively) and were further elevated in Group A. In correlation analysis, ADMA levels exhibited strong associations with levels of 15-F2t-Isoprostane (r=0.811, P<0.001) and oxidized-LDL (r=0.788, P<0.001), whereas an inverse correlation was evident between ADMA and eGFR (r=-0.460, P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine associated with oxidant stress aggravation in patients with early stage autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiovascular (CV) complications are the leading cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. The role of arterial hypertension on the prognosis of CV in hemodialysis patients is not as clear as in the general population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic role of ambulatory blood pressure (BP) on CV mortality in treated hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Fifty-seven treated hypertensive hemodialysis patients (56.87 +/- 16.22 years, 30 men) were prospectively studied. All patients initially underwent an ambulatory BP monitoring between two dialysis sessions. The outcome event studied was CV death; kidney transplantation and deaths not related to CV disease were censored. The duration of follow-up was 34.4 +/- 20.39 months, during which 10 CV and 8 non-CV fatal events occurred. In the 10 patients who died from CV complications, age, previous CV events, ambulatory systolic BP, ambulatory pulse pressure (PP), and life-long smoking level were significantly higher, and the office diastolic BP was lower at the time of inclusion than in those who did not die from CV complications (N = 47). Based on Cox analysis and after adjustment for age, sex, and previous CV events, a low office diastolic BP [relative risk (RR) 0.49, 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.93, P = 0.03], an elevated 24-hour PP (RR 1.85, 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.65, P = 0.009), and an elevated nocturnal systolic BP (RR 1.41, 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.84, P = 0.01) were predictors of CV mortality (RR associated with a 10 mm Hg increase in BP and in PP).\n\nQuestion:\nAre nocturnal blood pressure and 24-hour pulse pressure potent indicators of mortality in hemodialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpidemiological studies suggest whole grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), possibly through alterations in glucose metabolism and subsequent effects on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, a novel biomarker for CVD. Our aim was to investigate the effect of 6 wk of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption versus refined white bread on PAI-1. Normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14; age 53 ± 6 y; BMI 26.5 ± 2.9 kg/m(2)) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14; age 57 ± 7 y; BMI 35.7 ± 5.7 kg/m(2)) adults incorporated whole grain wheat sourdough (162.5 g) or white (168.8 g) bread into their diet, for 6 wk in a randomized crossover study. Pre- and post-intervention, fasting blood samples were analyzed for PAI-1 (primary outcome), as well as glucose, insulin and glucagon (secondary outcomes) at fasting and postprandially after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric measures, fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon and PAI-1 antigen and activity were not different between treatments in either NGI or HGI adults. Glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was lower (19%, P = 0.02) after 6 wk consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread compared to white bread in the HGI group, with no differences in insulin or glucagon iAUC in either group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes whole grain wheat sourdough bread affect plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in adults with normal or impaired carbohydrate metabolism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDepending on cellular context, p53-inducing agents (such as nutlin-3a) cause different outcomes including reversible quiescence and irreversible senescence. Inhibition of mTOR shifts the balance from senescence to quiescence. In cell lines with incomplete responses to p53, this shift may be difficult to document because of a high proportion of proliferating cells contaminating arrested (quiescent and senescent) cells. This problem also complicates the study of senescence caused by minimal levels of p21 that are capable to arrest a few cells. During induction of senescence by low levels of endogenous p53 and ectopic p21, cells were co-treated with nocodazole, which eliminated proliferating cells. As a result, only senescent and quiescent cells remained.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes elimination of proliferating cells unmask the shift from senescence to quiescence caused by rapamycin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious studies have revealed that functional impairment of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, might be associated with the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the involvement of innate immune cells, which predominate in the liver, in therapeutic HCV clearance is still unclear. To clarify the role of intrahepatic innate immune cells in the clinical outcome of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treated with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin (IFN/RBV), we prospectively investigated the status of NK and NKT cells in paired liver biopsy and peripheral blood (PB) samples obtained from 21 CHC patients before and immediately after IFN/RBV treatment by flow cytometry. Normal liver and PB samples were obtained from 10 healthy donors for living donor liver transplantation. Before treatment, intrahepatic NK and NKT cells constituted a significantly lower proportion in CHC patients than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05). After IFN/RBV treatment, the proportions and absolute numbers of CD3(-)CD161(+) NK and CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT cells in the liver, but not in PB, were significantly increased in sustained responders (SR) as compared with poor responders (P < 0.05). The proportion of CD3(+)CD161(+) NKT cells was also increased in the liver of SR after the treatment. Moreover, there was a striking increase of activated CD152(+) cells among CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT cells in the liver of SR (P = 0.041).\n\nQuestion:\nIs sustained response to interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C closely associated with increased dynamism of intrahepatic natural killer and natural killer T cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBariatric surgery provides for a reliable and sustainable solution to the obesity epidemic. The gold standard bariatric surgical procedure is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Assessment of this population preoperatively and work-up of postoperative complications often includes radiographic evaluation. Repeated exposure to radiation is not without complication. Assess the association between the RYGB and exposure to ionizing radiation. Academic medical center. Patients were identified by their ICD-9 code as having had a RYGB at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) from 2002 to 2012. The number of abdominal and pelvis (A/P) computed tomography (CT) scans performed was determined and converted into an effective dose (ED) and expressed as milliSeiverts (mSv) to illustrate the biologic effects of radiation. From 2002 to 2012, 1789 primary laparoscopic RYGBs were completed. Fifty-five revisional operations were completed on 51 patients. Of these, 38 had both their index and second operation at the MGH. A total of 1065 A/P CTs were completed in the laparoscopic RYGB population (mean = .6), and 106 A/P CTs were done in the revisional surgery cohort (mean = 2.8). The mean ED of radiation was 56.1 mSv and 19.5 mSv for the index and revisional populations, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs roux-en-Y gastric bypass associated with an increased exposure to ionizing radiation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApelin, a potent vasodilator and angiogenic factor, may be a novel therapeutic agent in neonatal chronic lung disease, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia. To determine the beneficial effect of apelin in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury, a model for premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The cardiopulmonary effects of apelin treatment (62 μg/kg/d) were studied in neonatal rats by exposure to 100% oxygen, using two treatment strategies: early concurrent treatment during continuous exposure to hyperoxia for 10 days and late treatment and recovery in which treatment was started on Day 6 after hyperoxic injury for 9 days and continued during the 9-day recovery period. We investigated in both models the role of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in apelin treatment by specific inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase activity with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 25 mg/kg/d). Parameters investigated include survival, lung and heart histopathology, pulmonary fibrin deposition and inflammation, alveolar vascular leakage, lung cGMP levels, right ventricular hypertrophy, and differential mRNA expression in lung and heart tissue. Prophylactic treatment with apelin improved alveolarization and angiogenesis, increased lung cGMP levels, and reduced pulmonary fibrin deposition, inflammation, septum thickness, arteriolar wall thickness, and right ventricular hypertrophy. These beneficial effects were completely absent in the presence of L-NAME. In the injury-recovery model apelin also improved alveolarization and angiogenesis, reduced arteriolar wall thickness, and attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes apelin attenuate hyperoxic lung and heart injury in neonatal rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSepsis has been shown to precondition the intact heart against ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and prior endotoxin exposure of cells in in vitro models has shown evidence of protection against subsequent simulated ischaemia. Our aim in this study is to validate these findings and further investigate the signaling pathways involved. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomised to control (n = 7) or caecal ligation and perforation (CLP)-induced sepsis (n = 7). Hearts were harvested at 48 h, suspended in Langendorff mode and subjected to 30-min global ischaemia followed by 90-min reperfusion. In subsequent experiments, designed to determine the mechanisms by which sepsis protected against ischaemic injury, endotoxin-stimulated isolated cardiomyocytes, pulmonary A549 cells and renal HK2 cells were subjected to normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The roles of key pathways, including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK (p38), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK)), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) were examined. Systemic sepsis protected isolated hearts from subsequent ischaemic/reperfusion-induced injury, enhancing functional recovery on reperfusion [developed left ventricular pressure ((d)LVP) mean(SE) 66.63(±10.7) mmHg vs. 54.13(±9.9) mmHg; LVPmax at 60 min 67.29(±11.9) vs. 72.48(±9.3), sepsis vs. control] despite significantly reduced baseline LV function in CLP animals (p < 0.001). Septic preconditioning significantly reduced infarct size after IR injury (p < 0.05). Endotoxin exposure protected isolated cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced cell death (p < 0.001). This effect appeared mediated in part via the p38, JNK and NF-κB pathways, but was independent of the ERK pathway, and did not appear to be mediated via HMGB1. The preconditioning effect of endotoxin was also demonstrated in isolated kidney and lung cells, suggesting that this preconditioning effect of sepsis is not confined to the myocardium.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sepsis protect the myocardium and other organs from subsequent ischaemic/reperfusion injury via a MAPK-dependent mechanism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe human hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a rare, intrinsically epileptogenic lesion associated with gelastic seizures, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of GABAA receptors in surgically resected HH tissue. HH tissue slices (350 microm) were studied using cellular electrophysiological, calcium imaging, and immunocytochemical techniques. Two neuronal cell types were seen: small (10-16 microm) spontaneously firing GABAergic neurons and large (20-28 microm) quiescent neurons. In gramicidin-perforated patch recordings, muscimol (30 microM) induced membrane depolarization in 70% of large (but not small) neurons and a concomitant rise in intracellular calcium. These responses were blocked by bicuculline methiodide (50 microM). Depolarizing neurons also exhibited more positive reversal potentials (Emuscimol) and significantly higher intracellular chloride concentrations compared to those that hyperpolarized. The cation chloride co-transporters NKCC1 and KCC2 were coexpressed in the majority of large neurons, but fluorometric measurements revealed that 84% of large HH neurons expressed solely or relatively more NKCC1. Bumetanide (20 microM), a NKCC1 antagonist, partially suppressed muscimol-induced excitation in large neurons. Concordant with robust expression of CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 subunits in HH neurons, the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine (100 microM) prevented muscimol-induced neuronal excitation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gABAA receptor-mediated activation of L-type calcium channels induce neuronal excitation in surgically resected human hypothalamic hamartomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAirway mucus hypersecretion is a key pathophysiological feature in asthma. Fasudil, a selective Rho-A/Rho kinase inhibitor, has been used in clinical trials to treat pulmonary hypertension. However, its function in modulating airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma remains undefined. We examined whether fasudil, a selective Rho-A/Rho kinase inhibitor, affects the mucus hypersecretion by suppressing MUC5AC via signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (STAT6) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) in mice and cells. We measured mucus secretion and the expression of Rho-kinase in the airway tissue of patients with asthma. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) followed with fasudil treatment. The lung tissues were assessed for airway inflammation and mucus secretion. Cytokine levels and airway responsiveness were determined. STAT6 and NFκB were quantified by Western blot. 16HBE cells were stimulated with house dust mite (HDM) extracts. MUC5AC and muc5ac promoter activities were measured. Using siRNA to knockdown STAT6 in epithelial cells, we determined the impact of STAT6 on muc5ac promoter activity. NFκB nuclear translocation was observed with immunostaining. Fasudil administration significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells, inflammation index in the lung and airway responsiveness. Fasudil also reduced mucous secretion and MUC5AC expression in OVA-challenged mice. Fasudil down-regulated the levels of IL-17, IL-4 and IL-13 in the lung tissue of OVA-challenged mice. Fasudil also decreased the expression and phosphorylation of NFκB and STAT6 as well as the nuclear translocation of NFκB. In addition, human airway epithelial cells (16HBE) were challenged with HDM extracts and then treated with fasudil. Fasudil inhibited HDM extract-induced MUC5AC expression, which is associated with a reduction in STAT6 and NFκB in epithelial cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil reduce allergic airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion by regulating STAT6 and NFκB?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUnsaturated fatty acid from accumulated sebum disrupts calcium influx in keratinocytes and triggers epidermal hyperplasia, leading to comedone formation in the skin. Oleic acid, a representative unsaturated fatty acid, has been shown to be a useful reagent to induce these cellular alternations, however, the detailed mechanism still remains to be elucidated. This study aimed at the identification of the mediator of unsaturated fatty acid-caused epidermal hyperplasia so as to generate the effective therapeutic agents. The downstream mediator of oleic acid-treatment was identified in the epidermal keratinocyte and the effect of its antagonistic peptides on the epidermal behaviors was investigated in culture and in vivo. In culture, treatment with oleic acid augmented extracellular secretion of epimorphin in HaCaT keratinocytes and prevented the epidermal terminal differentiation including programmed cell death and cornified envelope formation. The antagonistic peptide of epimorphin (EPn1: a circular compound composed of CGSIEQSC), which was newly generated in this study, restored normal keratinocyte behaviors. In hairless mice, topical application of oleic acid to the dorsal skin caused epidermal hyperplasia with decreased enucleation in the horny layer, which was dramatically hampered by the administration of EPn1.\n\nQuestion:\nDo epimorphin-derived peptide antagonists remedy epidermal parakeratosis triggered by unsaturated fatty acid?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatitis C virus (HCV)-related arthritis is an uncommon disease belonging to the autoimmune disorders due to the chronic stimulus exerted by the virus on the immune system. It shows two clinical subsets: a symmetrical polyarthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis but less aggressive and an intermittent mono-oligoarthritis involving the lower limbs. We extensively review the current literature using the largest electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE) with regard to HCV-related arthritis (HCVrA) and studies focusing on the co-existence of HCV and other kinds of arthritides.\n\nQuestion:\nDo an update on the management of hepatitis C virus-related arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity has been implicated as a potential regulator of the transition from scarless healing to scar formation in fetal wounds. Decorin is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that regulates TGF-beta bioactivity and assists in collagen fibrillogenesis. To determine its role in scarless repair, the authors examined decorin expression in fetal fibroblasts, skin, and wounds. A single, full-thickness, 2-mm open wound was created on the dorsal surface of fetal rats at 16.5 days (E16) and 18.5 days (E18) gestational age (term, 21.5 days [E21]). Wounds were harvested at 24 and 72 hours (n = 12 wounds per time-point). Nonwounded fetal skin at E17, E19, and E21 was harvested for analysis of decorin expression during skin development and as controls for wounds. In addition, fetal (E14, E18) and adult dermal fibroblasts were cultured for in vitro analysis. Reduced-cycle, specific primer, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantitate decorin expression. Decorin expression increased rapidly with increasing gestational age in both fetal fibroblasts and skin. Expression was increased 22-fold in E18 fibroblasts (P <.002) and 300-fold in adult fibroblasts (P <.001) compared with E14 fibroblasts. In skin, expression increased 74% (P <.01) during the fetal wound healing transition period between E17 and E19. However, in E16 wounds (scarless), decorin expression decreased 59% (P <.006) at 24 hours and 45% (P <.02) at 72 hours. Decorin expression did not change in E18 (scar) wounds at 24 and 72 hours (P >.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs down-regulation of decorin , a transforming growth factor-beta modulator , associated with scarless fetal wound healing?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCoronary artery disease (CAD) is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recent studies have suggested that renalase, a novel FAD-dependent amine oxidase, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in ESRD patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between renalase gene polymorphisms and a risk of CAD in patients on hemodialysis. In a case-control study, a total of 309 hemodialyzed patients (107 with and 202 without CAD) were genotyped for two SNPs in the renalase gene (rs10887800 and rs2576178) using the PCR-RFLP method. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that rs10887800GG genotype was associated with an increased risk of CAD under the codominant model [GG vs AA; adjusted OR 2.66 (95 % CI, 1.19-5.94), p = .017] and under the recessive model [GG vs AG + AA; adjusted OR 2.10 (95 % CI, 1.10-4.02), p = .025]. The rs2576178 polymorphism did not influence the risk of CAD.\n\nQuestion:\nIs rs10887800 renalase gene polymorphism associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in hemodialyzed patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBiologic effects of nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to increase under hypoxic conditions. Because the oxygen tension in joint cavities of patients with arthritis is fairly low, biologic effects of NO would be expected to be significantly large in these compartments. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NO on the energy metabolism and functions of articular chondrocytes under different oxygen tension conditions. Articular chondrocytes from rabbits were cultured under various oxygen concentrations in the presence or absence of NO and NOC18, an NO donor. Cellular respiration was measured using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. Levels of ATP in the cells were determined according to the luciferin-luciferase method. Cellular synthesis of proteoglycans was determined by measuring the incorporation of radioactivity (derived from 35S-labeled SO4) into glycosaminoglycans. Expression of stress-related proteins was evaluated by Western blotting analysis using specific antibodies. Respiration and ATP synthesis of cultured chondrocytes were inhibited by NO, particularly under low oxygen concentrations. The presence of either NO or specific inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport suppressed the synthesis of proteoglycans without affecting cell viability. When exposed to NO, cellular levels of heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) increased markedly. The presence of inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport also increased cellular levels of hsp70 and HO-1.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nitric oxide regulate mitochondrial respiration and functions of articular chondrocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMiRNA expression profiles previously showed the higher expression of microRNA(miR)-335 in bone marrow samples of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients than normal controls. Our aim was to investigate associations of miR-335 expression with tumor progression and prognosis in pediatric AML. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the expression of miR-335 in bone marrow mononuclear cells and serum obtained from patients with pediatric AML and healthy controls. Expression levels of miR-335 in the bone marrow and serum of pediatric AML patients were both significantly higher than those in normal controls (both P < 0.001). Then, high serum miR-335 level occurred more frequently in French-American-British classification subtype M7 subtype than in other subtypes (P = 0.03). The expression of serum miR-335 in pediatric AML patients with unfavorable karyotypes was also significantly higher than those in intermediate and favorable groups (P = 0.008). Moreover, high serum miR-335 level was markedly associated with shorter relapse-free and overall survivals (both P < 0.001) of patients with pediatric AML. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis identified the serum miR-335 and cytogenetics risk as independent prognostic factors for both relapse-free and overall survivals. More importantly, the prognostic relevance of serum miR-335 expression was more obvious in the subgroup of patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes high serum microRNA-335 level predict aggressive tumor progression and unfavorable prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe role of altered cell adhesion is critical for the development of epithelial cancers. E-cadherin plays an important role in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion and its function is thought to be regulated by its associated cytoplasmic proteins, such as alpha-catenin and beta-catenin. To determine the role of alpha-catenin expression in gastric carcinogenesis, we studied its expression in human gastric cancer and in the gastric mucosa of first degree relatives with no clinical disease. alpha-Catenin expression was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using gastric tissue specimens from patients with gastric cancer and from the gastric mucosa of first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients and healthy controls. mRNA levels of alpha-catenin were reduced or absent in 13 of 19 gastric cancer tissues, which differed significantly from levels found in the tumour free gastric mucosa of cancer patients (p<0.05). Of the cancer samples with altered alpha-catenin mRNA levels, alpha-catenin expression was negative in seven and decreased in six cases. Interestingly, decreased alpha-catenin mRNA expression also occurred in the mucosa of the corpus (11/18) and antrum (4/18) of first degree relatives. In the corpus biopsies alpha-catenin expression was more often decreased or lost compared with the antrum biopsies in first degree relatives and healthy controls (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed membranous expression of alpha-catenin in gastric cancer cells and the non-malignant gastric epithelium. However, some cancers also exhibited loss of membranous staining. Generally, loss or downregulation of alpha-catenin mRNA in the gastric mucosa was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (p<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs alpha-catenin expression decreased in human gastric cancers and in the gastric mucosa of first degree relatives?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLow nuclear expression of the RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) has previously been found to be associated with poor prognosis in several cancer forms e.g. breast, ovarian, colorectal, prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic impact of RBM3 expression in urinary bladder cancer. Immunohistochemical RBM3 expression was examined in tumours from 343 patients with urothelial bladder cancer. Chi-square and Spearman's correlation tests were applied to explore associations between RBM3 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. The impact of RBM3 expression on disease-specific survival (DSS), 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modelling. Reduced nuclear RBM3 expression was significantly associated with more advanced tumour (T) stage (p <0.001) and high grade tumours (p=0.004). Negative RBM3 expression was associated with a significantly shorter DSS (HR=2.55; 95% CI 1.68-3.86)) and 5-year OS (HR=2.10; 95% CI 1.56-2.82), also in multivariable analysis (HR=1.65; 95% CI 1.07-2.53 for DSS and HR=1.54; 95% CI 1.13-2.10 for 5-year OS). In patients with Ta and T1 tumours expressing reduced RBM3 levels, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly shorter PFS (p=0.048) and 5-year OS (p=0.006).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes decreased expression of RNA-binding motif protein 3 correlate with tumour progression and poor prognosis in urothelial bladder cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFor the first time, models using multilevel analysis of Indian data and related simulation results are reported. They take hierarchical structure into account and incorporate variables from all levels to get correct analysis and proper interpretation of data on current contraceptive use (including sterilization and modern methods). The data from an Indian State, Uttar Pradesh (UP), collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 10 October 1992 to 22 February 1993 was used. For model I, 7851 currently married women who were neither pregnant nor had continuing post-partum amenorrhoea (PPA) were considered. For model II, these women with at least one child (n = 6748) were used. Two-level logistic regression analysis was carried out for which women's level (level 1) and PSU (Primary Sampling Unit) level (level 2) variables were considered. The results were considered significant at the 5% level of significance. Simulation analysis using each model was also carried out. Model I reveals that those more likely to adopt contraception were women exposed to a TV message (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6); whose houses were pucca (bricks and mortar) (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.5); who were educated to high school level and above (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.2-3.7); whose husbands were literate with schooling of > or =11 years (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.4-2.1); and who had > or =2 living sons (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.4). Muslim and other religious women were less likely than Hindu women to adopt contraception (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4-0.6). Also, the PSU level availability of all weather road was positively associated with contraceptive adoption (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7). The PSU level variance, which is the unexplained PSU level variation after controlling for the considered characteristics, was significantly higher. The simulation results revealed that public health education (a TV message) was found to be more effective among less educated women. The PSU level availability of all weather road was as effective as public health education. Similar results were evident from the analysis of second data set (model II) with the noticeable finding that those whose last child is surviving are most likely to adopt contraception (OR = 8.82; 95% CI: 1.01-77.38).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes epidemiological models and related simulation result for understanding of contraceptive adoption in India?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCurrently, patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy but only about half of these patients benefit from this treatment. GNAS T393C has been shown to predict the postoperative course in solid tumors and may therefore be useful for treatment stratification. The aim of the present study was to determine if the single-nucleotide polymorphism GNAS T393C can be used for treatment stratification in esophageal cancer patients. A total of 596 patients underwent surgical resection for esophageal carcinoma from 1996 to 2008; 279 patients received chemoradiotherapy prior to surgery (RTX-SURG group). All patients and a reference group of 820 healthy White individuals were genotyped for GNAS T393C. The 5-year-survival rate for the 317 patients who underwent esophagectomy as initial treatment (SURG group) was 57 % for homozygous C-allele carriers (n = 99) and 43 % for T-allele carriers (n = 218; log- rank test p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis revealed the GNAS T393C genotype (p = 0.034), pT (p < 0.001), pN (p < 0.001) and age (p < 0.001) as prognostic of survival. Homozygous C-allele carriers with a locally advanced tumor stage (cT3/T4, n = 129) in the SURG group had a 5-year survival rate of 37 %, which, remarkably, exceeded the 5-year survival rate of 30 % for the entire RTX-SURG group (n = 279). In the RTX-SURG group, the GNAS T393C genotype did not show any prognostic significance.\n\nQuestion:\nDo homozygous GNAS 393C-allele carriers with locally advanced esophageal cancer fail to benefit from platinum-based preoperative chemoradiotherapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nImmunity to food antigens (gliadin, cow's milk proteins) is in the centre of the attention of modern medicine focused on the prevention of diseases, prevention which is based on the use of appropriate restriction diet. Detection of the enhanced levels of the immune reactions to antigen(s) present in food is from this point of view of great importance because there are reports that some of health disturbances, like celiac disease (CD) and some premalignant conditions, like monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), were vanished after the appropriate restriction diets. It is well known that gliadin is toxic to small bowel mucosa of relatively small population of genetically predisposed individuals, who under this toxic action develop celiac disease (CD). As the quantity of immunogenic gliadin could vary between different wheat species, the first aim of this work was to determine the percentage of immunogenic gliadin in ten bread wheat cultivars and in three commercially grown durum wheat cultivars. The second part of the study was initiated by results of previous publication, reporting that sera of some of multiple myeloma (MM) patients showed the presence of elevated levels of anti-gliadin IgA, without the enhanced levels of anti-gliadin IgG antibodies, determined with commercial ELISA test. It was designed to assess is it possible to reveal is there any hidden, especially anti-gliadin IgG immunoreactivity, in serum of mentioned group of patients. For this purpose we tested MM patients sera, as well as celiac disease (CD) patients sera for the immunoreaction with the native gliadin isolated from wheat species used for bread and pasta making in corresponding geographic region. Gliadin was isolated from wheat flour by two step 60% ehanolic extraction. Its content was determined by commercial R5 Mendez Elisa using PWG gliadin as the standard. Results obtained showed that immunogenic gliadin content varies between 50.4 and 65.4 mg/g in bread wheat cultivars and between 20 and 25.6 mg/g in durum wheat cultivars. Anti-gliadin IgA and IgG immunoreactivity of patients' sera in (IU/ml) was firstly determined by commercial diagnostic Binding Site ELISA test, and then additionally by non-commercial ELISA tests, using standardized ethanol wheat extracts -gliadin as the antigen. In both patients groups IgA immunoreactivity to gliadin from different cultivars was almost homogenous and in correlation with results from commercial test (except for one patient with IgA(lambda) myeloma, they were more then five times higher). But, results for IgG immunoreactivity were more frequently inhomogeneous, and especially for few MM patients, they were more then five times higher and did not correlate with results obtained using Binding Site test.\n\nQuestion:\nAre different levels of humoral immunoreactivity to different wheat cultivars gliadin present in patients with celiac disease and in patients with multiple myeloma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcromial fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) have been reported to occur in up to 7% of patients. Whereas RSA implant parameters can be configured to alter stability, range of motion, and deltoid mechanical advantage, little is known about the effect of these changes on acromial stresses. The purpose of this finite element study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of RSA humeral and glenoid implant position on acromial stresses. Solid body models of 10 RSA reconstructed cadaveric shoulders (38-mm glenosphere, 155° neck-shaft angle) were input into custom software that calculated the deltoid force required to achieve an abduction arc of motion (0°-120°). The resulting forces were applied to a finite element study model of the scapula to ascertain the acromial stress distribution. This process was repeated for varying glenoid inferiorizations (0, +2.5, +5.0 mm), lateralizations (0, +5.0, +10.0 mm), and humeral lateralizations (-5.0, 0, +5.0 mm). Glenosphere inferiorization decreased maximum principal stress in the acromion by 2.6% (0.7 ± 0.2 MPa; P = .007). Glenosphere lateralization produced a greater effect, increasing stress by 17.2% (4.1 ± 0.9 MPa; P = .001). Humeral lateralization caused an insignificant increase in stress by 1.7% (0.5 ± 0.2 MPa; P = .066), and humeral medialization decreased stress by 1.4% (0.8 ± 0.3 MPa; P = .038). The highest acromial stresses occurred in the region where fractures most commonly occur, Levy type II, at 33.7 ± 3.81 MPa (P < .001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes implant positioning in reverse shoulder arthroplasty have an impact on acromial stresses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the effects of iron overload on the liver tissue and function of maternal rats' offspring. Forty pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups, high-dose group, middle-dose group, low-dose group (120, 60 and 30 mg/kg BW) and control group. Iron detran was administered by intraperitoneal injection every other day and the entire trial lasted for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, the iron serum levels, GOT and GPT of rats' offspring were determined. Histological changes of the liver injury were measured. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in liver were measured by immunohistochemistry method. In addition, MDA, SOD and GSH-Px in liver were assessed by spectrophotometry. After 6 weeks, the level of serum iron in control group was significantly lower than in middle-dose and high-dose group (P < 0.05), and the result of level of liver iron was similar with that. According to the HE staining, it showed that liver cell gradually was damaged with the increasing of accumulation of hepatic iron. The expression of Bcl-2/Bax was significantly higher in control group than in middle-dose and high-dose groups (P < 0.05). The levels of serum GPT and GOT in high-dose group were significantly higher in control group (P < 0.05). The levels of Liver MDA in middle-dose and high-dose groups were both significantly higher than in control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of liver GSH-Px and SOD in high-dose group were significantly lower than in control group (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Maternal iron overload result in liver damage in rat offspring ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFalse occurrences of functional motifs in protein sequences can be considered as random events due solely to the sequence composition of a proteome. Here we use a numerical approach to investigate the random appearance of functional motifs with the aim of addressing biological questions such as: How are organisms protected from undesirable occurrences of motifs otherwise selected for their functionality? Has the random appearance of functional motifs in protein sequences been affected during evolution? Here we analyse the occurrence of functional motifs in random sequences and compare it to that observed in biological proteomes; the behaviour of random motifs is also studied. Most motifs exhibit a number of false positives significantly similar to the number of times they appear in randomized proteomes (=expected number of false positives). Interestingly, about 3% of the analysed motifs show a different kind of behaviour and appear in biological proteomes less than they do in random sequences. In some of these cases, a mechanism of evolutionary negative selection is apparent; this helps to prevent unwanted functionalities which could interfere with cellular mechanisms.\n\nQuestion:\nDo false occurrences of functional motifs in protein sequences highlight evolutionary constraints?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate whether the Patient Competency Rating Scale at three months predicts global functioning and participation one year after traumatic brain injury. Prospective cohort study with follow-up at 3 and 12 months post injury. The Patient Competency Rating Scale was analysed in a logistic regression model with the outcomes Community Integration Questionnaire, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended and return to work/study. The neurosurgical department of a trauma referral centre in a metropolitan hospital. A cohort of 70 patients with acute traumatic brain injury, ranging from mild to severe injury. The Patient Competency Rating Scale, assessing competency in activities, was applied as a predictor. Outcomes describing community participation at 12 months were the Community Integration Questionnaire and return to work/study. Global functioning was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. Factor analysis of the Patient Competency Rating Scale items yielded three domains: activities demanding cognition, interpersonal/emotional skills, and activities of daily living (ADL) competency. The first two of these domains significantly predicted return to work/study and community integration, whilst global functioning at one year was predicted by interpersonal/emotional competency.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes self-rated competency in activities predict functioning and participation one year after traumatic brain injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe pathogenicity of the Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to serogroup O1 and O139 is due to the production of virulence factors such as cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). The remaining serogroups, which mostly lack CT and TCP, are more frequently isolated from aquatic environmental sources than from clinical samples; nevertheless, these strains have been reported to cause human disease, such as sporadic outbreaks of watery diarrhoea and inflammatory enterocolitis. This evidence suggested the possibility that other virulence factor(s) than cholera toxin might be crucial in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhoea, but their nature remains unknown. VCC, the hemolysin produced by virtually all Vibrio cholerae strains, has been proposed as a possible candidate, though a clear-cut demonstration attesting VCC as crucial in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhoea is still lacking. Electrophysiological parameters and paracellular permeability of stripped human healthy colon tissues, obtained at subtotal colectomy, mounted in Ussing chamber were studied in the presence or absence of VCC purified from culture supernatants of V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain. Short circuit current (I(SC)) and transepithelial resistance (R(T)) were measured by a computerized voltage clamp system. The exposure of sigmoid colon specimens to 1 nM VCC resulted in an increase of I(SC) by 20.7%, with respect to the basal values, while R(T) was reduced by 12.3%. Moreover, increase in I(SC) was abolished by bilateral Cl(-) reduction.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the Vibrio cholerae cytolysin promote chloride secretion from intact human intestinal mucosa?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCarnosic acid (CA), found in rosemary, has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-adipogenic properties. We recently demonstrated that CA protects against steatosis in ob/ob mice. In the present report, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which CA inhibits lipids accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, ob/ob mice were fed a standard chow diet with or without CA for 5 weeks, then their hepatocyte lipid accumulation was determined. The serum concentrations of cytokines, the levels of lipid regulatory mediators, and the hepatic metabolic and signaling molecules were also evaluated. In the in vitro study, HepG2 cells were used to further clarify the effects of CA on cellular lipid accumulation and to confirm the signaling pathways involved in these effects. CA significantly reduced hepatocyte lipid accumulation. This effect was associated with repressed levels of hepatic PPARγ, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and MIP-1β, and increased ATP, acetyl CoA, NAD(P)(+), and NAD(P)H. Other signaling molecules, such as EGFR, MAPK, AMPK, and ACC, which regulate lipid metabolism, were activated in mice fed the CA diet. CA inhibited palmitate-induced cellular lipid accumulation and stimulated the phosphorylation of both EGFR and MAPK. Pretreatment with either the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 or the MEK-specific inhibitor U0126 abolished the effects of CA on cellular lipid accumulation and decreased both the protein expression and activity of PPARγ.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes carnosic acid ( CA ) prevent lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through the EGFR/MAPK pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe investigated the associations between heart rate recovery after exercise (as a suggested measure of vagal activity), heart rate variability, and measurements of the insulin resistance syndrome. Seventy men aged 70 years were examined with a symptom-limited bicycle exercise test, a 24-hour heart rate variability test, and different measurements of different components of the insulin resistance syndrome. Heart rate recovery after exercise (mean +/- SD 20 +/- 9 beats during the first minute) was related to both the SD of the R-R interval and the low frequency power at the heart rate variability analyses (r = 0.39, P <.002 for both). Furthermore, heart rate recovery after exercise was related to insulin sensitivity at the hyperinsulinemic eugleucemic clamp (r = 0.28, P <.03), and to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and exercise capacity, and inversely to obesity and insulin and glucose levels 2 hours after an oral glucose load (P <.05 for all). Heart rate recovery after exercise was not related to left ventricular mass measured by means of echocardiography or to the number of ventricular premature complexes at a 24-hour Holter recording.\n\nQuestion:\nIs heart rate recovery after exercise related to the insulin resistance syndrome and heart rate variability in elderly men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDopamine agonists have been reported to increase the risk of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, it is unknown whether these drugs might be harmful for patients with hyperprolactinaemia (HyperPRL). The aim of the study was to evaluate whether HyperPRL patients treated with dopamine agonists had a higher prevalence of cardiac valves regurgitation than that of general population. One hundred consecutive patients (79 women, 21 men, mean age 41 +/- 13 years) with HyperPRL during treatment with cabergoline were enrolled in an observational case-control study and compared with 100 matched normal subjects (controls). Valve regurgitation was assessed by echocardiography according to the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations. Seven HyperPRL patients (7%) and six controls (6%) had moderate (grade 3) regurgitation in any valve (p = 0.980). All were asymptomatic and had no signs of cardiac disease. Mean duration of cabergoline treatment was 67 +/- 39 months (range: 3-199 months). Mean cumulative dose of cabergoline was 279 +/- 301 mg (range: 15-1327 mg). Moderate valve regurgitation was not associated with the duration of treatment (p = 0.359), with cumulative dose of cabergoline (p = 0.173), with age (p = 0.281), with previous treatment with bromocriptine (p = 0.673) or previous adenomectomy (p = 0.497) in patients with HyperPRL.\n\nQuestion:\nIs treatment with low doses of cabergoline associated with increased prevalence of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with hyperprolactinaemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the effects on volume expansion and myocardial function of colloids or crystalloids in the treatment of hypovolaemic hypotension after cardiac and major vascular surgery. A single-centre, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial at the intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients (n=67) were subjected to a 90-min filling pressure-guided fluid challenge with saline 0.9% or the colloids gelatin 4%, hydroxyethyl starch 6% or albumin 5%. Biochemical variables and haemodynamics (transpulmonary thermodilution) were measured. An amount of 1800 (1300-1800) ml of saline or 1600 (750-1800) ml of colloid solution (P< 0.005) was infused. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) decreased in the saline group and increased in the colloid groups (P< 0.001). Plasma volume increased by 3.0% (-18 to 24) in the saline versus 19% (-11 to 50) in the colloid groups (P< 0.001). Cardiac index increased by median 13% (ns) in the saline group and by 22% in the colloid groups (P<0.005). The rise in left ventricular stroke work index was greater in the colloid than in the saline groups. The different colloids were equally effective. The rise in cardiac index related to the rise in plasma volume and global end-diastolic volume, confirming plasma volume and preload augmentation by the fluid loading.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cardiac response greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe transglutaminase (TG) family consists of eight distinct isoforms. TG types 1, 3 and 5 play a major role in normal skin development, with TG2 also being elevated during dermal wounding. TG1, 3 and 5 are responsible for the cross-linking of keratin precursors and formation of the cornified envelope during keratinocyte differentiation. TG2 may play a role in keratinocyte basement membrane cross-linking. Abnormal TG expression has been demonstrated in Darier disease, Netherton syndrome, psoriasis and lamellar ichthyosis. During a recent investigation of skin contraction in tissue-engineered skin, transglutaminase inhibitors were found to produce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis. Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effect of pan-transglutaminase inhibition on morphology of tissue-engineered skin and expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation-associated antigens. We used a tissue-engineered model of human skin, based on de-epidermized acellular human dermis, seeded with normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and cultured at an air-liquid interface. The pan-transglutaminase inhibitors putrescine, NTU283 (1-dimethyl,2-[(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium) and NTU285 (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutaminyl-6-dimethylsulfonium-5-oxo-l-norleucine) were added to the culture medium. After 28 days, histology and immunohistochemistry for collagen IV, involucrin and cytokeratins 6, 10 and 16 were performed. Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and parakeratosis were seen in response to transglutaminase inhibition. Inhibition of transglutaminase also resulted in loss of basement membrane collagen IV. Involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16 were confined to the basal layers in control composites but expressed throughout the epidermis in response to transglutaminase inhibition. A distinct band of expression of cytokeratin 10 was seen in the upper stratum granulosum of control composites but only patchy expression was seen after transglutaminase expression.\n\nQuestion:\nDo transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA total of 30% to 50% of patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) require surgery for aortic valve replacement (AVR), ascending aortic replacement (AA), or both. To prevent adverse aortic events, they are risk stratified using imperfect criteria based on imaging modalities. As a result, a significant number of dissections occur outside of the parameters suggested by the guidelines. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with valve and vascular remodeling and trigger the release of a soluble receptor (soluble receptor for advanced glycation end product [sRAGE]). This study aims to characterize sRAGE as a diagnostic and risk-stratification tool for patients with BAV referred for surgery. sRAGE was measured in 135 patients (BAV, n=74; tricuspid aortic valve, n=61) meeting inclusion criteria from 338 enrolled patients undergoing AVR and AA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. sRAGE level was significantly associated with the presence of BAV, independent of age, sex, and common risk factors for vascular disease (P<0.001). Within the BAV cohort, patients referred for AA and AVR had higher sRAGE values than patients undergoing AVR only (P=0.002). Patients with BAV <60 years of age, presenting with both valve and aortic diseases (fast progressors), had higher sRAGE than older patients who only needed AVR (slow progressors). Histological analysis showed that sRAGE correlates with dysfunctional aortic microstructure and does not correlate with aortic diameter (R(2)=0.007; P=0.51) or diameter/body surface area (R(2)=0.011; P=0.42).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end product identify patients with bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathies?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMaintaining function among older men and women is an important public health goal as the population lives longer with chronic disease. We report the relationships between lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD), PAD severity, and PAD-related symptoms with walking velocity and endurance among men and women aged 55 and older. A cross-sectional design. An academic medical center. Participants with PAD were men and women aged 55 and older identified from a blood flow laboratory or a general medicine practice (n = 158). Randomly selected controls without PAD were identified from the general medicine practice (n = 70). PAD was diagnosed and quantified using the ankle brachial index (ABI). Subjects were categorized according to whether they had severe PAD (ABI <0.40), mild to moderate PAD (ABI 0.40 to <0.90), or no PAD (ABI 0.90 to <1.50). Walking endurance was assessed with the 6-minute walk. Usual walking velocity and maximal walking velocity were assessed with \"usual\" and \"maximal\" paced 4-meter walks, respectively. Average distances achieved in the 6-minute walk were 1569+/-390 feet for subjects with ABI 0.90-1.50, 1192+/-368 feet for subjects with ABI 0.40 to <0.90, and 942+/-334 feet for subjects with ABI < 0.40 (trend P value < .001). Walking velocities for both the usual and maximal paced 4-meter walks were slowest among subjects with ABI < 0.40 and fastest among subjects with ABI 0.90 to <1.50. Subjects with PAD who had pain at rest had slower walking velocity and poorer walking endurance than other subjects with PAD. In multiple linear regression analyses that included subjects with PAD only, ABI level was an independent predictor of 6-minute walk performance (regression coefficient = 159 ft/0.40 ABI units, P = .011), usual paced 4-meter walk (regression coefficient = .095 meters/sec/0.40 ABI units, P = .031), and maximal paced 4-meter walk (regression coefficient = .120 meters/sec/0.40 ABI units, P = .050) adjusting for age, sex, race, leg symptoms, and comorbid diseases known to affect functioning. Pain at rest was associated independently with the maximally paced 4-meter walk (-0.201 meters/sec, P = .024), but not with the other walks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the ankle brachial index independently predict walking velocity and walking endurance in peripheral arterial disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the roles of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the cardiovascular and behavioral responses induced by intracerebral ventricular injection (i.c.v.) of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) or footshock. We examined the effects of p38 MAPK on mean artery blood pressure (mABP), heart rate (HR), and motor activity (MA) during central administration of IL-1 beta, or footshock after i.c.v. SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of the p38 MAPK) with Cardiovascular and Behavior Telemetry System in conscious SD rats. (1) IL-1 beta (i.c.v.) or footshock remarkably rise the mABP, and the maximal changes are (7.8+/-1.8) and (12.3+/-3.5) mmHg, respectively, which was abrogated by the pretreatment with p38 inhibitor SB203580 intracerebroventricularly. (2) Compared with icv saline group, the motor activity was significantly decreased in SB203580 group with maximal changes (-7.6+/-1.1) counts/min after footshock.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes p38 MAPK mediate cardiovascular and behavioral responses induced by central IL-1 beta and footshock in conscious rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Eustachian tube (ET) plays an important role in maintaining a normally aerated middle ear. Inflammation in middle ear disease is related to ET dysfunction, and postoperative restoration of middle ear integrity and hearing are closely related to ET function in chronic ear disease patients. After successful tympanoplasty, restoration of a well-aerated middle ear with good ET function can permit better compliance of the tympanic membrane. In this study, we evaluated the predictive validity of preoperative ET function measurements. We reviewed 137 patients who underwent type 1 tympanoplasty. All patients had non-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media and received canal wall-up-type tympanomastoidectomies. Patients were categorized into four groups according to preoperative ET function measurements using a modified pressure inflation-deflation equilibration test. Group I patients had residual pressures less than 10 daPa, and Group IV patients showed no pressure change (poor results). Groups II and III were intermediate. Hearing levels were determined using pure tone averages at four frequencies. Postoperative tympanography was performed to determine middle ear aeration. The preoperative air bone (AB) gap was 29.6+/-7.0 dB, and the postoperative gap was 16.5+/-5.7 dB; thus, there was significant overall improvement. In all groups, hearing was significantly better after surgery, but the worst postoperative hearing level was seen in Group IV patients. Type B tympanograms were more frequently recorded in Group IV patients than they were in Group I or II patients. Postoperative AB gaps were 9.2+/-3.8 dB in patients with type A tympanograms, 13.4+/-2.1 dB in those with type As, 24.1+/-2.5 dB in those with type C, and 18.5+/-2.8 dB in those with type B.\n\nQuestion:\nIs pre-operative Evaluation of Eustachian Tube Function Using a Modified Pressure Equilibration Test Predictive of Good Postoperative Hearing and Middle Ear Aeration in Type 1 Tympanoplasty Patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEukaryotic initiation factor 3f (eIF3f) expression, which plays an important role in human cancer, is significantly decreased in various types of cancers. The aim of this study was to detect the expression of eIF3f in gastric carcinoma (GC), which until now has not been reported. Expression of eIF3f was detected by immunohistochemistry in GC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) from 195 patients with stage I-III GC who underwent curative gastrectomy. Clinicopathological results, including survival, were analyzed. Expression rate of eIF3f in GC and ANCT were 44.8 and 81.7% respectively. Low expression of eIF3f was significantly associated with an increased serum level of carcinoma embryonic antigen (p = 0.02), but not with levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (p = 0.29). eIF3f levels were linked to more advanced tumor stages and likelihood of recurrence (all p < 0.05).The Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that decreased expression of eIF3f was a significant factor for a poor prognosis for GC patients (p = 0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nIs expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 3f associated with prognosis in gastric carcinomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is sensitive to lower brainstem lesions affecting the vestibulo-collic pathway. We wished to determine whether the ocular VEMP (oVEMP), a recently-described otolith-ocular reflex, is also abnormal in patients with brainstem lesions. We tested patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), caused by a brainstem lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), to investigate whether the oVEMP is abnormal in patients with a lesion of the otolith-ocular pathway. We describe a patient who developed a right INO during his first episode of demyelination, and report results from 12 additional patients, most of whom had multiple sclerosis. All subjects were stimulated with air-conducted tone bursts. cVEMPs and oVEMPs were measured using surface electrodes placed over the neck and beneath the eyes. Overall, oVEMPs showed significantly more abnormalities (69%) than cVEMPs (8%). Ocular VEMPs were absent with stimulation of 13/26 ears, significantly delayed in 5/26 cases and normal in only 8/26 cases.\n\nQuestion:\nAre ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials abnormal in internuclear ophthalmoplegia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMany economic studies of disease require cost data at the person level to identify diagnosed cases and to capture the type and timing of specific services. One source of cost data is claims and other administrative records associated with health insurance programs and health care providers. To describe and compare strengths and limitations of various administrative and claims databases. Data sources included claims and enrollment records from Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers; Veterans' Health Administration records; state hospital discharge datasets; Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project hospital databases; managed care plan data systems; and provider cost reports. Claims provide information on payments, whereas cost reports yield resource costs incurred to produce services. Administrative data may be significantly augmented by linkage to disease registries and surveys. Administrative data are often available for large, enrolled populations, have detailed information on individual service use, and can be aggregated by service type, episode, and patient. Service use and costs can often be tracked longitudinally. Because they are not collected for research purposes, administrative data can be difficult to access and use. Limitations include generalizability, complexity, coverage and benefit restrictions, and lack of coverage continuity. Linked datasets permit identification of incident cases of disease, and analyses of health care costs by stage at diagnosis, phase of care, comorbidity status, income, and insurance status.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes administrative and claim records as sources of health care cost data?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nToll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is crucial for innate immune responses to infection. The involvement of TLRs in otitis media (OM), the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries, has been implicated by studies in middle ear cell lines, by association studies of TLR-related gene polymorphisms, and by altered OM in mice bearing mutations in TLR genes. Activated TLRs signal via two alternative intracellular signaling molecules with differing effects; MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) inducing primarily interleukin expression and TRIF (Tir-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon beta) mediating type I interferon (IFN) expression. We tested the hypothesis that TRIF and type I IFN signaling play a role in OM, using a murine model of OM induced by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The ME inflammatory response to NTHi was examined in wild-type (WT) and TRIF-/- mice by qPCR, gene microarray, histopathology and bacterial culture. Expression of TRIF mRNA was only modesty enhanced during OM, but both type I IFN signalling genes and type I IFN-inducible genes were significantly up-regulated in WT mice. TRIF-deficient mice showed reduced but more persistent mucosal hyperplasia and less leukocyte infiltration into the ME in response to NTHi infection than did WT animals. Viable bacteria could be cultured from MEs of TRIF-/- mice for much longer in the course of disease than was the case for middle ears of WT mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the toll-Like receptor adaptor TRIF contribute to otitis media pathogenesis and recovery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSorafenib induces frequent dose limiting toxicities (DLT) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sarcopenia has been associated with poor performance status and shortened survival in cancer patients. The characteristics of Child Pugh A cirrhotic patients with HCC receiving sorafenib in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Sorafenib plasma concentrations were determined at each visit. Toxicities were recorded during the first month of treatment, and sarcopenia was determined from baseline CT-scans. Forty patients (30 males) were included. Eleven (27.5%) were sarcopenic. Eighteen patients (45%) experienced a DLT during the first month of treatment. Sarcopenic patients experienced significantly more DLTs than non-sarcopenic patients did (82% versus 31%, p = 0.005). Grade 3 diarrhea was significantly more frequent in sarcopenic patients than in non-sarcopenic patients (45.5% versus 6.9%, p = 0.01), but not grade 3 hand foot syndrome reaction (9% versus 17.2%, p = 1). On day 28, median sorafenib AUC (n = 17) was significantly higher in sarcopenic patients (102.4 mg/l.h versus 53.7 mg/l.h, p = 0.013).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sarcopenia predict early dose-limiting toxicities and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAre anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels lower in women with endometriosis, notably those with endometriomas (OMAs) and deep infiltrating lesions, compared with controls without endometriosis?\n\nQuestion:\nAre in women with endometriosis anti-Müllerian hormone levels decreased only in those with previous endometrioma surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA prolonged isoflurane exposure may lead to cognitive decline in rodents. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-ErbB4 signaling plays a key role in the modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity through regulating the neurotransmission. The authors hypothesized that hippocampal NRG1-ErbB4 signaling is involved in isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments in aged mice. Fourteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, NRG1-β1 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, and NRG1-β1 and an ErbB4 inhibitor AG1478 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2. Fear conditioning test was used to assess the cognitive function of mice 48-h postexposure. The brain tissues were harvested 48-h postexposure to determine the levels of NRG1, ErbB4, p-ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the hippocampus using Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence. The percentage of freezing time to context was decreased from 50.28 ± 11.53% to 30.82 ± 10.00%, and the hippocampal levels of NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 were decreased from 172.79 ± 20.85 ng/g, 69.15 ± 12.20%, 101.68 ± 11.21%, and 104.71 ± 6.85% to 112.92 ± 16.65 ng/g, 42.26 ± 9.71%, 75.89 ± 10.26%, and 73.87 ± 16.89%, respectively, after isoflurane exposure. NRG1-β1 attenuated the isoflurane-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and the declines in the hippocampal NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67. AG1478 inhibited the rescuing effects of NRG1-β1.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes disruption of hippocampal neuregulin 1-ErbB4 signaling contribute to the hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane in aged mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nvon Willebrand factor (VWF) binds to subendothelial collagen at sites of vascular injury. Laboratory testing for von Willebrand disease (VWD), however, does not always include collagen binding assays (VWF:CB) and standard VWF:CB assays use type I and/or type III collagen rather than type VI collagen. We report here on several mutations that exclusively alter binding to type VI collagen. Healthy controls and index cases from the Zimmerman Program for the Molecular and Clinical Biology of VWD were analyzed for VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF ristocetin cofactor activity and VWF:CB with types I, III and VI collagen. VWF gene sequencing was performed for all subjects. Two healthy controls and one type 1 VWD subject were heterozygous for an A1 domain sequence variation, R1399H, and displayed a selective decreased binding to type VI collagen but not types I and III. Expression of recombinant 1399H VWF resulted in absent binding to type VI collagen. Two other VWF A1 domain mutations, S1387I and Q1402P, displayed diminished binding to type VI collagen. An 11 amino acid deletion in the A1 domain also abrogated binding to type VI collagen.\n\nQuestion:\nDo critical von Willebrand factor A1 domain residues influence type VI collagen binding?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies have suggested that the addition of adjuvant radiation therapy (aRT) may improve outcomes in men with pathologically involved lymph nodes (pN+). The objective of this study was to assess the treatment patterns and the overall survival (OS) outcomes in men with pN+prostate cancer using the National Cancer Data Base. Men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between 2004 and 2011, who underwent radical prostatectomy for pN+were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. Patients were stratified into subgroups of those receiving no adjuvant therapy and those receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy (aHT) alone, aRT alone, and aRT+aHT. OS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the groups using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify covariates that affected OS. A total of 7,225 patients were included in this analysis, of whom 3,636 (50.3%) received no adjuvant therapy, 2,041 (28.2%) received aHT alone, 350 (4.8%) received aRT alone, and 1,198 (16.5%) received aRT+aHT. The 5-year OS rates were 85.2% for no adjuvant therapy, 82.9% for aHT alone, 88.3% for aRT alone, and 88.8% for combination hormonal therapy, i.e., aRT+aHT (P<0.001). On multivariable analysis, aRT+aHT was associated with a significantly decreased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.54-0.83; P<0.001) compared with no adjuvant therapy, whereas aHT alone (HR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.85-1.15; P = 0.90) and aRT alone (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.74-1.40; P = 0.92) were not.\n\nQuestion:\nIs adjuvant radiation with hormonal therapy associated with improved survival in men with pathologically involved lymph nodes after radical surgery for prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the contribution of insulin release and glucose disposal by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms to overall glucose tolerance in hypertension. Minimal model analysis of insulin and glucose data from frequently sampled intravenous glucose-tolerance tests from 21 non-diabetic, newly diagnosed hypertensives, and from 21 age- and weight-matched normotensive controls, was performed to obtain indices of glucose tolerance, beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Intravenous glucose tolerance (defined as the glucose disappearance rate constant) was significantly correlated with the minimal model parameters for insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness or insulin-independent glucose uptake, and first- and second-phase beta-cell responsiveness (phi 1 and phi 2). First-phase insulin release, expressed either as the area under the insulin-time curve between 0 and 10 min or as the ratio of that area to total insulin area was also correlated with glucose tolerance. Despite similar basal insulin and glucose concentrations, glucose tolerance was clearly diminished among the hypertensives. This could not be accounted for by insulin resistance or by changes in insulin-independent glucose uptake. Insulin release was diminished, as evidenced by the lower phi 2 among the hypertensives. phi 2 was inversely correlated with systolic (r = -0.44, P < 0.003) and diastolic (r = -0.42, P < 0.006) blood pressures. These differences were independent of body weight. Hypertensives also exhibited a lower fractional clearance rate for insulin.\n\nQuestion:\nIs impaired glucose tolerance in hypertension associated with impaired insulin release independently of changes in insulin sensitivity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels through endothelial cell sprouting. This process requires the mitogen-activated protein kinases, signaling molecules that are negatively regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of MKP-1 in neovascularization in vivo and identify associated mechanisms in endothelial cells. We used murine hindlimb ischemia as a model system to evaluate the role of MKP-1 in angiogenic growth, remodeling, and arteriogenesis in vivo. Genomic deletion of MKP-1 blunted angiogenesis in the distal hindlimb and microvascular arteriogenesis in the proximal hindlimb. In vitro, endothelial MKP-1 depletion/deletion abrogated vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration and tube formation, and reduced proliferation. These observations establish MKP-1 as a positive mediator of angiogenesis and contrast with the canonical function of MKP-1 as a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, implying an alternative mechanism for MKP-1-mediated angiogenesis. Cloning and sequencing of MKP-1-bound chromatin identified localization of MKP-1 to exonic DNA of the angiogenic chemokine fractalkine, and MKP-1 depletion reduced histone H3 serine 10 dephosphorylation on this DNA locus and blocked fractalkine expression. In vivo, MKP-1 deletion abrogated ischemia-induced fractalkine expression and macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration in distal hindlimbs, whereas fractalkine delivery to ischemic hindlimbs rescued the effect of MKP-1 deletion on neovascular hindlimb recovery.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 promote neovascularization and angiogenic gene expression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nQuinine, a rapidly acting blood schizonticide with a long history of use for the treatment of malaria, is gradually been implicated in reproductive toxicity. In this study, testicular and spermatotoxic effects of quinine sulfate (QS) following treatment with an oral dose of 10 mg/kg/day (normal therapeutic dose) for 8 weeks was investigated in male albino rats. Toxicity was evaluated by assessing antioxidant defense capacity and markers of oxidative stress and testicular dysfunction in the testes and epididymal sperm. The possible ameliorative effect of quercetin (QC), when co-administered with QS, was also assessed. Administration of QS induced oxidative stress in rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) increased (p<0.05) both in the testes and epididymal sperm following QS treatment when compared with saline-treated (control) rats. Ascorbic acid levels were significantly reduced, with an insignificant decrease in glutathione and testosterone levels in the QS-treated rats, when compared with control. The spermiogram decreased with increase in total sperm abnormalities in QS-treated rats and was associated with histopathological changes. Our results revealed that QC significantly ameliorated QS-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes quercetin protect against testicular toxicity induced by chronic administration of therapeutic dose of quinine sulfate in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFamilial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) and is associated with premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other features of FCH are obesity and insulin resistance. Serum leptin levels have also been associated with obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Leptin exerts its effect through the leptin receptor (LEPR). The aim of this study is to determine whether the Gln223Arg polymorphism in the LEPR gene contributes to FCH and its associated phenotypes. The study population consists of 37 families, comprising 644 subjects, of whom 158 subjects were diagnosed as FCH. The FCH diagnosis was based on plasma TC and TG levels, adjusted for age and gender, and absolute apo B levels, according to our recently published nomogram. The Gln223Arg polymorphism was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR. Carriers of one or two Arg alleles had an increased risk of FCH, compared to subjects homozygous for the Gln allele (OR=1.6 [95% CI 1.0-2.4]). A difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels was present between carriers and non-carriers of an Arg allele, 1.21 vs 1.28 mmol/l, respectively (P=0.04), but no differences in obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid parameters were found.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the Gln223Arg polymorphism in the leptin receptor associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe applied a metabolome profiling approach to serum samples obtained from patients with different liver diseases, to discover noninvasive and reliable biomarkers for rapid-screening diagnosis of liver diseases. Using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we analyzed low molecular weight metabolites in a total of 248 serum samples obtained from patients with nine types of liver disease and healthy controls. We found that γ-glutamyl dipeptides, which were biosynthesized through a reaction with γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, were indicative of the production of reduced glutathione, and that measurement of their levels could distinguish among different liver diseases. Multiple logistic regression models facilitated the discrimination between specific and other liver diseases and yielded high areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves. The area under the curve values in training and independent validation data were 0.952 and 0.967 in healthy controls, 0.817 and 0.849 in drug-induced liver injury, 0.754 and 0.763 in asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection, 0.820 and 0.762 in chronic hepatitis B, 0.972 and 0.895 in hepatitis C with persistently normal alanine transaminase, 0.917 and 0.707 in chronic hepatitis C, 0.803 and 0.993 in cirrhosis type C, and 0.762 and 0.803 in hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Several γ-glutamyl dipeptides also manifested potential for differentiating between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and simple steatosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum metabolomics reveal γ-glutamyl dipeptides as biomarkers for discrimination among different forms of liver disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo compare the neurobehavior of neonates born to adolescent mothers with and without depression during gestation. This prospective cross-sectional study included healthy term neonates born to adolescent mothers with untreated depression during gestation, without exposure to legal or illicit drugs, and compared them with infants born to adolescent mothers without psychiatric disorders. Maternal psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1) and neonatal neurobehavior by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) at 24 to 72 hours of life. Neurobehavioral outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA adjusted for confounders. 37 infants born to mothers with depression during gestation were compared to 332 infants born to mothers without psychiatric disorders. Infants of mothers with depression had smaller head circumferences. Significant interactions of maternal depression and male gender, gestational age > 40 weeks, regional anesthesia during delivery, vaginal delivery, and infant head circumference ≥ 34 cm were found. Worse performance was noted in the following neonatal neurobehavioral parameters: arousal, excitability, lethargy, hypotonicity, and signs of stress and abstinence.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes depression during gestation in adolescent mothers interfere with neonatal neurobehavior?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA number of epidemiological studies have suggested an association of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), but discrepancies exist. In addition, we lack direct evidence supporting a causal role. We determined the association and contribution of HHcy to AAA formation. We first performed a meta-analysis of studies involving 1489 subjects and found a strong association of HHcy and AAA (odds ratio, 7.39). Next, we used angiotensin II-infused male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and tested whether HHcy contributes to AAA pathogenesis. Homocysteine (Hcy) supplement (1.8 g/L) in drinking water resulted in mild HHcy. Intriguingly, HHcy greatly increased the incidence of angiotensin II-induced AAA and aortic dissection in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (vehicle versus Hcy: 50% versus 100%; P<0.05). Histology indicated HHcy markedly exaggerated aortic adventitial inflammation. Increased levels of proinflammatory interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were preferentially colocalized within adventitial fibroblasts in HHcy plus angiotensin II mice, which suggested the importance of adventitial fibroblasts activation in Hcy-aggravated AAA. Hcy sequentially stimulated adventitial fibroblasts transformation into myofibroblasts, secretion of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and consequent recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to adventitial fibroblasts, which was abolished by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyliodonium. NADPH oxidase 4, but not other homologs of NADPH oxidase, was significantly upregulated by Hcy in adventitial fibroblasts, whereas NADPH oxidase 4 small interfering RNA silencing diminished Hcy-induced adventitial fibroblasts activation. Finally, folic acid supplement (0.071 μg/g per day) markedly reduced HHcy-aggravated angiotensin II-induced AAA formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hyperhomocysteinemia exaggerate adventitial inflammation and angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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