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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Worldwide Oesophageal Cancer Collaboration (WECC) reported recommendations regarding the optimum number of lymph nodes to be removed during oesophagectomy based upon patients undergoing surgery alone. We sought to determine whether these recommendations are relevant in the case of oesophageal cancer (EC) patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by transthoracic en bloc oesophagectomy were reviewed. Patients were grouped by optimal versus suboptimal lymphadenectomy per WECC recommendations (pTis/T0/T1 ≥ 10; pT2 ≥ 20; pT3/T4 ≥ 30). Cohorts were compared for factors predicting optimal lymphadenectomy and for overall survival (OS). During the time period, 135 patients (adeno = 100, squamous = 35) met the study criteria, of whom 94 patients (70%) had optimal lymphadenectomy. Optimal lymphadenectomy was more likely for tumours with lower ypT (P ≤ 0.001). Optimal lymphadenectomy predicted the OS (0.50, confidence intervals 0.29-0.85, P = 0.011), although it was collinear with ypT classification, which was also predictive. Patients not down-staged in ypT (n = 66, 49%) particularly experienced a trend towards improved 3-year survival with optimal lymphadenectomy (51 versus 29%, P = 0.144). Similarly, of patients with persistent nodal disease (n = 79, 59%), those who had optimal lymphadenectomy (n = 51) experienced improved 3-year OS compared with those with suboptimal lymphadenectomy (n = 28), (55 versus 36%, P = 0.087).\n\nQuestion:\nDo worldwide Oesophageal Cancer Collaboration guidelines for lymphadenectomy predict survival following neoadjuvant therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess prospectively whether preimplantation B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C reactive protein (CRP) concentrations predict future appropriate therapies from an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Prospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary cardiac care centre. 345 consecutive patients undergoing first time ICD implantation were prospectively studied. Serum BNP and CRP concentrations were obtained the day before ICD implantation. Patients were followed up with device interrogation to assess for appropriate shocks or antitachycardia pacing. Inappropriate therapies were excluded. Mean (SD) follow up was 13 (5) months. Patients had ischaemic (71%), primary dilated (17%), and valvar or other cardiomyopathies (12%). About half (52%) had ICDs implanted for primary prevention. Sixty three (18%) received appropriate ICD therapies. Serum creatinine, beta blocker, statin, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor usage did not differ between therapy and no therapy groups. By univariate comparison, ejection fraction (p = 0.048), not taking amiodarone (p = 0.033), and BNP concentration (p = 0.0003) were risk factors for ICD therapy. However, by Cox regression multivariate analysis, only BNP above the 50th centile was a significant predictor (hazard ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 4.71, p = 0.040). Median BNP was 573 ng/l versus 243 ng/l in therapy and no therapy patients, respectively (p = 0.0003). More patients with BNP above the 50th centile (27% v 10%, p = 0.006) received ICD therapies.\n\nQuestion:\nIs preimplantation B-type natriuretic peptide concentration an independent predictor of future appropriate implantable defibrillator therapies?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProcalcitonin, a well-known biomarker of sepsis and bacterial infections, is produced by adipose tissue and has potential as a marker for chronic low-grade inflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma procalcitonin levels in the normal range are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the general population. Plasma procalcitonin (0.006-0.1 ng/ml) was measured in 3197 men and 3638 women (aged 28-75 yr) of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study using an ultrasensitive immunoluminometric assay. MS was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Median (interquartile range) plasma procalcitonin was 0.018 (0.015-0.022) ng/ml in men and 0.014 (0.012-0.017) ng/ml in women (P < 0.001). Plasma procalcitonin was positively associated with body mass index and waist circumference. In both sexes, cross-sectional associations of plasma procalcitonin with insulin resistance and components of the MS remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, waist circumference, and other covariates. The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for MS was 3.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5-4.2) in men and 4.1 (95% CI = 3.0-5.5) in women, when comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of plasma procalcitonin. The multivariate-adjusted OR for MS was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.4-2.6) in men and 2.3 (95% CI = 1.6-3.3) in women. The multivariate-adjusted OR for insulin resistance was 3.3 (95% CI = 2.4-4.3) in men and 2.5 (95% CI = 1.9-3.4) in women.\n\nQuestion:\nIs plasma procalcitonin associated with obesity , insulin resistance , and the metabolic syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BON) of the jaw is a growing concern in the dental community, but the possible presence of residual bisphosphonates in demineralized allograft bone from bisphosphonate-using tissue donors and the clinical implications of using such bone are unclear. The objectives of this study are to determine whether alendronate remained in demineralized bone matrix (DBM) procured from donors with a documented history of oral bisphosphonate use and to examine whether the demineralization process removes alendronate from allograft bone. A gas chromatography?mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to quantify residual alendronate in allograft bone. Alendronate levels in DBM procured from tissue donors with a history of oral bisphosphonate use were compared to alendronate levels in DBM procured from donors without a history of bisphosphonate use. In addition, mineralized and demineralized bone was soaked in alendronate at concentrations of 0.002, 2.0, and 2,000 ng/mg bone and analyzed to examine the effect of the demineralization process. Residual alendronate was not detected in the DBM from either group, nor was it detected in any of the DBM samples soaked in alendronate solutions. Soaked mineralized bone contained measureable alendronate, but the substance was removed by demineralization.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes demineralization remove residual alendronate in allograft bone procured from donors with a history of bisphosphonate use?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBirth weight is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors, but few studies have examined the association with disease end points, in particular with stroke risk. Furthermore, previous studies demonstrating an inverse association between birth weight and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk have been conducted on populations born in the early part of the 20th century, when infant mortality rates were high. If the environmental factors associated with improvements in infant mortality rates over the last century explain the inverse association between birth weight and CHD risk, one would expect weaker associations in more contemporary birth cohorts. We have examined the association in a large birth cohort of 10,803 (with an average of 239,000 person-years of follow-up) singleton births that occurred between 1950 and 1956. Our outcomes were hospital admissions for, and fatalities from, CHD (n=296) and stroke (n=107). Birth weight was inversely associated with CHD and stroke. The age-adjusted hazards ratio for a 1-kg increase in birth weight was 0.62 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.78) for CHD and 0.38 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.60) for stroke. Adjustment for gestational age, social class at birth, height and body mass index at school entry, gravidity, maternal age at birth, pregnancy-induced hypertension, antepartum hemorrhage, and maternal height did not alter the association with CHD but attenuated the association with stroke to 0.48 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.76). This attenuation resulted largely from adjustment for gestational age, which was linearly inversely related to stroke risk. Adjusted hazard ratios per sex and gestational age standardized z score of birth weight were 0.85 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.97) for CHD and 0.74 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.88) for stroke.\n\nQuestion:\nIs birth weight inversely associated with incident coronary heart disease and stroke among individuals born in the 1950s : findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s prospective cohort study?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAssessment of plaque formation in the common carotid artery (CCA) is important for stratification of the risk of subsequent stroke. The stiffness parameter β, which can be assessed using an ultrasonic phase-locked echo-tracking system, was developed to evaluate arterial stiffness. The purpose this study was to examine the relationship of the stiffness parameter β to intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque formation. The stiffness parameter β and mean IMT were measured using an ultrasonic phase-locked echo-tracking system and an automatic IMT measurement system, respectively, and the presence of plaque was assessed by ultrasonography in 347 subjects who took part in a health check-up program for community-dwelling people in Hokkaido. Values of the stiffness parameter β were significantly higher in subjects with plaque formation than in those without plaque (10.60 ± 0.45 vs. 8.88 ± 0.23, P < 0.005) in whom IMT was not thickened; however, it was not different in subjects with increased IMT (>1.0 mm). The percentage of plaque formation was significantly correlated with the value of the stiffness parameter β. Furthermore, the stiffness parameter β was significantly correlated with plaque formation after adjustment for several clinical variables (odds ratio 1.113-1.178, P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the stiffness parameter β assessed by an ultrasonic phase-locked echo-tracking system associated with plaque formation in the common carotid artery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe tight junction (TJ) barrier is located in the granular layer of the epidermis. Filaggrin deficiency predisposes patients to atopic dermatitis (AD) by impairing stratum corneum (SC) barrier function. Altered TJ barrier function has been observed in the skin of patients with AD; however, it remains unclear whether TJ function is influenced by filaggrin deficiency directly or secondarily via skin inflammation. To investigate the in vivo effects of filaggrin deficiency and skin inflammation on epidermal TJ function. Morphological changes in the TJ were investigated in filaggrin knockout mice and mice with hapten-induced dermatitis using en face visualization of epidermal sheets, and functional changes in the TJ were assessed with an in vivo permeation assay using tracers of various sizes. In filaggrin knockout mice, there was no apparent change in the honeycomb morphology of the TJ, TJ component mRNA expression, or TJ barrier function in neonates and adults, indicating that filaggrin-deficiency had no direct effects on the TJ. By contrast, in mice with hapten-induced dermatitis, the mRNA expression of TJ components was decreased markedly and the TJ barrier function was size-dependently impaired: the TJ leaked small tracers (<5 kDa), but not large tracers (>30 kDa).\n\nQuestion:\nIs epidermal tight junction barrier function altered by skin inflammation , but not by filaggrin-deficient stratum corneum?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nModified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a promising vaccine vector for infectious diseases and malignancies. It is fundamental to ascertain its tropism in human leukocyte populations and immunostimulatory mechanisms for application in immunotherapy. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and leukocyte subpopulations [monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), monocytes and B cells] were infected with MVA in order to evaluate their infection rate, changes in surface markers, cytokine expression and apoptosis. Monocytes, DC and B cells were most susceptible to MVA infection, followed by natural killer (NK) cells. Monocytes were activated strongly, with upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR7), while immature DC showed partial activation and B cells were inhibited. Furthermore, expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p70 was enhanced but IL-1β and IL-10 were stable or even downregulated. MVA induced a high apoptosis rate of antigen-presenting cells (APC). Nevertheless, incubation of MVA-infected leukocytes with uninfected immature DC (iDC) led to complete maturation of the DC. Subsequently, the matured DC were able to stimulate cytomegalovirus (CMV)-immediate early protein (IE1)-specific T cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes uptake of antigens from modified vaccinia Ankara virus-infected leukocytes enhance the immunostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarlier studies have demonstrated an association between N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) catalytic activity and the genotype of a recently published tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1495741. There have been no reports on the relationship between the rs1495741 genotype and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDIH) to date. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of the NAT2 tag SNP (rs1495741) in the Taiwanese and its relation to the incidence of ATDIH. A total of 348 tuberculosis patients were enrolled to determine the frequency of NAT2 tag SNP rs1495741 and its relation to the incidence of ATDIH. The conventional NAT2 variants alleles have also been investigated. Furthermore, to evaluate the correlation of NAT2 activity and rs1495741 genotypes, a pharmacokinetic study of isoniazid was also conducted in healthy volunteers. Among the 348 tuberculosis patients, 20 (5.7%) were diagnosed with ATDIH. The frequencies of the three rs1495741 genotypes, viz., AA, AG, and GG, were 24.7, 52.3, and 23.0%, respectively. Significant differences among rs1495741 genotypes and susceptibility to hepatotoxicity were noted (odds ratio=14.068, P<0.05). Moreover, the rs1495741 genotypes showed an association with the isoniazid dosage required for induction of hepatotoxicity. In the pharmacokinetic study, NAT2 activity was strongly associated with genotype categories (P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the NAT2 tag SNP rs1495741 correlate with the susceptibility of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUpper respiratory tract infection is a frequent cause of morbidity worldwide. Although the course of infection is usually mild, it is responsible for enormous social and economic costs. Immunostimulation with bacterial extracts consisting of ribosomal RNA and proteoglycans, such as Ribomunyl, was introduced into the clinic in the 1980s as a new treatment concept, but did not achieve widespread application. Ribomunyl has been proposed to activate innate immunity, but the contribution of its RNA content as well as its antiviral potential has not been studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and immune cells from adenoids were incubated with Ribomunyl either by itself or formulated in a complex with cationic polypeptides such as poly-l-arginine or protamine, and induction of cytokines was quantified by ELISA. Ribomunyl in complex with either poly-l-arginine or protamine, but not on its own, was able to strongly induce interferon-α (P<0.01) and interleukin-12 (P<0.01) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas induced tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels were independent of the formulation. Comparable results were obtained in immune cells from adenoids, suggesting efficacy also in virus-affected tissue. Cell sorting, RNase digests and selective receptor expression show that the RNA in Ribomunyl acts as an agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes delivery with polycations extend the immunostimulant Ribomunyl into a potent antiviral Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study explores how weight-related topics are discussed between physicians and their overweight and obese female patients. We surveyed and audio-recorded preventive health and chronic care visits with 25 overweight and obese female patients. We coded both for quantity (content and time) of weight-related discussions and quality (adherence to Motivational Interviewing [MI] techniques). We then tested correlations of these measures with patients' reported attempts to lose weight, change diet, and change exercise patterns 1 month after the visit. Weight was routinely addressed (19 of 25 encounters). Patients usually initiated the topic (67% of time). Physicians' use of MI techniques resulted in patients attempting to lose weight and changing their exercise patterns.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes empathy go a long way in weight loss discussions?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of the study was to assess whether joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is a risk factor for developing anxiety disorders using a 15-year prospective cohort study. The initial cohort recruited 158 subjects aged 16 to 20 years from the general population in a Spanish rural town. The cohort was studied at baseline and at a 15-year follow-up. Joint hypermobility syndrome was assessed using Beighton's criteria, and the psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Disorders. Subjects with anxiety disorders at baseline were excluded from the follow-up. Joint hypermobility syndrome at baseline was found in 29 of 158 subjects (21.1%). Cumulative incidence of panic/agoraphobia disorder at follow-up, as main diagnosis, was significantly higher for the JHS group (41.4%) than for the control group (1.9%), with a relative risk of 22.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6-108.7, P<.0001] (Number Needed to Treat [NNT] 3, 95% CI 2.9-2.3). Incidence of social phobia and simple phobia was also significantly higher for the JHS group [relative risk (RR)=6.52, 95% CI 1.7-24.2, P<.001 and RR=3.31, 95% CI 1.1-9.6, P=.02, respectively]. Moreover, anxiolytic drug use was nearly fourfold higher among JHS compared to non-JHS subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nIs joint hypermobility syndrome a risk factor trait for anxiety disorders : a 15-year follow-up cohort study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe sought to determine whether vitamin D status is associated with developing new T2 lesions or contrast-enhancing lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). EPIC is a 5-year longitudinal MS cohort study at the University of California at San Francisco. Participants had clinical evaluations, brain MRI, and blood draws annually. From the overall cohort, we evaluated patients with clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing-remitting MS at baseline. In univariate and multivariate (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, and MS treatments) repeated measures analyses, annual 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were evaluated for their association with subsequent new T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhancing T1-weighted lesions on brain MRI, clinical relapses, and disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]). A total of 2,362 3T brain MRI scans were acquired from 469 subjects. In multivariate analyses, each 10ng/ml higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with a 15% lower risk of a new T2 lesion (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.95; p = 0.004) and a 32% lower risk of a gadolinium-enhancing lesion (IRR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53-0.87; p = 0.002). Each 10ng/ml higher vitamin D level was associated with lower subsequent disability (-0.047; 95% CI, -0.091 to -0.003; p = 0.037). Higher vitamin D levels were associated with lower, but not statistically significant, relapse risk. Except for the EDSS model, all associations were stronger when the within-person change in vitamin D level was the predictor.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vitamin D status predict new brain magnetic resonance imaging activity in multiple sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTanshinone IIA inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), but the potential mechanisms of its effects on PASMCs apoptosis remain unclear. Rat were subjected to hypoxia for 9 days with or without Tanshinone IIA treatment. PASMCs were exposed to the conditions of 2% O2 and 93% N2 for 24 h in vitro. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate vascular remodeling. The Cell viability was determined using cell fluorescence staining and MTT assays, and apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Protein expression was quantified by Western blotting. Our results showed that Tanshinone IIA treatment reduced pulmonary artery media thickening in hypoxic rats. Tanshinone IIA reduced PASMC viability in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Tanshinone IIA promoted PASMC apoptosis, lowered Hsp60 levels, and upregulated caspase-3 expressions under hypoxic conditions. This pro-apoptotic effect of Tanshinone IIA might be due to the reduction of the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling markers and the increase in the levels of the downstream target, Cx43 in PASMCs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tanshinone IIA promote pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis in vitro by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which encompass storage, voiding, and postmicturition symptoms, are highly prevalent and recognized globally. Based on a nationwide population-based database, this study tests the hypothesis that medical attendance for LUTS is associated with a subsequent increase in the number of outpatient visits and hospitalizations, with differences among medical specialties and age groups. Participants were selected from a random population sample of approximately one million people as a representative cohort of National Health Insurance (NHI) enrollees in Taiwan. Participants had at least three outpatient service claims with a coding of LUTS during the recruitment period 2001-2004. Both the LUTS group and non-LUTS control group were monitored for subsequent outpatient visits and hospitalizations, excluding LUTS-related healthcare services, for 2 years following the index date. The results were categorized based on medical specialty and age group. The outpatient visit rates (no. per person-year) and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) (95% confidence interval (CI) were significantly higher in urology (4.51, 95%CI 4.15-4.91) and gynecology (1.82, 95%CI 1.76-1.89) for the LUTS group. They were also significantly high in other departments, including internal medicine (1.25), general practice (1.13), Chinese medicine (1.77), family medicine (1.19), surgery (1.38), and psychiatry (1.98). Similarly, the hospitalization rate (no. per 1000 person-year) and adjusted IRRs (95% CI) were significantly higher in urology (5.50, 95% CI = 4.60-6.50) and gynecology (1.60, 95% CI = 1.35-1.90), as well as in internal medicine (1.55) and surgery (1.56), but not in psychiatry (1.12). Furthermore, the IRRs differed among 3 age groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs medical attendance for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with subsequent increased risk of outpatient visits and hospitalizations based on a nationwide population-based database?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a hypoxia-induced transcription factor that regulates gene expression in critical pathways involved in tumour growth and metastasis. Metallothionein (MT) is a group of small molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins with a broad variety of functions. The present study aimed to analyse the prognostic impact of HIF-1alpha and MT expression in colorectal cancer and to evaluate a possible link of combined HIF-1alpha and MT expression with colorectal cancer progression. We investigated the relationship of HIF-1alpha and MT with each other and clinicopathological parameters including proliferative activity (Ki67) and apoptosis (terminal desoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) using immunohistochemistry. HIF-1alpha expression was identified as an independent prognostic parameter in multivariate survival analysis and characterised an aggressive cancer phenotype. In addition, HIF-1alpha was significantly linked to an increased expression of MT.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes combined analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and metallothionein indicate an aggressive subtype of colorectal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChemotherapy with paclitaxel is associated with impaired natural killer (NK) cell function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of paclitaxel treatment on NK cell adherence to target cells. Human NK-like YT cells or NK-sensitive K562 cells were exposed to submaximal cytotoxic concentrations (EC10 and EC30) of paclitaxel. The ability of surviving YT or K562 cells to adhere to untreated K562 cells or YT cells, respectively, was assessed in a conjugation assay. The effect of paclitaxel on adhesion molecule expression was determined by flow cytometry. Paclitaxel treatment resulted in decreased conjugate formation, as well as decreased alpha4, alphaL, and beta7 integrin expression by YT cells and decreased ICAM-1 expression by K562 cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes paclitaxel inhibit natural killer cell binding to target cells by down-regulating adhesion molecule expression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele's role as a modulator of the relationship between soluble plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and fibrillar brain Aβ measured by Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography ([(11)C]PiB PET) has not been assessed. Ninety-six Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants with [(11)C]PiB scans and plasma Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 measurements at the time of PET scanning were included. Regional and voxelwise analyses of [(11)C]PiB data were used to determine the influence of APOE ε4 allele on association of plasma Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 with [(11)C]PiB uptake. In APOE ε4- but not ε4+ participants, positive relationships between plasma Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 and [(11)C]PiB uptake were observed. Modeling the interaction of APOE and plasma Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 improved the explained variance in [(11)C]PiB binding compared with using APOE and plasma Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 as separate terms.\n\nQuestion:\nIs association of plasma and cortical amyloid beta modulated by APOE ε4 status?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between fat mass directly measured by bioimpedance analysis and eGFR is not well known. We analyzed 21,859 participants without CKD at baseline who underwent two health checkups at a 5-year interval during 2002-2009. Fat mass was measured by Inbody 3.0 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea). eGFR decline was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) at second checkup. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors related to eGFR decline. Participants were divided into tertiles according to their fat mass change over 5 years: lower tertile (n = 7,042; <-0.7 kg), middle tertile (n = 7,478; -0.7 to 1.2 kg) and higher tertile (n = 7,339; >1.2 kg). After 5 years, 246 cases of eGFR decline were observed. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.05, p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.22-3.40, p = 0.007), baseline eGFR (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.78-0.83, p < 0.001) and higher tertile of fat mass change (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16-2.13, p = 0.003) were associated with eGFR decline after adjustment for sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, smoking status, body mass index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fat mass gain predict estimated GFR decline in a relatively healthy Korean population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProlonged fasting exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and pentoxifylline (PTX) has similar immunomodulating properties. To compare the influence of feeding status and PTX administration on the course of acute ischemic kidney injury. Seven days after right-sided nephrectomy and 7 days before renal ischemia, 44 male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in individual cages with unlimited access to water. Rats were divided into 4 groups; groups Ia and Ib were fed with no limitations, and groups IIa and IIb were fasted for 32 hours before renal ischemia. Ninety minutes before clamping of the left kidney vascular pedicle, rats in groups Ib and IIb and those in groups Ia and IIa, respectively, were given either PTX subcutaneously, 100 mg per kilogram of body weight in 1 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, or 0.9% sodium chloride only. Biochemical parameters of renal function were estimated at 48 hours after the ischemic event. Both fasting and PTX administration diminished the degree of ischemia-induced impairment of renal function. The combined effects were additive.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pentoxifylline augment fasting-induced nephroprotection in acute ischemic kidney injury in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMoral challenges are a unique class of workplace stressor where behaviours violate one's personal moral beliefs regarding how things should be done or one's perceived obligations. Morally challenging stressors exist in many workplaces and at times can transform into marked emotional distress, referred to as moral distress. In this study we investigated the degree to which morally significant stressors are related to psychological distress and resilience in a sample of Australian veterinarians. Further, we explored the role of trait perfectionism in strengthening the relationship between exposure to morally significant stressors and psychological distress. Trait perfectionism is the tendency to have very high and rigid standards for the self and/or others and is often implicated in the experience of psychological distress. A cross-sectional online survey sampled 540 Australian-registered veterinarians (64.2% female), ranging in age from 23 to 74 years. Although morally significant stressors were related to increases in milder expressions of distress, they did not appear to be associated with more severe decrements in psychological wellbeing. Rather, it was the combination of these triggering stressor events and trait perfectionism that appeared to create the vulnerability to moral stressors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes trait perfectionism strengthen the negative effects of moral stressors occurring in veterinary practice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex (DGC) is a large multi-component complex that is well known for its function in muscle tissue. When the main components of the DGC, Dystrophin (Dys) and Dystroglycan (Dg) are affected cognitive impairment and mental retardation in addition to muscle degeneration can occur. Previously we performed an array of genetic screens using a Drosophila model for muscular dystrophy in order to find novel DGC interactors aiming to elucidate the signaling role(s) in which the complex is involved. Since the function of the DGC in the brain and nervous system has not been fully defined, we have here continued to analyze the DGC modifiers' function in the developing Drosophila brain and eye. Given that disruption of Dys and Dg leads to improper photoreceptor axon projections into the lamina and eye neuron elongation defects during development, we have determined the function of previously screened components and their genetic interaction with the DGC in this tissue. Our study first found that mutations in chif, CG34400, Nrk, Lis1, capt and Cam cause improper axon path-finding and loss of SP2353, Grh, Nrk, capt, CG34400, vimar, Lis1 and Cam cause shortened rhabdomere lengths. We determined that Nrk, mbl, capt and Cam genetically interact with Dys and/or Dg in these processes. It is notable that most of the neuronal DGC interacting components encountered are involved in regulation of actin dynamics.\n\nQuestion:\nDo new dystrophin/dystroglycan interactors control neuron behavior in Drosophila eye?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteolytic and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2) angiogenetic capacity in serous borderline ovarian tumors (S-BOTs) for women with and without noninvasive implants. The population was made up of 99 patients with S-BOTs as the primary diagnosis between 1985 and 1995, 44 of whom had noninvasive implants and 55 without implants. MMP-2, MMP-14, the type-2 tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP-2), and VEGF and receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2) were examined by immunhistochemistry. Strong positive (+++) MMP-2 staining was found more frequently in women with primary S-BOTs and noninvasive implants (76%) than in those without implants (53%; p < 0.05). In contrast, staining for MMP-14 and TIMP-2 was not significantly different in the two groups. Furthermore, expression of MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-2 was similar in primary tumors and in their noninvasive implants. Most tumors in both groups had no VEGF expression (84% in the noninvasive implant group and 82% in the group without implants), while moderate (++) to strong (+++) expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 was detected in 79% and 94% of the two tumor groups, with no significant difference between the groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in serous borderline ovarian tumors associated with noninvasive implant formation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGalactose consumption as the only carbohydrate source results in little increase in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations when compared with fasting. Lower insulin might promote endogenous lipolysis during meal absorption, which may facilitate fat loss. The objective was to test the hypothesis that consumption of an isocaloric, isonitrogenous galactose drink will result in higher rates of lipolysis and fat oxidation than consumption of a glucose drink in obese lactating and nonlactating women. Seven healthy, obese, exclusively breastfeeding women and 7 healthy, obese, nonlactating women were studied on 2 occasions according to a randomized, crossover, single-blinded design. Subjects received drinks providing ≈70% of the daily estimated energy requirement, of which 60% was either glucose or galactose. The primary outcomes were the rate of appearance (Ra) of glycerol and palmitate, and the secondary outcomes were glucose Ra, milk production, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) and those of glycerol, palmitate, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were higher (P < 0.05) during galactose than during glucose feeding in both nonlactating and lactating women. During galactose feeding, glucose Ra was lower (P < 0.01) and glycerol, palmitate, and free fatty acid Ra were higher (P < 0.01) in both groups. During galactose feeding in all women combined, fat oxidation was higher (P = 0.01) and protein oxidation was lower (P < 0.01). Milk production, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate oxidation were similar between glucose and galactose feeding.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes galactose promote fat mobilization in obese lactating and nonlactating women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatitis E virus (HEV) has been described as an emerging pathogen in Brazil and seems to be widely disseminated among swine herds. An autochthonous human case of acute hepatitis E was recently reported. To obtain a better understanding of the phenotypic profiles of both human and swine HEV strains, a experimental study was conducted using the animal model, Macaca fascicularis. Six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were inoculated intravenously with swine HEV genotype 3 that was isolated from naturally and experimentally infected pigs in Brazil and the Netherlands. Two other monkeys were inoculated with HEV genotype 3 that was recovered from Brazilian and Argentinean patients with locally acquired acute and fulminant hepatitis E. The haematological, biochemical, and virological parameters of all animals were monitored for 67 days. Subclinical hepatitis was observed in all monkeys after inoculation with HEV genotype 3 that was recovered from the infected swine and human patients. HEV RNA was detected in the serum and/or faeces of 6 out of the 8 cynomolgus monkeys between 5 and 53 days after inoculation. The mild inflammation of liver tissues and elevations of discrete liver enzymes were observed. Seroconversions to anti-HEV IgM and/or IgG were detected in 7 animals. Reactivities to anti-HEV IgA were also detected in the salivary samples of 3 animals. Interestingly, all of the infected monkeys showed severe lymphopenia and a trend toward monocytosis, which coincided with elevations in alanine aminotransferase and antibody titres.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes infection by Brazilian and Dutch swine hepatitis E virus strains induce haematological changes in Macaca fascicularis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe evaluated a published Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) to determine if this preoperative cardiovascular risk stratification tool would be useful in the kidney transplant recipient population. We identified all kidney transplants from 2005 to 2009 (n=1652) at our institution. We performed a detailed retrospective chart review of (a) all recipients who underwent preoperative coronary angiography (n=169) and (b) an age-matched and transplantation year-matched group who did not undergo coronary angiography (n=156). Charts were reviewed for the presence of specific preoperative cardiovascular risk factors and perioperative cardiovascular complications (as defined by RCRI plus elevation of troponin) from time of surgery to hospital discharge. The total number of risk factors for each patient was compared with the occurrence of postoperative cardiac complications to identify a possible association. The number of risk factors was highly predictive of cardiovascular complications (receiver operating characteristic area, 0.77; P<0.0001). History of coronary artery disease was most strongly associated (odds ratio, 20.59; confidence interval, 4.73-89.53; P=0.0001) and history of congestive heart failure was also significantly associated with cardiac complications (odds ratio, 2.95; confidence interval, 1.01-8.59; P=0.0475).\n\nQuestion:\nIs revised Cardiac Risk Index ( RCRI ) a useful tool for evaluation of perioperative cardiac morbidity in kidney transplant recipients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReactive oxygen species generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases contribute to angiogenesis and vascular repair. NADPH oxidase organizer 1 (NoxO1) is a cytosolic protein facilitating assembly of constitutively active NADPH oxidases. We speculate that NoxO1 also contributes to basal reactive oxygen species formation in the vascular system and thus modulates angiogenesis. A NoxO1 knockout mouse was generated, and angiogenesis was studied in cultured cells and in vivo. Angiogenesis of the developing retina and after femoral artery ligation was increased in NoxO1(-/-) when compared with wild-type animals. Spheroid outgrowth assays revealed greater angiogenic capacity of NoxO1(-/-) lung endothelial cells (LECs) and a more tip-cell-like phenotype than wild-type LECs. Usually signaling by the Notch pathway switches endothelial cells from a tip into a stalk cell phenotype. NoxO1(-/-) LECs exhibited attenuated Notch signaling as a consequence of an attenuated release of the Notch intracellular domain on ligand stimulation. This release is mediated by proteolytic cleavage involving the α-secretase ADAM17. For maximal activity, ADAM17 has to be oxidized, and overexpression of NoxO1 promoted this mode of activation. Moreover, the activity of ADAM17 was reduced in NoxO1(-/-) LECs when compared with wild-type LECs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the Cytosolic NADPH Oxidase Subunit NoxO1 promote an Endothelial Stalk Cell Phenotype?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) launches an inflammatory response and a repair process to compensate cardiac function. During this process, the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is important for optimal cardiac repair. Stem cell transplantation after AMI improves tissue repair and increases the ventricular ejection fraction. Here, we studied in detail the acute effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) transplantation on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with STEMI treated with thrombolysis followed by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomly assigned to receive either BMMNC or saline as an intracoronary injection. Cardiac function was evaluated by left ventricle angiogram during the PCI and again after 6 months. The concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured from plasma samples up to 4 days after the PCI and the intracoronary injection. Twenty-six patients (control group, n = 12; BMMNC group, n = 14) from the previously reported FINCELL study (n = 80) were included to this study. At day 2, the change in the proinflammatory cytokines correlated with the change in the anti-inflammatory cytokines in both groups (Kendall's tau, control 0.6; BMMNC 0.7). At day 4, the correlation had completely disappeared in the control group but was preserved in the BMMNC group (Kendall's tau, control 0.3; BMMNC 0.7).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Transplantation restore Inflammatory Balance of Cytokines after ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe beta2-adrenergic receptor (BAR2) is the main lipolytic receptor in white human adipose tissue. There is a functional glutamine 27 glutamic acid (Gln27Glu, rs 1042714) polymorphism in its gene, which has been variably associated with body mass index. This gene variant may be associated with male-type adiposity in women and thus increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated whether the BAR2 Gln27Glu polymorphism is associated with visceral fat and coronary intima thickness in women. The amount of mesenteric and omental fat was directly measured and anthropometric measurements were done from 112 forensic autopsy cases of women aged 15 to 49 years. The thickness of the coronary intima, which reflects the severity of atherosclerosis, was measured by computerized image analysis. The BAR2 Gln27Glu polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction. We found that the amount of visceral fat was significantly higher in women with the Glu allele (689 +/- 555 g) compared to Gln/Gln homozygotes (481 +/- 392 g, P = 0.023). The waist-hip ratio also tended to be higher in women with the Glu allele compared to Gln/Gln homozygotes (p = 0.050). There were no statistically significant differences between the genotype groups in BMI or the thickness of coronary intima.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gln27Glu variant of Beta2-adrenoceptor gene affect male type fat accumulation in women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAs tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) reflects the prognosis of patients with various chronic renal diseases, the pathogenesis of TIF has to be clarified. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key mediator for renal fibrosis. We reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) prevents renal fibrosis in nephrotic mice. However, the function of HGF in chronic renal failure, except for nephrotic syndrome, remains to be determined. Using mice subjected to unilateral ureter-ligated obstruction (UUO), we investigated the roles of HGF in TIF, as induced by obstructive nephropathy. Pathophysiological changes in the kidney after UUO treatment were analyzed focusing on expressions of renal HGF and TGF-beta, TIF, tubular proliferation, and apoptosis. Neutralizing antibody against rodent HGF, or recombinant human HGF (rhHGF), was administrated to the UUO mice, and pathophysiological changes after neutralization or supplements of HGF were analyzed. In this UUO model, TIF with tubular apoptosis became evident, and it was accompanied by a decrease in renal HGF expression and an increase in renal TGF-beta expression. Neutralization of endogenous HGF accelerated the progression of TIF, accompanied by increases in TGF-beta expression and tubular apoptosis as well as by decreases in tubular proliferation. In contrast, rhHGF attenuated TIF progression, and there were decreases in TGF-beta expression and tubular apoptosis, and an increase in tubular proliferation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hepatocyte growth factor suppress interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe role of autophagy in moderate hypothermia in posttraumatic brain injury (post-TBI) remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated the protective role of autophagy in post-TBI moderate hypothermia. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 36/group): TBI with hypothermia group (sham), TBI with hypothermia and a single intracerebroventricular injection of saline (saline, 5 μL), and TBI with hypothermia and a single intracerebroventricular injection of 3-methyladenine (600 nmol, diluted in 0.9% saline to a final volume of 5 μL). All rats, except those in the behavioral tests, were killed at 24 hours after fluid percussion TBI. Immunohistochemistry staining, western blot, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess changes in apoptosis and autophagy after injection of 3-methyladenine. Motor function (beam-walk test) and spatial learning/memory (Morris water maze) were assessed on postoperative days 1-5 and 11-15, respectively. Our results showed downregulation of the expression level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and Beclin-1, aggravation of behavioral outcome, and increase of apoptosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes autophagy Inhibitor 3-MA weaken Neuroprotective Effects of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Moderate Hypothermia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe recruitment of leukocytes to the vascular wall is a key step in hypertension development. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 mediates inflammatory cell chemotaxis in several diseases. However, the role of CXCR2 in hypertension development and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Angiotensin II (490 ng·kg Angiotensin II significantly upregulated the expression of CXCR2 mRNA and protein and increased the number of CD45\n\nQuestion:\nDoes genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 prevent Experimental Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlterations of sphingolipid metabolism are implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. We identified a homozygous nonsynonymous mutation in CERS1, the gene encoding ceramide synthase 1, in 4 siblings affected by a progressive disorder with myoclonic epilepsy and dementia. CerS1, a transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzes the biosynthesis of C18-ceramides. We demonstrated that the mutation decreases C18-ceramide levels. In addition, we showed that downregulation of CerS1 in a neuroblastoma cell line triggers ER stress response and induces proapoptotic pathways.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes impairment of ceramide synthesis cause a novel progressive myoclonus epilepsy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGrass carp reovirus (GCRV), which causes severe infectious outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease in aquatic animals, is a highly pathogenic agent in the Aquareovirus genus of family Reoviridae. The outer capsid shell of GCRV, composed of the VP5-VP7 protein complex, is believed to be involved in cell entry. The objective of this study was to produce a major neutralization antibody for mitigating GCRV infection. Recombinant plasmids of GCRV outer capsid proteins VP5 and VP7 were constructed and expressed in prokaryotic cells in our previous work. In this study, we prepared GCRV Antibody (Ab), VP5Ab and VP7Ab generated from purified native GCRV, recombinant VP5 and VP7 respectively. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the prepared antibodies were specific to its antigens. In addition, combined plaque and cytopathic effect (CPE)-based TCID₅₀ (50% tissue culture infective dose) assays showed that both VP5Ab and VP7Ab were capable of neutralizing viral infectivity. Particularly, the neutralizing activity of VP7Ab was 3 times higher than that of VP5Ab, suggesting that VP7 might be a dominating epitope. Moreover, the combination of VP5Ab and VP7Ab appeared to enhance GCRV neutralizing capacity.\n\nQuestion:\nAre antibodies against outer-capsid proteins of grass carp reovirus expressed in E. coli capable of neutralizing viral infectivity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAPOBEC3B is a cytosine deaminase implicated in immune response to viral infection, cancer predisposition and carcinogenesis. Germline APOBEC3B deletion is more common in East Asian women and confers a modest risk to breast cancer in both East Asian and Caucasian women. Analysis of tumour samples from women of European descent has shown that germline APOBEC3B deletion is associated with an increased propensity to develop somatic mutations and with an enrichment for immune response-related gene sets. However, this has not been examined in Asian tumour samples, where population differences in genetic and dietary factors may have an impact on the immune system. In this study, we determined the prevalence of germline APOBEC3B deletion and its association with breast cancer risk in a cross-sectional hospital-based Asian multi-ethnic cohort of 1451 cases and 1442 controls from Malaysia. We compared gene expression profiles of breast cancers arising from APOBEC3B deletion carriers and non-carriers using microarray analyses. Finally, we characterised the overall abundance of tumour-infiltrating immune cells in breast cancers from TCGA and METABRIC using ESTIMATE and relative frequency of 22 immune cell subsets in breast cancers from METABRIC using CIBERSORT. The minor allelic frequency of APOBEC3B deletion was estimated to be 0.35, 0.42 and 0.16 in female populations of Chinese, Malay and Indian descent, respectively, and that germline APOBEC3B deletion was associated with breast cancer risk with odds ratios of 1.23 (95 % CI: [1.05, 1.44]) for one-copy deletion and 1.38 (95 % CI: [1.10, 1.74]) for two-copy deletion compared to women with no deletion. Germline APOBEC3B deletion was not associated with any clinicopathologic features or the expression of any APOBEC family members but was associated with immune response-related gene sets (FDR q values < 0.05). Analysis of breast cancers from METABRIC revealed breast cancers from APOBEC3B deletion carriers to have significantly higher abundance of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs germline APOBEC3B deletion associated with breast cancer risk in an Asian multi-ethnic cohort and with immune cell presentation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study aimed to test whether group-based rehabilitation focusing on strength training, education and self-management is more effective than individual, supervised home-training after fast-track total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We allocated 80 participants undergoing primary TKA to either group-based rehabilitation or individual, supervised home-training (40 participants in each group). The group-based rehabilitation consisted of 12 outpatient visits during six weeks including strength and endurance exercises, education and self-management combined with home exercises. The primary outcome was Oxford Knee Score; secondary outcomes were EuroQoL-5 Dimensions QoL and Physical Function of the Medical Outcomes Short Form 36. Tertiary outcomes were pain, knee range of motion, tandem test, Leg Extensor Power, 10-m walking test, 30-sec. and five-times sit-to-stand. Outcomes were assessed four weeks, three months and six months after surgery. In addition, the questionnaires were completed before surgery. We found no difference in gain of function or quality of life between the two groups at three and six months follow-up.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes late group-based rehabilitation have no advantages compared with supervised home-exercises after total knee arthroplasty?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe neonatal surgical patient is threatened by exuberant inflammatory reactions. Neonatal macrophages are key players in this process. We investigated the ability of neonatal macrophages to initiate a local inflammatory reaction upon exposure to different bacterial or viral ligands to toll-like receptors (TLRs). Peritoneal wash outs from neonatal (<24 h) and adult (42 days) C57BL/6J mice were gained by peritoneal lavages. In a first set of experiments, macrophages were purified and stimulated for 6 h by four different TLR ligands. mRNA was extracted for transcriptome analysis. In a second set of experiments, lipopolysaccharide was applied into peritoneal cavities. After 6 h of incubation, the cellular composition of the inflamed cavities was evaluated by cytological staining as well as chipcytometry. Neonatal murine peritoneal macrophages differed significantly in the expression of pro- and anti-chemotactic genes. Functional assignment of these genes revealed enhanced chemotactic potential of neonatal macrophages and was confirmed by a higher influx of pro-inflammatory cells into neonatal peritoneal cavities.\n\nQuestion:\nDo neonatal murine macrophages show enhanced chemotactic capacity upon toll-like receptor stimulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) generates the type II collagen fragments, Helix-II and CTX-II that can be used as clinical biological markers. Helix-II and C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) levels are associated independently with progression of OA suggesting that they may be generated through different collagenolytic pathways. In this study we analyzed the release of Helix-II and CTX-II from human cartilage collagen by the proteinases reported to play a role in cartilage degradation. In vitro, human articular cartilage extract was incubated with activated human recombinant cathepsins (Cats) and matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs). Next, we analyzed the spontaneous release of Helix-II and CTX-II from cartilage sections of patients with knee OA who were immediately deep frozen after joint replacement to preserve endogenous enzyme activity until assay. Cartilage sections were then incubated for up to 84 h in the presence or absence of E-64 and GM6001, inhibitors of cysteine proteases and MMPs, respectively. In vitro, Cats K, L and S generated large amount of Helix-II, but not CTX-II. Cat B generated CTX-II fragment, but destroyed Helix-II immunoreactivity. Cat D was unable to digest intact cartilage. MMPs-1, -3, -7, -9, and -13 efficiently released CTX-II, but only small amount of Helix-II. Neither CTX-II nor Helix-II alone was able to reflect accurately the collagenolytic activity of Cats and MMPs as reflected by the release of hydroxyproline. In OA cartilage explants, E-64 blunted the release of Helix-II whereas the release of CTX-II could be completely abrogated by GM6001 and only partly by E-64.\n\nQuestion:\nDo the type II collagen fragments Helix-II and CTX-II reveal different enzymatic pathways of human cartilage collagen degradation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in various products is resulting in a greater likelihood of human exposure to these materials. Nevertheless, little is still known about the influence of carbohydrates on the toxicity and cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Ag-NPs functionalized with three different monosaccharides and ethylene glycol were synthesized and characterised. Oxidative stress and toxicity was evaluated by protein carbonylation and MTT assay, respectively. Cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and ICP-MS. Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate. Toxicity correlated to oxidative stress but not to cellular uptake.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulate cytotoxicity and cellular uptake?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHeart-lung transplant (HLT) is indicated in select children with end-stage cardiopulmonary disease. We sought to determine whether previous thoracic surgery increases peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Retrospective data were analyzed using unpaired Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. Results are reported as mean +/- SD. Peri-operative mortality was defined as death at </=30 days post-transplant. From August 1993 through April 2001, 13 patients (mean age 7.9 +/- 5.3 years; 9 girls, 4 boys) underwent HLT at our center. Eight of 13 (62%) had previous thoracic surgery and 5 of 13 (38%) did not. Interval of last surgery to transplant date was 45.5 +/- 26.4 months (range 6 to 79 months). We compared HLT patients who had previous thoracic surgery to HLT recipients who did not. There was no significant difference in weight (18.6 +/- 14.3 vs 36.5 +/- 20.7 kg, p = 0.09), age (6.5 +/- 4.5 vs 10.2 +/- 6.1 years, p = 0.23) or duration of intubation (14.1 +/- 12.9 vs 17.0 +/- 30.3 days, p = 0.83). There were no caval or tracheal anastomotic stenoses in either group. There was no significant difference in blood products transfused </=48 hours after HLT: packed red blood cells (p = 0.16); fresh frozen plasma (p = 0.13); platelets (p = 0.59), and cryoprecipitate (p = 0.27). There was no difference in cardiopulmonary bypass time (129.3 +/- 48.2 vs 160.6 +/- 73.9 minutes, p 0.39); post-operative diaphragm dysfunction (4 of 8 vs 0 of 5, p = 0.1); re-exploration for bleeding (2 of 8 vs 1 of 5, p = 1.0); or peri-operative mortality (2 of 8 vs 0 of 5, p = 0.48).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes previous thoracic surgery increase peri-operative mortality in pediatric heart-lung transplant recipients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Mycoplasma in prostate inflammation remain unclear. We investigated whether Mycoplasma induced inflammatory cytokine secretion through TLR2-mediated mechanism in prostate cancer cell line. Cell surface expression of TLR2 on PC-3 cells were examined by flowcytometry. PC-3 cells were stimulated with Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), and IL-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activation were examined. PC-3 cells expressed TLR2 mRNA and cell surface TLR2 protein. The membrane fraction of M. hominis induced IL-8 secretion from PC-3 cells and NF-kappaB activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Transient transfection of the dominant negative mutant TLR2(P681H) into PC-3 cells attenuated M. hominis-induced IL-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activation. Antibody against the extracellular TLR2 domain significantly suppressed M. homnis-induced IL-8 secretion from the prostate cell lines including PC-3, PrEC, and transformed myofibroblasts.\n\nQuestion:\nDo prostate cell lines secrete IL-8 in response to Mycoplasma hominis through Toll-like receptor 2-mediated mechanism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPercutaneous needle biopsy has the potential to provide a preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer, which helps to optimize surgical planning; however, its use remains an area of unexplained clinical variation. The purposes of this study were to perform a statewide assessment of diagnostic biopsy methods for women diagnosed with breast cancer and to evaluate the impact of biopsy method on the quality of breast cancer surgery. Vermont cancer registries were combined with Medicare data to identify women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1998 and 2006. Demographics, margin status, surgical evaluation of axillary nodes, and total number of operations were correlated to biopsy method. Percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) was the initial biopsy method in 713 (62.8%) patients, and it increased significantly over the study period. Patients living in urban settings were more likely to receive PNB (70.6%) than patients living in rural areas (57.5%). Breast cancer surgery performance metrics including margin status, number of operations, and performance of axillary evaluation significantly favored PNB over open biopsy (OB).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative needle biopsy improve the quality of breast cancer surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMononuclear cell infiltration of the salivary glands is a major feature of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and its animal model. Local generation of chemokines and the presence of chemokine receptors on the infiltrating cells may be involved in this process. We undertook the present study to investigate the expression of chemokines during the development of autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL/lpr mice and the therapeutic effect of chemokine antagonists on sialadenitis. NH2-terminal-truncated interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)/CXCL10 analogs were transfected into a nonmetastatic fibroblastoid cell line, MRL/N-1, and injected subcutaneously into MRL/lpr mice, and the effects on sialadenitis were monitored. IP-10 analogs truncated by 5 or more amino acid residues from the N-terminal failed to induce chemotaxis and calcium influx by CXCR3-expressing cells. Of these, the most potent antagonist (AT) (IP-10-AT) was a molecule with methionine added after removal of the 5 N-terminal amino acid residues. Significantly increased expression of the Th1-associated chemokines IP-10, monokine induced by interferon-gamma/CXCL9, and interferon-inducible T cell chemoattractant/CXCL11 was induced in the ductal epithelium by interferon-gamma produced in the salivary glands, whereas expression of the Th2-associated chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and monocyte-derived chemokine/CCL22 was almost undetectable during sialadenitis. Inoculation of IP-10-AT into MRL/lpr mice during the early stage of sialadenitis significantly reduced periductal mononuclear cell infiltration and parenchymal destruction compared with these features in control and TARC-AT-bearing mice. This was due to a significant reduction in infiltration of CXCR3+ T cells, predominantly Th1 cells, resulting in decreased interferon-gamma production.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes antagonist of interferon-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 ameliorate the progression of autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL/lpr mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate prevalence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in secondary-care patients maintained on tricyclic and serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants. A total of 243 subjects with affective and anxiety disorders were interviewed for symptoms of RLS before and after at least 6 months of antidepressant pharmacotherapy within a naturalistic study. Logistic regression analysis was applied to adjust for the effects of age, gender, comorbidities, and the most frequent co-medications. The overall prevalence of RLS was 27%. In the RLS-affected patients, regular use or overuse of non-opioid analgesics frequently combined with caffeine was the major risk factor which significantly correlated with psychiatric and medical comorbidity. In a subsample of 172 patients who had seldom taken analgesics the prevalence of RLS was 9%, which corresponds with its prevalence in the general population.\n\nQuestion:\nIs regular intake of non-opioid analgesics associated with an increased risk of restless legs syndrome in patients maintained on antidepressants?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSensitivity of tumor cells to induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors varies greatly. This study was undertaken to investigate the sensitivity of neoplastic B cells and solid tumor cells to proteasome inhibition with respect to constitutive expression levels of proteasome subunits. Twelve neoplastic B-cell lines and 12 solid tumor cell lines were assessed for their expression levels of proteasome subunits by using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis and were assessed for their sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitors PS-341 and lactacystin by using a flow cytometry assay that detected activated caspases. The neoplastic B-cell lines were categorized into 3 groups representing refractory cell lines, cell lines with moderate sensitivity, and cell lines with high sensitivity. Correlating expression levels of proteasome subunits with sensitivity to proteasome inhibition indicated that refractory B cells exhibited lower expression levels of the standard subunit beta2 and of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 compared with sensitive B cell lines. Compared with neoplastic B cells solid tumor cells were less sensitive. They expressed the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 and the standard subunit beta2 clearly below the median of the expression level of the sensitive B cell lines. IFN-gamma pretreatment enhanced sensitivity to PS-341 in 50% of the tumor cell lines, potentially related to the induction of immunoproteasomes.\n\nQuestion:\nIs sensitivity of tumor cells to proteasome inhibitors associated with expression levels and composition of proteasome subunits?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHemodynamic alterations have been implicated as major stimuli for the development of intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts that are implanted in the arterial circulation. Tyrosine kinase is known to mediate cell signaling. However, its role with in vivo mechanotransduction is not yet well defined. We used a novel bioprosthetic collagen tube to provide an external support to vein grafts and examined the subsequent changes in hemodynamics, tyrosine kinase signaling, wall remodeling, and vasomotor function. Carotid interposition bypass grafting was performed with the reversed jugular vein in New Zealand white rabbits. In the experimental group (n = 15), after the completion of the proximal anastomosis, the vein was passed through a 4-mm collagen tube and the distal anastomosis was performed. The tube support was fashioned to completely cover the vein grafts. The control animals (n = 14) had no tube support. After surgery, the blood pressure and flow rate were measured and the wall tension and shear stress were calculated in the vein grafts on day 3 or day 28 (n = 5 per group). Tyrosine phosphorylation was assessed with the Western blot test in vein grafts at day 3 (n = 4 per group). The intimal and medial dimensions of the vein grafts were assessed with videomorphometry on day 28 (n = 5 per group). The cumulative dose response curves of the vein grafts to contractile and relaxant agonists were determined in isometric tension studies on day 28 (n = 5 per group). The use of tube support reduced wall tension 1.7-fold (P <.01) and increased shear stress 4.8-fold (P <.001) without altering the flow rate or blood pressure. The tyrosine kinase activity was reduced 15-fold (P <.001) in the tube-supported vein grafts. The intimal thickness was reduced by 45% in the tube-supported vein grafts as compared with the control grafts (46 +/- 2 mm vs 84 +/- 5 mm, respectively; P <.0001), and the media thickness was reduced by 20% (63 +/- 8 mm vs 79 +/- 4 mm, respectively; P <.05). Isometric tension studies showed preservation of contractile function and modulation of endothelial-dependent dysfunctional relaxation in tube-supported vein grafts.\n\nQuestion:\nDo alterations in wall tension and shear stress modulate tyrosine kinase signaling and wall remodeling in experimental vein grafts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 29 (LBD29), an important molecule downstream of auxin response factors ARF7 and ARF19, has a critical role in lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The cell cycle activation of pericycle cells and their specification triggered by auxin are crucial for the initiation of lateral roots. In this study, we attempted to determine whether LBD29 is involved in auxin signalling and/or cell cycle regulation and to characterize the roles of LBD29 in these processes. The impact of LBD29 on cell cycling progression in pericycle cells was investigated in lbd29 loss-of-function mutant or LBD29-over-expressing plants. The cell cycle was determined by measuring the expression of some cell cycle-related genes using in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the cell division in the root explants from either the lbd29 mutant, LBD29-over-expressing plants or the wild type grown in auxin-rich media was also analysed and compared by the distribution of DR5:β-glucuronidase (GUS) in the primordia or by the expression of PIN-FORMED (PIN) members and PLETHROA 1 (PLT1) which represented the auxin response by the pericycle cells. lbd29 mutation resulted in reduced numbers of lateral roots and primordia, whereas LBD29 over-expression resulted in more lateral root and primordia formation than in the wild type. More importantly, the level of LBD29 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of expression of cell cycle-related genes and correlated with the numbers of subcellular organelles found in pericycle cells in the maturation zone. In addition, an in vitro experiment using root explants demonstrated that the presence of LBD29 was required for the maintenance of the cell division capacity of the pericycle. Furthermore, LBD29 appeared to modify PIN-dependent auxin signalling in the primordia since there was a correlated association between the expression of PINs, PLT1 and DR5:GUS and the expression of LBD29.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lBD29 regulate the cell cycle progression in response to auxin during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious studies suggest that elevated basal FSH concentrations are related to aneuploid pregnancies. However, there have been no prospective studies evaluating the incidence of aneuploidies in relation to basal FSH concentrations. Since the majority of aneuploid conceptions end in early pregnancy loss or abortion of a recognized pregnancy, these determinants are appropriate intermediate end-points to study aneuploidy. We performed a prospective study in 129 women without a history of subfertility pursuing a spontaneous pregnancy. Basal FSH concentrations were measured during three menstrual cycles. Urinary HCG levels were measured during menstruation for a maximum of six menstrual cycles, to detect early pregnancy loss. We estimated the effect of basal FSH concentrations on pregnancy outcome, taking into account possible confounders. We observed no significant effect of basal FSH concentrations on the incidence of early pregnancy loss or abortion of clinically recognized pregnancies.\n\nQuestion:\nAre basal FSH concentrations as a marker of ovarian ageing related to pregnancy outcome in a general population of women over 30 years?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReduced cognitive performance and high prevalence of depression have been reported in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and severe left ventricular dysfunction. However, effects of contemporary device therapy on cognitive performance and depression symptoms have not been studied thoroughly. Seventy-four consecutive CHF patients-45 receiving a biventricular defibrillator (CRT-D) and 29 receiving an implantable single or dual-chamber defibrillator (ICD) as a control group-were enrolled in this investigator-initiated, prospective, controlled, and investigator-blinded study. A set of neuropsychological tests (mini-mental state examination, DemTect, age-concentration test, and Beck depression inventory) was performed before, at 3 and at 6 months after device implantation. DemTect-score improved significantly (F = 7.8; P = 0.007) after CRT-D-implantation compared with ICD. Age-concentration test revealed better concentration ability after CRT-D-implantation (F = 8.3; P = 0.005) compared with ICD. Under CRT-D mini-mental state examination showed a significant improvement (F = 4.2; P = 0.043). CRT with defibrillator therapy also improved depression revealed by beck depression inventory (F = 14.7; P< 0.001) compared with ICD.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cardiac resynchronization therapy improve psycho-cognitive performance in patients with heart failure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the effect of statin use on progression of vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aortic artery calcification (AAC) was assessed according to the frequency of statin use in 197 participants with T2DM. After adjustment for baseline CAC and other confounders, progression of CAC was significantly higher in more frequent statin users than in less frequent users (mean ± SE, 8.2 ± 0.5 mm(3) vs. 4.2 ± 1.1 mm(3); P < 0.01). AAC progression was in general not significantly increased with more frequent statin use; in a subgroup of participants initially not receiving statins, however, progression of both CAC and AAC was significantly increased in frequent statin users.\n\nQuestion:\nIs progression of vascular calcification increased with statin use in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial ( VADT )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the correlation between adherence to recommended management and good recovery outcomes in an Australian cohort of inpatients receiving rehabilitation. Processes of care were audited and included those recommended in the Australian Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery. National audit data from 68 rehabilitation units were used, with each hospital contributing up to 40 consecutive cases. Not applicable. Not applicable. Discharged home or an increase of greater than or equal to 22 in FIM scores between admission and discharge. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for patient clustering were used to assess the associations between adherence to recommended management and recovery outcomes (dependent variables). Hospitals contributed 2119 patients (median age 75y, 53% men). We found that rehabilitation units providing evidence-based management (eg, treatment for sensorimotor impairment 38%, hypertonicity 56%, mobility 94%, and home assessments 71%) were more likely to provide better recovery outcomes for people with stroke. A discharge FIM score of 100 was clinically relevant and was strongly correlated with whether or not a patient was discharged home. We found very good correlation between admission and discharge FIM scores in stroke rehabilitation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes adherence to clinical guidelines improve patient outcomes in Australian audit of stroke rehabilitation practice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUsing a novel method called near-infrared transillumination backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS) that allows for the non-invasive measurement of pial artery pulsation (cc-TQ) and subarachnoid width (sas-TQ) in humans, we assessed the influence of sympathetic activation on the cardiac and respiratory contribution to blood pressure (BP) cc-TQ oscillations in healthy subjects. The pial artery and subarachnoid width response to handgrip (HGT) and cold test (CT) were studied in 20 healthy subjects. The cc-TQ and sas-TQ were measured using NIR-T/BSS; cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured using Doppler ultrasound of the left internal carotid artery; heart rate (HR) and beat-to-beat mean BP were recorded using a continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography; respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and end-tidal O2 (EtO2) were measured using a metabolic and spirometry module of the medical monitoring system. Wavelet transform analysis was used to assess the relationship between BP and cc-TQ oscillations. HGT evoked an increase in BP (+15.9%; P<0.001), HR (14.7; P<0.001), SaO2 (+0.5; P<0.001) EtO2 (+2.1; P<0.05) RR (+9.2%; P = 0.05) and MV (+15.5%; P<0.001), while sas-TQ was diminished (-8.12%; P<0.001), and a clear trend toward cc-TQ decline was observed (-11.0%; NS). CBFV (+2.9%; NS) and EtCO2 (-0.7; NS) did not change during HGT. CT evoked an increase in BP (+7.4%; P<0.001), sas-TQ (+3.5%; P<0.05) and SaO2(+0.3%; P<0.05). HR (+2.3%; NS), CBFV (+2.0%; NS), EtO2 (-0.7%; NS) and EtCO2 (+0.9%; NS) remained unchanged. A trend toward decreased cc-TQ was observed (-5.1%; NS). The sas-TQ response was biphasic with elevation during the first 40 seconds (+8.8% vs. baseline; P<0.001) and subsequent decline (+4.1% vs. baseline; P<0.05). No change with respect to wavelet coherence and wavelet phase coherence was found between the BP and cc-TQ oscillations.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sympathetic Activation Affect the Cardiac and Respiratory Contribution to the Relationship between Blood Pressure and Pial Artery Pulsation Oscillations in Healthy Subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDietary exposure to cytotoxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acid (AA) causes severe nephropathy typically associated with urologic cancers. Monitoring of AA exposure uses biomarkers such as aristolactam-DNA adducts, detected by mass spectrometry in the kidney cortex, or the somatic A>T transversion pattern characteristic of exposure to AA, as revealed by previous DNA-sequencing studies using fresh-frozen tumors. Here, we report a low-coverage whole-exome sequencing method (LC-WES) optimized for multisample detection of the AA mutational signature, and demonstrate its utility in 17 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded urothelial tumors obtained from 15 patients with endemic nephropathy, an environmental form of AA nephropathy. LC-WES identified the AA signature, alongside signatures of age and APOBEC enzyme activity, in 15 samples sequenced at the average per-base coverage of approximately 10×. Analysis at 3 to 9× coverage revealed the signature in 91% of the positive samples. The exome-wide distribution of the predominant A>T transversions exhibited a stochastic pattern, whereas 83 cancer driver genes were enriched for recurrent nonsynonymous A>T mutations. In two patients, pairs of tumors from different parts of the urinary tract, including the bladder, harbored overlapping mutation patterns, suggesting tumor dissemination via cell seeding.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes low-Coverage Exome Sequencing Screen in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumors reveal Evidence of Exposure to Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acid?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough increased left atrial size (LA) has been long regarded as one of the factors negatively influencing the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR) following cardioversion (CV) of atrial fibrillation (AF), some reports suggested that CV might be effective also in patients with large LA.Aim. We sought to determine the role of LA enlargement in long-term SR maintenance after CV of persistent AF. 104 consecutive patients (33 females, 71 males, mean age 60.4+/-7.4 years) were assigned to SR restoration and maintenance with serial antiarrhythmic drugs. Transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) variables were recorded prior to CV. Generalised additive logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of LA enlargement on the long-term SR maintenance. SR was present in 63.5% of patients after one year of follow-up. Increased LA area >28 cm (RR 1.72; 1.09-2.71; p<0.02) and increased fractional shortening values in ranges between 26-40% (1.2; 1.01-1.44; p<0.05) were significantly associated with SR maintenance after one year. In order to determine the influence of the LA diameter on the probability of SR maintenance, we analysed mean LA(ar) values prior to and after CV. Patients with large LA(ar) (28 cm(2)) presented a significant decrease of LA size (31.45+/-3.07 cm(2) vs 28.94+/-3.81 cm(2); p<0.008) during the first 30 days after SR restoration. In the group of patients with LA(ar) 28 cm(2) we noted decrease in LA size by 2.57+/-3.2 cm(2), whereas in patients with a smaller LA volume this decrease was significantly lower, being 0.47+/-2.9 cm(2) (p<0.004).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a decrease of enlarged left atrium following cardioversion of atrial fibrillation predict the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCurrent protocols for inducing osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in culture for tissue engineering applications depend on the use of biochemical supplements. However, standard in vitro culture conditions expose cells to ambient oxygen concentrations and high levels of serum (21% O2, 10% FBS) that do not accurately recapitulate the physiological milieu. While we and others have examined MSC behavior under hypoxia, the synergistic effect of low serum levels, such as those present in ischemic injury sites, on osteogenic differentiation has not been clearly examined. We hypothesized that a concomitant reduction of serum and O2 would enhance in vitro osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by more accurately mimicking the fracture microenvironment. We show that serum deprivation, in conjunction with hypoxia, potentiates osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. These data demonstrate the role of serum levels in regulating osteogenesis and its importance in optimizing MSC differentiation strategies.\n\nQuestion:\nDo reduced serum and hypoxic culture conditions enhance the osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe interaction of Shiga toxin (Stx) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with monocytes (Mo) may be central to the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), providing the cytokines necessary to sensitize endothelial cells to Stx action. We have previously demonstrated phenotypical alterations in Mo from HUS patients, including increased number of CD16+ Mo. Our aim was to investigate cytokine production in Mo from HUS patients. We evaluated TNF-α and IL-10 intracellular contents and secretion in the different Mo subsets in mild (HUS 1) and moderate/severe (HUS 2 + 3) patients. As controls, we studied healthy (HC) and infected children (IC). We also studied Mo responsive capacity towards LPS, measuring the modulation of Mo surface molecules and cytokine production. In basal conditions, the intracellular measurement of TNF-α and IL-10 revealed that the highest number of cytokine-producing Mo was found in HUS 2 + 3 and IC, whereas LPS caused a similar increase in TNF-α and IL-10-producing Mo for all groups. However, when evaluating the release of TNF-α and IL-10, we found a diminished secretion capacity in the entire HUS group and IC compared to HC in basal and LPS conditions. Similarly, a lower Mo response to LPS in HUS 2 + 3 and IC groups was observed when surface markers were studied.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cytokine production altered in monocytes from children with hemolytic uremic syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study aimed to determine whether post-conditioning at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention could reduce reperfusion-induced myocardial edema in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Myocardial edema is a reperfusion injury with potentially severe consequences. Post-conditioning is a cardioprotective therapy that reduces infarct size after reperfusion, but no previous studies have analyzed the impact of this strategy on reperfusion-induced myocardial edema in humans. Fifty patients with STEMI were randomly assigned to either a control or post-conditioned group. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 48 to 72 h after admission. Myocardial edema was measured by T2-weighted sequences, and infarct size was determined by late gadolinium enhancement sequences and creatine kinase release. The post-conditioned and control groups were similar with respect to ischemia time, the size of the area at risk, and the ejection fraction before percutaneous coronary intervention. As expected, post-conditioning was associated with smaller infarct size (13 ± 7 g/m(2) vs. 21 ± 14 g/m(2); p = 0.01) and creatine kinase peak serum level (median [interquartile range]: 1,695 [1,118 to 3,692] IU/l vs. 3,505 [2,307 to 4,929] IU/l; p = 0.003). At reperfusion, the extent of myocardial edema was significantly reduced in the post-conditioned group as compared with the control group (23 ± 16 g/m(2) vs. 34 ± 18 g/m(2); p = 0.03); the relative increase in T2W signal intensity was also significantly lower (p = 0.02). This protective effect was confirmed after adjustment for the size of the area at risk.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes post-conditioning reduce infarct size and edema in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe beneficial effects of kappa opioid agonist U-50,488 in preventing periodontal disease (PD) progression in rats have already been described, but its mechanism of action is unknown. The present study evaluated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in the gingival tissues of rats with ligature-induced PD, treated with U-50,488. It also correlated the effects of this agonist with myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the presence of osteoclasts. Male Holtzman rats weighing 250-300 g were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) ligature, (3) ligature+saline and (4) ligature+kappa agonist. Experimental PD was induced by placing a sterile silk ligature around the 2nd left upper molar. Rats from groups 3 to 4 were locally administered with either saline or U-50,488, respectively, from day 3 to day 5 following ligation. After 5 or 11 days, the rats were euthanized and periodontal tissue samples were collected for histological and morphometric analysis and for determination of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MPO. Ligature placement induced significant alveolar bone loss. The number of osteoclasts, degree of MPO activity, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α expression were also increased by PD. U-50,488 reduced both bone loss and the number of osteoclasts, but did not alter histological inflammatory infiltrate or MPO activity. U-50,488 significantly reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 levels, but did not affect TNF-α and IL-8.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes peripheral kappa opioid receptors activation reduce alveolar bone loss in rats by modulating interleukin-6 and -10?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere are several important interactions between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and hormonal contraception that need to be carefully considered by women with epilepsy (WWE) and their practitioners. Many AEDs induce hepatic enzymes and decrease the efficacy of hormonal contraception. In addition, estrogen-containing hormonal contraception can increase the metabolism of lamotrigine, the most commonly prescribed AED in women of childbearing age. The intrauterine device (IUD) is a highly effective form of reversible contraception without AED drug interactions that is considered by many to be the contraceptive of choice for WWE. Women with epilepsy not planning pregnancy require effective contraceptive counseling that should include discussion of an IUD. There are no guidelines, however, on who should deliver these recommendations. The objective of this study was to explore the hypothesis that contraceptive counseling by a neurologist can influence the contraceptive choices of WWE. In particular, we explored the relationship between contraceptive counseling in the epilepsy clinic and the likelihood that patients would obtain an IUD. We conducted a retrospective chart review of female patients age 18-45 seen at our institution for an initial visit between 2010 and 2014 to ascertain the type of contraceptive counseling each patient received as well as AED use and contraceptive methods. Patients who were pregnant or planning pregnancy at the first visit were excluded from further analyses as were patients with surgical sterilization. We also examined a subgroup of 95 patients with at least 4 follow-up visits to evaluate the efficacy of epileptologists' counseling. Specifically, we looked at the likelihood a patient obtained an IUD based on the type of counseling she had received. Fisher exact tests assessed associations between counseling type and whether patients had obtained an IUD. Three hundred and ninety-seven women met criteria for inclusion. Only 35% of female patients were counseled about contraception at the first visit. If women were not counseled at the first visit, they were unlikely to be counseled at subsequent visits; only 37% had ever received counseling by their fourth visit. Of the 95 patients who completed 4 visits, 28.4% were counseled about an IUD as an optimal contraceptive choice, 38.9% were generally counseled about contraceptive interactions, and 32.6% were not counseled about contraception. Women with epilepsy who received IUD-specific counseling were significantly more likely to switch to an IUD (44.4%) compared with women who received no contraceptive counseling (6.5%; p=0.0009). Women with epilepsy who received IUD-specific counseling also tended to switch to an IUD more often than those women receiving general counseling about AEDs and contraceptive interactions (18.9%; p=0.027). There was no significant difference in the likelihood of acquiring an IUD between the general counseling and no counseling groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes counseling by epileptologists affect contraceptive choices of women with epilepsy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the effect of storage duration on cryopreserved ovarian tissue using fresh and frozen-thawed samples. Seventeen fertile patients underwent an ovarian biopsy during elective laparoscopic tubal ligation. The tissue sample was divided into three parts: one part was processed fresh (FG), and two were slowly frozen, cryopreserved for 30 (G30) or 180 days (G180), thawed and analyzed. Follicular density, follicular viability, and steroidogenic capacity were assessed. We observed no differences between the groups in follicular density, which was assessed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. A heterogeneous follicular distribution was observed in the parenchyma, with a mean density of 361.3±255.4, 454.9±676.3, and 296.8±269.0 follicles/mm(3) for FG, G30 and G180, respectively (p = 0.46). Follicular viability was greater in FG (93.4%) when compared with the cryopreserved tissues (70.8% for G30 (p<0.001) and 78.4% for G180 (p<0.001)), with no difference in viability between the frozen samples (p>0.05). The steroidogenic capacity of the tissue was not significantly reduced following cryopreservation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cryopreservation time decrease follicular viability in ovarian tissue frozen for fertility preservation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the effects of an experiential learning model of ultrasound training on preclinical medical students' knowledge and practice of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) examination. The study was conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, first- and second-year medical students participated in a 45-minute didactic presentation and subsequent 1-hour hands-on practice followed by 3-5 precepted FAST examinations in the emergency department. A pretest or posttest design was used to examine the participants' knowledge interpreting ultrasound images of the FAST examination. In phase 2, students performed FAST scans on patients with abdominal complaints under the supervision of emergency ultrasound faculty over a 1-year period. The participants were scored based on window acquisition, quality of images, accuracy of FAST scan interpretation, confidence level rated by participant, and supervising attending physician. In phase 1, 68 novice medical students participated in 11 training sessions offered over a 1-year period. Students showed significant improvement in basic ultrasound and abdominal anatomy knowledge. The mean score improved from a pretest score of 5.8 of 10 (95% CI: 5.3-6.2) to a posttest score of 7.3 of 10 (95% CI: 7-7.6). The students also demonstrated a significant improvement in FAST image interpretation (pretest of 6.2 [95% CI: 5.9-6.6] and posttest of 7.6 [95% CI: 7.1-7.9]). In phase 2, 22 students performed 304 FAST examinations on patients. At the beginning of their training when they performed less than 10 FAST scans, students were able to complete the right upper quadrant view in 88.9%, left upper quadrant view in 69.7%, subxiphoid in 64.7%, and pelvic view in 70% of scans. Across all views of the FAST examination, increasing level of practice was associated with improvement in successfully completing the examination. The absolute increase in the proportion experiencing success in the right upper quadrant view was 1.6%, 3.6%, and 6.2% for the 10-19, 20-29, and >30 groups, respectively, of which none were statistically significant. However, the improvements in the left upper quadrant view was 12.7%, 11.6%, 15.7% for the 10-19, 20-29, and >30 groups, respectively. In all views, performing >30 examinations more than doubled the odds of successfully completing the examination.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes an Experiential Learning Model facilitate Learning of Bedside Ultrasound by Preclinical Medical Students?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the effects of curcumin on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptordelta (PPARdelta) and related genes in HT-29 cells. HT-29 cells were treated with curcumin (0-80 micromol/L) for 24 h. The effects of curcumin on the morphology of HT-29 cells were studied by Hoechst 33342 staining. The activity of caspase-3 was determined using DEVD-pNA as substrate. The levels of peroxisome PPARdelta, 14-3-3epsilon and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HT-29 cells were determined by Western blotting analysis and their mRNA expression was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment with 10-80 micromol/L curcumin induced typical features of apoptosis and activated the caspase-3 in HT-29 cells. The expression of PPARdelta, 14-3-3epsilon and VEGF was reduced and the activity of beta-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling was inhibited by curcumin treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes curcumin suppress PPARdelta expression and related genes in HT-29 cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there is emerging evidence that excess visceral fat is associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities in these patients, the impact of visceral obesity evaluated by a gold-standard method on future outcomes has not been studied. We aimed to investigate whether visceral obesity assessed by computed tomography was able to predict cardiovascular events in CKD patients. We studied 113 nondialyzed CKD patients [60% men; 31% diabetics; age 55.3 ± 11.3 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.2 ± 5.3 kg/m(2); estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 33.7 ± 13.6 ml/min/1.73 m(2)]. Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat were assessed by computed tomography at L4-L5. Visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio >0.55 (highest tertile cut-off) was defined as visceral obesity. Cardiovascular events including acute myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled blood pressure, stroke and cardiac failure were recorded during 24 months. Cardiovascular events were 3-fold higher in patients with visceral obesity than in those without visceral obesity. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with visceral obesity had shorter cardiovascular event-free time than those without visceral obesity (P = 0.021). In the univariate Cox analysis, visceral obesity was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-10.5; P = 0.03). The prognostic power of visceral obesity for cardiovascular events remained significant after adjustments for sex, age, diabetes, previous cardiovascular disease, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, BMI, GFR, hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes visceral obesity assessed by computed tomography predict cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe hypothesized that microcirculatory dysfunction, similar to that seen in sepsis, occurs in post-cardiac arrest patients and that better microcirculatory flow will be associated with improved outcome. We also assessed the association between microcirculatory dysfunction and inflammatory markers in the post-cardiac arrest state. We prospectively evaluated the sublingual microcirculation in post-cardiac arrest patients, severe sepsis/septic shock patients, and healthy control patients using Sidestream Darkfield microscopy. Microcirculatory flow was assessed using the microcirculation flow index (MFI) at 6 and 24h in the cardiac arrest patients, and within 6h of emergency department admission in the sepsis and control patients. We evaluated 30 post-cardiac arrest patients, 16 severe sepsis/septic shock patients, and 9 healthy control patients. Sublingual microcirculatory blood flow was significantly impaired in post-cardiac arrest patients at 6h (MFI 2.6 [IQR: 2-2.9]) and 24h (2.7 [IQR: 2.3-2.9]) compared to controls (3.0 [IQR: 2.9-3.0]; p<0.01 and 0.02, respectively). After adjustment for initial APACHE II score, post-cardiac arrest patients had significantly lower MFI at 6-h compared to sepsis patients (p<0.03). In the post-cardiac arrest group, patients with good neurologic outcome had better microcirculatory blood flow as compared to patients with poor neurologic outcome (2.9 [IQR: 2.4-3.0] vs. 2.6 [IQR: 1.9-2.8]; p<0.03). There was a trend toward higher median MFI at 24h in survivors vs. non-survivors (2.8 [IQR: 2.4-3.0] vs. 2.6 [IQR: 2.1-2.8] respectively; p<0.09). We found a negative correlation between MFI-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (r=-0.49, p=0.038). However, after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, this correlation was statistically non-significant.\n\nQuestion:\nIs sublingual microcirculation impaired in post-cardiac arrest patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the safety and long-term effect of recombinant human epithelial growth factor (rhEGF) on deep partial-thickness burn wounds. Thirty-seven burn patients were enrolled in this study and were observed by randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled protocol. An area of deep partial-thickness burn wounds from each patient was divided into control (C) and treatment (T) portions. The wound in C was treated with normal saline while that in T with rhEGF. The patients were followed-up for 1 and 4 years after wound healing. The healed wounds were evaluated by modified Vancouver scar scale in terms of scar index (SI). 1 year after wound healing, it was found that the SI in T group (7.19 +/- 1.67) was obviously lower than that in C group (8.92 +/- 1.78, P < 0.01). The SI in T group (6.12 +/- 1.54) was still evidently lower than that in C group (8.09 +/- 1.81, P < 0.01) four years after wound healing. There were no signs of development of tumor or cancer in all the tested burn wound areas.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Clinical observation of the long-term effects of rhEGF on deep partial-thickness burn wounds ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGastric cancer (GC) is highly influenced by aberrant methylation, and accumulation of aberrant methylation in gastric mucosae produces an epigenetic field for cancerization. Nevertheless, the individual driver genes involved in such field cancerization are still unclear. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that FAT4, a novel tumor suppressor identified by exome sequencing of GC, is methylation-silenced and that such methylation is involved in epigenetic field cancerization for GC. A transcription start site was determined by the 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends method. DNA methylation was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing with use of a next-generation sequencer or quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. A single transcription start site was identified for FAT4 in gastric epithelial cells, and a CpG island was located in the FAT4 promoter region. FAT4 was highly methylated in two of 13 GC cell lines and was not expressed in them. Removal of FAT4 methylation by a DNA demethylating agent (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) restored its expression in the two cell lines. In primary GC samples, FAT4 was methylated in 12 of 82 GCs (14.6 %). FAT4 methylation was associated with the presence of the CpG island methylator phenotype but not with prognosis, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, or histological types. In noncancerous gastric mucosae, high FAT4 methylation levels were associated with the presence of GC and Helicobacter pylori infection.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes epigenetic inactivation of FAT4 contribute to gastric field cancerization?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the position of the new Microcuff pediatric tracheal tube, based upon intubation depth markings. With Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed parental consent, we included patients from birth (> or = 3 kg) to 16 yr undergoing interventional cardiac catheterization requiring general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. The intubation depth mark of the tracheal tube was placed between the vocal cords by direct laryngoscopy. The distance between tube tip and tracheal carina was measured from routinely taken cardiac catheterization posterior-anterior x-ray computer images with the patient supine and the head in a neutral position. Evaluation was performed for 20 tubes size 3.0 mm internal diameter (ID) and for ten tubes of each size from 3.5 to 7.0 mm ID. 100 patients were studied (47 girls; 53 boys). Tracheal tube tip advancement into the trachea ranged from 40.6% to 68.6% (median 51.4%). The shortest distance from tube tip to the tracheal carina was 15.7 mm using a 3.0 mm ID tube. Using a standard formula for tube insertion in children aged > or = two years [12 cm + (age/2)], in one patient the tube tip would have been below the carina and in seven patients the tube cuffs would have been placed within the larynx.\n\nQuestion:\nDo intubation depth markings allow an improved positioning of endotracheal tubes in children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have previously found an association of platelet glycoprotein Ia polymorphism with increased risk for oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relation of another platelet glycoprotein, Iba (GPIbalpha), with oral oncogenesis. The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism of the GPIbalpha gene, which affects the protein's structure and function, was examined in 162 Greek and German patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 225 healthy controls of equivalent age, gender and ethnicity. The B allele frequency detected, representing higher platelet activation, in the patient group and in the subgroups of patients without family history either of cancer or thrombophilia were significantly elevated in comparison with that of the control group (p = 0.03, p = 0.016 and p = 0.036, respectively). The D allele frequency (lower platelet activation) was significantly lower in comparison with controls only in patients with family history of thrombophilia. The frequency of B/B homozygotes was significantly increased in the total group of patients and the subgroup of patients with a family history of thrombophilia, in comparison with the control group (p = 0.042 and p = 0.043, respectively), while the frequency of heterozygotes for the C/B alleles was significantly lower in the subgroups of patients with a family history of cancer and thrombophilia (p = 0.036 and p = 0.027, respectively) compared to the control group.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha VNTR polymorphism associated with risk for oral cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreased expression of haeme-oxygenase 1 (HO1) and other antioxidant enzymes could improve pancreatic beta-cell survival under stressful conditions, including hyperglycaemia. However, how hyperglycaemia increases islet HO1 expression is not known. Rat islets were pre-cultured for 1 week in RPMI medium containing 10 mmol x l(-1) glucose (G10), and further cultured overnight in G5-G30 plus various test substances. Islet HO1 mRNA and protein expression was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Islet HO1 mRNA expression was minimal after overnight culture in G10, slightly increased in G5, and increased by five- to ten-fold in G30 in parallel with a heterogeneous increase in beta-cell HO1 protein expression. The effect of G30 was fully inhibited by agents decreasing cytosolic Ca2+ (diazoxide, nimodipine), but was only slightly reproduced by agents raising Ca2+ (tolbutamide, 30 mmol x l(-1) potassium). It was also suppressed by the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, whereas dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP largely increased beta-cell HO1 expression. The induction of HO1 mRNA expression by G30 was independent from changes in medium insulin concentration, but was completely inhibited by a cocktail of antioxidants. In contrast to HO1, islet mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase and constitutive haeme-oxygenase 2 were not affected by G30, nor by dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP.\n\nQuestion:\nIs haeme-oxygenase 1 expression in rat pancreatic beta cells stimulated by supraphysiological glucose concentrations and by cyclic AMP?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo explore the role of the adaptor molecule in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). We used transgenic mice expressing an N-terminal truncated form of MORT1/FADD under the control of the albumin promoter. As previously shown, this transgenic protein abrogated CD95- and CD120a-mediated apoptosis in the liver. Cyclin A expression was detected using Western blotting. ELISA and RT-PCR were used to detect IL-6 and IL-6 mRNA, respectively. DNA synthesis in liver tissue was measured by BrdU staining. Resection of 70% of the liver was followed by a reduced early regenerative response in the transgenic group at 36 h. Accordingly, 36 h after hepatectomy, cyclin A expression was only detectable in wild-type animals. Consequently, the onset of liver mass restoration was retarded as measured by MRI volumetry and mortality was significantly higher in the transgenic group.\n\nQuestion:\nIs mORT1/FADD involved in liver regeneration?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo analyze immunohistochemically morules in endometrioid lesions to show that CD10 is a sensitive marker for morular metaplasia. Immunohistochemical analysis of 53 instances of morular metaplasia comprising 1 cyclic endometrium and 52 endometrioid lesions associated with focal glandular complexity corresponding to 9 polyps, 4 atypical polypoid adenomyomas, 24 complex endometrial hyperplasias (18 with and 6 without atypia), 12 grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinomas in early clinical stages of both uterus and ovary, and three ovarian adenofibromas. Immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections was done for CD10, beta-catenin, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and cytokeratins 5-6, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 20, and 34beta-E12. Morules were negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and had beta-catenin-positive nuclei. Cytokeratins 8, 18, 19 were positive; cytokeratins 7 and 20 were negative; and cytokeratins 5-6, 13, and 34beta-E12 were weakly positive. All cases revealed strongly positive membranous CD10 staining in morules, which was absent in glands. CD10 positivity allowed easy identification of morules at low power in various types of surgical specimens and in curettings. CD10 also highlighted early morular metaplasia in glandular epithelium. In cases associated with squamous, keratinizing metaplasia, CD10 discriminated between both types of metaplasia.\n\nQuestion:\nIs an immunohistochemical study of morules in endometrioid lesions of the female genital tract : CD10 a characteristic marker of morular metaplasia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo retrospectively assess the relationship between carotid intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), which indicates plaque instability, and brain white matter hyperintense lesions (WMHLs) by using a within-patient design. All patients gave written informed consent for the initial magnetic resonance (MR) studies, and the institutional review board and local research ethics committee waived initial informed consent for the pooled analysis. A total of 190 patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease underwent fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery imaging of the brain and fat-suppressed black-blood T1-weighted MR imaging of the carotid arteries. The volumes of periventricular lesions, subcortical lesions, and total WMHLs were calculated and compared between hemispheres in relation to symptoms and IPH, and their interaction was calculated and compared by using repeated measures three-factorial multivariate analysis. After exclusion of 12 patients, 178 patients (116 men, 62 women; mean age, 70.2 years +/- 8.6 [standard deviation]) remained. There was no significant difference in WMHL volume between the symptomatic and asymptomatic hemispheres, and WMHL volume was not related to the degree of carotid stenosis. The presence of carotid IPH significantly interacted with the interhemispheric WMHL difference (Wilks lambda test, F = 9.95; df = 3; P < .001). Univariate analysis showed larger total and periventricular WMHL volumes (P < .05) in patients with ipsilateral IPH.\n\nQuestion:\nAre brain white matter hyperintensities associated with carotid intraplaque hemorrhage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSurvivin (SVV) mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies change significantly during the course of treatment. We wanted to scrutinize these findings in patients with esophageal carcinoma and furthermore evaluate whether the detection of mRNA and the change in detecting ability have an association with overall survival. Whole blood was drawn 1 day pre- and 10 days post-operatively from 62 patients with esophageal carcinoma. Tumor cells were enriched from whole blood by density-gradient centrifugation prior to extraction of total cellular RNA and subsequent direct quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assays. SVV was detectable in 48 out of 62 patients (77%). Stepwise multivariate Cox linear regression models demonstrated a significant and independent association of measured SVV with overall survival (6.6 exp[b]; 95% CI: 1.97-22.12; p = 0.002). Increased SVV levels after the operation were linked to shorter overall survival (p = 0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nIs preoperative survivin mRNA detection in peripheral blood an independent predictor of outcome in esophageal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality, yet no reliable screening test exists. Placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation may reflect changes in the placental transcriptome in FGR and could be a novel biomarker for FGR. The aim of the study was to identify placental specific RNA detectable in the maternal circulation and examine whether they are differentially expressed in severe preterm FGR. In silico screening was used to identify placental specific RNAs. Their expression in cases of severe FGR vs controls was examined in both maternal blood and placenta by microarray, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. Via in silico analysis, we identified 137 genes very highly expressed in the placenta relative to other tissues. Using microarray, we found that they were detectable in the maternal blood and were globally dysregulated with preterm FGR; 75 genes (55%) had a ≥1.5-fold differential expression compared to controls. Eight genes (ERVWE-1, PSG1, PLAC4, TAC3, PLAC3, CRH, CSH1, and KISS1) were validated by RT-PCR to be significantly increased in both maternal blood and placenta in a larger cohort of severe FGR compared to controls. In situ hybridization confirmed PAPPA2 and ERVWE-1 localized to the syncytiotrophoblast.\n\nQuestion:\nAre placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation globally dysregulated in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations are associated with disease progression in some cancers. Also, TNF-alpha is known as an important mediator of cancer cachexia. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between serum TNF-alpha levels and disease and nutritional status in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Thirty-one male cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (mean age: 65 +/- 2 years), 26 male cirrhotic patients without hepatocellular carcinoma (mean age: 59 +/- 3 years), and 25 male control subjects (mean age: 67 +/- 2 years) were included. Body fat mass was examined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Serum TNF-alpha levels were measured by immunoassay. Hepatocellular carcinoma progression was staged by Okuda's classification. Serum TNF-alpha values in 31 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 26 patients with cirrhosis were significantly above those of controls (12.3 +/- 0.7 pg/mL vs. 11.3 +/- 1.2 pg/mL vs. 5.8 +/- 0.7 pg/mL; p < 0.01), but showed no differences between hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhotic patients. When hepatocellular carcinoma patients were grouped according to Okuda's classification, the serum TNF-alpha levels significantly increased with disease progression (p < 0.05). Only in patients at stage III (n = 5), but not at stages I (n = 13) and II (n = 13), was the serum TNF-alpha levels greater than those in cirrhotic patients (p < 0.05). The serum albumin values and body fat mass in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were both lower than in controls [(34 +/- 1 g/L vs. 42 +/- 1 g/L; p < 0.01); (15.9 +/- 1.2 kg vs. 18.9 +/- 0.8 kg; p < 0.05), respectively]. Further, both decreased significantly with disease progression by Okuda staging [(37 +/- 1 g/L vs. 32 +/- 2 g/L vs. 30 +/- 1 g/L; p < 0.01); (19.4 +/- 1.6 kg vs. 13.9 +/- 1.8 kg vs. 11.7 +/- 2.0 kg; p < 0.05); respectively]. Finally, a negative correlation was found between serum TNF-alpha and both fat mass (p = -0.40; p < 0.05) and serum albumin (p = -0.45; p < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nAre increased serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha associated with disease progression and malnutrition in hepatocellular carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe main aim of this pilot program was to raise secondary students' awareness of university studies and careers in the health sciences through a three-day program. Further aims of the program were to increase the participants' knowledge of health issues through group activities, and provide an opportunity to interact with university staff and health professionals. The participants were surveyed at the conclusion of the program using an online questionnaire (30 items) consisting of both open and closed questions. The program and evaluation were carried out at a regional campus of a metropolitan-based university during the mid-year vacation. Fourteen Year 10 students (11 female, 3 male; 5 from government schools, 9 from a non-government school) from a regional city completed the evaluation. Satisfaction with the program, increased awareness of pathways into university, and changes in attitude about university as a career option. The evaluation revealed that the participants had had a pleasant learning experience, which had led them to feel positive about university studies in general and as an option for themselves. They made useful suggestions for improvements.\n\nQuestion:\nDo evaluating the effectiveness of a university health sciences experience program for regional Year 10 students?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarly discharge of stable preterm infants still requiring gavage feeds has the potential benefits of uniting families sooner and reducing health care and family costs compared to discharge home when on full sucking feeds. Potential disadvantages include the increased burden for the family and the possibility of complications related to gavage feeding. To determine the effects of a policy of early discharge of stable preterm infants with home support of gavage feeding compared with a policy of discharge of such infants when they have reached full sucking feeds. The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used together with additional searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003), CINAHL (1982 to April week 1 2003), EMBASE (1980 to 2003 week 15) and MEDLINE (1966 to April week 1 2003). All randomised and quasi-randomised trials among infants born <37 weeks and requiring no intravenous nutrition at the point of discharge were included. Trials were required to compare early discharge home with gavage feeds and health care support with later discharge home when full sucking feeds were attained. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Data analysis was done in accordance with the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. Data from one quasi-randomised trial, with 88 infants from 75 families, were included in the review. Infants in the early discharge program with home gavage feeding had a mean hospital stay that was 9.3 days shorter [MD -9.3 (-18.49 to -0.11)] than infants in the control group. Infants in the early discharge program also had a lower risk of clinical infection during the home gavage period compared with the corresponding time in hospital for the control group [RR 0.35 (0.17 to 0.69)]. There were no significant differences between groups in duration and extent of breast feeding, weight gain, re-admission within the first 12 months post discharge from the home gavage program or from hospital, scores reflecting parental satisfaction, or health service use.\n\nQuestion:\nHave early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who established full oral feeds?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nModerate-intensity endurance training causes increased parasympathetic activity while very intensive (extreme) exercise loads may lead to persistently elevated sympathetic tone in champion class athletes preparing for competitions. Exercise training loads used by regional class sportsmen are usually somewhat less intensive. To assess the changes in autonomic nervous system activity in a group of regional class runners during a long-term training cycle preparing them for competitions. Twenty-four regional class runners (including 22 males) with a mean age of 24+/-4 years (18 to 34 years) were enrolled in the study. Resting heart rate (mean HR) and autonomic system tone were assessed in the final period of the preparatory training (1) and in the terminal phase of the competition period (2). Additionally, ten-minute long continuous non-invasive acquisitions of systolic arterial blood pressure--SAP (Finapress, Ohmeda) and heart rate period--HP (Mingograf 72oC) were carried out in each subject. Then arterial baroreflex sensitivity by means of spectral analysis (BRS_WBA) and indices of heart rate variability (SDNN, pNN50, RMSSD, TP, LF, LFnu, HF, LF/HF) were calculated from the recorded SAP and HP signals. A statistically significant increase in indices of heart rate variability such as BRS_WBA, SDNN, pNN50, TP and LF in period 2 when compared with period 1 was found. Their values were 17.2+/-8.2 vs 11.5+/-5.1 ms/mmHg (p=0.0001), 91+/-55 vs 70+/-36 ms (p=0.0002), 48+/-24 vs 38+/-23% (p=0.03), 4364+/-2614 vs 3384+/-2298 ms2 (p=0.01), 2262+/-2031 vs 1398+/-1203 ms2 (p=0.002), respectively. Borderline elevation of the RMSSD index (83+/-62 and 67+/-37 ms respectively for period 1 and period 2; p=0.09) was also noted. The other calculated parameters did not differ significantly.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes long-term exercise training improve autonomic nervous system profile in professional runners?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe development of atherosclerosis may be enhanced by iron accumulation in macrophages. Hepcidin-25 is a key regulator of iron homeostasis, which downregulates the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In haemodialysis (HD) patients, hepcidin-25 levels are increased. Therefore, it is conceivable that hepcidin-25 is associated with all-cause mortality and/or fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular (CV) events in this patient group. The aim of the current analysis was to study the relationship between hepcidin-25 and all-cause mortality and both fatal and non-fatal CV events in chronic HD patients. Data from 405 chronic HD patients included in the CONvective TRAnsport STudy (NCT00205556) were studied (62% men, age 63.7 ± 13.9 years [mean ± SD]). The median (range) follow-up was 3.0 (0.8-6.6) years. Hepcidin-25 was measured with mass spectrometry. The relationship between hepcidin-25 and all-cause mortality or fatal and non-fatal CV events was investigated with multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Median (interquartile range) hepcidin-25 level was 13.8 (6.6-22.5) nmol/L. During follow-up, 158 (39%) patients died from any cause and 131 (32%) had a CV event. Hepcidin-25 was associated with all-cause mortality in an unadjusted model [hazard ratio (HR) 1.14 per 10 nmol/L, 95% CI 1.03-1.26; P = 0.01], but not after adjustment for all confounders including high-sensitive C-reactive protein (HR 1.02 per 10 nmol/L, 95% CI 0.87-1.20; P = 0.80). At the same time, hepcidin-25 was significantly related to fatal and non-fatal CV events in a fully adjusted model (HR 1.24 per 10 nmol/L, 95% CI 1.05-1.46, P = 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs hepcidin-25 related to cardiovascular events in chronic haemodialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGL331 is a new homolog of VP-16, and has demonstrated more efficacious anti-cancer activity in both the in vitro and in vivo lymphoma systems. To extensively explore GL331's clinical value, we furthermore evaluate the cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity of GL331 in several human cell lines from cancers that are not normally treated with VP-16. By MTT and clonogenic survival assays, the cytotoxicities of GL331 and VP-16 were evaluated in a variety of cell lines including nasopharyngeal, hepatocellular, gastric, colon, cervical, and neuroblastoma cancer types. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the MDR-1 level in these cell lines. By Annexin V-staining flow cytometry and detection of DNA ladders, the apoptosis-inducing activities of GL331 and VP-16 were also evaluated. GL331 showed more efficacy than its congener VP-16 in killing cancer cells. The estimated ID50 of GL331 were 2.5 to 17-fold lowerthan those of VP-16. GL331 possessed more cell-killing activity even in MDR-1-overexpressing cell lines such as HCC36 and SW620. Its higher cytotoxicity could be attributed by the elevated ability to induce apoptotic cell death.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a novel podophyllotoxin-derived compound GL331 more potent than its congener VP-16 in killing refractory cancer cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS), early invasive management improves survival. However, since treatment strategies are urgent, not emergent, decisions to postpone invasive management due to weekend admission could affect outcome. Using the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcomes Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH), a population-based registry capturing all cardiac admissions in southern Alberta, we compared time to cardiac catheterization, modality of revascularization, and crude and risk-adjusted mortality for NSTEACS patients presenting on weekends vs. weekdays. From 1 April 2005 to 31 October 2010, 11,981 patients were admitted to care facilities in southern Alberta (32.1% on weekends and 67.9% on weekdays). Baseline characteristics were similar. Mean time to cardiac catheterization was 67.2 h in the weekend group, compared to 62.4 h in the weekday group (p=0.03), with 34.7% of weekend and 45.1% of weekday patients receiving catheterization within 24 h of admission (p<0.0001), and 49.1 and 59.9%, respectively, within 48 h (p=0.002). Mortality at 30 days was 2.2% in the weekend group compared to 2.0% in the weekday group (p=0.58). The crude hazard ratio (HR) for 30-day mortality in the weekend group was 1.08 (95% CI 0.83-1.40). After adjusting for baseline risk factors, the HR for mortality remained non-significant (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.82-1.38). Mortality at 1 year was also similar.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes weekend compared with weekday presentation affect outcomes of patients presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrompted by the discordance between a standardized salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) biosensor applied in clinical settings and a reference laboratory analyzer, we examined the impact of the saliva sampling method on the analytic performance of the biosensor. Direct mouth readings using the biosensor from 31 normal, healthy volunteers were compared to biosensor and conventional assay readings obtained from saliva samples collected concurrently by passive drool and processed in three different ways (unprocessed, thawed, and thawed and centrifuged). The direct readings from the mouth showed consistently lower sAA values (Ps < 0.01) compared to all other combinations of sample processing and quantification platforms (biosensor vs. conventional assay). Readings obtained from passive drool saliva were strongly correlated with one another, and Bland-Altman plots of agreement indicated a smaller discrepancy between conventional and biosensor readings obtained with passive drool when compared to the direct mouth readings.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes saliva sampling method affect performance of a salivary α-amylase biosensor?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) is diminished in depressed adult outpatients and especially impaired among depressed patients referred for ECT. We compare pretreatment HRQOL in ECT and non-ECT depressed patients from two large samples, and examined whether sustained remission in depressive symptoms after ECT is associated with normalization of HRQOL. HRQOL was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF36) before ECT and 6 months after ECT in an effectiveness (n=286) and an efficacy (n=243) clinical trial. ECT patients had very low baseline SF36 scores. With one exception, SF36 subscale scores in both trials were significantly lower than those of depressed outpatients. A minority of patients in both trials entered and sustained remission over the 24 week timeframe. Among sustained remitters, average SF36 scores were no different from normative scores of the general adult population, except that in the effectiveness study ECT patients reported less Bodily Pain (p<0.05) and better Mental Health (p<0.05), while in the efficacy study ECT patients reported more difficulty with Role-Emotional (p<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes poor health-related quality of life prior to ECT in depressed patients normalize with sustained remission after ECT?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn an effort to form and sustain community-academic partnerships (CAPs) to enhance clinical and translational research, an assessment of needs for selecting and implementing evidence-based programs (EBPs) was conducted among a group of community-based organizations (CBOs) throughout Puerto Rico. The survey was based on an instrument developed by the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network. It assessed specific service information, program selection/implementation processes, knowledge and perception of EBPs, funding venues, evaluation processes, and capacity and training needs. Recruitment consisted of contacting 100 nonprofit organizations in Puerto Rico that work or address specific health areas, namely, cancer, neurological disorders, HIV, and cardiovascular health. The survey revealed wide variability in understanding what constitutes an EBP. Training needs for building a productive translational research process also were identified. Prominent among these were securing funding for ongoing operations, utilizing data for decision making, developing collaborations, managing information, conducting community needs assessments, and program evaluation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes capacity need in community-based organizations for enhancing translational research in Puerto Rico?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiabetes mellitus is associated with an increased prevalence of GI symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying symptoms are poorly defined and controversial. We aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between GI symptoms and both diabetic complications and glycemic control. We performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study of 1101 subjects with diabetes mellitus recruited from outpatient clinics (n = 209) and the community (n = 892). Data on eight GI symptom groups, complications of diabetes (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy), and self-reported glycemic control were obtained from a validated questionnaire. Glycated hemoglobin was measured in 463 of the subjects, The association between diabetic complications, glycemic control, and GI symptoms was assessed using logistic regression analysis, adjusted for demographic and clinical factors. Of the 1101 subjects, 57% reported at least one complication. Diabetic complications were independently associated with both symptom complexity (number of symptom groups reported) (adjusted odds ratio = 1.92 per symptom group [95% CI = 1.51-2.45]) and seven of the eight GI symptom groups. For all symptom groups, the association was explained by self-reported symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Poor glycemic control measured by both self-report and Hb A1c was an independent risk factor for upper GI symptoms, whereas other potential risk indicators, including duration and type of diabetes, were not significant.\n\nQuestion:\nAre gI symptoms in diabetes mellitus associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransplantation quality improvement and reduction of cellular damage are important goals that are now considered by researchers. Melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland and some organs such as testes. According to beneficial effects of melatonin (such as its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties), researchers have proposed that the use of melatonin may improve transplantation quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin on the spermatogonial stem cells transplantation in the azoospermic mice. The testes of the BALB/c mice pups (6-day-old) after vitrified-thawed, were digested with enzymes (collagenase, DNaseΙ, trypsin-EDTA) to disperse the cells. The SSCs, type A, were isolated from the rest of testicular cells by MACS. Spermatogonial stem cells were labeled with PKH26 fluorescent kit. Labeled spermatogonial stem cells were transplanted into the testes of infertile mice (busulfan 40 mg/kg). The mice died two months after transplantation and the efficiency of spermatogenesis was investigated. TNP2 and hematoxyline-eosin staining were used to detect the efficiency of cell transplantation. TNP2 were detected in the samples that received melatonin and spermatogonial stem cells transplantation, simultaneously. TNP2 was not detectable in the transplant recipient mice that received placebo for 10 weeks (control group). According to hematoxyline-eosin staining, melatonin improved structure of testes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes melatonin improve spermatogonial stem cells transplantation efficiency in azoospermic mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study compared prospectively the quality of life (QoL), function and mood of patients about to undergo surgery for either an intracranial supratentorial tumour or a spinal degenerative condition. The QoL scores were also compared to that of cohorts with a range of extracranial cancers. The study took place in a Scottish NHS Neurosurgical Unit. Patients were assessed on the day prior to surgery for their QoL (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-QLQ C30), mood status (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score), Performance status (Karnosky Score, timed 10-m walk) and disability (Barthel Disability Index). All tests were performed by a single trained psychologist. Between 2007 and 2009, 101 patients with intracranial tumours, 75 age- and gender-matched patients with degenerative spinal disorders and 80 healthy adults were evaluated. There was no difference in the mood or disability scores between the two patient cohorts, but mood was significantly worse than a matched healthy cohort. The spinal cohort had significantly worse scores on the Karnovsky Scale, timed 10-m walk and for Global Health than those of the brain tumour cohort. They also had worse mean scores on all five functional scales, as well as six of the nine symptom/single-item scales, of the EORTC QLQ C30.\n\nQuestion:\nAre preoperative quality of life in patients with degenerative spinal disorders : many worse than patients with brain tumours and cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMitochondrion is considered as the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). H2S has been reported to be an antioxidant, but its mechanism remains largely elusive. P66Shc is an upstream activator of mitochondrial redox signaling. The aim of this study was to explore whether the antioxidant effect of H2S is mediated by p66Shc. Application of exogenous H2S with its donor, NaHS, or overexpression of its generating enzyme, cystathionine β-synthase, induced sulfhydration of p66Shc, but inhibited its phosphorylation caused by H2O2/D-galactose in SH-SY5Y cells or in the mice cortex. H2S also decreased mitochondrial ROS production and protected neuronal cells against stress-induced senescence. PKCβII and PP2A are the two key proteins to regulate p66Shc phosphorylation. Although H2S failed to affect the activities of these two proteins, it disrupted their association. Cysteine-59 resides in proximity to serine-36, the phosphorylation site of p66Shc. The C59S mutant attenuated the above-described biological function of H2S. We revealed a novel mechanism for the antioxidant effect of H2S and its role in oxidative stress-related diseases.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sulfhydration of p66Shc at cysteine59 mediate the antioxidant effect of hydrogen sulfide?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the in vitro effect of neurotrophin 4 (NT-4) on follicular assembly in human fetal ovaries. Human ovarian tissue from fetuses at 19-20 gestational weeks was placed in organ culture for two weeks with NT-4. Control groups were cultured with a neutralizing antibody against NT-4. Infertility unit at an university-affiliated tertiary medical center. Four patients who underwent pregnancy terminations at 19-20 gestational weeks. None. Histologic findings of follicular assembly. Follicular assembly was significantly increased in the specimens cultured with NT-4 than in the uncultured specimens, the samples cultured without NT-4, and samples cultured with the neutralizing antibody. In the second week of culture, additional follicular assembly was promoted in the presence of 100 ng/mL NT-4 but not with 10 ng/mL NT-4.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes neurotrophin 4 enhance in vitro follicular assembly in human fetal ovaries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate trends in hospitalization after injuries in the USA. National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1979 to 2000 were evaluated annually by age group, sex, injury severity score (ISS), length of stay, and discharge destination. National probability sample of hospitalized patients. None. Incidence, duration, outcome, and population based rates of hospital admission after injuries. The number of young males admitted to hospitals after injuries has decreased dramatically; older females are now the group most frequently admitted. Total days in the hospital have decreased in all age groups, but have declined less in the older population than in the younger population; furthermore, most patients aged 65 and over were formerly discharged home, but now most are discharged to long term care facilities. Overall hospitalization rates after injury have decreased in all age groups, but have declined less in the older population; furthermore, male and female hospitalization rates for serious injury (ISS at least 9, excluding isolated hip fracture) are decreasing in younger age groups while increasing in older age groups.\n\nQuestion:\nAre trends in hospitalization after injury : older women displacing young men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTherapy targeting CTLA-4 immune checkpoint provides increased survival in patients with advanced melanoma. However, immunotherapy is frequently associated with delayed and heterogeneous clinical responses and it is important to identify prognostic immunological correlates of clinical endpoints. 77 patients with stage III/IV melanoma were treated with ipilimumab alone every 3 weeks, during 9 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the baseline and before each dose for in depth immune monitoring. The median follow-up was 28 mo with a median survival of 7 mo. Survival and clinical benefit were significantly improved when absolute lymphocyte count at the baseline was above 1 × 10(9)/L. Notably, ipilimumab had a global effect on memory T cells, with an early increase of central and effector subsets in patients with disease control. By contrast, percentages of stem cell memory T cells (TSCM) gradually decreased despite stable absolute counts and sustained proliferation, suggesting a process of differentiation. Higher proportions of eomes(+) and Ki-67(+) T cells were observed, with enhanced skin homing potential and induction of cytotoxic markers.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ipilimumab reshape T cell memory subsets in melanoma patients with clinical response?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA recent study reported increased epithelial expression of CD44 variants in ulcerative colitis (UC) compared with Crohn's disease (CD). However, the use of CD44 expression for diagnostic purposes in inflammatory bowel disease has been controversial, and the meaning of the appearance of CD44 variants in epithelial colonic cells remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between CD44 isoform expression and crypt cell proliferation in paediatric colitis. The expression of CD44v3, CD44v6, and MIB1 (proliferation marker) was studied by immunohistochemistry on surgical colonic samples of UC (n = 13), CD (n = 10), colostomy resections with non-specific mucosal inflammation (NSMI) (n = 3), and normal controls (N = 5). The proliferation index (% of MIB1 positive cells) was assessed in both v6 positive and v6 negative crypts. Epithelial expression of CD44v3 and v6, negative in normal controls, was variable and focal in colitis. No preferential expression of CD44 variants was found in UC. The proliferation index was dramatically increased in v6 positive crypts compared with v6 negative crypts in UC, CD and NSMI.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cD44 variant expression in inflammatory colonic mucosa disease specific but associated with increased crypt cell proliferation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMany adult women have resident urinary bacteria (urinary microbiome/microbiota). In adult women affected by urinary urgency incontinence (UUI), the etiologic and/or therapeutic role of the urinary microbiome/microbiota remains unknown. We hypothesized that microbiome/microbiota characteristics would relate to clinically relevant treatment response to UUI medication per os. Adult women initiating medication treatment orally for UUI and a comparator group of unaffected women were recruited in a tertiary care health-care system. All participants provided baseline clinical data and urine samples. Women with UUI were given 5 mg solifenacin, with potential dose escalation to 10 mg for inadequate UUI symptom control at 4 weeks. Additional data and urine samples were collected from women with UUI at 4 and 12 weeks. The samples were assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and enhanced quantitative urine culturing. The primary outcome was treatment response as measured by the validated Patient Global Symptom Control (PGSC) questionnaire. Clinically relevant UUI symptom control was defined as a 4 or 5 score on the PGSC. Diversity and composition of the urinary microbiome/microbiota of women with and without UUI differed at baseline. Women with UUI had more bacteria and a more diverse microbiome/microbiota. The clinical response to solifenacin in UUI participants was related to baseline microbiome/microbiota, with responders more likely to have fewer bacteria and a less diverse community at baseline. Nonresponders had a more diverse community that often included bacteria not typically found in responders.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes incontinence medication response relate to the female urinary microbiota?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInfantile cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease of cystine, leads to Fanconi syndrome and end-stage renal failure. After renal transplantation, no recurrence of the disease occurs in the graft, but other organ involvement becomes evident later in life. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with cystinosis, but the mechanisms of impaired glucose tolerance have not yet been characterized. Here, we studied glucose tolerance, glucose constant decay (k-values), insulin and C-peptide by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in eight patients with infantile cystinosis (three with impaired GFR (CRF) and five after kidney transplantation (KTX)). For comparison, 15 age-matched children with CRF and 15 age-matched KTX patients were analysed. Both early and second insulin secretion phases were diminished in patients with infantile cystinosis, whereas in CRF, k-values were no different from control patients. After renal transplantation, k-values were significantly lower in cystinotic patients with a markedly reduced early insulin secretion phase. There was a significant negative correlation between k-values and age in patients with cystinosis. Repetitive IVGTTs in these patients demonstrated progressive but rather slow loss of first phase insulin secretion and C-peptide production, suggesting a slowly reducing secretion potential of the beta cell due to cystine storage.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes slowly deteriorating insulin secretion and C-peptide production characterize diabetes mellitus in infantile cystinosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a serious early complications in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) that signifcantly increases mortality rates compared to patients without AKI. The early diagnosis of AKI during its treatable phases and implementation of appropriate treatment protocols can improve outcomes for this group of patients. A promising biomarker for AKI is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). This study evaluated the diagnostic value of NGAL concentrations in serum and in urine for patients developing AKI as an early complication of AP compared to AP patients without AKI. The study group composed of 65 patients (34 men and 31 women) with a mean age of 62.2 ± 16 years with AP and hospitalized in the Surgery Department of the Direct Hospital in Sucha Beskidzka, Poland between January and December 2014. Serum NGAL (sNGAL) levels were measured with the BioVendor ELISA kit, and urine NGAL (uNGAL) with the Abbott ARCHITECT Analyzer. In the early phase of AP, 11 patients (17%) developed AKI, including 10 patients with stage 1 and one with stage 2. AKI was associated with more severe AP, higher BISAP scores, the need for more intensive treatment, longer hospital stays and higher mortality. Both serum and urine NGAL concentrations were signifcantly higher in patients with AKI throughout the study and signifcantly predicted AKI in simple and multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities. Serum and urine NGAL concentrations were signifcantly correlated with levels of serum urea, creatinine, urine albumin, and the maximum change in serum creatinine. Serum and urine NGAL levels also correlated positively with direct neutrophil counts and CRP concentrations throughout the study.\n\nQuestion:\nIs urine NGAL useful in the clinical evaluation of renal function in the early course of acute pancreatitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOur aim was to investigate whether the antioxidant quercetin might protect against liver injury in chronically biliary obstructed rats. Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced by 28 days of bile duct obstruction. Animals received quercetin at 75, 150 and 300 micromol x kg body wt(-1) x day(-1) i.p. through the experimental period or at 150 micromol x kg body wt(-1) x day(-1) i.p. for the last 2 weeks. Bile duct obstruction resulted in a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Liver oxidised/reduced (GSSG/GSH) glutathione ratio, hepatic and mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and collagen content were significantly increased and a marked fibrosis and bile ductular proliferation was observed. Quercetin corrected the reduction in glutathione concentration and partially prevented the increase in collagen concentration, TBARS and GSSG/GSH ratio. Treatment resulted in a significant preservation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, a less pronounced fibrosis and a marked inhibition of bile ductular proliferation. Maximal effects were reached with the intermediate quercetin dose given for 2 or 4 weeks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the flavonoid quercetin ameliorate liver damage in rats with biliary obstruction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the impact of personalized exercise prescription on habitual physical activity and glycemic control in sedentary, insulin treated type 2 diabetes patients during a 2-y intervention period. 74 patients were randomized to the intervention (n=38) or control (n=36) group. The intervention group was stimulated to increase daily physical activity through regular, structured, and personalized exercise prescription by a physical therapist over the 2-y intervention period. Physical activity levels at work or in leisure time were not modulated by the exercise prescription intervention. In accordance, no changes in body composition, glycemic control, medication use or risk factors for cardiovascular disease were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs prescription of physical activity sufficient to change sedentary behavior and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAberrant DNA content has been discussed as a potential prognostic feature in prostate cancer. We analyzed the clinical significance of DNA ploidy in combination with prognostic relevant deletions of PTEN and 6q15 in 3,845 prostate cancers. The DNA status was diploid in 67.8%, tetraploid in 25.6%, and aneuploid in 6.8% of tumors, and deletions of PTEN and 6q15 occurred in 17.8% and 20.3% of tumors. Abnormal DNA content and deletions were linked to high Gleason score, advanced tumor stage, and positive nodal stage (P < 0.0001 each). The risk of PSA recurrence increased from diploid to tetraploid and from tetraploid to aneuploid DNA status (P < 0.0001 each). However, 40% of patients with Gleason score ≥4+4 and 55% of patients with PSA recurrence had diploid cancers. This fraction decreased to 21% (Gleason ≥4+4) and 29% (PSA recurrence) if PTEN and/or 6q deletion data were added to ploidy data to identify cancers with an aberrant DNA status. The significance of combining both deletions and ploidy was further demonstrated in a combined recurrence analysis. Presence of deletions increased the risk of PSA recurrence in diploid (P < 0.0001), tetraploid (P < 0.0001), and aneuploid cancers (P = 0.0049), and the combination of ploidy data and deletions provided clinically relevant information beyond the CAPRA-S nomogram. Multivariate modeling including preoperatively and postoperatively available parameters identified the \"combined DNA status\" as a strong independent predictor of poor patient outcome.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the Combination of DNA Ploidy Status and PTEN/6q15 Deletions provide Strong and Independent Prognostic Information in Prostate Cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe proteases PAI-1 and uPA play a major role in extracellular matrix degradation, which facilitates tumour progression. Tumour budding is a histomorphological expression of enhanced tumour cell migration. To investigate their prognostic value for and correlation with colon cancer, a prospective study was performed. We analysed tissue levels of uPA and PAI-1 of 55 colon cancer tumours employing a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tumour budding was analysed on cytokeratin-stained slides. There was a strong correlation between uPA and tumour budding (R = 0.440; P < 0.001). uPA levels were increased in high grade tumours, whereas PAI-1 was elevated in cases with venous invasion (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028). PAI-1 values and tumour budding are associated significantly with the occurrence of distant metastases (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). Tumour budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed PAI-1 and lymph node metastases to be independently predictive of distant metastases (P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nAre tumour budding , uPA and PAI-1 associated with aggressive behaviour in colon cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nListening to Mozart K.448 has been demonstrated to improve spatial task scores, leading to what is known as the Mozart effect. Our previous work revealed the positive effects of Mozart K.448 in reducing epileptiform discharges in children with epilepsy. However, the mechanism remains unclear. parasympathetic activation has been shown to help seizure control in many studies. In this study, we investigated the effect of Mozart music on epileptiform discharges and autonomic activity. Sixty-four epileptic children with epileptiform discharges were included. They all received electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram examinations simultaneously before, during, and after listening to Mozart K.448 or K.545. The total number of epileptiform discharges during each session (before, during, and after music) were divided by the duration (in minutes) of the session and then compared. Heart rate variability including time and frequency domain analysis was used to represent the autonomic function. The results showed that epileptiform discharges were significantly reduced during and right after listening to Mozart music (33.3 ± 31.1% reduction, p<0.001, during Mozart K.448 and 38.6 ± 43.3% reduction, p<0.001, during Mozart K.545) (28.1 ± 43.2% reduction, p<0.001, after Mozart K.448 and 46.0 ± 40.5% reduction, p<0.001, after Mozart K.545). No significant difference was noticed between the two pieces of music. The reduction was greatest in patients with generalized seizures and discharges. Significant increases in high-frequency (HF), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), the standard deviation of differences between adjacent RR intervals (SDSD), and a decrease in mean beats per minute (bpm) were found during listening to Mozart music. Most of the patients with reduced epileptiform discharges also showed a decreased LF/HF ratio, low-frequency normalized units (LF nu), mean bpm, and an increased high-frequency normalized units (HF nu).\n\nQuestion:\nIs parasympathetic activation involved in reducing epileptiform discharges when listening to Mozart music?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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