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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) provides an optimal operating field in aortic arch surgery, but it is associated with neurological complications. Levosimendan is an inotropic agent with clinical indications for open-heart surgery. Through peripheral vasodilatation, cardiac contractility enhancement and anti-inflammatory function it has a potential to improve cerebral protection after HCA. Eighteen piglets were randomly assigned to a levosimendan group (n = 9) and a placebo group (n = 9) and underwent a 60-minute period of hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18°C. A levosimendan or placebo infusion (0.2 μg/kg/min) was commenced at the onset of anesthesia and continued for 24 hours. Animals were followed for one week and their neurological recovery was assessed daily. Finally the animals were electively sacrificed and their brain was harvested for histopathological examination. Levosimendan decreased intracranial pressure during the experiment. There were no differences between the groups in terms of hemodynamic or metabolic data, brain metabolism, neurological recovery or histopathology of the cerebral tissue. In the levosimendan group, cardiac enzymes were slightly more elevated.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes levosimendan decrease intracranial pressure after hypothermic circulatory arrest in a porcine model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDementia is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the neuropathological changes associated with the development of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) are only partially understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of PD but has not been studied in PDD. Molecular and biochemical approaches were used to study mitochondrial activity and quantity in postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue. Tissues from pathologically confirmed PD and PDD patients and from age-matched controls were used to analyze the activity of mitochondrial enzyme complex nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, or complex I (the first enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain), mitochondrial DNA levels, and the expression of mitochondrial proteins. Complex I activity was significantly decreased (27% reduction; analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test; P < 0.05) in PDD patients, and mitochondrial DNA levels were also significantly decreased (18% reduction; Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance with Dunn's multiple comparison test; P < 0.05) in PDD patients compared with controls, but neither was significantly reduced in PD patients. Overall, mitochondrial biogenesis was unaffected in PD or PDD, because the expression of mitochondrial proteins in patients was similar to that in controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs dementia in Parkinson 's disease associated with enhanced mitochondrial complex I deficiency?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInfectious complications of musculoskeletal trauma are an important factor contributing to patient morbidity. Biofilm-dispersive bone grafts augmented with D-amino acids (D-AAs) prevent biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo, but the effects of D-AAs on osteocompatibility and new bone formation have not been investigated. We asked: (1) Do D-AAs hinder osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vitro? (2) Does local delivery of D-AAs from low-viscosity bone grafts inhibit new bone formation in a large-animal model? Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus clinical isolates, mouse bone marrow stromal cells, and osteoclast precursor cells were treated with an equal mass (1:1:1) mixture of D-Pro:D-Met:D-Phe. The effects of the D-AA dose on biofilm inhibition (n = 4), biofilm dispersion (n = 4), and bone marrow stromal cell proliferation (n = 3) were quantitatively measured by crystal violet staining. Osteoblast differentiation was quantitatively assessed by alkaline phosphatase staining, von Kossa staining, and quantitative reverse transcription for the osteogenic factors a1Col1 and Ocn (n = 3). Osteoclast differentiation was quantitatively measured by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining (n = 3). Bone grafts augmented with 0 or 200 mmol/L D-AAs were injected in ovine femoral condyle defects in four sheep. New bone formation was evaluated by μCT and histology 4 months later. An a priori power analysis indicated that a sample size of four would detect a 7.5% difference of bone volume/total volume between groups assuming a mean and SD of 30% and 5%, respectively, with a power of 80% and an alpha level of 0.05 using a two-tailed t-test between the means of two independent samples. Bone marrow stromal cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and osteoclast differentiation were inhibited at D-AAs concentrations of 27 mmol/L or greater in a dose-responsive manner in vitro (p < 0.05). In methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S aureus clinical isolates, D-AAs inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations of 13.5 mmol/L or greater in vitro (p < 0.05). Local delivery of D-AAs from low-viscosity grafts did not inhibit new bone formation in a large-animal model pilot study (0 mmol/L D-AAs: bone volume/total volume = 26.9% ± 4.1%; 200 mmol/L D-AAs: bone volume/total volume = 28.3% ± 15.4%; mean difference with 95% CI = -1.4; p = 0.13).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes d-amino acid inhibit biofilm but not new bone formation in an ovine model?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElectrocardiographic gating is increasingly used for (82)Rb cardiac PET/CT, but reference ranges for global functional parameters are not well defined. We sought to establish reference values for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end systolic volume (ESV), and end diastolic volume (EDV) using 4 different commercial software packages. Additionally, we compared 2 different approaches for the definition of a healthy individual. Sixty-two subjects (mean age +/- SD, 49 +/- 9 y; 85% women; mean body mass index +/- SD, 34 +/- 10 kg/m(2)) who underwent (82)Rb-gated myocardial perfusion PET/CT were evaluated. All subjects had normal myocardial perfusion and no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) or cardiomyopathy. Subgroup 1 consisted of 34 individuals with low pretest probability of CAD (<10%), and subgroup 2 comprised 28 subjects who had no atherosclerosis on a coronary CT angiogram obtained concurrently during the PET/CT session. LVEF, ESV, and EDV were calculated at rest and during dipyridamole-induced stress, using CardIQ Physio (a dedicated PET software) and the 3 major SPECT software packages (Emory Cardiac Toolbox, Quantitative Gated SPECT, and 4DM-SPECT). Mean LVEF was significantly different among all 4 software packages. LVEF was most comparable between CardIQ Physio (62% +/- 6% and 54% +/- 7% at stress and rest, respectively) and 4DM-SPECT (64% +/- 7% and 56% +/- 8%, respectively), whereas Emory Cardiac Toolbox yielded higher values (71% +/- 6% and 65% +/- 6%, respectively, P < 0.001) and Quantitated Gated SPECT lower values (56% +/- 8% and 50% +/- 8%, respectively, P < 0.001). Subgroup 1 (low likelihood) demonstrated higher LVEF values than did subgroup 2 (normal CT angiography findings), using all software packages (P < 0.05). However, mean ESV and EDV at stress and rest were comparable between both subgroups (p = NS). Intra- and interobserver agreement were excellent for all methods.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes reference range for LVEF and LV volumes from electrocardiographically gated 82Rb cardiac PET/CT using commercially available software?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn mice, homeostatic erythropoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow. However, in response to acute anemia, bone morphogenetic proteins 4 (BMP-4)-dependent stress erythropoiesis occurs in the adult spleen. BMP-4 can also regulate stress erythropoiesis in the fetal liver. In humans, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. However, in certain pathological conditions, extramedullary erythropoiesis is observed, where it can occur in several organs, including the liver. Given these observations, we propose to investigate whether the BMP-4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway can regulate extramedullary erythropoiesis in the livers of splenectomized mice. Using splenectomized wild-type and flexed-tail (f) mice, which have a defect in BMP-4 signaling, we compared their recovery from phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia and characterized the expansion of stress burst-forming unit-erythroid in the livers of these mice during the recovery period. Our analysis indicates that in the absence of a spleen, stress erythropoiesis occurs in the murine liver. During the recovery, stress burst-forming unit-erythroid are expanded in the livers of splenectomized mice in response to BMP-4 expressed in the liver. f/f mice, which exhibit a defect in splenic stress erythropoiesis do not compensate for this defect by upregulating liver stress erythropoiesis. Furthermore, splenectomized f/f mice exhibit a defect in liver stress erythropoiesis, which demonstrates a role for the BMP-4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway in extramedullary erythropoiesis in the adult liver.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes extramedullary erythropoiesis in the adult liver require BMP-4/Smad5-dependent signaling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVEGF is the key factor in angiogenesis which is essential for the development and progression of solid tumours. VEGF acts via two high affinity receptors: KDR and FLT-1. FLT-1 exists both in membrane-fixed and soluble forms. The soluble form is perhaps the only known natural direct antagonist of VEGF and may have a role in anti-angiogenesis therapy. We developed an in-house ELISA and have assayed soluble FLT-1 in the sera of cancer patients. We assayed preoperative serum from 50 colorectal and 43 breast cancer patients, and paired serum and plasma from 20 healthy volunteers. Postoperative serum from 17 colorectal cancer patients was also assayed. No s FLT-1 was detected in the samples from the healthy volunteers. Soluble FLT-1 was detected in the serum of both colorectal and breast cancer patients. We did not find any correlation between s FLT-1 and stage of either cancers. There was no significant correlation between serum VEGF and s FLT-1. Serum FLT-1 was markedly decreased in the postoperative serum of patients with detectable preoperative levels and none of the receptor negative sera became positive postoperatively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs soluble FLT-1 detectable in the sera of colorectal and breast cancer patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThyroid nodules with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) readings of nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), also referred to as follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) are problematic for their optimal management. The usefulness of performing a core-needle biopsy (CNB) to clarify whether these nodules are benign or malignant has not been established. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether CNB provides better diagnostic information than repeat FNA (rFNA) in thyroid nodules having nondiagnostic or AUS/FLUS readings. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology was used for FNA readings and for CNB readings. The study included 225 thyroid nodules from 220 consecutive patients who previously had nondiagnostic (Group N-DIAG, n=64) or AUS/FLUS (Group AF, n=161) FNA readings. All patients simultaneously underwent rFNA and CNB of each nodule. The nondiagnostic and AUS/FLUS readings by rFNA and by CNB were compared. The diagnostic sensitivities of rFNA and CNB for malignancy in thyroid nodules were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using a McNemar's test. In N-DIAG Group, the nondiagnostic readings for the CNBs were lower than that those for rFNAs (1.6% vs. 28.1%, p<0.001). In the AF Group, the AUS/FLUS readings for the CNBs were lower than those for the rFNAs (23.6% vs. 39.8%, p<0.001). The inconclusive diagnoses (nondiagnostic or AUS/FLUS) for the CNBs were lower than those for the rFNAs in Group N-DIAG (12.5% vs. 45.3%, p<0.001) and Group AF (26.7% vs. 49.1%, p<0.001). The sensitivity of CNB for thyroid malignancy was higher than that of rFNA in Group N-DIAG (100% vs. 71.4%, p=0.125) and Group AF (78.5% vs. 55.4%, p<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs core-needle biopsy more useful than repeat fine-needle aspiration in thyroid nodules read as nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance by the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the expression of osteo/odontogenic differentiation markers and vascular network formation in a 3D cell sheet with varying cell ratios of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Human PDLSCs were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry, and co-cultured with HUVECs for the construction of cell sheets. Both types of cells were seeded on temperature-responsive culture dishes with PDLSCs alone, HUVECs alone and various ratios of the latter cells (1 : 1, 2 : 1, 5 : 1 and 1 : 5) to obtain confluent cell sheets. The expressions of osteo/odontogenic pathway markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), were analyzed at 3 and 7 d using RT-PCR. Further ALP protein quantification was performed at 7 and 14 d using ALP assay. The calcium nodule formation was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by alizarin red assay. Histological evaluations of three cell sheet constructs treated with different combinations (PDLSC-PDLSC-PDLSC/PDLSC-HUVEC-PDLSC/co-culture-co-culture-co-culture) were performed with hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence staining. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test (p < 0.05). Significantly higher ALP gene expression was observed at 3 d in 1 : 1 (PDLSC-HUVEC) (2.52 ± 0.67) and 5 : 1 (4.05 ± 1.07) co-culture groups compared with other groups (p < 0.05); this was consistent with ALP protein quantification. However, the expression of BSP and RUNX2 genes was higher at 7 d compared to 3 d. Significant calcium mineralization was detected as quantified by alizarin red assay at 14 d in 1 : 1 (1323.55 ± 6.54 μm) and 5 : 1 (994.67 ± 4.15 μm) co-cultures as compared with monoculture cell sheets (p < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin and CD31 immunostaining clearly exemplified the development of a layered cell sheet structure with endothelial cell islands within the constructed PDLSC-HUVEC-PDLSC and co-culture groups. Furthermore, HUVECs invaded the layered cell sheet, suggestive of rudimentary vascular network initiation.\n\nQuestion:\nDo human umbilical vein endothelial cells synergize osteo/odontogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in 3D cell sheets?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe retail food environment may be one important determinant of dietary intake. However, limited research focuses on individuals' food shopping behavior and activity within the retail food environment. This study's aims were to determine the association between six various dietary indicators and 1) food venue availability; 2) food venue choice and frequency; and 3) availability of healthy food within food venue. In Fall, 2011, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults (n=121) age 18 years and over in Lexington, Kentucky. Participants wore a global position system (GPS) data logger for 3-days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) to track their daily activity space, which was used to assess food activity space. They completed a survey to assess demographics, food shopping behaviors, and dietary outcomes. Food store audits were conducted using the Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey-Store Rudd (NEMS-S) in stores where respondents reported purchasing food (n=22). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations between six dietary variables with food venue availability within activity space; food venue choice; frequency of shopping; and availability of food within food venue. 1) Food venue availability within activity space - no significant associations. 2) Food Venue Choice - Shopping at farmers' markets or specialty grocery stores reported higher odds of consuming fruits and vegetables (OR 1.60 95% CI [1.21, 2.79]). Frequency of shopping - Shopping at a farmers' markets and specialty stores at least once a week reported higher odds of consumption of fruits and vegetables (OR 1.55 95% CI [1.08, 2.23]). Yet, shopping frequently at a super market had higher odds of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (OR 1.39 95% CI [1.03, 1.86]). 3) Availability of food within store - those who shop in supermarkets with high availability of healthy food has lower odds of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (OR 0.65 95% CI [0.14, 0.83]).\n\nQuestion:\nAre food venue choice , consumer food environment , but not food venue availability within daily travel patterns associated with dietary intake among adults , Lexington Kentucky 2011?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nData suggest that reduced bone mass may be associated with radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated if patients with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) at onset of RA had more radiological damage at onset and after 2 years than patients with normal BMD. BMD at lumbar spine and hip was measured in 204 patients with recent RA at presentation. At baseline and after 2 years, radiographs of hands and forefeet were evaluated according to the Larsen method. At the same time-points, Disease Activity Score (DAS 28) and functional disability (the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, HAQ) were assessed. The 134 women and 70 men had a mean age of 55 and 61 years, respectively. Reduced bone mass (RBM, Z score < or = 1.0 SD) in at least one site was found in 46.0% of women and 62.5% of men. T and Z scores correlated significantly with Larsen scores both at baseline and after 2 years for the total patient cohort. Calculated separately for the sexes, significant correlations were found only for women. Women but not men with reduced bone mass and osteoporosis had higher Larsen scores at baseline and after 2 years than those without. From a stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis Z score trochanter and baseline C-reactive protein were selected as independent predictors of joint damage, measured as proportion over the median Larsen scores. This model could explain about 25% of the \"variance\" in outcome (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.27).\n\nQuestion:\nIs reduced bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis associated with radiological joint damage at baseline and after 2 years in women?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo explore the antitumoral effect of indirubin on androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells and its possible mechanisms. We measured the inhibitory effect of indirubin on the proliferation of prostate cancer PC-3 cells using MTT assay, detected their cell cycles by flow cytometry, and determined the expressions of the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1 and its related downstream gene c-myc by Western blot. The viability of the PC-3 cells was significantly decreased by indirubin in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced to 52. 2% and 13. 6% at 5 and 10 µmol/L, respectively. The cell cycle of the PC-3 cells was markedly inhibited by indirubin at 5 µmol/L, with the cells remarkably increased in the G0 and G1 phases and decreased in the S and G2/M phases. Meanwhile, indirubin also inhibited the expressions of cyclin D1 and c-myc in the Wnt signaling pathway.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Indirubin inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer PC-3 cells ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEstramustine previously has been shown to interact with P-glycoprotein and to restore intracellular accumulation of vinblastine and paclitaxel in cells overexpressing this drug transporter. However, the ability of estramustine to potentiate the cytotoxicities of several drugs was less than that expected. To resolve this apparent discordance, the authors examined the effects of serum on the actions of estramustine. The cytotoxicities of anticancer drugs with or without estramustine or verapamil toward MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and a P-glycoprotein-overexpressing subline MCF-7/ADR were determined using the sulforhodamine-binding assay. The extent of intracellular accumulation of [3H]vinblastine and [3H]paclitaxel was determined for each using standard methods, and the binding of radiolabeled drugs to plasma proteins was characterized by equilibrium dialysis. Without serum, the sensitivities of MCF-7/ADR cells to several P-glycoprotein-transported drugs were increased by estramustine and verapamil. Conversely, when the cells were treated with a 10% serum, the cytotoxicities of these drugs were increased by verapamil, but not by estramustine. Without serum, intracellular accumulation of [3H]vinblastine and [3H]paclitaxel by MCF-7/ADR cells was increased markedly by verapamil and estramustine; however, serum suppressed the effects of estramustine much more strongly than those of verapamil. Equilibrium dialysis experiments demonstrated that [3H]estramustine binds to plasma proteins, predominantly albumin, whereas [3H]paclitaxel binds to albumin and alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein, and [3H]vinblastine binds predominantly to alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein.\n\nQuestion:\nIs modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by estramustine limited by binding to plasma proteins?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA high proportion of elderly people with cardiovascular diseases and risk factors have mild forms of cognitive impairment, the functional impact of which is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether subtle cognitive impairment contributes to limitations in instrumental activities of daily living in this group and whether this association is independent of physical comorbidity and other potentially confounding factors. Two hundred and nineteen nondemented patients were recruited from cardiovascular and diabetic hospital outpatient clinics. Functional dependence was assessed using the self-report version of the instrumental activities of daily living scale. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Demographic and clinical information was collected via interview and a review of hospital records. Standard logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with functional status. Five variables (sex, cardiovascular disease burden, non-cardiovascular disease burden, cognitive status, and age) were independently associated with an increased likelihood of requiring assistance with 1 or more everyday activities. The likelihood of needing assistance increased 2.05 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-2.79) for each additional cardiovascular diagnosis present and 1.12 times (95% CI, 1.01-1.27) for every point lower on MoCA. Thus, in comparison to a person with a perfect MoCA score, a person who scored in the cognitively impaired range (<23) was 7.7 (CI, 7.07-8.89) times more likely to report that he/she required assistance with an everyday activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cognitive impairment predict functional capacity in dementia-free patients with cardiovascular disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFieldwork has thoroughly established that most eggs are intensely predated. Among the few exceptions are the aerial egg clutches from the aquatic snail Pomacea canaliculata which have virtually no predators. Its defenses are advertised by the pigmented ovorubin perivitellin providing a conspicuous reddish coloration. The nature of the defense however, was not clear, except for a screening for defenses that identified a neurotoxic perivitellin with lethal effect on rodents. Ovorubin is a proteinase inhibitor (PI) whose role to protect against pathogens was taken for granted, according to the prevailing assumption. Through biochemical, biophysical and feeding experiments we studied the proteinase inhibitor function of ovorubin in egg defenses. Mass spectrometry sequencing indicated ovorubin belongs to the Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor family. It specifically binds trypsin as determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cross-linking studies but, in contrast to the classical assumption, it does not prevent bacterial growth. Ovorubin was found extremely resistant to in vitro gastrointestinal proteolysis. Moreover feeding studies showed that ovorubin ingestion diminishes growth rate in rats indicating that this highly stable PI is capable of surviving passage through the gastrointestinal tract in a biologically active form.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the role of the proteinase inhibitor ovorubin in apple snail eggs resemble plant embryo defense against predation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe evaluated associations between histological prostate inflammation, and the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms in men randomized to placebo in the REDUCE (Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events) study in a 4-year period. The association of acute and chronic inflammation detected on baseline biopsies and benign prostatic hyperplasia related parameters, including I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) and prostate volume, at multiple time points during 4 years in men randomized to placebo enrolled in the REDUCE prostate cancer prevention study was analyzed with the Student t-test. The association of inflammation with newly developed benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia progression in patients with existing benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms was analyzed with univariable and multivariable Cox models. Acute and chronic inflammation was seen in baseline negative biopsies of 641 (15.6%) and 3,216 (78.3%) of the 4,109 men in the study. Chronic but not acute inflammation was associated with slightly higher baseline I-PSS (0.6 difference, p = 0.001) and larger prostate volume (3.2 cc difference, p <0.001), a difference noted throughout the study interval. The presence of acute and chronic inflammation was not associated with the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms in men without those conditions at baseline or the progression of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms at baseline. However, an association was observed with more severe inflammation. Chronic inflammation at baseline was associated with an increased risk of acute urinary retention (HR 1.6-1.8, p = 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs chronic Prostate Inflammation Associated with Severity and Progression of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Risk of Acute Urinary Retention?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn uterine cervical cancer, certain oncogenic HPV types are considered as key etiologic factor. But the progression of HPV associated cervical precancerous lesions depends on many other factors such as oncogenes, immune system, anti-viral factors etc. This study is therefore focused on the effect of an important dietary anti-viral factor called All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) on the development of HPV associated cervical cancer as it is found higher in poor socioeconomic people. We analyzed a total population of 130 including control subjects who have no complaints of uterine cervical lesions and the HPV-6/11, 16/18 infected cases of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [SIL], high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSIL], and invasive cancers, for serum ATRA level. This study also focused to find out the association of serum ATRA level with the proliferation status in terms of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression as it is an anti-proliferation agent and with the grades of cervical lesions, using SPSS statistical package. The results showed a highly significant negative association for serum ATRA level with different stages of cervical lesions (F = 3.305; P = 0.000) by one-way ANOVA and with intensity of PCNA expression (r = -0.825; P < 0.01) by Pearson's correlation test. A highly significant association was observed for the PCNA expression with the grades of cervical lesions too (F = 37.89; P = 0.000). Further, we found from our data that all the invasive cancer cases were infected with HPV-16/18 and none with HPV-6/11. Hence, we analyzed the association of serum ATRA level with HPV-16/18 infected preinvasive cases in developing invasiveness, by Fisher's Exact Test, using Graph Pad Prism as shown in Table 1. The results show an odds ratio (OR) of 36.93 and a relative risk (RR) of 4.99 with an 95% interval being 2.896 to 8.603, which is significant at the level of P = 0.0001 for the reduced [<0.6 mug/ml] serum ATRA level in developing invasive cancer in HPV-16/18 infected preinvasive cases.\n\nQuestion:\nIs hPV-induced carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix associated with reduced serum ATRA level?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObesity is associated with high prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and long term increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality. There are no data regarding the effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on long-term CHD - risk. It is known that \"a man is as old as his arteries\" and this concept is illustrated by Framingham coronary risk score, which can predict vascular age. To assess the 10-year CHD risk in patients with obesity, preoperatively, and 6 and 12 months after LSG. 47 consecutive obese subjects (44.7% males, mean age 39.8 years) scheduled for LSG were prospectively studied before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. The 10 years CHD risk and corresponding vascular age were calculated using Framingham risk score. The body mass index (BMI) decreased from 44.6 ± 10.6 kg m2 preoperatively to 32.2 ± 6.9 kg m2 and to 29.4 ± 5.4 kg m2 at 6 and 12 months follow-up (both p 0.05). Mean excessive weight loss (EWL) was 67.3 ± 23.7% and 78.3 ± 23.4% at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. At 6 and 12 months after LSG, there was a marked improvment of lipid profile(decrease of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and increase of HDL-cholesterol) and a significant decrease in prevalence of diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension and smoking. The 10-year CHD risk reduced from 10.1% preoperatively to 3.5% and to 2.2% at 6 and 12 months after surgery (both p 0.05). Patients' mean vascular age was 65.6 years preoperatively and decreased to 45.8 years 6 month spostoperatively (p 0.05) and to 40.7 years one year after LSG (p 0.05 vs. 6 months postoperatively, p=NS vs.chronological age).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy reduce the predicted coronary heart disease risk and the vascular age in obese subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo report on the safety of radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in patients with a penile prosthesis presenting with clinically localized prostate cancer. From January 1990 to December 1997, 8 consecutive men with a penile prosthesis underwent RRP for clinically localized prostate cancer. Retrospective data regarding patient population, operating time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Mean patient age was 65.4 years (range 57 to 70) at the time of RRP, with a mean preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level of 11.5 ng/mL. Mean duration of RRP surgery was 183.9 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 1281.8 mL. No complication requiring penile prosthesis removal occurred. In 1 case, the reservoir tubing was punctured during closure of the abdominal fascia wall. This was immediately recognized and fixed. All patients had a functioning penile prosthesis after RRP.\n\nQuestion:\nIs treatment outcome after radical prostatectomy adversely affected by a pre-existing penile prosthesis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe incidence of cardiac device infection (CDI) more than 12 months following complex device implant (late infection) has not been extensively reported. Our objective was to compare both early (within 12 months) and late infection rates following complex device implantation. Patients who received either a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device with or without a defibrillator (CRT-D or CRT-P), or a defibrillator alone [implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)], between March 2005 and December 2011 were studied retrospectively. The study endpoint was device removal due to CDI. A total of 496 patients underwent complex device implantation. There were 1883 patient years of follow-up. Mean age was 73 ± 8 years. Seventy per cent were male. Overall, 24 infections (4.8%) were identified; 6 infections were within 12 months (1.2%) and 18 (3.7%) infections at least 12 months following implant (P < 0.025). The mean intervals between implant and infection were 6 months (±3.7) and 30 months (±14.4) in the early and late groups, respectively. Early infection rates (%) for ICD, CRT-P, and CRT-D devices were 1.5, 1.6, and 0.6, respectively. Corresponding late infection rates were 2.2, 2.1, and 6.4. The increased late infection rate was driven by increased CRT-D infection (P < 0.01; compared with early CRT-D infection).\n\nQuestion:\nAre increased late complex device infections determined by cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator infection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDespite heightened rates of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among in Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, the majority of distressed veterans will not receive mental health care. Overcoming barriers to mental health services requires innovative approaches to broaden the reach of evidence-based treatment. The current study examined the efficacy and acceptability of an innovative and dynamic online cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for PTSD and depression called Vets Prevail. A randomized clinical trial conducted between 2011 and 2013 assessed changes in PTSD and depression in veterans with mild-to-moderate distress. Veterans randomized to Vets Prevail (n = 209) were aged 34.2 ± 7.6 years, mostly male (81.3%), and nonminority (73.7%). Veterans randomized to adjustment as usual (n = 94) were aged 34.7 ± 8.9, mostly male (81.9%), and White (67.0%). Veterans completed the PTSD Checklist-Military Version and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (10-item version) postintervention and at 12-week follow-up. Veterans in the Vets Prevail condition reported significantly greater reductions in PTSD, t(250) = 3.24, p = .001 (Mreduction = 5.51, SD = 9.63), and depression, t(252) = 4.37, p = .001 (Mreduction = 2.31, SD = 5.34), at 12-week follow-up compared with veterans in the adjustment as usual condition (PTSD Mreduction = 1.00, SD = 7.32; depression Mreduction = 0.48, SD = 4.95), with moderate effect sizes for PTSD (Cohen's d = 0.42) and depression (Cohen's d = 0.56). Exploratory analysis shows that Vets Prevail may be effective regardless of combat trauma exposure, gender, and ethnic minority status.\n\nQuestion:\nDo vets prevail online intervention reduces PTSD and depression in veterans with mild-to-moderate symptoms?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSerotype-specific PCR assays targeting Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A, the causal agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, are required to accelerate formal diagnosis and to overcome the lack of typing sera and, in some situations, the need for culture. However, the sensitivity and specificity of such assays must be demonstrated on large collections of strains representative of the targeted serotypes and all other bacterial populations producing similar clinical symptoms. Using a new family of repeated DNA sequences, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), as a serotype-specific target, we developed a conventional multiplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A from cultured isolates. We also developed EvaGreen-based real-time singleplex PCR assays with the same two sets of primers. We achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity for each protocol after validation of the assays on 188 serotype Typhi and 74 serotype Paratyphi A strains from diverse genetic groups, geographic origins and time periods and on 70 strains of bacteria frequently encountered in bloodstream infections, including 29 other Salmonella serotypes and 42 strains from 38 other bacterial species.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cRISPR an optimal target for the design of specific PCR assays for salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFor the most part, the benefits of monounsaturated-rich diets (MUFA-diet) have been related to their action on plasma lipid levels. However other non-lipidic effects could also be involved in their protective effects. One of these involves the decrease in plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), the main inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Given that the PAI-1 is of endothelial origin, one hypothesis is that the MUFA-diet could protect against CHD by modulating some endothelial components. Healthy male subjects (n = 25) received three different consecutive diets, each lasting 28 days: a low fat NCEP-I-diet, with 28% calories as fat, 10% saturated fat (SAT), 12% monounsaturated (MUFA) and 6% polyunsaturated (PUFA); a MUFA-diet, with 38% calories as fat, 10% SAT, 22% MUFA and 6% PUFA; and a SAT rich-diet (SAT-diet), with 38% calories as fat, 20% SAT, 12% MUFA and 6% PUFA. After each dietary period, the plasma lipid profile was determined, including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total triglyceride, apo A1, apo B plasma levels and conjugated diene formation, after incubation of LDL particles with Cu 5 microM/l. Endothelial products measured in plasma were von Willebrand factor (vWF), E-selectin, Thrombomodulin and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) levels. We observed a decrease in vWF, PAI-1 and TFPI plasma levels and an increase in lag time of conjugated diene formation after the MUFA-diet. There was a positive correlation between the decreases in TFPI and vWF and the changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, apo B plasma levels. The decrease in TFPI was negatively correlated with the increase in lag time of conjugated diene formation. PAI-1 plasma levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides and negatively correlated with HDL-C.\n\nQuestion:\nAre circulating levels of endothelial function modulated by dietary monounsaturated fat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAs there are no standard criteria for monitoring suppression during treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP) with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa), we assessed the use of pelvic ultrasound examination for this purpose. In 31 girls with CPP, transabdominal pelvic ultrasound examination was performed before initiation of therapy with GnRHa, after approximately 3 and 6 months, at last treatment visit and after its discontinuation. Three months after treatment initiation, there was a significant decrease in most uterine and ovarian parameters, with at least three parameters decreased in each patient. Endometrial echo was found in 80% of girls before therapy, in 52% (13/25) after 3 months of therapy, in 24% (6/25) after 6 months and in none on the last treatment visit (P < 0·001). In the course of treatment (mean therapy duration 2·5 ± 0·9 years), uterine parameters showed no significant change; ovarian parameters initially showed a decrease and later a modest increase although they were still smaller than before therapy. Within 3-11 months after therapy discontinuation, endometrial echo was detected in 85%, with a significant increase in uterine and ovarian parameters.\n\nQuestion:\nIs pelvic ultrasound examination in girls with precocious puberty a useful adjunct in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue therapy monitoring?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCurrent literature lacks data on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. We therefore, conducted a cross-sectional study to examine modifiable clinical and lifestyle factors associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels as a marker of NAFLD in new T2DM patients. Alanine aminotransferase levels were measured in 1026 incident T2DM patients enrolled in the nationwide Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2) cohort. We examined prevalence of elevated ALT (>38 IU/L for women and >50 IU/L for men) and calculated prevalence ratios associated with clinical and lifestyle factors using Poisson regression. We examined the association with other biomarkers by linear regression. The median value of ALT was 24 IU/L (interquartile range: 18-32 IU/L) in women and 30 IU/L (interquartile range: 22-41 IU/L) in men. Elevated ALT was found in 16% of incident T2DM patients. The risk of elevated ALT was increased in patients who were <40 years old at diabetes debut [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-3.33], in those with alcohol overuse (>14/>21 drinks per week for women/men) (aPR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.50), and in those with no regular physical activity (aPR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.04-1.93). Obesity and metabolic syndrome per se showed no association with elevated ALT when adjusted for other markers, whereas we found positive associations of ALT with increased C-peptide (β = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.21) and fasting blood glucose (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03-0.11).\n\nQuestion:\nAre modifiable clinical and lifestyle factors associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients : results from the nationwide DD2 study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPerceived social isolation is prevalent among patients with low back pain (LBP) and could be a potential prognostic factor for clinical outcomes following an episode of LBP. A secondary analysis of an original prospective cohort study, which investigated the validity of the Danish version of the STarT Back Screening Tool (STarT), investigated whether social isolation predicts the clinical outcomes of disability, anxiety, depression and pain catastrophizing in people with LBP. Patients with LBP of any duration (N = 204) from Middelfart, Denmark, were included. Social isolation was measured at baseline using the friendship scale (score ranges from 0 to 24, with lower values meaning higher perceived social isolation), and outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Regression models investigated whether social isolation at baseline predicted the outcomes at 6-month follow-up. Some level of social isolation was reported by 39.2% of the participants (n = 80) with 5.9% (n = 12) being very socially isolated. One-point difference on social isolation predicted one point on a 100-point disability scale (adjusted unstandardized coefficient: -0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.56 to -0.26). Social isolation predicted anxiety; however, a change of one point on the social isolation scale represents a difference of only 0.08 points on a 22-point scale in anxiety (95% CI: 0.01-0.15) and is unlikely to denote clinical importance. Social isolation did not predict pain catastrophizing or depression.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes patients ' perceived level of social isolation affect the prognosis of low back pain?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe high rates of overweight status observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may reflect dietary intake, and so it is important to investigate diet quality and its relationship with the rates of overweight status and obesity among these patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 100 women with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria) were evaluated considering anthropometric and dietary data. The anthropometric evaluation included the measurement of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and waist-hip ratio. Food intake data were collected from two 24-h dietary recalls to assess dietary patterns using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R). The anthropometric analysis indicated a high prevalence of overweight status, obesity and increased visceral fat (30.0%, 60.0% and 90.0%, respectively). The mean BHEI-R score was 56.1 ± 12.0 points (range 34.5-77.5 points). Diet quality was negatively correlated with obesity, which was evaluated by BMI (r = -0.248; P = 0.013) and WC (r = -0.278; P = 0.005).\n\nQuestion:\nIs poor quality diet associated with overweight status and obesity in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the presence of aortic sclerosis, serologic markers of inflammation, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Aortic sclerosis is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mechanism by which such nonobstructive valve lesions impart excess cardiovascular risk has not been delineated. In 425 patients (mean age 68 +/- 15 years, 54% men) presenting to the emergency room with chest pain, we studied the relationship among aortic sclerosis, the presence and acuity of coronary artery disease, serologic markers of inflammation, and cardiovascular outcomes. Patients underwent echocardiography and serologic testing including C-reactive protein (CRP). Aortic valves were graded for the degree of sclerosis, and cardiovascular outcomes including cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) were analyzed over one year. Aortic sclerosis was identified in 203 patients (49%), whereas 212 (51%) had normal aortic valves. On univariate analysis at one year, patients with aortic sclerosis had a higher incidence of cardiovascular events (16.8% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.002) and worse event-free survival (normal valves = 93%, mild aortic sclerosis = 85%, and moderate to severe aortic sclerosis = 77%, p = 0.002). However, by multivariable analysis aortic sclerosis was not independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes; the only independent predictors of cardiac death or MI at one year were coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR] 3.23, p = 0.003), MI at index admission (HR 2.77, p = 0.008), ascending tertiles of CRP (HR 2.2, p = 0.001), congestive heart failure (HR 2.15, p = 0.02) and age (HR 1.03, p = 0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nIs adverse outcome in aortic sclerosis associated with coronary artery disease and inflammation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn order to slow the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF), a multimodal approach should be applied if the efficacy is proved. Although compelling evidence of a beneficial effect exists for the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and low-protein diets, there is little evidence on whether carbon adsorbent has an effect on retardation of the progression of CRF. In experiment 1, we examined whether the oral carbon adsorbent, AST-120, conferred an additive effect with captopril and an 80% restriction diet on the survival rate of 3/4 nephrectomized rats (3/4 NX). The 3/4 NX rats were divided into three groups (C, control, n = 7; AD, captopril (an ACEI) +80% restriction diet (RD), n = 8; and ADK, ACEI + RD + AST-120, n = 8) and survival was observed for 72 weeks. In experiment 2, 3/4 NX rats were divided into four groups (C, control, n = 4; D, 80% restriction diet, n = 4; AD, temocapril + RD, n = 9; and ADK, temocapril + RD + AST-120, n = 9) for the examination of renal function, blood pressure, hematocrit (Ht), serum albumin, and proteinuria every month. We analyzed morphological changes in the kidney at 48 weeks. In experiment 1, ADK did not improve the survival rate compared with AD, although ADK prolonged the survival significantly compared with C (C vs AD, P = 0.24; C vs ADK, P = 0.0007; AD vs ADK, P = 0.073). In experiment 2, renal function and proteinuria were significantly ameliorated in the ADK group compared with AD at 48 weeks. Concomitantly with the preservation of renal function, pathological indices, including the glomerular sclerosis index and the interstitial fibrosis index, were significantly improved in ADK compared with AD. In the ADK group, Ht and serum albumin did not change over the 48 weeks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes carbonic adsorbent AST-120 retard progression of renal failure by additive effect with ACEI and protein restriction diet?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo compare the differences of immunological characteristics between newborn and adults, we performed high-throughput sequencing to reveal the diversity of umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood at both T-cell receptor beta chain (TRB) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) levels. High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the expression of TRB-CDR3 and IGH-CDR3 in circulating T and B cells isolated from 20 healthy adults, 56 pregnant women, and 40 newborns. Our results revealed different immunological characteristics between newborn and adults, such as distinctive complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) lengths, usage bias of variable and joining segments, random nucleotide addition, a large number of unique CDR3 peptides, and a greater repertoire diversity. Moreover, each newborn had a distinctive TRB-/IGH-CDR3 repertoire that was independent of the maternal immune status.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes high-Throughput Sequencing reveal Immunological Characteristics of the TRB-/IgH-CDR3 Region of Umbilical Cord Blood?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the 24-hour urine protein-to-creatinine (U pr:cr) ratio compared to 24-h urine total protein excretion as a measure of proteinuria in patients with lupus nephritis. Proteinuria in 8 patients with lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide was monitored by total protein excretion and U pr:cr ratio in 24-h urine collections. A median of 16 measurements per patient were collected over a median of 47 months. Adequacy of the 24-h collection was assessed by comparing total urine creatinine to the predicted creatinine. Collections in which the difference between the predicted 24-h urine creatinine and the measured 24-h urine creatinine was greater than or equal to 20% were defined as inadequate collections. Timed 24-h urine collections were frequently inadequate (30.2% of total collections were under-collections, while 14.3% were over-collections). We found 87.5% of patients had at least one under-collection whereas 75% had at least one over-collection. Correlations between total protein and U pr:cr ratio for individual patients ranged from 0.87 to 0.99 (mean 0.95). For the entire sample, the correlation (R2 = 0.89) of total urine protein to Upr:cr ratio was excellent. Excluding the 38 under-collections led to improvement in the overall correlation (0.94). Excluding the 18 over-collections led to a correlation of 0.89. Excluding both under-collections and over-collections led to a correlation of 0.94.\n\nQuestion:\nIs urine protein-to-creatinine ratio a reliable measure of proteinuria in lupus nephritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study examined the perception of fundamental frequency (f0) patterns by Cantonese children with and without specific language impairment (SLI). Participants were 14 five-year-old children with SLI, and 14 age-matched (AM) and 13 four-year-old vocabulary-matched (VM) controls. The children identified a word from familiar word pairs that illustrated the 8 minimally contrastive pairs of the 6 lexical tones. They discriminated the f0 patterns within contrastive tonal pairs in speech and nonspeech stimuli. In tone identification, the SLI group performed worse than the AM group but not the VM group. In tone discrimination, the SLI group did worse than the AM group on 2 contrasts and showed a nonsignificant trend of poorer performance on all contrasts combined. The VM group generally did worse than the AM group. There were no group differences in discrimination performance between speech and nonspeech stimuli. No correlation was found between identification and discrimination performance. Only the normal controls showed a moderate correlation between vocabulary scores and performance in the 2 perception tasks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the perception of lexical tone contrast in Cantonese children with and without specific language impairment ( SLI )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDespite the growth in other home health care services, the number of house calls by physicians has declined dramatically during this century. We determined the frequency of house calls made by physicians to elderly U.S. patients in 1993 and analyzed the characteristics of the physicians and patients involved. We analyzed a 5 percent random sample of the 1993 Medicare Part B claims data for beneficiaries over the age of 65 who were not enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMOs). With supplemental information from the Area Resource File and the American Medical Association's Physician Masterfile, we determined how many house calls were made, their cost, and a number of specific characteristics of the physicians and the patients. In our 1993 sample, 36,350 house calls were made to 11,917 of the 1,357,262 patients. When extrapolated to all Medicare beneficiaries over age 65 and not enrolled in HMOs, these figures correspond to 727,000 house calls to 238,340 patients nationwide. We estimated the cost of these house calls to be $63 million. The patients who received house calls from physicians were older than those who did not, were more likely to die within the calendar year, had higher rates of hospitalization, and were more likely to receive care from other home health providers, hospice programs, and skilled-nursing facilities. Patients residing in rural areas and those in areas with high physician-to-population ratios had an increased likelihood of receiving a house call. The physicians who made house calls were more likely than others to be generalists, osteopaths, older, male, board-certified, practicing in the Northeast, and in solo practice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes house call to the elderly -- a vanishing practice among physicians?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe implemented a peer review program that required presentation of all nonpalliative cases to a weekly peer review conference. The purpose of this review is to document compliance and determine how this program impacted care. A total of 2988 patients were eligible for peer review. Patient data were presented to a group of physicians, physicists, and dosimetrists, and the radiation therapy plan was reviewed. Details of changes made were documented within a quality assurance note dictated after discussion. Changes recommended by the peer review process were categorized as changes to radiation dose, target, or major changes. Breast cancer accounted for 47.9% of all cases, followed in frequency by head-and-neck (14.8%), gastrointestinal (9.9%), genitourinary (9.3%), and thoracic (6.7%) malignancies. Of the 2988 eligible patients, 158 (5.3%) were not presented for peer review. The number of missed presentations decreased over time; 2007, 8.2%; 2008, 5.7%; 2009, 3.8%; and 2010, 2.7% (P < .001). The reason for a missed presentation was unknown but varied by disease site and physician. Of the 2830 cases presented for peer review, a change was recommended in 346 cases (12.2%) and categorized as a dose change in 28.3%, a target change in 69.1%, and a major treatment change in 2.6%. When examined by year of treatment the number of changes recommended decreased over time: 2007, 16.5%; 2008, 11.5%; 2009, 12.5%; and 2010, 7.8% (P < .001). The number of changes recommended varied by disease site and physician. The head-and-neck, gynecologic, and gastrointestinal malignancies accounted for the majority of changes made.\n\nQuestion:\nDo prospective peer review quality assurance for outpatient radiation therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive dysfunction have poorer metabolic control of glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than those without cognitive dysfunction. Prospective cohort study. A minority cohort in New York City previously recruited for a trial of telemedicine. Persons aged 73.0 ± 3.0 (N = 613; 69.5% female; 82.5% Hispanic, 15.5% non-Hispanic black). Participants were classified with executive or memory dysfunction based on standardized score cutoffs (<16th percentile) for the Color Trails Test and Selective Reminding Test. Linear mixed models were used to compare repeated measures of the metabolic measures and evaluate the rates of change in individuals with and without dysfunction. Of the 613 participants, 331 (54%) had executive dysfunction, 202 (33%) had memory dysfunction, and 96 (16%) had both. Over a median of 2 years, participants with executive or memory dysfunction did not exhibit significantly poorer metabolic control than those without executive function or memory type cognitive dysfunction.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mild cognitive dysfunction affect diabetes mellitus control in minority elderly adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAltered levels of naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs) against disease-associated neuronal proteins have been reported for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent histopathologic studies suggest a contribution of both Lewy body- and AD-related pathology to Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Therefore, we explored nAbs against alpha-synuclein (αS), tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) in PDD compared to cognitively normal PD patients. We established three different ELISAs to quantify the nAbs-tau, nAbs-αS, and nAbs-Aβ levels and avidity towards their specific antigen in serum samples of 18 non-demented (PDND) and 18 demented PD patients (PDD), which were taken from an ongoing multi-center cohort study (DEMPARK/LANDSCAPE). PDD patients had significantly decreased nAbs-tau serum levels compared to PDND patients (p = 0.007), whereas the serum titers of nAbs-αS and nAbs-Aβ were unchanged. For all three nAbs, no significant differences in avidity were found between PDD and PDND cohorts. However, within both patient groups, nAbs-tau showed lowest avidity to their antigen, followed by nAbs-αS, and nAbs-Aβ. Though, due to a high interassay coefficient of variability and the exclusion of many samples below the limit of detection, conclusions for nAbs-Aβ are only conditionally possible.\n\nQuestion:\nDo naturally Occurring Autoantibodies against Tau Protein Are Reduced in Parkinson 's Disease Dementia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in a variety of cancers like, breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck etc. However, the regulation of miR-21 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not yet been studied systematically. We measured miR-21 levels in 54 pairs of kidney cancers and their normal matched tissues by real-time PCR. The expression level of miR-21 was correlated with 5 year survival and the pathological stage. Functional studies were done after inhibiting miR-21 in RCC cell lines. We studied in vitro and in vivo effects of the chemo preventive agent genistein on miR-21 expression. In 48 cases (90%), miR-21 was increased. All patients with low miR-21 expression survived 5 years, while with high miR-21 expression, only 50% survived. Higher expression of miR-21 is associated with an increase in the stage of renal cancer. Functional studies after inhibiting miRNA-21 in RCC cell lines show cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and reduced invasive and migratory capabilities. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of p21 and p38 MAP kinase genes and a reduction in cyclin E2. Genistein inhibited the expression of miR-21 in A-498 cells and in the tumors formed after injecting genistein treated A-498 cells in nude mice besides inhibiting tumor formation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes up-regulation of microRNA-21 correlate with lower kidney cancer survival?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWomen with a harmful mutation in the BReast CAncer (BRCA) gene are at significantly increased risk of developing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) during their lifetime, compared to those without. Such patients-with a genetic predisposition to develop cancer but who have not yet been diagnosed with cancer-live in a constant state of uncertainty and wonder not if they might get cancer but when. Framed by uncertainty management theory, the purpose of this study was to explore BRCA-positive patients' health experiences after testing positive for the BRCA genetic mutation, specifically identifying their sources of uncertainty. Thirty-four, qualitative interviews were conducted with female patients. Participants responded to online research postings on the non-profit organization Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered's (FORCE) message board and social media pages as well as HBOC-specific Facebook groups. The interview data were coded using the constant comparison method. Two major themes representing BRCA-positive patients' sources of uncertainty regarding their genetic predisposition and health experiences emerged from the data. Medical uncertainty included the following three subthemes: the unknown future, medical appointments, and personal cancer scares. Familial uncertainty encompassed the subthemes traumatic family cancer memories and motherhood.\n\nQuestion:\n's `` It if I get cancer , it 's when I get cancer '' : BRCA-positive patients ' ( un ) certain health experiences regarding hereditary breast and ovarian cancer risk?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRiboflavin is a cofactor for the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme involved in the homocysteine pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal riboflavin intake and two MTHFR polymorphisms (677C>T; Ala222Val and 1298A>C; Glu429Ala substitutions) on the biomarkers of the homocysteine pathway, and investigate the risk of having offspring with an orofacial cleft (OFC). In a case-control study design, dietary riboflavin intake and the MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C polymorphisms were evaluated in 123 OFC and 108 control mothers by using food frequency questionnaires and blood samples. Homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in blood were analyzed in 70 cases and 68 controls. Linear and logistic regression analyses were applied. At 14 months postpartum riboflavin intake and MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C genotypes were not significantly different between cases and controls. The 677TT genotype showed lower folate concentrations compared to C-allele carriers with a mean difference of 2.8 nmol/l in serum and 174 nmol/l in red blood cell (both P's=0.01). Every mg per day increase of dietary riboflavin intake was positively associated with increase in vitamin B12 concentration by 52.1% (P<0.01). This effect was most pronounced in MTHFR 677TT homozygotes (205.1%, P=0.03). The riboflavin-adjusted MTHFR 677TT and 1298CC genotypes showed a trend toward an increasing risk for OFC, adjusted odds ratio 1.7 (confidence interval (95% CI), 0.7-4.5) and 1.6 (95% CI, 0.7-4.2), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the maternal homocysteine pathway influenced by riboflavin intake and MTHFR polymorphisms without affecting the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpidemics and pandemics of cholera, a diarrheal disease, are attributed to Vibrio cholera serogroups O1 and O139. In recent years, specific lytic phages of V. cholera have been proposed to be important factors in the cyclic occurrence of cholera in endemic areas. However, the role and potential participation of lytic phages during long interepidemic periods of cholera in non-endemic regions have not yet been described. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize specific lytic phages of V. cholera O1 strains. Sixteen phages were isolated from wastewater samples collected at the Endhó Dam in Hidalgo State, Mexico, concentrated with PEG/NaCl, and purified by density gradient. The lytic activity of the purified phages was tested using different V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. Phage morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and phage genome sequencing was performed using the Genome Analyzer IIx System. Genome assembly and bioinformatics analysis were performed using a set of high-throughput programs. Phage structural proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Sixteen phages with lytic and lysogenic activity were isolated; only phage ØVC8 showed specific lytic activity against V. cholerae O1 strains. TEM images of ØVC8 revealed a phage with a short tail and an isometric head. The ØVC8 genome comprises linear double-stranded DNA of 39,422 bp with 50.8 % G + C. Of the 48 annotated ORFs, 16 exhibit homology with sequences of known function and several conserved domains. Bioinformatics analysis showed multiple conserved domains, including an Ig domain, suggesting that ØVC8 might adhere to different mucus substrates such as the human intestinal epithelium. The results suggest that ØVC8 genome utilize the \"single-stranded cohesive ends\" packaging strategy of the lambda-like group. The two structural proteins sequenced and analyzed are proteins of known function.\n\nQuestion:\nDo genetic characterization of ØVC8 lytic phage for Vibrio cholerae O1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCelastrol, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenesis research. However, the poor water solubility of celastrol restricts its further application. This paper aims to study the effect of celastrol nanoparticles (CNPs) on corneal neovascularization (CNV) and determine the possible mechanism. To improve the hydrophilicity of celastrol, celastrol-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanopolymeric micelles were developed. The characterization of CNPs was measured by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Celastrol loading content and release were assessed by ultraviolet-visible analysis and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and capillary-like tube formation were assayed. In vivo, suture-induced CNV was chosen to evaluate the effect of CNPs on CNV in rats. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 assessed the macrophage infiltration of the cornea on day 6 after surgery. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels, respectively, of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the cornea. The mean diameter of CNPs with spherical shape was 48 nm. The celastrol loading content was 7.36%. The release behavior of CNPs in buffered solution (pH 7.4) showed a typical two-phase release profile. CNPs inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose-independent manner and suppressed the capillary structure formation. After treatment with CNPs, the length and area of CNV reduced from 1.16 ± 0.18 mm to 0.49 ± 0.12 mm and from 7.71 ± 0.94 mm(2) to 2.29 ± 0.61 mm(2), respectively. Macrophage infiltration decreased significantly in the CNP-treated corneas. CNPs reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the cornea on day 6 after suturing.\n\nQuestion:\nDo celastrol nanoparticles inhibit corneal neovascularization induced by suturing in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFatty liver disease (FLD) including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a rapidly emerging and widely recognized liver disease today, is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Helicobacter pylori, one of the most common pathogens worldwide, has been reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome, but whether there is a direct association with FLD is as of yet unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the association of FLD and NAFLD with causative background factors including Helicobacter pylori infection. This was a cross-sectional study of Japanese adults who received medical checkups at a single medical center in 2010.Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed to evaluate background factors for ultrasonography diagnosed FLD. Subjects free from alcohol influence were similarly analyzed for NAFLD. Of a total of 13,737 subjects, FLD was detected in 1,456 of 6,318 females (23.0 %) and 3,498 of 7,419 males (47.1%). Multivariable analyses revealed that body mass index (standardized coefficients of females and males (β-F/M) =143.5/102.5), serum ALT (β-F/M = 25.8/75.7), age (β-F/M = 34.3/17.2), and platelet count (β-F/M = 17.8/15.2) were positively associated with FLD in both genders. Of the 5,289 subjects free from alcohol influence, NAFLD was detected in 881 of 3,473 females (25.4%) and 921 of 1,816 males (50.7%). Body mass index (β-F/M = 113.3/55.3), serum ALT (β-F/M = 21.6/53.8), and platelet count (β-F/M = 13.8/11.8) were positively associated with NAFLD in both genders. Metabolic syndrome was positively associated with FLD and NAFLD only in males. In contrast, Helicobacter pylori infection status was neither associated with FLD nor NAFLD regardless of gender.\n\nQuestion:\nIs helicobacter pylori infection associated with fatty liver disease including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease : a large-scale cross-sectional study in Japan?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nErythropoietin (EPO) therapy is widely used for the prevention and treatment of anemia resulting from cancer chemotherapy. Native EPO regulates erythropoiesis, at least in part, by protecting erythroid progenitor cells from apoptotic cell death. The recent discovery of the EPO receptor (EPOR) on cancer cells raises the concern that EPO therapy might stimulate tumor growth and/or protect cancer cells from drug-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the capacity of EPO to interfere with the effects of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on proliferation, apoptosis, and the induction of senescence was investigated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells, which express the EPOR as well as in F-MEL erythroleukemia cells. Breast cancer cells and F-MEL leukemic cells were cultured in the presence or absence of EPO and then exposed to antitumor drugs. Cell proliferation was assessed by a standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay 72 hours after drug exposure. Cytotoxicity was monitored by clonogenic survival. Apoptosis was evaluated either by the terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay or fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and senescence was monitored by beta-galactosidase staining. EPO signaling was assessed by monitoring the phosphorylation/activation of specific signaling proteins. EPO failed to stimulate the proliferation of MCF-7 or MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells or F-MEL leukemic cells. EPO treatment also failed to interfere with the antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic effects of Adriamycin, Taxol, and tamoxifen in breast tumor cells (or of cytarabine and daunorubicin in F-MEL cells). EPO failed to prevent apoptosis induced by Taxol or senescence induced by Adriamycin in MCF-7 cells. EPO stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase in MCF-7 cells but did not activate Akt or signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5). EPO failed to activate any of these signaling pathways in MDA-MB231 cells. Cytarabine and daunorubicin interfered with EPO signaling in F-MEL cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes erythropoietin fail to interfere with the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of antitumor drugs?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of the study was to examine whether comorbidity is an independent prognostic factor for 3129 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer from 2005 to 2011. As Performance status (PS) might capture the impact of comorbidity we addressed whether comorbidity can be explained by PS or whether comorbidity has an independent impact on survival. The Danish Gynecological Cancer Database (DGCD) is a national clinical database including information on comorbidity and a large number of tumor-related and patient-related factors. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to measure the patients' comorbidity based on the registration in DGCD. The overall mortality (OS) from the date of surgery to death or censoring was the outcome measure. The hazard ratio (HR) for patients with comorbidity was 3.31 (1.14-1.50) compared to patients without comorbidity after adjustment for age, stage, residual tumor, histology and grade. After including PS in the model, comorbidity remained significant for OS. Age, stage, residual tumor, histology and PS prove to be independent prognostic factors as well. No association is found between comorbidity and receiving surgery or not.\n\nQuestion:\nIs comorbidity an independent prognostic factor for the survival of ovarian cancer : a Danish register-based cohort study from a clinical database?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProstacyclin is a potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet adhesion and cell growth. We investigated whether in vivo gene transfer of human prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) ameliorates monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. The cDNA encoding PGIS was intratracheally transfected into the lungs of rats by the hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome method. Rats transfected with control vector lacking the PGIS gene served as controls. Three weeks after MCT injection, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and total pulmonary resistance had increased significantly; the increases were significantly attenuated in PGIS gene-transfected rats compared with controls [mean pulmonary arterial pressure, 31+/-1 versus 35+/-1 mm Hg (-12%); total pulmonary resistance, 0.087+/-0.01 versus 0.113+/-0.01 mm Hg x mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) (-23%), both P:<0.05]. Systemic arterial pressure and heart rate were unaffected. Histologically, PGIS gene transfer inhibited the increase in medial wall thickness of peripheral pulmonary arteries that resulted from MCT injection. PGIS immunoreactivity was intense predominantly in the bronchial epithelium and alveolar cells. Lung tissue levels of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, were significantly increased for >/=1 week after transfer of PGIS gene. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that repeated transfer of PGIS gene every 2 weeks increased survival rate in MCT rats (log-rank test, P:<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gene transfer of human prostacyclin synthase ameliorate monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe impact of perioperative chemotherapy on patients with multiple colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) remains unclear. We attempted to examine whether the introduction of modern chemotherapies has improved the prognosis of patients that undergo liver resection for ≥4 CRLM. Between January 1990 and December 2013, 194 patients underwent liver resection for CRLM at our institution. The outcomes of the patients with ≥4 and 1-3 CRLM were compared before and after 2005, when modern chemotherapies were introduced to Japan. There were 50 and 144 patients with ≥4 (Group 1) and 1-3 (Group 2) CRLM, respectively. The overall survival (OS) rate of Group 1 was significantly worse than that of Group 2 (P = 0.0007). The OS rate of Group 2 was significantly better after 2005 than before 2004 (P = 0.039), while no such differences were observed in Group 1. Multivariate analysis identified three prognostic factors in Group 1: a serum carcinoembryonic antigen level of ≥20 ng/ml (P = 0.018), a serum cancer antigen 19-9 level of ≥100 U/ml (P = 0.018), and a primary colorectal cancer N factor of ≥N2 (P = 0.023).\n\nQuestion:\nHas the prognosis of liver resection for patients with four or more colorectal liver metastases improved in the era of modern chemotherapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) in combination with steroids varies greatly for frequent-relapse minimal change nephrotic syndrome (FRMCNS). The association between the sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to CsA in vitro and the therapeutic effect of CsA in FRMCNS were investigated. The sensitivity of PBLs in vitro and the therapeutic effect of CsA in 23 FRMCNS patients were compared. The length of time to complete remission (CR) and the number of relapses were compared using the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of CsA in the presence of a T-cell mitogen. FRMCNS patients were divided into 2 groups: a low sensitivity group with an IC(50) of >14.8 ng/ml (GII, n = 10), and a high sensitivity group with an IC(50) of <14.8 ng/ml (GI, n = 13). Comparison of the length of time to CR between the 2 groups showed that GI reached CR earlier than GII (p < 0.01). GI had significantly fewer relapses than GII when CsA was administered for 12 months or longer (p < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs lymphocyte drug sensitivity useful for prediction of the antiproteinuric effect and relapse rate in cyclosporine treatment for frequent-relapse minimal change nephrotic syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEvaluating the effects of sub-immobilizing anesthetic doses on movement will identify target neural circuits for investigation as sites of action for anesthetic-induced immobility. Eleven pithed Northern Leopard frogs received 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 times the 50% effective dose for production of immobility (ED(50)) of desflurane and a further 7 received 0 and 0.4 ED(50) desflurane in random order. An electric stimulus applied to the forelimb elicited a hindlimb wiping reflex that was captured on video for later analysis. Isometric tension developed in the hindlimb during the 30 s stimulus application was measured. Compared to 0 ED(50), 0.4 ED(50) desflurane significantly increased latency to wipe 0.8 (0.1, 4.0) to 17.3 (0.4, 30.0) s (median [min max]), distance traveled by the hindfoot 0.42 (0.09, 1.82) to 0.89 (0.16, 4.82) m, and proximity of the hindfoot to stimulus 1 (0, 5) to 7 (1, 40) mm. It did not alter hindlimb maximum velocity or isometric tension but significantly reduced total hindlimb force 7.3 (1.7, 23.6) to 3.2 (1.4, 13.8) N. s proportionate to a reduced number of movements from 12 (3, 28) to 8 (2, 14). From 0.4 to 0.8 ED(50,) motor depressant effects of desflurane became apparent with significant reductions in maximum tension from 2.0 (0.6, 5.5) to 0.8 (0.1, 1.6) N and total force from 3.2 (1.4, 13.8) to 0.9 (0.0, 2.5) N.s.\n\nQuestion:\nIs proprioceptive function more sensitive than motor function to desflurane anesthesia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of a reduction in cognitive function. We investigated the hypothesis that plasma glucose is associated with a reduction in episodic and/or semantic memory already in nondiabetic subjects. We linked two large population-based datasets in Sweden: the Betula study, in which a random sample from the population aged 35-85 years was investigated for cognitive function, including episodic and semantic memory; and the Västerbotten Intervention Program, a health survey with subjects aged 40, 50, and 60 years, that includes measuring of fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, along with other risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We identified 411 (179 men and 232 women, mean age 50.6 +/- 8.0 years) nondiabetic subjects, free from dementia, who had participated in the two surveys within 6 months. Women had better episodic (score 7.37 +/- 1.42) and semantic memory (score 16.05 +/- 2.76) than men (score 6.59 +/- 1.29 and 15.15 +/- 2.92, respectively, P < 0.001 for both). In an adjusted multivariate model, fasting plasma glucose (fPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) were significantly negatively associated with episodic memory (fPG: B -0.198, SE 0.068, beta -0.209, P = 0.004; and 2hPG: B -0.061, SE 0.031, beta -0.148, P = 0.048, respectively) in women but not in men. The association was not found in relation to semantic memory.\n\nQuestion:\nAre increased glucose levels associated with episodic memory in nondiabetic women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nResistance to current cytotoxic therapies limits the treatment of most solid malignancies. This results, in part, from the overactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream pathways in tumor cells and their associated vasculature. In this report, we ask if targeting the multifunctional mitogenic, cytoprotective, and angiogenic scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF)/c-Met pathway potentiates antitumor responses to gamma-radiation. Endogenous expression of SF/HGF and c-Met was targeted in U87 MG human malignant glioma cells and xenografts using chimeric U1/ribozymes. The effects of U1/ribozymes +/- gamma-radiation on glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, xenograft growth, and animal survival were examined. U1/ribozymes knocked down SF/HGF and c-Met mRNA and protein levels, sensitized cells to gamma-radiation (P < 0.005), and enhanced radiation-induced caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro (P < 0.005). Intravenous U1/ribozyme therapy as liposome/DNA complexes or radiation alone modestly and transiently inhibited the growth of s.c. U87 xenografts. Combining the therapies caused tumor regression and a 40% tumor cure rate. In animals bearing intracranial xenografts, long-term survival was 0% in response to radiation, 20% in response to intratumoral adenoviral-based U1/ribozyme delivery, and 80% (P < 0.0005) in response to combining U1/ribozymes with radiation. This apparent synergistic antitumor response was associated with a approximately 70% decrease in cell proliferation (P < 0.001) and a approximately 14- to 40-fold increase in apoptosis (P < 0.0001) within xenografts.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes targeting the c-Met pathway potentiate glioblastoma responses to gamma-radiation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAirway wall remodelling in asthma is characterised by a number of structural changes, including an increase in the volume of airway smooth muscle (ASM), and the abundance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, collagen, is increased. We have investigated the mechanism of collagen-induced glucocorticoid resistance of proliferation, and migration of ASM. ASM cultured from human airways has been seeded on to either type I monomeric collagen or a laminin pentapeptide, YIGSR. The role of alpha2beta1 integrin in the collagen-induced glucocorticoid resistance was investigated using a function blocking monoclonal antibody. Culture of ASM on collagen I, but not laminin, led to a greater proliferative response that was insensitive to regulation by dexamethasone (100 nM). The anti-migratory effects of the glucocorticoid, fluticasone propionate (1 nM) were also impaired by contact of ASM with collagen. The impaired anti-mitogenic action of dexamethasone was associated with a failure to reduce the levels of the rate-limiting cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1. When signalling through the alpha2beta1 integrin was reduced, dexamethasone-mediated reductions in proliferation and cyclin D1 levels were restored.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes collagen impair glucocorticoid actions in airway smooth muscle through integrin signalling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nViral infections often trigger the onset or worsening of glomerular diseases, but the details of this mechanism are unclear. Fractalkine/CX3CL1 (Fkn) is a chemokine that induces the chemotaxis and activation of cells expressing its receptor, CX3CR1. To examine the involvement of glomerular Fkn expression in the development of glomerulonephritis after viral infection, we conducted experimental studies using human mesangial cells (MCs) in culture. We examined the effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), an authentic viral double-stranded RNA, on Fkn expression in MCs to investigate the involvement of Fkn in the antiviral reaction of MCs. Fkn mRNA and protein were analyzed using real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, an immunofluorescent study to examine mesangial Fkn expression in biopsy specimens obtained from patients with glomerulonephritis was conducted. Poly IC-induced Fkn expression in MCs in both a time- and dose-dependent manner, and RNA interference (RNAi) against Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) inhibited poly IC-induced Fkn expression. Significant glomerular Fkn expression was observed in biopsy specimens from patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy and purpura nephritis, with increasing severity of glomerular inflammation.\n\nQuestion:\nIs glomerular expression of fractalkine induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in human mesangial cells : possible involvement of fractalkine after viral infection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study was to investigate the effects of human insulin and insulin glargine on proliferation of T24 human bladder cancer cells and the implication of the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways. After exposure to insulin or glargine at the indicated concentrations for certain time courses, in the absence or presence of inhibitor for MEK (PD98059) or PI3K (LY294002), T24 cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 was analyzed by Western blot. Insulin and glargine similarly induced phosphorylation of Akt and slight increases in T24 cell proliferation at 10-100IU/L. LY294002 remarkably reduced T24 cell proliferation in all groups. However, in the presence of LY294002, cell growth was still promoted by insulin and glargine relative to LY294002-treated group. Accordingly, LY294002 profoundly reduced protein levels of pAkt, while insulin and glargine increased pAkt in T24 cells pretreated with LY294002 as compared with cells treated with LY294002 alone. PD98059 reduced pERK while enhanced T24 cell proliferation. Insulin and glargine increased pERK at 15, 30, 60 min, not at 24h.\n\nQuestion:\nDo high dose human insulin and insulin glargine promote T24 bladder cancer cell proliferation via PI3K-independent activation of Akt?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPharmacologic inhibition or genetic ablation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) has been shown to be protective against experimental colitis. However, the role of PI3Kγ in the resolution phase of colitis remains unexplored. In this study, we assess the effects of genetic knockout of PI3Kγ on the induction and resolution of colitis induced by the hapten trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Colitis was induced in wild-type C57/Bl6 or PI3Kγ-/- mice by intrarectal administration of 2.5 mg of TNBS in 50% ethanol. Body weights were monitored daily, and colon tissues were collected at days 3, 7, or 14 after treatment, and colitis was assessed using disease activity and histologic damage scores, measurement of tissue myeloperoxidase and neutrophil infiltration, and local cytokine production. Mice lacking PI3Kγ were significantly protected from disease during the acute phase (day 3) of TNBS colitis. However, PI3Kγ-/- mice have difficulty resolving acute inflammation because they failed to restore lost weight and had significantly elevated histologic damage scores and tissue myeloperoxidase levels at days 7 and 14 after TNBS administration compared with wild-type controls. This phenomenon was dependent on presensitization with TNBS and seems to involve an inability to clear invading bacteria, resulting in the generation of a persistent inflammatory cytokine response.\n\nQuestion:\nIs loss of phosphoinositide 3-kinase P110γ protective in the acute phase but detrimental in the resolution phase of hapten-induced colitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOlanzapine is a neuroleptic drug widely prescribed to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Although it is long known that modulation of the dopamine system is a basic mechanism of action of neuroleptics, their impact on reward functions mediated by dopamine is still poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we intended to reveal the effects of a single dose of olanzapine on reward-related brain activation. Eight healthy subjects were each scanned twice, once 5 h after intake of 5 mg of olanzapine and once after intake of placebo in a double-blind cross-over design. Subjects performed a delayed incentive paradigm with monetary reward to investigate reward functions and a breath-holding task as a hypercapnic challenge to reveal unspecific drug effects on the fMRI signal. Reward-related brain activation in the ventral striatum, anterior cingulate and inferior frontal cortex was reduced on olanzapine compared to placebo. Only the differential effects (high>no reward) in the ventral striatum were independent of overall drug effects as measured with the breath-holding task. Parallel to the differential effects in the ventral striatum, the acceleration of reaction times in the trials with higher rewards was diminished in the olanzapine sessions.\n\nQuestion:\nIs human reward system activation modulated by a single dose of olanzapine in healthy subjects in an event-related , double-blind , placebo-controlled fMRI study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a pivotal role in the extracellular matrix accumulation observed in fibrotic diseases. Endoglin is an important component of the TGF-beta receptor complex highly expressed in tissues undergoing fibrotic processes. Endoglin expression regulates the effect of TGF-beta on extracellular matrix synthesis. The purpose of our study has been to understand the molecular mechanism by which endoglin exerts its effects on fibrosis and the possible role of MAP kinases in these effects. We have assessed in mock and in endoglin-transfected L6E9 myoblasts the effect of TGF-beta1 on collagen mRNA by Northern blot and effect of TGF-beta1 on collagen content in the cultured medium by [(3)H]-Proline incorporation into collagen proteins. Total and activated MAPK and their role on collagen synthesis were assessed by Western blot. TGF-beta1 induced an increase on alpha(2) (I) collagen mRNA expression and collagen accumulation in mock-transfected myoblasts, whereas the response was much lower in endoglintransfected cells. TGF-beta1 activated the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways but not the JNK pathway in L6E9 myoblasts. TGF-beta1-induced alpha(2) (I) collagen mRNA expression and collagen accumulation were completely inhibited by SB203580, in either mock or endoglintransfected myoblasts. PD98059 increased TGF-beta1 induced-collagen synthesis and accumulation in endoglin-transfected myoblasts but not in mock cells.\n\nQuestion:\nIs endoglin modulation of TGF-beta1-induced collagen synthesis dependent on ERK1/2 MAPK activation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRetinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that induced insulin resistance in mice, and high plasma RBP4 levels were associated with insulin-resistant states in humans. To determine which fat compartments are associated with elevated RBP4 levels in humans, we measured circulating RBP4 in 75 healthy subjects and used state-of-the-art measurements of body fat distribution. Total body, visceral, and subcutaneous abdominal fat were determined by magnetic resonance tomography and liver fat and intramyocellular fat by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and, together with insulin clearance, estimated from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Adjusted circulating RBP4 correlated negatively with insulin sensitivity (clamp: r = -0.33, P = 0.005; OGTT: r = -0.36, P = 0.002) and positively with parameters in the fasting state as insulin levels (r = 0.35, P = 0.003) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.34, P = 0.004). In addition, circulating RBP4 correlated negatively with hepatic insulin clearance (r = -0.25, P = 0.04). Circulating RBP4 was not associated with total body, visceral, or subcutaneous abdominal fat (all P > or = 0.29). Plasma RBP4 levels were also not associated with intramyocellular fat or circulating adiponectin or leptin. In contrast, plasma RBP4 levels correlated positively with liver fat in cross-sectional (r = 0.27, P = 0.03) and longitudinal (r = 0.37, P = 0.04) analyses.\n\nQuestion:\nIs high circulating retinol-binding protein 4 associated with elevated liver fat but not with total , subcutaneous , visceral , or intramyocellular fat in humans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExposure of normotensive rats to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in early life causes hypertrophy of intrarenal arteries. Similar defects have been found in knockout mice lacking angiotensinogen, ACE, or angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors. On the other hand, transient inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system from 2 weeks of age in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), either with ACE inhibitors or with AT1 receptor antagonists partially prevents the increase in blood pressure. However, permanent treatment of SHR from conception onwards with ACE inhibitors completely prevents hypertension. Although these studies demonstrated protection from hypertension-induced changes in the heart and large arteries, renal arteries were not studied and follow-up did not extend beyond 6 months of age. We postulated that while brief exposure to ACE inhibitors or AT1 receptor antagonists in young SHR would temporarily decrease blood pressure, it would also be associated with development of intrarenal arterial malformation, and ultimately have deleterious effects. Direct effects on intrarenal arterial morphology of an ACE inhibitor (captopril, 100 mg/kg/day) and an AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan, 50 mg/kg/day), administered from the last week of gestation until 8 weeks of age were examined in SHR. After stopping treatment at 8 weeks, we continued to monitor blood pressure until spontaneous death. Systolic blood pressure at 8 weeks was normalized by captopril and losartan (SHR control 187 +/- 8 mm Hg; captopril 118 +/- 5 mm Hg; and losartan 120 +/- 9 mm Hg). However, by 30 weeks, blood pressure had increased to control SHR levels. At 4 weeks, the media of renal arteries and arterioles was hypertrophied. Marked smooth muscle cell hyperplasia of cortical arteries resulted in significantly increased wall thickness by 8 weeks, despite similar external diameter. Arterial wall structure was disrupted, with fragmentation of elastic fibers and irregular distribution of collagen type I fibers. After stopping treatment, the rats gradually began to show poor health and all had died by 1 year of age, while all 1-year-old control SHR females were in good health. The cause of morbidity and mortality in the rats treated in early life was clearly malignant hypertension. Severe hypertrophy of renal arterioles was found, as well as cerebral hemorrhage.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes temporary losartan or captopril in young SHR induce malignant hypertension despite initial normotension?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInsulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by oxidative and nitrosative stress during the pathogenesis of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. These cells are more sensitive than others due to their deficiency of well known antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. However the peroxiredoxins discovered in the past decade form a large family of highly conserved thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductases, which are present in most tissues. We investigated whether peroxiredoxins I and II are present in pancreatic beta cells and if they are inducible by oxidative and nitrosative stress. To detect these enzymes in insulin-producing beta cells we used semiquantitative RT-PCR, western blots and immunohistochemistry. The expression of peroxiredoxins I and II was analysed after treatment with cytokines, hydrogen peroxide, alloxan or streptozotocin in the rat insulinoma cells INS-1 using RT-PCR and western blots. We show that peroxiredoxins I and II are present in the cytoplasm of pancreatic islet cells as well as in insulinoma cell lines beta TC6-F7 and INS-1. Peroxiredoxins I and II were up-regulated by all stress agents used.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oxidative and nitrosative stress induce peroxiredoxins in pancreatic beta cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to identify risk factors for recurrent or complicated diverticulitis requiring colectomy. A total of 112 patients were admitted to the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center with the diagnosis of colonic diverticular disease from January 1998 to December 2006. Patients' records were assessed for demographics, past medical history, and physical and biochemical features of presentation. Student t tests, analysis of variance, and chi-square analysis were used to compare binary and categoric data. The medical records of 112 patients admitted to the West Haven Veterans Affairs hospital with the diagnosis of diverticulitis were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 97.3% were male (n = 109), with a mean age of 63.3 years, and a significant smoking history greater than 30 pack-years was present in 70.5% (n = 79) of patients. Eighty-four percent (n = 94) of patients presented with localized abdominal pain and 69.6% (n = 78) had abdominal tenderness without peritoneal signs. Computed tomography was performed in 85.7% (n = 96) of cases. A total of 23.2% (n = 26) of patients proceeded to laparotomy, with free perforation being the most common indication (38.4%, n = 12) followed by a history of 2 or more antecedent attacks of diverticulitis (23.1%, n = 6). Analysis of variance showed that serum albumin levels were significantly lower in the group undergoing colectomy compared with those who did not (3.4 vs 4.1 mg/dL; P = .016). The need for colectomy owing to complicated or recurrent attacks correlated with glucocorticoid use (P < .001) and a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < .038), but not with diabetes mellitus, collagen vascular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.\n\nQuestion:\nDo medical comorbidities predict the need for colectomy for complicated and recurrent diverticulitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIdiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), including dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) and focal myositis (FM) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune disorders of skeletal muscle. An increased transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression has been found in DM, PM and s-IBM. The aim of our study was to investigate TG2 expression in FM in comparison with other IIM. We re-examined tissue material we have gathered in the course of our previous studies on IIM, investigating muscle expression of TG2 in patients with FM in comparison with DM, PM and s-IBM using immunocytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Immunocytochemistry revealed an increased TG2 signal in endomysial vessels, in atrophic and degenerating/regenerating muscle fibres in PM, DM, s-IBM and FM; in s-IBM, some vacuoles were immunostained too. Real-time RT-PCR study confirmed a significantly increased expression of TG2 in all IIM muscles examined.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes expression of transglutaminase 2 differentiate focal myositis from generalized inflammatory myopathies?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe systemic vascular response to hypoxia is vasodilation. However, reports suggest that the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) is released from the vasculature during hypoxia. ET-1 is reported to augment superoxide anion generation and may counteract nitric oxide (NO) vasodilation. Moreover, ET-1 was proposed to contribute to increased vascular resistance in heart failure by increasing the production of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). We investigated the role of ET-1, the NO pathway, the potassium channels and radical oxygen species in hypoxia-induced vasodilation of large coronary arteries. In prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α, 10 μM)-contracted segments with endothelium, gradual lowering of oxygen tension from 95 to 1% O2 resulted in vasodilation. The vasodilation to O2 lowering was rightward shifted in segments without endothelium at all O2 concentrations except at 1% O2. The endothelin receptor antagonist SB217242 (10 μM) markedly increased hypoxic dilation despite the free tissue ET-1 concentration in the arterial wall was unchanged in 1% O2 versus 95% O2. Exogenous ET-1 reversed hypoxic dilation in segments with and without endothelium, and the hypoxic arteries showed an increased sensitivity towards ET-1 compared to the normoxic controls. Without affecting basal NO, hypoxia increased NO concentration in PGF2α-contracted arteries, and an NO synthase inhibitor, L-NOARG,(300 μM, NG-nitro-L-Arginine) reduced hypoxic vasodilation. NO-induced vasodilation was reduced in endothelin-contracted preparations. Arterial wall ADMA concentrations were unchanged by hypoxia. Blocking of potassium channels with TEA (tetraethylammounium chloride)(10 μM) inhibited vasodilation to O2 lowering as well as to NO. The superoxide scavenger tiron (10 μM) and the putative NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (10 μM) leftward shifted concentration-response curves for O2 lowering without changing vasodilation to 1% O2. PEG (polyethylene glycol) catalase (300 u/ml) inhibited H2O2 vasodilation, but failed to affect vasodilation to O2 lowering. Neither did PEG-SOD (polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase)(70 u/ml) affect vasodilation to O2 lowering. The mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone (1 μM) and antimycin A (1 μM) both inhibited hypoxic vasodilatation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes non-endothelial endothelin counteract hypoxic vasodilation in porcine large coronary arteries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the actions of adenosine on the electrophysiology of spontaneously active, rod-shaped cells enzymatically isolated from rabbit atrioventricular (AV) node. Calcium-tolerant myocytes were isolated from the region of the AV node by enzymatic and mechanical dispersion. They were rod- or spindle-shaped, with spontaneous activity at 35-37 degrees C, and had higher membrane resistances (776 +/- 283 M omega, n = 13), compared to atrial cells (41 +/- 18.2 M omega, n = 7; P < 0.001). Membrane potential, spontaneous action potentials and transmembrane ionic currents were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, in current-clamp and voltage-clamp mode. Adenosine (0.1-50 microM) slowed or abolished the spontaneous activity, with hyperpolarisation of the membrane potential. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that adenosine induced an inwardly rectifying time-independent current. The adenosine-induced current was shown to be carried by potassium ions by the effect of increasing external potassium, which altered the reversal potential in accordance with the calculated potassium equilibrium potential. The A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, CPDPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dypropylxanthine), reversed the effects of adenosine and an A1 receptor agonist, R-PIA [R(-)N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine] had effects similar to adenosine. Adenosine also caused a small decrease in inward calcium current (ICa) in some AV nodal cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes adenosine increase potassium conductance in isolated rabbit atrioventricular nodal myocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess availability of timely orthopedic fracture care to children. Fifty randomly selected orthopedic practices were contacted twice with an identical scenario to request an appointment for a fictitious child with an arm fracture, once with the staff told that the child had private insurance and once with Medicaid. Access to appointments on the basis of insurance was compared with rates 10 years earlier.(1) Forty-five practices were contacted successfully. An appointment was offered within 7 days to a child with private insurance by 42% of the practices (19/45) and to a child with Medicaid by 2% of the practices (1/45; P < .0001). There was no difference in timely access (appointment within 7 days) for children with Medicaid in this study (2%) compared with 10 years ago (1%; P = 1.0). There was a significant decrease in timely access for children with private insurance in the past decade, with a rate of 42% (19/45) in this study, compared with 100% (50/50) 10 years ago (P < .0001).\n\nQuestion:\nAre orthopedic surgeons less likely to see children now for fracture care compared with 10 years ago?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe impact of altered ventricular activation, including biventricular (BV) pacing, on T-wave alternans (TWA) and arrhythmic substrates is unclear. We studied how differing ventricular activation sequence alters TWA; the interval from peak-to-end of the T-wave (TpTe) and T-wave amplitude during right (RV), left (LV), and biventricular (BV) pacing; and right atrial (RA) pacing in patients with preexisting conduction delay. We measured TWA during RA, RV, LV, and BV pacing in 33 patients receiving cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-defibrillators. TWA magnitude (V(alt)) was lower during BV than RV (P < 0.01), RA (P < 0.01), or LV pacing. As a result, BV-TWA was more often negative than RV-TWA (P < 0.01), LV-TWA, and RA-TWA, particularly when discordant between pacing modes (P < 0.01). Overall, 83% of TWA recordings were abnormal (25% indeterminate), and 17% negative. BV pacing reduced T-wave amplitude (P < 0.05) and TpTe (P < 0.005) compared to RV pacing and LV pacing (P < 0.05; P < 0.005 respectively). Notably, TWA magnitude varied linearly with T-wave amplitude for all pacing modes (P < 0.001). Over 410 +/- 252 days' follow-up, RV-TWA predicted the combined endpoint of death and ICD therapy with 86% negative predictive value (P < 0.05). BV-TWA, RA-TWA, and other repolarization indices were not predictive.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes biventricular pacing attenuate T-wave alternans and T-wave amplitude compared to other pacing modes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGenotype and Exercise in LQTS. Repolarization dynamics during exercise in patients with long-QT Syndrome (LQTS) may be influenced by various factors such as a patient's genotype. We sought to systematically characterize the repolarization dynamics during exercise in patients with LQTS with a particular focus on the influence of genotype. Three groups of patients were studied on the basis of clinical status and genotype: LQT1, LQT2, and normal controls. Twenty-five age- and gender-matched patients were selected for each group. The QTc was measured during bicycle exercise testing and its dynamics were compared between the 3 groups. The degree of QTc prolongation during exercise was greater in LQTS patients (LQT1 80 ± 47 ms, LQT2 64 ± 41 ms, Control 46 ± 20 ms, P = 0.02), with significant differences between LQT1 and LQT2 patients observed at heart rates ≥ 60% of the predicted maximum (P < 0.05). LQT1 patients demonstrated progressive or persistent QTc prolongation at higher heart rates, whereas LQT2 patients demonstrated maximum QTc prolongation at submaximal heart rates (50% of the predicted maximum) with subsequent QTc correction toward baseline values at higher heart rates. Importantly, these observations were consistent regardless of age, gender, or exercise type in subgroup analyses.\n\nQuestion:\nDo repolarization dynamics during exercise discriminate between LQT1 and LQT2 genotypes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLeft bundle-branch block (LBBB) and the presence of systolic dysfunction are the major indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Mechanical ventricular dyssynchrony on echocardiography can help identify patients responsive to CRT. Left bundle-branch block can have different morphologic patterns. To compare the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony in different patterns of LBBB in patients with left systolic dysfunction. This study assessed 48 patients with ejection fraction (EF) < 40% and LBBB consecutively referred for dyssynchrony analysis. Conventional echocardiography and mechanical dyssynchrony analysis were performed, interventricular and intraventricular, with ten known methods, using M mode, Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging, isolated or combined. The LBBB morphology was categorized according to left electrical axis deviation in the frontal plane and QRS duration > 150 ms. The patients' mean age was 60 ± 11 years, 24 were males, and mean EF was 29% ± 7%. Thirty-two had QRS > 150 ms, and22, an electrical axis between -30º and +90º. Interventricular dyssynchrony was identified in 73% of the patients, while intraventricular dyssynchrony, in 37%-98%. Patients with QRS > 150 ms had larger left atrium and ventricle, and lower EF (p < 0.05). Left electrical axis deviation associated with worse diastolic function and greater atrial diameter. Interventricular and intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (ten methods) was similar in the different LBBB patterns (p = ns).\n\nQuestion:\nIs mechanical dyssynchrony similar in different patterns of left bundle-branch block?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrompted by findings of a hypoestrogenic state in girls during prolonged treatment with GnRH agonist and a close association of estradiol serum concentrations with uterine volume in puberty, this study sought to evaluate uterine and ovarian size in girls with precocious puberty (PP) during and after treatment and the effect of age or duration of treatment. Patients with idiopathic central PP before (n = 75), during (n = 41) or after (n = 30) treatment with GnRH agonist underwent transabdominal pelvic ultrasound examination. Findings were compared with those in 69 girls with epilepsy and no PP before initiation of anticonvulsant treatment. The girls with PP had significantly greater uterine and ovarian volumes before, during and after treatment with GnRH agonist than the controls, after adjusting for age at examination, weight, height and pubic and breast status. The average interval between the last treatment and the ultrasound examination was 1.3 years. There was no significant correlation between age at first treatment and uterine volume after treatment. Uterine volume decreased during treatment. There was a significant negative correlation between treatment duration and uterine volume after treatment (R(2) = -0.175, P = 0.024). Nevertheless, mean uterine volume was still greater in the treated group than in the control group (P = 0.002).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gnRH agonist treatment in girls with precocious puberty compromise post-pubertal uterine size?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate a potential association between SNP rs10494366 in the neural nitric oxide synthase adaptor protein (NOS1AP) and efficacy of repaglinide (an insulin secretagogue) in newly diagnosed Shanghai Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. A total of 104 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients (69 men, 35 women) were recruited and treated with repaglinide for 24 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, clinical laboratory tests were obtained at baseline and after 24-week treatment. Genotyping was performed by sequencing. The baseline value of BMI, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and fasting insulin level were significantly different between GG, GT, and TT genotypes (P=0.024, 0.030, 0.005, and 0.007, respectively). Carriers of TT genotype were in significant insulin resistance at baseline. After 24-week repaglinide monotherapy, the Delta value of fasting insulin (P=0.019) and HOMA-IR (P=0.011) were significantly different. TT carriers had the least insulin resistance after treatment. The mixed model analysis showed that the variation had an interaction effect with repaglinide treatment only on HOMA-IR (P=0.013).\n\nQuestion:\nIs a variation in NOS1AP gene associated with repaglinide efficacy on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes of Chinese?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study aimed at evaluating whether ultrasound monitoring of moderate asymptomatic carotid stenosis may help in identifying subjects at high risk for vascular events. We included 523 subjects with unilateral asymptomatic carotid stenosis of 50% to 69%. Follow-up carotid ultrasound was performed within 12 months from inclusion to detect the frequency and degree of stenosis progression. Subjects were prospectively evaluated for a median period of 42 months (interquartile range, 38-45) after a second ultrasound evaluation. Outcome measures were any stroke and transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, and death. Carotid stenosis progression was associated with the occurrence of vascular events (hazard ratio, 21.57; 95% confidence interval, 11.81-39.39; P<0.001). During follow-up, 96.7% of subjects without progressive carotid stenosis remained free from vascular events. Among patients with progressive stenosis, 53.7% experienced a vascular event and 27.1% experienced an ipsilateral stroke.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes one-year progression of moderate asymptomatic carotid stenosis predict the risk of vascular events?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough the protective effects of levocarnitine in patients with ischemic heart disease are related to the attenuation of oxidative stress injury, the exact mechanisms involved have yet to be fully understood. Our aim was to investigate the potential protective effects of levocarnitine pretreatment against oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were exposed to H2O2 to create an oxidative stress model. The cells were pretreated with 50, 100, or 200 μM levocarnitine for 1 hour before H2O2 exposure. H2O2 exposure led to significant activation of oxidative stress in the cells, characterized by reduced viability, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and reduced intracellular antioxidant activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction was also observed following H2O2 exposure, reflected by the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intracellular adenosine triphosphate. These pathophysiological processes led to cardiomyocyte apoptosis through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. More importantly, the levocarnitine pretreatment attenuated the H2O2-induced oxidative injury significantly, preserved mitochondrial function, and partially prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis during the oxidative stress reaction. Western blotting analyses suggested that levocarnitine pretreatment increased plasma protein levels of Bcl-2, reduced Bax, and attenuated cytochrome C leakage from the mitochondria in the cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes levocarnitine protect H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUpregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme that is actively involved in inflammation and wound healing, has been found in cirrhotic livers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selective inhibition of COX-2 on the development of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension in rats. Liver cirrhosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rofecoxib, a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, was orally administered to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. Portal pressure was measured at 8 weeks post CCl(4) administration with the catheterization method followed by the harvesting of liver samples. Liver histopathology was analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The activated, alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) positive hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the protein levels of collagen types I, III, IV, as well as laminin and two fibrogenic mediators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the livers, were detected with immunohistochemical staining and western blot methods, respectively. The level of hepatic thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), a potent vasoconstrictive substance derived from COX, was measured with enzyme immunoassay. Oral administration of rofecoxib decreased portal pressure in rats that were treated with CCl(4) for 8 weeks. This was associated with a marked reduction in collagen accumulation and TXB(2) level in the rat livers. In addition, rofecoxib administration was found to reduce the number of activated HSCs and to downregulate hepatic protein levels of three detected types of collagen, laminin, VEGF and CTGF in CCl(4)-treated rats.\n\nQuestion:\nIs antifibrotic activity of rofecoxib in vivo associated with reduced portal hypertension in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdipocytes are cells specialized for storage of neutral lipids. This storage capacity is dependent on lipogenesis and is diminished in obesity. The reason for the decline in lipogenic activity of adipocytes in obesity remains unknown. Recent data show that lipogenesis in liver is regulated by pathways initiated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Thus, we aimed at investigating the effect of ERS on lipogenesis in adipose cells. Preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from obese volunteers and in vitro differentiated into adipocytes. ERS was induced pharmacologically by thapsigargin (TG) or tunicamycin (TM). Activation of Unfolded Protein Response pathway (UPR) was monitored on the level of eIF2α phosphorylation and mRNA expression of downstream targets of UPR sensors. Adipogenic and lipogenic capacity was evaluated by Oil Red O staining, measurement of incorporation of radio-labelled glucose or acetic acid into lipids and mRNA analysis of adipogenic/lipogenic markers. Exposition of adipocytes to high doses of TG (100 nM) and TM (1 μg/ml) for 1-24 h enhanced expression of several UPR markers (HSPA5, EDEM1, ATF4, XBP1s) and phosphorylation of eIF2α. This acute ERS substantially inhibited expression of lipogenic genes (DGAT2, FASN, SCD1) and glucose incorporation into lipids. Moreover, chronic exposure of preadipocytes to low dose of TG (2.5 nM) during the early phases of adipogenic conversion of preadipocytes impaired both, lipogenesis and adipogenesis. On the other hand, chronic low ERS had no apparent effect on lipogenesis in mature adipocytes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes stress of endoplasmic reticulum modulate differentiation and lipogenesis of human adipocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUniversal ultrasound screening has led to overtreatment and higher follow-up rates than are found with clinical examination alone because of high incidence of physiologically immature hips (type IIa) in the first weeks of life. The ability to predict future acetabular development in physiologically immature hips (type IIa) would therefore help to reduce overtreatment and unnecessary follow-up. We described the γ-angle to assess the femoral head coverage by the acetabular roof, which is measured between the baseline defined by Graf and the cartilaginous edge line connecting the inferior point of the iliac bone (lower limb) to the medial corner of the acetabular labrum. We retrospectively analyzed ultrasonographic findings of infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip diagnosed in our hospital and infants with normal hips screened in our hospital. Group 1 (35 hips) consists of type IIa hips at initial examination and went on to develop into dysplastic hips at follow-up. Group 2 (279 hips) consists of type IIa hips at initial examination and went on to develop into normal hips (type I) at follow-up. The γ-angles of type IIa hips that developed into type I hip at follow-up ranged between 77 and 82. The γ-angles of type IIa hips that developed into hip dysplasia ranged between 72 and 78. All type IIa hips that had γ-angles >78 degrees developed into normal hips. We also observed that all type IIa hips that had γ-angles <77 degrees developed into dysplasia.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a new measurement method in Graf technique : prediction of future acetabular development possible in physiologically immature hips?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiac \"memory\" refers to changes in T wave polarity induced by ventricular pacing that persist long after resumption of normal atrioventricular conduction. We studied the occurrence and mechanism of T wave changes in the open-chest anesthetized dog subjected to three discontinuous 20-minute periods of right ventricular pacing. ECG changes were recorded in the standard limb leads during normal conduction (prepacing) and three trains (T1, T2, and T3) of right ventricular pacing at a rate 50% higher than normal (pacing), each followed by a period of normal conduction (postpacing) lasting as long as necessary for T wave changes to return to control values. During each of these phases, heart rate, QRS, corrected QT (QTc) duration, and T wave amplitude were measured. In the first group (control), T wave inversions occurred during normal atrioventricular conduction after a period of right ventricular pacing. These T wave anomalies appeared in the absence of any change in heart rate, QRS, or QTc duration. The magnitude of the T wave amplitude change was significantly greater after each successive pacing period. Furthermore, the changes in T wave morphology persisted for a longer period after each successive pacing train. In a second experimental group, lidocaine, which depresses the sodium window current, was administered to six dogs that were subjected to the same pacing protocol. Lidocaine decreased the QTc interval and prolonged QRS duration but did not alter the magnitude of changes in T wave amplitude and time to recovery described in control animals during the three postpacing intervals. In contrast, in the third group, 4-aminopyridine, a drug that blocks the transient outward current (ito), abolished the changes in T wave morphology that occurred during any postpacing interval.\n\nQuestion:\nAre t wave changes persisting after ventricular pacing in canine heart altered by 4-aminopyridine but not by lidocaine . Implications with respect to phenomenon of cardiac 'memory '?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn cerebral ischemia/anoxia, the glutamate transporter runs in reverse and releases glutamate into the extracellular space, causing irreversible neuronal damage. Intravenous anesthetics attenuate overall glutamate release and prevent neuronal injury during anoxia/ischemia, but their effect on the glutamate transporter is variable. A human glial glutamate transporter (hGLT-I) cDNA was isolated by screening a human cerebral cortical library. Cloned cDNA was transfected in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effect of the intravenous anesthetics midazolam (0.3 to 30 microM), ketamine (10 to 100 microM), thiopental (30 to 300 microM), and propofol (3 to 30 microM) on reversed uptake of L-glutamate via hGLT-I was examined by whole-cell patch-clamp. Midazolam at a concentration 3 microM reduced outward currents arising from reversed L-glutamate uptake via hGLT-I in a concentration-dependent manner. While, ketamine at 100 microM attenuated the same outward currents, to 53.3+/-11.4% of those seen in controls without anesthetics (P<0.05, n=5). In contrast, neither thiopental nor propofol showed effects on outward currents mediated by reversed operation of hGLT-I.\n\nQuestion:\nDo midazolam and ketamine inhibit glutamate release via a cloned human brain glutamate transporter?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInhalation anaesthetics given only during post-ischaemic reperfusion have some protective effect against reperfusion injury in the heart. Adenosine triphosphate-regulated mitochondrial potassium channels have been shown to be an important mediator of cardioprotection. Thus, we investigated whether 5-hydroxydecanoate, a putative mitochondrial potassium channel blocker, prevents the cardioprotective effect of volatile anaesthetics. Forty rats were randomly allocated to four groups of equal size: control group, 5-hydroxydecanoate group, 5-hydroxydecanoate + sevoflurane group and 5-hydroxydecanoate + isoflurane group. Seven minutes after the start of perfusion, normal saline (control group) or 5-hydroxydecanoate (the other groups) was administered. Ten minutes after the start of perfusion, the heart was rendered globally ischaemic for 10 min. One minute before the end of the ischaemic period, 2.7% sevoflurane or 1.4% isoflurane were administered in the 5-hydroxydecanoate + sevoflurane or 5-hydroxydecanoate + isoflurane groups respectively. The heart was reperfused for 10 min. Adenosine triphosphate content at the end of reperfusion in the 5-hydroxydecanoate + sevoflurane group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the control and the 5-hydroxydecanoate + isoflurane groups (19.9 +/- 8.7, 28.1 +/- 3.4 and 30.4 +/- 2.3 micromol g(-1), respectively). In addition, the combination of inhalation anaesthetics and 5-hydroxydecanoate decreased the ratios of recovered hearts from ischaemia (5-hydroxydecanoate + sevoflurane group: 40%, 5-hydroxydecanoate + isoflurane group 50%).\n\nQuestion:\nDo isoflurane and sevoflurane during reperfusion prevent recovery from ischaemia in mitochondrial KATP channel blocker pretreated hearts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is a common type of mastocytosis. Current treatment of CM is generally symptomatic. Pimecrolimus has been demonstrated as an effective anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, but whether it treats CM remains unknown. The murine model of CM was induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 μg/kg recombinant murine stem cell factor (rmSCF) for a total of 17 days in Balb/c mice. Beginning on the 8th day, treatment with pimecrolimus 1% cream or vehicle was performed topically and daily for 10 days. The clinical signs of CM were scored, and pathological analysis was performed with toluidine blue staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The in situ apoptotic mast cells (MCs) were studied by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The cutaneous histamine level was measured by ELISA. In the rmSCF-treated mice, the clinical signs of CM, including erythema, wheal after rubbing lesion skins, and increased thickness of skin, were obvious compared to control mice, and were reduced after pimecrolimus treatment. The numbers of cutaneous MCs and neutrophils were significantly greater in mice with CM than in control mice, and pimecrolimus treatment decreased the numbers of MCs but not neutrophils. Extensive apoptosis of cutaneous MCs was observed in pimecrolimus-treated mice. The cutaneous histamine level was elevated in the mice with CM compared with healthy controls, and was lowered after treatment with pimecrolimus.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pimecrolimus induce apoptosis of mast cells in a murine model of cutaneous mastocytosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSarcopenia, defined as a low level of muscle mass, occurs in patients with cirrhosis. We assessed its incidence among cirrhotic patients undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation to investigate associations between sarcopenia and mortality and prognosis. We studied 112 patients with cirrhosis (78 men; mean age, 54 ± 1 years) who were consecutively evaluated for liver transplantation and had a computed tomography scan at the level of the third lumbar (L3) vertebrae to determine the L3 skeletal muscle index; sarcopenia was defined by using previously published, sex-specific cutoffs. Of the patients studied, 45 (40%) had sarcopenia. Univariate Cox analysis associated mortality with ascites (hazard ratio [HR], 2.12; P = .04), encephalopathy (HR, 1.99; P = .04), level of bilirubin (HR, 1.007; P < .01), international normalized ratio (HR, 7.69; P < .001), level of creatinine (HR, 1.01; P = .005), level of albumin (HR, 94; P = .008), serum level of sodium (HR, 89; P < .001), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (HR, 1.14; P < .01), Child-Pugh score (HR, 2.84; P < .001), and sarcopenia (HR, 2.18; P = .006). By multivariate Cox analysis, only Child-Pugh (HR, 1.85; P = .04) and MELD scores (HR, 1.08; P = .001) and sarcopenia (HR, 2.21; P = .008) were independently associated with mortality. The median survival time for patients with sarcopenia was 19 ± 6 months, compared with 34 ± 11 months among nonsarcopenia patients (P = .005). There was a low level of correlation between L3 skeletal muscle index and MELD (r = -0.07; P = .5) and Child-Pugh scores (r = -0.14; P = .1).\n\nQuestion:\nIs muscle wasting associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA large population of F2 rats, obtained from a cross between male Lyon hypertensive (LH) rats and female Lyon normotensive (LN) rats, was studied in order to assess the relationship between increased body weight, hyperlipidaemia and high blood pressure which characterize LH rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded in male, conscious, freely moving LH, LN, F1 and F2 rats aged 30 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-, low-density lipoprotein- and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, insulin and glucose were measured. In the F2 cohort it was observed that high MAP was a recessive trait that depends on several genes and was unrelated to body weight. The left ventricular weight, corrected for tibia length, was correlated with MAP. Plasma total and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and phospholipids concentrations were lower in the F1 rats than in the LN rats, suggesting an overdominance of the LN alleles. In the F2 rats MAP was related to total, high-density lipoprotein- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Plasma triglycerides, insulin and the insulin:glucose ratio, which were higher in the LH rats than in the LN rats, were also correlated with MAP in the F2 cohort. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, MAP remained correlated with plasma total cholesterol, insulin and the insulin:glucose ratio, but not with triglycerides.\n\nQuestion:\nAre high blood pressure and metabolic disorders associated in the Lyon hypertensive rat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one possible strategy to achieve articular cartilage repair. We previously reported that synovial MSCs were highly proliferative and able to undergo chondrogenesis. We also found that placing a suspension of synovial MSCs on a cartilage defect for 10 minutes promoted cartilage repair in rabbit and pig models. However, the in vivo efficacy of this approach has not been tested clinically. We asked whether transplantation of synovial MSCs improves (1) MRI features, (2) histologic features, and (3) clinical evaluation scores in patients with cartilage defects in the knee? Patients with a symptomatic single cartilage lesion of the femoral condyle were indicated for inclusion in our study, and between April 2008 and April 2011, 10 patients were enrolled in this study. All patients completed followups of 3 years or more. The average followup period was 52 months (range, 37-80 months). Synovial MSCs were expanded with 10% autologous human serum for 14 days after digestion. For transplantation, the patient was positioned so that the cartilage defect was facing upward, and synovial MSC suspension was placed on the cartilage defect with a syringe under arthroscopic control. The defect with the applied suspension then was held in the upward position for 10 minutes. Five patients underwent concomitant ACL reconstructions, among whom two had meniscus suturing performed simultaneously. For MRI quantification, the cartilage defect was scored from 0 to 5. Second-look arthroscopy was performed for four patients and biopsy specimens were evaluated histologically. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Lysholm score and Tegner Activity Level Scale at final followup. Comparisons of MRI and Lysholm scores before and after treatment for each patient were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. MRI score (median ± 95% CI) was 1.0 ± 0.3 before and 5.0 ± 0.7 after, and increased after treatment in each patient (p = 0.005). Second-look arthroscopy in four patients showed that the cartilage defect appeared to be qualitatively better in all cases. Histologic analyses showed hyaline cartilage in three patients and fibrous cartilage in one at the deep zone. The Lysholm score (median ± 95% CI) was 76 ± 7 before and 95 ± 3 after, and increased after treatment in each patient (p = 0.005). The Tegner Activity Level Scale did not decrease after treatment in each patient.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes arthroscopic Transplantation of Synovial Stem Cells improve Clinical Outcomes in Knees With Cartilage Defects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis patients and to assess whether clinical or genetic factors affect the development of endothelial dysfunction. Fifty-five patients fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis were recruited from Hospital Xeral-Calde, Lugo, Spain. Patients were required to have been treated for at least 5 years, including current treatment with one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Patients with diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, or cardiovascular disease were excluded. Thirty-one age-, sex-, and ethnically matched controls were also studied. Endothelium-dependent (postischemia) and -independent (postnitroglycerin) vasodilatation were measured by brachial ultrasonography. Patients were genotyped for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1. Patients had decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (mean [+/- SD], 3.8% +/- 4.9%) compared with controls (8.0% +/- 4.5%; P <0.001). There were no differences in endothelium-independent vasodilatation. Clinical features were not associated with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was lower in the 30 rheumatoid arthritis patients with the HLA-DRB1*04 shared epitope alleles (2.4% +/- 4.1%) than in the remaining patients (5.5% +/- 5.3%; P = 0.01). Similar results were seen for patients with the HLA-DRB1*0404 shared epitope allele (-0.4% +/- 2.5%) compared with other patients (4.4% +/- 4.9%; P = 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hLA-DRB1 status affect endothelial function in treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPhysical education (PE) plays a critical role in the healthy development of youth; however, the influence of PE classes in helping to provide students with health-related behavior patterns is not clear. This study aims to analyze whether participation in PE classes is associated with health-related behavior among high school students. A total of 4210 students attending public high schools in Pernambuco (northeast of Brazil) were selected using random 2-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by using the Global School-based Student Health Survey. The independent variable was the frequency of participation in PE classes, whereas physical activity, television viewing, smoking, and alcohol, fruit, vegetables and soda consumption were dependent variables. Logistic regressions were carried out to perform crude and adjusted analysis of the association between enrollment in PE classes and health-related behaviors. Sixty-five percent of students do not take part in PE classes, with a significantly higher proportion among females (67.8%). It was observed that enrollment in PE classes was positively associated with physical activity, TV viewing, and fruit consumption, but was negatively associated with soda drinking. The likelihood of reporting being active and eating fruit on a daily basis was 27% and 45% higher, respectively, among those who participate in at least 2 classes per week in comparison with those who do not. Students who participate in PE classes had 28-30% higher likelihood of reporting lower TV viewing during week days.\n\nQuestion:\nIs enrollment in physical education associated with health-related behavior among high school students?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWorldwide, type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing, with Native American populations particularly at risk. The Zuni Pueblo, with a history of wellness activities, volunteered to test the feasibility and efficacy of a high school-based diabetes prevention intervention. This school-based intervention used a multiple cross-sectional design to evaluate outcome measures at 0, 1.5, and 3 years against an Anglo comparison group. The Zuni high school diabetes prevention program included an educational component targeting decreased consumption of sugared beverages, knowledge of diabetes risk factors, and a youth-oriented fitness center. Main outcome measures were plasma glucose and insulin measured fasting and 30 min after a 75-g glucose challenge. Plasma glucose levels were normal at baseline for Zuni (n = 72) and Anglo (n = 37) youth and did not significantly change throughout the study. At baseline, fasting and 30-min plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated for Zuni youth; they showed significant steady declines for both males and females throughout the study (P = 0.06 to P = 0.000 for trends using quantile regression). By Year 3, values for Zuni males (n = 29) equaled Anglo comparison values, while Zuni female (n = 26) values had declined but were still higher than Anglo comparison values.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a lifestyle intervention improve plasma insulin levels among Native American high school youth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMelioidosis, the infection due to the environmental organism Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic to northern Australia and South East Asia. It is associated with exposure to mud and pooled surface water, but environmental determinants of this disease are poorly understood. We defined case-clusters in northern Australia, determined their contribution to the observed rate of melioidosis, and explored clinical features and associated environmental factors. Using geographical information systems data, we examined clustering of melioidosis cases in time and geographical space in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia between 1990 and 2002 using a scan statistic. DNA macrorestriction analysis, resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, was performed on isolates from patients. We defined five case-clusters involving 27 patients that occurred within 7-28 days and/or a radius of 100-300 km. Clustered cases were associated with extreme weather events or environmental contamination; no difference in the clinical pattern of disease was noted from other patients not involved in clusters. Isolates from patients linked to environmental contamination were caused by isolates with similar DNA macrorestriction patterns, but isolates from patients linked to severe weather events had more diverse DNA macrorestriction patterns.\n\nQuestion:\nAre extreme weather events and environmental contamination associated with case-clusters of melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElevated IS response was observed in 22 out of 157 mouse plasma samples in a 3-month toxicity study. This initiated a root cause investigation. Mass spectra revealed that taurocholic acid (TCA) was present in the samples, partially eluted overlapping the analyte peak. An enhanced IS response (> twofold) was reproduced by injecting TCA together with the IS. Tests with five other drug compounds showed compound dependent matrix effects on ESI; enhancement as well as suppression. The matrix effects did not affect the integrity of study results, most likely due to the use of a 13C-labeled IS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes variability of the be revealed ionization enhancement by bile acid in mouse plasma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe main aim was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal glucose homeostasis (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed diabetes) on high-risk Spanish population. The second, to determine the prevalence and usefulness of classical risk factors for diabetes screening according WHO and ADA criteria and to evaluate the potential effect of different stepwise strategies. Cross-sectional, multicentric, selective screening study carried out in primary health care which involved 9 health care centres and 1 diabetes unit (230,000 inhabitants). Individuals aged > 40 years, non pregnant with at least one major risk factor for diabetes: BMI > or = 30 kg/m2, a first degree relative with diabetes, previous abnormality of glucose tolerance or the use of oral hyperglycaemic drugs for a long time. Database including sex, age and risk factors. Diagnoses were based on measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) followed by a 2h-plasma glucose (2hPG) using a 75 gr. oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Positive predictive value (PPV) and odds ratio were calculated for each risk factor. The FPG concentration which maximised the sensitivity and specificity with respect to the 2hPG was established by means of the ROC-curves (receiver operator characteristics). 580 individuals were evaluated, 250 males (43.1%), mean age 58.1 +/- 10.7 years and BMI 31.2 +/- 5.2 kg/m2. A total of 132 (22.7%) individuals presented diabetes according the WHO criteria, 79 (13.6%) according ADA and only 53 (9.1%) according both sets of criteria. FPG > or = 126 mg/dl (7 mM) predicted a diabetic 2hPG with high specificity (94.2%) but a very low sensitivity (40.2%). If that cut-point was used alone for early screening half the diabetics with normal FPG but with a diabetic 2hPG would not have been diagnosed. According the WHO criteria PPV for classical risk factors oscillated between 23.4-29.1% and were significantly higher than those obtained according ADA criteria (11.6-18.3%; p < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ ADA criteria undervalue the impact of diabetes in a high-risk Spanish population ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPostprandial myocardial ischemia has been observed in frail older adults with postprandial hypotension and in patients with severe coronary artery disease, especially after high doses of carbohydrates. The impact of oral glucose on myocardial oxygen supply and demand in healthy older adults without postprandial hypotension or postprandial angina remains unexamined. We hypothesized that oral glucose would result in decreased myocardial oxygen supply relative to demand in a healthy older subject pool free of postprandial hypotension, reversible coronary risk factors and postprandial angina. 19 older adults (mean age 71.9+/-1.1 yr) were screened for reversible coronary risk factors. Subjects were given a standardized oral glucose load (75 g) or a sham isovolumetric unsweetened drink during two separate sessions. Indirect measures of oxygen supply (Diastolic Pressure Time Index, DPTI) and demand (Rate Pressure Product, RPP; Systolic Pressure Time Index, SPTI) were obtained from aortic arterial blood pressure waveforms. The Subendocardial Viability Ratio (SEVR, DPTI/SPTI) and DPTI/RPP were also calculated. Oral glucose resulted in decreases in both SEVR (P=0.016) and DPTI/RPP (P=0.028) in the glucose session, indicating a decrease in the relative myocardial oxygen supply to demand. This was due solely to a decrease in myocardial oxygen supply while measures of myocardial oxygen demand did not change significantly.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the oral glucose tolerance test induce myocardial ischemia in healthy older adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of baicalein and its influence on myofibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. An in vivo unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) mouse model and an in vitro transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activated normal rat kidney (NRK)-49F cell model were established. Baicalein treatment was then investigated in these models to assess its anti-fibrotic effects and potential mechanisms of action. Baicalein attenuated renal fibrosis by ameliorating kidney injury, reducing deposition of fibronectin and collagen type 1, and inducing apoptosis in myofibroblasts in the UUO mouse model. Baicalein also induced apoptosis of TGF-β1-activated myofibroblasts in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, baicalein triggered a cascade of mitochondrion-associated apoptosis by upregulating cleaved-caspase-3, Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), and cleaved-caspase-9 while downregulating the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Additionally, down-regulation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt) was found in the baicalein-induced pro-apoptotic components.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes baicalein ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing myofibroblast apoptosis in vivo and in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOxygen therapy is a well-recognized risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity. We examined whether an increase in the naturally occurring enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), which controls oxygen, can reduce the severity of oxygen-induced retinopathy in a mouse model. Seven transgenic mice overexpressing CuZnSOD and six wild-type mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 to 12. Seven transgenic mice and five mice of the wild type were kept in room air and served as controls. Fluorescein-conjugated dextran angiography of retinal vasculature was performed and flat-mounted preparations were evaluated by scoring blood vessel growth, blood vessel tuft formation, extraretinal neovascularization, degree of central constriction, and tortuosity of vessels. In addition, quantification of the number of blood vessel tufts was performed in a masked fashion with haematoxylin and eosin staining of paraffin-embedded eye sections. The mean retinal score+/-SD obtained by the wild-type mice was 9.4+/-2.0, whereas the transgenic mice overexpressing CuZnSOD obtained a value of 2.4+/-1.6 (P=0). The two control groups (wild type and transgenic) that were kept in room air, each obtained a score of 0. Significantly fewer extraretinal vascular tufts were seen in the transgenic mice (0.26+/-0.34) than in the wild-type mice (4.27+/-1.6) after both groups were exposed to oxygen (P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes an increase in superoxide dismutase ameliorate oxygen-induced retinopathy in transgenic mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo measure emergency department (ED) crowding, the emergency department occupancy ratio (EDOR) was introduced. Our aim was to determine whether the EDOR is associated with mortality in adult patients who visited the study hospital ED. We reviewed data on all patients who visited the ED of an urban tertiary academic hospital in Korea for 2 consecutive years. The EDOR is defined by the total number of patients in the ED divided by the number of licensed ED beds. We tested the association between the EDOR (quartile) and each outcome using a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders: age, sex, emergency medical services transport, transferred case, weekend visit, shift, triage acuity, visit cause of injury, operation, vital signs, intensive care unit or ward admission, and ED length of stay (quartile). The main outcome measures were survival status at discharge and at 1-7 days. A total of 54,410 adult patients were enrolled. The EDOR ranged from 0.41 to 2.31 and the median was 1.24. On multivariable analyses, in comparison with the lowest (first) quartile, the highest (fourth) quartile of the EDOR was associated with 1-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.88), 2-day mortality (adjusted OR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.04-1.67), and 3-day mortality (adjusted OR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.02-1.58). The EDOR was not significantly associated with 4- to 7-day mortalities and overall mortality at discharge.\n\nQuestion:\nIs emergency department occupancy ratio associated with increased early mortality?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLow hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations before lower limb joint replacement are associated with the need for blood transfusions and increased mortality. To optimize preoperative Hb, blood conservation protocols often recommend oral iron supplements, even in nonanemic patients. To investigate the impact of ferrous sulfate on the change in Hb prior to hip or knee arthroplasty and evaluate the effect of oral iron on hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), ferritin, and transferrin saturation, as well as its tolerability and treatment adherence. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of adults with Hb concentrations between 10 and 15 g/dL who received iron supplementation prior to hip or knee arthroplasty. Systemic inflammatory diseases, vitamin B(12) or folate deficiency, and current use of iron supplements, intravenous iron, or erythropoietin were exclusion criteria. All participants were prescribed ferrous sulfate 300 mg 3 times daily for a minimum of 3 weeks. Complete blood cell counts and iron studies were performed before therapy and surgery. Eighty-seven patients with a mean (SD) Hb of 13.47 (0.84) g/dL were included in the study. Preoperative Hb decreased after treatment with iron (-0.14 [0.53] g/dL, p = 0.015). Hematocrit also declined (-0.6% [1.8%], p = 0.002), whereas ferritin increased (25.8 [38.6] ng/mL, p < 0.001). No significant change was seen in MCV and transferrin saturation. The most common adverse effects were constipation (33.3%), heartburn (13.8%), and abdominal pain (12.6%). The adherence rate was 67.1%.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oral ferrous sulfate increase preoperative hemoglobin in patients scheduled for hip or knee arthroplasty?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMutations in the human Crumbs homologue 1 (CRB1) gene are a frequent cause of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and various forms of retinitis pigmentosa. CRB1 is thought to organize an intracellular protein scaffold in the retina that is involved in photoreceptor polarity. This study was focused on the identification, subcellular localization, and binding characteristics of a novel member of the protein scaffold connected to CRB1. To dissect the protein scaffold connected to CRB1, the yeast two-hybrid approach was used to screen for interacting proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to verify protein-protein interactions. The subcellular localization of the proteins was visualized by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy on human retinas and immunoelectron microscopy on mouse retinas. A novel member of the scaffold connected to CRB1, called membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP) subfamily member 4 (MPP4), a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein, was identified. MPP4 was found to exist in a complex with CRB1 through direct interaction with the MPP subfamily member MPP5 (PALS1). 3D homology modeling provided evidence for a mechanism that regulates the recruitment of both homo- and heterodimers of MPP4 and -5 proteins to the complex. Localization studies in the retina showed that CRB1, MPP5, and MPP4 colocalize at the outer limiting membrane (OLM).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mPP5 recruit MPP4 to the CRB1 complex in photoreceptors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCD103 is displayed on the cell surface of alloreactive CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and is a critical component for the intraepithelial homing of T cells. Because intratubular localization of mononuclear cells is a feature of acute cellular rejection of renal allografts, we explored the hypothesis that CD103 messenger (m)RNA levels in urinary cells predict acute rejection. We collected 89 urine specimens from 79 recipients of renal allografts. RNA was isolated from the urinary cells, and we measured CD103 mRNA levels and a constitutively expressed 18S ribosomal (r)RNA with the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. CD103 mRNA levels, but not 18S rRNA levels, were higher in urinary cells from 30 patients with an episode of acute rejection (32 biopsies and 32 urine samples) compared with the levels in 12 patients with other findings on allograft biopsy (12 biopsies and 12 urine samples), 12 patients with biopsy evidence of chronic allograft nephropathy (12 biopsies and 12 urine samples), and 25 patients with stable graft function after renal transplantation (0 biopsies and 33 urine samples) (P = 0.001; one-way analysis of variance). Acute rejection was predicted with a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 75% using natural log-transformed value 8.16 CD103 copies per microgram as the cutoff value (P = 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDo cD103 mRNA levels in urinary cells predict acute rejection of renal allografts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe glenohumeral joint is the most mobile articulation in the body and the most commonly dislocated diarthrodial joint with peaks in the incidence of dislocation occurring during the second and sixth decades. Age at the time of the initial dislocation is inversely related to the recurrence rate. Traumatic anterior instability is often associated with intraarticular injuries. The frequency of injuries may increase with dislocation or subluxation episodes. We compared the frequency of lesions associated with traumatic anterior instability in patients with primary and recurrent instability. We retrospectively reviewed 96 selected patients with traumatic anterior instability treated arthroscopically between 2005 and 2008. Forty-five had arthroscopy after a first episode of dislocation (Group I) and 51 had two or more episodes of instability (Group II). We compared the frequencies and percentage of intraarticular lesions in both groups. We observed a Bankart lesion in all patients of both groups. The posterior Bankart lesion was observed more frequently in Group II than in Group I: 47% versus 28%. SLAP lesions were observed in 12% in Group I and 24% in Group II. In 10 patients in Group II, there was an associated rotator cuff tear.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes arthroscopically determined degree of injury after shoulder dislocation relate to recurrence rate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo provide epidemiological data of the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of the pathogens isolated from burn patients in recent years for guiding rational use of antibiotics in clinic. Totally 2748 strains of pathogens were isolated from 1977 specimens (blood, catheter, wound excretion, etc.) collected from 478 patients hospitalized in Institute of Burn Research of Southwest Hospital from March 2003 to June 2011. After being identified by API strips, drug resistance of the 2748 isolated pathogens to 55 commonly-used antibiotics including gentamicin, tobramycin, piperacillin, amikacin, etc. was tested by K-B paper disk diffusion method. The WHONET 5.3 software was used to analyze the following subjects: the distribution of the pathogens with different types and different sources each year, the changes in drug-resistant rates of Gram negative bacilli, Gram positive cocci, and fungi to several antibiotics, and the changes in sensitive rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), Candida albicans (CA) to several antibiotics. Among 2748 strains of pathogens, 1879 strains of Gram negative bacilli accounted for 68.38%, 628 strains of Gram positive cocci accounted for 22.85%, and 241 strains of fungi accounted for 8.77%. The isolation rate of strains from wound excretion ranked the first (1022 strains accounted for 37.19%), followed by those from respiratory tract (995 strains accounted for 36.21%) and blood (421 strains accounted for 15.32%). Strains isolated from other types of specimens were rare. Isolation rate of PA ranked the first (996 strains accounted for 36.24%), followed by SA (495 strains accounted for 18.01%) and AB (395 strains accounted for 14.37%). Isolation rate of AB showed a trend of increase year by year, but that of SA presented the opposite trend. Isolation rate of PA was quite stable. There were 484 strains of methicillin resistant SA among Staphylococci, accounting for 17.61%. Resistant rates of PA and AB to polymyxin B and polymyxin E were below 30.00%, and those of PA and AB to other antibiotics, such as the third generation cephalosporins, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones, were from 57.91% to 100.00%. Resistant rate of AB to minocycline was 39.68%. From 2004 to 2011, sensitive rate of PA to quinolone antibiotics showed an increasing trend year by year, but that of AB to minocycline, netilmicin, imipenem, meropenem, tobramycin, and cefoperazone/sulbactam presented the opposite trend. Resistant rates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and SA to teicoplanin and linezolid were less than 10.00%. Resistant rate of SA, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin was 0. Resistant rates of SA to quinupristin/dalfopristin, minocycline, fusidic acid, and compound sulfamethoxazole were low, respectively 0.82%, 9.35%, 2.21%, and 31.85%. Sensitive rates of SA to erythromycin, clindamycin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and minocycline showed an increasing trend year by year. Both infection rate and resistant rate of fungi were low. The resistant rates of CA to 5 kinds of antibiotics were less than 15.00%. The sensitive rate of CA to 5-flucytosine declined slightly, and those of CA to the other 4 antibiotics showed an increasing trend year by year.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Analysis of distribution characteristics and drug resistance of 2748 strains of pathogens isolated from burn patients ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEndocannabinoid-mediated forms of transient synaptic depression have been described in several brain structures, including the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, their functional and/or behavioural correlates are yet to be determined. The present study was designed to investigate whether back-propagating action potentials in dopamine (DA) neurons, evoked by the stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), could trigger endocannabinoid-mediated forms of synaptic modulation. The MFB contains axons ascending from DA neurons to the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain structures, and its stimulation is rewarding because it elicits intra-cranial self-stimulation. Single cell extracellular recordings were carried out from anti-dromically identified VTA DA neurons in chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. DA neurons responded to MFB stimulation (1 s, 20-80 Hz) with a frequency-dependent increase in spontaneous firing rate, which was enhanced by the cannabinoid type-1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (1 mg/kg) and depressed by the agonist WIN55212-2 (0.125 mg/kg). Increasing brain levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide by blocking its major hydrolysing enzyme, fatty-acid amide hydrolase, with URB597 (0.1 mg/kg) was ineffective, whereas blockade of the endocannabinoid membrane transporter with UCM707 (1 mg/kg) enhanced post-stimulus firing rate.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes medial forebrain bundle stimulation evoke endocannabinoid-mediated modulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron firing in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was found to be useful in earlier restoration of TIMI flow 3. However, the incidence of left ventricular (LV) dilatation and remodelling after successful primary PCI is still high. We aimed to determine the independent predictors of LV remodelling after successful primary PCI for patients with first STEMI. We included 232 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. Echocardiography was done on the day of PCI and after six months. LV remodelling was defined as ≥ 20% increase in the six-month left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). In patients with remodelling, symptom-to-door and symptom-to-balloon times were significantly longer (p < 0.00001 for each), initial ejection fraction (EF) was significantly lower (p = 0.044), six-month LVEDV, left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and LVEDV increase were significantly higher, and EF was significantly lower (p < 0.00001 for each). Mean myocardial blush grade (MBG) was significantly lower in patients with remodelling (p < 0.00001). There was a significant positive correlation between LVEDV increase and both symptom-to-balloon time (r = 0.603, p < 0.00001) and symptom-to-door time (r = 0.564, p < 0.00001), and a significant negative correlation between LVEDV increase and MBG (r = -0.447, p < 0.00001). Logistic regression showed that the independent predictors of LV remodelling were symptom-to-balloon time (p = 0.00068), symptom to door time (p = 0.0013) and MBG (p = 0.0057).\n\nQuestion:\nDo symptom-to-balloon time and myocardial blush grade are predictors of left ventricular remodelling after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMaternal adiposity is associated with poor offspring cardiometabolic health. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on the BMI, body composition and cardiometabolic characteristics of the offspring. Forty offspring of overweight/obese mothers (O-OW) and 28 offspring of normal weight mothers (O-NW) underwent evaluation of body composition, abdominal fat distribution, blood pressure measurement, fasting lipids and an oral glucose tolerance test. The anthropometric and cardiometabolic characteristics of O-OW were compared with those of O-NW, and the relationship to maternal BMI was evaluated. Subjects (mean age: 12.6 ± 0.4, female: 52.9%) had similar gestational age, birth weight, age, gender, and Tanner stage. However, O-OW had a significantly higher BMI (24.4 ± 1.2 vs. 19.7 ± 0.8 kg/m(2) , p = 0.001), % body fat (31.7 ± 1.6 vs. 24.6 ± 1.1%, p < 0.001), visceral fat (41.9 ± 4.7 vs. 26.1 ± 3.9 cm(2) , p = 0.012) with no difference in lean body mass compared with O-NW. O-OW had lower whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) with an adverse cardiovascular disease risk profile [higher blood pressure (BP), triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, hs-C-reactive protein (CRP) and lower HDL]. In addition to offspring's %body fat (β = -0.60, p < 0.001), maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (β = -0.19, p = 0.046) contributed significantly and independently to the offspring's WBISI (R(2) =0.55, p < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs mother 's pre-pregnancy BMI an important determinant of adverse cardiometabolic risk in childhood?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is related to obesity and type 2 diabetes, but its function is still largely unknown. A link between leptin receptor-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (LepR-STAT3) signalling pathway and FTO was recently suggested in the hypothalamus. Because of the presence of FTO in liver and the role of LepR-STAT3 in the control of hepatic metabolism, we investigated both in vitro and in vivo the potential interrelationship between FTO and LepR-STAT3 signalling pathway in liver and the impact of FTO overexpression on leptin action and glucose homeostasis in liver of mice. We found that FTO protein expression is regulated by both leptin and IL-6, concomitantly to an induction of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, in leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing HuH7 cells. In addition, FTO overexpression in vitro altered both leptin-induced Y705 and S727 STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to dysregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) expression and mitochondrial density, respectively. In vivo, liver specific FTO overexpression in mice induced a reducetion of Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in nuclear fraction, associated with reduced SOCS3 and LepR mRNA levels and with an increased G6P expression. Interestingly, FTO overexpression also induced S727 STAT3 phosphorylation in liver mitochondria, resulting in an increase of mitochondria function and density. Altogether, these data indicate that FTO promotes mitochondrial recruitment of STAT3 to the detriment of its nuclear localization, affecting in turn oxidative metabolism and the expression of leptin-targeted genes. Interestingly, these effects were associated in mice with alterations of leptin action and hyperleptinemia, as well as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fTO contribute to hepatic metabolism regulation through regulation of leptin action and STAT3 signalling in liver?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInteraction between hematopoietic cells and stromal cells is important for regulation of hematopoiesis. Numerous soluble and membrane-bound factors directly regulating hematopoiesis have been documented, but little is known about how stromal cell activity is controlled. We previously reported that fetal hepatic cells in primary culture create the hematopoietic microenvironment and support expansion of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. In this study, we focused on lymphopoiesis reconstituted in our culture system and analyzed how stroma-mediated lymphopoiesis is regulated during embryonic development. Subconfluent cultures of murine fetal hepatic cells were cocultured with hematopoietic stem cells derived from fetal liver in the presence of various cytokines. After 10 days of incubation, hematopoietic cells floating over the stromal layer were analyzed by various assays, including cell proliferation and FACS analysis. We found that oncostatin M, an inducer of hepatic development, strongly inhibited generation of B220(+) lymphocytic cells and colony-forming unit-interleukin-7 (CFU-IL-7) from hematopoietic stem cells in our coculture system. In contrast, oncostatin M did not directly inhibit proliferation of B cells in response to IL-7 and SCF in semisolid cultures. Analysis of antigen expression in lymphoid cells revealed that oncostatin M apparently did not arrest cells at a particular stage of B-cell development.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oncostatin M suppress generation of lymphoid progenitors in fetal liver by inhibiting the hepatic microenvironment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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