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correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	47	https://worldwide-politics.fandom.com/wiki/President_of_Laos	en	President of Laos	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115082821	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115082821	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20221007190047", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/350?cb=20240115082821", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/c/c4/Thongloun_Sisoulith.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/350?cb=20231118205218", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/1/1e/Souphanouvong.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084126", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/3/3e/Phoumi_Vongvichit.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115084111", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/71/Kaysone_Phomvihane.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084035", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/8/86/Nouhak_Phoumsavanh.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084006", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/a/a9/Khamtai_Siphandon.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083943", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/6/6b/Choummaly_Sayasone.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083914", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/b/bd/Bounnhang_Vorachit.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083832", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/c/c4/Thongloun_Sisoulith.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20231118205218", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Worldwide Politics Wiki" ]	2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00	The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Worldwide Politics Wiki	https://worldwide-politics.fandom.com/wiki/President_of_Laos	The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking him first in the Politburo. History[] Background[] The office of the President of the People's Democratic Republic traces its lineage back to Prince Souphanouvong, the first President of the People's Democratic Republic, a member of the deposed royal family and one of the Three Princes, who became President when the former Kingdom of Laos was overthrow by the Pathet Lao in 1975, at the end of the Laotian Civil War. Duties and rights[] Term limits[] The president is elected by the National Assembly for a term of five years, with no term limits. A candidate must receive at least two-thirds support from lawmakers present and voting in order to be elected. Role and authority[] The president represents Laos internally and externally, supervises the work as well as preserving the stability of the national governmental system and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country. The President appoints the prime minister, vice president, ministers and other officials with the consent of the National Assembly. Additionally, the President is the commander-in-chief of the Lao People's Armed Forces. However, as Laos is a one party communist state. The highest and the most powerful political position is the general secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, not the President. The general secretary controls the Politburo and the Secretariat, Laos' top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder as de facto leader of Laos. However, the offices have often been held concurrently. Since Laos is a one-party state, all the presidents of the People's Democratic Republic have been members of the party while holding office. List of presidents[] No. Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Term of office Election Prime minister(s) Took office Left office Time in office 1 Souphanouvong (1909–1995) 2 December 1975 29 October 1986 10 years, 331 days - Kaysone Phomvihane – Phoumi Vongvichit (1909–1994) - Acting 29 October 1986 15 August 1991 4 years, 290 days 2 Kaysone Phomvihane (1920–1992) 15 August 1991 21 November 1992 1 year, 98 days 1991 Khamtai Siphandon 3 Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1910–2008) 25 November 1992 24 February 1998 5 years, 91 days - Khamtai Siphandon 4 Khamtai Siphandon (born 1924) 24 February 1998 8 June 2006 8 years, 104 days 1996 2001 Sisavath Keobounphanh Bounnhang Vorachith 5 Choummaly Sayasone (born 1936) 8 June 2006 20 April 2016 9 years, 317 days 2006 2011 Bouasone Bouphavanh Thongsing Thammavong 6 Bounnhang Vorachit (born 1937) 20 April 2016 22 March 2021 4 years, 336 days 2016 Thongloun Sisoulith 7 Thongloun Sisoulith (born 1945) 22 March 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days 2021 Phankham Viphavanh Sonexay Siphandone See also[]
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	25	https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-349-11214-2.pdf	en	Laos: Beyond the Revolution	https://media.springerna…-349-11214-2.jpg	https://media.springerna…-349-11214-2.jpg	[ "https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springerlink-39ee2a28d8.svg", "https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/palgrave-macmillan-logo-f1c69a6ce9.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/w90/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-349-11214-2?as=webp", "https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-137-31994-4?as=webp", "https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-137-46029-5?as=webp", "https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-030-58455-9?as=webp", "https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png	SpringerLink	https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-11214-2	Access this book Subscribe and save Springer+ Basic EUR 32.99 /Month Get 10 units per month Download Article/Chapter or eBook 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter Cancel anytime Subscribe now Buy Now eBook EUR 9.99 EUR 42.79 Discount applied Price includes VAT (Germany) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Softcover Book EUR 53.49 Price includes VAT (Germany) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Other ways to access
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	7	https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/5955	en	NA on National Heritage, Lao People's Democratic Republic, WIPO Lex			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Lao People's Democratic Republic - Year of Version: 1995 - Promulgated: January 9, 1995 - IP-related Laws - Other	en			https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/5955	Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY ______________________ No. 138/PDR DECREE of the PRESIDENT of the LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC On the Promulgation of the Law on National Heritage Pursuant to Chapter 6, Article 67, point 1 of the Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the laws adopted by the National Assembly; Pursuant to Resolution No. 52, dated 9th November 2005, of the 9th Ordinary Session of the National Assembly regarding the adoption of the Law on National Heritage; and Pursuant to Proposal No. 15/SCNA, dated 18th November 2005, of the National Assembly Standing Committee. The President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Decrees That: Article 1. The Law on National Heritage is hereby promulgated. Article 2. This decree shall enter into force on the date it is signed. Vientiane, 9 December 2005 The President of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic [Seal and Signature] Khamtai SIPHANDON Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY ______________________ National Assembly No. 08/NA 9 November 2005 LAW ON NATIONAL HERITAGE Part I General Provisions Article 1. Purposes The Law on National Heritage determines the principles, regulations and measures for the administration, use, protection, conservation, restoration, [and] rehabilitation of the national heritage, and also determines the rights and duties of the State, social organisations and individuals to preserve the value of the national cultural, historical and natural heritage, with the aims of educating citizens with a conscious love for their nation and fine national traditions that is deeply embedded in their hearts1 and of assuring the elements for prosper sustainability of the nation. Article 2. National Heritage National Heritage [refers to items]2 produced by mankind or formed by nature that have outstanding cultural, historical or natural value, thereby becoming precious assets [and] property of the Lao national community, some of which are adopted as regional and world heritage. National heritage consists of cultural, historical and natural heritage existing in the form of tangible objects, intangible items, moveable or immoveable property, and living or non-living organisms, reflecting3 the history of the Lao nation [and] the Lao people in each different era. 1 The literal translation is “conceptual basis”. 2 The Lao word translated as “heritage” has, embedded in it, the meaning of “a thing or item of heritage”. It is wide enough to cover sites, ideas, practices and objects. The Lao word is therefore a concrete, count noun unlike the English abstract noun. Where possible, the translators have translated this term in the singular form as “heritage” without further qualification but in some places it has been necessary to add a qualifier such as [items] or [locations] to make sense of the text. Readers should, in any event, always note that the Lao word has a different semantic and grammatical structure from its English counterpart. 3 The literal translation is “identifying”. 1 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR National heritage includes items existing in the country and abroad. Article 3. Use of Terms The terms used in this law shall have following meanings: 1. National cultural and historical heritage means tangible objects, intangible items, moveable property and immoveable property which are of high outstanding value from the point of view of culture, history, science or technology, thereby becoming national property, and which have been inherited from generation to generation in different eras; 2. National natural heritage means the heritage formed by nature which is of outstanding value from the point of view of landscape scenery, biodiversity of a pure, original nature, [and] aesthetics. 3. National icons means tangible objects, intangible items, moveable property and immoveable property which are special, rare, and unique to the nation from the point of view of culture, history, and nature; 4. Historical trails4 means the sites, architectural works, and archaeological sites with archaeological objects, which are of high outstanding value from the point of view of culture, history and science; 5. Archaeological objects means the tangible products created by mankind evidencing the historical evolution of mankind’s society; 6. Sources of archaeological objects means the places where the archaeological objects and historical evidence are found in a homogeneous group; 7. Replica means a newly created object which is copied from an ancient object, which has similar characteristics, features, dimensions, colours, patterns, decorations and other specifications that are identical to the original pattern; 8. Architectural works means artistic structures, which are outstanding from the point of view of culture and history, relating to ethnic livelihood practices, ancestors and national heroes; 9. Protection of the national heritage means the protection from theft, destruction, burning, natural causes of damage or illegal use; 10. Conservation of the national heritage means preserving the cultural, historical or natural value, the trails, [and] the colours of national heritage against loss or deterioration; 11. Restoration of the national heritage means the process of maintaining [and] protecting the forms, patterns and original details of buildings, [and] structures in accordance with a certain era by adding or recovering the missing parts to the originals; 12. Rehabilitation of national heritage means restoration, [or] new construction in order to return historical cultural objects or 4 This term appears to refer not just to physical trails or tracks but to the abstract sense of “links to the past”. 2 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR structures, [or] natural scenery to its original condition and unique character; 13. Heritage sites means archaeological, anthropological, monumental, natural, and architectural places, which are of outstanding value from the point of view of culture, history, science or technology, [and] scenery, which have been inherited from generation to generation; 14. Anthropological places means places, which are sacred to the people, relating to their religions, traditions and historical trails; 15. Monuments means places that are memorials to glorious ancestors and the heroic liberation movements and struggle of the multi- ethnic Lao people in the protection and development of the nation, [serving to remind] future generations; 16. Museums means places for restoring, conserving and exhibiting articles relating to culture, history, nature, science and society for domestic and foreign research, education, study tours, [and] tourism; 17. Precious property means highly valuable, outstanding and rare property. Article 4. State Policy on National Heritage Socio-economic development shall proceed side by side with protection and conservation of the national heritage. The State promotes and creates the conditions for individuals, [and] organisations within the country and abroad to participate in the protection, conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of the national heritage in a sustainable manner. The State promotes research, innovation and advancement regarding national heritage, and publicises5 the national and public value of national heritage, meanwhile restricting [and] eliminating obstructions to the advancement of the multi-ethnic people and the forward movement of the nation.6 The State recognises property constituting national heritage that belongs to organisations and individuals and that has been lawfully registered. Article 5. Obligations of Citizens 5 The literal translation is “disseminates”. 6 The sentence structure has been changed for readability. 3 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Lao citizens, aliens, and apatrids7 residing in the territory of the Lao PDR shall have the obligation to participate in the protection, conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of the national heritage. Foreigners, [and] tourists entering the Lao PDR shall have the same obligation to participate in the protection and conservation of the national heritage. Article 6. International Cooperation The State has a policy to promote international relations and cooperation regarding national heritage in the exchange of lessons, information, scientific research, [and] technical training, in the dissemination of culture, in exhibitions, in attracting funds and in other activities. Part II National Heritage Chapter 1 Cultural Heritage Article 7. Types of Cultural Heritage Cultural heritage consists of: • Cultural heritage in tangible objects; • Cultural heritage in intangible items. Article 8. Cultural Heritage in Tangible Objects The cultural heritage in tangible objects refers to [items of] tangible heritage which are of high outstanding value from a cultural point of view, including in the form of moveable or immoveable property with unique character, namely: antiques, handicrafts such as: weave patterns (such as laichok [and] matmee8), artistic works, consumer goods, foods such as: sticky rice, [and] fermented fish, traditional music instruments such as: khean…9 production tools, ancient inscriptions, archaeological sites, anthropological sites and others. Article 9. Cultural Heritage in Intangible Items 7 Readers may wish to refer to the Law on Lao Nationality for the distinction between aliens, apatrids (i.e. persons unable to certify their nationality) and foreign individuals. 8 These are two specific examples of weave patterns, which are listed in the law. The spelling of many of these transliterations of Lao words can vary. The translators have adopted the English translations used by the Lao Tourism Organisation where these are available. In other cases, the translators have attempted to provide transliterations that are as close to the Lao word as possible. 9 In Lao, using three dots in punctuation implies “etc.” or “and others”. 4 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The cultural heritage in intangible items refers to [items of] intangible heritage which are of high outstanding value from a cultural point of view, such as: local innovation, knowledge, public philosophies, beliefs, fine traditions which are expressed in livelihood practices, social behaviour, languages, alphabets, numbers, scripts10, legends, novels, proverbs, poems, traditional music, traditional dances, songs, melodies, folk songs, formulas of traditional medicine and others which are inherited from generation to generation. Chapter 2 Historical Heritage Article 10. Types of Historical Heritage Historical heritage consists of two types: • Historical heritage in tangible objects; • Historical heritage in intangible items. Article 11. Historical Heritage in Tangible Objects The historical heritage in tangible objects refers to [items of] tangible heritage which are of high outstanding value from a historical point of view, including in the form of moveable or immoveable property, namely: places of worship, sacred buildings, military equipment, tools, foods, consumer goods, documents of record, historical sites such as: places of liberation and struggle of the people, heroic ancestors and revolutionary leaders, battle fields, and monuments …11 Article 12. Historical Heritage in Intangible Items The historical heritage in intangible items refers to [items of] conceptual12 heritage which are connected with the history in different eras and generations, such as: ideas, theories, ideologies which express love for the nation and unyielding bravery13, innovative knowledge, capability, strategies, martial arts and tactics, warfare lessons, [and experiences gained from] the leadership, administration and development of the nation. Chapter 3 Natural Heritage 10 The Lao word translated as “scripts” refers to longer texts than the word previously described as “inscriptions”. Inscriptions may be on physical objects (e.g., in caves or on rocks). 11 The three dots at the end of the sentence implies “etc.” or “and others”. 12 The Lao term connotes non-physical, mental, conscious and spiritual. 13 The literal translation is “brave fight without surrender”. 5 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Cultural and historical heritage at the national level refers to [items of] heritage which are of outstanding national value located in any area of the Lao PDR, and which have become the heritage of the national community, such as: That Luang, Wat Xieng Thong, Viengxay district, Lumvong dances, Seosavath and Sang Sinh Say novels, and others. Article 19. World Level World cultural and historical heritage refers to [items of] Lao heritage which are of the outstanding world value located in any area of the Lao PDR, and which have been adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, such as: Luang Prabang City, Wat Phou Champasack and others. Chapter 2 Levels of Natural National Heritage Article 20. Levels of Natural National Heritage The natural national heritage is divided into four levels: • Local level; • National level; • Regional Level; • World level. Article 21. Local Level Natural heritage at local level refers to heritage [areas] which are of outstanding local value from the point of view of aesthetic scenery and biodiversity located in that local area, such as: Tat Lo, Tat Kouang Xi. Article 22. National Level Natural heritage at national level refers to heritage [areas] which are of outstanding national value from the point of view of aesthetic scenery, which are located in any area of the Lao PDR, and which have become the heritage of the national community, such as: Phou Bia, Khon Phapheng, Xepiane National Conservation Forest, Phou Hin Poune, Nakai-Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Area, dinosaur fossil site and others. Article 23. Regional Level Natural heritage at regional level refers to Lao national heritage [areas] which are of outstanding regional value from the point of view of regional aesthetic scenery, which are located in any area of the Lao PDR, and which have been adopted by concerned regional organisations, such as: national conservation forests, hot springs and others. 7 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 24. World Level Natural heritage at world level refers to Lao national heritage [areas] which are of outstanding world value from the point of view of aesthetic scenery, which are located in any area of the Lao PDR, and which have been adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Chapter 3 National Icons Article 25. The Importance of National Icons National icons include [items of] national heritage which are special, rare and unique to the nation, which the State shall pay attention to protect [and] conserve for sustainable15 existence with the country16. Article 26. Types of National Icons National icons are classified into tangible objects, intangible items, moveable property or immoveable property, such as: That Luang Vientiane, Haw Pha Keo, Wat Xieng Thong, Prabang, Khunbulom inscription, Sang Sinh Say novels, Xiang Miang novels and others. Part IV Administrative Regulations, Use, Protection, Conservation, [and] Restoration of Cultural and Historical National Heritage Chapter 1 Administrative Regulations on National Cultural and Historical Heritage Article 27. Administrative Regulations The State centrally and uniformly administers the national cultural and historical heritage throughout the country, including those [items] in the representative offices of the Lao PDR abroad, by registering, and by dividing [responsibility for their] administration among sectors17 and local administrations18. 15 The literal translation is “prosper”. 16 The connotation of the Lao text is that these national icons should prosper or flourish as long as the country does. 17 The term “sector” is used in many Lao laws to refer to the cluster of government ministries or agencies engaged in a particular activity. 18 The same Lao term may be translated as both “local administrations” and “local administrative authorities”. The translators have generally applied the following convention: (i) if the term is used in a sentence in juxtaposition to a reference to some specific agency within the line ministries, the term has been translated as “local administrations”, referring only to the bodies responsible for local administration discussed in the Law on Local Administration; and (ii) if the term 8 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The State protects the property [and] copyright [subsisting in items of] Lao national cultural and historical heritage which are outside the territory of the Lao PDR, which are in the illegitimate possession of other countries, or [in respect of which foreign countries have illegitimately asserted] copyright. Article 28. Registration [Items of] national cultural and historical heritage which are possessed by individuals or organisations shall be registered. The State conducts surveys, and collects the [items of] heritage to evaluate, classify and register [them], while encouraging possessors of heritage [items] to propose them for registration in accordance with the following regulations: 1. National heritage at the local level shall be registered with the information and culture divisions at provincial or city level; 2. National heritage at the national level shall be registered with the Ministry of Information and Culture; 3. National heritage at world level shall be registered with the concerned international organisations based on the proposal of the government of the Lao PDR; 4. National heritage that is in the possession of the representative offices of the Lao PDR abroad shall be registered with the Ministry of Information and Culture and the concerned sector; 5. National heritage which are national icons shall be registered with the Ministry of Information and Culture. After registration, the State recognises these [items of] heritage as national heritage, and also recognises the right of possession of the owners of these [items of] heritage. In the event that the [items of] heritage are not registered, the owners of these [items of] heritage are not entitled to conduct any activities relating to these [items of] heritage, such as: displaying them in exhibitions, making replicas and others. National heritage [items] at national level which have high value, are rare and are of unique national character shall be considered and proposed for registration of ownership and copyright in the name of the nation with international organisations. Article 29. Maintenance, Restoration and Rehabilitation is used alone in a sentence, it has been translated as “local administrative authorities” to indicate that it may be wide enough to cover local administrations as well as local divisions, offices or units of line ministries. However, the reader should note the alternative meaning that may have been intended. 9 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The State promotes individuals and organisations to participate in the maintenance, restoration and rehabilitation of the national cultural and historical heritage. The maintenance, restoration and rehabilitation of [items of] national heritage shall be approved by the organisations with which they are registered. Article 30. Replicas A replica is a new object created by copying the pattern, colour, [and] design of the original heritage [item]. The replication of [items of] national heritage which are national icons and national heritage at the national level shall be approved by the Ministry of Information and Culture. For the national heritage at the local level, the approval of the information and culture divisions at the provincial and city level shall be obtained. Article 31. New Creations Individuals and organisations intending to create monuments or sculptures of their ancestors, leaders, [or] national heroes, shall obtain approval from the government. For the creation of religious places, approval shall be obtained from the provincial governor or city mayor, in coordination with concerned authorities. For the sculpting of Buddhas, [and] the sculpting of monuments of an individual’s ancestors, approval shall be obtained from the information and culture sector. Article 32. Exhibition There are three main types of exhibition of national heritage: • Exhibitions open to the public; • Exhibitions for the purpose of obtaining contributions for the protection and restoration [of the national heritage]; • Exhibitions for commercial purpose. The exhibition of national heritage may be conducted within the country or abroad. The exhibition of national heritage within the country shall require the approval of the information and culture sector, after coordination with the concerned local administrations. 10 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The exhibition of national heritage abroad shall require the approval of the government, by a proposal through the Ministry of Information and Culture. Article 33. Seen and Discovered Individuals or organisations that, during the conduct of any activities, see any national heritage shall immediately report to the local administrations and the concerned information and culture sector, and shall suspend such activities until approval for continuation is granted. Individuals or organisations that have discovered sites, received information on existing sites, or suspect that any [item of] national heritage or holy relic exists, shall immediately report to the local administrations and the information and culture sector, and shall be prohibited from exploring them prior to obtaining the approval of the information and culture sector. Article 34. Research and Analysis The State promotes domestic or foreign persons or organisations to conduct research and analysis on the national cultural and historical heritage by granting different policies19. The research and analysis of such national heritage shall require approval from the information and culture sector. The person or organisation intending to cooperate with foreign countries to conduct such research and analysis shall obtain approval from the Ministry of Information and Culture, after coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The original record of the data and the results of such research and analysis shall be handed over to the information and culture sector for storage and publication, in accordance with regulations. Article 35. Export for Analysis The export to other countries for analysis of parts or objects that are the national cultural and historical heritage that are of high value, shall require the approval of the government. For parts or objects that are other national heritage, approval from the Ministry of Information and Culture is required. Article 36. Import, Display or Distribution The importation, display or distribution of cultural products of other countries shall be examined and approved by the information and culture sector. 19 The term “policies” is often used as an indirect way of referring to “incentives’ or “privileges”. In this context, it is unclear whether that use is intended or whether “policies” is being used in the sense of “strategies and measures of governance”. 11 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Tangible cultural products of other countries, especially Buddhas, or intangible items that contradict the culture, [or] fine national traditions of Laos will not be permitted to be imported, displayed or distributed. Article 37. Transfer The ownership of [items of] national cultural and historical heritage which are registered may be transferred or licensed to other people, but the transferee shall notify the information and culture sector where the [item of] heritage is registered within thirty days from the date of transfer. Article 38. Purchase and Sale Any individual or organisation intending to purchase or sell20 any [item of] national cultural and historical heritage shall obtain approval from the information and culture sector. In the case where such national cultural and historical heritage [item] has high outstanding value, the State shall have priority to buy such heritage at an agreed price. The State does not permit the sale of national heritage out of the country. For the exchange [of national heritage] between states, prior approval of the government shall be obtained. Article 39. Succession [Items of] national cultural and historical heritage which are registered may be transferred by inheritance, provided that the successor shall notify the information and culture sector where the [item of] national heritage is registered within sixty days from the date of succession. In the event that there are many successors, one person shall be assigned in writing as the representative to make such notification. Chapter 2 Regulations on the Use of Cultural and Historical National Heritage Article 40. Purpose of Use The use of national cultural and historical heritage has the following purposes: 1. As the basis for national prosperity, as the driving force for social expansion, and for the development of a strong and wealthy nation; 2. To educate citizens to love their nation, to be unified and proud of historical efforts, to be creative, to bravely struggle, and to be united as one with the multi-ethnic Lao people in the protection and development of the nation; 20 The Lao word is a compound word: “buy-sell”. 12 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 3. To increase the wealth of the store of national cultural and historical heritage; 4. To promote the tourism industry; 5. To integrate with world conservation activities and [world activities] that extend the value of the national cultural and historical heritage; 6. To conduct research on archaeological science, history and others. Article 41. Regulations on Use The use of national cultural and historical heritage shall comply with the following provisions: 1. the use shall be in accordance with the purpose, and shall be in an effective and sustainable manner; 2. it is prohibited to use heritage areas, heritage sites, and historical sites for any purpose that may cause changes to their original conditions; 3. a suitable portion of the revenue from the [use of] national heritage shall be used for the development of such heritage. Chapter 3 Regulations on the Protection, Conservation, Maintenance and Restoration of National Cultural and Historical Heritage Article 42. Protection and Conservation of National Cultural and Historical Heritage in Tangible Objects The protection and conservation of national cultural and historical heritage in tangible objects shall be carried out as follows: 1. Individuals or organisations that are responsible for the national heritage [object] shall assess the effect of damage to the national cultural and historical heritage and determine preventive measures, including immediate and proper solutions; 2. Individuals or organisations intending to pursue socio-economic development, in particular industrial, agricultural and infrastructural development, in [national cultural and historical heritage] areas or in places where it is suspected that there is any national cultural and historical heritage shall obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Information and Culture, including determination of measures to protect such heritage from damage; 3. Individuals or organisations are prohibited from causing damage to national cultural and historical heritage, such as: destroying Buddhas, archaeological sites and anthropological sites; encroaching onto historical sites; occupying land in national heritage conservation areas; changing the original condition of any heritage to another condition; and changing history. 13 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Domestic and foreign persons are prohibited from receiving concessions of any national cultural and historical heritage21 at the national level unless there is necessity, in which event approval shall be obtained from the government based on the proposal of the Ministry of Information and Culture. Article 43. Protected Area of Heritage Sites The protected area of heritage sites is generally divided into three zones: • Zone 1 is the central area, where the heritage is located, which must be protected in its original circumstances and where no construction is permitted; • Zone 2 is the area surrounding the central area, where some activities are permitted to increase the value of zone 1, provided that no damage shall be caused to that surrounding area; • Zone 3 is the administrative area where construction is permitted to serve zones 1 and 2 for the accommodation of tourists. The detailed determination of each zone will be in specific regulations. Article 44. Protective Measures for Heritage Sites The responsible authorities shall pay attention to monitor the cases where it is discovered that the national heritage has been encroached on, destroyed or damaged by human or natural causes, for which immediate protective measures shall be laid down in coordination with the local administration where the heritage is located, followed by notification to the information and culture sector for an immediate solution. Article 45. Procedures for Maintenance, Restoration and Rehabilitation The maintenance, restoration and rehabilitation of national cultural and historical heritage shall be carried out as follows: 1. There must be a specific enterprise or enterprises, which are lawfully registered and meet the conditions to perform the maintenance, restoration and rehabilitation of national cultural and historical heritage; 2. The performance of work shall be approved by the heritage administrative agency where the [items of] heritage are registered. For national cultural and historical heritage at the national and world levels, approval shall be obtained from the Ministry of Information and Culture; 3. The original character of the [items of] heritage shall be maintained. 21 The connotation is of a grant of concession in the heritage itself, e.g., granting someone the right to operate a historical site. 14 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 46. Protection and Conservation of National Heritage in the Form of Intangible Items The protection and conservation of national cultural and historical heritage in the form of intangible items shall be carried out as follows: • The protection and conservation of national cultural and historical heritage shall be undertaken simultaneously with its promotion, publication and wide use in domestic and foreign contexts; • The nature of research [and] creation shall be national, public and advanced; • Expatriates and foreigners, including their organisations, and international organisations intending to conduct research and analysis on the national heritage shall perform [such research and analysis] in accordance with the reality of that heritage and shall obtain approval from the Ministry of Information and Culture; • It is prohibited to copy, [or] assemble the results of research, [or] innovation of other people regarding any national heritage by pirating the copyright or publication without obtaining the prior consent of the copyright owner and of the concerned authorities; • It is prohibited to disseminate or publish any national heritage which constitutes national secrets. Part V Regulations on the Administration, Use, Protection, Conservation, Restoration and Rehabilitation of Natural National Heritage Chapter 1 Regulations on the Administration of National Natural Heritage Article 47. Regulations on the Administration of National Natural Heritage The State centrally and uniformly administers [areas of] national natural heritage within the country by registering them, and dividing [the responsibility for their] administration among sectors and concerned local authorities. The State protects the property [and] copyright [subsisting in items of] Lao national natural heritage which are outside the territory of the Lao PDR, which are in the illegitimate possession of other countries, or [in respect of which foreign countries have illegitimately asserted] copyright. Article 48. Registration of National Natural Heritage [Areas of] national natural heritage shall be registered, in particular the areas which contain heritage of high value [and] outstanding things, such as: biodiversity protected areas, conservation forests, wetlands, [and] caves that have natural value, and shall be regulated as follows: 15 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 1. National natural heritage at the local level shall be registered with the information and culture division at the provincial or city level, in coordination with concerned sectors; 2. National natural heritage at the national level shall be registered with the Ministry of Information and Culture, in coordination with the concerned sectors; 3. National natural heritage at the regional level shall be registered with the concerned regional organisations by the proposal of the government; 4. National natural heritage at world level shall be registered with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation by the proposal of the government. Article 49. Regulations on the Administration of Sources of Biodiversity Sources of biodiversity which are national natural heritage, such as: wetlands, ponds and marshes, shall be administered by inspection and registration, as proposed by the concerned sectors. Article 50. Regulations on the Administration of Conservation Forests Conservation forests that have been registered as national natural heritage shall be administered for the purpose of protecting nature in a sustainable [and] rich manner. Article 51. Regulations on the Administration of National Parks National parks, which are full of richness in respect of the ecosystem and their clean and aesthetic attraction, and which have become national natural heritage shall be administered as places for relaxation and for domestic and foreign tourists. Article 52. Regulations on the Administration of Natural Landscape Scenery Areas with natural landscape scenery, which are of value from the point of view of natural and aesthetic scenery and are outstanding, including mountains, cliffs, forests, rivers, streams, waterfalls and others, shall be registered as national natural heritage and shall be administered for the purpose of the sustainable preservation of their aesthetic nature. The administration of the natural heritage defined in articles 49 to 52 of this law shall be regulated in separate regulations. Chapter 2 Regulations on the Use, Protection, Conservation and Restoration of National Natural Heritage Article 53. Purpose and Regulations on Use The use of national natural heritage has the following purposes: 16 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 1. As the basis of national prosperity, and as the basis and potential for socio-economic development; 2. To create awareness in citizens to love the natural environment, in particular, forests, water resources and biodiversity; 3. To promote the tourism industry; 4. To integrate with world and regional conservation activities and [with world and regional activities] that extend the value of the national natural heritage; 5. To conduct research on nature, biodiversity and others; 6. To increase the wealth of the store of national natural heritage. Use of national natural heritage shall: 1. Be consistent with the socio-economic development plan; 2. Be effective, [and] sustainable, and cause no harmful effects to the natural environment or to society; 3. Be in accordance with laws and regulations. Article 54. Regulations on the Protection and Conservation of National Natural Heritage The protection and conservation of national natural heritage shall be carried out as follows: 1. Individuals or organisations intending to pursue socio-economic development in any national natural heritage area, in particular industrial, agricultural and infrastructural development, shall obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Information and Culture and other concerned sectors; 2. Individuals or organisations that are responsible for the national natural heritage [area] shall assess the effect of damage to such national natural heritage, and determine preventive measures, including immediate and proper solutions; 3. National natural heritage shall be preserved for its aesthetic scenery and richness of biodiversity; 4. Individuals or organisations are prohibited from causing harmful effects to national natural heritage, such as: destruction of forests[;] surface or underground exploration of natural resources in any national natural heritage area[;] encroaching on or occupying land in biodiversity protected areas, conservation forest areas, national parks and areas of natural aesthetic scenery[;] including changing the original conditions of any natural heritage.22 22 The punctuation in this paragraph has been changed to give a better sense of the breaks in ideas. 17 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 55. Regulations on the Restoration of National Natural Heritage The restoration of national natural heritage shall comply with the following: 1. There must be a specific enterprise or enterprises, which are lawfully registered and meet the conditions to engage in the restoration of national natural heritage; 2. The restoration shall be approved by the heritage administrative agency where the heritage [areas] are registered. For national natural heritage at regional and world levels, approval shall be obtained from the Ministry of Information and Culture in coordination with concerned sectors; 3. The original character of the heritage shall be maintained; 4. The restoration shall aim to return the national natural heritage [areas] that have deteriorated, been damaged or been destroyed to their original conditions. Article 56. Development Goals The development of national natural heritage aims to make the heritage sustainable, abundant and richer as the basis for national economic development, [and] for research and study, [and] to promote the maximum value of such heritage, while at the same time extending the potential of the heritage, serving to protect the environment and tourism throughout the country, and contributing to national protection and development. Part VI Museums Article 57. Types of Museums Museums are divided into three types as follows: • State museums; • Collective museums; • Private museums. Article 58. The Meaning of Museum 1. State museums are places for storing, exhibiting, and preserving precious and outstanding objects of the State, consisting of: • The national museums, which are places for storing, exhibiting, and preserving precious and outstanding objects throughout the country; • The sectoral museums, which are places for storing, exhibiting, and preserving precious and outstanding objects relating to the concerned sector; 18 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR • The local museums, which are places for storing, exhibiting, and preserving precious and outstanding objects existing in that local area. 2. Collective museums are places for storing, exhibiting, and preserving precious and outstanding objects of the collectives in that area; 3. Private museums are places for storing, exhibiting and preserving private articles. Article 59. Regulations on the Establishment of Museums The establishment of museums shall meet the following conditions: • There shall be adequate numbers of articles that are of precious value in culture, history, nature, science, [or] technology for exhibition; • Places for exhibition and storage must be secure; • There shall be knowledgeable experts on that national heritage, as regulated. The establishment of museums shall be approved in the following cases: • National museums shall be approved by the President of the State, based on the proposal of the government; • Sectoral and local museums shall be approved by the Prime Minister, based on the proposal of the Ministry of Information and Culture; • Collective and private museums shall be approved by the provincial governors or city mayors, based on the proposal of the information and culture divisions. Part VII National Heritage Fund Article 60. Sources of National Heritage Fund To assure the protection, conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of national heritage in a sustainable and better-developed manner, it is necessary to establish the national heritage fund, which shall be derived from: 1. The State budget; 2. The assistance of foreign countries and international organisations; 3. The contribution of individuals and organisations within the country and from abroad; 4. The revenue from the use of national heritage such as: entrance fees, publications, research and analysis of national heritage, from the tourism business, from fines of violators and others; 19 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 5. Compensation23 for activities that affect the national heritage; 6. Income from activities relating to national heritage and others. Article 61. Administration and Use of the National Heritage Fund The administration and use of the national heritage fund shall comply with the purposes stipulated in the first paragraph24 of article 60 of this law, and shall be in accordance with the Law on State Budget and other relevant laws. The administration and use of such fund shall be specifically regulated. Part VIII Administrative and Inspection Agencies25 Chapter 1 Administrative Agencies Article 62. Administrative Agencies The State centrally and uniformly administers the national heritage throughout the country by assigning tasks to the Ministry of Information and Culture as the focal point, in coordination with concerned sectors and with concerned local authorities. The national heritage administrative agencies are divided into four levels as follows: 1. The Ministry of Information and Culture; 2. The information and culture divisions at the provincial and city level; 3. The information and culture offices at the district and municipal level; 4. The village administrations. The administration of [items of] Lao national heritage that have become world heritage or regional heritage shall be administered by special 23 The literal term is “obligations”. 24 The translators are aware that it is awkward to speak of “the first paragraph” of Article 60, which has only one paragraph (with several points, point 1 of which does not appear to set out any purpose). Instead, this reference in Article 61 appears to be a reference to the lead-in language at the start of Article 60. 25 In the Lao language, the word roughly meaning “the entire organisation of responsible governmental agencies” is capable of being translated as any one of the following English words: “organisation”, “agency”, or “authority”. In choosing which English word to use, the translators have adopted the following convention. Where the governmental agencies in question have in practice adopted an English term for themselves (e.g., the Tax Authority), the translators have used that term. Otherwise, the translators have used the generic term “organisation” or, as in this law, “agency”. 20 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR organisations, such as: the committee for national heritage, the local heritage committees and the office of world heritage, the establishment and activities of which shall be separately regulated. Article 63. Rights and Duties of the Ministry of Information and Culture In the administration of the national heritage, the Ministry of Information and Culture shall have following main rights and duties: 1. To conduct research, lay down policies and strategies, and issue legislation on the national heritage, in particular, on the cultural and historical heritage; 2. To conduct surveys, gather data, analyse, [and] explore each type of national heritage; 3. To disseminate and educate on the policy directives, laws and regulations relating to the national heritage; 4. To supervise, encourage, monitor, [and] inspect the information and culture divisions in their implementation of laws, regulations, plans, [and] projects on the national heritage; 5. To supervise, [and] encourage the offices of regional and world heritage in their implementation of laws, regulations, plans, and projects on regional and world heritage; 6. To register and issue licenses relating to national heritage within its responsibility; 7. To build up human resources relating to national heritage; 8. To be the focal point, in coordination with other concerned sectors, in administering and implementing26 the national heritage; 9. To extend relations and cooperation with foreign countries and international organisations on activities relating to national heritage; 10. To summarise reports and provide evaluations on the implementation of activities relating to national heritage to the government and Prime Minister; 11. To exercise other rights and perform other duties as regulated by laws and regulations. Article 64. Rights and Duties of the Information and Culture Divisions In the administration of national heritage, each information and culture division at the provincial or city level shall have following main rights and duties: 1. To elaborate on the laws, regulations, plans, [and] projects of the Ministry in its own regulations, plans, projects and implementation; 26 This is a literal translation. The translators are aware that it is awkward to speak of “implementing national heritage”. It is possible that this is a reference to implementing “activities” regarding national heritage. A similar provision in Article 64(4) spells this out. However, this Article 63(8) does not contain the word “activities”. 21 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 2. To conduct surveys, [and] gather data on the national heritage within its area of responsibility; 3. To disseminate [and] educate on the policy directives, laws and regulations on national heritage; 4. To register and issue licenses relating to the national heritage within its responsibility; 5. To supervise, [and] encourage the information and culture offices at district and municipal level in their implementation of administrative activities relating to national heritage; 6. To be the focal point, in coordination with other concerned sectors, in the administration and implementation of activities relating to national heritage; 7. To summarise reports and provide evaluations on the implementation of activities relating to national heritage to its higher authority; 8. To exercise other rights and perform other duties as regulated by laws and regulations. Article 65. Rights and Duties of Information and Culture Offices at the District Level In the administration of national heritage, each information and culture office at the district or municipal level shall have following main rights and duties: 1. To implement laws, regulations, plans, [and] projects on national heritage; 2. To conduct surveys, gather data, [and] create lists of the national heritage within its area of responsibility; 3. To disseminate, [and] educate on the policy directives, laws and regulations on national heritage; 4. To issue licenses relating to the national heritage within its responsibility; 5. To coordinate with other concerned sectors in the administration and implementation of activities relating to national heritage; 6. To summarise reports and provide evaluations on the implementation of activities relating to national heritage to its higher authority; 7. To exercise other rights and perform other duties as regulated by laws and regulations. Article 66. Rights and Duties of the Village Administrations In the administration of national heritage, each village administration shall have following main rights and duties: 1. To perform tasks relating to national heritage in the administration, protection, conservation, rehabilitation and use of the national heritage within its area of responsibility; 22 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 2. To conduct surveys, and create lists of the national heritage within its area of responsibility to propose to higher authorities for adoption; 3. To summarise reports on the implementation of activities relating to the national heritage to its higher authorities. Article 67. Rights and Duties of Other Concerned Agencies Other concerned agencies [involved in] the administration of national heritage at central and local levels shall have the right and duty to coordinate with the information and culture sector in accordance with their roles and responsibilities. Chapter 2 Inspection Agencies Article 68. Inspection Agencies The inspection agencies are the same agencies as the administrative agencies defined in Article 62 of this law. The inspection agencies shall have the following rights and duties: 1. To inspect the implementation of plans, projects, laws and regulations relating to the administration of national heritage, including contracts and international conventions that the Lao PDR has signed and or to which it is a party; 2. To inspect the resolution of proposals by individuals or organisations relating to national heritage; 3. To exercise other rights and perform other duties as stipulated by laws and regulations. Article 69. Types of Inspections There are three types of inspections of national heritage: 1. Regular systematic inspections, which are carried out based on the operational plan, on a regular basis and at a specified time; 2. Inspections with advance notification, which are inspections outside the operational plan in the event of necessity and of which notice shall given in advance27 to the person inspected; 3. Emergency inspections, which are emergency inspections without advance notice to the inspected person. 27 The literal translation is “of which prior notice shall be given in advance”. 23 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Part IX Policies and Measures28 Article 70. Policies Individuals or organisations with outstanding performance in the administration, protection, conservation, restoration and development of national heritage will receive awards and other appropriate policies. Persons who have seen, discovered, researched or given useful information on national heritage, in addition to receiving awards, will receive other benefits in accordance with the laws and regulations. Article 71. Measures Individuals or organisations that have violated the provisions of this law shall be re-educated, fined, or subject to civil liability or criminal punishment, as determined on a case by case basis. Part X Final Provisions Article 72. Implementation The government of the Lao PDR is entrusted to implement this law. Article 73. Effectiveness This law shall enter into force sixty days after the date of the promulgating decree issued by the President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. All regulations and provisions that contravene this law are null and void. Vientiane, 9 November 2005 President of the National Assembly [Seal and Signature] Samane VIGNAKET 28 See footnote 19. In the context of this Part, the term “policies” takes the meaning of “privileges” and the term “measures” takes the meaning of “sanctions”. 24
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	28	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kaysone_Phomvihane	en	Kaysone Phomvihane	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg/220px-Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Kaysone Phomvihane was the first leader of the Communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955 until his death in 1992. After the Communists seized power in the wake of the Laotian Civil War, he was the de facto leader of Laos from 1975 until his death. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic from 1975 to 1991 and then as the second President from 1991 to 1992.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kaysone_Phomvihane	Lao politician, communist leader (1920–1992) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions: Can you list the top facts and stats about Kaysone Phomvihane? Summarize this article for a 10 year old SHOW ALL QUESTIONS Kaysone Phomvihane (Lao: ໄກສອນ ພົມວິຫານ, pronounced [ˈ kɑɪsɒn ˈˈpɒmvɪhɑːn];[1] 13 December 1920 – 21 November 1992) was the first leader of the Communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955 until his death in 1992. After the Communists seized power in the wake of the Laotian Civil War, he was the de facto leader of Laos from 1975 until his death. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic from 1975 to 1991 and then as the second President from 1991 to 1992. Quick Facts General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party[a], Succeeded by ... Close
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"https://thediplomat.com/ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 138w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 276w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 219w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 438w" ]	[]	[]	[ "Politics", "Southeast Asia", "Laos", "China Laos economic relations", "Chinese loans to Laos", "Lao People's Revolutionary Party", "Laos coronavirus", "Laos economic growth", "Laos National Party Congress 2021", "Laos politics", "Thongloun Sisoulith" ]	null	[ "David Hutt" ]	2020-06-04T03:02:00+00:00	Laos’ quinquennial National Party Congress is coming up in 2021, but the prospects for meaningful change look slimmer and slimmer.	en			https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/an-uncertain-future-for-laos/	Get ready for the rumor mill to start spinning in Vietnam ahead of January’s National Congress, an event held every five years when the ruling Communist Party selects its new officials and leaders. Laos’ ruling communist party, the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, will also hold its own National Congress early next year, likely in January, too. But nobody is talking about that – and probably won’t be until a few weeks before the event. If it is difficult to read the tea leaves of what might happen within the Vietnamese Communist Party, there’s almost no information seeping from Vientiane for divination from us pundits. To make some broad guesses: it’s likely that Party General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachith will stay on for another term. His predecessor, Choummaly Sayasone, held the post for 10 years between 2006 and 2016. Before him, Khamtai Siphandon held the same position, which was called chairman of the Central Committee until 2006, between 1992 and 2006. Typically, though, prime ministers only serve one five-year term. Only Khamtai, who was also the prime minister between 1991 and 1998, held the post for longer than five years. As such, one might expect the current prime minister, Thongloun Sisoulith, to bow out next year. Is that a good thing? In a column for The Diplomat, I queried in April 2017 whether Thongloun was a reformist leader (see: Is Laos’ New Leader Really a Reformer?). Looking back, maybe I was naïve. But, at the time, Thongloun appeared to be a new kind of apparatchik. He spoke more openly and casually in media interviews; he rushed into office with new rules to curb corruption and bring the party closer to ordinary people, and spoke honestly about the need to reform the economy. But his pro-market reforms, namely to cut fiscal deficits, have largely failed, while not much progress has been made in jettisoning the wasteful state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The announcement last year that Laos would sell off weak-performing state-owned enterprises into joint public-private ventures seems good on paper – but, as Vietnam has found, trying to sell off your weakest assets (those which you publicly acknowledge to be struggling) doesn’t always attract investors. Like much of Thongloun’s reign, the move showed an intention toward reform without any substance. Thongloun’s early promises to get serious on corruption have also largely been a disappointment. And his government’s biggest embarrassment was its woeful handling of the collapse of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy dam in southern Laos in 2018. Hope was fading even before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, hitting Laos hard. In the worst-case scenario, which might actually be overly optimistic, Laos’ economy is set to contract by 1.8 percent this year, compared to positive 7 percent growth rates in recent years, according to the World Bank. Reports suggest that unemployment has climbed to around 25 percent, compared to less than 1 percent throughout most of the last two decades. Because of the dearth of on-the-ground reporting from Laos, the actual cost isn’t well understood just yet. As always, the question of debt hanging over the country takes center stage during a crisis. In May, Fitch Ratings downgraded the national debt from “stable” to “negative,” while its report noted that the state must make $900 million in external debt payments this year. This is thought to include a $250 million payment on a low-interest loan to China. That’s the first tranche of a considerable debt Laos has taken on from China, partly to fund a high-speed train line between Vientiane and Kunming in China, which may turn out to be a white elephant. (For an overview of that debate, look at Nick Freeman’s piece for the South China Morning Post from last December.) The Laos government is thought to have guaranteed a third of the costs of the $6 billion high-speed train line. On top of that, Laos will face at least a $1 billion obligation for debt servicing payments each year until 2023. The Nikkei Asian Review recently noted that “Laos has limited room to maneuver,” given that its foreign exchange reserves were only thought to be worth $1 billion as of the end of March. To date, tax receipts only account for 12 percent of GDP, and much of that is from taxes on mining, which is near exhaustion. As I point out regularly, Laos has not even attempted to create an export sector similar to ones in Vietnam and Cambodia, which would provide it with some well-needed foreign capital. Now, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank, the aforementioned NAR report informs us, also expects the state fiscal deficit this year to run between 7.5 percent and 8.8 percent of gross domestic product, up from 5.1 percent in 2019. Debt levels, it reported, “are expected to increase between 65% and 68% of GDP in 2020, from 59% of GDP in 2019.” From what I can tell, 2021 doesn’t look like a fantastic year for economic growth either, so expect the national debt to continue growing. As the National Congress looms, this might be a time for change. But, in many ways, it appears that the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party has become despondent, lacking in self-belief, and aware of its own powerlessness. In other words, the Party is lacking any courage or conviction to admit mistakes and change course from its high-debt, infrastructure-led development program, much of it copied (and funded) by China. Geoffrey C. Gunn, in his article on Laos for the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Southeast Asian Affairs 2020 collection, wrote of a communist regime “hell-bent on prioritizing major projects… whatever the social and ecological consequences locally and downstream.” Last year, Thongloun told the Nikkei Asian Review that “if we don’t borrow… Laos, as a least developed country, won’t develop further.” Such a comment warrants attention. Here, Thongloun isn’t saying that more and more debt is a good thing in itself; he’s saying that this is the only option for Laos. Compared to its socialist cousins in Vietnam and China, Laos’ communist party hasn’t tried to embrace even the slightest change; it has failed to insert even a thin layer of technocrats within the system, and it will not allow the Lao people a crevice to air their honest opinions (whereas Vietnam’s Communist Party wants to know what the people think, but is more than happy to repress complaints when they get too damning.) Not even wanting to know the thoughts of ordinary people, Laos’ communist government has grown increasingly introverted, a king in its castle shut-off from reality. This toxic combination of despondence about its own effectiveness and ability to change course, and its unwillingness to hear even the slightest of criticism, means it is now contented just to plod on with the status quo – regardless of the consequences. Indeed, the Party has put itself in a straitjacket it now doesn’t have the imagination, competency, or will to try getting out of. Partly, though, this is also the fault of Beijing. Reports suggest that more than half of all Laos’ public debt is held by China. Personally, though, I have been wary of “debt trap” narratives; I don’t believe Chinese foreign policy is as competent and meticulous to have intentionally, years ago, designed a system to ensnare other countries. Instead, it seems more persuasive that Beijing seriously believes (mistakenly) that it can export its “development-led” model to countries that have few of the characteristics that made it a success in China. Put differently, Beijing believes that other countries can replicate its own high-debt, infrastructure-led, rocket-fast development program. And poorer countries like Laos have also bought the lie that all they have to do is follow China’s history and they, too, can become wealthy. This is, of course, wrong. What worked in China – thanks in large part to its enormous workforce, the uniqueness of the time it began developing, and its geography – cannot be replicated in a country like Laos. But it’s easier for Vientiane to believe the lie and go along with it – especially as it shows little creativity or competence for alternative thinking – than to turn around and try an alternative model of development that may be more sustainable and achievable. Brian Eyler has explained that the famous rail link from Vientiane to Kunming serves “to create channels to bring natural resources and commercial inputs back to China so that China’s economy can keep growing.” Philip Alston, a UN special rapporteur on human rights and extreme poverty, gave a startling honest account last year after visiting Laos, noting that the government’s “single-minded focus on large infrastructure projects… has created all too few jobs for Lao people, generated very large debt repayment obligations, and disproportionally benefited wealthy elites.” Ordinary people, he added, “have seen very few of the benefits of the economic boom.” Even if the Party wanted to, though, it’s too late to turn back. Like an addict taking on new debt to pay off previous gambles, it would be almost an existential crisis to admit mistakes and seek an alternative way out of the problem. But this isn’t an exact analogy. The communist party isn’t elected, so its apparatchiks are gambling not with their own money but the money of ordinary Laotians, especially the young, who will inherit this ever-growing national debt for decades to come.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	66	https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/SouthEastLaos.htm	en	South East Asia	https://www.historyfiles…exDomain_max.jpg	https://www.historyfiles…exDomain_max.jpg	[ "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/KAStrap.jpg", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rss.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rssHelp.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rss.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rssHelp.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rss.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/media_rssHelp.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/nav-spacer.gif", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donate-c.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donatePic.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donate_slider.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donatePic.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateCard.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateApple.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateGoogleBW.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donatePPminiBW.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateCard.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateApple.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donateGoogleBW.png", "https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/images/support/historyFiles_donatePPminiBW.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "timeline", "history", "key events", "kings", "kingdom", "rulers", "laos", "south", "east", "asia", "king", "dethroned", "savang", "vatthana", "vientiane", "viangchan", "communist", "souphanouvong", "kaysone", "phomvihan", "khamtai", "siphandon", "choummaly", "sayasone", "boungnang", "vorachith", "thongloun", "sisoulith" ]	null	[ "P L Kessler", "John De Cleene" ]	null	Coverage of the various historical cultures, rulers, and states of the Far East	en	../favicon.ico	The History Files	null	The History Files still needs your help. As a non-profit site, it is only able to support such a vast and ever-growing collection of information with your help, and this year your help is needed more than ever. Please make a donation so that we can continue to provide highly detailed historical research on a fully secure site. Your help really is appreciated.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	90	https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,405217,00.html	en	Lazy, hazy, crazy Laos			[ "http://hits.guardian.co.uk/b/ss/guardiangu-global,guardiangu-network/1/H.20.3/15702?ns=guardian&pageName=Guardian+%3a+Lazy%2c+hazy%2c+crazy+Laos&ch=Guardian&c8=405217&c9=article&c11=Guardian&h2=GU%2fGuardian%2fDaily%2fG2&c2=GUID:(none)", "http://static.guim.co.uk/static/99201/zones/news/images/logo.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/film/site/freeserve/shared/1x1-trans.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/site_furniture/2004/09/21/theguardiancrumb.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/site_furniture/2001/01/03/g2_128.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/football/site/Triangle_up.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://image.guardian.co.uk/sp.gif", "http://pix01.revsci.net/E05516/a3/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/noscript.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	OK, how many unreconstructed communist one-party states are there left from the old eastern bloc days? It's easy to name four: China, because it's huge; Vietnam, because it's resonant; Cuba, because it spooks the Americans; North Korea, because it spooks everyone. But there's a fifth, of which we hear almost nothing. That's partly because it's small, obscure and distant, and partly because its leaders have skilfully kept the place out of the limelight. There are no journalists in the country, excluding the poor saps whose job is to regurgitate what the party tells them. This, however, is a big month in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, otherwise known as Laos, the country tucked away inland from Vietnam. Tomorrow is National Day and there will be a huge parade to mark the 25th anniversary of the communist takeover on December 2 1975. Nine days later the foreign ministers of Europe (or underlings like Britain's John Battle) will meet their south-east Asian counterparts at a summit in the capital, Vientiane. From their hotel and limousine windows, they will glimpse somewhere wholly at odds with the conventional notion of any Asian capital, still less a communist one. Vientiane is a strange and dreamy place. English villages have more traffic. There are thousands of dogs, but one rarely summons enough vigour to bark. The city bakes in the sun and the Mekong River drifts by, between sandbars, as lazy in the dry season as everything else. And this is the bustling heart of Laos. The lovely former capital of Luang Prabang apart, the rest is mostly mountains and tropical forest. No one has had the energy to chop it all down yet. Laos was always like this, apparently. "The Vietnamese plant rice," went a French colonialist saying, "the Lao listen to it grow." And the torpor affects everyone. "Europeans who come here to live soon acquire a certain, recognisable manner," wrote Norman Lewis in 1951. "They develop quiet voices and strange, rapt expressions." Vientiane feels like one of those small South American towns where Butch and Sundance might ride in to rob a bank. Not that they would find much worth stealing: the currency is almost worthless. It is called the kip (which ought to be divided into 40 winks). The national monument is called the Great Stupa, which sums up the mood. Except when a bomb goes off. Which happens frequently. In the past seven months, 12 devices have exploded round the city, at places where tourists and ordinary Laos congregate: a backpackers' cafe, the morning market, the airport. There have certainly been serious injuries. Estimates of deaths range from zero to 10. Nobody knows. Nobody even knows who is planting the bombs or why. By the end of my third day in the country, I have heard nine separate explanations and am working on a 10th myself. A senior minister, asked who did it, replies: "Bad people." The randomness of the attacks makes it hard to argue. But nobody knows anything in Laos. Not a thing. For instance, there is no consensus among observers on who wields the power inside the politburo: the president, Khamtay Siphandone, or someone else. It is like the Moscow of 30 years ago, when outsiders only got a clue that a leader had been ousted when he failed to show up on May Day. But even in the Soviet Union it was possible to agree on a few fundamentals. "Let's get this right," I say to one analyst. "Laos is a country of five million people . . ." "Well, maybe," he replies. "Something like that. They've never been counted properly. So how would anyone know?" "OK," I say. "And it's about the size of Britain . . ." He looks pained. "Surely we know how big Laos is . . ." "Not necessarily. They're just starting on the demarcation of the Chinese border. The Vietnamese border goes through deep jungle and it's completely unclear where the line might be. And then there's the Mekong, which keeps shifting." Those borders have been the country's damnation for ever. Everyone has come in and rained on the gentle Lao: the Chinese, the Burmese, the Siamese, the French (who invested nothing), the Lao royal family ("degenerate" is the kindest description I hear), the Americans (from a great height) and finally the communists and their Vietnamese patrons. It was said that the US dropped more bombs on Laos when the Vietnam war spilled over than were dropped in the whole of the second world war. They made no difference. The governing creed behind American involvement was the domino theory: if Vietnam went communist, neighbouring countries would topple; even Japan and Australia might soon be threatened. And this was proved partially right. Laos fell, not as brutally as Cambodia, but brutally enough. The royal family was taken away and never reappeared. At least 30,000 others - maybe many more - were sent away for re-education. For 10 years, stern neo-Stalinism was enforced. On National Day 1985 the masses were instructed to be on the parade ground at 4am to hear hour-long speeches starting at six, followed by a march-past by men and women in boiler suits. But those permeable borders had advantages. East European dissidents had to risk their lives trying to breach the iron curtain; Cubans and Vietnamese died en masse while trying to escape in small boats. But it is impossible to patrol the Mekong. At very low water, there are places you can paddle across. Anyone who really wanted to go could be in Thailand in no time. Many left at once, including the fighters from the Hmong minority in the north, who had thought they were playing safe by throwing in their lot with the CIA. The Mekong has been a major smuggling route since the middle ages: spices, opium, slaves, escapees, whatever. No system could change that. And eventually the ancient traditions began to dilute the ideology. Most urban Laos are followers of Theravada Buddhism, a stoical branch of a stoical religion, which helped them endure the early years. The leadership then gave up persecuting Buddhism (though Christian missionaries are still barred), and appropriated Buddhist symbolism for the state. Laos become a unique flower, a red-and-saffron hybrid. And for a time it looked like flourishing. "In the early 90s, inch by inch, this place really was coming out of the dark ages," one Vientiane-based businessman tells me. "We thought we might even have free elections." He was spectacularly wrong, which is why he (and everyone else who speaks to me) cannot be named. Politically, Laos remains almost a client state of Vietnam, the exact state of dependence - like everything else - being unclear. Its leaders are elderly and anonymous. They do not terrorise the people, but they permit no argument. And, as in Vietnam, the economy nosedived in the late 90s. Officially, this was because of the Asian economic crisis. According to critics, it was because the government insisted on fuelling inflation at the worst possible moment. Now the kip is mainly good for wallpaper: the largest note, a 5,000, is worth just over 40p. Government salaries did not go up to compensate, so Buddhism and Leninism had to be replaced by a new official state religion: kickbackism. "We're being squeezed all the time," says the businessman. "It's not tax, it's bribes. You don't just bribe at the top. You bribe everybody from the cleaner upwards or you don't get anything at all. If you want a licence for something, you need $40,000, or in every office there'll be a problem. So if you're a foreign investor, you say, 'Here's a market of 5m people, 3m of whom are lost in the forest. Is it worth it?' You think 10 times about coming here." There is a charitable way of regarding the bribery. Laos could be described as a functioning kleptocracy. The collapse of the kip means a mid-ranking civil servant now earns about £15 a month. Even ministers might earn only double that. That's if the pay actually turns up. Since the government cannot afford to increase the salaries, Laos has absorbed the canker into its system and developed a pay-as-you-go civil service. Since life for the peasantry goes on as ever, and the private sector operates in dollars or Thai bahts, the only people really being screwed are those, such as teachers, who are not considered worth bribing. Tourist dollars are welcome, too, and numbers are slowly increasing - perhaps up to 5,000 Britons will visit this year. Indeed, backpackers now dominate the centre of Vientiane, and the gaudy Buddhist temples are being outnumbered by the tourists' own shrines, the internet cafes. There they worship for hours, seeking answers from their own god, all-knowing, even of the third-division football results. These are more innocent diversions than used to be the norm. Poppies are a major cash crop. Before the US embassy got heavy and threatened the aid programme, Vientiane was perhaps the easiest capital in the world to get an opium hit. The Vang Vieng area, north of Vientiane, is reputedly still full of opium dens, though I suspect they are run by police to entrap tourists who then have to bribe their way out. But who needs drugs here? Breathe the air and you fall into a trance. And when the breeze blows along the Mekong it feels very close to heaven. After an hour at a forest temple, I have mentally composed my letter to the editor ("As you will have expected for some time, I am resigning from the Guardian to become a Buddhist monk"). I defer posting it after talking to one of my prospective colleagues, who mentions the 4am starts and the absence of food after midday. But the monks, I feel, are the most enviably spirited people in Laos. "I hate the communists," says my friend, "but they leave us alone." Life for an expatriate does seem rather terrifying. The English-language paper suggests nothing except a Sunday game of "Touch Ruby", which sounds most exciting until I realise there is a g missing. Norman Lewis said the chief diversion in 1950 was a trip to the slaughterhouse. Even now, there is a semi-official midnight curfew. The handful of discos and bars are shut by 11.30 and there is nothing else to do except snog on the riverbank, an enchanting prospect, especially at full moon (a time of great propitiousness in Lao culture), at least until a policeman shows up. Extramarital sex between foreigners and Laos is illegal; marriage requires years of bribing officials. But through it all, the shadows of the bombers. Who and why? The following are named to me as possible perpetrators: 1. Disaffected Hmong. 2. Royalists. 3. The Chinese, bent on conquest. 4. A business dispute. 5. An internal dispute between governmental factions. 6. The CIA. 7. The army - to get at the police. 8. Vice versa. 9. A lovers' tiff. We have gone beyond the point where the lovers' tiff explanation is credible. I offer instead my own thought that the incidence of bombings went down as the river levels went up in the wet season - suggesting that the perpetrators might be Lao exiles coming over from Thailand. Between attacks, life drifts on. There is none of the furious ambition that drives China or Vietnam. The people are not starving, as in North Korea. The regime seems to have the same air of gentle, drifting futility as the people. Perhaps this will be the last communist state, because no one will feel motivated enough to topple it. Or maybe one huge bomb at tomorrow's parade will blast the whole government apart. You cannot begin to guess. The businessman still has flashes of optimism. Mountains, forest, a history of trade . . . "This place could be the Switzerland of Asia," he says. "Be careful," I warn. "They used to talk about the Switzerland of Africa. That was Rwanda." "No, that would never happen here," he says. "Even the military's got no money and no arms. They'd have to ask the Vietnamese to do the fighting."
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	74	https://premium.globalsecurity.org/military/world/laos/mond.htm	en	Lao Ministry of National Defense			[ "https://premium.globalsecurity.org/images/global-security.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Military", "World", "Laos" ]	null	[ "John Pike" ]	null	As of mid-1994, the most powerful military officer in Laos was concurrently Minister of National Defense (and head of the Ministry of National Defense) and Commander in Chief of the LPA.		/favicon.ico		null	Ministry of National Defense The Lao People's Army (LPA), the armed forces of the country, is the product of the successful transition from a guerrilla army in the 1950s and 1960s to a conventional military organization with three branches of service (ground, air, and water). The term "liberation" was dropped from the nomenclature of the Lao People's Liberation Army (LPLA) after the army was restructured in 1976. The Ministry of Public Security maintains internal security but shares the function of state control with the Ministry of Defenses security forces and with the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party (LPRP) and the LPRPs popular front organizations. The Ministry of Public Security includes local, traffic, immigration, and security (including border) police plus other armed police units. Additionally, communications police are responsible for monitoring telephone and electronic communications. The armed forces have domestic security responsibilities that include counterterrorism and counterinsurgency as well as control of an extensive system of village militias. As of mid-1994, the most powerful military officer in Laos was Lieutenant General Choummali Saignason, concurrently minister of national defense and commander in chief of the LPA. In addition to his military position, he was also the seventh highest ranking member of the ruling LPRP Political Bureau (Politburo). He took over as chief of the LPA in 1991 when General Khamtai Siphandon was elevated to prime minister. As a ranking member of the Politburo, Choummali is responsible for formulating both government and military policy. As commander in chief, he has absolute power over all internal and external security matters. All state security personnel, commanders of the air and naval forces, and police officials reported to Choummali. The LPA is augmented by provincial forces, numbering 20,000 to 30,000 men and women, and the local militia, or Irregular People's Army, estimated at somewhat more than 100,000 men and women. Provincial forces receive little pay, have few weapons, and are minimally trained. They are under the operational control of provincial authorities for border control and internal security. The militia is lightly armed and receives no pay and little or no military training. The irregular forces are organized in their workplaces and local villages, have a role in local security, and act as a reserve for the regular armed forces. Promising recruits from the provincial forces and militia units frequently advance to regular army duty. Armed Forces Personnel YearArmyNavyAir Force 197460,0005002,300 197640,0005002,000 198046,0005502,000 198246,0001,7001,000 198450,0001,7002,000 198650,0001,0002,000 198852,5001,0002,000 199052,5006002,000 199150,0006002,000 199233,0005003,500 199333,0005003,500
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	23	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/presidents-of-laos-since-1975.html	en	Presidents Of Laos Since 1975	https://www.worldatlas.c…os-610014068.jpg	https://www.worldatlas.c…os-610014068.jpg	[ "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/35/07/0f/thinkstockphotos-610014068.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/bc/ec/b9/laos-things.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/ad/b0/1a/shutterstock-650275783.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/ef/3f/61/shutterstock-163219952.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/c1/9e/7a/shutterstock-777713002.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/73/b7/e3/falun-gong-practitioners-perform-a-dragon-dance-on-o-connell-street-to-celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-image-by-liammurphypics-shutterstock.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/af/00/bb/shutterstock-1054205075.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/07/f6/f1/shutterstock-1401775049-1.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/5b/df/6b/shutterstock-1786041881.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/bd/e4/30/shutterstock-242820772.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/dd/d0/71/shutterstock-2058667154.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/4f/ef/36/shutterstock-1505987069.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/67/22/1b/shutterstock-1710655522.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/nwa_assets/img/site/wa2_logo_text_white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Benjamin Elisha Sawe" ]	2017-02-03T17:08:00-05:00	These Presidents have been the Heads of State in Laos since the Kingdom of Laos was overthrown by Laotian communist revo	en	/nwa_assets/img/site/favicon.png	WorldAtlas	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/presidents-of-laos-since-1975.html	Laos is officially known as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and it is a landlocked country located in Southeast of Asia bordering Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. Laos is a one-party state. The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. History of the office of the president of Laos dates back to Prince Souphanouvong, who was Laos's first president and a member of the deposed royal family of the former Kingdom of Laos. The President of Laos is the Commander-in-Chief of the Lao People's Army, represents Laos in both international and local affairs, safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of Laos, and appoints the vice president, the prime minister, ministers, and other officials with the National Assembly's consent. These Presidents have been the Heads of State in Laos since the Kingdom of Laos was overthrown by the Laotian communist revolution. Presidents Of Laos Since 1975 Souphanouvong (1975-1991) Prince Souphanouvong was born on July 13th, 1909 in Liang Phrabang, Laos and was the first President of Laos from December 1975 to August 1991. Souphanouvong was one of Prince Bounkhong's sons whose mother was a commoner. Souphanouvong got his education in France and Vietnam before eventually becoming a supporter of Ho Chi Minh and joining the Indochinese Communist movement. Souphanouvong assembled the first Congress of the Lao Freedom Front commonly known as the Pathet Lao. He was also the leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party which steered him into the presidency. Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1992-1998) Nouhak Phoumsavanh was born on April 9th, 1910 in Mukdahan Province of Thailand and was the fourth president of Laos from 1992 to1998. In 1945 Phoumsavanh was the founding member of the Lao Revolutionary movement and became the Chairman of the Lao Resistance Committee and Minister of Finance in 1950 he also served as the Deputy Prime Minister. Phoumsavanh was elected as President of Laos following the death of former President Kaysone. Choummaly Sayasone (2006-2016) Choummaly Sayasone was born on March 6th 1936 in Attapeu, Laos and is a Laotian politician, the 6th President of Lao from 2006-2016 and former General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. In 1991 Sayasone joined the party's political bureau serving as Defence Minister from 1991-2001 and was Vice President from 2001-2006. On March 21st, 2006 Sayasone was elected as the LPRP's General Secretary which saw him to victory as Laos President on June 8th, 2006. Bounnhang Vorachith (2016-Present) Bounnhang Vorachith was born on August 15th, 1938 in Savannakhet Province of Laos and is a Laotian politician and has also been the Secretary General of the LPRP and the seventh and incumbent President of Laos since January 22nd, 2016. Vorachith previously served as the deputy prime minister from 1996 to 2001, prime minister of Laos from 2001to 2006 and as Vice President of Laos from 2006 to 2016. Vorachith was elected as the General Secretary of the LPRP making him the supreme leader of Lao People's Democratic Republic. Vorachith was ranked first in the political bureau hierarchy of Laos. Presidency of Lao People's Democratic Republic The decline of the Kingdom of Laos by the Pathet Lao in 1975 and the end of the Laotian Civil War saw the beginning of a new era in Laos. Since 1975 Lao a Political Bureau hierarchy has had a total of six presidents and one acting president. The other two presidents in Laos include Kaysone Phomvihane who was president from 1991 to 1992 and Khamtai Siphandon who served as Laos president from 1998 to 2006. Phoumi Vongvichit was the acting president for Souphanouvong when he was forced to step down due to health reasons.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	76	https://laotiantimes.com/tag/khamtai-siphandone/	en	Khamtai Siphandone Archives	https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/new-favicon-300x300.jpg><link rel=canonical href=https://laotiantimes.com/tag/khamtai-siphandone/	https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/new-favicon-300x300.jpg><link rel=canonical href=https://laotiantimes.com/tag/khamtai-siphandone/	[ "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossless,ret_img,w_395,h_60/https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Asset-2@2x-8.png", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossless,ret_img,w_395,h_60/https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Asset-2@2x-8.png", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossless,ret_img/https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WhatsApp-Image-2024-07-15-at-14.22.18_77289d7a.jpg", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossless,ret_img,w_306,h_160/https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/00-1.jpg", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossless,ret_img,w_395,h_60/https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/New-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-11-20T16:46:06+07:00		en	https://laotiantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/new-favicon-300x300.jpg><link rel=canonical href=https://laotiantimes.com/tag/khamtai-siphandone/	Laotian Times	https://laotiantimes.com/tag/khamtai-siphandone/	The leading English language news website in Laos.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	7	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/Under-foreign-rule	en	Laos - French, Siam, Colonialism	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-004-D7D8C514/Flag-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/42/4042-004-7619C005/Laos-map-boundaries-cities-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/84891-004-EBCF18D7/Wat-Aham-Louangphrabang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/183685-004-D3B20B54/World-Data-Locator-Map-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/145301-004-982A07FE/Bolovens-Plateau-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/05/14305-004-E2CA8BC2/Laos-map-features-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/52/96052-004-18359A7C/monks-Buddhist-temple-Pha-That-Luang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/25/184425-049-491EBF68/World-Data-pie-chart-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/60/128060-004-B53FD28F/Population-density-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-121/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.121.12", "https://cdn.britannica.com/40/129640-131-0EB20858/Flags-countries-world-flags-Country-blog-geography-2009.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/95/168695-131-11055CC5/Geography-Something-globe-Europe-Eurasia-Africa.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/142291-131-1FF39F2D/Flags-world-blue-sky-Countries-Globalization-relations-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/64/244164-131-C5EE8DAB/nation-flags-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/247338-131-37776892/passport-visas-stamps-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/43/148643-131-2B2237A6/example-landscape-Irish-Ireland-Sligo.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/57/203257-131-48B2BCA1/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-marchers-speech-I-August-28th-1963.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/203585-131-D4FEE60A/Solar-Eclipse-Flare-Astronomy-Outer-Space.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/31/142331-131-EE300AF6/basketball-Orange-background-lighting-Homepage-entertainment-history-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/15/95015-131-5E505098/statues-Moai-Easter-Island.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/92/125692-131-43C78F64/Charles-Pete-Conrad-Apollo-12-surface-flag-Nov-19-1969.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/114738-131-1EC2D535/assassination-Pres-John-Wilkes-Booth-Abraham-Lincoln-April-14-1865.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=220&h=150", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=320&h=220", "https://cdn.britannica.com/17/38917-050-256F06F2/Souvanna-Phouma-1975.jpg?w=300" ]	[]	[]	[ "Laos", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "Joseph J. Zasloff", "Milton Edgeworth Osborne" ]	1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00	Laos - French, Siam, Colonialism: During the 18th century the three Laotian states, which were continually at loggerheads, tried to maintain their independence from the Myanmar and Siamese kingdoms, both of which were contending for control of the western segment of continental Southeast Asia. Disunity weakened the Laotian kingdoms and inevitably caused them to fall prey to the Siamese. Vien Chan, which had sided with Myanmar, was invaded (1778), annexed, and made a state subject to the Siamese (1782). Luang Prabang, which had supported Siam, was invaded by Myanmar (1752), which imposed its rule on it until being supplanted by the Siamese in 1778. In	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/Under-foreign-rule	During the 18th century the three Laotian states, which were continually at loggerheads, tried to maintain their independence from the Myanmar and Siamese kingdoms, both of which were contending for control of the western segment of continental Southeast Asia. Disunity weakened the Laotian kingdoms and inevitably caused them to fall prey to the Siamese. Country Facts Capital, Population, Government... Country Facts Audio File: National anthem of Laos Head Of Government: Prime Minister: Sonexay Siphandone Population: (2024 est.) 7,658,000 Head Of State: President: Thongloun Sisoulith Form Of Government: unitary single-party people’s republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [149]) Vien Chan, which had sided with Myanmar, was invaded (1778), annexed, and made a state subject to the Siamese (1782). Luang Prabang, which had supported Siam, was invaded by Myanmar (1752), which imposed its rule on it until being supplanted by the Siamese in 1778. In the south, Champassak, which had supported a Myanmar revolt against the Siamese, also was invaded (1778) and was transformed into a dependency of Siam. Each of these Lao kingdoms was placed under the control of a Siamese commissioner. The kings of Champassak, Vien Chan, and Luang Prabang were allowed to rule in their respective kingdoms but had to pay tribute to Bangkok. Their appointments to the throne were made in Bangkok. Recent News July 20, 2024, 6:00 PM ET (The Star) US, Laos strengthen commitment to disability inclusion with Phase II of Okard Project July 20, 2024, 2:07 AM ET (The Star) Luxembourg gives boost to Laos’ compliance with international law July 20, 2024, 2:00 AM ET (The Star) Laos to enhance wildlife health surveillance and aims to reduce disease risks to human July 20, 2024, 2:00 AM ET (The Star) Laos to raise VAT to 10 per cent on digital platforms July 18, 2024, 6:07 PM ET (The Star) Labour ministry in Laos issues warning over illegal job brokers The last king of Vien Chan, Chao Anou (also called Anouvong; ruled 1805–28), attempted to shake off this yoke. First, he strengthened the bonds of allegiance between Vien Chan and Vietnam (1806), whose influence in the region had grown to rival that of Siam. Next, he persuaded Bangkok to give his son the governorship of Champassak, thus extending his frontiers as far as the old southern boundaries of Lan Xang. Thinking that the British, who had just defeated Myanmar, were going to attack Siam, he led three armies against Bangkok (1827). The Siamese, however, regrouped their forces, marched on Vien Chan, and defeated Anou, who fled to Vietnam. Vien Chan was pillaged and destroyed. In 1828 Anou attempted another attack but was again defeated. Vien Chan was made a Siamese province. For the Siamese the annexation of Vien Chan was the first step toward the creation of a great empire. They next extended their domain to the eastern bank of the Mekong to protect themselves from an eventual Vietnamese expansion westward, garrisoned Champassak (1846) and Luang Prabang (1885), and stationed troops as far as the Annamese Cordillera. Siamese expansion toward the northeast—where the mountain states were placed under the cosuzerainty of Vietnam and Luang Prabang—provoked the protests of the French, who had established a protectorate over Vietnam. France entered into negotiations with Bangkok (1886) to define the Siamese-Vietnamese frontier and won the right to install a vice-consul in Luang Prabang. The office was entrusted to Auguste Pavie, who, partly because of his popularity with the Laotians, succeeded in winning Luang Prabang over to France. After a number of Franco-Siamese incidents in the Mekong River valley, French ships made a show of strength off Bangkok in 1893. Later that year, on the advice of the British, Siam withdrew from the eastern bank of the Mekong and gave official recognition to the French protectorate in the evacuated territory. French annexation was completed by treaties with Siam (called Thailand from 1939) in 1904 and 1907. The French organized this territory as a protectorate (what came to be known as Indochine, or French Indochina), with its administrative centre at Vientiane, and allowed it autonomy in local matters. The kingdom of Luang Prabang survived, but the other provinces were placed under the direct authority of a French official. France paid little attention to Laos until the Japanese invaded mainland Southeast Asia during World War II; in 1941, under Japanese pressure, the Vichy government of German-occupied France restored to Thailand the territories France had acquired in 1904. In March 1945 the Japanese took outright administrative control of the remainder of French Indochina, and the following month the independence of Laos was proclaimed. Two movements sprang up at that time. The first was anti-Japanese and was represented by the court of Luang Prabang and Prince Boun Oum of Champassak; the second was anti-French (the Free Laos movement, or Lao Issara), was located in Vientiane, and was led by Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa. These two movements remained in conflict until French troops returned, which in early 1946 compelled the supporters of the Lao Issara to flee to Thailand. France, in a temporary agreement, recognized the internal autonomy of Laos under the king of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong. Finally, after a constitution was promulgated and general elections were held, a Franco-Laotian convention was signed in July 1949 by which Laos was granted limited self-government within the French Union. All important power, however, remained in French hands. Although many of the Lao Issara leaders were prepared to work with the French under this new arrangement, their decision was opposed by a more radical group led by Kaysone Phomvihan and Prince Souphanouvong. Under Souphanouvong’s leadership a new political movement, the Pathet Lao (“Land of the Lao”), was proclaimed (1950); it joined forces with the Viet Minh of Vietnam in opposing the French. The Pathet Lao remained unreconciled when the French took further steps toward granting independence to Laos in October 1953 while still retaining control of all military matters in the kingdom. Between 1950 and early 1954 the Pathet Lao gained strength in northeastern Laos, and it had a firm grip on two of the country’s provinces when the peace conference in Geneva brought the First Indochina War to an end. Pierre-Bernard Lafont Milton Edgeworth Osborne Laos after the Geneva Conference, 1954–75 The Geneva Accords of 1954 marked the end of French rule in Southeast Asia. The participating countries (including France, Great Britain, the United States, China, and the Soviet Union) at the Geneva Conference agreed that all of Laos should come under the rule of the royal government and should not undergo partition (as did Vietnam). The agreements, however, did provide for two “regroupment zones” in provinces adjacent to what was then North Vietnam to allow the Pathet Lao forces to assemble. This resulted in the de facto control of those areas by the Laotian communists, while the rest of the country was ruled by the royal government. The uneasy peace in Laos was short-lived, as hostilities broke out between leftist and rightist factions in 1959. Another conference in Geneva in May 1961 culminated in an agreement in July 1962 that called for the country to become neutral and for a tripartite government to be formed. The new government consisted of factions from the left (the Pathet Lao, who were linked to North Vietnam), the right (linked to Thailand and the United States), and neutrals (led by Prince Souvanna Phouma). Once again, however, the cease-fire was brief. The coalition had split apart by 1964, and the larger war centred in Vietnam subsequently engulfed Laos. In that expanded war Laos, like Cambodia, was viewed by the major protagonists as a sideshow. An agreement negotiated in January 1973 by the United States and North Vietnam at Paris called for a cease-fire in each of the countries of mainland Southeast Asia, but only in Laos was there peace. In February, just a month following the agreement, the Laotian factions signed the Vientiane Agreement, which provided again for a cease-fire and for yet another coalition government composed of factions from the left and right, presided over by Souvanna Phouma. As political control in Vietnam tipped toward the communists following the American departure from that country, the Pathet Lao gained political ascendancy in Laos. When the Vietnamese communists marched into Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), and Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the right-wing forces in Laos lost heart, and most of their leaders fled, permitting a bloodless takeover by the Laotian communists in mid-1975. Though out of office, Souvanna Phouma remained an adviser to the new regime until his death in 1984. The Laotian communists proclaimed an end to the 600-year-old monarchy and established the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR) in December 1975.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	94	https://www.countryreports.org/country/Laos/expandedhistory.htm%3Fcountryid%3D137%26hd%3Dr84c1-2.aspx%26la0012)	en	CountryReports	https://www.countryreports.org/uApp/uGraphics/favicon.ico	https://www.countryreports.org/uApp/uGraphics/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.countryreports.org/uApp/uGraphics/search.png", "https://www.countryreports.org/uApp/uGraphics/hamburger.png", "https://d2z7bzwflv7old.cloudfront.net/cdn_image/exW_1200/" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.countryreports.org/uApp/uGraphics/favicon.ico		null
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	37	https://www.wuacademia.org/politician-asia-20-Laos.php	en	ELECT THE BEST PRESIDENT OF PRIME MINISTER.			[ "https://www.wuacademia.org/LOGO-ENGworldanduniversalacademy1.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauFRANCAISanimeFlag2.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauAMERICAINanimeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauANGLAISanimeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauRusse-animeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauPORTUGAIS-animeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauITALIAanimeflag1.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauESPAGNE-Spain-animeflag2.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauCONGOLAISanimeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauCHINAanimeflag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauJAPONAISanimeflag1.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauALLEMANDanimeFlag.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/drapeauNEDERLAND-animeflag1.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/logo-webshop.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/LOGO-wuacademia-info-eng1.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/LOGO-writing-artistic-invention-political-contests-1.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/LOGO-school-finearts-cinema-culture.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/foto-politician-asia-Laos-Choummaly-Sayasone.jpg", "https://www.wuacademia.org/foto-Flag_of_Laos_svg.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/foto-Location-Laos-2.png", "https://www.wuacademia.org/foto-Location-Laos-1.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif", "https://www.wuacademia.org/mm_spacer.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "ELECT THE BEST PRESIDENT OF PRIME MINISTER", "elect the best prime minister", "elect the best politician", "elect the best president", "politician", "europa", "America", "Asia", "Africa", "biography of politician", "biography of prime minister", "biography of president", "the best governement", "politic leader", "wuacademia", "wuacademy", "fondation world and universal academy", "contests", "competitions", "contest", "competition", "school online", "wuacademia", "wuacademia productions." ]	null	[]	null	ELECT THE BEST PRESIDENT OR PRIME MINISTER.				null	Lieutenant General Choummaly Sayasone (born March 6, 1936 in Attapu) is president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and general secretary (leader) of the communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party since March 21, 2006. He was elected general secretary on that date by the party's 8th Congress. He previously served as defense minister. Formerly vice president of the country, he was officially appointed president on June 8, 2006, replacing Khamtai Siphandon, whom he also replaced as party leader. He joined the party's Politburo in 2001.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	58	https://wikipedia.nucleos.com/viewer/wikipedia_en_all/A/Saysomphone_Phomvihane	en	Saysomphone Phomvihane			[ "https://wikipedia.nucleos.com/viewer/skin/caret.png", "https://wikipedia.nucleos.com/viewer/wikipedia_en_all/I/Symbol_category_class.svg.png.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saysomphone_Phomvihane	Saysomphone Phomvihane (Lao: à»àºâàºªàº»àº¡âàºàºàº àºàº»àº¡àº§àº´àº«àº²àº; born 14 December 1956 in Houaphanh Province) is a Laotian politician and member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). He is the son of former LPRP General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane and Thongvin Phomvihane. He served as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Lao Front for National Construction. He currently serves as President of the National Assembly. He was elected to the LPRP Central Committee at the 5th National Congress, and to the LPRP Politburo at the 10th National Congress.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	14	https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/laos-political-geography/laos	en	Encyclopedia.com			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about Laos", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about Laos", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	LAOS [1] LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT [2] TOPOGRAPHY [3] CLIMATE [4] FLORA AND FAUNA [5] ENVIRONMENT [6] POPULATION [7] MIGRATION [8] ETHNIC GROUPS [9] LANGUAGES [10] RELIGIONS [11] TRANSPORTATION [12] HISTORY [13] GOVERNMENT [14] POLITICAL PARTIES [15] LOCAL GOVERNMENT [16] JUDICIAL SYSTEM [17] ARME	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/laos-political-geography/laos	LAOS LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT TOPOGRAPHY CLIMATE FLORA AND FAUNA ENVIRONMENT POPULATION MIGRATION ETHNIC GROUPS LANGUAGES RELIGIONS TRANSPORTATION HISTORY GOVERNMENT POLITICAL PARTIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL SYSTEM ARMED FORCES INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ECONOMY INCOME LABOR AGRICULTURE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FISHING FORESTRY MINING ENERGY AND POWER INDUSTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DOMESTIC TRADE FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING AND SECURITIES INSURANCE PUBLIC FINANCE TAXATION CUSTOMS AND DUTIES FOREIGN INVESTMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT HEALTH HOUSING EDUCATION LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION FAMOUS LAOTIANS DEPENDENCIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Lao People's Democratic Republic Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao CAPITAL: Vientiane (Viangchan) FLAG: The national flag, officially adopted in 1975, is the former flag of the Pathet Lao, consisting of three horizontal stripes of red, dark blue, and red, with a white disk, representing the full moon, at the center. ANTHEM: Pheng Sat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People). MONETARY UNIT: The new kip (k) is a paper currency of 100 at (cents). There are notes of 10, 20, 50, 200, and 500 new kip. k1 = $0.00009 (or $1 = k10,751) as of 2005. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard, but older local units also are used. HOLIDAYS: Anniversary of the Founding of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2 December. To maintain production, the government generally reschedules on weekends such traditional festivals as the Lao New Year (April); Boun Bang-fai (Rocket Festival), the celebration of the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha (May); Boun Khao Watsa, the beginning of a period of fasting and meditation lasting through the rainy season (July); Boun Ok Watsa (Water Holiday), a celebration of the end of the period of fasting and meditation (October); and That Luang, a pagoda pilgrimage holiday (November). TIME: 7 pm = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Laos is a landlocked country on the Indochina Peninsula near the eastern extremity of mainland Southeast Asia. Laos occupies an area of 236,800 sq km (91,429 sq mi), extending 1,162 km (722 mi) sse–nnw and 478 km (297 mi) ene–wsw. Comparatively, the area occupied by Laos is slightly larger than the state of Utah. It is bordered on the n by China, on the e and se by Vietnam, on the s by Cambodia, on the w by Thailand, and on the nw by Myanmar, with a total boundary length of 5,083 km (3,158 mi). The capital of Laos, Vientiane, is located along the country's southwestern boundary. TOPOGRAPHY The terrain is rugged and mountainous, especially in the north and in the Annam Range, along the border with Vietnam. the mountains reach heights of more than 2,700 m (8,860 ft), with Pou Bia, the highest point in Laos, rising to 2,817 m (9,242 ft) in the north-central part of the country. Only three passes cross the mountains to link Laos with Vietnam. The Tran Ninh Plateau, in the northeast, rises to between 1,020–1,370 m (3,350–4,500 ft), and the fertile Bolovens Plateau, in the south, reaches a height of about 1,070 m (3,500 ft). Broad alluvial plains, where much of the rice crop is grown, are found only in the south and west along the Mekong River and its tributaries. Of these, the Vientiane plain is the most extensive. Except for a relatively small area east of the main divide, Laos is drained by the Mekong and its tributaries. the Mekong flows in a broad valley along the border with Thailand and through Laos for 1,805 km (1,122 mi). In its low-water phase, it is almost dry, but it rises more than 6 m (20 ft) during the monsoon period. the river is wide, but except for a navigable stretch between Vientiane and Savannakhét, rapids are numerous. Below Savannakhét and at the extreme south there are large rapids and waterfalls. Floods are common in the rainy season. CLIMATE Laos has a tropical monsoon climate with three main seasons. the rainy season is from May through October, when rainfall averages 127–229 cm (50–90 in). November through February is a cool, dry season. March through April is a hot, dry season, during which temperatures can be as high as 40°c (104°f). Humidity is high throughout the year, even during the season of drought. Average daily temperatures in Vientiane range from 14–28°c (57–82°f) in January, the coolest month, and from 23–34°c (73–93°f) in April, the hottest. FLORA AND FAUNA About 54% of Laos is covered by forest. The forests of southernmost Laos are an extension of the Kampuchean type of vegetation, while the highland forests of the north, consisting of prairies interspersed with thickets, resemble central Vietnam. Bamboo, lianas, rattan, and palms are found throughout Laos. Roaming the forests are panthers and a dwindling number of tigers, elephants, and leopards. The elephant, until 1975 depicted on the national flag as the traditional symbol of Lao royalty, has been used throughout history as a beast of burden. A local breed of water buffalo also is universally used as a draft animal. Reptiles include cobras, geckos, kraits, and Siamese crocodiles. there are many varieties of birds, fish, and insects. As of 2002, there were at least 172 species of mammals, 212 species of birds, and over 8,200 species of plants throughout the country. ENVIRONMENT Soil erosion, deforestation, and flood control are the principal environmental concerns in Laos. The government seeks to control erosion by discouraging the traditional slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by many mountain tribes, and by resettling the tribes in permanent villages. Reforestation projects have been promoted by the government as a means of increasing lumber exports and of restoring valuable hardwoods to logged-out forest areas. Each person was required to plant five trees in the course of the 1981–85 economic plan. In 1986, the government prohibited the cutting of 15 different varieties of trees. At that time, forests were reportedly being consumed at a rate of 300,000 hectares (741,000 acres) per year. Between 1983 and 1993, Laos suffered a further decline of 11.3% in its forest and woodland area. From 1990–2000, the rate of deforestation was about 0.4% per year. In 2003, about 3% of the total land area was protected. Laos has about 190 cu km of renewable water resources with 82% used in farming activity and 10% used for industrial purposes. Only 66% of city dwellers and 38% of rural citizens have access to safe drinking water. The nation's water supply has begun to decrease due to a combination of factors, among them the loss of forest land, uncontrolled agricultural practices, flooding, and drought. Pollution from fires, dust, and cars is also becoming a national problem. According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 30 types of mammals, 21 species of birds, 11 types of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians, 6 species of fish, and 19 species of plants. Endangered species in Laos included the douc langur, three species of gibbon (pileated, crowned, and capped), tiger, Asian elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Thailand brow-antlered deer, kouprey, and Siamese crocodile. the Vietnam warty pig has become extinct. POPULATION The population of Laos in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 5,924,000, which placed it at number 102 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 4% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 40% of the population under 15 years of age. There were 100 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be 2.3%, a rate the government viewed as too high. the projected population for the year 2025 was 8,712,000. The population density was 25 per sq km (65 per sq mi), but the population is unevenly spread, with the greatest concentration in the Mekong Valley. More than 70% of the population is rural, living in some 9,000 villages. The UN estimated that 19% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 4.50%. The capital city, Vientiane (Viangchan), had a population of 716,000 in that year. Other large towns, all on or near the Mekong and its tributaries, are Savannakhét, Pakxé, Luangphrabang (the former royal capital), Muang Xaignabouri, and Ban Houayxay. MIGRATION There has been only limited population movement into Laos in modern times. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, under pressure of combat operations, Black Tai tribesmen moved southward into the Mekong River valley. Between 1975–90, over 360,000 Laotians fled to Thailand and China. The majority resettled and were given new lives in Western nations. To date, more than 27,000 Laotians have repatriated. In 1996, some 6,000 Laotian refugees remained in Thailand, and several hundred remained on collective farms in China. As of 1999, about 1,100 of the small number of refugees still remaining in Ban Napho camp in Thailand were determined not to have valid refugee claims. the two governments agreed that they should return to Laos, with assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In the mid-1990s, as Laos opened up to international investment and development, Vietnamese workers began migrating to Laos—although in relatively small numbers—primarily to work in the construction industry. In 2003 Thailand arrested 19,115 Laotian unauthorized workers, and 6,098 Laotians as illegal foreigners. However, in 2004 Thailand registered 173,000 Laotians as migrant workers. In 2004 Laotians sought refuge, 7,864 in France and 6,214 in the United States. In that same year 569 applied for asylum in Thailand and 101 in the United States. The net migration rate for 2005 was an estimated zero migrants per 1,000 population. the government views the immigration level as satisfactory, but the emigration level as too high. ETHNIC GROUPS About 68% of all Laotians are Lao-Loum, or lowland Lao, a people related to the people of Thailand; thought to have migrated to Laos from southwestern China in the 8th century, the LaoLoum are concentrated in the lowlands along the Mekong. On the hillsides live the Lao-Theung, or slope dwellers, a diverse group dominated by the Lao-Tai (with various subgroups, including the Black Tai), who are ethnically related to the Lao-Loum. they account for 22% of the population. At higher altitudes are the LaoSoung, or mountain dwellers, a diverse group of ethnic minorities of mainly Malayo-Polynesian or proto-Malay backgrounds. they constitute 9% of the population. Important among the Lao-Soung, and more prosperous than most Lao because of the opium poppies they grow, are the Hmong (Meo), a people of Tibeto-Burman origin who supported the American presence until 1975 and, because of their continuing insurgency, became the targets of harassment by government and Vietnamese troops. Other important upland tribes, all with customs and religions considerably different from those of the lowland Lao, are the Ho, Kha, Kho, and Yao (Mien). Ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese account for 1% of the population. LANGUAGES Lao, the official language and the language of the ethnic Lao, is closely related to the language of Thailand. It is monosyllabic and tonal and contains words borrowed from Sanskrit, Pali, and Farsi. Pali, a Sanskritic language, is used among the Buddhist priesthood. Other groups speak the Tibeto–Burman, Non-Khmer, or Miao–Yao languages. French, formerly the principal language of government and higher education, has been largely replaced by Lao. English and various ethnic languages are also spoken. RELIGIONS Theravada Buddhism is practiced by most of the Lao-Loum, whose daily life is shaped by its rituals and precepts. Buddhist temples, found in every village, town, and city, serve as intellectual as well as religious centers. Vientiane and Luangprabang have been called cities of thousands of temples. More than 70 pagodas were built in Vientiane alone in the 16th century, including the famous Wat Phra Keo and That Luang. Despite the major role that Buddhism, its temples, and its priests have played in Laotian life, the average lowland Lao regulates a large part of daily activities in accordance with animistic concepts. Certain spirits (phi ) are believed to have great power over human destiny and to be present throughout the material world, as well as within nonmaterial realms. Thus, each of the four universal elements (earth, sky, fire, and water) has its special phi; every road, stream, village, house, and person has a particular phi; forests and jungles are inhabited by phi. Evil phi can cause disease and must be propitiated by sacrifices. The Lao-Theung and the Lao-Soung, including the upland tribes, are almost exclusively animists, although influenced by Buddhism to some extent. About 2% of the population are Christians, with about 60,000 Protestants and 40,000 Roman Catholics. Most Protestants are members of the Lao Evangelical Church or Seventh-Day Adventists, which are the only two officially recognized Protestant groups. Other minority religions include the Bahaism, Islam, Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Though religious activity was discouraged by the state from 1976 to 1979, freedom of religion has been legally guaranteed since the constitution of 1991. However, the government reserves the right to serve as the final arbiter of permissible religious activities, which the government loosely defines as those practices which serve to promote national interests. Religious affairs are overseen by the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC), an organization of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. TRANSPORTATION Lack of adequate transportation facilities continued to be a major deterrent to economic progress. Of the approximately 14,000 km (8,700 mi) of roads, only about 3,360 km (2,088 mi) were paved in 2002. Many are impassable in the rainy season. Only a single major road connects the northern and southern regions. Most of the roads were damaged by US bombing in the Vietnam war, but the main links with Vietnam (notably Highway 9, from Savannakhét to the Vietnamese port of Da Nang, and Highways 7 and 13, from Vientiane and Savannakhét to the Vietnamese port of Vinh and Ho Chi Minh City, respectively) were rebuilt with Vietnamese aid. Under the 1981–85 economic plan, 844 km (524 mi) of roads were built or improved. There are no railroads in Laos, although in 1994, the government entered into an agreement with a Thai company to build a railroad from Nong Khai in Thailand to Vientiane. In 2006, French president Jacques Chirac reported that his government would support Thai efforts to build this planned railway, which, as of that year, had not been constructed. In 2004 there were an estimated 44 airports; only 9 of had paved runways as of 2005. Vientiane has the only international airport. Major cities in Laos are connected by air services operated by state-run Lao Aviation, founded with Soviet aid in 1976. In 1995, the government signed an agreement with China's Yunnan Airlines forming a joint venture projected to increase Yunnan's holdings of Lao Aviation to 60% while the former pays off the latter's debt. In 2003, about 219,000 passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international airline flights. Landlocked, Laos' only water-transport link with the outside world is via the Mekong River, which forms a large part of the border with Thailand and flows through Cambodia and Vietnam into the South China Sea. As of 2003, the Mekong is navigable for small transport craft and, with its tributaries in Laos, forms a 4,587-km (2,850-mi) inland waterway system, although rapids make necessary the transshipment of cargo. However, another 2,897 km (1,802 mi) are navigable by small craft that draw under 0.5 m. To lessen dependence on Thailand, Laos in 1977 signed an agreement with Vietnam whereby the Vietnamese port of Da Nang would replace Bangkok as the chief outlet for Laos. In 2005, Laos had one merchant vessel of 1,000 GRT or more, a cargo ship, at 2,370 GRT. HISTORY Although archaeological evidence indicates that settlers along the Mekong had learned agriculture, metallurgy, and pottery making by 3000 bc, little is known about the early history of the land that today bears the name of Laos. The lowland Lao are believed to be the descendants of Thai tribes that were pushed southward in the 8th century. According to tradition, the kingdom called Lan Xang ("a million elephants") was established in 756 by King Thao Khoun Lo. In 1353, it was reunified by Fa-Ngoum, who had been raised at the court of Angkor in Kampuchea and returned with a force of Khmer troops. He is also credited with the introduction of Hinayana Buddhism into Laos. Lan Xang waged intermittent wars with the Khmers, Burmese, Vietnamese, and Thai and developed an effective administrative system, an elaborate military organization, and an active commerce with neighboring countries. In 1707, internal dissensions brought about a split of Lan Xang into two kingdoms, Luangphrabang in the north (present-day upper Laos) and Vientiane in the south (lower Laos). Strong neighboring states took advantage of this split to invade the region. Vientiane was overrun and annexed by Siam (Thailand) in 1828, while Luangphrabang became a vassal of both the Chinese and the Vietnamese. In 1893, France, which had already established a protectorate over what is now central and northern Vietnam, extended its control to both Vientiane and Luangphrabang, and Laos was ruled by France as part of Indochina. Although French control over Luangphrabang took the nominal form of a protectorate, the French colonial administration directly ruled the rest of Laos, legal justification being ultimately provided in the Lao-French convention of 1917. During World War II, Laos was occupied by Japan. After the Japanese proclaimed on 10 March 1945 that "the colonial status of Indochina has ended," the king of Luangphrabang, Sisavang Vong, was compelled to issue a declaration of independence. the nationalist Free Lao (Lao Issarak) movement deposed the monarch soon after, but French forces reoccupied Laos, and on 27 August 1946, France concluded an agreement establishing him as king of Laos and reimposing French domination over the country. In May 1947, the king established a constitution providing for a democratic government. On 19 July 1949, Laos nominally became an independent sovereign state within the French Union. Additional conventions transferring full sovereignty to Laos were signed on 6 February 1950 and on 22 October 1953. All special economic ties with France and the other Indochinese states were abolished by the Paris pacts of 29 December 1954. In the meantime, Vietnamese Communist (Viet-Minh) forces had invaded Laos in the spring of 1953. A Laotian Communist movement, the Pathet Lao (Lao State), created on 13 August 1950 and led by Prince Souphanouvong, collaborated with the Viet-Minh during its Laotian offensive. Under the Geneva cease-fire of 21 July 1954, all Viet-Minh and most French troops were to withdraw, and the Pathet Lao was to pull back to two northern provinces, pending reunification talks with the national government under the leadership of Souvanna Phouma (Souphanouvong's half-brother). The negotiations were completed on 2 November 1957, and the Pathet Lao transformed itself into a legal political party called the National Political Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat). However, a political swing to the right that led to the ouster of Souvanna Phouma as prime minister, coupled with the refusal of the Pathet Lao forces to integrate into the Royal Lao Army, led to a renewal of fighting in May 1959. A bloodless right-wing coup in January 1960 was answered in August by a coup led by paratroops, under the command of Capt. Kong Le; in the ensuing turmoil, Souvanna Phouma returned to power. After a three-day artillery battle that destroyed much of Vientiane, right-wing military elements under Gen. Phoumi Nosavan and Prince Boun Oum occupied the capital on 11 December. A new right-wing government under Prince Boun Oum was established, but further military reverses, despite a heavy influx of US aid and advisers, caused the government to ask for a cease-fire in May 1961. An international conference assembled in Geneva to guarantee the cease-fire. All three Laotian political factions agreed on 11 June 1962 to accept a coalition government, with Souvanna Phouma as prime minister. On 23 July, the powers assembled at Geneva signed an agreement on the independence and neutrality of Laos, which provided for the evacuation of all foreign forces by 7 October. The United States announced full compliance, under supervision of the International Control Commission (ICC), set up in 1954. Communist forces were not withdrawn. Fighting resumed in the spring of 1963, and Laos was steadily drawn into the role of a main theater in the escalating Vietnam War. the Laotian segment of the so-called Ho Chi Minh trail emerged as a vital route for troops and supplies moving south from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), also known as North Vietnam, and was the target for heavy and persistent US bombing raids. While the Vientiane government was heavily bolstered by US military and economic support, the Pathet Lao received key support from the DRV, which was reported to have 20,000 troops stationed in Laos by 1974. Efforts to negotiate a settlement in Laos resumed with US backing in 1971, but a settlement was not concluded until February 1973, a month after a Vietnam peace agreement was signed in Paris. On 5 April 1974, a new coalition government was set up, with equal representation for Pathet Lao and non-Communist elements. Souvanna Phouma, 73 years old and in failing health, stayed on as prime minister, while Prince Souphanouvong was brought closer to the center of political authority as head of the newly created Joint National Political Council. The Pathet Lao had by this time asserted its control over three-fourths of the national territory. Following the fall of the US backed regimes in Vietnam and Cambodia in April 1975, the Laotian Communists embarked on a campaign to achieve complete military and political supremacy in Laos. On 23 August, Vientiane was declared "liberated" by the Pathet Lao, whose effective control of Laos was thereby secured. On 2 December 1975, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) was established, with Prince Souphanouvong as president and Kaysone Phomvihan as prime minister. King Savang Vatthana abdicated his throne, ending the monarchy that had survived in Laos for 622 years. Elections for a new National Assembly were called for April 1976; however, voting was put off indefinitely, amid reports of civil unrest and sabotage. A Supreme People's Council was convened, meanwhile, with Prince Souphanouvong as chairman, and was charged with the task of drafting a new constitution. During the late 1970s, the Communists moved to consolidate their control and socialize the economy. Private trade was banned, factories were nationalized, and forcible collectivization of agriculture was initiated. "Reeducation" camps for an estimated 40,000 former royalists and military leaders were established in remote areas; as of 1986, the government maintained that almost all the inmates had been released, but Amnesty International claimed that about 5,000 remained. A 25-year friendship treaty with Vietnam, signed in July 1977, led to closer relations with that country (already signaled by the continued presence in Laos of Vietnamese troops) and with the former USSR, and also to the subsequent dismissal from Laos of all Chinese technicians and advisers. China, for its part, began to give support and training to several small antigovernment guerrilla groups. With the economy in 1979 near collapse, in part because of severe drought in 1977 and flooding in 1978, the Laotian government slowed the process of socialization and announced a return to private enterprise and a readiness to accept aid from the non-Communist world. Throughout the 1980s armed opposition to the government persisted, particularly from the Hmong hill tribe rebels. At the Fourth Party Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), in December 1986, a "new economic management mechanism" (NEM) was set up, aiming at granting increased autonomy in the management of formerly state-run enterprises to the private sector. In 1988 the Lao national legislature, the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), adopted new election laws and the first elections since the formation of the LPDR in 1975 were held. Local and provincial elections were held in 1988, and on 27 March 1989 national elections took place for an enlarged Supreme People's Assembly. In March 1991 the Fifth Party Congress of the LPRP changed Kaysone Phomvihan's title from prime minister to president, elected a new 11-member politburo, pledged to continue economic reforms in line with free-market principles while denying the need for political pluralism, and changed the national motto by substituting the words "democracy and prosperity" for "socialism." the newly elected SPA drafted a constitution adopted on 14 August 1991. The constitution provided for a national assembly functioning on principles of "democratic centralism," established the LPRP as the political system's "leading organ," created a presidency with executive powers, and mandated a market-oriented economy with rights of private ownership. President Kaysone Phomvihan, longtime LPRP leader, died on 21 November 1992. A special session of parliament on 24 November 1992 elected hard-line Communist Nouhak Phoumsavan as the next president. Gen. Khamtai Suphandon, who had been prime minister since 15 August 1991, remained in that post. National Assembly elections were held in December 1992. One day before these elections, three former officials who called for a multiparty democracy and had been detained in 1990 were sentenced to 14 years imprisonment. The National Assembly convened in February 1993 and approved government reorganization designed to improve public administration. On 9 January 1995, longtime leader Prince Souphanouvong died, unofficially marking an end to Laos' long dalliance with hard-line Marxism. Although the NEM had initiated an opening up to international investment and improved relations with the rest of the world, there remained elements of the old guard in positions of power. With the death of Souphanouvong, the only old-time hard-line Marxist still in power as of 1996 was the country's president, Nouhak Phoumsavan. Khamtai Siphandon, prime minister and party chief, was more powerful than Nouhak and is largely credited with exerting a moderating influence on the hard-liner. Nonetheless, there remains a strongly conservative mindset among the politboro members that still pulls the government back from economic flexibility or any hint of political liberalization. Laos has actively improved its already "special relations" with Vietnam and Cambodia, while always seeking to improve relations with Thailand, the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the United States. Periodic meetings are held to promote the cooperative development of the Mekong River region by Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Laos and the People's Republic of China restored full diplomatic relations in 1989 and are now full fledged trading partners. Mutual suspicions, characterizing the relationship between Laos and Thailand, improved with agreements to withdraw troops and resolve border disputes, and agreements between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to repatriate or resettle nearly 60,000 Lao refugees in Thailand. Laos has cooperated with the United States in recovering the remains of US soldiers missing in action in Laos since the Vietnam War and in efforts to suppress drug-trafficking. the US Department of State objects to Laos' restrictions on free speech, freedom of assembly and religious freedom. US Assistant Secretary of State Stanley Roth commented in March 2000 that Laos was unlikely to gain Most Favored Nation trading status unless it accounted for the fate of two naturalized US citizens, Hmong activists who disappeared in Laos during 1999. The debate over whether to grant Laos normal trade relations status was ongoing as of early 2003. On 26 February 1998, Khamtai Siphandon was elected president, and he was reelected in March 2001. Beginning in 2000, Vientiane was hit by a series of bomb blasts, attributed to antigovernment groups based abroad. Bombings targeted crowded markets and buses in the city during 2003. Triggered by Thailand's closing of refugee camps on its side of the Laos-Thai border, tens of thousands of exiles were forced to return home. Most were expected to be jailed or executed for their antigovernment activities, but instead, the government encouraged their peaceful settlement among the lowland population. Certain right-wing guerrilla factions among the Hmong, long fighting the Pathet Lao, subsequently reacted violently to the government's pacification efforts to integrate moderate Hmong villagers. On 6 February 2003 near Vang Vieng, a bus and two Western bicyclers were attacked by gunmen, who killed 12 people. Militant Hmong were blamed for the attack. The government launched a major military crackdown on Hmong insurgents during 2004. Hmong was accused of causing hundreds of civilians' deaths in rebel-held areas. On 24 February 2002, parliamentary elections were held, but all but one of the 166 candidates were from the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). The LPRP won 108 of 109 seats in the National Assembly. Laos hosted the annual ministerial summit of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in November 2004. Under heavy security, the ASEAN ministers met in Vientiane for two days and a significant free trade agreement was signed by ASEAN and China. GOVERNMENT Under the constitution of 1947 (as subsequently amended), Laos was a parliamentary democracy with a king as the nominal chief executive. The monarch was assisted by a prime minister (or president of the Council of Ministers), who was the executive and legislative leader in fact. The prime minister and cabinet were responsible to the national assembly, the main repository of legislative authority, whose 59 members were elected every five years by universal adult suffrage. With the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in December 1975, governmental authority passed to a national congress made up of 264 delegates elected by newly appointed local authorities. The congress in turn appointed a 45-member Supreme People's Council to draw up a new constitution. Pending the completion of this task effective power rested with Kaysone Phomvihan, a longtime Pathet Lao leader who headed the government as chairman of the Council of Ministers and was also secretary-general of the Lao People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party. Prince Souphanouvong, the head of state and president of the Supreme People's Council since 1975, left office in October 1986 because of poor health. He was replaced first by Phoumi Vongvichit, a former vice chairman of the Council of Ministers, and later by Sisomphon Lovansay, a former vice president of the Supreme People's Council. The Lao national legislature, the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), adopted new election laws in 1988, and the first national elections under the new government took place in March 1989 (local elections were held in 1988). Kaysone Phomvihan was elected president and Khamtai Siphandon was named prime minister. The newly elected SPA set out to draft a constitution, which was finished in mid-1990, and adopted on 14 August 1991 by the SPA. Khamtai Siphandon was elected president in 1998, and reelected in 2001. The executive branch consists of the president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, and the Council of Ministers (cabinet) who are appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. the legislative branch is the 109-member National Assembly which is elected by universal suffrage for a period of five years. The judicial branch is the Supreme People's Court Leaders. The constitution calls for a strong legislature elected by secret ballot, but most political power continues to rest with the party-dominated council of ministers, who are much aligned with the military. Laos held celebrations of the 30th year of Communist rule on 23 August 2005. the next national elections were scheduled for 2007. POLITICAL PARTIES Elections to the National Assembly were first held in 1947. In the elections of 4 May 1958, the Pathet Lao's newly organized National Political Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat) won 9 of the 21 seats in contention; 4 were won by the Santiphab faction, a neutralist group allied with them, and 8 were obtained by the Nationalist and Independent parties. After the elections, the Nationalists and Independents combined to establish a new political party, the Rally of the Lao People (Lao Luam Lao), which held 36 of the 59 Assembly seats. The remaining 23 seats were divided among the National Political Front (9), the Santiphab grouping (7), the Democrats (3), the National Union (2), and unaffiliated deputies (2). the leaders of the Rally, upon formation of that party, announced its purpose to be the defense of Laos against "an extremist ideology contrary to the customs and traditions of the Lao country" and the establishment of true unity and independence of the nation against "subversion from within and without." The Front then and later called for a reduction in the size of the armed forces and of US military aid. In December 1959, because of emergency conditions, election of new Assembly deputies was postponed until April 1960. When the balloting was finally held, the opposition Committee for the Defense of the National Interests won a landslide victory. The Committee leader, Phoumi Nosavan, then formed a new political party, the Social Democrats (Paxa Sangkhom). In August 1960, a coup led by Kong Le brought down the government. After a period of struggle, Souvanna Phouma, who had earlier established the Neutralist Party (Lao Pen Kang) in order to build a broader popular following, became prime minister on 11 June 1962. In his 19-man cabinet, 4 posts were held by rightwing politicians, 11 by Neutralists, and 4 others by Pathet Lao adherents. The National Assembly came to the end of its five-year term in 1965. Political instability prevented the holding of national elections, and a provisional assembly was convened to amend the constitution so as to provide a means for maintaining the legislature. The result was a general election held on 18 July, with the franchise limited to civil servants, teachers, merchants, and village headmen. The new National Assembly was convened on 16 August, with the Neutralists retaining 13 seats, the Social Democrats 11, the Rally 8, and various independents 27. the endorsement gained in the limited polling of 1965 was not sufficient to sustain Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma for long, and new voting—the first real and effective election in a decade—took place on 1 January 1967. About 60% of 800,000 eligible voters went to the polls in 1967, despite the Pathet Lao charge that the balloting was illegal. Souvanna Phouma's United Front took 32 of 59 seats in the National Assembly voting. In the last years of the constitutional monarchy, the gulf between the Pathet Lao and the enclave of rightists and neutralists that held governmental power widened appreciably. the pressures of war—both the civil strife within Laos and the larger conflict pressed by the external forces of the United States and the DRV—had thwarted the effectiveness of normal political processes. General elections held on 2 January 1972 were confined to government-controlled areas, with representatives for the Pathet Lao provinces elected by refugees from those regions. Despite the narrow range of political choices available to voters, only 20 of the 60 National Assembly deputies were reelected, reflecting a growing uneasiness both with the war and with the increasing evidence of corrupt practices among government officials. Despite rightwing pressures from within the National Assembly, Souvanna Phouma—whose neutralist policy was favored by both the United States and the DRV—retained the position of prime minister. the withdrawal of US military support for the Thieu regime in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) was followed, in April 1974, by the creation of a new coalition in Vientiane that gave equal political footing to the Pathet Lao. The National Assembly, which had become little more than a forum for disputes among rightwing factions, was dissolved by King Savang Vatthana on 13 April 1975, an act that signaled the end of domestic political opposition to the inexorable progress of the Pathet Lao. The formation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in December 1975 effectively established the Communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) (Phak Pasason Pativat Lao), the political incarnation of the Pathet Lao movement, as the sole political force in Laos. Kaysone Phomvihan, general secretary of the LPRP, was named head of government, and Prince Souphanouvong head of state. The LPRP plays the leading role in the Lao Front for National Reconstruction, which sought to promote socialism and national solidarity. the Third Party Congress of the PPPL, and the first since the party assumed control, was held in Vientiane in April 1982. The congress, whose 228 delegates represented a party membership of 35,000, elected an enlarged Central Committee with 49 full and 6 alternate members. the Central Committee reelected Kaysone as general secretary. the Fourth Party Congress, held in Vientiane in December 1986, established the "new economic management mechanism." In 1988 the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) adopted new elections laws and elections were held the next year—the first since 1975. In 1991, the Fifth Party Congress changed Prime Minister Phomvihan's title to president, a post he held until his death one year later. Elevated to the post of prime minister was Khamtai Suphandon, a generally pro-free market antidemocratic pragmatist of the Singaporean variety. Suphandon had for a time studied Marxism in Hanoi, but in his position as prime minister was considered essentially a transitional figure between the old guard and a new generation of leaders. After Phomvihan's death in 1992, a special session of the SPA elected an old-guard communist, Nouhak Phoumsavan, to the presidency. Elections for the SPA were again held in 1992 but they were marred by the sentencing of three pro-democracy activists to 14 years in prison on the day before balloting. By 1996, Laos' leadership was made up primarily of party functionaries, regardless of the makeup of the SPA. Prime Minister Suphandon held considerable power as did Deputy Prime Minister Khamphoui Keoboualapha, who also served as the administrator of the State Committee for Planning and Cooperation (CPC), considered by many analysts to be a government within a government. A 1998 election retrenched the hard-liners, as "technocrats" vanished from the preapproved slate, replaced with old style LPRP functionaries. This was viewed as a reaction to the social tensions (such as crime and corruption) arising with economic openness, as well as an attempt to reestablish centralized control over provincial matters. The Seventh Party Congress, which took place in March 2001, reelected all eight surviving members of the nine-member politburo. The decision was a clear sign that the party had opted for continuity rather than change. Several governments-in-exile have been set up by former ministers of pre-1975 regimes, and overseas Hmongs and other dissidents have formed opposition organizations. A young pretender to the throne, Prince Soulivong Savang, has rallied support in exile. Some Hmong groups and others have continued a low-level insurgency in rural Laos. Underground antigovernment sentiment may be on the rise among the urban intellectuals. As of late 2005, parties other than the LPRP continued to be proscribed. A glimpse of popular discontent emerged with reports of an October 1999 demonstration in Vientiane, led by students and professors calling for democracy and human rights. the protest was quickly suppressed, and Khamtai's government disavowed all knowledge of its occurrence. LOCAL GOVERNMENT Laos consists of 16 provinces (khoueng), one special zone, Xaisomboun, and the municipality of Vientiane. The provinces are subdivided into districts (muong ), townships (tasseng ), and villages (ban ). The president appoints provincial governors and mayors of municipalities. The prime minister appoints deputy provincial governors and deputy mayors and district chiefs. Since 1975, local administration has been restructured, with elected people's committees in the villages functioning as basic units. Both suffrage and candidacy are open to citizens 18 and over. Village heads administer at the village level. Lack of control over local party members in the rural areas appears to be a source of worry for the politburo, with its implications of corruption and even potential unrest. JUDICIAL SYSTEM The 1991 constitution provides for freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, although, in practice, organized political speech and activities are severely restricted. The reality of religious freedom is equally illusory, with imprisonment of Christian activists in recent years. The constitution contains provisions designed to guarantee the independence of judges and prosecutors, but in practice the courts appear to be subject to influence of other government agencies. Provincial courts are at the next level as appellate courts. There is also a central Supreme Court in Vientiane. In 1993 the government began publishing an official gazette in which all laws and regulations are disseminated. A bar association was formed in 1996 to strengthen the legal profession and individual rights to counsel. Rising crime rates place a burden on Laos's under funded and understaffed legal system. Amnesty International and other human rights groups have called attention to deaths in custody, torture, and substandard conditions in the Laotian prison system. ARMED FORCES In 2005 the number of active personnel in the armed forces of Laos totaled 29,100. Of that total, the Army accounted for 25,600, while the Air Force had 3,500 personnel. The Army's roster of equipment included 25 main battle tanks, 10 light tanks, 50 armored personnel carriers, and 82 artillery pieces (all towed). the Air Force had 22 combat capable aircraft, all of which were MiG-21 fighters. Although Laos did not have a formal navy, the Army did have an estimated 600-man marine section that operated 4 amphibious landing craft and 52 patrol/coastal boats. Laotian paramilitary forces consisted of a village home guard known as the Militia Self-Defense Forces, which numbered more than 100,000 members. The defense budget in 2003 (the latest year for which data was available) totaled $37.8 million. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Laos, a UN member since 14 December 1955, belongs to ESCAP and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as FAO, UNESCO, UNIDO, ILO, WHO, IMF, and the World Bank. the nation participates in the Asian Development Bank, the Colombo Plan, and G-77. It has observer status with the WTO. In 1997, Laos joined ASEAN and AFTA. Since 1961, Laos has been a member of the Nonaligned Movement. Laos's main diplomatic, economic, and military allies have been Vietnam and the former USSR. In 1977, Laos signed a 20year treaty of cooperation with Vietnam. In 2003, Laos and Thailand signed a cooperation agreement that addresses issues of labor and counternarcotics. In environmental cooperation, Laos is part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification. Laos is also a member of the Mekong River Commission with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. ECONOMY One of the world's poorest and least-developed nations, Laos is overwhelmingly agricultural, with 85% of the population still engaged in subsistence farming. Because industrialization is minimal, Laos imports nearly all the manufactured products it requires. Distribution of imports is limited almost entirely to Vientiane and a few other towns, and even there, consumption has been low. the hostilities of the 1960s and 1970s badly disrupted the economy, forcing the country to depend on imports from Thailand to supplement its daily rice requirements. With the curtailment of hostilities in 1975, the development of a unified political structure offered an immediate advantage. the government began in late 1975 to pursue in earnest a variety of projects to repair and improve the infrastructure and make use of the country's ample mineral, lumber, and hydroelectric resources. During 1978–80, the government gave priority to postwar reconstruction, collectivization of agriculture, and improvements in rice production. In 1994 a liberalized Foreign Investment Law was promulgated as the government sought greater economic integration regionally and internationally. By 1997, Laos had made modest improvements. In international investment, it had opened up its economy considerably. In April 1997, the government signed a trade and cooperation agreement with the EC. In July 1997, Laos became a full member of ASEAN and AFTA. In 1998 the government applied for membership in the WTO. More than $5 billion in foreign investment had been made by more than 500 investors, mainly from other ASEAN countries. The government had also made considerable progress in the construction of a modern road network linking Laos to China and Vietnam. The country also announced plans for a second bridge into Thailand and the construction of its first railroad, linking Vientiane with Nong Khai in Thailand. However, the Asian financial crisis dealt the economy a series of blows from which it has not yet recovered. Laos's economy was particularly dependent on Thailand, source of 42% of its foreign investment as well as 45% of imports and 37% of export purchases, which was severely affected by the financial crisis. From June 1997 to June 1999, the Laotian currency, the kip, lost 87% of its value. Growth, which averaged 7% for the six years 1992 to 1997, dropped to 4.8% in 1998, the lowest since 1991. Foreign investment dropped from $179 million in 1996 to $45.3 million in 1998. Growth increased in 1999, to 7.3%, propelled by growth of over 8% in both industry and agriculture, and continued at moderated rates of 5.7% and 6.4% in 2000 and 2001. However, high inflation rates and low declining foreign investments have persisted. Inflation in 2000 was 25% and though it eased to 10% with lower growth in 2001, it was back to double digits, 12% in 2002 and a projected 15% in 2003. Foreign direct investment dropped to $23.9 million in 2001. By late 2002, the kip had fallen to more than 10,000 to one dollar from its level of 1,171 to one dollar in June 1997. In February 2003, the administration of US president George W. Bush submitted legislation supporting the granting of normal trade relations (NTR) to Laos. In 2004, the GDP growth rate was 5.1%, up from 5.8% in 2003; in 2005, the economy expanded at an estimated 7.2%. the inflation rate fluctuated, and at 10.5% in 2004, it did pose some problems to the economy. Despite encouraging growth rates, Laos remained a mainly subsistence agriculture economy, with a poor infrastructure and dependent on foreign aid. In late 2004, Laos gained Normal Trade Relations with the United States, which allows local producers to export at lower tariffs. INCOME The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Laos's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $11.9 billion. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $1,900. the annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 7.2%. the average inflation rate in 2005 was 9.4%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 48.6% of GDP, industry 25.9%, and services 25.5%. According to the World Bank, in 2003 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $1 million. Foreign aid receipts amounted to $299 million or about $53 per capita and accounted for approximately 14.3% of the gross national income (GNI). The World Bank reports that in 2003 household consumption in Laos totaled $1.58 billion or about $28 per capita based on a GDP of $2.1 billion, measured in current dollars rather than PPP. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that in 2002 about 40% of the population had incomes below the poverty line. LABOR The estimated labor force was 2.8 million in 2002. In the absence of additional data, it was estimated that 85% were subsistence farmers, with most of the remainder in the public sector as of 1997. In that year the unemployment rate was approximately 5.7%. Labor is organized into a single Federation of Lao Trade Unions (FLTU) which is controlled by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), the authoritarian governmental body. In 2002, the vast majority of the 78,000 members of the FLTU were in the public sector. There is no right to organize, strike, or bargain collectively. Labor disputes have so far been infrequent and the desperate economic situation means that workers have little bargaining power. Children under the age of 15 are forbidden by law from working, but many children work for their families in farms or in shops due to extreme economic hardship. The daily minimum wage was $0.53 in 2002. The labor code limits the workweek to 48 hours with at least one day of rest. AGRICULTURE In 2003, Laos's sown-field area was estimated at 1,031,000 hectares (2,548,000 acres), or 4.5% of the country's total area. Agriculture accounts for 51% of production and as much as 77% of employment. The main crop is rice, almost entirely of the glutinous variety. Except in northern Laos, where some farmers grow dry rice in forest clearings or on hillsides, most Lao are wet-rice farmers. The total area of rice plantings in 2004 was estimated at 770,000 hectares (1,903,000 acres), up from 554,000 hectares (1,369,000 acres) in 1996. Yields, which are relatively low, could be raised substantially through wider use of irrigation and fertilizers. Production, which averaged 609,000 tons annually during 1961–65, rose to 2,529,000 tons in 2004. Less important crops include corn (favored by some upland tribes and stressed by the government as a means of increasing livestock production), manioc, peanuts, and soybeans. The main commercial crops, emphasized by the government as part of its export drive, are coffee, cotton, and tobacco. Also grown are cardamom, tea, ramie, hemp, sugar, bananas, and pineapples. In 2004, the trade deficit for agricultural products was $99.8 million. The mountain peoples have been known to grow large quantities of opium poppies, sold to dealers in the plains. In 2004, the UN estimated that 22,800 households in 846 villages were engaged in opium production, which was estimated at 846 tons that year. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Cattle raising is important, especially in the southern plains and in the valleys of the Noy, Banghiang, and Don rivers. Much of the livestock population was killed in the final stages of the civil war that ended in 1975. As of 2005, livestock included an estimated 1,300,000 head of cattle, 1,130,000 buffalo, 1,750,000 hogs, and 21,000,000 chickens. Livestock products in 2005 included 28,000 tons of pork, 22,500 tons of beef and veal, 16,000 tons of poultry, and 12,800 tons of eggs. FISHING Edible fish, found in the Mekong and other rivers, constitutes the main source of protein in the Laotian diet. The prize catch is the pa beuk, weighing 205 kg (450 lb) or more. Despite the abundance of fish and their important contribution to the Laotian subsistence economy, there has been no systematic commercial fishery development. The total catch in 2003 was 94,700 tons, with aquaculture accounting for 69%. FORESTRY Timber is a major resource and one of Laos's most valuable exports. About 54% of the total area is forested, and about half of the forested area is commercially exploitable. The principal timberproducing areas are around Champasak, Savannakhét, Khammouan, and Vientiane. Muang Paklay, in western Laos, is noted for its teak. Exploitation is easiest in areas near the Mekong River, which facilitates transportation. Elephants and oxen are used in most forestry operations. Aside from timber, firewood, and charcoal, forestry products include benzoin and benzoin bark, bamboo, copra, kapok, palm oil, rattan, various resins, and sticklac. Production of roundwood totaled an estimated 6.3 million cu m (223 million cu ft) in 2004; over 80% of the annual output is burned as fuel. Sawn wood output in 2004 was about 182,000 cu m (6.4 million cu ft); wood-based panels, 13,000 cu m (459,000 cu ft). MINING Laos' mining sector is dominated by tin, gypsum, gold, and limestone. However, mining is the country's smallest, sector, contributing only 0.3% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. Although much of the country remained unprospected, the nature of the terrain has led to ardent speculation about the nation's mineral resources. Other mineral resources thought to possibly exist in Laos were magnesium, antimony, bismuth, copper, lead, manganese, potash, iron ore, silica sand, and tungsten. Also produced in 2004 were barite, cement, gemstones, rock salt, silver, bituminous coal, and zinc. Copper, gemstones, gold, iron ore, lead, potash, tin, and zinc were earmarked for further exploration. Undiscovered resources of iron ore, potash, and rock salt were believed to be substantial. Tin mine output in 2004 was estimated at 340 metric tons, down from 360 metric tons in 2003. Gypsum production, by the State Gypsum Mining Operation from the Dong Hene Mine, in Savannakhét Province, was estimated at 102,000 metric tons for 2004, up from 101,727 metric tons in 2003. The mine's proven ore reserves were estimated to be 18 million tons. Although gold production ceased in 1998–2002, it was resumed in 2003, of which 5,368 kg was produced in 2003, with an estimated 4,000 kg produced in 2004. Important iron deposits, with reserves of 68% ore estimated at 11 billion tons, have been discovered on the Plain of Jars near Xiangkhoang. A substantial deposit of low-grade anthracite coal has been found at Saravan. Output of gemstones in 2004 was estimated at 800,000 carats, down from 2,302,973 carats in 2003. Tungsten and copper deposits and gold-bearing alluvials produced a limited income for the local population but have not been exploited by modern industrial methods. ENERGY AND POWER In 2002, Laos had an electrical generating capacity of 0.639 million kW. Production of electricity in 2002 totaled 3.562 billion kWh, of which almost 98% was hydropower and the remainder from conventional thermal sources. Consumption of electricity in 2002 was 3.013 billion kWh. The nation has an estimated hydroelectric potential of 12,500,000 kW, most of which is undeveloped. The largest power project is the Nam Ngum Dam, located on the Mekong 72 km (45 mi) from Vientiane. Construction began in 1969, with the first stage completed in 1971 and the second stage in 1978. Annual output at Nam Ngum is around 900 million kWh, with about 90% of the electricity produced being supplied to Thailand. An additional 3,000 kW of capacity comes from several smaller hydroelectric facilities. About 17,000 kW is provided by diesel-powered generators throughout Laos. Laos has no known deposits of oil or natural gas, or refining capacity. In 2002, refined oil imports and demand averaged 2,850 barrels per day, each. There were no imports of natural gas in 2002. However, there was limited coal production for that year, totaling 298,000 short tons, of bituminous coal, with consumption equaling output. INDUSTRY Industrial development is rudimentary. There are some small mining operations, charcoal ovens, a cement plant, a few brick works, carpenter shops, a tobacco factory, rice mills, some furniture factories, and more than two dozen sawmills. Industrialization plans center on cotton spinning, garment manufacturing, hydroelectric power projects, brewing, coffee and tea processing, and plywood milling. New resource developments, including the Nam Ngum hydroelectric project and the Vientiane sylvite field, have aided industrial growth. Handicrafts account for an important part of the income of many Laotians. Some villages or areas specialize in certain types of products: silk fabrics, baskets, lacquerware, and gold and silver jewelry and ornaments. Bricks, pottery, iron products, and distilled beverages are made in individual villages. Manufacturing is largely confined to the processing of agricultural—food and natural fibers—and forestry products. From 1998 to 2001, industry grew at an average annual rate of 8.7%. The growth is in large part attributable to governments ponsored construction projects, particularly hydroelectric power projects. By 2002, hydroelectric power had taken the place of garments as the country's leading industrial export, and its leading source of foreign exchange. Most manufactures, however, continued to be imported; exports regularly only amount to 60% of imports. At the end of 2002 the main industrial project under consideration was the construction of the $1.3 billion hydroelectric dam on the Nam Theum River, the power from which would be exported to Thailand. The project was far from realization, lacking both a purchase agreement with the state agency in Thailand, and the World Bank guarantee for the investors. Industry accounted for 25.9% of economic output in 2005, and was seconded by services with a 25.5% share. Agriculture continued to be the main economic sector, with a 48.6% share in the GDP, and with an 80% share in the labor force. the industrial production growth rate was 13% in 2005, almost double the GDP growth rate—an indicator that industry is, now, one of the country's main economic engines. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Like many developing nations, Laos depends primarily on external expertise in science and technology. Sisavangvong University, founded in 1958 at Vientiane, has faculties of agriculture, forestry, and irrigation, and of medicine, a technical college, and a polytechnic. Regional technical colleges are located in Luang Pradang, Savannakét, and Champasak. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 20% of college and university enrollments. DOMESTIC TRADE Before the Pathet Lao came to power, there was a growing market in Laos for capital and consumer goods. Vientiane was the wholesale distributing point for much of the country. In late 1975, private trade was banned and many small traders and businessmen—including Chinese, Japanese, Pakistani, Thai, and Vietnamese—fled the country. The new government subsequently made it clear that the trend toward consumerism would be reversed in favor of a production-oriented society. The Pathet Lao entered directly into the distribution and sale of essential commodities, such as rice and sugar, and prices were brought under control. In 1979, however, the ban on private trade was lifted, and consumer items, which had all but disappeared from circulation, were once again available. In the countryside, barter replaces money as the principal method of exchange. Markets are held at regular intervals, generally one day a week, at central villages or smaller towns. Once or twice a year, lowland farmers barter cloth and handicraft products with the mountain peoples for cereals, deer and rhinoceros horns, and ivory. Certain items recognized as media of exchange include tea, opium, tobacco, salt, silver, and gold. As of 1999, subsistence farming accounted for about 51% of the GDP, employing about 85% of the nation's workforce. The New Economic Mechanism (NEM), a set of economic reforms instituted in 1986 across all sectors of the economy, has begun to demonstrate results in establishing a market-based economy. The government freed the market price of rice and other food staples in 1986, increasing agricultural output despite severe climatic conditions. Later reforms—floating the national currency, the kip, and freeing interest rates—stimulated a market-based economy and controlled inflation. Major land reforms in 1988 included the freedom to sell products at market-determined prices. Growth from these stimuli is demonstrated by the doubling of private shops in Vientiane and abundant fairly-priced goods in the markets. In a 1989 agreement with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the government initiated reforms toward privatization and monetary reforms. The usual hours of business are from 8 am to 4 pm, Monday through Friday. Some factories and private companies extend the workday to 5 pm and factories are permitted to maintain a six day workweek if desired. Banking hours are 8 to 10:30 am and 2 to 3:30 pm, Monday through Friday. FOREIGN TRADE The political reorganization of 1975 brought changes in Laos's foreign trade pattern, because regional alignments were shifting and because the aid needed to finance the nation's imports was no longer available from the United States. In the 1980s, much of the nation's trade was subsidized by the former USSR. The export of CountryExportsImportsBalanceWorld186.1610.9-424.8Thailand72.1419.0-346.9France-Monaco27.127.5-0.4Germany21.44.217.2United Kingdom14.611.63.0Belgium14.3…14.3Japan11.727.4-15.7Italy-San Marino-Holy See9.2…9.2United States8.8…8.8China6.728.7-22.0Vietnam0.233.9-33.7(…) data not available or not significant. electricity, the sale of overflight rights to foreign airlines, wood products, green coffee, and tin are sources of foreign earnings. In 1991 Laos's largest export earner, logging, was banned pending steps to prevent further destruction of the forests. there are 11 million hectares of mature forests in Laos, and about 4.4 million are considered commercially exploitable. The ban on log exports was modified to allow the export of already cut logs and logs from stipulated cutting areas. Foreign aid grants exceeded export earnings in 1991. That year, export revenue decreased by 22% from 1990 because of a reduction of timber exports and a decline (caused by drought) in the production of electricity for export. At the same time the cost of imports increased by 62%, owing to the newly adopted free trade measures, which ended restrictions on imported goods. In 2005, exports reached $379 million (FOB—Free on Board), while imports grew to $541 million (FOB). In 2004, principal exports included garments, electricity, timber and wood products, and coffee; the bulk of them went to the Thailand (19.3%), Vietnam (13.4%), France (8%), Germany (5.3%), and the United Kingdom (5%). Imports included consumption goods, construction and electrical equipment, materials for garment industry, machinery and equipment, and mainly came from Thailand (60.5%), China (10.3%), Vietnam (7.1%), and Singapore (4%). BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Laos has experienced severe trade deficits since independence. From 1963 through mid-1975, substantial deficit financing was provided through the Foreign Exchange Operations Fund (FEOF), an agency backed largely by the United States but also receiving funds from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In June 1975, the flight of gold and hard currencies from the country forced the government to ban exports of gold and silver bullion. A devaluation of the kip had the effect of further inflating its price, with the black market exchange rate soaring. In the 1980s, financing Current Account-82.4 Balance on goods-216.8 Imports-527.9 Exports311.1 Balance on services134.5 Balance on income-33.8 Current transfers33.7Capital Account…Financial Account135.7 Direct investment abroad… Direct investment in Lao Democratic People's Republic23.9 Portfolio investment assets… Portfolio investment liabilities… Financial derivatives… Other investment assets25.2 Other investment liabilities86.6Net Errors and Omissions-57.2Reserves and Related Items3.9(…) data not available or not significant. came mainly from the former USSR, with smaller amounts from multilateral agencies. Since the collapse of communism in Europe, Laos has lost this vital means of support. Even with its recent attraction of international investment ($5 billion from 1988–94), it still relies heavily on aid. Primary sources are Scandinavia, the United States, and Japan. In 1995, the IMF announced a $17 million loan to the country, its second in a series of structural adjustment loans. Laos received a total of $290 million in economic aid in 1998. Total external debt stood at $2.53 billion in 1999. In 2001, the IMF approved a $40.2 million three-year arrangement with Laos, to reduce poverty and support the government's economic reform program. The Lao government is attempting to diversify its trading and investment partners, particularly among other Asian nations. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2001 Laos had exports of goods totaling $311 million and imports totaling $528 million. The services credit totaled $166 million and debit $32 million. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2000 the purchasing power parity of Laos's exports was $325 million while imports totaled $540 million resulting in a trade deficit of $215 million. Exports of goods and services totaled $361million in 2004, up from $359 million in 2003. Imports grew from $482 million in 2003, to $506 million in 2004. The resource balance was consequently negative, and on a downward path—from -$123 million in 2003 to -$145 million in 2004. A different trend was registered for the current account balance, which improved from -$93 million in 2003, to -$45 million in 2004. Foreign exchange reserves (excluding gold) grew to $223 million in 2004, covering more than five months of imports. BANKING AND SECURITIES The central bank, the Bank of the Laotian People's Democratic Republic, regulates a rapidly expanding sector comprising 13 national and foreign-owned banks under the terms of the Commercial Bank and Financial Institutions Act of January 1992. Most of the wholly foreign-owned banks are Thai (such as the Thai Military Bank and Siam Commercial) and many of the joint-venture banks are backed by Thai financiers (such as the Joint Development Bank). The central bank continued to receive technical assistance from multilateral lending agencies, and was gradually strengthening the prudential framework. The banks were believed to be more efficient. The largest commercial bank, established in 1953, is the Bank of Indochina. The large-scale flight of foreign currency that accompanied the Pathet Lao's ascendancy to power led the new government to shut down Vientiane's banks in September 1975. officials subsequently announced the expropriation of most private accounts, claiming they were the property of former rightists and "traitors." Banking reforms of the 1988–89 period opened Laos to foreign banks. Banks in Laos include: Banque Pour le Commerce Exterieur Lao, Joint Development Bank, Nakhonelouang Bank, and the Vientiane Commercial Bank. All banks now provide basic business services and offer a range of deposit and credit facilities. Interest rates are increasingly responsive to market conditions but tend to remain close to rates set by the central bank. Public confidence in the banking system as measured by the level of domestic capital mobilization is still low. Until 1988 the wholly state-controlled system serviced the needs of the command economy, offering uncompetitive rates of interest to savers or producers in need of regular credit. Most families continued to save by investing in gold and jewelry. the system suffered severe liquidity problems in 1990–91 when the "privatization" of former state-owned enterprises was at its peak: old debts were not repaid and new capital arriving as a result of the opening of the economy to foreign investors was coming in too slowly. Laos was badly hit in 1997 by the Asian financial crisis, leading to further liquidity problems in 1998. The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $41.5 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $286.4 million. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 35%. There is no stock exchange. INSURANCE There are no private insurance firms. PUBLIC FINANCE The civil war rendered normal budgetary procedures impossible, the budget being covered largely by US aid and monetary inflation. Deficit financing continued in the 1970s and 1980s, covered mostly by foreign aid from communist nations. With the collapse of this support, however, Laos has increasingly looked to foreign investment capital and Western lending agencies for financial support. Beginning in 1994, the IMF initiated an annual program of loans to assist the country with a structural adjustment program. It lent Laos $17 million in 1995. Still, 31% of the 1995 budget was international aid. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Laos's central government took in revenues of approximately $319.3 million and had expenditures of $434.6 million. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately -$115.3 million. Total external debt was $2.49 billion. TAXATION In 1977, the government introduced a progressive agricultural tax on production. The tax revenues were to be used to develop forestry and mining without the need for outside aid, but the tax had the unwanted side effect of discouraging production by some of the largest landowners and slowing the achievement of self-sufficiency in food. The 1992–93 budget included a new profits tax and a law requiring foreign firms engaged in construction projects to pay taxes. The agricultural tax was replaced by a land tax, and consumption taxes were raised on fuel oil, liquor, beer, and tobacco. The 1989 economic reforms included a new flat tax rate of 20% on profits for foreign-owned companies. The top personal income tax rate is 40% with the marginal rate for the average tax payer 10%. The top corporate tax rate is 35%. CUSTOMS AND DUTIES Import duties are determined on a specific and ad valorem basis and range from 2–40%, mostly not exceeding 25%. Compensatory duties are imposed on imports of commodities in competition with local goods. A general internal tax is collected on the CIFplus-duties value of most imports. Certain commodities—including automobiles, radios, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and sugar—are subject to special excise taxes of up to 104%. A duty-free unloading zone for Laotian imports is located in the Vietnamese port of Da Nang. FOREIGN INVESTMENT Before 1975, Laotian foreign economic relations were conducted under the FEOF and the US Commodity Import Program, under which dollar exchange was provided; Laos in turn allocated dollars to local importers, who then made kip payments to the government for the purchase of foreign goods. There was little direct foreign investment, however. From 1975 until the mid-1980s, all foreign capital has come in the form of development assistance. Reforms, as part of the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) initiated in 1986, included the introduction of a the Laos Foreign Investment Code and Decree in 1989, which established the Foreign Investment Management Cabinet (FIMC). The FIMC oversees the Committee for Investment and Foreign Cooperation (CIFC) with power to authorize and approve investment. All investment proposals, no matter how small, must be submitted to the CIFC of the FIMC, which passes it for screening by the relevant line ministries. The Code and Decree focus on three types of transactions: contractual business, joint ventures, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises. Investment is now allowed in the areas of agriculture, forestry, industry, communications, transport, service, and tourism, for projects using the indigenous raw materials and natural resources of Laos. The Decree details the permitted sectors of foreign investment and outlines restrictions and prohibitions. For instance, environmentally damaging investment, investors with overwhelming debt, long-term projects making great use of imported materials, and enterprises that would compete with local entrepreneurs are prohibited and/or discouraged. Hindrances to foreign investment are poor legal and physical infrastructure and a lack of skilled labor and capital. Additional disadvantages in the landlocked country are high transportation costs and limited domestic and foreign markets. In 1994 a new foreign investment law streamlined regulations and tax structures and included a flat corporate tax rate of 20%. The contractual business mode of foreign investment was eliminated. Although the law stipulated that the preapproval process for new investment was to take only 60 days, delays in fact have been a year or more. Since 1986, foreign investment in Laos has totaled an estimated $5.7 billion, about 75% in hydroelectric power projects. the Asian financial crisis, precipitated by Hong Kong's return to Chinese rule in June 1997, dealt foreign investment flows a blow from which it had not recovered. FDI fell from $170 million in 1996 to $45.3 million in 1998. In 1999, the Thai company that had been granted the concession to build Laos's first railroad in May 1997, backed out of the deal declaring it economically nonviable. A small uptick in FDI to $51.5 million in 1999 was followed by sharp declines in $33.9 million in 2000 and a negligible $23.9 million in 2001 in the face of the continuing depreciation of the currency. the depreciation feeds into a vicious cycle, because with the government's need to conserve its hard currency reserves, it has become increasingly difficult for foreign investors to convert their kip income into foreign exchange. The government in 2002 was rationing foreign exchange, with priorities given to fuel, food, and medicines. Thailand has been Laos's biggest foreign investor, accounting for about 42% of total FDI. In 2001, Laos and Thailand signed an agreement for the construction of a second bridge across the Me Kong, a project abandoned by a Japanese company in 1998 after the concession had been granted in 1996. Two Thai companies are also shareholders in the proposed $1.2 billion 650 MW Nam Theum River hydroelectric power project. The other partners are the Laotian government and the French company, Electicite de France, the largest shareholder. China's Yunnan Province contracted to develop sylvite deposits in the Vientiane Basin. Twelve sylvite-bearing zones have been identified, with an estimated total of 10 billion tons. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The National Plan and Foreign Aid Council was established in June 1956 to prepare a general plan for the development of Laos and to set up a series of five-year plans. In view of its limited capital resources, the government sought increased private foreign investment, continued US governmental economic assistance, and help from international monetary bodies and the Colombo Plan organization. An economic plan drafted by the Laotian government in 1962 was never fully implemented, however, owing to internal instability. Little of the infrastructure for public works, industry, and mining that was abandoned in 1961 has been resumed. Although a major goal of the 1969–74 economic and social development plan, completion of the Nam Ngum Dam, was fulfilled, a host of other targets had to be abandoned because of disruption stemming from the war. US aid to Laos began in 1955 and continued until the United States' pullout in 1975. During this period, the Laotian economy became almost totally dependent on US aid, which amounted to over $900 million in nonmilitary loans and grants and $1.6 billion in military assistance. Following the Pathet Lao takeover in 1975, efforts were made to restructure the Laotian economy along socialist lines. the source of most foreign assistance shifted to China between 1975 and 1979. By 1979, however, with the economy reduced to a virtual standstill because of poor harvests, rapid inflation, and the absence of private incentives, the government abandoned central planning for a mixed model of a centrally coordinated amalgam of state-run enterprises, cooperatives, and private ventures. Laos's first five-year plan (1981–85) after the removal of the Pathet Lao government envisioned increases of 65–68% in the gross social product, 23–24% in agricultural production, and 100–120% in industrial production, as well as completion of repairs on major highways and waterways. During this period the source of aid again shifted, this time to the USSR, Vietnam, and their allies. Aid from Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries totaled $90 million in 1985. Among non-Communist nations, Japan, Australia, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also furnished assistance. In 1985, the US ban on aid was lifted, largely because of Laotian cooperation in accounting for US military personnel missing in action in Laos during the Vietnam War. Aid from international agencies totaled $183.1 million between 1946 and 1986. The targets for the first five-year plan were largely not met, as per capita income fell to $100 and inflation rose to 30% in 1985. Failure was ascribed to an overly rigid central planning approach and in August 1986, as a major part of the second five-year plan (1986–90), the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) was introduced. The New Economic Mechanism (NEM) approved in 1986 (based on chin tanakan may "new thinking") introduced free enterprise initiatives including decentralized decision making, deregulation of pricing and financial systems, and promotion of domestic and international trade and foreign investment. Reforms have been introduced in phases. In 1988 land use reforms and market determined prices were introduced. In 1989 the tax system was modified, the Foreign Investment Code and Decree was implemented, the banking system was restructured, and the privatization of state economic enterprises commenced. Creation of a national taxation system and a customs administration are aimed at increasing government revenue. The Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, the Economic Planning Unit, which monitors existing and new businesses, and the Economic Development Board (EDB), which assists in the establishment of new industries, facilitate foreign investment in most sectors of the economy. Incentives offered to encourage the development of industrial and commercial enterprises include allowing 100% foreign ownership, emphasized exportation of food products, strengthening of economic management, rehabilitation of routes to seaports and rural feeder roads, reform of general education and training, and development of small- and medium-scale projects. The third five-year plan (1991–95) continued previous policies of infrastructure improvement, export growth, and import substitution. Four sectors were considered priority areas for future income for Laos: mining and energy; agriculture and forestry; tourism; and service, as a way-station and service center between China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Laos has untapped mineral resources and proven reserves of gold, gemstones and iron ore. Pulp and paper tree plantations would be substituted for the export of timber and agricultural products to serve the Thai market. Based on Thailand's experience, the government recognizes that mass tourism involves environmental degradation, yet the opening of the Mittaphap (Friendship) Bridge over the Mekong between Laos and Thailand (1994) seemed to open an opportunity for both trade and tourism. A second bridge was approved in 1996 but the Japanese company holding the concession backed out in 1998. In 2002 the second bridge project was revived with an agreement with a Thai company. In 1993 three western oil companies, Enterprise Oil and Monument Oil, both from the United Kingdom, and Hunt Oil of Dallas, engaged in exploration for oil and gas in Laos. These projects, handicapped by inadequate geological maps, unexploded ordnance, tough terrain, encounters with the remnants of the anticommunist insurgency movement, tropical and dietary illness, and the potential expense of drilling and pipeline construction for transport to the Vietnamese coast, had not produced any substantial discoveries. However, two major hydroelectric projects, the Nam Thuen Dam on a tributary of the Mekong in Khammouan province, and the Xeset dam in southern Laos were completed, and produce electricity sold to Thailand. At the sixth party congress, held in March 1996, Laotian officials debated the country's slow pace of opening up to the international investment community. By that year, the country had allowed more than 500 foreign investors, in a variety of sectors, to either establish or buy (in whole or in part) Laotian businesses. the majority of $5 billion (75%) was invested in hydroelectric power. In February 1997, Laos joined ASEAN, though some raised questions about its ability to afford even to attend all the organization's 200 or so annual meetings. Balance of payments problems had emerged almost as soon as the economy opened up to foreign trade and investments, with imports regularly running about 40% above exports. By 1997, Laos had entered into two standby arrangements with the IMF, a one year arrangement under the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF), and a three year arrangement under the Extended Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAP). The credit line for the ESAP arrangement amounted to about $49 million and ran until 7 May 1997. The next month Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule precipitating the Asian financial crisis that was to have devastating effects of Laos's economic development ambitions. From June 1997 to June 2002 the kip depreciated from 1,171 to more than 10,000 to one US dollar. Direct foreign investment (DFI) dropped from $179 million in 1997 to $23.9 million in 2001. In the first six months of 2002, investment flows from ASEAN countries, formally the source of the nearly 60% of FDI, fell to zero. A possibility of some relief from the downward spiral of inflation and dwindling investment was in the likelihood that Laos would be voted normal trade relations (NTR) status in 2003 by the US Congress in line with legislation submitted by the administration of US president George W. Bush in 2003. NTR would reduce US tariffs on Laotian imports from an average of over 40% to about 3%, and allow for the implementation of bilateral trade and investment agreement with the United States. In turn, this would open the way for the World Bank to issue guarantees for foreign investment projects in Laos. The healthy growth rates from 2004 and 2005 were expected to remain stable throughout 2006 and 2007. The main growth engine continued to be the industrial sector, and mining and construction in particular. Agriculture remained vulnerable to finicky weather conditions, but the government has committed itself to offer help to farmers. Tourism is a sector with strong potential but its immediate future was negatively influenced by security concerns and a still weak infrastructure. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT By almost any measure, Laos is one of the world's most impoverished nations. Food intake does not meet basic requirements; there are virtually no sanitary facilities; and contamination of drinking water is widespread. Almost no families own cars, and bicycles and radios are considered luxuries. In general, the lowland Lao have the highest living standards, with lower standards prevailing among the upland tribes. The majority of the population engages in subsistence farming, and the country is heavily reliant on foreign aid. the first social insurance system was implemented in 2001. There is a special program for public employees. Employees in enterprises with ten or more employees are covered by work injury insurance. Although the constitution establishes equal rights for women, they have traditionally been subservient to men and have generally been discouraged from obtaining an education. However, the government claims that it has encouraged women to assume a larger role in national life, and girls are increasingly attending school. It has been reported that in urban areas, working women have higher incomes than their male counterparts. Violence against women, including domestic violence, is not widespread. The Family Code provides women with equal inheritance and marriage rights. Trafficking in women and girls for the sex trade persisted, but in 2004 legislation was passed to provide protection from these activities. Minority highland tribes have limited ability to influence government decisions. The highland Hmong tribe, furthermore, reports instances of discrimination and harassment. The Law on Nationality grants greater citizenship rights to the Chinese and Vietnamese minorities. Political dissent is not tolerated, and detention without due process is not uncommon. Prison conditions are harsh, and the government suppresses the freedoms of speech, assembly, and association and restricts freedom of religion. HEALTH The use of Western medicine has improved health generally and reduced the incidence of malaria and smallpox specifically, but high infant mortality and a variety of health problems remained. Most urban areas, including Vientiane, lack pure water and sanitary disposal systems. In 2000, 90% of the population had access to safe drinking water and 46% had adequate sanitation. In parts of Laos, malaria—the most serious health threat—is known to affect the majority of children. In 1995, there were 1,365 new cases of cholera. Other health problems are acute upper respiratory infections (including pneumonia and influenza), diarrhea and dysentery, parasites, yaws, skin ailments, various childhood diseases, hepatitis, venereal disease, and tuberculosis. Common diseases have been malaria, measles, and leprosy. In 1999, there were 171 reported cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants. In the mid1990s, a UNICEF survey found iodine deficiencies and goiter to be common problems in rural areas of Laos. Programs to increase iodine levels via salt intake were being instituted. An estimated 25% of school-age children were reported to have goiter. Children up to one year of age were vaccinated against tuberculosis, 69%; diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 48%; polio, 57%; and measles, 73%. Vaccination rates were 56% for DPT and 71% for measles. The prevalence of underweight children was 44%, greater than the average of developing countries in South East Asia. As of 2004, there were an estimated 59 physicians, 103 nurses, and 5 dentists per 100,000 people. Health care expenditure was estimated at 2.5% of GDP. Average life expectancy in 2005 was estimated at 55.08 years and infant mortality was estimated at 85.22 per 1,000 live births. The total fertility rate has remained nearly constant over the last years. The fertility rate in 2000 was five children per woman during her childbearing years. the overall mortality rate in 2002 was estimated at 12.7 per 1,000 people; the maternal mortality rate in 1998 was 650 per 100,000 live births. The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 0.10 per 100 adults in 2003. As of 2004, there were approximately 1,700 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated 200 deaths from AIDS in 2003. HOUSING The typical house is rectangular, built entirely of wooden planks and bamboo, with a thatched roof, and is raised off the ground on wooden pilings 1–2 m (3–6 ft) high. There is a critical housing shortage in the towns, and many dwellings are substandard. As of 2000, 90% of the population had access to improved water sources and 46% had access to improved sanitation. EDUCATION Education in Laos is compulsory for five years of primary education. This is followed by three years of lower secondary and three years of upper secondary studies. At this stage, students may choose to continue to a three-year technical school or higher technical college. The academic year runs from September to July. In 2001, about 7% of children between the ages of three and five were enrolled in some type of preschool program. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 85% of age-eligible students. The same year, secondary school enrollment was about 35% of age-eligible students. It is estimated that about 74% of all students complete their primary education. the student-to-teacher ratio for primary school was at about 31:1 in 2003. There are three universities in the country: the National University of Laos, Souphanouvong University, and Champasack University. There were also regional technical colleges and several teacher training colleges. In 2003, about 5% of the tertiary age population were enrolled in some type of higher education program. The adult literacy rate for 2004 was estimated at about 68.7%, with 77% for men and 60.9% for women. As of 2003, public expenditure on education was estimated at 2.8% of GDP, or 11% of total government expenditures. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS The National Library (Vientiane), with volumes in French, Lao, and English, is the nation's largest library. In addition, a Buddhist institute owns a number of classical manuscripts. Many excellent traditional works of art and architecture may be seen in Vientiane and Luangphrabang. Of particular interest in the latter city is the former royal palace and the Prabang (Golden Buddha), which was brought to Laos from Cambodia in the days of Fa-Ngoum. Also in Vientiane is the Museum of Religious Art. the Luang Prabang National Museum opened in 1976. MEDIA Beginning in 1992 telephone owners were able to direct dial internationally, and private facsimile machines were permitted. In 2003, there were an estimated 12 mainline telephones for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were approximately 20 mobile phones in use for every 1,000 people. All communications, including the radio network, are operated by the government. Regular radio broadcasts were begun from Vientiane in 1968 and are now carried by Lao National Radio. Most broadcasts are in Lao, but government news broadcasts are also in English, French, and other languages. Domestic television service from Lao National TV began in 1983; in addition, programs are available by satellite from the former USSR, and it is possible to pick up Thai broadcasts. As of 1999 there were 9 AM and 4 FM radio stations, and 4 television stations. In 2003, there were an estimated 148 radios and 52 television sets for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were 3.5 personal computers for every 1,000 people. The press is government-controlled. The sole news agency is the Laos News Agency; the only foreign news bureaus are those of the former USSR and Vietnam. As of 2002, there were two daily newspapers, Vientiane Mai (New Vientiane ), with a circulation of 2,500; and Khao San Pathet Lao (Laos Newsletter, published in French and English as well as Lao), with a circulation of 1,200. Pasason (the People ) is a monthly publication with a 2002 circulation of 28,000. the Vientiane Times, published in English is available twice a week. Although there are constitutional provisions for freedom of speech and the press, the government is said to exert broad control over the exercise of these rights. All domestically produced newspapers, radio, and television are controlled by the Ministry of Information, which reacts harshly to expressions of political dissent. ORGANIZATIONS The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry is located in Vientiane. The Lao People's Revolutionary Party and its allied social and political groups in the Lao Front for National Reconstruction have dominated Laotian life. The cooperative movement has been intensively developed. There is also a Lao Unified Buddhists' Association. The Mekong River Commission serves an important role in working toward sustainable development in the region. The Lao Medical Association promotes research and education on health issues and works to establish common policies and standards in healthcare. There are several sports associations promoting amateur competition in such pastimes as tennis, badminton, tae kwon do, and track and field. The Red Cross is active. TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION The main tourist destinations are the capital, Vientiane, and Luang Prabang. Facilities are limited in other parts of the country. Vientiane is popular for its Buddhist pagodas, French colonial architecture, and landmarks. The city of Luang Prabang is located at the junction of the Nam Khan and Mekong Rivers in the North. Great views of temples and the land are seen from Mount Phousi in the center of the city. In 2003, there were 636,361 visitors who arrived in Laos. Of these visitors, almost 60% came from Thailand. there were 12,289 hotel rooms with 18,877 beds that same year. Valid passports and visas are required for entry into Laos. Visas can be obtained upon arrival at most border crossings. If purchased upon arrival, the visa is valid for up to 15 days. Visas purchased through a Lao embassy are valid for up to 30 days. In 2005, the US Department of State estimated the daily cost of staying in Laos at $130. FAMOUS LAOTIANS One of the most cherished figures in Laotian history is Fa-Ngoum, who unified Lan Xang in the 14th century. Another dynastic personage still revered is the monarch Sethathirat, in whose reign (1534–71) the famous That Luang shrine was built. Chao Anou (r.1805–28) is remembered for having fought a war to recover Laotian independence from the Siamese (Thais) and for having restored Vientiane to a glory it had not known since the 16th century. Important 20th-century figures include Souvanna Phouma (1901–84), former prime minister; Prince Souphanouvong (1902–95), a half-brother of Souvanna Phouma, leader of the Pathet Lao and president of Laos from 1975 to 1986; and Kaysone Phomvihan (1920–1992), former chairman of the Council of Ministers. DEPENDENCIES Laos has no territories or colonies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Castle, Timothy N. At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Chan, Sucheng. Hmong Means Free: Life in Laos and America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. Evans, Grant. A Short History of Laos: The Land In Between. London, Eng.: Orion, 2003. Hamilton-Merritt, Jane. Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. Kremmer, Christopher. Bamboo Palace: Discovering the Lost Dynasty of Laos. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Leibo, Steven A. East and Southeast Asia, 2005. 38thed. Harpers Ferry, W.Va.: Stryker-Post Publications, 2005. Mansfield, Stephen. Lao Hill Tribes: Traditions and Patterns of Existence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pyle, Richard. Lost over Laos: A True Story of Tragedy, Mystery, and Friendship. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2003. Stuart-Fox, Martin. Historical Dictionary of Laos. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001. Zasloff, Joseph J., and Leonard Unger (eds.). Laos: Beyond the Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Laos Compiled from the September 2006 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes. Official Name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic PROFILE PEOPLE HISTORY GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS ECONOMY FOREIGN RELATIONS U.S.-LAO RELATIONS TRAVEL PROFILE Geography Area: 236,800 sq. km. (91,430 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Utah. Cities: Capital—Vientiane (2005 pop. est. 698,318). Other principal towns—Savannakhet, Luang Pra-bang, Pakse, Thakhek. Terrain: rugged mountains, plateaus, alluvial plains. Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (November to April). People Nationality: Noun and adjective—Lao (sing. and pl.). Population: (2005) 5.6 million. Annual growth rate: (2005) 2.5%. Ethnic groups: Lao-Tai Language Family (8 ethnic groups) 64.9%; Mon-Khmer Language Family (32 ethnic groups) 25.4%; Hmong-lu Mien (2 ethnic groups) 8.5%; Other ethnic groups (including Vietnamese and Chinese) 0.2%; Unknown: 1%. Religions: Buddhism: 66.8%; Others (including Animism: 30.9%; Christianity: 1.5%; Unknown (including Baha’i and Muslim) 0.7% Languages: Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages. Education: Literacy—53% (World Bank est.). Health: (2005) Infant mortality rate—82.2/1,000. Life expectancy—55 years (World Bank est.) Work force: (2.77 million, 2005) Agriculture—78.5%; industry and services—21.5% (2005). Government Type: Communist state. Government branches: Executive—President (head of state); Chairman, Council of Ministers (prime minister and head of government); 10-member Politburo; 52-member Central Committee. Legislative—115-seat National Assembly. Judicial—district, provincial, and a national Supreme Court. Political parties: Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP)—only legal party. Political subdivisions: 16 provinces, one special region, and Vientiane prefecture. Economy GDP: (2005 est.) $2.5 billion. Per capita income: (2004) $390. GDP growth rate: (2005 est.) 7.2%. Natural resources: Hydroelectric power, timber, and minerals. Agriculture: (45.5% of GDP, 2005 est.) Primary products—glutinous rice, coffee, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, tobacco, ginger, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry, sweet potatoes, cotton, tea, and peanuts. Industry: (28.7% of GDP, 2005 est.) Primary types—garment manufacturing, electricity production, copper, gypsum, and tin mining, wood and wood processing, cement manufacturing, agricultural processing, and tourism. Industrial growth rate: (2005 est.) 13%. Services: (2005 est.) 25.8.% of GDP. Trade: Exports (2005 est.)—$379 million: gold and copper, garments, electricity, wood and wood products, coffee and other agricultural products, rattan, and tin. Major markets—Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Germany. Imports (2005 est.)—$541 million. Major imports—fuel, food, consumer, goods, machinery and equipment, vehicles and spare parts. Major suppliers—Thailand, China, Vietnam, Singapore. PEOPLE Laos’ population was estimated at 5.6 million in 2005, dispersed unevenly across the country. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 698,000 residents in 20
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	16	https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/la/la021en.html	en	LAW ON ENTERPRISES			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLEâS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY ________________ Presidentâs Office No. 29/PO DECREE of the PRESIDENT of the LAO PEOPLEâS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC On the Promulgation of the Law on the Amendment of the Enterprise Law Pursuant to Chapter 6, Article 67, point 1 of the Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic which provides for the promulgation of the Constitution and of laws which are adopted by the National Assembly; and Pursuant to Resolution No. 55/NA, dated 9 November 2005, on the adoption of the Law on the Amendment of the Enterprise Law; and Pursuant to Proposal No. 18/NASC, dated 18 November 2005, of the National Assembly Standing Committee. The President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Decrees That: Article 1. The Law on the Amendment of the Enterprise Law is hereby promulgated. Article 2. This decree shall enter into force on the date it is signed. Vientiane, 9 December 2005 The President of the Lao Peopleâs Democratic Republic [Seal and Signature] Khamtai SIPHANDON Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLEâS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY ______________________ National Assembly No. 11/NA 9 November 2005 LAW ON ENTERPRISES Part I General Provisions Article 1. Purposes The Law on Enterprises determines the principles, procedures and measures for the incorporation, operation and management of enterprises in the Lao People's Democratic Republic with the aims of promoting production, business and services in all economic sectors to develop the workforce [engaged in] production and production relationships1, and [or promoting] national socio- economic growth to contribute to national development and improvement of the livelihood of the multi-ethnic people. Article 2. Definitions Terms used in this Law on Enterprises shall have the meanings ascribed below: â¢ An enterprise [refers to] a business organisation of individuals or legal entities which shall have a name, capital, an administration and management, and an office, and which is registered as an enterprise under this law. An enterprise is also referred to as a âbusiness unitâ; â¢ A business [refers to] a business activity in any specific undertaking, either as part of or as the whole of the process from production to services, for the purpose of seeking profit and serving the societyâs common interests; 1 This is a literal translation of the Lao term, which has the connotation of opening up the possibilities for different relationships in the ownership of means of production. 1 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR â¢ The list of controlled businesses2 [refers to] the list of business types that are highly sensitive to national stability, social order, and fine national traditions and to the environment, which require the permission of, and inspection3 by, the relevant authorities prior to the registration of the enterprise; â¢ A sole-trader enterprise4 [refers to] a form of enterprise owned by an individual. A sole-trader enterprise operates under the name of its owner who holds unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise; â¢ A partnership enterprise [refers to] a form of enterprise5 established on the basis of a contract between at least two investors who contribute capital to joint business operations for the purpose of sharing profits; â¢ A general partnership enterprise [refers to] a form of partnership enterprise which is jointly operated by the partners primarily based on mutual trust and where all partners have joint and unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise; â¢ A limited partnership enterprise [refers to] a form of partnership enterprise in which some6 of the partners have unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise and are referred to as âgeneral partnersâ, and the other partners have limited liability and are referred to as âlimited partnersâ; â¢ A company [refers to] a form of enterprise established through the division of its capital into shares, each share having equal value. A shareholder is only liable for the companyâs debts up to an amount not exceeding the unpaid portion of [such shareholderâs] shares; â¢ A limited company [refers to] a form of company with at least two and no more than thirty shareholders, except in the cases described in paragraph one, Article 85 of this law, and a limited company with a single shareholder is called a âone-person limited companyâ7; â¢ A public company [refers to] a form of company with at least nine shareholders who are the promoters, and the companyâs shares can be freely transferred and openly offered to the public; 2 This term is sometimes also referred to as the ânegative listâ. 3 In the Lao language, the same word is used to represent all of the following related (but slightly different) concepts: âcontrolâ, âinspectionâ, âsupervisionâ, âauditâ and âmonitoringâ. The translators have chosen âinspectionâ (and its variants) as the most appropriate English equivalent but readers should note and bear in mind the other meanings that might have been intended. 4 This term is sometimes also translated as âsole-proprietorship enterpriseâ. 5 In the old Business Law, this form of enterprise was called a partnership company. In this law, the term has been changed to âpartnership enterpriseâ. 6 There must be more than one general partner in this type of enterprise. 7 This term is sometimes also translated as âsole limited companyâ. 2 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR â¢ A public offering of shares [refers to] an offering of shares to the public in the stock exchange market or outside the stock exchange as described in laws and regulations; â¢ A State company8 [refers to a company] established by the State and managed under rules applicable to companies and it shall not sell more than forty-nine percent of its shares9; â¢ A joint company [refers to] a company jointly established between the State and another sector10[,] whether domestic or foreign[,] in which each party holds fifty percent of the shares; â¢ Shares represent the capital of a partnership enterprise or company and may be divided into unequal or equal value depending on the form of partnership or company as stipulated in this law; â¢ An ordinary share [refers to] a type of share which the owner cannot redeem; â¢ A preferred share [refers to] a type of share which the owner may redeem, and which has specific rights and obligations that are different from ordinary shares; â¢ A share certificate [refers to] an important legal document of title representing the rights and the proportion of ownership of a partner in a partnership enterprise or a shareholder in a company; â¢ A debenture [refers to] a loan certificate issued by a company without collateral which gives the debenture holder legitimate rights that guarantee the repayment of principal and interest as agreed; â¢ A dividend [refers to] the money distributed to partners or shareholders from the net profit generated by a partnership enterprise or a company after deduction of the cost of capital, expenses and debts; â¢ A quorum [refers to] the minimum number of participants in a meeting required to convene a meeting; â¢ Commercial confidentiality [refers to] important information about the production process, business or services of an enterprise that may result in loss to the stability and financial status of that enterprise if they are disclosed; â¢ A liquidator [refers to] a person appointed by the court or an enterprise to perform rights and duties in the attachment of the assets of a dissolved or bankrupt enterprise in order to pay the creditors and distribute the remaining amount to the owners11, partners or shareholders of the concerned enterprise. 8 This entity is different from a State-owned enterprise in the old Business Law. 9 The literal translation of this phrase is âmay sell shares up to less than 50%â. 10 The literal translation on this phrase is âwith a party from the non-governmental sectorâ. 11 This term is not limited to investors but rather could include, e.g., the owner of a sole-trader enterprise. 3 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 3. Right to Establish Enterprise Lao citizens, foreign residents, apatrids12 residing in the Lao PDR and foreigners, including their organisations, are entitled to establish enterprises or participate in business transactions in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Lao PDR. Article 4. Equality in Business Transactions All economic sectors, domestic and foreign, are equal before the law in business activities, and may compete and cooperate in expanding production forces, [and in] extending their production, business and services. Article 5. Obligations of Enterprises Enterprises have the obligation to conduct their business operations in accordance with their business purposes, to keep accounting books, to perform fiscal obligations towards the government, to protect the workersâ legitimate rights and interests, to preserve the environment, and to uphold other relevant laws and regulations of the Lao PDR. Article 6. State Policy and Protection of Rights and Interests of Enterprises The State encourages and promotes domestic and foreign persons and organisations to establish enterprises or to participate in business activities in all non-restricted sectors by issuing customs and tax policies, regulations, [and] measures, [and by] providing information, services and other facilities to enterprises to contribute to socio-economic development. The legitimate rights and interests of enterprises, namely their capital and property, are protected by laws. Article 7. International Cooperation The State promotes international relations and cooperation in business activities by exchanging lessons and information, by mobilizing capital, sciences, technologies and experience in business management that is advanced13, [and also promotes] the opening up of the market, [and] regional and global integration. 12 Readers may wish to refer to the Law on Lao Nationality for the distinction between aliens, apatrids (i.e. persons unable to certify their nationality) and foreign individuals. 13 In the original Lao text, it is unclear whether this adjective qualifies business management or all other nouns preceding it. 4 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 8. Scope of Application This law applies to private enterprises, both domestic and foreign, State enterprises14 and joint enterprises established and operating in the Lao PDR. Cooperative enterprises and small retail traders do not fall under the scope of application of this law and will be dealt with in detail separately. Part II Enterprises Chapter 1 Types, Forms and Categories of Enterprises Article 9. Types of Enterprises There are four types of enterprises in the Lao PDR: private enterprises, State enterprises,15 joint enterprises and collective enterprises. A private enterprise may elect to use any form or category of enterprise stipulated in Article 10 and Article 11 of this law for the establishment and operation of its enterprise. A State enterprise and a joint enterprise may be established and operated in the form of a company only. A State enterprise is referred to as a âState companyâ and a joint enterprise as a âjoint companyâ. Article 10. Forms of Enterprises The form of an enterprise [refers to] the business organisation that is the basis for the establishment and business operations of all types of enterprises. Enterprises are classified in three forms: 1. Sole-trader entreprise; 2. Partnership enterprise; 3. Company. 14 The Lao term here is a different word from âState companyâ. 15 In the original Lao text, the same words are used here for State-owned enterprises and mixed enterprises as were used in the Business Law. However, the translators have used different English words for these enterprises in this law because the nature of these entities is different. 5 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 11. Categories of Partnership Enterprises and Companies Partnership enterprises and companies are classified in the following four categories: 1. Partnership enterprises are classified in two categories: â¢ General partnership enterprise; â¢ Limited partnership enterprise. 2. Companies are classified in two categories: â¢ Limited company, including one-person limited company; â¢ Public company. Chapter 2 Registration of Enterprises Article 12. Registration of Enterprises Enterprise registration [refers to] the acceptance of a notification for enterprise registration16 as lawful recognition by the State of an individual or legal entity, either domestic or foreign, that is established and is operating a business in the Lao PDR. The procedure for enterprise registration is separately regulated. An enterprise is registered once throughout the period of operation of such enterprise. Article 13. Filing of Notification for Enterprise Registration Any person intending to conduct business in the Lao PDR shall file a notification for enterprise registration with the concerned State agencies as specified under this law. 16 The term ânotification for enterprise registrationâ (rather than âapplication for enterprise registrationâ) is used in the Lao text and has the connotation that enterprise registration should generally be a matter of notifying the relevant authorities of, rather than seeking permission for, the establishment of a business unit. 6 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 14. Procedures and Timeframe for Consideration of Enterprise Registration Upon receipt of a notification for enterprise registration, the commercial sector17 shall examine whether the type of business to be registered falls in the list of controlled or non-controlled businesses. If the proposed business is not in the controlled list, the enterprise registration authority of the commercial sector shall consider18 issuing a certificate of enterprise registration no later than ten official working days from the date of receipt of the notice. In the event that the type of business submitted for registration falls within the list of controlled businesses, the commercial sector shall immediately forward the application to the concerned authority19. Such authority shall consider and respond no later than ten working days, except in the case of certain businesses that require a longer technical review process. Thereafter, the commercial authority shall consider issuing an enterprise registration certificate no later than three working days. In the event that the enterprise registration certificate is not issued, a written response with reasons shall be given to the applicant for enterprise registration. The list of controlled businesses and the timeframe for the technical review process as stipulated in paragraph two of this article shall be approved by the government only. Article 15. Invalid Registration of Enterprises An invalid registration of an enterprise [refers to] the registration of an enterprise where part or the whole content of [such] registration does not conform to the form, category [or]20 reality, and that needs to be corrected. Such correction may be made by amendment. In the event that the correction cannot be made, the enterprise shall be dissolved in accordance with the procedures set forth in this law. 17 The term âsectorâ is used in many Lao laws to refer to the cluster of government ministries or agencies engaged in a particular activity. 18 This term has the connotation of having the power to approve. 19 This is a reference to the authority regulating the controlled industry. 20 The Lao word âandâ is sometimes used in a disjunctive sense, often when the authors wish to emphasize the importance f all items in the disjunctive list. Here the literal translation is âandâ, but it is clear that the disjunctive âorâ meaning is intended. 7 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The registration of an enterprise [granted] to a person restricted by law or the registration of an enterprise in contravention of any law or regulation shall be invalid. The invalidity of any enterprise registration or the dissolution of the enterprise shall not terminate the liabilities of the enterprise. Article 16. Effects of Enterprise Registration The registration of an enterprise has the following effects: 1. Creates a legal entity of a partnership enterprise or a company that is separate from its shareholders, having rights, duties and responsibilities within the scope of its purposes and bylaws21; 2. Enables the enterprise to carry out business activities within the business sectors indicated in its enterprise license without requiring further approval or review from the relevant authorities, except for certain types of businesses specified in the list of controlled businesses, as provided in Article 14 of this law; 3. The contents22 that were filed with the notification for enterprise registration shall be disclosed, and any interested person may see such application as described in paragraph one, Article 19 of this law; 4. The enterpriseâs name and tax registration are registered. Article 17. Effects of Failure to Conduct Business Operations An enterprise shall commence its business operations within ninety days from the date of the enterprise registration. In the event that an enterprise fails to operate within that period or suspends its operation and fails to perform its fiscal obligations over twelve months continuously without reasons, the relevant enterprise registration officers shall notify such enterprise to clarify the reasons[.]23 If such enterprise fails to meet the registration officers within ten working days from the date the notice is received or at the meeting no sufficient reason is given, such enterprise shall be considered suspended and [shall be] dissolved in accordance with the procedures set forth in this law. 21 This is a reference to the internal regulations of the company. 22 This is a literal translation. The intention is to refer to âthose matters that must be includedâ. See Article 11 of the Contract Law for a similar use of âcontentsâ. 23 For readability, the punctuation of this sentence has been modified. 8 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 18. Modification of Contents in Enterprise Registration Any modification of the contents in the enterprise registration after registration, such as the purpose or the registered capital, shall be notified to the relevant enterprise registration officers within one month after the decision on such modifications has been made, except for the modification of contents in the enterprise registration relating to the types of business falling within the list of controlled businesses, which shall comply with paragraph two of Article 14 of this law. Any enterprise that provides invalid contents in its enterprise registration or gives notice of a modification later than the period specified in paragraph one of this article, whether intentionally or not, shall not be entitled to assert [such deficiencies] as an argument for the release from liability for its acts against third parties acting in good faith. Article 19. Public Disclosure of Contents of Enterprise Registration Individuals and legal entities may access or request a copy of filed registration documents from the enterprise registration officers. Such registration documents refer to documents filed by the enterprise for enterprise registration as required under this law. A person requesting a copy of such documents shall pay fees as stipulated. Other than the documents described in paragraph one of this article, disclosure shall be permitted only with the prior consent of the concerned enterprise, unless otherwise provided by the laws. Article 20. Registered Capital of Enterprises The registered capital of a sole-trader enterprise is the capital declared by the owner to the enterprise registration officer in its enterprise registration. The registered capital of a partnership or company is the value of all shares as defined in item 4 of Article 33 and item 4 of Article 81 of this law. Such registered capital is also referred to as the âstated capitalâ of the partnership or the company. For certain types of businesses, as necessary, the relevant sector has the authority to set the minimum required registered capital for enterprise registration, provided that approval from the government has been obtained. The declared registered capital must truly exist in the Lao PDR, as prescribed by the laws. In the event of a breach, the breaching party shall be responsible under the laws for the offence of making false statements to a government authority. 9 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Chapter 3 Name of Enterprise Article 21. Selection of Name of Enterprise An enterprise may select the name or surname of one or several persons or may use other names as agreed. Any enterprise first subscribing for a name shall have priority over other enterprises. The name of an enterprise shall at all times indicate the form or category of such enterprise. A subscribed name shall terminate if the subscribing enterprise is not accepted for enterprise registration. Upon the registration of an enterprise, the business operator shall display a sign with its name. Article 22. Forbidden Names Forbidden names are: 1. Names causing confusion, [names that are] similar or identical to the names of other enterprises within the same province, [or] city[,] or names of other enterprises that are widely known; 2. Names that conflict with the fine national culture and traditions or with social order; 3. Names that contain the name of any country, [or] international organisation, or the name of any symbol of cultural identity or national sacred site; 4. Names that are identical or similar to a form or category of enterprise. Article 23. Allowing other Persons to Use Name or License of Enterprise Any authorisation to another person to use the name or enterprise license for business activities shall be made in writing and in accordance with the Contract Law of the Lao PDR. In the event that there is no written authorisation for the use of a name or enterprise license but there is sufficient evidence indicating that the owner of the name or enterprise license knew but did not complain or object or supported such use, it shall be deemed as due authorisation. 10 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 24. Liability for Allowing other Persons to use Name or License of Enterprise Any person who authorises others to use its name or enterprise license shall be responsible to third parties in accordance with the agreed contract24 or as provided by the laws. Any person who authorises a person having no capacity25 to use its name or enterprise license shall be liable for the act of such persons. Any person who authorises an individual or legal entity that is subject to legal restrictions to use its name or enterprise license shall be jointly liable for the acts of that individual or legal entity. Any business operations carried out by the authorised persons shall be deemed to be business operations [conducted] without an enterprise registration. A State company may not authorise any individual or legal entity to use its name or enterprise license. In the event of any violation, it shall be personally liable to the third party. Article 25. Transfer and Restrictions on Transfer of Name A name may be transferred only when: 1. It is transferred together with the transfer of the whole enterprise, including its rights and obligations; 2. It is the name of an enterprise that has been entirely and lawfully dissolved. Upon the proper transfer of a name in accordance with item 1 above, the transferee shall notify the debtors and creditors of the enterprise within sixty days and notify the relevant enterprise registration officers within five working days from the date of the transfer. Any improper transfer of a name in any form, including monopolizing the market through the transfer of any name, is forbidden. In the event of any violation, the transferor and transferee shall be liable for their acts in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the Lao PDR. A State company is not permitted to transfer its name to any other type of enterprise. 24 This appears to be a reference to the contract between the owner of the name or license and the permitted user of the name or license, as referred to in Article 23. 25 This term refers to legal capacity and mental capacity. 11 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 26. Cancellation of Name A name shall be cancelled together with the dissolution of the enterprise. Upon termination of a name, the owner of the name shall remove the sign of its name within seven days from the date of the notice of termination. Any individual or legal entity still using a cancelled name or enterprise license shall be deemed to be conducting business without a proper enterprise registration. Part III Sole-Trader Enterprises Article 27. Filing of Notification for Enterprise Registration Any person intending to register a sole-trader enterprise shall submit an application with the following details: 1. The name and kind of business; 2. The name, address and nationality of the enterprise owner and manager; 3. The location of the enterprise; 4. The registered capital. Article 28. Rights and Duties of Owner The owner of a sole-trader enterprise has the following rights and duties: 1. To administer and manage the enterprise himself26 or to employ other persons to administer and manage the enterprise; 2. To decide by himself the use of profits or other matters relating to the enterprise; 3. To keep accounts as provided by the Law on Enterprise Accounting; 4. To perform obligations towards the State; 5. To perform other rights and duties as provided by the laws. 26 Readers should note that the Lao language does not distinguish between genders in pronouns. In this translation, a reference to a gender is a reference to all genders, unless the context requires otherwise (as is the case in some Articles). The translatorsâ decision to use the male gender pronoun as the default translation was made in the interests of simplicity and consistency. 12 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 29. Manager The manager of a sole-trader enterprise may be the owner himself or one or several third parties27 employed as managers. An external employed manager is remunerated as agreed with the owner of the sole-trader enterprise. A sole-trader enterprise with several managers may appoint one manager as the overall supervisor who shall solely have authority to enter into contracts on behalf of the sole-trader enterprise with third parties. Such manager is called the âgeneral managerâ. This provision is also applicable to managers of partnership enterprises and one-person limited companies. A manager performs all his tasks on the basis of the rights and duties described in the contract and under the supervision of the enterprise owner. A manager may assign certain of his tasks to other assistants. Article 30. Managerâs Employment Contract A managerâs employment contract shall be made in writing as provided by the Contract Law. The contents of the employment contract shall describe the rights, duties, remuneration and responsibilities of the contracting parties and how the contract may be terminated. Relations between the enterprise owner, manager(s), and third parties are governed by the relevant laws. Article 31. Dissolution and Liquidation A sole-trader enterprise is dissolved in the following cases: 1. The sole-trader enterprise owner decides to dissolve the enterprise; 2. Dissolution by court order; 3. Bankruptcy28; 4. Death or lack of capacity29 of an enterprise owner who has no heir. In the event that the sole-trader enterprise is dissolved, its owner shall have the obligation to liquidate the enterprise by himself or to appoint third parties as liquidators, except when the dissolution is ordered by the court or the sole-trader enterprise is in bankruptcy, in which case only the court shall appoint the liquidator. 27 The literal translation of this term is âpersons outside of the companyâ. 28 This is a reference to final declaration of bankruptcy by the court. 29 This term has the connotation of mental capacity. 13 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Part IV Partnership Enterprises Chapter 1 General Principles Relating to Partnership Enterprises Article 32. Partners of Partnership Enterprise Investors in a partnership enterprise are called âpartnersâ. Partners in a partnership enterprise may be individuals or legal entities. Article 33. Partnership Contract A partnership contract shall be made in writing and shall be consistent with the Contract Law of the Lao PDR. A partnership contract shall describe the following primary contents: 1. The name of the enterprise; 2. The business purpose; 3. The names [and] locations of the headquarters and all branches, if any; 4. The stated capital or value of shares of the partnership enterprise divided into cash, kind or labour; 5. The names, addresses and nationalities of the partners of the partnership; 6. The names and signatures of all partners of the partnership. The stated capital described in item 4 of this article is the registered capital of the partnership enterprise. Article 34. The Status of Partnership Enterprise as Legal Entity The indices of the status of a partnership enterprise as a legal entity comprise: 1. The name of the partnership; 2. The names [and] locations of its headquarters and all branches, if any; 3. The assets and capital; 4. The bylaws of the partnership enterprise; 5. Liability for debts according to the form of partnership enterprise; 6. The legal capacity to exercise rights and obligations, and to be a plaintiff or defendant [in legal proceedings] in the same manner as natural persons. 14 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 35. Branches of Partnership Enterprises A partnership enterprise registered in the Lao PDR is not required to further register its branches and such branches shall not have the status of a separate legal entity from the partnership enterprise. Each branch office shall notify the enterprise registration officers at that location. A branch of a foreign partnership enterprise operating in the Lao PDR is required to register the enterprise in accordance with this law. The establishment of a branch of a Lao partnership enterprise in a foreign country shall be governed by the laws of that country. In the event that the branch of a domestic or foreign legal entity is sued in the Lao PDR, such suit shall be deemed to be against that legal entity. This provision covers foreign legal entities that have branches in the Lao PDR. Article 36. Bylaws of Partnership Enterprises The bylaws of a partnership enterprise shall contain the following main items: 1. The matters specified in item 1 to item 5 of Article 33 of this law; 2. The names, addresses and nationalities of the managers of the partnership enterprise. In the event that other partners are not co- managers, restrictions on the use of power of the managers may be defined; 3. The method for the distribution of profits and responsibility for the partnershipâs losses; 4. The method and schedule of payment for shares; 5. Administration and management; 6. Meetings and rules for the adoption of resolutions; 7. Resolution of disputes; 8. Dissolution and liquidation. The contents of item 1 of this article must be included in the notification of enterprise registration, but30 the partnership enterprise may [decide to] include additional contents. The bylaws of a partnership enterprise must be signed by its manager. 30 The literal translation of this phrase is âexcept that the partnership enterprise shall decide to include additional contentsâ. The idea here is that only item 1 is mandatory and must be included in the application; items 2 to 8 are optional. 15 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 37. Modification of Establishment Contract31 or Bylaws Any modification to the contents of the establishment contract or bylaws of a partnership enterprise shall be made by unanimous consent of all partners, except as otherwise agreed. Resolutions on the amendment or modification of such establishment contract or bylaws shall be notified to the relevant enterprise registration officers within ten working days from the date of the partnersâ meeting adopting such resolution on modification. Chapter 2 General Partnership Enterprises A. Enterprise Registration and Internal Relations of General Partnership Enterprises Article 38. Filing of Notification for Registration of General Partnership Enterprises The following documents are required for the filing of a notification for the registration of a general partnership enterprise: 1. The application form for notification of enterprise registration; 2. The general partnership contract containing the names and signatures of all partners; 3. The name, address and nationality of the manager when the partners decide not to act as co-managers; 4. The bylaws of the general partnership enterprise. The application32 for notification of enterprise registration shall be signed by the manager. Article 39. Capital Contributions The capital of a general partnership enterprise is contributed by the partners. Such capital contribution may be provided in cash, in kind or in labour. 31 This contract appears to be the same as a partnership contract. 32 The translators are aware that there are slightly different references in this Article, namely, to the previously mentioned process of ânotification for registrationâ (see also footnote 16), to an application form, and to an application for giving notification of registration. It would appear that this article aims to spell out in greater detail the process commonly referred to generally as ânotification for registrationâ. 16 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Capital contributed in kind or in labour shall be appraised in monetary terms. Capital provided in labour shall not be recorded in the balance sheet of the general partnership enterprise. The methods and schedule of payment for shares specified in paragraph one of this article shall be agreed among the partners. Prior to the registration of the enterprise, the partners shall contribute their shares in full as agreed. In addition to the capital described in paragraph one of this article, partners in a general partnership enterprise may finance any transaction carried out by the general partnership enterprise with their own funds. The use of funds described in paragraph four of this article, including liabilities and the distribution of dividends, shall be agreed among the partners. Article 40. Shares Each share in a general partnership enterprise need not be of equal value. Upon payment for their shares by partners as provided in paragraph three of Article 39 of this law, the general partnership enterprise shall issue share certificates to the partners based on the paid proportion of shares. Share certificates of a general partnership enterprise are not negotiable. Article 41. Manager All partners in a general partnership enterprise may act as co-managers or appoint one or more partners to be managers. The manager is the representative of the general partnership and of the other partners. The manager shall not receive a salary or bonuses for the performance of his duties, unless otherwise agreed. The manager of a general partnership enterprise may be a third party. A third party appointed as manager shall be remunerated with a salary or bonuses as agreed by the partners. Article 42. Appointment or Removal of Manager The appointment or removal of the manager requires the unanimous vote of all partners, unless otherwise agreed. Each partner has one vote. The partner to be appointed or removed as manager is not entitled to cast a vote. 17 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 43. Rights and Duties of Manager The manager has the following rights and duties: 1. To fully and faithfully perform his duties33 for the best interests of the general partnership enterprise; 2. To exercise the rights and perform the duties described in the bylaws of the general partnership enterprise; 3. To recruit third parties to assist in any transaction of the general partnership enterprise for which he has responsibility. In the event that several partners are joint co-managers, the administration and management of the general partnership enterprise shall be based on a majority vote or as it may otherwise be agreed as described in the bylaws. Each person shall have one vote. In the event that there is a single manager, such manager shall have the sole authority to administer and manage the general partnership enterprise, unless restrictions are otherwise provided. The restrictions referred to in paragraph three of this article shall have no effect upon third parties if such restrictions are not stipulated in the enterprise registration filing. Article 44. Rights and Duties of Partners Partners have the following rights and duties: 1. To inquire on the overall status of the general partnership enterprise at all times; 2. To examine or make copies of accounting records and other documents of the general partnership enterprise; 3. To receive dividends and be liable for losses as agreed; 4. To have unlimited liability for the general partnershipâs total debts; 5. To have the right to veto, oppose or complain if these [rights] have been agreed upon, but there shall be detailed provisions in the bylaws on the subject matter and applicable procedures for the use of such rights; 6. To receive a portion of contributed capital and profits as agreed when the general partnership enterprise is dissolved. Article 45. Acceptance of New Partners and Transfer of Shares A general partnership enterprise may not accept new partners and each partner may not transfer shares among themselves, unless otherwise agreed. 33 The literal translation of this term is âto fully perform his duties and with loyaltyâ. 18 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR In the event that the partners agree to accept a new partner or to allow the transfer of shares, unanimous consent is required from all partners. The acceptance of new partners may be carried out by transferring shares to third parties or by allowing a third party to acquire a portion of newly issued shares. Upon a decision to accept a new partner or to transfer shares to another [partner], [the partnership enterprise] shall notify the relevant enterprise registration officers within five working days from the date of the decision on such acceptance or transfer. In the event that only one partner remains in the general partnership enterprise as a result of the transfer of shares or for any other reason, the general partnership enterprise shall be dissolved. In the event that the name of the general partnership enterprise includes the names of partners, when one partner withdraws, the general partnership enterprise is entitled to delete such partnerâs name from its name. Article 46. Prohibited Acts and Business Transactions of Partners Partners are prohibited from carrying out any acts or business transactions that compete with their own general partnership enterprise. An act or transaction which is considered as competing with the general partnership enterprise is: 1. [When a partner engages] on his own behalf in a business transaction that is similar to the purpose of the general partnership enterprise; 2. [When a partner engages] on behalf of another person, such as being a manager or director of another enterprise, in a business transaction that is similar to the purpose of the general partnership enterprise; 3. Being a partner in another general partnership enterprise or being a general partner34 in a limited partnership enterprise. [In the event of] any breach of the restrictions in this article, the general partnership enterprise has the right to claim the entire profits obtained from such acts or business transactions or to file a petition for dissolution of the general partnership enterprise. Article 47. Exemptions from Restrictions [A partner] may be exempted from the restrictions described in Article 46 of this law when: 34 The literal translation of this term is âhaving unlimited liabilityâ. 19 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 1. [He has] obtained the unanimous consent of all other partners; 2. Such act or business transaction by the partner was carried out prior to [his] joining the partnership and the other partners did not object. B. Relationship between General Partnership Enterprises and Third Parties Article 48. Liability for Debts Each partner shall have unlimited liability for the debts of the general partnership enterprise. A creditor may claim for payment of debt from each partner but only after it has made a claim against the general partnership enterprise which remains unsettled. All partners may agree on the proportion of each partnerâs liability for the debts or losses of the general partnership enterprise, but such agreement shall have no effect on third parties. Partners are liable for the debts of the partnership only when: 1. Such debts arise from the performance of duties of the manager or other partners in accordance with bylaws of the general partnership enterprise; 2. Such debts arise from the performance of any duty to achieve the purpose of the general partnership enterprise and such acts were approved by all partners. Article 49. Rights to Benefits All partners are entitled to receive the benefits obtained by the general partnership enterprise from transactions with third parties on behalf of the enterprise, whether or not such benefits are obtained in the name of the general partnership enterprise. Article 50. Liability of Withdrawing Partners and New Partners A partner withdrawing from a general partnership enterprise shall be liable for the debts of the general partnership arising prior to his withdrawal from the general partnership enterprise. Such liability shall terminate within one year from the date of approval of such withdrawal, except when a longer period of liability has been agreed. A new partner is liable for the entire debt of a general partnership enterprise, unless otherwise agreed, but such agreement shall have no effect on third parties. 20 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR C. Merger of General Partnership Enterprises Article 51. Merger of General Partnership Enterprises A general partnership enterprise may merge with one or several other general partnership enterprises into either the original partnership enterprise or into a new general partnership enterprise. General partnership enterprises may merge only when the following conditions are met: 1. Unanimous consent was obtained in a meeting of all partners of the general partnership enterprises to be merged, unless otherwise agreed. The resolutions adopted by such meeting shall be registered with the enterprise registration officers within ten working days from the date of the resolution to merge; 2. The merger has been published through appropriate mass media at least once within ten working days from the date the resolution to merge is adopted to inform and allow creditors to oppose the merger within sixty days from the date the creditors receive the notification, and creditors fail to oppose or respond within the stipulated period of time; 3. The enterprise has been registered again. Article 52. Objection to Merger and Effects of Merger In the event that a creditor objects to the merger of a general partnership enterprise, [the general partnership enterprise] cannot merge, unless all debts have been paid to that creditor only. A merger of general partnership enterprises does not result in the dissolution of the enterprises [or]35 the lapse of previous rights or responsibilities. D. Dissolution of General Partnership Enterprises Article 53. Grounds for Dissolution A general partnership enterprise may be dissolved on three grounds: dissolution by agreement between the partners, dissolution by court order and dissolution by operation of law36. 35 See footnote 20. 36 The literal translation of this term is âdissolution by legal effectâ. 21 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The enterprise registration officers shall be temporarily notified37 of the dissolution of a general partnership enterprise on any grounds within ten working days from the date the grounds for dissolution occurred. Article 54. Dissolution by Agreement between Partners A general partnership enterprise may be dissolved by unanimous agreement of the partners. Article 55. Dissolution by Court Order Any partner of a general partnership enterprise may request the court to consider the dissolution of the general partnership enterprise when he finds that: 1. The general partnership enterprise has suffered losses and cannot solve [the problem]; 2. An event of force majeure occurs making it impossible to continue the business of the general partnership enterprise; 3. Such partner has been misled or forced to become a partner; 4. A partner has committed an act or is acting with the intention to breach the partnership contract or the bylaws or is acting in gross negligence and causing severe damage to the general partnership enterprise. The partner requesting the court to consider the dissolution shall not be the partner causing the aforementioned events. Other partners may request the court to order the partner at fault to pay compensation or to withdraw from the partnership enterprise instead of ordering dissolution. In such event, the general partnership enterprise shall distribute the assets of the enterprise to such partner at the current value of such assets after deducting the damage caused by such partner, unless otherwise agreed by the partners. Article 56. Dissolution by Operation of Law A general partnership enterprise may be dissolved on any of the following legal grounds: 1. Dissolution in accordance with the contract or bylaws of the general partnership enterprise; 2. Only one partner remains in the general partnership enterprise; 3. A partner dies, becomes bankrupt or has no legal capacity, except as otherwise agreed; 37 This is a literal translation. It appears to be a reference to temporary dissolution upon the occurrence of the events set out in Article 53 as opposed to permanent dissolution under Article 67. 22 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 4. Dissolution stipulated in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of Part II of this law. In the event that a partner dies but the general partnership enterprise is not dissolved, the heir of the deceased partner is entitled to receive the full distribution of dividends or assets of the deceased partner. Article 57. Effects of Temporary Dissolution The temporary dissolution of a general partnership enterprise has the following effects: 1. The temporary suspension of a partnerâs right to claim benefits from the general partnership enterprise; 2. The liability of partners for payment of unpaid shares is not terminated; 3. The temporary suspension of payments, [but] receivables owed to the enterprise shall be paid; 4. The general partnership enterprise shall have no right to engage in business activities, but shall continue to exist as a legal entity for a period of time until its dissolution is registered and the enterprise registration license is permanently cancelled in order to complete pending matters and proceed with liquidation. E. Liquidation of General Partnership Enterprises Article 58. Methods for Liquidation Partners may agree on the method for distribution of assets or liquidation as provided in the bylaws of the general partnership enterprise or as agreed between partners, except for a dissolution caused by bankruptcy, by court order, or when only one partner remains in the partnership. Article 59. Appointment or Removal of Liquidator Liquidation of a general partnership enterprise may be carried out by the manager or all partners as joint liquidators or by appointing a partner or a third party to act as the liquidator. Such appointment shall require unanimous approval from all partners. In the event that the votes cast by partners for the selection of the liquidator are not sufficient as required in paragraph one of this article, the partners of the general partnership enterprise may request the court to appoint the liquidator. 23 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The liquidator specified under this article and Article 60 of this law shall be removed in the same way he38 was appointed. Article 60. Appointment of Liquidator by Court In the case of the dissolution of a general partnership enterprise caused by bankruptcy or by court order or when only a single partner remains in the partnership, only the court shall appoint the liquidator. In the event that a general partnership enterprise is dissolved because of the death of a partner, the deceased partnerâs heir is entitled to act or participate as liquidator. Where there are several heirs, one person shall be appointed as their representative. Article 61. Appointment of Replacement for Liquidator who is Unable to Perform In the event that, for any reason, a liquidator is unable to perform his duties following his appointment, such as death or lack of capacity, all partners shall act as joint liquidators until a new liquidator is appointed as a replacement. The general partnership enterprise shall give public notice of the appointment, removal or termination of the liquidatorâs duties within ten working days from such appointment, removal or termination as provided in this article, Article 59 and Article 60 of this law. Article 62. Rights and Duties of Liquidators In the case of the liquidation of a general partnership enterprise, the liquidator has the following rights and duties: 1. To give written notice of the dissolution to creditors of the general partnership enterprise and announce through suitable mass media within ten working days from the date of the occurrence causing the dissolution39 in order to inform the public and allow creditors to present documents relating to the debts of the general partnership enterprise; 2. To collect all assets, and to create a balance sheet; 38 For readability, these provisions have been translated as if the liquidator is a natural person; however, in practice, liquidators can be legal entities or natural persons. 39 The time limit qualifies both the written notice and the announcement. 24 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 3. To continue to complete pending business of the general partnership enterprise; 4. To receive remuneration for the performance of his duties from the general partnership enterprise as agreed; 5. To apply necessary measures to preserve assets, to claim for full repayment of debts, [and] to sell or transfer the assets of the general partnership enterprise; 6. To submit a report on the balance sheet to auditors to certify its accuracy; 7. To report on the collection of assets and various activities to the relevant creditors, partners or to the court if the liquidator is appointed by the court; 8. To call the meeting of creditors and partners to adopt or decide on such issues as necessary and to call a meeting at least once every six months; 9. To perform the tasks assigned by the meeting of the partners and creditors; 10. To present quarterly reports on the balance sheet to the enterprise registration officers; 11. To repay debts to creditors and distribute remaining assets to the partners; 12. To mediate issues or file claims in court in legal proceedings in the name of the general partnership enterprise; 13. To report to the partners or to the court, if the court has appointed the liquidator, if he finds that the assets of the general partnership enterprise, including those of its partners, are insufficient to pay the debts. In the event that the general partnership enterprise is unable to pay its excessive debts, the liquidator may file with the court for bankruptcy. Upon the declaration of bankruptcy by the court following the process defined in the Law on the Bankruptcy of Enterprises, the rights and duties of the liquidator shall be terminated and his tasks shall be transferred to the asset supervision committee40. Article 63. Performance of Duties by Several Liquidators The joint performance of duties by several liquidators shall be based on a majority vote where each person has one vote, except if a specific task is assigned to a different person, but such assignment shall be notified to the enterprise registration officers within ten working days from the date of appointment. Restrictions on the use of power by the liquidators have no effect on third parties. 40 Readers may wish to refer to Article 15 of the Law on Bankruptcy of Enterprises for more information on this committee. 25 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 64. Priority in Payment of Debts and Distribution of Assets The payment of debts and the distribution of assets shall be made in the following [order of] priority: 1. Salaries of the employees; 2. Debts owed to the State that do not arise from contracts between [the enterprise and] the State or persons described in Article 4 of the Law on Secured Transactions; 3. Secured debts; 4. Unsecured debts; 5. Debts of the general partnership enterprise owed to the partners as described in paragraphs four and five of Article 39 of this law; 6. Distribution of profits or losses among the partners; 7. Return of capital contributed by the partners. In this case, capital contributed in labour may not be reimbursed, unless the partners have agreed on the reimbursement at the time of capital contribution. Article 65. Duties of Liquidators after Liquidation Upon the completion of liquidation, the liquidator shall: 1. Immediately prepare a statement and report on the distribution of assets and repayment of debts for adoption by the meeting of creditors and partners; 2. Inform the public of the report on the distribution of assets and repayment of debts within ten working days from the date of completion of the distribution of assets and repayment of debts; 3. Hand over all documents relating to the liquidation of the concerned general partnership enterprise and register the completion of liquidation with the enterprise registration officer. Article 66. Liability of Liquidators Liquidators are liable for their following acts: 1. Intentional acts that cause damage to the general partnership enterprise or [damage caused] by severe gross negligence in the performance of their duties. Severe gross negligence [refers to] the failure to perform their tasks or performing [their tasks] in a wrongful manner which they know or ought to know would cause damage; 2. Acts against the assignors41 and third parties as stipulated in relevant laws. 41 This is a reference to persons appointing the liquidator. 26 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 67. Notification of Dissolution and Cancellation of Enterprise License Upon public notice of the distribution of assets and repayment of debts as described in item 2, Article 65 of this law, the liquidator shall register the permanent dissolution of the general partnership enterprise within ten working days with the relevant enterprise registration officer. The relevant enterprise registration officer shall cancel the enterpriseâs name from the enterprise registry in accordance with paragraph one above and issue a public notice on such cancellation within ten working days from the date the name is cancelled. A general partnership enterprise shall have no status as a legal entity from the date the court orders the permanent dissolution of the partnership enterprise. The dissolution of a general partnership enterprise due to bankruptcy or merger of the partnership does not require notice of dissolution. Article 68. Liability of Partners of General Partnership Enterprises All partners shall be jointly liable for the debts of the general partnership enterprise remaining unpaid for a period of three years from the date the court ordered permanent dissolution. In the case described in paragraph one above, the court shall appoint a liquidator to carry out liquidation procedures until the debts have been repaid in full. Chapter 3 Limited Partnership Enterprises A. General Principles and Enterprise Registration Article 69. Liability of Partners General partners in a limited partnership enterprise shall have unlimited liability for the debts of the limited partnership enterprise. Partners with limited liability in a limited partnership enterprise shall be liable for the debts of the limited partnership enterprise up to an amount not exceeding the unpaid portion of their subscribed shares. All partners of a limited partnership enterprise that has not completed registration shall have unlimited liability for the debts of the partnership occurring during the period of establishment. 27 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 70. Filing of Notification for Enterprise Registration The filing of a notification for the registration of a limited partnership enterprise shall be subject to Article 38 of this law. B. Relationship between Limited Partners and Limited Partnership and [with] Third Parties Article 71. Capital Contribution Limited partners may contribute capital in cash or in kind, but shall not contribute in labour. Each share of a limited partnership enterprise not need be of equal value. The methods and schedule for capital contributions shall be agreed among all partners in the limited partnership enterprise. Article 72. Transfer of Shares Limited partners may transfer their shares without requiring approval from the other partners. Such transfer of shares is effective against third parties only after prior notice [has been given] and an amendment to the enterprise registration has been made. In the event that a limited partner faces any issue, the following solutions shall apply: 1. If a partner dies, his heirs may replace him as partner, unless otherwise agreed; 2. If a partner becomes bankrupt, only the share of the bankrupt partner shall be sold and given to the asset supervision committee for further proceedings in accordance with the Law on the Bankruptcy of Enterprises. The disposal of the share of the bankrupt partner terminates his status as a partner in the limited partnership enterprise, but the limited partnership enterprise may continue business activities; 3. If a partner lacks legal capacity, the guardian of that partner shall be assigned to oversee and administer his interests, except when the partner has otherwise agreed in advance. Article 73. Liability of Limited Partners in Management of Limited Partnership Enterprises Limited partners are not entitled to act as managers like the general partners, except if they are appointed by all the general partners. 28 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR In the event that a limited partner acts as manager without a proper appointment, it shall have the following effects: 1. [Such limited partner] shall have unlimited liability for the damage caused to the enterprise and to third parties; 2. In the event that the partners of the limited partnership enterprise supported, endorsed, assigned or knew of such acts but did not object, the limited partnership enterprise shall be jointly liable for any damage to third parties. In the event that a limited partner is involved in a limited partnership enterprise in any way mentioned in the paragraph above, that partner shall have unlimited liability for debts to third parties only, but his limited liability towards the limited partnership enterprise remains unchanged. Article 74. Effects of Authorising Others to Use Enterprise Name The name of a limited partnership enterprise is obtained from the names or surnames of the general partners. Any limited partner who authorises the limited partnership enterprise to use his name, whether directly or indirectly, shall be liable for the debts of the limited partnership enterprise to third parties in a manner similar to the general partners, but his limited liability towards the limited partnership enterprise remains unchanged. Article 75. Distribution of Dividends or Interest Limited partners are entitled to receive dividends or interest from the limited partnershipâs business activities that generate profit in the agreed proportion or amount, except when the limited partnership enterprise sustains losses or its capital is diminished because of the prior accumulation of losses. The payment of dividends or interest shall take place at the end of each fiscal year in accordance with the Law on Enterprise Accounting of the Lao PDR. Dividends or interest legitimately distributed by the limited partnership enterprise may not be reclaimed. 29 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 76. Rights and Duties of Limited Partners Limited partners have the following rights and duties: 1. To give opinions [and] recommendations to[,] and to make inquiries regarding the business operations of the limited partnership enterprise of[,] the manager; 2. To be liquidators of the limited partnership enterprise, if they are appointed; 3. To elect or remove the manager, unless otherwise agreed; 4. To vote on amendments to the bylaws and on the dissolution of the limited partnership enterprise. The methods of voting shall be described in detail in the bylaws of the limited partnership enterprise; 5. To conduct other lawful business activities, regardless of whether such business activities are similar or identical to the activities of the limited partnership enterprise in which they are partners. The exercise of the rights and the performance of the duties of limited partners described in items 1 to 5 of this article shall not be deemed to be involvement in the management of limited partnership enterprise as mentioned in Article 73 of this law. Article 77. Application of Provisions relating to General Partnership Enterprises In addition to the provisions contained in Chapter 3, Part IV, the provisions of Chapter 2, Part IV of this law shall apply with respect to enterprise registration, the internal and external relationships of the enterprise, mergers, dissolution and the liquidation of the enterprise. Part V Companies Chapter 1 General Principles Relating to Companies Article 78. Shareholders of Companies Persons who contribute capital to a company are called âshareholdersâ. Shareholders are only liable for the companyâs debts up to an amount not exceeding the unpaid portion of [their] shares. A company may have one or more shareholders. 30 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Shareholders or promoters of a company may be natural persons or legal entities. Article 79. Status [of a Company] as Legal Entity and [Status of] Branches of Company A company is a legal entity and its branches have the identical legal status as branches of partnership enterprises as stipulated in Article 34 and Article 35 of this law. Article 80. Group Company Any company acquiring a sufficient number of shares in another company in order to gain control over such companyâs administration is called a âgroup companyâ. A company controlled by another company as described in paragraph one above is referred to as a âsubsidiaryâ. Restrictions on the scope of management control shall be in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations. Article 81. Contract of Incorporation A contract of incorporation shall be made in writing in accordance with the Contract Law of the Lao PDR. A contract of incorporation shall contain the following items: 1. The name of the enterprise; 2. The business purpose; 3. The name [and] location of the headquarters and all branches, if any; 4. The stated capital broken down into the value and number of shares, the proportion contributed in kind, the proportion contributed in cash, and [the number of] common shares and preferred shares; 5. The names, addresses and nationalities of the promoters of the company, and the number of shares subscribed by each promoter; 6. Provisions referring to the directorsâ unlimited liability for the debts of the company.42 The provisions on unlimited liability of the director in this paragraph shall terminate one year after the date [such] director is removed from the company; 7. The names and signatures of the promoters of the company. 42 This has the connotation that the extent of the directorâs liability, if any, must be stipulated in the contract of incorporation. 31 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The stated capital mentioned in item 4 of this article is the registered capital of the company. A company with a single shareholder is not required to have a contract of incorporation. Article 82. Bylaws of Companies The bylaws of a company shall contain the following items: 1. The matters described in item 1 to item 6 of Article 81 of this law; 2. The method for the distribution of the companyâs profits or dividends; 3. The method and schedule of payment for shares; 4. Administration and management; 5. Meetings and methods for voting; 6. Methods for dispute resolution; 7. Dissolution and liquidation. The contents of item 1 of this article must be included in the notification for enterprise registration, but the company may include additional information. The bylaws of a company must be signed by the director43. Article 83. Modifications of Contract of Incorporation or Bylaws Any amendment or modification to the contents of the contract of incorporation or the bylaws of a company shall be made by special resolution of the shareholdersâ meeting as described in Article 144 of this law. Any resolution of the shareholdersâ meeting on the amendment or modification of the contract of incorporation or the bylaws of a company shall be notified to the relevant enterprise registration officers within ten working days from the date the shareholdersâ meeting adopts the resolution on modification. Chapter 2 Limited Companies A. General Principles and Incorporation Article 84. Shareholding of Limited Companies A limited company may hold shares of other companies or may be a partner in other partnership enterprises but shall not be a shareholder in its own limited company. 43 In the original Lao text, it is unclear whether this term should be singular or plural. The translators have therefore simply used the singular form here. 32 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 85. More or Fewer Shareholders than Number Stipulated A limited company with more than thirty shareholders may continue to maintain its status as a limited company provided that a special resolution is required as specified in Article 144 of this law. In the event that the limited company does not wish to maintain its status as a limited company or does not receive sufficient votes as specified in paragraph one of this article, the company shall amend the enterprise registration license in accordance with the procedures and principles governing the establishment of public companies or dissolve the company. In the event that only a single shareholder remains in the limited company, the limited company shall change its name to âone-person limited companyâ and shall comply with the provisions under sub-section J, Chapter 2, Part V of this law, or dissolve the limited company. Article 86. Incorporation of Limited Companies A limited company shall be incorporated in accordance with following procedures and conditions: 1. At least two promoters submit the contract of incorporation as a notification to the enterprise registration officers where the companyâs headquarters are located; 2. Upon notification of the contract of incorporation of a limited company required under item 1 of this article, the company must find persons to subscribe for all the shares of the company. The share subscription shall not be carried out through a public offering. Persons subscribing for shares are referred to âshare subscribersâ; 3. The meeting of incorporation is convened; 4. The promoters of the limited company assign all tasks to the director elected by the incorporation meeting; 5. The director calls for payment in full of shares from the promoters and subscribers of the limited company as defined in paragraph one of Article 96 of this law; 6. Upon full payment of shares as provided in item 5 of this article, the director shall register the enterprise within thirty days from the date of full payment of shares. Article 87. Promoters of Limited Companies The promoters of a limited company are persons who initiate the establishment of the limited company, but are not representatives of the limited company and are required to hold at least one share. 33 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The main duties of the promoters of a limited company are to undertake all activities relating to the establishment of the limited company until the meeting of incorporation is convened. Article 88. Liability of Promoters towards Share Subscribers The promoters of a limited company shall be liable to share subscribers for the following acts: 1. Acting in [their own] personal interests; 2. Concealing revenues or expenses incurred in association with the establishment of the limited company; 3. Incurring expenses or making contracts outside the objective of establishing the limited company; 4. Evaluating their assets in excess of [their] actual value; 5. Other liabilities as provided in this law. The promoters shall resolve [such acts] and compensate for any damages arising from such acts in accordance with the laws and regulations. Article 89. Liability of Promoters towards Third Parties The promoters of a limited company shall have joint unlimited liability for contracts signed with third parties relating to the establishment of a limited company or44 for unapproved expenses for the establishment of a limited company or for expenses that have been approved but where the company does not get registered. Article 90. Rights and Duties of Incorporation Meeting of Limited Companies The incorporation meeting of a limited company has the following rights and duties: 1. To adopt the bylaws of the limited company; 2. To approve the contract of incorporation and other contracts relating to the establishment of the limited company entered into by promoters with third parties, including the expenses incurred by the promoters relating to the establishment of the limited company; 3. To decide on the common and preferred shares, if any; 4. To elect the initial board of the limited company. 44 See footnote 20. 34 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR At least ten working days before the date the incorporation meeting is convened, the promoters shall send a report on the incorporation to the share subscribers together with the list of share subscribers, their addresses and the number of shares subscribed by each person. Article 91. Resolutions of Incorporation Meeting of Limited Companies Resolutions of the incorporation meeting shall be effective only when adopted by more than half of the promoters and share subscribers attending the meeting and by share subscribers representing more than half of the total shares subscribed. One share shall be equal to one vote. The promoters or share subscribers shall not have the right to vote on matters in which they have any involvement that could benefit them45, except for votes to elect the directors of the limited company. The incorporation meeting of a limited company shall determine whether a promoter or share subscriber has an involvement that could benefit him or a direct benefit. Article 92. Filing of Notification for Enterprise Registration The following documents are required for the filing of a notification for enterprise registration of a limited company: 1. The application form for the notification of enterprise registration and the contract of incorporation of the limited company; 2. The minutes of the incorporation meeting of the limited company; 3. The bylaws of the limited company. The notification for enterprise registration shall be signed by the director. Article 93. Liability of Directors for Default in Enterprise Registration The registration officers shall reject the registration of a limited enterprise if the time set forth in item 6 of Article 86 of this law has expired, except [when] the delay in registration arises by reason of necessity that is not the fault of the directors or the shareholders adopt a resolution to continue the enterprise registration by a vote of more than four-fifths of the fully paid shares. In the event that the limited company is not registered, the directors shall return the total value of shares in full to the shareholders within three months from the date the enterprise registration officers reject the registration of the enterprise. 45 In the original Lao text, there is one word for the whole idea of âinvolvement that could benefit themâ. 35 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR In the event that the three months is exceeded and the directors involved do not return the total value of the shares in full to the subscribers, such directors shall be liable for the remaining amount together with interest at the bank rate for loans, except that a director may prove that he was not at fault in delaying the enterprise registration and is unable to return such shares in full. B. Shares and Share Certificates of Limited Companies Article 94. Shares Each share of a limited company shall not be issued [with a face value of] less than two thousand Kip. A share of a limited company may be held by one or several shareholders, and one person shall be assigned to have rights as a shareholder in the limited company, provided that these shareholders shall be jointly responsible for payment of unpaid shares to the limited company. Shares of a limited company may be contributed in cash or in kind. The contribution in kind shall be appraised in monetary terms [which appraisal shall be] approved by at least two-thirds of the promoters and share subscribers attending the incorporation meeting, except as otherwise agreed. Shares contributed in other forms than in kind and in cash shall be determined in detail at the incorporation meeting. There are two types of shares of a limited company: common shares and preferred shares. Article 95. Value of Shares and Issuance of Shares below Par Value The value of a share of a limited company shall be determined in the contract of incorporation. Such value of a share is referred as its âpar valueâ. A limited company shall not issue shares below par value as described in paragraph one above, except when the limited company reduces its capital as stipulated in Article 112 of this law. The restrictions under this paragraph shall not apply to price setting by the shareholders for the sale or purchase of shares. A limited company may only increase the value of its shares by complying with Article 110 of this law. Article 96. Payment of Shares before Enterprise Registration Payment of shares before enterprise registration is the payment of shares following the incorporation meeting stipulated in item 5 of Article 86 of this law. 36 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR In such case of payment of shares, the subscribers shall pay in full if it is in kind and at least seventy percent of the value of subscribed shares if it is in cash. The directors of the limited company may call for payment of the remaining amount at any time after registration of the enterprise, unless the companyâs bylaws stipulate otherwise. Article 97. Payment of Shares after Enterprise Registration In calling for the payment of shares as described in paragraph two, Article 96 of this law, the directors of a limited company shall call upon each shareholder to pay for shares in proportion to his shareholding by giving thirty days prior written notice to each shareholder indicating the date and amount of payment. Payment of shares as mentioned above or payment of shares in other cases, such as an increase of capital under Article 110 of this law, shall be made in cash and it is prohibited to set off debts with the limited company, unless a special resolution of the shareholdersâ meeting is passed. Article 98. Effects of Failure to Pay for Shares Shareholders who fail to pay for shares at the first call by the directors of a limited company shall pay interest at the bank rate for loans on the portion remaining unpaid commencing from the date they receive notice, and are entitled to vote in the shareholdersâ meeting with only their fully paid shares. In the event that a shareholder fails to pay both shares and interest at the second call, the directors are entitled to sell these shares by giving priority as specified in items 1 to 4 of Article 111 of this law to recover payment for the shares and interest for the limited company. Any remaining amount shall be returned to the concerned shareholder. In the event that the amount from the sale of shares under paragraph two of this article is not sufficient, the directors have the right to claim for full payment; otherwise, the directors may refuse to register the transfer of shares or suspend the right to vote of the concerned shareholder at the shareholdersâ meeting. Article 99. Rights and Duties of Common Shareholders Owners of common shares are referred to as âcommon shareholdersâ. Common shareholders have the following rights and duties: 1. To present opinions on the limited companyâs activities; 2. To participate in the limited companyâs activities; 3. To pay for shares on the due date; 37 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 4. To fully protect their interests; 5. To receive information and examine the records of the limited company as provided in the limited companyâs bylaws; 6. To file complaints against directors, officers or employees of the limited company causing prejudice to their interests; 7. To be liable for the unpaid portion of their shares; 8. To have pre-emptive rights with respect to the transfer or sale of shares by shareholders of the limited company to third parties; 9. To elect or remove directors of the limited company; 10. To receive part of the assets remaining from liquidation in event of dissolution; 11. To receive dividends in proportion to their shareholdings; 12. To exercise such other rights and perform such other duties as specified under laws and regulations. The distribution of dividends and assets described in items 10 and 11 of this article may be carried out only after the distribution to the limited companyâs preferred shareholders and creditors. Article 100. Rights and Duties of Preferred Shareholders Owners of preferred shares are referred to as âpreferred shareholdersâ. Preferred shareholders have the following rights and duties: 1. The rights and duties as described in items one to six of Article 99 of this law; 2. To be entitled to the distribution of assets and dividends before the common shareholders. Dividends may be received at a fixed amount or as a percentage of shares as agreed by the shareholders; 3. To receive other special rights. Any modification or revision of these special rights shall be determined in the limited companyâs bylaws; 4. To redeem their shares when the limited company is profitable or to seek to sell their shares to new shareholders after the limited company has refused to buy such shares, except as otherwise agreed. In the event that the limited company agrees to purchase the shares mentioned in item 146 of this article, the purchase price shall be at the set price or agreed price. Preferred shareholders are not entitled to elect the directors of the limited company. 46 In the original Lao text, the reference to ââitem 1â may be an erroneous reference which should have been made to item 4. 38 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 101. Issuance of Share Certificates of Limited Companies Within thirty days from the date of registration of a limited company, the directors shall issue share certificates to the shareholders. Each share certificate shall bear the signature of the director with the stamp of the limited company. Each share certificate shall have a value of at least one share or more. There are two types of share certificates of limited companies: registered share certificates and bearer share certificates.47 Article 102 Registered Share Certificates Registered share certificates shall contain the following main items: 1. The serial number of the share certificate; 2. The name of the limited company; 3. The name of the shareholder; 4. The number of shares held by the shareholder; 5. The value of each share; 6. The value of the unpaid portion and schedule of payment, if specified; 7. The signature of the director and stamp [of the limited company]. A registered share certificate may be for shares that have not been paid. Such registered share certificate may be converted into a bearer share certificate when the shareholder has paid for the shares in full and registered to cancel the previous [certificate]. In the event that the bylaws of the limited company require that the directors hold shares of the limited company, the directors shall only hold registered share certificates. Article 103. Bearer Share Certificates A bearer share certificate is a negotiable instrument and may only be issued if the following conditions are met: 1. The shares have been fully paid; 2. The right of the company to issue bearer share certificates shall be specified in the bylaws of the company. A bearer share certificate has similar contents to a registered share certificate, except for the contents relating to the name of shareholders and the value of the unpaid shares. 47 The literal translations of these terms are âname certificatesâ and âno-name certificatesâ, respectively. 39 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR A bearer share certificate may be converted into a registered share certificate by cancelling such share certificate and issuing a registered share certificate in its place. Article 104. Transfer of Shares A bearer share certificate of a limited company may be transferred by handing over the share certificate to another. Bearer shares may only be transferred when: 1. [The transfer] is consistent with the restrictions on share transfer provided in the bylaws of the limited company; 2. [The transfer] does not contravene any legal restrictions on share transfers; 3. They are acquired [pursuant to] a transfer of shares by operation of law; 4. [The transfer] is made in writing by indicating the names and signatures of the transferor and transferee, as well as the names and signatures of at least one witness for the transferor and one for the transferee, and the serial number of the transferred share certificate; 5. The transfer is registered. In the event of a transfer to a third party, a prior offering shall be made to the other shareholders of the company, and the transfer shall be registered with the name and address of the transferee in the share register. The directors of a limited company may refuse to register a transfer of registered share certificates if the shares have not been fully paid. In the event that a limited company has registered the transfer of shares as mentioned in paragraph three above, the transferor shall remain liable to creditors for his unpaid portion of the transferred shares. Article 105 Share Transfer by Operation of Law A share transfer by operation of law [refers to] the transfer of shares pursuant to the grounds set out in paragraph two of Article 98 and paragraph three of Article 108 of this law, or by the death, bankruptcy or other circumstances of the shareholder. A person who receives shares transferred by operation of law shall present full and proper evidence on the acquisition of such transferred shares, including share certificates, to the relevant limited company in order to be issued a share certificate and to be registered as a new shareholder of the limited company. 40 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 106. Restrictions on Share Transfers by Operation of Law Restrictions on share transfers by operation of law include: 1. The restrictions described in paragraph three, Article 98 of this law; 2. Restrictions on share transfers under other laws, such as restrictions, if any, against shareholding by foreign persons, foreign residents or apatrids in any type of business; 3. The transfer of shares during the supervision of assets48; 4. The transfer of shares when the shareholder register book is closed, if agreed or specified in the bylaws of the limited company. Article 107. Shareholder Register Book The shareholder register book shall contain the following main items: 1. The names, addresses and nationalities of the shareholders; 2. The number of shares, value of shares, and serial numbers of share certificates divided according to their types as registered share certificates and bearer share certificates; 3. The unpaid portion of shares in the case of registered share certificates; 4. The date of registration as shareholder of the limited company; 5. The date of deletion from the shareholder list of the limited company. The shareholder register book shall be kept at the office of the limited company and made available for inspection by shareholders at agreed times. The directors of the limited company shall send copies of the shareholder register book each time any changes are made or at least once a year if there is no change[,] to the relevant enterprise registration officers not later than 25 December of each year. Article 108. Invalid Transfer of Registered Share Certificates A transfer of registered share certificates shall be invalid if there is any breach of the requirements set forth in paragraph two, Article 104 of this law. An invalid transfer of such shares results in the transferee not becoming a shareholder of the limited company until a proper solution is found. In such case, the transferor shall remain the owner of the transferred shares. 48 This is a reference to supervision under Article 16 of the Law on the Bankruptcy of Enterprises. 41 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR A transferee who has possessed shares in good faith for more than two years, without any claim or protest, is entitled to be the lawful owner of such shares. Article 109. Liability of Share Transferor and Transferee The transferor is liable to creditors for the unpaid portion of the shares transferred, in the case:49 1. As provided in paragraph four, Article 104 of this law; 2. Payment is called on transferred shares; 3. The transferee is unable to pay the outstanding portion of the unpaid shares. The transferorâs liabilities are liabilities towards creditors[,] and they shall be terminated within one year from the date of registration of the share transfer. The limited company may not file a claim50 against the transferor. The transferee acquires all rights, duties and obligations attaching to the transferred shares. C. Increase or Reduction of Capital of Limited Companies Article 110. Increase of Capital A limited company may increase its registered capital by increasing the number of shares or increasing the value of each share. Increasing the registered capital shall be approved by [the adoption of] a special resolution of the shareholdersâ meeting as stipulated in Article 144 of this law. 49 The translators left this term as is because it is unclear whether the term refers to cumulative events or a single triggering event. 50 In Laos, there are several means by which citizens with grievances are able to seek redress either administratively or through the legal process. The reader may wish to refer to Article 2 of the Law on Handling Petitions for more information on these means. The word translated as a "claim" in this Enterprise Law corresponds to the second category of petitions referred to in Article 2 of the Law on Handling Petitions. 42 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 111. Offering of Additional Shares Additional shares shall be offered in the following order of priority: 1. [Shares are] offered to the limited companyâs shareholders in proportion to their shareholding by sending a written notice to each shareholder indicating the timeframe for response. Any failure to respond or delay in responding shall be considered as a forfeiture of [that shareholderâs] rights; 2. The shares which were not acquired after the specified timeframe had expired or in respect of which the shareholders refused to acquire these shares in proportion to their shareholding are then offered to the other shareholders of the limited company who have an interest in acquiring them; 3. The directors have the right to purchase shares remaining after the offering under item 2 of this article; 4. [Any remaining shares] shall be offered to third parties. The methods and procedures for the transfer of shares shall comply with the bylaws of the limited company. The measures defined in Article 98 of this law shall apply to subscribers who fail to pay for the additional shares when [payment is] due. Article 112. Reduction of Capital A limited company may reduce its registered capital by reducing the value of each share or reducing the number of the companyâs shares. The reduction of registered capital shall comply with the following requirements: 1. The value of shares remaining after the reduction shall not be less than two thousand Kip; 2. The capital remaining after the reduction shall not be less than one half of the registered capital and shall not be less than the capital set by the relevant authorities as described in paragraph three, Article 20 of this law; 3. The reduction of registered capital may be executed only when a special resolution is passed as provided in Article 144 of this law; 4. The creditors of the limited company have not opposed the reduction of such capital. 43 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Article 113. Notice to Creditors Notice shall be given to creditors of the limited company to allow them to oppose the reduction, as follows: 1. Written notice shall be sent to all the creditors of the limited company indicating the reasons for the capital reduction, [and] the value or number of shares to be reduced. The time period for objecting shall not be less than two months from the date such notice is received. Creditors who fail to respond within such timeframe shall be deemed not to object; 2. Public notice shall be given at least ten times by indicating the timeframe for response and other details as described in item 1 of this article. Article 114. Objections and Responsibility51 for Notice An objection by a creditor prevents the limited company from reducing its capital, unless the debt due to that creditor has been fully repaid. In the event that any creditor has not received such notice on the reduction of capital due to the fault of the limited company, the limited company shall pay the debt owed to such creditor not later than one year from the date of the shareholdersâ meeting adopting the resolution for the reduction of the capital of the limited company. In the event that the creditor is at fault, such creditor shall be considered as having not objected. Article 115 Registration of Capital Increase or Reduction A limited company that has increased or reduced its capital, as provided in this sub-section C, shall register that change in capital with the relevant enterprise registration officers as follows: 1. The registration of a capital increase shall be made within ten working days from the date specified for the payment of subscribed shares; 2. The registration of a capital reduction shall be made within ten working days from the date of no objection or from the date debts are paid to the opposing creditors. 51 This articles does not appear to address responsibilities or liabilities; however, the word ââresponsibilityâ is used in the original Lao text. 44 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR Upon registering the capital increase or reduction, the limited company shall give public notice at least once within ten working days from the date the change in capital is registered. The documents submitted [to register] the changed new [amount of registered] capital shall include the list of shareholders whose shares in the limited company have been increased or reduced, their nationalities and addresses, the serial number of share certificates and the number of shares held. D. Directors and Board of Directors of Limited Companies Article 116. Directors A director is the representative of a limited company. The relationships among directors, the limited company and third parties shall be based on the relevant laws and regulations. A director of a limited company receives no salary but receives an annual honorarium and remuneration for each meeting at the rate or in the amount determined by the shareholdersâ meeting, except for third party directors or as otherwise agreed. Directors may or may not be shareholders, except as otherwise agreed. All acts of directors must be within the scope of power and duties determined in the bylaws of the company and shall be under the supervision of the shareholdersâ meeting. A limited company may have several directors depending on the needs of the limited company. In the event that a limited company has several directors, one of whom is authorised to enter into contracts with third parties on behalf of the limited company, such director shall be called the âgeneral directorâ. In the event that the chairman of the board of directors is elected as the general director, he shall be referred to as the âpresident of the boardâ. Article 117. Qualifications of Directors A director of a limited company shall have the following qualifications: 1. Shall not be a legal entity; 2. Shall have legal capacity; 3. Shall not be a bankrupt person, who is still under the restricted period for conducting business; 45 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR 4. Shall never have been convicted of embezzlement or misappropriation of assets. Article 118. Appointment or Removal of Directors Directors are appointed in the following manner: 1. The initial board of directors is appointed by the incorporation meeting of the limited company; 2. Subsequent boards of directors are appointed by the shareholdersâ meeting; 3. Any vacancy in between two ordinary shareholdersâ meetings shall be filled by an appointment made by a meeting of the board of directors.52 In the event that the limited company does not have a board of directors, the bylaws shall provide for the appointment of such director. A director of a limited company is removed by the shareholdersâ meeting, notwithstanding the manner in which such director was appointed. The removal of a director may take place at any time when there are sufficient reasons to justify [such removal] or there is no confidence in such director. The shareholders or the board of directors of a limited company shall not be entitled to request the court to appoint or remove directors, except when the appointment procedures stipulated in this law or in the bylaws of the limited company have been violated. Article 119. Voting Procedures for Appointment or Removal of Directors Voting for the appointment or removal of directors shall be carried out in two ways: by cumulative voting and by ordinary voting. Cumulative voting is when each shareholder multiples his shares by the number of directors to be elected and votes for one or several candidates he chooses. In counting the votes, one share shall be equal to one vote. The candidate receiving the most votes is elected as a director. 52 The term âmeeting of the board of directorsâ is used interchangeably in two senses. First, to refer to the meetings held by the directors. Second, to refer the âbody of directorsâ attending such meetings. The second meaning is intended here and in similar provisions dealing with shareholdersâ meetings. 46 Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR The removal of directors elected by cumulative voting may only take place if the votes for his removal53 are at least equal to the number of votes that elected that director. Ordinary voting is the vote to elect one director where one share is equal to one vote. The elected candidate under paragraph four of this article is the person who receives over half
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	43	https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/59	en	NA, dated 9 November 2005	https://www.laotradeport…faultPicture.png	https://www.laotradeport…faultPicture.png	[ "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/banner/gb_banner.jpg", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/gb_flag_upload.jpg", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/la_flag_upload.jpg", "file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/gb.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/la.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/poor.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/fair.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/average.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/happy.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/excellent.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/upload/Footer%20Logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Trade information portal" ]	null	[]	null	Trade information portal	en	/upload/favicon_real.ico	Trade Information Portal	https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/59	INDEX Chapter 1 - General Provisions Article 1. Purpose Article 2. Health Care Article 3. Interpretation of Terms Article 4. Rights and Obligations of Citizens in Respect of Health Care Article 5. State Policy on Health Care Article 6. Principles of Health Care Article 7. International Relations Chapter 2 - The Operation of the Health-care Profession Article 8. Requirements of Health-care Professionals Article 9. Responsibilities of Health-care Professionals Article 10. Relations Among Health-care Professionals Article 11. Health-care Establishments Article 12. The Health-care System Article 13. The Public Health-care System Article 14. Primary Health-care Services Article 15. Intermediate Health-care Services Article 16. High-level Health-care Services Article 17. Advanced Health-care Services Article 18. The Public Health-care Referral System Article 19. The Private Health-care System Article 20. Medical Clinics Chapter 3 - Rights, Duties and Ethics of Health-care Professionals Article 22. Rights and Duties of Health-care Professionals Article 23. Consultations Article 24. Diagnoses Article 25. Prescription of Treatment Article 26. Prescription of Drugs Article 27. Issuance of Drugs Article 28. Advice and Consideration of Patients' Opinions and Decisions Article 29. Nursing care Article 30. Duty Roster Article 31. Information for Patients Article 32. Maintaining the Confidentiality of Patients Article 33. Issuance of Medical Certificates Article 34. In-Service Training Article 35. Ethics14 of Health-care Professionals Chapter 4 - Prohibitions Article 36. Types of Prohibitions Article 37. Prohibition Against Providing Health Care for PrimarilyCommercial Objectives Article 38. Prohibition Against the Issuance of Medical Certificates as anAccomplice Article 39. Prohibition Against Trafficking in any Product or Organ fromAny Part of the Human Body Article 40. Prohibited Health-care Establishments Article 41. Prohibition Against the Provision of Unauthorised Care Article 42. Prohibition Against the Unlawful Provision of Care Chapter 5 - Health-care Financing Article 43. Health-care Financing Article 44. Sources of Health-care Financing Article 45. Health Insurance Funds Article 46. Community Health Insurance Funds Article 47. Civil-servants Health Insurance Fund Article 48. Enterprise Health Insurance Funds Article 49. Private Health Insurance Funds Article 50. Public Welfare Health Insurance Funds Article 51. Personal Payment of Health-care Expenses Article 52. Collecting Fees for Services and Treatment Article 53. Administration and Use of Fees, Service Charges and TreatmentCharges Chapter 6 - Administration of Health-care Services Article 54. Administrative Agencies18 Article 55. Rights and Duties of the Ministry of Health Article 56. Rights and Duties of the Health Divisions Article 57. Rights and Duties of Health Offices Article 58. Role of the Medical Profession Council Chapter 7 - Inspection of Health-care Services Article 59. Inspection Agencies Article 60. Rights and Duties of the Inspection Agencies Article 61. Tests Using Medical Science Chapter 8 - Policies towards Persons who have Performed Well and Measures AgainstViolators21 Article 62. Policies Toward Persons Who Have Performed Well Article 63. Measures Against Violators Chapter 9 - Final Provisions Article 64. Implementation Article 65. Effectiveness LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY No. 139/PDR DECREE of the PRESIDENT of the LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC On the Promulgation of the Law on Health Care Pursuant to Chapter 6, Article 67, point 1 of the Constitution of the Lao; People's Democratic Republic and the laws adopted by the National Assembly; Pursuant to a resolution dated 9th November 2005 of the 9th Ordinary Session of the National Assembly on the adoption of the Law on Health Care No. 53; and Pursuant to Proposal No. 16/SCNA, dated 18 November 2005, of the National Assembly Standing Committee. The President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Decrees That: Article 1. The Law on Health Care is hereby promulgated. Article 2. This decree shall enter into force on the day it is signed. Vientiane, 9 December 2005 President of Lao People’s Democratic Republic [Seal and Signature] Khamtai SIPHANDON LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY National Assembly No. 09/NA 9 November 2005 LAW ON HEALTH CARE Chapter 1 General Provisions Article 1. Purpose The Law on Health Care determines the principles, regulations and different measures relating to the organisation, activities, management and control of health care activities, in order to ensure that all citizens, families and communities have access to equal, full, equitable and quality health care services, [and] to protect the rights and interests of health care professional workers, with the aim of increasingly developing modern health care services to enable all citizens to have good health and to be able to effectively contribute to the protection and development of the nation. Top Article 2. Health Care Health care is the service made available to patients by the conscious responsibility of health-care professionals through consultation, screening, diagnosis, prescription of drugs, application of medical procedures, convalescence and rehabilitation so as to cure patients and ensure that they enjoy a satisfactory state of health, including health promotion and preventive measures for the population. Top Article 3. Interpretation of Terms The terms used in this law shall have the following meanings: Good health means a state of complete physical, mental, intellectual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or disability. Good health is a valuable possession, as well as a fundamental and equitable right[;] it is the obligation of all citizens, as well as of their families and of the society as whole, and it is an essential condition for education, productive labour and happy lives; Health-care professionals are practitioners who provide medical professional treatment under the conditions defined by this law. Health-care professionals practising modern medical treatment are: physicians, assistant physicians, dentists, assistant dentists, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, laboratory and x-ray technicians, optometrists, speech therapists, psychologists and dieticians. Health-care professionals practising traditional medicine are: traditional physicians, traditional masseurs and acupuncturists. Specific regulations will be separately issued for the practise of traditional medicine; The health-care inspection agencies shall have the following rights and duties: Vientiane, 9 November 2005 President of the National Assembly [Seal and Signature] Samane VIGNAKET Endnote 21 The term “policies” in the context of this Chapter takes the meaning of “privileges” and the term “measures” takes the meaning of “sanctions”.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	5	https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/laos-1954-present/	en	37. Laos (1954-present)	https://uca.edu/news/fil…8/02/fb-logo.jpg	https://uca.edu/news/fil…8/02/fb-logo.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=774198289621670&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1071138966728264&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://uca.edu/politicalscience/wp-content/themes/ursidae/images/logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://uca.edu/politicalscience/wp-content/themes/ursidae/images/favicon.ico		https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/laos-1954-present/	Crisis Phase (December 29, 1954-July 27, 1959): Laos formally achieved its independence from France on December 29, 1954. The International Commission on Supervision and Control (ICSC-Laos I) chaired by India, which was established on August 11, 1954, continued to oversee and report on the implementation of the Geneva Accords. The ICSC-Laos I consisted of 96 military and civilian personnel from Canada (32), Poland (32), and India (32). Legislative elections were held in December 1955, and the Laotian Progressive Party (LPP) won 22 out of 39 seats in the National Assembly. The Laotian Independent Party (LIP) headed by Phoui Sananikone won seven seats in the National Assembly. The Pathet Lao (Lao Homeland) claimed election fraud. The French government provided military assistance (military advisors and training) to the government beginning in January 1955. The U.S. provided economic and military assistance to the government beginning in January 1955. The Lao People’s Party (LPP), later renamed the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), was established with Kaysone Phomvihane as General-Secretary on March 22, 1955. Prince Souvanna Phouma was selected as prime minister by the National Assembly on August 25, 1957. The Neo Lao Hak Sat was established in 1957. Legislative elections were held on May 4, 1958, and the Rally of the Lao People (Lao Luam Lao), which was formed as a result of a merger of the Laotian Nationalist Party (LNP) and the LIP, won 36 out of 59 seats in the National Assembly. The ICSC-Laos I was disbanded on July 20, 1958. The Neo Lao Hak Sat won nine seats in the National Assembly. Prime Minister Phouma resigned on July 23, 1958, and Phoui Sananikone formed a government as prime minister on August 19, 1958. North Vietnamese government troops intervened in support of the Pathet Lao in December 1958. The U.S. government provided military assistance (military technicians) to the government beginning in January 1959. Conflict Phase (July 28, 1959-June 12, 1962): Pathet Lao rebels and North Vietnamese troops launched a military offensive against government troops (Royal Lao Army – RLA) in northern Laos beginning on July 28, 1959. The government declared a state-of-emergency in Sam Neua and Phong Saly provinces on August 4, 1959. On September 3, 1959, the Laotian government accused North Vietnam of aggression after Pathet Lao rebels and North Vietnamese troops captured several villages in northern Laos. The Laotian government referred the matter to the United Nations (UN) Security Council on September 4, 1959. The UN Security Council established a four-member commission of inquiry (Argentina, Italy, Japan, Tunisia) headed by Shinichi Shibusawa of Japan on September 7, 1959. King Sisavang Phoulivong (Sisavang Vong) died on October 29, 1959, and Crown Prince Savang Vatthana was formally proclaimed King on November 4, 1959. The UN commission of inquiry issued a report on November 6, 1959, which suggested that it could not find evidence that North Vietnamese troops had crossed the border into Laos. UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold appointed Sakari Tuomioja of Finland as special envoy to the country on November 15, 1959. Prime Minister Phoui Sananikone resigned on December 31, 1959, and Kou Abhay formed a government as prime minister on January 7, 1960. Edouard Zellweger of Switzerland replaced Sakari Tuomioja as the UN special envoy on March 1, 1960. Legislative elections were held on April 24 and May 8, 1960, and right-wing candidates won 59 out of 59 seats in the National Assembly. Prime Minister Kou Abhay resigned on May 30, 1960, and Prince Tiao Somsanith formed a coalition government as prime minister on June 2, 1960. Prime Minister Nosavan was overthrown in a military rebellion led by Captain Kong Le on August 9, 1960. In opposition to the military rebellion, General Phoumi Nosavan declared martial law on August 10, 1960. UN Special Envoy Edouard Zellweger mediated an agreement among the political factions on August 31, 1960, which resulted in the formation of a government headed by Prince Souvanna Phouma on September 2, 1960. Government troops and right-wing rebels commanded by General Phoumi Nosavan clashed near Paksane on September 20-22, 1960, resulting in the deaths of 30 rebels and one government soldier. General Phoumi Nosavan’s troops bombarded the capital of Vientiane on December 13-15, 1960, resulting in the deaths of some 500 civilians and 17 soldiers under the command of Captain Kong Le. Captain Kong Le’s troops withdrew from Vientiane on December 16, 1960. The Soviet Union provided military assistance (44 transport aircraft and military supplies) to Captain Kong Le’s faction in December 1960. A coalition consisting of Captain Kong Le’s neutralist troops and Pathet Lao rebels launched a military offensive against government troops in northern Laos on January 1, 1961. The government of Thailand provided military assistance (T-6 military aircraft) to the government beginning on January 3, 1961. Prince Boun Oum formed a government as prime minister on January 4, 1961. The Chinese government provided military assistance (weapons and ammunition) to Pathet Lao rebels beginning in 1961. The U.S. government provided additional military assistance (T-6 observation planes and helicopters) to the government on January 9, 1961. Pathet Lao rebels captured Ta Viang on January 14, 1961, and government troops captured Vang Vieng on January 16-17, 1961. President John Kennedy of the US appealed for a ceasefire on January 22, 1961. Pathet Lao rebels launched a military offensive against the government on March 9, 1961. Britain and the Soviet Union jointly appealed for a ceasefire on April 24, 1961. The US provided additional military assistance (emergency airlift of weapons) in support of the government on April 26, 1961. On May 1, 1961 the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC – Laos II) was established to monitor a potential ceasefire agreement and the withdrawal of foreign troops from Laos. ICSC – Laos II consisted of 22 military personnel from Canada, India, and Poland. The Laotian government and Pathet Lao agreed to a cessation of military hostilities on May 13, 1961. U.S. President John Kennedy mobilized naval ships in a display of military force in the Gulf of Siam, and mobilized some 5,000 troops in Thailand on May 12, 1962. The Swiss government facilitated negotiations involving 14 countries (Britain, France, Soviet Union, US, China, Cambodia, Laos, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Burma, India, Thailand, Canada, and Poland) chaired by Britain and the Soviet Union in Geneva, Switzerland beginning on May 16, 1962. Government and Pathet Lao representatives signed a peace agreement in Khang Khay on June 12, 1962, which provided for the formation of a coalition government headed by Souvanna Phouma as prime minister. Some 5,000 individuals were killed during the conflict. Post-Conflict Phase (June 13, 1962-April 26, 1964): The Declaration and Protocol on the Neutrality of Laos was signed by the participants of the 14-nation conference on July 23, 1962, which provided for the neutrality of Laos and the withdrawal of troops from Laos to be monitored by the ICSC-Laos II. U.S. troops began withdrawing from Laos on September 17, 1962, and some 800 U.S. military advisors and technicians completed their withdrawal from the country on October 7, 1962. Prince Souvanna Phouma formed a provisional government as prime minister in 1962. Neutralist troops commanded by General Kong Le and Pathet Lao rebels clashed in the Plaine des Jarres region on March 30-April 13, 1963, resulting in the deaths of 200 individuals. The British, Soviet, and U.S. governments appealed for a ceasefire in April 1963. Pathet Lao rebels captured Ban Kosi on April 16, 1963. Pathet Lao rebels and right-wing troops clashed in Savannakhet province on April 25, 1963, resulting in the deaths of 20 rebels. The North Vietnamese government provided military assistance (weapons and military advisors), and deployed some 67,000 troops in support of the Pathet Lao beginning in January 1964. Pathet Lao rebels and right-wing troops clashed in north-central Laos on January 3, 1964, resulting in the deaths of 128 government soldiers. Pathet Lao rebels and North Vietnamese troops captured Na Kay from neutralist troops on January 23-31, 1964. The coalition government headed by Prince Souvanna Phouma was overthrown in a right-wing military rebellion led by General Kouprasith Abhay on April 19, 1964, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. The British, French, and U.S. governments expressed opposition to the military rebellion on April 19, 1964, and the Soviet government condemned the military rebellion on April 20, 1964. Some 500 individuals were killed in political violence between May 1961 and April 1964. Conflict Phase (April 27, 1964-February 22, 1973): Pathet Lao rebels resumed military hostilities against the government on April 27, 1964. The governments of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union appealed for a ceasefire on April 29, 1964. The governments of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly condemned the military rebellion on May 1, 1964. Prince Souvanna Phouma was restored as prime minister on May 2, 1964. The US deployed military aircraft against Pathet Lao rebels beginning in May 1964, and some 1,000 US military advisors were deployed in support of the government in May 1964. The Chinese government provided some 70,000 logistical and construction troops in support of the Pathet Lao from 1964 to 1975, and some 21,000 Chinese troops (anti-aircraft artillery forces) were deployed in support of the Pathet Lao from August 1969 to November 1973. South Vietnam provided military assistance and troops in support of the Laotian government. The government of Thailand provided military assistance in support of the Laotian government, and deployed some 15,000 troops in support of the Laotian government. France facilitated negotiations between government and Pathet Lao representatives in Paris in 1964, and the parties ended negotiations in Paris in October 1964. Government troops and Pathet Lao rebels resumed military hostilities on October 15, 1964. Government troops suppressed a right-wing military rebellion led by Colonel Bounleuth Sykosy on January 31-February 16, 1965, resulting in the deaths of 79 individuals. The U.S. government expressed support for the government of Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma on February 7, 1965. The government of Indonesia provided military assistance to the Laotian neutralist troops led by General Kong Le beginning on August 11, 1965. Legislative elections were held on July 18, 1965, and the National Assembly convened on August 16, 1965. The National Assembly was dissolved on October 7, 1966. The Laotian government suppressed a military rebellion led by Brigadier-General Thao Ma on October 21-22, 1966, resulting in the deaths of some 30 individuals. Government troops, supported by U.S. Air Force planes, attacked Pathet Lao troops in the Plaine des Jarres and Xieng Khoang regions. Some 200 U.S. military personnel were killed in Laos between January 1959 and December 1969, and some 270 Chinese soldiers were killed in Laos from 1964 to 1975. Pathet Lao rebels and North Vietnamese troops launched a military offensive against government troops in the Plaine des Jarres region on February 11, 1970. Laotian government troops and U.S. military aircraft launched a military offensive against Pathet Lao rebels in the Plaine des Jarres region on January 7, 1972. Laotian government and Pathet Lao representatives held negotiations beginning on October 17, 1972. Laotian government and Pathet Lao representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Vientiane on February 21, 1973, and the ceasefire went into effect on February 22, 1973. Some 25,000 individuals were killed, and some 400,000 individuals were internally-displaced during the conflict. Post-Conflict Phase (February 23, 1973-December 31, 1975): Government troops suppressed a military rebellion led by Brig.-General Thao Ma on August 20-21, 1973, resulting in the deaths of some 20 individuals. The 12-member Provisional Government of National Union (PGNU) headed by Prime Souvanna Phouma and the 42-member Joint National Political Council (JNPC) headed by Prince Souphanouvong were established on April 5, 1974. Thai troops completed their withdrawal from the country on June 1, 1974. U.S. government military advisors completed their withdrawal from the country on June 3, 1974. ICSC-Laos II was disbanded on June 30, 1974. The government decided to dissolve the National Assembly on July 10, 1974, but the National Assembly was not dissolved until April 13, 1975. King Savang Vatthana abdicated on November 29, 1975. The Kingdom of Laos was abolished, and the People’s Democratic Republic of Laos (PDRL) was proclaimed with Prince Souphanouvong as president on December 2, 1975. Kaysone Phomvihan, secretary-general of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), formed a government as prime minister on December 4, 1975. The U.S. government imposed economic sanctions (trade embargo) against the government in December 1975. Some 200,000 Hmong tribesmen fled as refugees to Thailand. Conflict Phase (January 1, 1976-January 31, 1992): Hmong tribesmen launched an insurgency against the government beginning in January 1976. Government troops, supported by some 40,000 Vietnamese troops, launched military offensives against Hmong tribesmen in Xieng Khouang province from October 1977 to November 18, 1978, resulting in the deaths of some 5,000 individuals. The World Bank provided reconstruction assistance to the government between December 27, 1977 and June 30, 1997. Former Prime Minister Phoui Sananikone and other right-wing exiles established the Royal Government of Free Laos in Perpignan, France on October 14, 1978. Some 350,000 Laotians fled as refugees to Thailand and other countries between 1975 and 1982. The Chinese government provided military assistance (arms and military training) to the Hmong tribesmen in 1979 and 1980. The London-based human rights non-governmental organization, Amnesty International, condemned the Laotian government on April 16, 1980. General Vang Pao, a member of the Hmong tribe, established the Lao National Liberation Front (LNLF) in 1981. The UNLF headed by General Phoumi Nosavan formed the Royal Lao Democratic Government in Bangkok, Thailand on August 18, 1982. Hmong insurgents attacked and killed some 40 Vietnamese and government soldiers in Saravane province in southern Laos on May 14, 1984. President Souphanouvong stepped down due to ill health, and Phoumi Vongvichit was appointed as Acting President on October 31, 1986. Elections for district councils were held on June 26, 1988, and elections for provincial councils were held on November 20, 1988. Legislative elections were held on March 26, 1989, and the LPRP won 55 out of 79 seats in the Supreme People’s Assembly. Some Vietnamese troops were withdrawn from the country in 1988. The National Assembly adopted a new constitution, and elected Kaysone Phomvihan as president on August 14, 1991. Laotian government troops and Hmong insurgents clashed near Vientiane in January 1992. Some 100,000 Hmong tribesmen died as a result of government policies between 1975 and 1992. Post-Conflict Phase (February 1, 1992-present): President Phomvihan died on November 21, 1992, and Nouhak Phoumsavan was elected president by the National Assembly on November 25, 1992. Legislative elections were held on December 20, 1992, and the LPRP won 85 out of 85 seats in the National Assembly. A new constitution went into effect in 1994. Former president, Prince Souphanouvong, died on January 9, 1995. The U.S. government lifted economic sanctions (trade embargo) against the Laotian government in 1995. Legislative elections were held on December 21, 1997, and the LPRP won 99 out of 99 seats in the National Assembly. General Khamtai Siphandon of the LPRP was elected president by the National Assembly on February 24, 1998, and Sisavath Keobounphanh was approved as prime minister on February 24, 1998. Hmong tribesmen killed three individuals in Paxai district in Xieng Khouang province in October 1998. On July 3, 2000, Hmong insurgents attacked a government customs office in Vang Tao, resulting in the deaths of six insurgents. Legislative elections were held on February 24, 2002, and the LPRP won 108 out of 109 seats in the National Assembly. Hmong tribesmen killed ten individuals south of Vientiane on February 6, 2003. Hmong tribesmen killed twelve individuals on the border of Luang Prabang province and Viengchan province on April 20, 2003. Hmong tribesmen killed six individuals in northern Laos on June 7, 2003. Legislative elections were held on April 30, 2006, and the LPRP won 113 out of 115 seats in the National Assembly. The National Assembly elected Choummaly Sayasone as president on June 8, 2006. President Choummaly Sayasone appointed Bouasone Bouphavanh as prime minister on June 8, 2006. [Sources: Associated Press (AP), March 27, 2000, July 3, 2000, August 7, 2000, June 27, 2003; Banks and Muller, 1998, 520-524; Bercovitch and Jackson, 1997, 93; Brecher and Wilkenfeld, 1997, 183-185; British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), July 2, 2003; Butterworth, 1976, 240-246, 345-348; Clodfelter, 1992, 1127-1131; Degenhardt, 1988, 207-208; Donelan and Grieve, 1973, 106-111; Facts on File, January 1-11, 1961, January 12-18, 1961, April 27-May 3, 1961, June 7-13, 1962, October 11-17, 1962, April 4-10, 1963, April 11-17, 1963, January 9-15, 1964, January 30-February 5, 1964, April 16-22, 1964, April 23-29, 1964, May 14-20, 1964, January 28-February 3, 1965, February 4-10, 1965, August 26-September 1, 1965, October 20-26, 1966, February 18-24, 1973, August 19-25, 1973; Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), January 1, 1970; Jessup, 1998, 416-418; Keesing’s Record of World Events, July 25-August 1, 1959, September 12-19, 1959, December 5-12, 1959, December 26, 1959-January 2, 1960, February 6-13, 1960, June 11-18, 1960, October 29-November 5, 1960, August 24-31, 1963, December 3-10, 1966, July 18-25, 1970, May 29-June 5, 1971, April 16-22, 1973, April 22-28, 1974, August 18-24, 1975, January 30, 1976, November 20, 1981, March 1989, August 1991, November 1992, December 1992, December 1997, February 1998; Langer, 1972, 1332-1334; LeBar and Suddard 1960; New York Times, May 27, 1984; San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 2003; Rovine, 1970, 305-309; Time Magazine, April 28, 2003; Wainhouse, 1966, 390-393, 501-512; Weisburd, 1997, 179-182; Zhang, 2002, 1141-1166.] Selected Bibliography Adams, Nina S. 1970. “Patrons, Clients, and Revolutionaries: The Lao Search for Independence, 1945-1954,” In Nina S. Adams and Alfred W. McCoy, editors. Laos: War and Revolution. New York and London: Harper & Row, Publishers. LeBar, Frank M. and Adrienne Suddard, editors. 1960. Laos: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. New Haven, CT: Hraf Press. Zasloff, Joseph J. and Leonard Unger. 1991. Laos: Beyond the Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	34	https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BC5EAF3B4069DF983C31C86A4B5F2EBF/9781009199414oth1_229-266.pdf/appendices.pdf	en	The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule	https://www.cambridge.or…hare_600x600.jpg	https://www.cambridge.or…hare_600x600.jpg	[ "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://assets.cambridge.org/97810091/99384/cover/9781009199384.jpg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg", "https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Abook%3A9781009199407/resource/name/firstPage-9781009199414oth1_229-266.jpg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/cambridge_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Johannes Gerschewski", "Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung" ]	null	The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule - April 2023	en	/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico	Cambridge Core	https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/two-logics-of-autocratic-rule/appendices/BC5EAF3B4069DF983C31C86A4B5F2EBF	To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	95	https://khampoua.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/profile-president-of-laos-choummaly-sayasone/	en	Profile: President of Laos Choummaly Sayasone	http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/img/2009english/images/logo.gif	http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/img/2009english/images/logo.gif	[ "https://i0.wp.com/english.peopledaily.com.cn/img/2009english/images/logo.gif", "https://i0.wp.com/www2.vietbao.vn/images/vn7/the-gioi/70043345-50046sm.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/557af2aaa194f1aa0f0516d247e1ab7fb30b02c32afdccee3ab61f0c65142216?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/557af2aaa194f1aa0f0516d247e1ab7fb30b02c32afdccee3ab61f0c65142216?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2011-06-16T00:00:00	As we say, people, they don't live only on rices, but freedom is very important element for human being to live in dignity and in equality	en	https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/under-the-influence/images/favicon.ico	A Voice for the Laotian Who do not have Voice	https://khampoua.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/profile-president-of-laos-choummaly-sayasone/	View Original Source: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7411513.html General Secretary of the Central Committee of the ruling Lao People’s Revolutionary Party Choummaly Sayasone was elected to retain his position as President of Laos on Wednesday, the first day of the First Session of the seventh Lao National Assembly (NA). Choummaly was first elected as President of Laos in 2006 during the previous tenure NA, Laos’ parliamentary body. The following are brief introductions to President of Laos Choummaly Sayasone: Choummaly Sayasone was born on March 6, 1936, in Attapeu province in the south of the country. Choummaly was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP) at its third National Congress in 1982, and became an alternate member of the Politburo of the party’s Central Committee and Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee in 1986. He was re-elected as a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee at the fifth, sixth and seventh Party Congress of the LPRP in 1991, 1996 and 2001 respectively. Choummaly served for a time as Minister of Defense from August 1991 to March 1993. From Feb. 24, 1998 to March 2001, Choummaly held dual positions as Vice Prime Minister of Laos and Minister of Defense. Choummaly became the Vice President of Laos from March 2001 to 2006. He was elected as General Secretary of the LPRP on March 21 of 2006 by the Party’s eighth Congress, succeeding Khamtai Siphandon, and subsequently succeeded Siphandon as President of Laos on June 8, 2006. On March 21, 2011, he was re-elected as Secretary General of the Central Committee of the LPRP at the ninth Congress of the LPRP, followed by his re-election as Lao President on June 15, 2011. Source: Xinhua
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone	en	Choummaly Sayasone	https://upload.wikimedia…ne_in_Russia.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…ne_in_Russia.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Choummaly_Sayasone_in_Russia.jpg/220px-Choummaly_Sayasone_in_Russia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/70px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vietnam_Gold_Star_ribbon.png/70px-Vietnam_Gold_Star_ribbon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/20px-LPRP_logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/25px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/25px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/30px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2006-03-21T21:18:45+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone	Laotian politician Lieutenant General Choummaly Sayasone (Lao: ຈູມມະລີ ໄຊຍະສອນ; born 6 March 1936) is a Laotian politician who was General Secretary (supreme leader) of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) and President of Laos (head of state) from 2006 to 2016. Choummaly Sayasone was born in Attapeu. He joined the Party's Politburo in 1991 and was Minister of Defence from 1991 to 2001. Subsequently he was the third Vice President of Laos from 2001 to 2006. He was elected as the LPRP's General Secretary on 21 March 2006, in the aftermath of the Party's 8th Congress, by the first plenum of the eighth Central Committee, succeeding Khamtai Siphandone as de facto leader of Laos. He subsequently succeeded Siphandon as the 6th President of Laos on 8 June 2006. In March 2011, he was reelected to his position as the LPRP's General Secretary at the 9th LPRP Congress. In June 2011, he was re-elected as President of Laos at the seventh National Assembly.[1] He did not seek re-election to the LPRP Central Committee at the 10th LPRP Congress in January 2016, indicating his retirement.[2] Bounnhang Vorachit was elected to succeed him as General Secretary on 22 January 2016.[3] On 4 April 2021, Sayasone and his family were on a yacht in Nam Ngum Lake, when there was a storm and the vessel capsized. Although initially feared dead,[4] Sayasone survived, but nine people died, including his wife, Keosaychay Sayasone, and his son.[5][6] Cuba: Order of José Martí (2015)[7] Vietnam: Gold Star Order (2006)[8]
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	40	https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/333437004452107-collection-of-laotian-leaders	en	Collection of Laotian Leaders	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://static.rrauction.com/images/logos/RRAuctionLogo.svg", "https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.png", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3334/3334370_1.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3334/3334370_2.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3334/3334370_3.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3334/3334370_4.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3334/3334370_5.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/images/thumbnails/dna-pre-certified2_thumb.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "RR Auction" ]	null	Sold for $406 \| Collection of three items, each signed by a Laotian leader, including: Kaysone Phomvihane (ALS), who was the leader of the Lao People's	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/333437004452107-collection-of-laotian-leaders	Collection of three items, each signed by a Laotian leader, including: Kaysone Phomvihane (ALS), who was the leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955 until his death in 1992; Khamtai Siphandon (SP), who was president from 1998 to 2006; and Oudone Sananikone (SP signed on the reverse), an aristocrat who served as director general of the military. In overall fine condition, with light contrast to Khamtai Siphandon’s signature. Pre-certified PSA/DNA. Auction Info Auction Title: Remarkable Rarities Auction Dates: #445 - Ended January 22, 2015 This item is Pre-Certified by PSA/DNA Buy a third-party letter of authenticity for $25.00 *This item has been pre-certified by a trusted third-party authentication service, and by placing a bid on this item, you agree to accept the opinion of this authentication service. If you wish to have an opinion rendered by a different authenticator of your choosing, you must do so prior to your placing of any bid. RR Auction is not responsible for differing opinions submitted 30 days after the date of the sale.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	17	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khamtai_Siphandon	en	Category:Khamtai Siphandon	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/International_Standard_Name_Identifier.png/18px-International_Standard_Name_Identifier.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VIAF_icon.svg/18px-VIAF_icon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Logo_Gemeinsame_Normdatei_%28GND%29.svg/18px-Logo_Gemeinsame_Normdatei_%28GND%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Library_of_Congress_favicon.png/18px-Library_of_Congress_favicon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/IdRef_favicon.png/18px-IdRef_favicon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%281%29.jpg/120px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%281%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004.jpg/120px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_with_all_Head_of_StatesGovernments_during_lunch_by_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane%2C_Laos_on_November_30%2C_2004.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/static/apple-touch/commons.png		https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khamtai_Siphandon	Media in category "Khamtai Siphandon" The following 4 files are in this category, out of 4 total.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	42	https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/an-uncertain-future-for-laos/	en	An Uncertain Future for Laos	https://thediplomat.com/…1192671_1280.jpg	https://thediplomat.com/…1192671_1280.jpg	[ "https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/themes/td_theme_v3/assets/logo/diplomat_logo_black.jpg", "https://thediplomat.com/ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 138w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 276w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 219w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 438w", "https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/sizes/td-list-xs-1/thediplomat_2024-05-23-173222.jpg 58w, https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/sizes/td-list-xs-2/thediplomat_2024-05-23-173222.jpg 116w", "https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/sizes/td-list-xs-1/thediplomat_2024-07-19-131933.jpg 58w, 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"https://thediplomat.com/ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 138w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-s-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 276w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-1/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 219w, /ads/magazine/cover/td-mag-m-2/issue_116_cover.jpg?v=1 438w" ]	[]	[]	[ "Politics", "Southeast Asia", "Laos", "China Laos economic relations", "Chinese loans to Laos", "Lao People's Revolutionary Party", "Laos coronavirus", "Laos economic growth", "Laos National Party Congress 2021", "Laos politics", "Thongloun Sisoulith" ]	null	[ "David Hutt" ]	2020-06-04T03:02:00+00:00	Laos’ quinquennial National Party Congress is coming up in 2021, but the prospects for meaningful change look slimmer and slimmer.	en			https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/an-uncertain-future-for-laos/	Get ready for the rumor mill to start spinning in Vietnam ahead of January’s National Congress, an event held every five years when the ruling Communist Party selects its new officials and leaders. Laos’ ruling communist party, the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, will also hold its own National Congress early next year, likely in January, too. But nobody is talking about that – and probably won’t be until a few weeks before the event. If it is difficult to read the tea leaves of what might happen within the Vietnamese Communist Party, there’s almost no information seeping from Vientiane for divination from us pundits. To make some broad guesses: it’s likely that Party General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachith will stay on for another term. His predecessor, Choummaly Sayasone, held the post for 10 years between 2006 and 2016. Before him, Khamtai Siphandon held the same position, which was called chairman of the Central Committee until 2006, between 1992 and 2006. Typically, though, prime ministers only serve one five-year term. Only Khamtai, who was also the prime minister between 1991 and 1998, held the post for longer than five years. As such, one might expect the current prime minister, Thongloun Sisoulith, to bow out next year. Is that a good thing? In a column for The Diplomat, I queried in April 2017 whether Thongloun was a reformist leader (see: Is Laos’ New Leader Really a Reformer?). Looking back, maybe I was naïve. But, at the time, Thongloun appeared to be a new kind of apparatchik. He spoke more openly and casually in media interviews; he rushed into office with new rules to curb corruption and bring the party closer to ordinary people, and spoke honestly about the need to reform the economy. But his pro-market reforms, namely to cut fiscal deficits, have largely failed, while not much progress has been made in jettisoning the wasteful state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The announcement last year that Laos would sell off weak-performing state-owned enterprises into joint public-private ventures seems good on paper – but, as Vietnam has found, trying to sell off your weakest assets (those which you publicly acknowledge to be struggling) doesn’t always attract investors. Like much of Thongloun’s reign, the move showed an intention toward reform without any substance. Thongloun’s early promises to get serious on corruption have also largely been a disappointment. And his government’s biggest embarrassment was its woeful handling of the collapse of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy dam in southern Laos in 2018. Hope was fading even before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, hitting Laos hard. In the worst-case scenario, which might actually be overly optimistic, Laos’ economy is set to contract by 1.8 percent this year, compared to positive 7 percent growth rates in recent years, according to the World Bank. Reports suggest that unemployment has climbed to around 25 percent, compared to less than 1 percent throughout most of the last two decades. Because of the dearth of on-the-ground reporting from Laos, the actual cost isn’t well understood just yet. As always, the question of debt hanging over the country takes center stage during a crisis. In May, Fitch Ratings downgraded the national debt from “stable” to “negative,” while its report noted that the state must make $900 million in external debt payments this year. This is thought to include a $250 million payment on a low-interest loan to China. That’s the first tranche of a considerable debt Laos has taken on from China, partly to fund a high-speed train line between Vientiane and Kunming in China, which may turn out to be a white elephant. (For an overview of that debate, look at Nick Freeman’s piece for the South China Morning Post from last December.) The Laos government is thought to have guaranteed a third of the costs of the $6 billion high-speed train line. On top of that, Laos will face at least a $1 billion obligation for debt servicing payments each year until 2023. The Nikkei Asian Review recently noted that “Laos has limited room to maneuver,” given that its foreign exchange reserves were only thought to be worth $1 billion as of the end of March. To date, tax receipts only account for 12 percent of GDP, and much of that is from taxes on mining, which is near exhaustion. As I point out regularly, Laos has not even attempted to create an export sector similar to ones in Vietnam and Cambodia, which would provide it with some well-needed foreign capital. Now, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank, the aforementioned NAR report informs us, also expects the state fiscal deficit this year to run between 7.5 percent and 8.8 percent of gross domestic product, up from 5.1 percent in 2019. Debt levels, it reported, “are expected to increase between 65% and 68% of GDP in 2020, from 59% of GDP in 2019.” From what I can tell, 2021 doesn’t look like a fantastic year for economic growth either, so expect the national debt to continue growing. As the National Congress looms, this might be a time for change. But, in many ways, it appears that the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party has become despondent, lacking in self-belief, and aware of its own powerlessness. In other words, the Party is lacking any courage or conviction to admit mistakes and change course from its high-debt, infrastructure-led development program, much of it copied (and funded) by China. Geoffrey C. Gunn, in his article on Laos for the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Southeast Asian Affairs 2020 collection, wrote of a communist regime “hell-bent on prioritizing major projects… whatever the social and ecological consequences locally and downstream.” Last year, Thongloun told the Nikkei Asian Review that “if we don’t borrow… Laos, as a least developed country, won’t develop further.” Such a comment warrants attention. Here, Thongloun isn’t saying that more and more debt is a good thing in itself; he’s saying that this is the only option for Laos. Compared to its socialist cousins in Vietnam and China, Laos’ communist party hasn’t tried to embrace even the slightest change; it has failed to insert even a thin layer of technocrats within the system, and it will not allow the Lao people a crevice to air their honest opinions (whereas Vietnam’s Communist Party wants to know what the people think, but is more than happy to repress complaints when they get too damning.) Not even wanting to know the thoughts of ordinary people, Laos’ communist government has grown increasingly introverted, a king in its castle shut-off from reality. This toxic combination of despondence about its own effectiveness and ability to change course, and its unwillingness to hear even the slightest of criticism, means it is now contented just to plod on with the status quo – regardless of the consequences. Indeed, the Party has put itself in a straitjacket it now doesn’t have the imagination, competency, or will to try getting out of. Partly, though, this is also the fault of Beijing. Reports suggest that more than half of all Laos’ public debt is held by China. Personally, though, I have been wary of “debt trap” narratives; I don’t believe Chinese foreign policy is as competent and meticulous to have intentionally, years ago, designed a system to ensnare other countries. Instead, it seems more persuasive that Beijing seriously believes (mistakenly) that it can export its “development-led” model to countries that have few of the characteristics that made it a success in China. Put differently, Beijing believes that other countries can replicate its own high-debt, infrastructure-led, rocket-fast development program. And poorer countries like Laos have also bought the lie that all they have to do is follow China’s history and they, too, can become wealthy. This is, of course, wrong. What worked in China – thanks in large part to its enormous workforce, the uniqueness of the time it began developing, and its geography – cannot be replicated in a country like Laos. But it’s easier for Vientiane to believe the lie and go along with it – especially as it shows little creativity or competence for alternative thinking – than to turn around and try an alternative model of development that may be more sustainable and achievable. Brian Eyler has explained that the famous rail link from Vientiane to Kunming serves “to create channels to bring natural resources and commercial inputs back to China so that China’s economy can keep growing.” Philip Alston, a UN special rapporteur on human rights and extreme poverty, gave a startling honest account last year after visiting Laos, noting that the government’s “single-minded focus on large infrastructure projects… has created all too few jobs for Lao people, generated very large debt repayment obligations, and disproportionally benefited wealthy elites.” Ordinary people, he added, “have seen very few of the benefits of the economic boom.” Even if the Party wanted to, though, it’s too late to turn back. Like an addict taking on new debt to pay off previous gambles, it would be almost an existential crisis to admit mistakes and seek an alternative way out of the problem. But this isn’t an exact analogy. The communist party isn’t elected, so its apparatchiks are gambling not with their own money but the money of ordinary Laotians, especially the young, who will inherit this ever-growing national debt for decades to come.
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"https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/developper.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/vulkanu.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/developper.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/poseido.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/developper.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/proserp.gif", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/site/partage_Z_2.png", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/site/partage_E_2.png", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/site/imprimer.png", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/reports/41.png", "https://www.astrotheme.com/images/diagramme.id.output.php?id=4", "https://www.astrotheme.com/images/diagramme.id.output.php?id=5", "https://www.astrotheme.com/images/diagramme.id.output.php?id=9", "https://www.astrotheme.com/images/diagramme.id.output.php?id=10", "https://cdn.astrotheme.com/images/pdf/n8.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Khamtay Siphandon horoscope", "Khamtay Siphandon astrology" ]	null	[]	null	Horoscope and natal chart of Khamtay Siphandon, born on 1924/02/08: you will find in this page an excerpt of the astrological portrait and the interpration of the planetary dominants.	en	https://cdn.astrotheme.c…e-touch-icon.png		https://www.astrotheme.com/astrology/Khamtay_Siphandon	Horoscope and chart of Khamtay Siphandon Astrological portrait of Khamtay Siphandon (excerpt) Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the 68,179 celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait. Introduction Here are some character traits from Khamtay Siphandon's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers. In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Khamtay Siphandon. N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known. The dominant planets of Khamtay Siphandon When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits. In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile. In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses. The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important. These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart. The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions. Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang). There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc. Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations. These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules. Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Khamtay Siphandon, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part. For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth. Elements and Modes for Khamtay Siphandon The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, Khamtay Siphandon. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against. Khamtay Siphandon, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things. Earth qualities are under-represented in your chart, with only 8.68% instead of the average 25%. Deficiency in Earth may indicate that you have no interest in material and concrete values. It is likely that you live too much in your heart or in your mind, or even in your enthusiasm! The fact remains that you may end up in tricky situations, due to your lack of good sense or forethought: material life is unavoidable even if you are rather idealistic, dreamy, or easily content. You must tackle concrete life necessities, for fear of... being forced to cope with them, later, in much more unpleasant ways! Air is under-represented in your natal chart, with only 9.92% instead of the average 25%. Air symbolizes the values of communication, exchanges with others, but also adaptability and flexibility abilities: if you don't get out of your cocoon to talk, to show interest in others, and to socialize, you may have problems understanding others. Because of your lack of flexibility or of your refusal to adapt yourself, you may be suddenly overwhelmed by events. You should get into the habit of talking, of phoning, and of thinking in terms of "mobility, flexibility, adaptability, change" in every circumstance. It will spare you so many troubles! The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs. The Mutable mode is the most emphasized one in your natal chart, Khamtay Siphandon, which indicates a mobile character that is curious and thirsty for new experiences and evolution. You are lively and flexible, and you like to react quickly to solicitations, but don't confuse mobility with agitation, since this is the danger with this configuration - and with you, stagnation is out of the question. Security doesn't matter as long as you are not bored. You optimize, you change things, you change yourself... all this in a speedy way. Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Khamtay Siphandon The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc! The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses. Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner. Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc. In your natal chart, Khamtay Siphandon, the ten main planets are distributed as follows: The three most important planets in your chart are Neptune, Jupiter and Uranus. With Neptune as one of your three dominant planets, you are a secretive and ambiguous person, often confused or unclear about your own motivations! Indeed, you are endowed with unlimited imagination and inspiration, as well as with an extreme sensibility that may turn you into a psychic or a clairvoyant. On the other hand, your impressionability is such that you may have difficulties in separating what is concrete and solid from illusions or dreams. A mystic, a visionary or a poet, you daydream, like any Neptunian, and you see what few people only can see, all of this being shrouded in aesthetic mists when you are fired with enthusiasm. A boundless, infinity-loving man like you is inevitably likely to be more vulnerable and easily hurt because of your acute perception of events. In such cases, you are hit full in the face, and you may sink into gloomy daydreamings and dark melancholy. That said, this mysterious aura definitely gives you an indefinable charm in the eyes of your close friends who are often fascinated by your unique ability to feel and to see what ordinary people can never see! Jupiter, the planet of expansion, organization, power and benevolence, is quite emphasized in your chart. Like any Jupiterian, you are warm, open, sociable, consensual, active and optimistic. You can use your self-confidence to erase differences of opinion, and you leave the task of analyzing and perfecting things to specialists. Your role, and you know it since you were young, is to gather, to demonstrate your synthesizing and conciliatory mind, and to naturally reap its fruits - power. You appreciate legality, social order but also order in general. With you as a leader, every plan or human entity can be organized and structured. You excel at supervising. The Jupiterian type is indeed the politician par excellence, and a positive Jupiter in your chart is synonymous with good integration into society, whatever the chosen path. Is this idyllic picture really perfect? Certainly not: each planet's typology has its own weaknesses. One of yours is pride, like the Solarian, but your will of expansion at all costs may generate a form of exaggeration in everything, endless pleasure, inappropriate self-confidence that could lead you to rough materialism and the thirst for absurd material comfort - in the worst cases, of course. Uranus is among your dominant planets: just like Neptune and Pluto, Uranian typology is less clearly defined than the so-called classical seven planets that are visible to the naked eye, from the Sun to Saturn. However, it is possible to associate your Uranian nature with a few clear characteristics: Uranus rhymes with independence, freedom, originality, or even rebelliousness and marginality, when things go wrong... Uranus is Mercury's higher octave and as such, he borrows some of its traits of character; namely, a tendency to intellectualize situations and emotions with affective detachment, or at least jagged affectivity. Therefore, you are certainly a passionate man who is on the lookout for any kind of action or revolutionary idea, and you are keen on new things. Uranians are never predictable, and it is especially when they are believed to be stable and well settled that... they change everything - their life, partner, and job! In fact, you are allergic to any kind of routine, although avoiding it must give way to many risks. In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Pisces, Sagittarius and Leo. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs. Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized. Pisces is among your dominant signs and endows your personality with unlimited sources of emotions, dreams, imagination, and sensitivity, to the extent that you literally swim in a cloudy ocean of delightful impressions. These impressions are so intense and overwhelming that you don't really need to take action concretely, to show your dynamism or your willpower, since you already live so intensely with your feelings - you are as keen as a radar, always on the alert! That is why some people may not like your carelessness, and the lack of clarity in your opinions or actions; however they quickly notice your artistic talents, your poetic or artistic side, and your total lack of wickedness. Besides, you feel compassion for people in pain - empathy is one of your great qualities. Thanks to your flexibility, your intuition, and your generosity, you may spend an important part of your life helping others. And if you are creative or if you have well-known artistic talents, everybody will forgive your little flaws: absent-mindedness, lack of energy or of will, too dreamy temperament... Sagittarius, an adventurous and conquering fire sign, is dominant in your chart: you are enthusiastic, enterprising, optimistic, very sociable, and mobile - you have itchy feet, both physically and mentally. Nobody gets bored with you because you are always planning things and suggesting excursions, at least... when you are around and not already gone on a trip! Obviously, so many movements for one man may scare people off, and some of them may even criticize your brutality or your tendency to loose your temper, but you are so warm and genuine, so expansive, isn't this a good thing? And all the more so, since your sense of humour is overwhelming... With Leo as a dominant sign, you naturally shine brightly. Your dignity, your sense of honour, and your generosity can almost turn you into a solar mythological hero, a knight or a lord from the ancient times. People may blame you for your selfishness, your pride or your somewhat loud authority, but if you are self-confident, kind-hearted and strong-willed, it surely makes up for your little flaws, as long as they remain moderate... After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Khamtay Siphandon, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points. The Moon in Pisces: his sensitivity Your sensitivity is all on edge, Khamtay Siphandon, and your emotions so deep, your imagination, so lively, that you are often found in the sweet realm of dreams. You create your own fantastical world with entangled fragments of current reality, romantic souvenirs and hidden hopes. Your receptiveness is so intense that it may border on mediumship or, more disturbing and rare, you may have hallucinations. Your character fluctuates according to the stimulation of the moment but in general, you are a nice person, full of gentleness and romanticism, always ready to understand and to dedicate yourself. You have real healing powers, would it be only through your ability to instinctively understand other people's sufferings. Your affective structures can be likened to a roving radar. You are vulnerable, hurt by the slightest aggression and easily influenced because you are unable to step back from people and events; therefore, you may start to be doubtful and lose the self-confidence that you so badly need to progress. Mercury in Capricorn: his intellect and social life You need to concentrate on a subject, Khamtay Siphandon, to deepen your research and to follow your reasoning through with persistence and determination. You are the very type of the thinker who needs time and isolation to meditate at length and allow his serious, methodical and rigorous mind to show its worth. Your feet are firmly planted on the ground and to get your attention, ideas must be followed by implementation, for instance as in the case of mathematics applied to physics. You focus on the essential and you look at the world around you with clear-sightedness. You are not very talkative and you act with caution. You may come across as cold and ambitious even though your comments are always sincere and practical. However, be careful not to isolate yourself and to appear as a lofty and intolerant person. Venus in Pisces and the Sun in Aquarius: his affectivity and seductiveness In your chart, the Sun is in Aquarius and Venus, in Pisces. Aquarius' ability to be amazed and enthused faces the peculiar sensitivity and the detachment of Venus in Pisces. Two antinomical modes are confronting: Aquarius' optimism and idealism versus Pisces' strange lucidity. Your Venusian sign highlights the extreme subtlety of your desires and emotions. Your sensitivity is elusive and you are not interested in basic and coarse relationships. You reject or you accept according to your intuition and not to the logic of a given situation. Aquarius is filled with amazement and displays a commendable idealism but Pisces quickly reminds of the fragile nature of all relationships. Love hangs by a thread. You must not forget that love is precarious because it may be detrimental to your balance. More than anyone, you refuse conventions. You are not interested in loves that offer no risk, no challenge and no future. The complexity of your affective behaviours may disconcert. They range from distance to amazement, from enthusiasm to refusal. You handle the art of paradoxes very skilfully. Love is never simple, unless it is drawing to its end. This zodiacal duet draws its strength from its ability to transform, to reinvent the rules of the game and to never let the current norms hamper the free flow of your sensitivity. Compassion and self-sacrifice: you are fond of this romantic mode and you are willing to express your feelings, the intensity of which is unlimited, Khamtay Siphandon. With excitement and imagination, you dream your amorous relationships as much as you actually live through them. The line between the concrete world and your huge hopes is so tenuous that you don't know anymore where it is, although your particularly rich sensuality prompts you to experience your feelings concretely. You want to share communion and passion with your partner. The lyrical flights of your feelings break from your heart as waves that you do not attempt to control because they give you a real, almost voluptuous and carnal joy. You give a lot sometimes too much - without reservation, almost without propriety, totally revealing your vulnerability during your amorous exchanges because you are sure of the quality and the might of your feelings: they are so powerful and overwhelming that you are aware that nothing can resist them. The Sun in Aquarius: his will and inner motivations In the sentimental sphere, you are particularly sensitive to the values of friendship, in the sense that you see yourself as a link within a chain, certainly a different and original one, but with no will to flatter your ego or to individually assert yourself. On the contrary, your aim is to immerge yourself in your friendly relations and to participate in projects and ideals of the whole human community. As you are born under this sign, you are idealistic, altruistic, detached, independent, original, surprising, gifted, contradictory, innovative, humanistic, likeable, friendly, self-confident, impassive, quiet, intuitive, creative, charitable, elusive, disconcerting, generous, tolerant, paradoxical, and you cannot stand any kind of constraint. But you may also be marginal, resigned, distant, utopian, maladjusted, eccentric and cold. In love, Sir, you are totally elusive. The human warmth you show in your group meetings quickly turns into a distant and sober attitude as soon as you are alone together. It is obvious that it may cause some problems if you were thought to be different. Your reluctance to talk about yourself, although not disturbing under other circumstances, is quite inappropriate in the private sphere. The distance you maintain, as well as your lack of emotionalism, may suddenly disappear to give room for a real relationship, since you are prone to mood swings. The necessary condition is that you have centres of interest to share with your partner. Converging passions will ensure that the magic of your relationship can develop. Ideally, a deep friendship should be the basis of your initial relationship, because friendship is a feeling that particularly suits you; in such a case, imperceptibly, conducive closeness may transform friendship into the true love you give yourself up to eventually. You are loyal, faithful and surprising. Once you find your soul mate, you feel more comfortable and, if the harmony with your partner is rich enough, you may stay with her your whole life through. You certainly have moments that seem strange to your partner, for instance when you are impersonal or even cold. But your natural magnetism, your communication skills and your shrewdness as you play with words, work wonders for patching things up. You avoid problems that may cause emotional or sentimental complications. Because you are often disconcerting, your partner may need some time to adjust: you disappear suddenly when you do not want to deal too closely with your individuality. And you reappear as quickly with excuses and a charming casualness, and again, you are disconcerting! You are interested in things that are out of the ordinary. Your erotic imagination may be immense and inexhaustible. You belong to the cerebral type and you cannot separate physical and sentimental aspects from your imaginations intense activity. As a result, you explore with lucidity all the possibilities that may suit you best. Mars in Sagittarius: his ability to take action Khamtay Siphandon, you are a real Goliath and you often excel in sport; your thirst for conquests prompts you to constantly launch new challenges. The enthusiasm you put in your undertakings is perfectly well supported by your moral concepts and an idealism compatible with the values of the society you live in. You are pragmatic, enterprising and sometimes, naive. You do not pay attention to details and you launch various great adventurous projects that are all doomed to success. In a few rare cases, you can funnel your huge energy into more philosophical, even spiritual or religious enterprises, where your entire fieriness works wonders. On the sexual plane, your ardour and your spontaneity are your main assets. The danger is that you may spread yourself too thin in the sense that you may forget about faithfulness, particularly during the extensive faraway travels you are so fond of. Conclusion This text is only an excerpt from of Khamtay Siphandon's portrait. If you want to get your own astrological portrait, much more comprehensive that this present excerpt, you can order it at this page. Do you belong to the Jupiterian type, benevolent and generous? The Martian type, active and a go-getter? The Venusian type, charming and seductive? The Lunar type, imaginative and sensitive? The Solar type, noble and charismatic? The Uranian type, original, uncompromising and a freedom-lover? The Plutonian type, domineering and secretive? The Mercurian type, cerebral, inquiring and quick? The Neptunian type, visionary, capable of empathy and impressionable? The Saturnian type, profound, persevering and responsible? Are you more of the Fire type, energetic and intuitive? The Water type, sentimental and receptive? The Earth type, realistic and efficient? Or the Air type, gifted in communication and highly intellectual? 11 planetary dominants and 57 characteristics are reviewed, quantified, and interpreted; then, your psychological portrait is described in detail, in a comprehensive document of approximately 32-36 pages, full of engrossing and original pieces of information about yourself. Astrological reports describe many of the character traits and they sometimes go deeper into the understanding of a personality. Please, always keep in mind that human beings are continuously evolving and that many parts of our psychological structures are likely to be expressed later, after having undergone significant life's experiences. It is advised to read a portrait with hindsight in order to appreciate its astrological content. Under this condition, you will be able to take full advantage of this type of study. The analysis of an astrological portrait consists in understanding four types of elements which interact with one another: ten planets, twelve zodiacal signs, twelve houses, and what are called aspects between planets (the 11 aspects most commonly used are: conjunction, opposition, square, trine, sextile, quincunx, semi-sextile, sesqui-quadrate, quintile and bi-quintile. The first 5 aspects enumerated are called major aspects). Planets represent typologies of our human psychology: sensitivity, affectivity, ability to undertake, will-power, mental process, aptitude, and taste for communication etc., all independent character facets are divided here for practical reasons. The twelve signs forming the space where planets move will "colour", so to speak, these typologies with each planet being located in its particular sign. They will then enrich the quality of these typologies, as expressed by the planets. The Zodiac is also divided into twelve astrological houses. This makes sense only if the birth time is known because within a few minutes, the twelve houses (including the 1st one, the Ascendant) change significantly. They correspond to twelve specific spheres of life: external behaviour, material, social and family life, relationship, home, love life, daily work, partnership, etc. Each planet located in any given house will then act according to the meaning of its house, and a second colouration again enriches those active forces that the planets symbolize. Finally, relations will settle among planets, creating a third structure, which completes the planets' basic meanings. A set of ancient rules, which has stood the test of experience over hundreds of years (although astrology is in evolution, only reliable elements are integrated into classical studies), are applied to organize the whole chart into a hierarchy and to allow your personality to be interpreted by texts. The planets usually analysed are the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, which means two luminaries (the Sun and the Moon) and 8 planets, a total of 10 planets. Additional secondary elements may be taken into account, such as asteroids Chiron, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres (especially Chiron, more well-known), the Lunar nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, and even other bodies: astrology is a discipline on the move. Astrological studies, including astrological portrait, compatibility of couples, predictive work, and horoscopes evolve and become more accurate or deeper, as time goes by. Precision: concerning the horoscopes with a known time of birth, according to the Tradition, we consider that a planet near the beginning (called cuspide) of the next house (less than 2 degrees for the Ascendant and the Midheaven, and less than 1 degree for all other houses) belongs to this house: our texts and dominants take this rule into account. You can also choose not to take this shift into account in the form, and also tick the option Koch or Equal houses system instead of Placidus, the default houses system. Warning: In order to avoid any confusion and any possible controversy, we want to draw your attention upon the fact that this sample of celebrities is very complete and therefore, it also includes undesirable people, since every category is represented: beside artists, musicians, politicians, lawyers, professional soldiers, poets, writers, singers, explorers, scientists, academics, religious figures, saints, philosophers, sages, astrologers, mediums, sportsmen, chess champions, famous victims, historical characters, members of royal families, models, painters, sculptors, and comics authors or other actual celebrities, there are also famous murderers, tyrants and dictators, serial-killers, or other characters whose image is very negative, often rightly so. Regarding the latter, it must be remembered that even a monster or at least a person who perpetrated odious crimes, has some human qualities, often noticed by his/her close entourage: these excerpts come from computer programmes devoid of polemical intentions and may seem too soft or lenient. The positive side of each personality is deliberately stressed. Negative sides have been erased here - it is not the same in our comprehensive reports on sale - because it could hurt the families of such people. We are hoping that it will not rebound on the victims' side. Numerology: Birth Path of Khamtay Siphandon Testimonies to numerology are found in the most ancient civilizations and show that numerology pre-dates astrology. This discipline considers the name, the surname, and the date of birth, and ascribes a meaning to alphabetic letters according to the numbers which symbolise them. The path of life, based on the date of birth, provides indications on the kind of destiny which one is meant to experience. It is one of the elements that must reckoned with, along with the expression number, the active number, the intimacy number, the achievement number, the hereditary number, the dominant numbers or the lacking numbers, or also the area of expression, etc. Your Life Path is influenced by the number 8, Khamtay, which indicates that your destiny hinges on financial successes, material undertakings, and power seizing. It is a path full of successes and failures, fortune and reversals of fortune. You must strive to control your thirst for material goods, and try to practice tolerance. Great achievements are possible if you choose a career in any sort of trade or business. This is how your qualities are likely to be best expressed: management abilities and above-average commercial sense. Traditionally, the number 8 is believed to favour material and financial matters such as asset management, investments, commercial negotiations, as well as social power. All these elements are most likely to be found at the centre of your life. Your thirst for power, added to some degree of bad luck, constitutes one of the major hurdles blocking your way. However, your determination, added to a deep spirit of conciliation, turns the number 8 into a very fulfilling one, that of extraordinary successes. Khamtay Siphandon was born under the sign of the Rat, element Wood Chinese astrology is brought to us as a legacy of age-old wisdom and invites us to develop an awareness of our inner potential. It is believed that the wise man is not subjected to stellar influences. However, we must gain the lucidity and the distance without which we remain locked up in an implacable destiny. According to the legend of the Circle of Animals, Buddha summoned all the animals to bid them farewell before he left our world. Only twelve species answered Buddha's call. They form the Chinese Zodiac and symbolize the twelve paths of wisdom that are still valid nowadays. The Asian wise man considers that a path is neither good nor bad. One can and must develop one's potentialities. The first step is to thoroughly know oneself. Your personality is secretive and mysterious and you prefer to take action behind the scenes rather than to reveal your plans and ambitions. You are sensitive to the slightest interpersonal flaw and you display a great deal of caution in your affairs. Besides, you do not like the crowd and the hustle and bustle. You prefer a more intimist atmosphere where your qualities can be fully expressed. Better than anyone, you know how to face adversity, subtly getting round obstacles and manipulating your entourage, if necessary. You are awesome in situations of crisis: thanks to your perspicacity, you avoid tricks with disconcerting ease and you also happen to be Machiavellian and scheming. You never totally open up because you believe that it would give other people the means to act against you! On the other hand, you have mastered the art of making your interlocutors reveal what they wanted to conceal. Actually, you only need a word to guess the underlying stakes of any situation. On the chapter of your flaws, a weak moral sense is to be mentioned: you do not hesitate to show perfidy. However, your advices prove very judicious most of the time. This is the reason why your influence is considered beneficial. Chinese astrology has five elements, which are referred to as agents: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water. You have a deep affinity with the agent Wood. In China, this element corresponds to the planet Jupiter, the green colour and the number 8. You are sensitive to the harmony of your life setting and you come across as an accommodating person. Indeed, you deem useless to hurt your close friends without a sound reason. On the contrary, you strive to maintain a good balance around you. The agent Wood implies some creative abilities: the liveliness of your imagination goes hand in hand with a sense of realities that prevents you from pursuing chimerical objectives. Your numerous projects can be successfully carried out, all the more so because, better than anyone, you are able to convince your interlocutors and forge the supports required by your plans and your ambitions. The diplomacy you use when your interests are at stake can but favour the success of your endeavours. The only risk may be that you scatter your energy and reach saturation point because you try too hard to create, design, compose... Therefore, it is important that you limit the scope of some of your investigation fields. N. B.: when the birth time is unknown, (12:00 PM (unknown)), these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case. Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	2	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandone	en	Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_with_the_President_of_Laos%2C_Mr._Khamtay_Siphandone_at_Vientiane_in_Laos_on_November_29%2C_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2014-02-26T23:49:45+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandone	General Khamtai Siphandon (Lao: ຄຳໄຕ ສີພັນດອນ; born 8 February 1924) is a Laotian politician. He was President of Laos[1] from 24 February 1998, until 8 June 2006, when he was officially replaced by Choummaly Sayasone. He also served as Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	56	https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Sonexay_Siphandone	en	Sonexay Siphandone Biography	https://pantheon.world/api/screenshot/person?id=66441378	https://pantheon.world/api/screenshot/person?id=66441378	[ "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-nav.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_pantheon.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-search.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/66441378.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/profile-w.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/21774610.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/7738500.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/31009267.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/393857.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/760876.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2881890.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/66441378.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/32527629.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/4234825.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/34677899.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/23635804.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1634719.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2241372.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2145711.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/4997489.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/30828513.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/27171241.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/858163.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/665335.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/66441378.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/104482.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1009913.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/5045125.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/104485.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/256646.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/560141.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_CL.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_facebook.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/images/favicon.ico		null	Sonexay Siphandone Sonexay Siphandone (Lao: ສອນໄຊ ສີພັນດອນ; born 26 January 1966) is a Laotian politician who is currently serving as the Prime Minister of Laos since 30 December 2022. A member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), he previously served as Deputy Prime Minister from 2016 to 2022 . Read more on Wikipedia
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	57	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/The-Lao-Peoples-Democratic-Republic	en	Laos - Landlocked, Mekong, Plateau	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-004-D7D8C514/Flag-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/42/4042-004-7619C005/Laos-map-boundaries-cities-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/84891-004-EBCF18D7/Wat-Aham-Louangphrabang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/183685-004-D3B20B54/World-Data-Locator-Map-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/145301-004-982A07FE/Bolovens-Plateau-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/05/14305-004-E2CA8BC2/Laos-map-features-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/52/96052-004-18359A7C/monks-Buddhist-temple-Pha-That-Luang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/25/184425-049-491EBF68/World-Data-pie-chart-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/60/128060-004-B53FD28F/Population-density-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-121/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.121.12", "https://cdn.britannica.com/40/129640-131-0EB20858/Flags-countries-world-flags-Country-blog-geography-2009.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/95/168695-131-11055CC5/Geography-Something-globe-Europe-Eurasia-Africa.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/142291-131-1FF39F2D/Flags-world-blue-sky-Countries-Globalization-relations-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/64/244164-131-C5EE8DAB/nation-flags-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/247338-131-37776892/passport-visas-stamps-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/114738-131-1EC2D535/assassination-Pres-John-Wilkes-Booth-Abraham-Lincoln-April-14-1865.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/58/156058-131-22083D0A/Adolf-Hitler.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/203585-131-D4FEE60A/Solar-Eclipse-Flare-Astronomy-Outer-Space.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/02/90702-131-2EC3F987/The-Time-Machine-Morlocks-film-version-George-1960.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/28/60728-131-36BD65EF/infantrymen-German-Maxim-World-War-I-machine.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/15/95015-131-5E505098/statues-Moai-Easter-Island.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=220&h=150", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=320&h=220" ]	[]	[]	[ "Laos", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "Arthur J. Dommen", "Milton Edgeworth Osborne" ]	1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00	Laos - Landlocked, Mekong, Plateau: The politics of the newly established republic were guided by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP; called the Lao People’s Party until 1972), the communist party of Laos. Its Politburo was dominated by a small cohesive band of revolutionaries who had founded the party in 1955 and had engaged in persistent revolutionary activity until their takeover in 1975. These leaders had a long and intimate relationship with their Vietnamese communist allies. Prior to founding the party, they had been members of the Indochina Communist Party. Most spoke Vietnamese, and some had family ties with Vietnam. The party’s general secretary, Kaysone	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/The-Lao-Peoples-Democratic-Republic	The politics of the newly established republic were guided by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP; called the Lao People’s Party until 1972), the communist party of Laos. Its Politburo was dominated by a small cohesive band of revolutionaries who had founded the party in 1955 and had engaged in persistent revolutionary activity until their takeover in 1975. These leaders had a long and intimate relationship with their Vietnamese communist allies. Prior to founding the party, they had been members of the Indochina Communist Party. Most spoke Vietnamese, and some had family ties with Vietnam. The party’s general secretary, Kaysone Phomvihan, had a Vietnamese father; second-ranked Nouhak Phoumsavan and third-ranked Prince Souphanouvong had Vietnamese wives. Their worldview had been shaped by their shared revolutionary struggle with Vietnam. Moreover, the Vietnamese had numerous channels—party, military, and economic—through which they directly conveyed their influence. Thus, the new state was intimately linked to Vietnam and closely followed that country’s policy line until the late 1980s. In the early years of the LPDR, the leadership declared its twin economic goals to be “socialist transformation with socialist construction.” Following the Vietnamese communist model, the party leaders attempted to create agricultural collectives in the countryside and to nationalize the limited industry and commerce in the towns. Former members of the Royal Lao Army and of the deposed government—perhaps as many as 30,000—were incarcerated in “reeducation” camps. These and other repressive political measures and the grim economic conditions in Laos compelled some 10 percent of the country’s population to flee across the Mekong River to Thailand after 1975. As LPRP leaders consolidated their revolutionary victory by the end of the 1970s, they implemented limited policies of economic and social liberalization. In 1986 they inaugurated a major reform called the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), which followed the introduction of perestroika (“restructuring”), a similar economic reform program in the Soviet Union. The NEM introduced market incentives and began decentralizing government economic enterprise. With the collapse of communist regimes in eastern Europe and of the Soviet Union itself in the late 1980s and early ’90s and the implementation of economic reforms under the doi moi (“renovation”) initiative in Vietnam, Laos moved more rapidly to open its economy. Private investment and joint ventures were encouraged, and, to the relief of Lao peasants, attempts at collectivizing agriculture were abandoned in favour of family-operated farms. The ruling party retained unchallenged control, curbing any attempts at organized opposition. Nevertheless, there was some enlargement of political freedom and participation. A new constitution was promulgated in 1991. Citizens were permitted to move about their country more freely and even to cross the Mekong to Thailand with fewer impediments. Kaysone was elevated to heroic status following his death in 1992. Nouhak succeeded Kaysone as paramount leader, serving as president until forced by illness to resign in 1998; Gen. Khamtai Siphandon, a veteran revolutionary and (from 1991) prime minister, then moved from the premiership to the presidency. Although Khamtai oversaw further economic liberalization, he resisted political reforms. The LPRP continued to control the National Assembly, allowing few independents to contest elections. At the same time, the exiled Laotian royal family began to assume a higher profile, calling for a referendum to reestablish the monarchy; though the government generally stifled any dissent and threat to its rule, it took a measured response, particularly because of a growing reverence among ordinary Laotians for the Thai king. By the mid-1990s Laos was experiencing significant economic growth, with per capita GNP rising gradually—if from a very low base. The country had replaced aid from the Soviet Union with more substantial assistance from Japan, western Europe, Australia, and other bilateral donors, as well as from international organizations (including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund). In addition, neighbouring Thailand became by far the largest source of foreign investment. In 1994 a bridge opened between Thailand and Laos across the Mekong River at Vientiane, paving the way for greater trade between the two countries and symbolizing a political realignment for Laos away from its colonial and Cold War ally Vietnam; a second bridge across the Mekong between the two countries, farther downstream, officially opened in 2006. To diversify the economy, which depended heavily on the export of electricity (in addition to financial aid), the government began to open up Laos to visitors by developing tourism. Despite adopting such economic reforms, however, Laos continued to wrestle with underdeveloped fiscal and planning organizations, a weak central bank, and fragile financial institutions. In 1997 the country realized its longtime goal of becoming a full member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). However, its economy was subsequently damaged by the Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s. The kip (the Lao currency), closely linked to the Thai baht, plummeted in value by more than 75 percent, and inflation soared. Business investment, primarily from Thailand and Malaysia, declined, and Laos’s exports to its neighbours diminished. Although the Thai and Malaysian economies recovered in the early 21st century, Laos’s economic growth remained slow-paced. Joseph J. Zasloff As the new century advanced, however, the Laotian economy accelerated, benefitting from increased foreign direct investment from a long list of countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, China, France, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, India, and Russia), especially in the natural resource and industry sectors. The largest boost to the economy came from construction of a number of large hydropower dams and expanding mining activities. The impact of these projects was enormous. Without these large hydropower and mining projects, Laos’s GDP growth rate would have averaged nearly two points lower between 2003 and 2006. By 2005 GDP growth in Laos had exceeded 7 percent, a level it would maintain or improve upon for the next decade. Since the beginning of the century, the Laotian government had pursued a modernization of the country’s rural economy through land concessions that brought about the lease of vast areas of cultivable land to foreign investors for the commercial production of crops (notably rubber, sugarcane, cassava, and eucalyptus). Though such concessions officially involved long-term leases of state land to investors, they often covered village lands, owing to poorly defined and enforced regulations governing land rights. Mounting incidents of land disputes between farmers and foreign investors, however, prompted the government to announce moratoriums on new land concessions on more than one occasion during the first two decades of the millennium. The LPRP continued in the early 21st century to rely on leaders who had participated in the revolution prior to 1975, even as the ranks of those senior officials were increasingly depleted by old age and illness. By 2000 most members of the Politburo, largely former military officers, were already over age 70, and, as of the 10th Congress of the LPRP, in January 2016, that largely septuagenarian revolutionary generation continued to hold power, as the ruling party chose Vice Pres. Bounnhang Vorachith, age 78, to replace Choummaly Sayasone, age 79, as general secretary. In April the National Assembly then elected Bounnhang to succeed Choummaly as president and Foreign Minister Thongloun Sisoulith to take over as prime minister from Thongsing Thammavong. Choummaly had served as general secretary and president since 2006, and Thongsing had been prime minister since 2010. Laos’s foreign policy has undergone significant alteration since the collapse of the Soviet Union and of communist regimes in eastern Europe, but important continuities remained. The government retained its official commitment to Marxism and Leninism and expressed fraternity with its two communist neighbours, Vietnam and China, both of which continued to exert substantial political and economic influence on Laos. At the same time, Laos expanded its economic reliance on the industrialized West and on Japan and continued its formal association with the Francophone community of countries. However, the number of Laotians who speak French has been diminishing rapidly as the older generation—whose elite were educated in French—passes from the scene and English becomes the country’s second language. Many in the old guard of the LPRP and National Assembly continued to support closer relations with Vietnam while younger members steered more toward China, and proponents of greater economic and political reform looked toward Thailand and the West. Joseph J. Zasloff
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	3	https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandon	en	Khamtai Siphandon	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/a/a9/Khamtai_Siphandon.png/revision/latest?cb=20190720001209", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Historica Wiki" ]	2024-07-12T14:06:28+00:00	Khamtai Siphandon (8 February 1924-) was Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998 (succeeding Kaysone Phomvihane and preceding Sisavath Keobounphanh), President of Laos from 24 February 1998 to 8 June 2006 (succeeding Nouhak Phoumsavanh and preceding Choummaly Sayasone...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210601140725	Historica Wiki	https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandon	Khamtai Siphandon (8 February 1924-) was Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998 (succeeding Kaysone Phomvihane and preceding Sisavath Keobounphanh), President of Laos from 24 February 1998 to 8 June 2006 (succeeding Nouhak Phoumsavanh and preceding Choummaly Sayasone), and Chairman of the Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 24 November 1992 to 21 March 2006 (succeeding Phomvihane and preceding Sayasone). Biography[]
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Hailey Lynn Stalmaster Acle Griggs Alex Grammas Gerald McNertney Ion Overman Ron Ellis Stan Fansler Lawrence Walsh Rich Gedman Sam Hinds Patrick Sheehan Daniel B arenboim Melvin Stewart Kevin Campbell Diego Maradona Robert Sanders Christian Klees Jude Deveraux Marty Pattin John Hume Todd Louiso Sarah Badel Gabrielle Rosenberg Alex Cole Susan Kelliher Ungaro Jaime Camil John Guillermin Mark Sponenburgh Patrick Ewing Michael Reisz Robert Chapman Skip Minisi Holly Robinson-Peete Brad Penny Beau Brady Floyd Sneed Michael B ailey Smith James Neal Brian Joubert Larry Goodenough Richard Eyre Miles Marsh Pam Dawber Karen Pickus David Denman Luigi deSantis Paul Sand Denise Seegal Chris Zorich Griffin Drew Public Enemy Sarah Down Vladimir Lyakhov Henry Saverson Grady Montgomery Willie Blade Deck Inspectah Darryl Wren Daniel Huston Milt Popovich Carole Shelley Gordon King Dan Uggla Dav id Lodge Carl Eller Elizabeth Watson Pierre Pilote Paul Sereno Tom Troup Jess Weixler Mikhail Muntyan Richard Farmer Michael Munchak Danny Fife Adriana Lima Markus Gandler Kevin Cal l Louis Bajanowsky William McCauley Gillies MacKinnon Jeff Rohrer Joe Ely Barry Asher Sergei Stadler James Hampton Jamie Baker Kedrick Brown George Tarasovic Alex Borstein Louis Lip ps Rick Carelli Peter Fiorentino William Sessions Charles Bradley Rulon Jones Scott Stephens Monique Gabrielle Morris Tabaksblat Trayvon Martin Jozsef Somogyi Lisa Robertson Georges Candills Lee ichard Scofield Beverley Knight Hank Rosenstein Jerome Frank Elliott Reid Jerry Burch Dallas Hickman Thomas McMillen Paul Von Schleyer Arthur May Moisette McNerney Joanne Gair Mar alyn Hershey Jacques Rogge Jason Hart Mike Kenn Blake Brockermeyer Justin Brunette Michelle Carey Otto Stowe Edward Burns Jan Petersen Donald Pinkel Lawrence Dobkin Dale Earnhardt Jr Wendy Crewson Mike Crudale Alexander Smith William Graham Elliott Silverstein Jack Myers Bobby Nichols James Needham Buddy Jewell Tom Those Randall Edmunds Jack Kemp Fred Hafe r Nils Lofgren Joe Pantoliano Claire Danes Pat McGlothin Robert Ward Alan Levine Otomar Krejc Anthony Burns Wesley Snipes William Lee Golden Marco Baliani Mark Bellhorn Tibor Taka cs Motoo Kimura Harvey Salem Guillermo Hernandez George Nigh Jonathan Franzen Dave Bennett Alan Colmes Maria McKee Sophie Monk Michael Blevins Kristen Shaw Jerome Frank Richard Wa itz Chelsea Field Bo Callaway Tim Babcock Richard LaGravenese Carmen Basilio George Munroe Slim Whitman Christopher Orr Cree Summer David Kennedy Nancy Lee Grahn Zefross Moss Diet her Haenicke Kim Mulkey-Robertson Tamara Jernigan Ronald Yary Craig Dykema Andy Ashby Rowland Garrett Karl Maramorosch Jack Wrangler Chuck Barris Ben Diggins Jerry Grundhofer Teat a Semiz Griff Professor Lorie Line Louis Cooper Robert Festinger Raymond Ochoa Sam Cash Wade Rowdon William Neff Randy Martz Wade Belak Don Goosen Ivan Patzaichin Mike Redmond Wes Ramsey Roxanne Robinson Dion Beebe Doug Wyatt Stephen Jones Gino Renni Forbes Riley Ron Tingley Mary Beth Zimmerman Tom Nieto John Turturro Antti Aalto Joe Norman Jimmy Pinchak L ester Lave Henry Bernard Andrew Davis Katherine Cannon Ellen Dolan Evan Adams Mindy Sterling David Sheinfeld Tara Mounsey Danny Pino Clint Didier Glenn Miller Martin Handford Mark Salas Russell Johnson Robert Wasserman Yoon-jin Kim Woodrow Hearn Cas Narizzano Geoff Pierson Bruce Van Dyke J D Smith Stan Smith Mitzi Edge Eric MacKenzie Jeff Montgomery Willie Bloom Dawson Bryan Still Sergey Slonimsky Michelle Nicastro Heidi Thomas Kim Casali Steve Wright John Degnan Cerys Matthews Jose Vidro Catherine Cho Ed Zeman Marc Wilson Paul Curlander Gordon Matthew Sumner Dave Dombrowski Ian Whitcomb Grady Sizemore John Fourcade Henry Jaglom Jake Weber Gregg Hubbard Aga Mulach R F Pittman Jiri Bubla Kate Del Castillo Margaret W igiser Aime Ferdinand Cesaire Doug Benson Norman Farr Doug Robb Vladimir Krainev Frank Drake Jack Halpern Abdullah Ibrahim Ron Musselman Elodie Bouchez David Mehringer Tom Timmerma nn Andrew Good John Contoulis Tac Fitzgerald Constance Towers Richard Allen Bob Usher Glynis Johns Dominique Wilkins Sherman Lewis Betty Stove Jose Contreras Moolah Fabulous Kevin Coffman Dave Fiore TJ Holmes Donna Cruz Rogers McKee Scott Brow P J Jones Anthony Jones Doro Pesch Abdulmegid Coobar Oak Ridge Boys Ted Nugent Jeff Robinson John Foley Mark Tausche r Brooklynn Proulx Jimmy Spencer Fred Stokes Joe Corvo Derrin Nelson Elsa Cardenas Jacqueline Kim Jerry Dale Andre White Dorian Boyland Roland Joffee Courtney Griffin Kevin Harvick Sedric Toney Carel Struycken Robin Hochstrasser William Ellison Nicholas Tsoucalas George Kotlarek Nagisa Oshima Brian France Strobe Talbott James Boone Daric Barton Keith Ablow J 6. ustin Snow Ian Barbour Kate Gosselin Norris Coleman Tony Roche Hamilton Smith Ed Gamble John Mead Mickey Brantley Tom Hoover Coleen Gray Lou Rhodes James Jefferson Dave Trembley Bu sy Philipps Sam Butera Thomas Brookshier Steve Zabel Ferid Murad Gina Thompson Bill McClard Brian Bassett Hunt Block John Yarno Elisabeth Moss Niklaus Lange Rebecca Lobo Mitch Mill er Valerie Curtin Donald Schuenke Klaus Badelt Rich Costello Keri Russell Mikhail Posokhin Eugene McGrath Richard Notebaert Ray Abruzzo Eliot Feld Jimmy Jones Fred Young Peggy Cram er Tim McCanlies Fonda Snyder Ben Howland Ben Younger Robert Cray Aubrey Dollar Gary Cervantes Roger Allam Mike Potts Ken Ramos Debbie Matenopoulos Yit Kin Seow Amy Davidson Gary Ha rkassky Richard Conn Mark Chung Doug Konieczny Suzanne Snyder Jason Colier Cathy Dixon Joe Flanigan John Rothman Dave Davies Ludivine Sagnier Deena Deardurff-Schmidt Anthony Bourdi an Christian Payton Joseph Chetti Anita Foss Rodney Myers Toni Pruitt Bernard Gilkey Sid Smith Pater Mafani Musonge Dominic Cooper John Francona Joe Domnanovich Margaret Atwood Ken Fleetwood Steve Mott Dave Forbes Uljana Semjonova Michael Ryan Pete Schabarum Lorin Maazel Brady Clark Lindsay Crouse Daymond Langkow Colleen Camp Junior Coffey Lee Dye Martina Er tl Richard Lugo Alexz 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Jason Beghe Suzanna Hamilton John Creighton George David James Dunderstadt Maurica Cheeks Dolph Schayes William Canfield Thomas McGuane Ellen Kunes Jeff Kunkel Mike Smith Mike Mularkey Motoko Huang Buzz Schneider Pete Hamm Al Martin Ed Barker Kirk Haston Hubert Blacknall Wen Ming-Na Jan Kodes Mike Mitchell Tabitha Stevens Stacey Travis Doug Palau Yannick Bisson Ted Beuchel Doug Simons Rolf Edberg Rich Robertson Rick Mackey Ch ey Brian Alford Matthew Meselson Craig Dingman Anne Sofie Von Otter Trish Stratus Sidney Ponson Bertrand Blier Tom Everett Scott Casimir Witucki Ken Mixon Chris Ballingall Emil Smit h Donald Holmquest Roy Radner Len Garrett Thomas Beeby Vaughn Eshelman Rachel Griffiths Vern Handrahan Charles Sitter Richard Frey Thom Dornbrook Don Felder Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf Alexa Vega Dick Cole Billy Bush Donald King Ronnie Washington Wendell Ford Jarome Iginla Russ Schoene Rick Roberts Tila Nguyen Brad Hubbert Dennis Moeller John Wessling Jon Newton C olin Friels Gerard 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Danny McDevitt Tom Friedman Paul Picerni Rod Milstead Marg Helgenberger Kenn eth Davies Robert Armstrong George Carpenter Pamela Smart Alan Lapidus Harold Demsetz Fred Hucul Ahcee Flores Charlie Vaughan Natalia Oureiro John Polson Moe Morhardt Daniel Brabham Jackee Harry Dana Rosenblatt Charlotte Sullivan John Ratcliffe Tony Hunter Donald Bryan Nicholas Leyva Miranda Otto Allen Andreas Steve Horne Wayne King Joseph Dougherty Cal Conniff Norma son Mark Harmon Nicolaas Habraken Sean LaChappelle Antonio Davis Melvina Kaye Alison Pill Jenna Gering Raul Anguiano John Sherffius Younoussi Toure James Kinsey Don Beaupre Katy Stedin g Mel Kenyon Clinton Wheeler Harry Crews David Biegler Diane Wichard Silberstein Vijay Amritraj Leonard Hamilton Alois Blackwell Jason Gedrick Klaus Lowitsch Anneka Rice Tom Miller Geo rgina Greenville Joe Carollo Les Colwill Oliver Hirschbiegel Russell Watson Clyde Leforce Betsy Russell Greg Biffle Sanaa Lathan Chuan-Kwang Yang Albert Nipon Ben Coates Laura 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Putin Jill Ritchie Robert Luketic Lotfi Mansouri Carolyn Sey mour Luis Lopez Brian Sanches Tucker Ashford Wayne Clark Alvin Haymond Andrew Card Harry Shearer Paul Mejia Charles Grodin Jane Henney Teri Cundall Lyudmila Zykina Pep Bonet Nada Desp adovich Frankie Delgado Earl Hardman Johnie Cooks Lee Rose Herman Haus Maria Zuber Bobby Coachman Gloria Loring Hana Manlikova Dick Hoak Cathy Cooper Zhen-Yi Wang Matt Brown Leslie ramson Dennis Higgins Darren Oliver Earl Graves Rob Liefeld Stephen Carter David Baerwald Kyle Mackey Stefan Knapp Eugene Davis Rudy Arias Dmitri Young John Opie Francis Currey Caroli ne Chikezie Alan Heeger Dennis Cole James Thomson Tim Inglis Alexander Alexandrov Milan Kucan Norman Esiason Gale Gilliangham Tom Lehrer Raymond Sadecki Mike Garrett Walter Kempner N rman Reid Hilary Lunke John Moll Joseph Delate Edward Allen Bernero John Keeble Rick Bayless Kristina Wagner Billy McGill Ron Livingston Pam Tillis Silvia Bayle Josh Hartnett Suzy Del aire Rees Jones Elvis 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Fain Per Lindstrand Lynn Chen Tom Cassese Robert Cohen Buddy Miller Anouk Aimee Russ Nixon Ernest Davidson Ray Dennis Steckler Sarah Walker Jermaine Jones Mmadou Diallo Frederick Gehring Veronica Tennant Vitold Fokin Jonathan Me loan Blair Barnes Pat Quinn Paul Harrison Petr Svoboda Max Watson Grover Jones Bob Marquis Oliver Richard Steve Nicol Nelson Burton Sammy Hagar Jesse Thomas Phil Roof Richard Kind er Lanford Wilson Brandon Berger Alex Lauterstein Nick Mantis Red Berenson Donald Farner Raymond Lumpp Francis Donovan Brenda Hocott Debra LaFave Dave Frost Noel Hinners Maynard Glitm Wolfgang Panofsky Tom Jones Alvaro Arzu Irigoyen Robert Pena Scott Turow Stephen Alexander George Flynn Ilan Rogoff Ed Bauta Philip Mathieu Kent Jones Bill Leen Otto Harbach Lee John son Roberto Cano Kenny Kuhn Claire Randall Art Hauser Cynthia Weil Marvin Chomsky Ponce Ponce Brooke Astor Michael Landon Reuben Mark Bob Hewitt Jon Morris Mindy Cohn Paula Dean John Nelson Nida Senff Rudy Galindo Gerald 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Butler Charisma Carpenter Fred Williamson Pascal Rakotomavo Bra d Davis Robert Feller Peter North Miller Martha Keller Charlie Davis Susan Forward Seth Gilliam Bill Collins Ilona Tokody Joel Patten Gary Stern Curtis Thigpen Carl Reiner Gerd Albrec ht Jamie Bamber Scotty Leavenworth John Barfield Dan Hicks Harvey Jason Keith Fahnhorst Kim Clements Jason Wiles Lawrence Walton Phillip Daniels Archie Lee Buffkins John Emmons Mary C arey Wally Walker Deborah Wahl Michael Huffington Evan Handler Laddie Renfroe Hans Hollein Wolfgang Overath El Afia Quid Mohamed Khouna Scott Brunner Ole Christian Furuseth Taylor Abrah azaro Gonzalez Condoleezza Rice Patrick Kung Alexander Ferguson T J Bohn Lee Purcell Edwin Saltpeter Romola Garai Jack Matlock Raymont Harris Jack Sheldon Eugene Washington Richard C rowson Koopsta Knicca Amy Hall George Tomsco Henry Blanco Emile Allais Joseph Serpa Henry Leon Ritzenhaler Manny Alexander Randy Cunneyworth Joe Burke Sergio Marchionne William Harri s David Bumbeck Scott Coolbaugh Shane Gould Damon Mays Webbie Burnett Larry Ellis Daniel Wickham Erik Johnson Don Reid Anthony Montgomery TR Knight Michael Schumacher Rafael Landes 10. y Louis Horvitz Frank Zimmermann Jerard Hurwitz William Turner Holly Montag Millie Hughes-Fulford Brett Gideon Bob Beattle Warren Hearnes Phil Villapiano Heather Daly-Donofrio Curtis Armstrong Marissa Jaret Winokur Viachesiav Fetisov Gilbert Merritt Rikkert Faneyte Erin Daniels Emil Boures Autry Denson Greff Kaye Hall Ernie Terrell Annasophia Robb Joaquin Anduja r Natrone Means Doug Chapin Fred Hammond Jaroslav Spacek Ritu Shivpuri Tommie Smiley Flo Rida Tinker Owens Boomer Esiason John Kerry Bart Miadich Marv Lane Kevin Lockett Emilio Valle z Melvin Jackson Glenn Cox Ravi Tandon Allyson Bradbury Bob Stoops Nick Lachey Brian Quinnett Rod Carew Thomas Johnson William Ellison Michael Pratt Michael Eisenstein Horacio Ramire z Elise Neal David Mamet Jacques Rivette Earl Monroe Harry Olinski Ulf Dahlen Kazuhiro Ishii Scott Geoffripn Johnny Otis Mortimer Caplin Arthur Maxwell Gozo Poderoso Louis Oliver Wil liam Powell Beverly Mitchell Kevin Cameron Olivia Pascal Joe Spano Freida Pinto Tina Brady Emily Corrie Mike McCullough Christy Taylor Daniel Macpherson Chris Walsh David Parks Jose Pena Ken Levine John Knapp Darryl Brown Jessica Ferarone Ken Leung Ahmo Hight Pamela Smart Garland Kiser Priscilla Meirelles George Deukmejian Lanny McDonald Scott Auer Neale Fraser Carl Safina Chelsea Handler Charles Wright Tom Tupa Mary Jo Catlett Theodore Sorenson Wes Littleton Peter Muller Mark Iwanowski Mike De La Hoz Malcolm Holzman David Paterson Geir Karlstad e Skip Lane Lauren Koslow Brooke Dillman Mary Murphy Stephen Spinella Richard Schmidt Adrian Beltre Burn Gorman Sean Masterson Don Hultz Scott Potter Greg Pitts Fernando Ramsey Tony Scheffler Joyce Van Patten Alston Correll Bill Condon Terry Ellis Mary Higgins Clark Gordon Hessler Anton Mosimann Mint Condition Gary Brookins Arion Salazar Serena Scott Thomas Clet idus Hunt Ted McKnight Lorenz Schindelholz Anthony Pasquesi George Sakato Ahna Capri Jim Gott Nick Stabile Hansel Izquierdo Bob Ferguson Robert Letner Jim McAndrew Ron Foster Ed Culp epper Rhea Seddon Teatao Teannaki Martha Coolidge Marcel Goc Bernard Fisher Katy Moffatt John Wasdin Mary Anthony Patrick Leslie Phillips Lonnie Palelei Wade Brorby Dorian Brew Ray S adler Doug Wilkerson Willa Roberts Kiran Chetry Mike Walters Darrell Thompson Terry Clancy Christopher Atkins Michelle Wooding Hank Mason Alicia Silverstone Tate George Steve Kreider Karen Whitfield Gerald Hannahs Richard Modzelewski Robert Hutcherson Philippe Nozieres Meredith Vieira Alfred Beard Eve Bunting Marlon Brando Don McCullin Stephen Jo Bladd Rudolf Mo ssbauer Henry Foldberg Jay Van Noy Brad Sherwood George Kaftan Morgan Wootten Gary Lewis Michael Leavitt Allen Andreas Chris Gedney Paul Bako Joey Kramer Yvonne Wilder Emmitt Smith C arre Otis Matt Hoffman Charles Ream Bruno Barreto Alois Langer John Andrews Don Nicholas Vann McElroy Don Schaefer Eugene Hildreth Vicki Johnson Danielle Kind Drew Anderson Michaela Belm Mikal Abdul-Saboor Nick Fotiu Angela Lansbury Ngila Dickson Patrice Munsel Bill Mooneyhan Qyntel Woods Jason Wood Hadrien Lum Mike Eischeid Vince Smith Gottlob Frick Annette Kil guss-Crall Al Copeland Michael Angarano Matt Keough Ben Raimondi Roger Michell Trent Durrington Larry Brezner Paul Dawkins Lorenzo White Deborah Odell Irwin Winkler Bari Hochwald Mar io Pasik Rick Fichter Nannerl Keohane Lee Shaffer Jeff Bettendorf Shmuel Ashkenasi Andrew Hiatt Lauren German Jimmy Rodgers Jethro Burns Megan Caponetto Ian Lockhart Samuel Alito Sam Chew ian Jim Chones Jim Zapp Vinicio Castillo Walter Dellinger Todd Belitz Sammy Sosa Jay Brown Rick Santorum Leslie Jordan Rachel Zoe James Rimmel Charlie Reliford Robbie Leslie Dietmar Seyferth Ron Kittle Nikki McKibbin Catherine Reynold Ted Banks David Seaman Ellen Wheeler Pat Sheridan Roxanne Barcelo Michael Roberts Rhonda Vincent Christine Citti Carol Ann Duffy Wendy Wasserstein Harold Tyler Lisa Vaamonde Sean Callery Lara St John Teddy Geiger Jack Matlock Ida Queen Melissa Schuman Broderick Thomas Dick Logan Wes Bender Len Boehmer Tavares Williams Edward Marsan Paul Martin Gary Freeman Stanley Ikenberry Edward Cullinan Jeff Schwarz Manfred Schroeder Tommy Thompson Derrick Gibson Kiki Vandeweghe Janice Blue Bill Kirchi ro Ron Laird Kay Lenz Carmine Giovinazzo Wade Richey Margaret Cho Alex Thomas Michael Kanne Dick Stanfel Cyrus Chestnut Fern Formesa Larry Kenon Karl Lindenlaub Harry Wilson Quentin Gibson Craig MacTavish Jim Presley Darko Millcic Harold Scherega Volus Jones Joe Don Rooney Josef Sedelmaier Jeff Newman Peter Greenaway Jessica Gower Sean Connery Bryan Kelly George Sinner Tina Landon Crazy Mohan Bayard Forrest Cheryl Burke Pat Thomas Donald Newhouse Nikki Giovanni Dwayne Crump Yvan Attal Gabrielle Giffords Scott Mullen Brad Lidge Craig Hertwig Durwood Kirby Barbara Morgan Harold Bishop Eric Foner Dave Ludaker Lo Linkert Michael Hurst Peter Stoyanovich Jack Sheldon Tina New Pete Seeger Anthony Blair Hal Griggs Guyford Stev er Christopher Farrell Emmette Bryant Kenneth Adelman Hilary Sloane Stanley Morgan Kelvin Korver Jim Rathmann Lainie Kazan Jacques Lemaire Mary Weddle-Hines Jim Ferree Prakash Bhanu George Shirley Paul Stankowski Tony Eusebio Judith Regan Josh Berresford Joseph Kleine Michael Boujenah Nat Hentoff Martina Hingis Julia Lea Wolov Brandie Burton Robin Wolaner Janet Miller Sanya Richards Gaylord Perry Meg White Freeman Gilbert Milton Campbell Odio Rodrigo Carazo Robert Willumstad Delton Hall Ernest Courant Ralph James Natalia Canellas Jamar Fletcher Mi icia Wilde Denise Seegal Gerd Binnig Shirley Murdock Marleen Gorris Olaf Thon Clement Arrindell Jean-Louis Trintignant Marcel Dionne Don Johnson Donta Jones Rutanya Alda William Drap er Ted McGinley Soul Asylum Jon Stewart Dick Locher Hayward Clay Al Cueto Petr Korda Alan Boyd Royle Stillman Joy Rogers Mark Messier John Kiely Guy Delparte George Lazenby Billy Mil ls Jim Sniadecki Michael Sylvester Bret Loehr Les Brown Gary Leonard Ryoichi Sakamoto George Hughes Larry Lieber Dorothy Sarazen-Smith Theresa Kemper Sakata George McGovern Steve Har ris Ekaterina Maximova Chun-hsiung Chang Ricky Schroder Palmer Pyle Guillermo Mateo Charles Schwabb Ryan Pinkston Alexander Vraciu Mike Pruitt Bela Lugosi Kevin Kilner Colton Ford Br yon Nelson Dylan Kidd Nikki Griffin John Humes Brent Geiberger Al Barnes George Zuverink Denyce Graves Benny Distefano Bob Newhouse James Montgomery Sam Carrigan Deborah Norville Art hur Kelman Donald Lawrence Stan Williams Irving Thomas Gary Smith John Clay Phil Keoghan Danny Noriega Brian Glasgow Louis Mandylor Hanan Ashrawl Ricco Gross Vasquero Ferguson Don Ha senmayer Hashemi Rafsanjani Jim York Freddie Solomon Roberta Rall Jason Anthony Ellen Ochoa John McCallum Jan Schlichtmann Peter Filardi William Dauben Jeremy Sumpter James Logan Tho mas Noguchi Mike Scioscia Bert Williams Steadman Upham Delia Gallagher Floyd Robinson Ranulph T-W Flennes Garrey Carruthers Jillian McWhirter Lise Cutter Tyler Christopher Stan Hirsc 11. h Jim Delaney Scott Rosenberg Anouk Almee Alexander Sokurov Bernie Smith Jessica McClintock Jim Opasik Hywel Bennett Gary Dickinson Terry Cashman Timothy Renton Bernard Bailyn Ruff R yders Dennis Onkotz Jorn Utzon Joe Diffie Jim Spanarkel Karen Hughes Ralph Lauren Vincent Berry Eli Marienthal Woodrow Hearn Erol Fikrig Philip Crews Charles Buchanan Denis Compton T ony Womack P J Forbes Richard Schultz Amanda Abbington Richard Fleeshman Mark Seay Lee Tamahori Bob Bolyard Shia LaBeouf Carlos Alazraqui Keith Murray Cousin Brucie Anton Tabone Gemi a Loeb Walter Olkewicz Gretchen Garcia Lisa Brintz Lee Friedlander Michael Deville Peggy Fenton Joseph Cali Earl Kelley Gail Goodrich James Gibbons Frank Ensley Edith Chen John Brue n Hallie Todd John Polanyi Antonio Daniels Emmette Bryant Nancy Cartwright Leslie Ackeman Eugene Goldwasser Noemi Bonazzi Mhairi McKay Patrick Bruel Ginger Lynn Gina McKee Pritti Ma lhotra Robert Young Florian Schwarthoff Ben Wilson Mike Fratello Bobby Locke Jan Krenz Iva Majoli William Schopf Jenna Fischer Matt Kuchar Robert Holt Brian Young Gene Simmons Natal ija Nogulich Johnnie Seale John Brobeck Tony Britton Norm Foster Bob Kratch Jeff Dellenbach Lothar-Gunther Buchheim Sam Mack Syl Apps Suzanne Farrell Paavo Jarvi Nick Symmonds Alan Seelenfreund Max Beesley Catherine Bach Clay Aiken Paul Hellyer Khalid Reeves John Saunders Charles Michener David Sanger Bill Neville Hill Harper John Blake Jacob Vargas David Boul ud Manfred Guthe Dick Gregory Ink Aleaga William Walton Rihanna Michael Blumenthal Amy Sedaris Cousin Brucie Wayne Baker Bill Duke Frances Bay Richard Duden Kevin Cronin Gillian Lyn ne Daryl Sanders Pamela Roylance Ralph Ortega Dave Lewis David Newhan Louis Creekmur Juan Carlos Arielle Dombasle Pete Adams Fred Brocklander Peter Blake Joseph Alpert Winona Ryder Tracie Miller Ludmila Filatova Matthew Winans Pete Cetara Ramon Estevez Anita Ward Mary Ellen Kimball-Purdham Josh Malina Michael Ovitz Kylie Jenner Susan Cohen Marc Montminy Richar d Rhoden Tommy Chong James Olson Robert Gagliano Roy Thinnes Thomas Ferguson Dave Ahrens Norm Gigon Sam Etcheverry Carlos Mesa Caryl Churchill Leticia Calderon Tawny Cypress Anthon Hutton Larry Arndt Anne Akiko Meyers James Coley Mike Buck Bryan Ferry Bob Summerhays Kenny Burrell Joseph Palastra Claybourne Pell Fred Lofton Roscoe Hansen Fred Hageman Jalal Lea ch Marvin Hudson Edward William Sophia Myles Isabel Lucas Dave Suminski Kyle MacLachian Jessica Dunphy James Duffy Bob Vogel Julie Paquette Bob Penchion Carl Simpson Dolph Briscoe Tasmin Aiello Judith Ledford Kaye Abad Joe Bugel Josias Manzanillo Jason Kravits Sharron Davies Kailee Wong Jhumpa Lahiri Dave Magee Irwin Jacobs Brinke Stevens Anita Bjork Trina Lipton Hans Liepmann Alex Hyde-White Michael Reisz Maggie Jakobson William Leonhart Chris Noel Anthony Robbins John Reed Eric Sykes Jon Faddis Chris Miller Kelly Cap Antoun Khouri Mark Vanderloo Otakar Vavra Rich Jones Deborah Armstrong Benny Mardones Tom Jarriel Bobby Cannavale Ashley Parker Angel Linda Park Audouin Dollfus Sherri Turner Gabby Glaser Christian Taylor Jeff S haver Jason Segel Tiina Laakonen Seth MacFarlane Charles Yanofsky Kurt McKinnney Mike Quick Delta Burke Lawrence Funderburke Mark Frauenfelder Gareth Gates Angel Hernandez Ashil Price -Bunch Sidney Thornton John Booty Shirley Moss Robert Hutcherson Ron Mason Mike Dalton Dariene Vogel Martin Torrijos Tim Moffett Buddy Booker Greg Horton Marion Hargrove Abdullah Al H ussein Bill Daley Bob Malloy Virginia Madsen Michael Waltrip Mel Jackson Pasquale Passarelli Mellisa Hunter Grant Tinker Britney Spears Jordan Fry Soichi Noguchi Alan Grinnell Bob Att well Amy Colvin Levin Crash Test Dummies Steve Foucault Becky Wahlstrom David Howard Chris Anderson Peter Thomson Catriona Matthew Steven Mackintosh Curtis Cokes James Sprouse Bob Mi chak Mikhail Saakashvili Hank Bassen Frederick Dainton Mohamed Ghannouchi Richard Macke Neil Allen Jack Baldwin Ken Andrews Jeff Bregel Andrea Marcovicci Betty White Trevor Rabin Fred de Cordova James Remar Wise Young Jarvis Hayes Naya Rivera Kelli Kuehne Marq Cerqua Danny Edwards Jeff Halliburton David Shula Kelly Heath Rupert Murdoch Eidon Pletcher Edmond Fische r Ron Cavenall Willie Roaf Gisue Hairi Jacob Smith Patrick Caruana Don Kainer Jose Macias Nick Nolte John Powell Wayne Rooney Michael Caton Jones Durwood Pennington Mila Dosien Raffae lla Carra Jon Ogden Lucy Jarvis Zach Thomas Twinkle khanna Detlef Schrempf Joe Conwell Yi Chen Joey McLaughlin Gil Chapman Dave Butz Richard Beymer Sheldon Cohen Cristie Kerr Bill Sorrell G nett Roger Creamer Michael Zettler Lakei Heimuli Alessandra Marc Chris Reitsma Vittorio Storraro Debbie Meyer Reyes Mike Connors Aaron Craver Masashi Ozaki George Whitesides Timoth y Finchem Jack Squierek Ann Beattle Seymour Cassel Robert Timme Jack Youngblood Bob Mitinger Jonathan Davis Jack McBrayer Adrian Kantrowitz Carlos Lee Jason Lewis Joe Sarra Leonor Watling Bode Miller John-Ford Griffin Joan Benoit-Samuelson Chris Richard Leonard Russell Corey Croom Gregory Buckingham Mary Ann Mobley Walter Shipley Dave Feamster Yoshinobu Oyak awa Manny Diaz Sunita Williams William Nieder Samuel Ramey Albert Lewis Elly Ameling Harvey Armstrong Christopher Guest Barry Tuckwell Scout Taylor Compton Zuleikha Robinson Ritchi e Blackmore Bill Fulcher James Black George Gay Taraji Henson Thomas Cahill Matthew Davidson Donell Jones Gillian Vigman Hessley Hempstead Daryle Ward Steffi Graf Sandrine Holt Kri sten Wiig Hanford Dixon Andy Spruce Jeff Burton Tom Thacker William Kerr Robert Cary Williams Haven Gaston Rene Hari Bill Dobslow Harry Van Gorkum Thomas Haden Church Randy Lerch D avid Halbert Fujio Cho Tammin Sursok John Backus Edward Snider Mike Hartenstine Brian Moehler Ray Giannelli Rick Baker Mark Cotney Morgan Wooten David McNerney Abdulaziz Al-Saud Su 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Vinegrad Claire Randall Lorrie Moore Natalia Oureiro Rodriguez Rafael Caldera Carlos King Dan Dorion Dean Cameron Radha Mitchell Mary Gardner Neill Fredrick Newhouse Mark Holmberg Va lery Polyakov Fairuza Balk Riddick Bowe Norman Cook Amanda Foreman J D Nicholas Gus Parham Dale Henry Nancy Glazier Mirella Freni Melinda Hutchison Kel Mitchell Steven Peterson John W esley Harding John Bristor Lynn Stalmaster Javier Ortiz Chris Thomas Robert Huskey Greg Grunberg Bo Erias Fernando Lujan Dick Triptow Bobbie Nevil Robin Leach John Putch David Souter Arthur Krieg Mary Costa Viki Movessian John Bud Cardos Marianne Werner Jan Peter Toennies Brad Henke Steven Riddick Rush Brown Jeff Bzdelik Frei Otto Bustelo Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Car los Carson Montford Stickles Richard Leakey Ron Swoboda Jeffrey Combs Kathy Ireland William Hix Baird Ken Barbara Hoffman Phil Crowe Nina Petri Bettye Danoff Chuck Dominy Carlos Diaz Frank Gilroy Scott Wolf Alain Juppe Bob Scarpitto Alex Garbowski Vanessa Angel Mike Devereaux Cathy Johnston-Forbes Grady Allen Joseph Hyams Liam AIken Sterling Sharpe Gretchen Garcia Sergei Federov Michael Berry Nancy Richey Rebecca Lynn Howard Bob Hager Patricia Andrews Abner Notkins Michelle Estill Geoffrey Lewis Donald Bren Dan Rohn Ross Thomas Jessica Andrews Patrick Mayhew Bjorn Borg Lee Stange Joel Przybilla Ramona Yoh George Shirley Robert Bell Rosemarie DeWitt Charles Precourt Ralph Lumenti Les Moss Derrell Griffiths Vladimir Chernov Randy Velarde Terrence Mann Stacy Kamano Jim Cadile Betty Garrett Ralph Stockemer Christopher Hensilwood Ricky Phillips Steve Engel Ilya Salkind Dustin Diamond Antonio Carter Dave Sho ji Arnold Rosenfeld Cornelia Grumman Steve Coleman Lillian Farley Wayne Bianchin Jason Pearson Tom Lawless Kasey Chambers Norm Masters Sisto Averno Henry Polic Michael Clayton Gavin Brya azzie Russell Diether Ocampo Fred Gladding David DelTredici Rory Sparrow Tone Loc David Shipler Terry Forster Tawney Kitaen Rex Walheim Bo Roberson Deborah Osis Kurt McKinnney Kris ti Yamaguchi Jude Drouin Dave Dryden Dave Jamerson Scott Norwood Gerard Winkler Lana Ogilvie Frank Ridgeway Jeffrey Bezos Tyrone Corbin Cosmo Iacavazzi Carieton Gajdusek Gretchen W ilson William Ruckelshaus Kim Coles Johnny Majors Trey Lunsford Dave Criscione Joakim Noah Lincoin Kennedy Isolde Kostner Clarence Thomas Bob Montgomery Marc Sagmoen Jared Schumake r Corey Miller Paul Wunderlich Dale Murray Bryan Clark Mark Coleman Renaldo Wynn Arlet Teran Sven Wiik Christy Martin Stephan Kuttner Valerie Red-Horse Robin McKinley Frank Auerbac h Uwe-Jens Mey David Koepp Angela Merkel Ray Lewis Nicholas Brendon Mack Mattingly Jonathan Sacks Pete Mills Joey Eischen Burnie Legette Freddie Jones Louis Clark Earl Clark Bob Li llis Rep McCloskey Michael Tilson Thomas John Cole Rod Miller Eileen McNamara Matt Vanderbeek Luis Enrique Manicha Koirala Don Collins Lance Armstrong Edward Hall Trevor Fetter Ste phane Charbonneau Avery Corman Jerry Markbreit Luis Aguayo Dan Miller Violet Schmidt-Weitzman Sherman Tribbitt Butch Johnson Jenny Capitain Joseph Campanella Noel Gallagher James U kropina Wayna Morris Elmer Staats Berry Brazelton Meinhard Nehmer Miko Hughes Michelle Hunziker Jim Willoughby Roxana Martinez Lawrence Kasdan Shirley Spork Tom Romano Ellen Kenner Howard Judd Brian Schmack Melwood Guy Jan Dukes Stephen Cannell Jody Conradt Mark Coleman James Bacon Kevin Reese Matthew Biondi Jerry Goff Marco Buchel Lucia Valenti Terrani Crai g Fernandez Fred Neal Jeff Anthony Brian Kamm Hansjorg Tauscher Ann Hamilton Heggtveit William Francis Tim Roberts Ed Stacco Manuel Santana Peter Biggs Tim Christman Nathaniel Rose n Eunice Cole Sean Avery Anna Chlumsky Jeff Hostetler Valery Kuleshov Lizabeth Scott Blaine Boyer Sammy Walker Barron Wortham Corey Barlow Horton Foote Henry Rollins Frank Press Ellen Bry C McGee David Tabor Ron Livingston Thomas DuBose Wolfgang Schmidt Marc Hickox Paul Guilfoyle William Gabler Jean Havlish Monique Parent Robert Lawton Steven Reddicliffe Chris Martin Ca rol Guzy Macy Gray Cierra Ramirez Donna Pescow Heather Kansch Angie Dagres Ryan Klesko Hans Becherer Boris Spassky Gene Branton John Ingram Terry Bradshaw Stacey Koch Ann Jillian Har old Woolfolk Rudolph Arroyo Dick Simmons Warrington Colescott Kimberly Kates Larry Bergh Terry Stopel Gordon Humphrey Tonya Lee Williams Augusto Roa Bastos Rick DeMont Florence Balla rd Patricia McBride Brian Glover George Seifert Scott Aldred Danny Walton Jon Provost Neil Woodward Lee Nystrom Andre Faust Mike Bragg Jim Davis Andrea Menke Jeremiah Sheehan Millard Fuller Tommy Aaron Willis Crockett Ralph Kercheval James Cramer Christopher Plummer Susan Mitchell Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle Len Esau Ronee Blakeley Art Alexakis Nick Price Flonnula F lanagan Brian McRae Matt Holliday Jeff Goldblum Jack Sikma Jhonny Peralta Jeffrey Uhlenhake Edward Bock Mirca Viola Ndudi Ebi Doug Widell Alfred Cho Lou Henson Nickel Creek Amanda Re dman Jarrad Paul William Jay Smith Jackson Grayson Martha Faulconer Shaun Williams Joe Edwards Matthew Borlenghi Ted Albrecht Thane Gash Karen Pandiani Bif Naked Lowell Almen Barry P arkhill Ralph Nelson Warren Littlefield Bryant Shaw James Bernard Zou Jiahua Theda Marshall Terri Polo Greg Bargar Robert Delano Rick Wohlhuter Henry Metzger Kent Kramer Cory Fleming Pietro DeCamilli Michael Howells Don Kirkwood Aunjanue Ellis Davis Gaines Tom Poti Woody Harrelson Soren Fulton Dylan Sprouse Al Williams Charles Manson Tike Redman Guy Fieri Albert Engel Vladimir Kulich Bill Wakefield Art Hunter John Cho Philip Hubbard Dan Greenburg Tab Ramos Jill Soloway George Bruns Matt Snell Luis Estevez Frederique Joly Dan Wasserman Mike Squires Len Haley Cooper Carlisle Robert Shoemaker Rick Bragnalo Jeff Millar George Malcolm Steve Elkington Tom Mason Elaine May Amber Smith Barry Silverman Stoll Vaughan Mike Dyal George Arison Billy Andrade Doug Jeffries Grant Dunlap Maribel Guardia Michael Baisden Edmund Hillary Jacques Parizeau Robert Mayer Alfonso Cortez Jason Standridge Carol Neblett Mike Phipps Janet Jackson Art Shamsky Morwenna Banks Molly Price Norman Stahl Floyd Bloom Kristin Bauer Trista Rehn Kate Peters Alicia Rickter Victor Lewis Alfonza Jackson Arigie Everhart Mike B oorem Wanda Sykes Darleen Carr Dwayne Adway Bailey Chase Arthur Scott Paul Swingle Matt Stark Don Wilder Peter Lax Gary Bromley Alfred le Sesne Jenkins Jean Carne Kenneth Lofton David Eger Slater Martin Eduardo Santamaria Patrizio Buanne Jodi Applegate Tommy Roe Mike Friede Munir Habib Reginald McKenzie Andrew Lesnie Edward Harper Lianne Weis Gus Loria Vicki Barth Shah Naseeruddin Malcolm Lydon Jools Holland John McPherson Randy Keisler Benjamin Bradlee Teri Garr Steve Balboni Charlie Hayes Daeg Faerch Charles Tomlinson Kevin Godley James Mart in Chris Demetral Jeff Toews Kathryn Vonderau Susan Talbot Marshall Lind Donald Michael Thomas Heike Drechsler Sheila Florance Raj Kumar Kohli Steve Eastin Gene Sperling David Stoneci 13. pher Richard Benjamin Wayne Martin Larry Whisenton Jeff Cornell Leela James Jim Lindeman Mike Einziger Charles Aleno Gray Kamal Larry Cole Alexander Karpovtsev Angela Spilker Ed Figue roa Ray Romano Alfred Broaddus Jill Hennessy John Boorman Bobby Estalella David Patrick Kelly K D Dunn Camille Piccoli Ryan Kraft David Birney Tony Jeter John Hicks John Levenstein St eve Vacendak George Vassillou Kerry Huffman Roland Bailey Debra Macki Marina Oswald Porter Mike Munoz Derek Ware Murray Craven Solange Knowles James Wyngaarden Cornell Gowdy Jennife Ellison Lestie Martinson Cirilio Cruz Harold Wells Al Shearer Rob Frederickson Luther Bradley Robert Chen Anthony Lester Britton Chance Pierre Lelong Tina Arena Jerry Fontenot Raul Go nzalez Walter Cunningham George Andrie Lucy Lee Flippin Jack Vetter Flipper Anderson Scott McClellan Adolfo Bioy Casares Peter Facinelli Gary Holt Kevin Stacom Terry Brennan Rick Duwelius Fred Mike Harkey Rob Morrow William Little Jessica Cauffiel Ron Bonham Bob Kaiser Reynol Mendoza Lou Rhodes Saul Kripke Kevin Newman Steve Perry Woody Green Joe Don Baker Anthony Allen C harles Hoag Seth Justman Conchata Ferrell Joe Ferguson Terry Owens Barbara Whinnery Ken Keysey Aoloo Sunshine Alexander Heard Frank Zimmermann John Hardy John Simmons Dan Ortmeier A bby Wambach Ron Cash Peter MacNicol Kare Willoch Dioner Navarro Kevin Orie Jeff Mutis Axel Schultz Linda Bolleau Lee Nelson Robert Zeman Bill Wilkinson Ilse Hess William Shaw Lechar ls McDaniel Ken Landreaux Brandon Hooper Rodney McCray Albie Pearson Danny Nussbaum Brad Smith Michael Reilly Burke Antonio Langham David Ferry Bruce Larsen Kaitlin Olsen Dolores Br umfield-White Willie Prall Othell Wilson Isiah Robertson John Michael Montgomery Robert Clayton Arvo Part Rick Hurst Rashad Bauman Josh Duhon Marlin Brisco Khalid Abdullah Tim Babco ck Fred Lasher Dieter Hildebrandt Mike Baldassin Joe Strong Jan Erixon Mike Heathcott Joel Shukovsky Ashley Lyn Cafagna Jason Thompson David kirschner Dick Evans Justin Duchscherer Emily Mortimer Gordy Soltau Joseph Takahashi Penny Hardaway Toby Keith David Mumford Kitana Baker Mike Shannon Joey Dawley Spice Girls Jock Slater Chuck Weber Jairo Penaranda Merriw ether Williams Jay Delsing Marais Viljoen Ellen Shulman Baker Tim Hawkinson Zinedine Zidane Sheb Woolley Jason London Elizabeth Hoffman Kathy Corley Mike Humiston Gabriele Muccino J ill Cunniff Dale Laurance David Rocker Frank Kostro Adam Treu Alice Haylett Gwyneth Jones Renaldo Nehemiah Maya Rudolph Peter Hutt Stephen Ang Danny Zuker Frank Funk John Standing R ichard Lugo Lucio Noto Brad Holland Alex Webster William Cannon Brady Raggio Alrederick Joyner Michael Swan Donovan Greer Bud Zipfel Steve Henderson Vic Chao Ray Knight Nicholas Neg roponte Alice Hohlmayer Raul Yzaguirre Ross Johnstone Brian Hutson Nicole Bobek Pete Koegel Richard Loepfe Abdul Aziz Bouteflika Billy Knight Lily Cole Larisa Oleynik Delvin Williams Christopher Robert Watson Slick Slick Slick Simple Minds Gretchen Peters Dennis Harrington Jorge Rivero Elizabeth Taylor Mary Mohacsi Thomas Fisher Rafael Puyana Barry Coe Eric Ripert Rodrigo L opez John Stephens Wendell Hayes Grisha Bruskin Montel Williams John Quinones Kyrill Lavrov Chris Eng Robert Burt Debbe Dunning Samantha Ronson Dave Pagan David Curtin Miko Hughes Je rry Logan Victor Bartolome Mark Carlson Dana Sparks Seth Etharton Jack Gold Phil Blackmar Albert Lord Elbert Butler Wes Brown Dustin Hermanson Jeff Gordon Robert Howard Keith Emerson Misty Mundae Vincent Riverside Dave Cullity Mike Iuzzolino Mike Koplove Alexander Daigle Tom Joyner Allison Janney Lou Michaels Alexandre Ely MaliVai Washington Kenny Mayne Edward R oberts Jack Kramer Joanne Kathleen Rowling Craig Bierko Esther Rantzen Frank Stams Paul Staroba Diane Ladd Ken Holloway Leo Barker Shia LaBeouf Takefumi Aida Raymond Lemieux Pamela B owen Patti Hansen Mike Rowland Tim Matheson Keisha Whitaker Cal Peterson Noble Doss Nicky Hayden Bill McCool Brad Edwards Harry Conger Barry Dean Paul Greenburg James Gammon Ed Mc 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Kristina Shannon Paul Thorn Daryl Joseph Dale Roberts Marianne Hagan Donnie Flora Phillip Margolin Lusia H arris-Stewart Tony Casillas Frank Riddick Jim Brower Giorgio Chinaglia Tai Tsun Wu Sam Perlozzo Sybil Jason Terry Tausch Franco Columbu John LeMesurier Dan Wilkinson Southwood Morcot t Shaun Williams Larry Henley Paul Michael Levesque Mike Lacoss James Todd John Flaherty Sheri Watson Maury Wills Mickey Jones Ray Spottsville Palmer Pyle Buffy Sainte-Marie Andras K ovacs Peter Vitousek Christian Kane Doug Acomb Fran Lebowitz Sue Bird George Dohrmann Liam Cosgrave Hubert DeGlvenchy Wallace Tashima Mark Boyer Eric Moore Tim Bothwell Hugh McElhen y Mike Howard Alexis Love Scott Simpson Edmund Giambastiani Tasha Tilberg Naty Alvarado Darrell Bragg Bob Babich Bob Murphy Alex Pineda Chacon Raymond Lumpp Faith Hill Erich Scharar Basu Chatterji Lamont Johnson Elena Suliotis Mia Crowe Laura Jacoby Mike Watt Peter Parnell Gary Lucas Reed Steiner Arthur Ibbetson Veli-Pekka Ketola John Willson Lorenzo Neal Nick G riffiths Don Wilson Pete Ladd Christian Bale Adrienne Pierce Kenneth Adams Sherry Argov Desmond Relaford Todd Sears Leshon Johnson Jann Browny BB King Kim Allen Duff Brumley Johnny B ailey Drew Tyler Bell Claus Von Bulow Pete Metzelaars Tym Buacharern Jessica Harper Darnell Valentine Dawn Greene Gretchen Becker Glacomo Aragall Garriga Kevin Chilton Joe Orsulak Ka levi Sorsa Maggie Smith Rachel Talalay Leslie Frazier William Kintner David Loverne Jeff Hammonds Len Frig Tom Peck Calvin Plimpton Zohra Lampert Karisma Kapoor Gabriela Montero Jay Don Blake Edward Huth Dion DiMucci Wayne Ambler Brad Scioli Angie Everhart Paul Foytack Helmut Jahn Lindy Remigino Leonard Garth Jeff Congdon David Moraga Samuel Wright Kim Bokamper Mike Jarmoluk John Culver Elizabeth Hubbard B 14. obby Hill Scott Munninghoff Gordon Kelley Ken Mixon Billy Cox Andrew Natsios Paul Stumpf James Treadway Leon Barmore Frederick Forsyth Bill Steinkraus Andre Hines Stanley Jaffe Genie Francis Sleepy 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correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	76	http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7734.html	en	Table A. Chronology of Important Events			[ "https://a.advameg.com/matomo.php?idsite=22&rec=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Country Listing Laos Table of Contents Laos Table A. Chronology of Important Events Period Description ca. 2,000-500 A.D. Early pottery and bronze culture, middle Mekong Valley. First century B.C.- Early mandala (see Glossary) fifth century formed in middle Mekong Valley. Mid-sixth century Zhenla established, centered on Champasak. Early eighth century Zhenla divided into "Water Zhenla" and "Land Zhenla." 717 First tributary mission from Land Zhenla to Tang China. Eighth-twelfth centuries Mon mandala of central Mekong region fall under Khmer domination; Theravada Buddhism spread by Mon monks. Tenth-twelfth centuries Muang Sua (Louangphrabang), renamed Xieng Dong Xieng Tong; mandala infiltrated by Lao descending the Nam Ou. Twelfth century Candapuri mandala in Vientiane region absorbed within Khmer Empire. 1271-72 Panya Lang rules Xieng Dong Xieng Thong. 1279 Tai mandala of Sukhotai founded by King Ramkhamhaeng; Xieng Dong Xieng Thong and Muang Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (Vientiane) briefly incorporated into Sukhotai mandala. 1353-73 Reign of Fa Ngum, king of Lan Xang; beginning of recorded Laotian history. 1373-1547 Successors of Fa Ngum continue to organize Lan Xang; Phetsarath (r. 1520-47) involves Lan Xang in battles against Burma and Siam lasting two centuries. 1574-78 Lan Xang reduced by Burma to vassal state. 1603 Lan Xang renounces tributary ties to Burma. 1621-1713 Succession struggles for throne of Lan Xang result in accession of King Souligna Vongsa (r. 1633-90); his death engenders succession struggle among his nephews, culminating in division of Lan Xang into kingdoms of Louangphrabang and Vientiane; south further divides into Kingdom of Champasak in 1713. Eighteenth century Lao states of Louangphrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak try to maintain independence from Burma and Siam but eventually come under Siamese control. 1772 Suryavong seizes throne of Louangphrabang. 1778 Beginning of Siamese domination of Champasak, Vientiane, and Louangphrabang. 1867-87 Mekong expedition of Doudart de Lagr�e and Francis Garnier arrives in Louangphrabang, 1867; Siam contends with France, which established protectorate over Vietnam, to extend influence in Indochina; France eventually installs Auguste Pavie in Louangphrabang as first vice consul, February 1887. 1890 French colonial rule begins, lasts until 1953. May 1893 French military occupation of Lao territories east of the Mekong. July 1893 "Paknam incident" gives France excuse to demand cession of east bank territories. October 1893 Treaty concluded on October 3, 1893, between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of His Majesty the King of Siam formalizes Siamese acceptance of French seizure of east bank territories. 1895 Laos, as French protectorate, divided into Upper Laos and Lower Laos. January 15, 1896 Anglo-French Convention defines British and French spheres of influence in mainland Southeast Asia. April 19, 1899 Laos reorganized under r�sident sup�rieur in Vientiane. 1902-07 France pacifies unrest in Bolovens Plateau; Sisavang Vong becomes king (r. 1904-59); annexation of Laotian territories completed by treaties with Siam (1904, 1907), acquiring borders of contemporary Laos. 1925-26 Further treaties and agreements finalize border questions and establish permanent Franco-Siamese High Commission of the Mekong. June 5, 1930 Laos designated French colony by French Legislative Council. 1931-32 Louangphrabang confirmed as protectorate of France. 1940-45 August 30, 1940, Matsuoka-Henry Pact ending Franco-Thai War gives all Lao territories west of the Mekong to Thailand; May 9, 1941, Peace Convention between France and Thailand; August 29, 1941, Treaty of Protectorate between France and the Kingdom of Louangphrabang; Laos occupied by Japan, March 9, 1945; Laos "independent"; after surrender of Japan, Sisavang Vong proclaims continuation of Laos as a French protectorate; Lao Issara (see Glossary) activists seize power in Vientiane, Savannakh�t, andother Laotian towns, establish provisional government. 1946 Sisavang Vong deposed; French begin reoccupation of Laos, March; Sisavang Vong reinstated as king by Lao Issara government; French retake Vientiane, and Lao Issara government flees to Thailand; Franco-Lao modus vivendi establishes unity of Kingdom of Laos; Thailand returns former Laotian territories of Xaignabouri and Champasak to Laos. 1947 Constitution promulgated, making Laos a constitutional monarchy; elections held for National Assembly; Prince Souvannarath forms government of Kingdom of Laos. 1949 Kaysone Phomvihan forms Latsavong detachment, armed forces of Pathet Lao, the genesis of Lao People's Liberation Army (LPLA); Franco-Lao General Convention grants Laos limited self-government within French Union; Lao Issara government- in-exile dissolves, and members return to Laos or join newly formed Pathet Lao on Vietnam border. February 1950 United States and Britain recognize Laos as an Associated State in French Union. August 1950 Pathet Lao form "resistance government." February 1951 Indochinese Communist Party dissolves; separate parties established in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. October 22, 1953 Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association transfers remaining French powers to Royal Lao Government (RLG)--while retaining control of military affairs--and completes independence of Laos. May-July 1954 Laos participates in Geneva Conference on Indochina; under armistice agreements signed by French and Viet Minh on July 20, Viet Minh agree to withdraw from Laos, and Ph�ngsali and Houaphan provinces are designated regroupment areas for Pathet Lao; RLG pledges to integrate Pathet Lao fighters; International Control Commission established to implement agreements. March 1955 Phak Pasason Lao (Lao People's Party --LPP) established; first congress held. December 14, 1955 Laos admitted to the United Nations. 1956-57 Negotiations between RLG and Pathet Lao. January 1956 Pathet Lao congress establishes Lao Patriotic Front (LPF). September 1956 Constitution amended to allow formation of coalition government. November 1957 First coalition government formed. May 1958 LPF and allies win partial elections for National Assembly. July 1958 Souvanna Phouma government resigns following cabinet crisis caused by rightists. August 1958 Rightist government of Phoui Sananikone formed, excluding LPF. July-August 1959 Fighting breaks out in northern Laos; UN subcommittee investigates charges of North Vietnam's involvement; LPF deputies arrested. October 1959 King Sisavang Vong dies; Savang Vatthana succeeds to the throne, rules until 1975. January 1960 Kou Abhay forms provisional government following coup attempt by army. April 1960 Elections for National Assembly believed rigged. August 9, 1960 Kong Le carries out successful Neutralist coup d'�tat against rightist government of Prince Somsanith; General Phoumi Nosavan forms countercoup committee in Savannakh�t and declares martial law; Kong Le hands over power to Souvanna Phouma's third government. December 1960 Phoumi Nosavan captures Vientiane; Soviet airlift begins to Kong Le and Pathet Lao troops. January 1961 Souvanna Phouma government recognized by communist bloc; Prince Boun Oum's Vientiane government recognized by West; heavy fighting breaks out; North Vietnamese troops involved. May 1961-June 1962 Second Geneva Conference on Laos; agreements among Neutralist, Pathet Lao, and rightist factions prepare way for second coalition government. July 1962 Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos and its Protocol signed in Geneva. 1963-May 1964 Laos increasingly linked with developments in Vietnam; North Vietnamese troops fail to withdraw; Ho Chi Minh Trail expanded; second coalition government collapses; Pathet Lao offensive against Neutralists on Plain of Jars succeeds; International Control Commission proves ineffective; bombing by United States begins. 1968-74 Fighting escalates between Pathet Lao's LPLA and Royal Lao Army; Hmong under Vang Pao resist Pathet Lao - North Vietnamese advances; Second Party Congress held, 1972; LPP renamed Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP); RLG and Pathet Lao begin negotiations for cease-fire in 1972, resulting in Vientiane Agreement signed in February 1973; cease-fire proclaimed, bombing by United States ends; protocol forming third coalition government signed September 1973; government takes office by royal decree April 1974 as Provisional Government of National Union. August 1974-November 1975 Fighting resumes; Vang Pao flees to Thailand; senior rightist ministers and generals leave for Thailand; LPLA "liberates" provincial capitals; reeducation centers or "seminar camps" opened; "Revolutionary Administration" takes power in Vientiane; elections held for local people's councils. December 1975 Provisional Government of National Union dissolved; King Savang Vatthana abdicates; Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) proclaimed; Souphanouvong becomes first president (in power until 1991); Kaysone Phomvihan, first prime minister. May 1976 LPRP Central Committee passes Third Resolution, guidelines for establishing the socialist revolution. July 1977 Twenty-Five-Year Lao-Vietnamese Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed. February 1979 Lao Front for National Construction established; replaces LPF. January 1978 Interim three-year economic development plan begins. January 1981 First Five-Year plan begins. April 1982 Third LPRP Congress held. May 1984 Constitution drafting committee named. March 1985 First national population census taken. January 1986 Second Five-Year Plan begins. November 1986 Fourth LPRP Congress held; Kaysone Phomvihan general secretary LPRP; New Economic Mechanism formalizes reforms. 1988 First elections since 1975 held; at district level in June, provincial level in November. 1989 National elections held in March; delegates elected to first Supreme People's Assembly; opening session held May-June; last Vietnamese troops reportedly leave Laos. April 1990 LPRP approves draft constitution for discussion. March 1991 Fifth LPRP Congress held, Secretariat abolished; Kaysone Phomvihan chairman, LPRP; Souphanouvong retires. August 1991 New constitution endorsed by Supreme People's Assembly and adopted; Kaysone Phomvihan becomes president of LPDR; Khamtai Siphandon, prime minister. 1992 Kaysone dies in November; replaced as president by Nouhak Phomsavan; Khamtai becomes chairman, LPRP, and prime minister, LPDR; elections to National Assembly (renamed from Supreme People's Assembly) held in December. 1993 Nouhak and Khamtai reelected as president and prime minister in February; Council of Ministers reorganized. 1994 Phoumi Vongvichit, former acting president and high-ranking party figure, dies in January. Data as of July 1994 Country Listing
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	38	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/Under-foreign-rule	en	Laos - French, Siam, Colonialism	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	https://cdn.britannica.c…AA/Flag-Laos.jpg	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-004-D7D8C514/Flag-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/42/4042-004-7619C005/Laos-map-boundaries-cities-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/84891-004-EBCF18D7/Wat-Aham-Louangphrabang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/183685-004-D3B20B54/World-Data-Locator-Map-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/145301-004-982A07FE/Bolovens-Plateau-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/05/14305-004-E2CA8BC2/Laos-map-features-locator.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/52/96052-004-18359A7C/monks-Buddhist-temple-Pha-That-Luang-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/25/184425-049-491EBF68/World-Data-pie-chart-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/60/128060-004-B53FD28F/Population-density-Laos.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-121/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.121.12", "https://cdn.britannica.com/40/129640-131-0EB20858/Flags-countries-world-flags-Country-blog-geography-2009.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/95/168695-131-11055CC5/Geography-Something-globe-Europe-Eurasia-Africa.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/142291-131-1FF39F2D/Flags-world-blue-sky-Countries-Globalization-relations-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/64/244164-131-C5EE8DAB/nation-flags-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/247338-131-37776892/passport-visas-stamps-world-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/93/173193-131-3EE3B458/Nelson-Mandela.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/18/418-131-A96118F7/Eagle-Grumman-lunar-module-Apollo-11-footpads-July-20-1969.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/22/232222-050-C7D008B3/Hand-ballot-box-vote-election.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/43/148643-131-2B2237A6/example-landscape-Irish-Ireland-Sligo.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/57/194857-131-F5FF4C32/meadow-adder-snake-viper-Ursini-tongue.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/53/130653-131-6C7B3BE8/clock-St-John-the-Baptist-cathedral-Lyon-2019.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/114738-131-1EC2D535/assassination-Pres-John-Wilkes-Booth-Abraham-Lincoln-April-14-1865.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=220&h=150", "https://cdn.britannica.com/29/4029-050-2707C4AA/Flag-Laos.jpg?w=320&h=220", "https://cdn.britannica.com/17/38917-050-256F06F2/Souvanna-Phouma-1975.jpg?w=300" ]	[]	[]	[ "Laos", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "Joseph J. Zasloff", "Pierre-Bernard Lafont" ]	1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00	Laos - French, Siam, Colonialism: During the 18th century the three Laotian states, which were continually at loggerheads, tried to maintain their independence from the Myanmar and Siamese kingdoms, both of which were contending for control of the western segment of continental Southeast Asia. Disunity weakened the Laotian kingdoms and inevitably caused them to fall prey to the Siamese. Vien Chan, which had sided with Myanmar, was invaded (1778), annexed, and made a state subject to the Siamese (1782). Luang Prabang, which had supported Siam, was invaded by Myanmar (1752), which imposed its rule on it until being supplanted by the Siamese in 1778. In	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos/Under-foreign-rule	During the 18th century the three Laotian states, which were continually at loggerheads, tried to maintain their independence from the Myanmar and Siamese kingdoms, both of which were contending for control of the western segment of continental Southeast Asia. Disunity weakened the Laotian kingdoms and inevitably caused them to fall prey to the Siamese. Country Facts Capital, Population, Government... Country Facts Audio File: National anthem of Laos Head Of Government: Prime Minister: Sonexay Siphandone Population: (2024 est.) 7,658,000 Head Of State: President: Thongloun Sisoulith Form Of Government: unitary single-party people’s republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [149]) Vien Chan, which had sided with Myanmar, was invaded (1778), annexed, and made a state subject to the Siamese (1782). Luang Prabang, which had supported Siam, was invaded by Myanmar (1752), which imposed its rule on it until being supplanted by the Siamese in 1778. In the south, Champassak, which had supported a Myanmar revolt against the Siamese, also was invaded (1778) and was transformed into a dependency of Siam. Each of these Lao kingdoms was placed under the control of a Siamese commissioner. The kings of Champassak, Vien Chan, and Luang Prabang were allowed to rule in their respective kingdoms but had to pay tribute to Bangkok. Their appointments to the throne were made in Bangkok. Recent News July 22, 2024, 1:28 PM ET (AP) Heading to Asia, Blinken aims to shore up Indo-Pacific ties and stress US commitment to the region The last king of Vien Chan, Chao Anou (also called Anouvong; ruled 1805–28), attempted to shake off this yoke. First, he strengthened the bonds of allegiance between Vien Chan and Vietnam (1806), whose influence in the region had grown to rival that of Siam. Next, he persuaded Bangkok to give his son the governorship of Champassak, thus extending his frontiers as far as the old southern boundaries of Lan Xang. Thinking that the British, who had just defeated Myanmar, were going to attack Siam, he led three armies against Bangkok (1827). The Siamese, however, regrouped their forces, marched on Vien Chan, and defeated Anou, who fled to Vietnam. Vien Chan was pillaged and destroyed. In 1828 Anou attempted another attack but was again defeated. Vien Chan was made a Siamese province. For the Siamese the annexation of Vien Chan was the first step toward the creation of a great empire. They next extended their domain to the eastern bank of the Mekong to protect themselves from an eventual Vietnamese expansion westward, garrisoned Champassak (1846) and Luang Prabang (1885), and stationed troops as far as the Annamese Cordillera. Siamese expansion toward the northeast—where the mountain states were placed under the cosuzerainty of Vietnam and Luang Prabang—provoked the protests of the French, who had established a protectorate over Vietnam. France entered into negotiations with Bangkok (1886) to define the Siamese-Vietnamese frontier and won the right to install a vice-consul in Luang Prabang. The office was entrusted to Auguste Pavie, who, partly because of his popularity with the Laotians, succeeded in winning Luang Prabang over to France. After a number of Franco-Siamese incidents in the Mekong River valley, French ships made a show of strength off Bangkok in 1893. Later that year, on the advice of the British, Siam withdrew from the eastern bank of the Mekong and gave official recognition to the French protectorate in the evacuated territory. French annexation was completed by treaties with Siam (called Thailand from 1939) in 1904 and 1907. The French organized this territory as a protectorate (what came to be known as Indochine, or French Indochina), with its administrative centre at Vientiane, and allowed it autonomy in local matters. The kingdom of Luang Prabang survived, but the other provinces were placed under the direct authority of a French official. France paid little attention to Laos until the Japanese invaded mainland Southeast Asia during World War II; in 1941, under Japanese pressure, the Vichy government of German-occupied France restored to Thailand the territories France had acquired in 1904. In March 1945 the Japanese took outright administrative control of the remainder of French Indochina, and the following month the independence of Laos was proclaimed. Two movements sprang up at that time. The first was anti-Japanese and was represented by the court of Luang Prabang and Prince Boun Oum of Champassak; the second was anti-French (the Free Laos movement, or Lao Issara), was located in Vientiane, and was led by Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa. These two movements remained in conflict until French troops returned, which in early 1946 compelled the supporters of the Lao Issara to flee to Thailand. France, in a temporary agreement, recognized the internal autonomy of Laos under the king of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong. Finally, after a constitution was promulgated and general elections were held, a Franco-Laotian convention was signed in July 1949 by which Laos was granted limited self-government within the French Union. All important power, however, remained in French hands. Although many of the Lao Issara leaders were prepared to work with the French under this new arrangement, their decision was opposed by a more radical group led by Kaysone Phomvihan and Prince Souphanouvong. Under Souphanouvong’s leadership a new political movement, the Pathet Lao (“Land of the Lao”), was proclaimed (1950); it joined forces with the Viet Minh of Vietnam in opposing the French. The Pathet Lao remained unreconciled when the French took further steps toward granting independence to Laos in October 1953 while still retaining control of all military matters in the kingdom. Between 1950 and early 1954 the Pathet Lao gained strength in northeastern Laos, and it had a firm grip on two of the country’s provinces when the peace conference in Geneva brought the First Indochina War to an end. Pierre-Bernard Lafont Milton Edgeworth Osborne Laos after the Geneva Conference, 1954–75 The Geneva Accords of 1954 marked the end of French rule in Southeast Asia. The participating countries (including France, Great Britain, the United States, China, and the Soviet Union) at the Geneva Conference agreed that all of Laos should come under the rule of the royal government and should not undergo partition (as did Vietnam). The agreements, however, did provide for two “regroupment zones” in provinces adjacent to what was then North Vietnam to allow the Pathet Lao forces to assemble. This resulted in the de facto control of those areas by the Laotian communists, while the rest of the country was ruled by the royal government. The uneasy peace in Laos was short-lived, as hostilities broke out between leftist and rightist factions in 1959. Another conference in Geneva in May 1961 culminated in an agreement in July 1962 that called for the country to become neutral and for a tripartite government to be formed. The new government consisted of factions from the left (the Pathet Lao, who were linked to North Vietnam), the right (linked to Thailand and the United States), and neutrals (led by Prince Souvanna Phouma). Once again, however, the cease-fire was brief. The coalition had split apart by 1964, and the larger war centred in Vietnam subsequently engulfed Laos. In that expanded war Laos, like Cambodia, was viewed by the major protagonists as a sideshow. An agreement negotiated in January 1973 by the United States and North Vietnam at Paris called for a cease-fire in each of the countries of mainland Southeast Asia, but only in Laos was there peace. In February, just a month following the agreement, the Laotian factions signed the Vientiane Agreement, which provided again for a cease-fire and for yet another coalition government composed of factions from the left and right, presided over by Souvanna Phouma. As political control in Vietnam tipped toward the communists following the American departure from that country, the Pathet Lao gained political ascendancy in Laos. When the Vietnamese communists marched into Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), and Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the right-wing forces in Laos lost heart, and most of their leaders fled, permitting a bloodless takeover by the Laotian communists in mid-1975. Though out of office, Souvanna Phouma remained an adviser to the new regime until his death in 1984. The Laotian communists proclaimed an end to the 600-year-old monarchy and established the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR) in December 1975.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	74	https://www.derbydeadpool.co.uk/deadpool2024/celebs_S.html	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	37	https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/politician/country/laos	en	Greatest Laotian Politicians	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=politician&country=lao	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=politician&country=lao	[ "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-nav.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_pantheon.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-search.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/5489678.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203648.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/394983.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/4469239.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203729.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203675.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203724.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/392446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/profile-w.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/5489678.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203648.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/394983.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/4469239.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203890.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203729.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203675.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203724.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/392446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/20646086.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/5489678.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/394983.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/4469239.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/392446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/20646086.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/5489155.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/43069127.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203648.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203890.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203729.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203675.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203724.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203693.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203702.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203717.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/203695.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/10264680.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/209605.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/43069127.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_CL.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_facebook.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/images/favicon.ico		null	1. Thongloun Sisoulith (b. 1946 ) With an HPI of 65.39 , Thongloun Sisoulith is the most famous Laotian Politician . His biography has been translated into 41 different languages on wikipedia. Thongloun Sisoulith (Lao: ທອງລຸນ ສີສຸລິດ; born 10 November 1945) is a Lao historian and politician serving as General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party since 15 January 2021 and President of Laos since 22 March 2021. Thongloun was born and educated in Houaphan province, before receiving education in Leningrad and Moscow in the Soviet Union. During the Laotian Civil War, he supported the Pathet Lao as a teacher. He then became the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1987 which lasted to 1992, where he then served in numerous other posts in government. In 2001, he became the Deputy Prime Minister of Laos before becoming the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2006. Described as a 'moderate' by the U.S embassy in Vientiane, Thongloun helped improve Laos-United States relations, which was welcomed in 2009 by Senator Jim Webb and in 2010 by Hillary Clinton; while also improving Laos' relationship with China and Vietnam. In 2016, he became the Prime-minister of Laos where he undertook anti-corruption campaigns. He then became the General Secretary of the LPRP and the President in 2021. 2 . Souphanouvong ( 1909 - 1995 ) With an HPI of 64.12 , Souphanouvong is the 2nd most famous Laotian Politician . His biography has been translated into 40 different languages. Prince Souphanouvong (13 July 1909 – 9 January 1995; Lao: ສຸພານຸວົງ Lao pronunciation: [ˌsupʰaːˈnuʋoŋ]), nicknamed the Red Prince, was along with his half-brother Prince Souvanna Phouma and Prince Boun Oum of Champasak, one of the "Three Princes" who represented respectively the communist (pro-Vietnam), neutralist and royalist political factions in Laos. He was the President of Laos from December 1975 to October 1986. 6 . Sisavang Vatthana ( 1907 - 1978 ) With an HPI of 59.14 , Sisavang Vatthana is the 6th most famous Laotian Politician . His biography has been translated into 31 different languages. Sisavang Vatthana (Lao: ພຣະບາທສົມເດັຈພຣະເຈົ້າມະຫາຊີວິຕສີສວ່າງວັດທະນາ) or sometimes Savang Vatthana (full title: Samdach Brhat Chao Mavattaha Sri Vitha Lan Xang Hom Khao Phra Rajanachakra Lao Phengdara Parama Sidha Khattiya Suriya Varman Brhat Maha Sri Savangsa Vadhana; 13 November 1907 – 13 May 1978) was the last king of the Kingdom of Laos and the 6th Prime Minister of Laos serving from 29 October to 21 November 1951. He ruled from 1959 after his father's death until his forced abdication in 1975. His rule ended with the takeover by the Pathet Lao in 1975, after which he and his family were sent to a re-education camp by the new government. 7 . Sisavang Vong ( 1885 - 1959 ) With an HPI of 58.46 , Sisavang Vong is the 7th most famous Laotian Politician . His biography has been translated into 28 different languages. King Sisavangvong (Lao: ພຣະບາທສົມເດັຈພຣະເຈົ້າມະຫາຊີວິຕສີສວ່າງວົງສ໌; born Prince Khao (ຂາວ) 14 July 1885 – 29 October 1959), known by his courtesy name Sisavangvong, was the last ruler of the Lao Kingdom of Luang Prabang and the founding king of the Kingdom of Laos. Born Prince Khao on 14 July 1885, he ascended the throne at the age of 18 following the death of his father. In keeping with Lao tradition, he took the courtesy name Sisavangvong. Born in the Golden Palace of Luang Prabang during his father's reign under French colonial authority, Prince Khao extended his rule over other Lao kingdoms and built a new royal palace during his reign over Luang Prabang. He briefly ruled as king of the Japanese puppet state of Luang Prabang in late 1945, but was dethroned by the Lao Issara for his pro-French stance. He was later reinstated as monarch by the French in 1946, marking the first time in almost 250 years that a Lao monarch ruled the whole of Laos. 9 . Khamtai Siphandon (b. 1924 ) With an HPI of 56.87 , Khamtai Siphandon is the 9th most famous Laotian Politician . His biography has been translated into 33 different languages. General Khamtai Siphandone (Lao: ຄຳໄຕ ສີພັນດອນ; born 8 February 1924) is a Laotian politician who was Chairman of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 24 November 1992 to 21 March 2006 and President of Laos from 24 February 1998 to 8 June 2006, when he was replaced by Choummaly Sayasone. He was a member of the Communist Party of Indochina in 1954 and a member of the Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party in 1956.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	94	https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/slides/image_2.html	en	Laos/image			[ "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/separator.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/thumbs/image_5.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/thumbs/image_4.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/thumbs/image_3.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/thumbs/image_2.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/thumbs/image_1.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/separator.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/separator.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/slides/image_2.jpg", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/fill.gif", "https://www.d.dccam.org/Archives/Photographs/Laos1/res/separator.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Lao-Khmer-Vietnamese United Front meeting, 1950. Standing in front: Siev Haeng, Ton Duc Thang and Suphanuvong. Laotians in the back row: Nuhak Phumsavan (still alive), Khamsaeng, Khamtai Siphandon (still alive), Bun Phommahaxai, and in middle row: Suk Vongsak and Sisana Sisane.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	62	https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/36	en	Public Roads Law No.04	https://www.laotradeport…faultPicture.png	https://www.laotradeport…faultPicture.png	[ "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/banner/gb_banner.jpg", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/gb_flag_upload.jpg", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/la_flag_upload.jpg", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/gb.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/flag/la.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/poor.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/fair.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/average.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/happy.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/emoji/excellent.png", "https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/upload/upload/Footer%20Logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Trade information portal" ]	null	[]	null	Trade information portal	en	/upload/favicon_real.ico	Trade Information Portal	https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/36	INDEX Part I - General Provisions Article 1. Function of the Law on Public Roads Article 2. Meaning of Road Article 3. Promotion of Road Development Article 4. Obligations of Public Road Users Part II - Public Roads and Public Road Activities Chapter 1 - Public Roads Article 5. Public Roads Article 6. National Public Roads Article 7. Public Roads in Provinces, Prefectures and Special Zones Article 8. District Public Roads Article 9. Municipal Roads Article 10. Rural Roads Article 11. Specific Roads Chapter 2 - Public Road Activities Article 12. Public Roads Activities Article 13. Public Roads Planning Article 14. Survey and Design of Public Roads Article 15. Public Road Construction Article 16. Maintenance and Repair of Public Roads Part III - Management and Use of Land and Road Limits Chapter 1 - Management and Use of Land for Public Road Activities Article 17. Management and Use of Land Article 18. Material Resources for Public Road Activities Article 19. Compensation for Land Acquired for Public Road Activities Chapter 2 - Road Limits Article 20. Road Limits Article 21. Delimitation Area for Public Roads Article 22. Safety-Limit Area of Public Roads Part IV - Public Road Fees and Service Charges Article 23. Public Road Fees and Service Charges Article 24. Collection of Fees and Service Charges for Public Roads Part V - Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises, Consulting Enterprises and Association of Roads Engineers Chapter 1 - Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises and Consulting Enterprises Article 25. Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises Article 26. Road Consulting Enterprises Article 27. Association of Road Engineers Chapter 2 - Establishment, Registration and Principles Governing the Operations of Public Road Construction Enterprises Article 28. Enterprise Establishment and Registration Article 29. Principles Governing Public Road Activities Part VI - Public Road Management and Inspection Authority Chapter 1 - Authority Responsible for Managing Public Roads Article 30. Authority Responsible for Managing Public Roads Article 31. Rights and Duties of the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction Article 32. Rights and Duties of the Communication, Transport, Post and Construction Division at each Province, Prefecture and Special Zone Article 33. Rights and Duties of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction Office at each District and Municipality Article 34. Rights and Duties of Villages Administrative Authorities Chapter 2 - Inspection of Public Road Activities Article 35. Inspection of Public Road Activities Article 36. Public Road Inspection Authority Article 37. Contents of Inspection Article 38. Types of Inspection Part VII - Policies Towards Persons with Outstanding Achievement and Measures Against Violators Article 39. Policies Towards Persons with Outstanding Achievement Article 40. Measures Against Violators Article 41. Re-Education Measures Article 42. Fines Article 43. Criminal Sanctions Article 44. Supplementary Punishments Part VIII - Final Provisions Article 45. Implementation Article 46. Effectiveness Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY President’s Office No. 12/PO DECREE of the PRESIDENT of the LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC On the Promulgation of the Law on Public Roads - Pursuant to Chapter 5, Article 53, point 1 of the Constitution of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic; - Pursuant to Resolution No. 04-99/NA, dated 3 April 1999, of the 3rd Session of the fourth legislature of the National Assembly, regarding the adoption of the Law on Public Roads; and - Pursuant to Proposal No. 06/NASC, dated 6 April 1999, of the National Assembly Standing Committee. The President of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Decrees That: Article 1. The Law on Public Roads is hereby promulgated. Article 2. This decree shall enter into force on the date it is signed. Vientiane, 26 April 1999 The President of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic [Seal and Signature] Khamtai SIPHANDON Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY National Assembly No. 04/99/NA 3 April 1999 LAW ON PUBLIC ROADS Part I General Provisions Article 1. Function of the Law on Public Roads The Law on Public Roads has the function to define principles, regulations and measures relating to the management, use, planning, survey, design, construction and maintenance of public roads, including ensuring safety and environmental protection, to ensure smooth traffic in all seasons between provinces, and between urban [areas] and rural or remote areas, in order to contribute importantly to socio-economic development, to support the defence and security of the county and to establish the basis for integrating the national economy with other countries in the region. Top Article 2. Meaning of Road Road means the strip of land that is constructed to support traffic, including the road framework, road appurtenances and road delimitation area. Road framework Road framework comprises the road structure, the road slope, culverts, ditches for drainage channels, anti-erosion walls, bridges, tunnels, ferry boat docks, ferry boats, parking areas and other structures that are constructed under and above the road. Road appurtenances Road appurtenances comprise traffic signs, traffic lights, the road lighting system and others 1 . Road delimitation area Road delimitation area refers to the strips of land along both sides of the road that are reserved for the extension of the road or for road safety activities. Road safety activities Road safety activities refers to activities, such as planting trees, erecting walls, and others, that aim at preventing accidents, erosion and pollution from smoke, colour, light and noise. Top Article 3. Promotion of Road Development It is the policy of the State to promote all economic sectors within and outside the country to engage in the construction, repair and maintenance of roads by reducing or exempting taxes and duties as stipulated in the Law on the Promotion of Domestic Investment and the Law on the Promotion and Management of Foreign Investment in the Lao PDR 2 . In order to ensure traffic in all seasons, the State authorises the establishment of a road development fund. Top Article 4. Obligations of Public Road Users Persons and organisations that use public roads have the obligation to contribute to the construction, repair and maintenance of public roads, including [the obligation to contribute to] safety, traffic order, cleanliness, beauty and environmental [protection]. The use of public roads shall be in strict compliance with traffic regulations, such as: weight carried, speed and others. Top Part II Public Roads and Public Road Activities Chapter 1 Public Roads Article 5. Public Roads Public roads refers to the road system that is the property of the national community constructed for the interests of the people and for internal and international traffic. Public roads in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic are divided into 6 classes, namely: National public roads; Public roads in provinces, prefectures and special zones; District public roads; Municipal roads; Rural roads; Specific roads. Top Article 6. National Public Roads National public road refers to a strategic road that serves the interests of the nation and [the interests] between nations, and includes: Roads connecting the capital to municipalities within provinces and special zone districts; Roads to international borders; Roads having socio-economic importance and importance with regard to national defence and security. Top Article 7. Public Roads in Provinces, Prefectures and Special Zones Public roads in provinces, prefectures and special zones refers to roads that are important for economic, political and socio-cultural development and for national defence and security at the provincial or special zone level, including: Roads between provinces or from a province to a special zone; Roads connecting municipalities within a province or special zone district to municipalities within districts, ports, tourism places and important historic sites within the province or special zone. Top Article 8. District Public Roads District public roads refers to roads that are important for economic, political, and socio-cultural development, and for national defence and security at the district level, including: Roads between districts; Roads connecting municipalities within a district to villages, ports, tourism places, historic sites and special economic zones within the district. Top Article 9. Municipal Roads Municipal roads refers to a system of roads used for traffic within a municipal area. Top Article 10. Rural Roads Rural roads refers to roads connecting villages to villages and villages to various production and service centres within villages. Top Article 11. Specific Roads Specific roads refers to roads used specifically for the production and service of a sector, for national defence and security and for protected forest areas. Top Chapter 2 Public Road Activities Article 12. Public Road Activities Public road activities refers to the implementation of activities with regard to public roads, which includes planning, survey, design, construction, maintenance, repair, control and use of public roads. Top Article 13. Public Road Planning Public road planning refers to the study and collection of data in order to establish plans for the development of various public roads as defined in Article 5 of this law. Top Article 14. Survey and Design of Public Roads Survey of public roads refers to the collection of detailed data on environmental conditions in order to establish feasibility studies, make an assessment of the effectiveness [of the proposed road] and prepare for design. Design of public roads refers to the establishment of a detailed plan in compliance with technical standards based on the data analysis furnished by the survey, and comprising drawings, cost evaluation and time for completion of construction. Top Article 15. Public Road Construction Public road construction refers to the building of various public roads as defined in Article 5 of this law. The public road contractor shall perform the work in accordance with design documents, and shall ensure quality, safety and environmental protection. Top Article 16. Maintenance and Repair of Public Roads Maintenance of public roads means to follow up, control, and check on the conditions of public roads in order to provide regular maintenance, such as: grass cutting, road surface cleaning, sewage draining, and cleaning of bridges and other road appurtenances. Repair of public roads means to maintain, repair and reinstate damaged roads in compliance with the design, including routine repairs, periodic repairs and urgent repairs. Top Part III Management and Use of Land, and Road Limits Chapter 1 Management and Use of Land for Public Road Activities Article 17. Management and Use of Land The Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction is the authority to manage and use the land for public road activities as stipulated in the Land Law.Top Article 18. Material Resources for Public Road Activities The Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction is the authority to manage and use material resources for public road activities, such as: soil, stone, gravel, sand and other types of construction materials at locations that have been surveyed and the exploitation of which has been authorised by the government. Top Article 19. Compensation for Land Acquired for Public Road Activities If, in the construction of various kinds of public roads, it is necessary to use land that is legally owned by a private person or by an organisation, the owner of the expropriated land used for public road construction shall receive reasonable compensation. Top Chapter 2 Road Limits Article 20. Road Limits Road limit refers to the total area of the road, which includes the road surface, the road shoulder, footpaths, drainage channels, the road slope and the delimitation area for public roads. The width of the road limit for each kind of public road is as follows: National public road: 25 meters on each side, measured from the centre line of the road; Provincial public road: 15 meters on each side, measured from the centre line of the road; District public road: 10 meters on each side, measured from the centre line of the road; Rural road: 5 meters on each side, measured from the centre line of the road; Municipal road: in compliance with the master urban plan; Specific road: in compliance with technical standards specifically imposed for such road. Technical standards for each kind of public road are defined by the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction. Top Article 21. Delimitation Area for Public Roads No construction is permitted in the delimitation area. In the case of necessity, the construction must be authorised by the public road management authority. Top Article 22. Safety-Limit Area of Public Roads The safety-limit area of a public road refers to the area situated within the safety limits of such public road and includes: the road shoulder, footpaths, the area visible when approaching a curve, road junction areas, areas leading to a bridge, the ends of pipes, the road slope, anti-erosion walls, drainage channel islets in the middle of the road, zebra-crossings, and bus stations. It is prohibited to carry out any activity or place any thing within the safety-limit area of public roads. Top Part IV Public Road Fees and Service Charges Article 23. Public Road Fees and Service Charges Public road fees and service charges refers to the income from public road activities and use, such as: fees for registration, fees for copyright, road tolls, ferry-boat tolls, bridge tolls, and others. Top Article 24. Collection of Fees and Service Charges for Public Roads The Ministry of Finance in cooperation with the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction studies the rates of road fees and service charges and submits them to the government for approval. Top Part V Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises, Consulting Enterprises and Association of Road Engineers Chapter 1 Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises and Consulting Enterprises Article 25. Establishment of Road Construction Enterprises A road construction enterprise is a business unit established for carrying out activities in road construction and repair. An individual or organisation that intends to establish a road construction enterprise shall meet the following conditions: Be an engineer or have technical staff with engineering capability in public road activities, [in each case] having at least 3 years’ experience; Have capital as prescribed in regulations; Have at least one set of machinery; Have technicians in the field of road construction and mechanics. Top Article 26. Road Consulting Enterprises A road consulting enterprise is a business unit established to carry out the planning, survey, design, monitoring and control of construction and the provision of advice to the owner of the road construction project. An individual or organisation that intends to establish a road consulting enterprise shall meet the following conditions: Be a road and bridge engineer who has skills and engineering capability in public road activities and has at least 7 years’ experience; Have technical staff with at least 5 years’ experience; Have capital as prescribed in regulations; Have an office, equipment, tools and vehicles as prescribed in regulations. Top Article 27. Association of Road Engineers For the efficient management of road construction and for good order, the State authorises the establishment of an Association of Road Engineers in compliance with the regulations of the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction. Top Chapter 2 Establishment, Registration and Principles Governing the Operations of Public Road Construction Enterprises Article 28. Enterprise Establishment and Registration The establishment and registration of public road construction enterprises and public road engineering consulting enterprises shall be incompliance with the Business Law 3 and the Law on Promotion of Domestic Investment. Regarding foreign investment, the Law on Promotion and Management of Foreign Investment in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic shall apply. Top Article 29. Principles Governing Public Road Activities Public road activities shall comply with this law and the following basic principles: There shall be selection of companies; There shall be bidding; There shall be comparison of prices; [Activities shall be on the basis of] turn key [contracts]; There shall be a project owner; There shall be a consulting enterprise; There shall be control; There shall be construction quality assurance. Any subcontracting work shall be approved by the owner of the project. Top Part VI Public Road Management and Inspection Authority Chapter 1 Authority Responsible for Managing Public Roads Article 30. Authority Responsible for Managing Public Roads The authority responsible for managing public roads comprises: The Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction; The communication, transport, post and construction division at each province, prefecture and special zone; The communication, transport, post and construction office at each district and municipality; Village administrative authorities. Top Article 31. Rights and Duties of the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction The Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction has the following rights and duties: To develop the strategic plan and long-, medium- and short-term plans relating to the development of the public road network; To issue regulations on the organisation, management, control, planning, survey, design, construction, maintenance, repair and use of public roads throughout the country; To define the technical standards for different kinds of public roads; To study policies and rates of fees relating to road construction and maintenance and then to submit to the government for consideration; To administer public road statistics; To maintain international relations and cooperation for the development of the public road network; To exercise such other rights and perform such other duties relating to road activities as assigned by the government. Top Article 32. Rights and Duties of the Communication, Transport, Post and Construction Division at each Province, Prefecture and Special Zone The communication, transport, post and construction division at each provincial, prefecture or special zone has the following rights and duties: To elaborate on the strategic plan and the public road network development plan under its responsibility; To authorise and manage public road construction enterprises and [public road] consulting enterprises operating within its jurisdiction; To administer statistics and regularly report on the status of public roads under its responsibility to the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction; To exercise such other rights and perform such other duties relating to public road activities as assigned by the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction. Top Article 33. Rights and Duties of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction Office at each District and Municipality The communication, transport, post and construction office at each district or municipality has the following rights and duties: To encourage and monitor the construction, maintenance and repair of public roads under its responsibility; To manage public roads within the district or municipality under its responsibility; To administer statistics and regularly report on the status of public roads under its responsibility to the communication, transport, post and construction division at the [relevant] province, prefecture or special zone; To exercise such other rights and perform such other duties as assigned by the communication, transport, post and construction division at the [relevant] province, prefecture or special zone. Top Article 34. Rights and Duties of Villages Administrative Authorities Each village administrative authority has the following rights and duties: To manage and regularly report on the status of public roads within the village under its responsibility to the communication, transport, post and construction office of the [relevant] district or municipality; To encourage the population to contribute to the construction, maintenance and repair of public roads within the village; To coordinate with neighbouring villages to share the responsibility for public road maintenance; To exercise such other rights and perform such other duties as assigned by the communication, transport, post and construction office of the [relevant] district or municipality. Top Chapter 2 Inspection of Public Road Activities4 Article 35. Inspection of Public Road Activities Inspection of public road activities refers to inspecting the orderliness in the management and use of public roads, inspecting the implementation of public road construction, maintenance, and repair, and inspecting technical systems and the costs of public road activities. Top Article 36. Public Road Inspection Authority The authority responsible for the inspection of public roads is the same as the authority with the duty to inspect 5 public road activities as stipulated in Article 35 of this law. 6 In the execution of such duties, the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction is to set up an inspection committee. Top Article 37. Contents of Inspection The inspection of public road activities has the following contents: Inspection of the planning, survey, design and construction; Inspection of the standards to ensure safety in public road activities; Inspection of environmental protection in public road activities; Inspection of compliance with technical and financial standards in public road activities; Inspection of the bidding, contracts, project owners and contractors in public road activities; Inspection of the use, maintenance and repair of public roads. Top Article 38. Types of Inspection There are 3 types of inspection of public road activities, as follow: Regular inspection; Inspection by advance notice; Emergency inspection. Top Part VII Policies Towards Persons with Outstanding Achievement and Measures Against Violators 7 Article 39. Policies Towards Persons with Outstanding Achievement Any person or organisation whose participation in public road activities is efficient, creative, of high quality, or ensures safety or sound environmental protection shall be rewarded and shall be granted other policies as appropriate. Top Article 40. Measures Against Violators Any person or organisation that breaches this law, causing damage to the public, the environment, or the property, health or life of any other person, shall be subject to re-education, fines or criminal sanction, depending on the seriousness of the offence, including having to compensate for damage caused by it. Top Article 41. Re-Education 8 Measures Any person or organisation committing a minor offence under this law, such as: infringement of regulations relating to public road activities or the maintenance and use of public roads that causes damage to public or private property but does not involve any serious consequences, shall be re-educated, warned and required to compensate for damage caused by it. Top Article 42. Fines Any person or organisation breaching this law by committing the acts [in the following sentence] shall be fined and shall compensate for damage caused by it. [Such acts are]: infringement of regulations relating to public road activities, to the maintenance, repair, and use of public roads, and to the displacement of road appurtenances, [in each case] causing damage to the structure, safety and delimitation area of a public road; [and] infringement of regulations relating to business registration and operation, and infringement of construction principles, [in each case] causing damage to public or private property. Top Article 43. Criminal Sanctions Any person breaching any provision of this law, such as: serious violation of principles relating to public road activities, or to the maintenance, repair, or use of public roads; destruction of road appurtenances, road structures, delimitation areas, or safety-limit areas; falsification of registration and business documents; violation of construction principles causing damage to the public, or to the life, health or property of other persons; and abuse of position for personal interest; shall be subject to criminal prosecution and shall compensate for damage caused by him. Top Article 44. Supplementary Punishments In addition to the main punishments specified in Articles 42 and 43 of this law, the offender shall also be subject to supplementary punishments, such as: suspension of activities or withdrawal of business license. Top Part VIII Final Provisions Article 45. Implemantation The government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is to implement this law. Top Article 46. Effectiveness This law shall come into effect after 90 days from the date of the promulgating decree issued by the President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Provisions and regulations that contradict this law are null and void.Top Vientiane, 3 April 1999 President of the National Assembly [Seal and Signature] Samane VIGNAKET Endnotes 1 The term “and others” is a literal translation and is not subject to further specificity. 2 Since 2004, this law has been amended and re-titled the Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 3 This is a reference to an older law which has since been replaced by the 2005 Enterprise Law. 4 In the Lao language, the same word is used to represent all of the following related (but slightly different) concepts: “control”, “inspection”, “supervision”, “audit” and “monitoring”. The translators have chosen “inspection” (and its variants) as the most appropriate English equivalent but readers should note and bear in mind the other meanings that might have been intended. 5 The translators are aware that the sentence is circular in its logic. 6 The translators are aware that Article 35 does not stipulate any authority. 7 The term “policies” is often used as an indirect way of referring to “incentives’ or “privileges” and the term “measures” is often used as an indirect way of referring to “sanctions”. 8 Here, “re-education” does not mean the same as “re-education without deprivation of liberty” referred to in the Penal Law.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	60	https://countrystudies.us/laos/85.htm	en	Lao People's Revolutionary Party			[ "http://www.google.com/images/poweredby_transparent/poweredby_FFFFFF.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Laos" ]	null	[]	null					null	Laos Table of Contents Whereas communist parties in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have crumbled, in Laos, the ruling communist party, the Phak Pasason Pativat Lao (Lao People's Revolutionary Party-- LPRP has retained undiluted political control. The constitution, adopted in August 1991, notes simply in Article 3 that the LPRP is the "leading nucleus" of the political system. LPRP statutes, revised following the Fifth Party Congress held in 1991, leave no doubt regarding the dominant role of the party: The party is...the leading core of the entire political system, hub of intelligence, and representative of the interest of the people of all strata. The party formulates and revises the major lines and policies on national development in all spheres; finds solutions to major problems; determines the policies regarding personnel management, training of cadres, and supplying key cadres for different levels; controls and supervises activities of party cadres and members, state agencies and mass organizations. Origins of the Party The LPRP has its roots in the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930. (Ho Chi Minh led the struggle for Vietnamese independence and was the president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 until his death in 1969.) The ICP, composed entirely of Vietnamese members in its early years, formed the Committee for Laos (or a "Lao section") in 1936. Only in the mid-1940s did the Vietnamese communist revolutionaries step up active recruitment of Laotian members. In 1946 or early 1947, Kaysone Phomvihan, a law student at the University of Hanoi, was recruited, and Nouhak Phoumsavan, engaged in a trucking business in Vietnam, joined in 1947. In February 1951, the Second Congress of the ICP resolved to disband the party and to form three separate parties representing the three states of Indochina. However, it was not until March 22, 1955, at the First Party Congress, that Phak Pasason Lao (Lao People's Party--LPP) was formally proclaimed. (The name LPRP was adopted at the Second Party Congress in 1972.) It seems likely that from 1951 to 1955, key Laotian former members of the ICP provided leadership for the "resistance" movement in Laos, under the tutelage of their Vietnamese senior partners. In 1956 the LPP founded the Neo Lao Hak Xat (Lao Patriotic Front--LPF) the political party of the Pathet Lao (Lao Nation, to act as the public mass political organization. Meanwhile, the LPP remained clandestine, directing the activities of the front. The Vietnamese communists provided critical guidance and support to the growing party during the revolutionary period. They helped to recruit the leadership of the Laotian communist movement; from its inception, the LPRP Political Bureau (Politburo) was made up of individuals closely associated with the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese furnished facilities and guidance for training not only the top leadership but also the entire Laotian communist movement. The Vietnamese assigned advisers to the party, as well as to the military forces of the LPF. Under the guidance of North Vietnamese mentors, LPRP leaders shaped a Marxist-Leninist party, political and mass organizations, and an army and a bureaucracy, all based upon the North Vietnamese model. From their perspective, Laotian communists had not compromised their legitimacy as a nationalist movement by their dependence on Hanoi. During the revolutionary period prior to 1975, when LPRP leaders looked to the North Vietnamese for a sense of overall direction and cohesion, they found many common interests. Both parties faced the same enemies: first France and then the United States. They held a similar view of the world and of the desirable solution to its problems. In some cases, this affinity was strengthened by family relations (for example, Kaysone, whose Vietnamese father, Luan Phomvihan, had been a secretary to the French resident in Savannakhét) or marriage ties (Souphanouvong and Nouhak had Vietnamese wives). Following the First Party Congress, it was seventeen years until the Second Party Congress was convened, in February 1972. The Third Party Congress met ten years later, in April 1982; the Fourth Party Congress convened in November 1986, and the Fifth Party Congress in March 1991. Party Structure The LPP steadily grew from its initial 300 to 400 members ("25 delegates representing 300 to 400 members" were said to have attended the founding congress of the party). By 1965 there were 11,000 members; by 1972, as it prepared to enter into the final coalition with the RLG, it had grown to some 21,000 members; by 1975, when the party seized full power, it claimed a membership of 25,000; and by 1991, at the convening of the Fifth Party Congress, the LPRP claimed its membership had increased to 60,000. The LPRP has been organized in a manner common to other ruling communist parties, with greatest similarity to the Vietnamese Communist Party. As in other such parties, the highest authority is the party congress, a gathering of party cadres from throughout the country that meets on an intermittent schedule for several days to listen to speeches, learn the plans for future party strategy, and ratify decisions already taken by the party leadership. Next in the party hierarchy--since the elimination of the Secretariat in 1991--is the Central Committee, the party elite who fill key political positions throughout the country. The Central Committee is charged with leading the party between congresses. In addition to members of the Politburo and former members of the Secretariat, the committee includes key government ministers, leading generals of the army, secretaries of provincial party committees, and chairpersons of mass organizations. When the LPRP first revealed itself to the public in 1975, the Central Committee comprised twenty-one members and six alternates. By the Fourth Party Congress, its size had expanded to fifty-one members and nine alternates. The average age of a Central Committee member in 1986 was fifty-two, with the oldest seventy-seven and the youngest thirty-three. The number of women on the Central Committee rose from three to five, including Thongvin Phomvihan, then Secretary General Kaysone's wife, who was chair of the LPRP's People's Revolutionary Youth Union and, in 1982, the first woman appointed to the Central Committee. At the Fifth Party Congress, the Central Committee stabilized in size at fifty-nine members and took on a few younger, more educated men to replace deceased or retired members. At the time, the oldest member was seventy-seven, the youngest thirty-five, with 22 percent over sixty, 30 percent between fifty and fifty-nine, and 40 percent under forty-nine. Only two women are full members of the Central Committee, and two continue as alternates. Thongvin Phomvihan--who had ranked thirty-fifth in 1986--was removed, accompanied by rumors of excessive political influence in her business activities. Notwithstanding this setback to Kaysone's family fortune, their son, Saisompheng Phomvihan, was appointed to the Central Committee, ranking forty-fifth, and was named governor of Savannakhét Province in 1993. This appointment inspired some private muttering about the emerging "princelings," referring as well to Souphanouvong's son, Khamsai Souphanouvong, number thirtyfour on the Central Committee, who became minister of finance. Despite the party's rhetoric asserting ethnic equality, the Central Committee has been dominated by lowland Lao. Upland minorities remain sparsely represented at the highest levels of party leadership. Only four members of ethnic minority groups were reported on the Central Committee elected at the Fifth Party Congress. The Central Committee is served by a number of subordinate committees. These committees include, most importantly, the Office of the Central Committee, and five other offices: Organization Committee; Propaganda and Training Committee; Party and State Control Committee; Administrative Committee of the Party and State School for Political Theory; and Committee for the Propagation of Party Policies. Since 1972 the genuine center of political power, as in other communist parties, has resided in the Politburo. Membership of the Politburo, and formerly that of the Secretariat, is drawn from the Central Committee. A small group of men--seven in 1972 and eleven by 1993--have provided the critical leadership of the communist movement in Laos. A signal attribute of this group has been its remarkable cohesion and continuity. The Politburo has been dominated for more than fifteen years communist rule by the same stalwart band of revolutionary veterans. The twenty-five Laotian former members of the ICP who founded the LPP in 1955, and from whom the Politburo was drawn, remained in almost identical rank until illness and age began to take their toll in the 1980s. Kaysone was named secretary general of the then secret LPP upon its establishment, a post he retained until his death in 1992. Nouhak retained his number-two position on the Politburo into 1993. It was not until the Fifth Party Congress that Souphanouvong, Phoumi Vongvichit, and Sisomphone Lovansai (ranking third, fourth, and seventh, respectively) were retired with honorific titles as counselors to the Central Committee. Prime Minister Khamtai Siphandon was promoted to succeed Kaysone as chief of the party, and Phoun Sipaseut advanced a notch in rank. In 1991 the Politburo numbered ten, including only two new members. Although the exact manner of Politburo decision making has never been revealed, a collegiality, based on long years of common experience, appears to have developed. In addition to their powerful position on the Politburo, members exercise additional political power--perhaps even more than in most other communist systems--through important posts within the governmental structure. In fact, for many years, five Politburo members also held seats on the Secretariat. At the Fifth Party Congress, the party abolished the nineperson Secretariat of the Central Committee and changed the designation of the head of the party (Kaysone) from secretary general to chairman. Until it was abolished, the Secretariat wielded influence second only to that of the Politburo. The Secretariat issued party directives and acted on behalf of the Central Committee when it was not in session, in effect managing the day-to-day business of the party. Khamtai Siphandon became party chairman in November 1992, but it is not certain whether he will accrue the same power and influence as his predecessor. Each of the sixteen provinces (khoueng) is directed by a party committee, chaired by a party secretary who is the dominant political figure in the province. At a lower level are 112 districts (muang), further divided into subdistricts (tasseng), each with their own party committees. Administratively, subdistricts have been abolished in principle since around 1993, but implementation has been uneven across provinces. It is unknown whether subdistrictlevel party committees have also been abolished. At the base of the country's administrative structure are more than 11,000 villages (ban), only some of which have party branches. Semisecrecy of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party Unlike other communist regimes, the LPRP has long maintained a semisecrecy about its mode of operation and the identity of its rank-and-file members. However, the LPRP follows the standard communist practice of planting party members within all principal institutions of society--in government, in mass organizations, and, formerly, in agricultural collectives. These individuals serve as leaders and transmit party policy. They also act as the eyes and ears of the central party organization. Although party members are admonished not to reveal themselves, it is not difficult for knowledgeable persons to pick out the party members in their organization. In each ministry, for example, the key power wielders are party members. All party members do not, of course, hold positions of authority. Some occupy the lower ranks, serving, for example, as messengers, drivers, and maintenance personnel. By the late 1980s, some of the LPRP's semisecrecy had eroded. Party leadership lists, which, during revolutionary and early postrevolutionary days had been secret, were published. But a quasi-clandestine attitude remains among the party rank and file that can be explained by several factors. Clandestine behavior is an old habit that is not easily shed. Secrecy adds to the party's mystery, inspires anxiety and fear, and contributes to control. In view of its long history of revolutionary activity, party veterans fear infiltration and subversion. LPRP pronouncements during its first decade of rule frequently alluded to "CIA and Thaireactionary -inspired agents," and later, when relations with China grew tense, to the danger of "big power hegemonism." Moreover, party leaders appear to lack confidence in the quality of their membership, speaking from time to time about "bad elements" within the party. The LPRP is relatively small compared with other incumbent parties. For example, the 40,000 members that the party claimed in 1985 represented 1.1 percent of the population (estimating 3.5 million inhabitants). In 1979 the Vietnamese Communist Party had 1.5 million members in a population of 53 million, or approximately 3 percent. Ideology of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party When LPRP leaders came to power in 1975 as victorious revolutionaries guided by Marxism-Leninism, they retained a zeal for creating a "new socialist society and a new socialist man." They declared their twin economic goals as the achievement of "socialist transformation with socialist construction." They asserted that in establishing the LPDR in 1975, they had completed the "national democratic revolution." (The national goal had been to expel the French colonialists and the United States imperialists. The democratic goal was to overthrow "reactionary traitors, comprador bourgeoisie, bureaucrats, reactionaries, feudalists and militarists...."). The LPRP claimed that it had won the national democratic revolution by winning a "people's war" with a "worker-peasant" alliance, under the secret leadership of the LPRP working through a national front. It proclaimed a commitment to "proletarian internationalism" and the "law of Indochinese solidarity" and at the same time defined Vietnam and the Soviet Union as friends and the "unholy alliance" among United States imperialism, Chinese "great power hegemonism," and Thai militarism as enemies. By the late 1980s, as communism was undergoing a radical transformation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Kaysone and his colleagues on the Politburo still professed an adherence to Marxism-Leninism, but they emphasized the necessity for Laos to pass through a stage of "state capitalism." Following Mikhail Gorbachev's example of perestroika, Kaysone proclaimed in 1989 that state enterprises were being severed from central direction and would be financially autonomous. V.I. Lenin's New Economic Policy was frequently cited to legitimize the movement toward a market economy and the necessity to stimulate private initiative. By the early 1990s, even less of the Marxist-Leninist rhetoric remained. The party has continued to move internally toward more free-market measures and externally toward reliance upon the capitalist countries and the international institutions on which they depend for investment and assistance. The "law" of Indochinese solidarity has been amended, and the LPDR's "special relations" with its former senior partner are no longer invoked, even though party spokesmen still insist that Laos retains a solid friendship and "all-round cooperation" with Vietnam. Despite this erosion of communist ideology, retaining exclusive political power remains a primary goal of the party. In a speech in 1990, Secretary General Kaysone asserted the basis of legitimacy of the party: The party is the center of our wisdom. It has laid down the correct and constructive line, patterns, and steps compatible with realities in our country and hence has led the Lao people in overcoming difficulties and numerous tests to win victory after victory, until the final victory. History has shown that our party is the only party which has won the credibility and trust of the people. Our party's leadership in our country's revolution is an objective requirement and historic duty entrusted to it by the Lao multiethnic people. Other political parties which had existed in our country have dissolved in the process of historical transformation. They failed to win the control and support of the people because they did not defend the national interest or fight for the interests and aspirations of the people. Leadership Internal Stability and External Influences Since the LPDR was proclaimed in December 1975, its leadership has been remarkably stable and cohesive. The record of continuous service at the highest ranks is equaled by few, if any, regimes in the contemporary world. Laotian leaders have an equally impressive record of unity. Although outside observers have scrutinized the leadership for factions--and some have postulated at various times that such factions might be divided along the lines of MarxistLeninist ideologues versus pragmatists or pro-Vietnamese versus nationalists (or pro-Chinese), there is no solid evidence that the leadership is seriously divided on any critical issues. In 1975 the Laotian communist leaders, most of whom had spent the revolutionary decade from 1964 to 1974 operating from Pathet Lao headquarters in the caves of Sam Neua Province, came down from the mountains to Vientiane to direct the new government. At the outset of their accession to power, they were suspicious, secretive, and inaccessible, and lower-level cadres were maladroit in imposing heavy bureaucratic controls. Travel within the country was limited, personal and family behavior was monitored by newly organized revolutionary administrative committees, cadres were assigned to disseminate propaganda, and seminars were held to provide political education for all sorts of groups. During these early years, the party squandered much of the goodwill and friendly acceptance from a population tired of war and the corruption of the old regime. At first, Laotian communist leaders were committed to fulfilling their revolutionary goals of fundamentally altering society through "socialist transformation and socialist construction." After 1979 the regime modified its earlier zealous pursuit of socialism and pursued more liberal economic and social policies, in much the same manner as Vietnam. For more than a decade after 1975, the Vietnamese continued to exercise significant influence upon the Laotian leadership through a variety of party, military, and economic channels. By the end of the 1980s, however--in particular following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc in 1991 and diminishing assistance from the Soviet Union to Vietnam and Laos--Vietnam turned inward to concentrate on its own problems of development. This emboldened Laotians leaders to jettison even more of their socialist ideological baggage, abandon agricultural collectivization, and move toward a market economy. Laos was also free to pursue an independent foreign policy. The single most important vestige of the former communist system was the solitary ruling party, the LPRP. More about the Government of Laos.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	4	https://en.nhandan.vn/party-state-leaders-congratulate-former-lao-leader-on-100th-birthday-post133191.html	en	Party, State leaders congratulate former Lao leader on 100th birthday	https://image-en.nhandan…07/laos-2558.jpg	https://image-en.nhandan…07/laos-2558.jpg	[ "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/w800/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_02_07/laos-2558.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/kdrejwqxj/2024_07_22/1-6542-2222.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/kdrejwqxj/2024_07_22/nguyen-phu-trong-1755-1790.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/kdrejwqxj/2024_07_22/qh-3622-6872.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/kdrejwqxj/2024_07_22/party-general-secretary-nguyen-phu-trong-2-3673-6015.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/tong-bi-thu-nguyen-phu-trong-2172024a1-3496-3026.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/prof-xu-liping-6608-447.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/mexico-2440-4757.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/img-6834-3619-5583.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/chienthang-7048.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/eclyestesfj/2024_07_21/screenshot-2024-07-21-085502-8495-6156.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/xi-jinping-6707-8928.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/pcf-1037-986.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/nguyen-phu-trong-7-9047-6292.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/vna-potal-viet-nam-va-argentina-tang-cuong-quan-he-hop-tac-7491852-2297-4858.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/vna-potal-hiep-dinh-geneva-1954-moc-son-lich-su-mang-y-nghia-thoi-dai-7474180-8102-8569.jpg", "https://image-en.nhandan.vn/350x200/Uploaded/2024/aslxvtxwtys/2024_07_20/russiapartyleader-5157.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-02-07T15:32:09+07:00	Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong and President Vo Van Thuong have cabled a message of congratulations to former Chairman of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) and former President of Laos Khamtai Siphandone on the occasion of his 100th birthday, which falls on February 8.	en	https://static-cms-nhandan.epicdn.me/web-multi/styles/img/favicon.ico	Nhan Dan Online	https://en.nhandan.vn/party-state-leaders-congratulate-former-lao-leader-on-100th-birthday-post133191.html	In the message, they said the Vietnamese Party, State and people highly value Siphandone’s dedication and brainpower, highlighting his important role in the Lao revolutionary cause and in consolidating the great friendship, special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between the Parties, States and people of Vietnam and Laos. They wished Siphadone and his spouse good health, happiness and longevity to stay alongside the Lao Party and State leaders in steering the nation toward even greater achievements in renovation, national construction and defence; successfully implementing the Resolution of the LPRP’s 11th National Congress, and building a country that is peaceful, independent, democratic, united, and prosperous towards the goal of socialism. "The Vietnamese Party, State and people will work together with the Lao Party, State and people to protect, preserve, and foster the bilateral special solidarity in a practical and effective manner across all fields, bringing benefits to the people of both countries and contributing to maintaining peace in the region and the world," the message read.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	6	https://photius.com/countries/laos/government/laos_government_party_structure.html	en	Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System			[ "https://photius.com/countries/images/menu.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/close.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/search.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/close.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/share.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/close.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/email_150x65.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/facebook_150x65.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/twitter_150x65.png", "https://photius.com/countries/images/linkedin_150x65.png", "https://photius.com/thus/thus_images/pixel.gif", "https://photius.com/countries/countries_banner1.gif", "https://theodora.com/flags/new2/flag_logo.gif", "https://photius.com/wfb1999/images/map.gif", "https://photius.com/countries/geogrtab3.gif", "https://photius.com/countries/geogrtab4.gif", "https://photius.com/countries/countries_banner5.gif", "https://photius.com/countries/countries_banner6.gif", "https://theodora.com/itadesign.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Laos", "Party Structure History", "Maps", "World", "Fact", "Book", "", "Flags", "Economy", "Climate", "Natural; Resources", "Current Issues", "Agreements", "Population", "Ethnic", "Divisions", "Politics", "Constitution", "Legal", "Social", "Statistics", "Political", "System", "foreign", "affairs", "society" ]	null	[]	null		en			https://photius.com/countries/laos/government/laos_government_party_structure.html	<< Back to Laos Government The LPP steadily grew from its initial 300 to 400 members ("25 delegates representing 300 to 400 members" were said to have attended the founding congress of the party). By 1965 there were 11,000 members; by 1972, as it prepared to enter into the final coalition with the RLG, it had grown to some 21,000 members; by 1975, when the party seized full power, it claimed a membership of 25,000; and by 1991, at the convening of the Fifth Party Congress, the LPRP claimed its membership had increased to 60,000. The LPRP has been organized in a manner common to other ruling communist parties, with greatest similarity to the Vietnamese Communist Party. As in other such parties, the highest authority is the party congress, a gathering of party cadres from throughout the country that meets on an intermittent schedule for several days to listen to speeches, learn the plans for future party strategy, and ratify decisions already taken by the party leadership. Next in the party hierarchy--since the elimination of the Secretariat in 1991--is the Central Committee, the party elite who fill key political positions throughout the country (see fig. 8). The Central Committee is charged with leading the party between congresses. In addition to members of the Politburo and former members of the Secretariat, the committee includes key government ministers, leading generals of the army, secretaries of provincial party committees, and chairpersons of mass organizations. When the LPRP first revealed itself to the public in 1975, the Central Committee comprised twenty-one members and six alternates. By the Fourth Party Congress, its size had expanded to fifty-one members and nine alternates. The average age of a Central Committee member in 1986 was fifty-two, with the oldest seventy-seven and the youngest thirty-three. The number of women on the Central Committee rose from three to five, including Thongvin Phomvihan, then Secretary General Kaysone's wife, who was chair of the LPRP's People's Revolutionary Youth Union and, in 1982, the first woman appointed to the Central Committee. At the Fifth Party Congress, the Central Committee stabilized in size at fifty-nine members and took on a few younger, more educated men to replace deceased or retired members. At the time, the oldest member was seventy-seven, the youngest thirty-five, with 22 percent over sixty, 30 percent between fifty and fifty-nine, and 40 percent under forty-nine. Only two women are full members of the Central Committee, and two continue as alternates. Thongvin Phomvihan--who had ranked thirty-fifth in 1986--was removed, accompanied by rumors of excessive political influence in her business activities. Notwithstanding this setback to Kaysone's family fortune, their son, Saisompheng Phomvihan, was appointed to the Central Committee, ranking forty-fifth, and was named governor of Savannakhét Province in 1993. This appointment inspired some private muttering about the emerging "princelings," referring as well to Souphanouvong's son, Khamsai Souphanouvong, number thirtyfour on the Central Committee, who became minister of finance. Despite the party's rhetoric asserting ethnic equality, the Central Committee has been dominated by lowland Lao. Upland minorities remain sparsely represented at the highest levels of party leadership. Only four members of ethnic minority groups were reported on the Central Committee elected at the Fifth Party Congress. The Central Committee is served by a number of subordinate committees. These committees include, most importantly, the Office of the Central Committee, and five other offices: Organization Committee; Propaganda and Training Committee; Party and State Control Committee; Administrative Committee of the Party and State School for Political Theory; and Committee for the Propagation of Party Policies. Since 1972 the genuine center of political power, as in other communist parties, has resided in the Politburo. Membership of the Politburo, and formerly that of the Secretariat, is drawn from the Central Committee. A small group of men--seven in 1972 and eleven by 1993--have provided the critical leadership of the communist movement in Laos. A signal attribute of this group has been its remarkable cohesion and continuity. The Politburo has been dominated for more than fifteen years communist rule by the same stalwart band of revolutionary veterans. The twenty-five Laotian former members of the ICP who founded the LPP in 1955, and from whom the Politburo was drawn, remained in almost identical rank until illness and age began to take their toll in the 1980s. Kaysone was named secretary general of the then secret LPP upon its establishment, a post he retained until his death in 1992. Nouhak retained his number-two position on the Politburo into 1993. It was not until the Fifth Party Congress that Souphanouvong, Phoumi Vongvichit, and Sisomphone Lovansai (ranking third, fourth, and seventh, respectively) were retired with honorific titles as counselors to the Central Committee. Prime Minister Khamtai Siphandon was promoted to succeed Kaysone as chief of the party, and Phoun Sipaseut advanced a notch in rank. In 1991 the Politburo numbered ten, including only two new members. Although the exact manner of Politburo decision making has never been revealed, a collegiality, based on long years of common experience, appears to have developed. In addition to their powerful position on the Politburo, members exercise additional political power--perhaps even more than in most other communist systems--through important posts within the governmental structure. In fact, for many years, five Politburo members also held seats on the Secretariat. At the Fifth Party Congress, the party abolished the nineperson Secretariat of the Central Committee and changed the designation of the head of the party (Kaysone) from secretary general to chairman. Until it was abolished, the Secretariat wielded influence second only to that of the Politburo. The Secretariat issued party directives and acted on behalf of the Central Committee when it was not in session, in effect managing the day-to-day business of the party. Khamtai Siphandon became party chairman in November 1992, but it is not certain whether he will accrue the same power and influence as his predecessor. Each of the sixteen provinces (khoueng--see Glossary) is directed by a party committee, chaired by a party secretary who is the dominant political figure in the province. At a lower level are 112 districts (muang--see Glossary), further divided into subdistricts (tasseng--see Glossary), each with their own party committees. Administratively, subdistricts have been abolished in principle since around 1993, but implementation has been uneven across provinces. It is unknown whether subdistrictlevel party committees have also been abolished. At the base of the country's administrative structure are more than 11,000 villages (ban--see Glossary), only some of which have party branches. Data as of July 1994
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	63	https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86s00596r000200800001-0	en	CHIEFS OF STATE AND CABINET MEMBERS OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS			[ "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Glyph-FOIA.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/ic_search.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/ic_search.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Menu-Close-NoBorder.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/ic_search.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/modules/contrib/print/icons/print_icon.png", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/IG.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Fb.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Tw.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Li.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/YT.svg", "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/images/bt/Fl.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/all/themes/foia_theme/favicon.ico		https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86s00596r000200800001-0	D t t Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 -recora ~ v' Intelligence Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments CR CS 85-001 (Supersedes CR CS 84-012) January 1985 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 This publication is prepared for the use of US Government officials, and the format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. US Government officials may obtain additional copies of this document directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence Agency. Requesters outside the US Government may obtain subscriptions to CIA publications similar to this one by addressing inquiries to: Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project Exchange and Gift Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 or: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Requesters outside the US Government not interested in subscription service may purchase specific publications either in paper copy or microform from: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 (To expedite service call the NTIS Order Desk (703) 487-4650) or: Photoduplication Service Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Direct Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Intelligence Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments Information received as of 12 December 1984 has been used in preparing this directory: significant changes received between then and 18 December 1984 have been made in the country section, but not in the index. CR CS 85-001 (Supersedes CR CS 84-012) January 1985 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 This directory identifying Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments is based upon information current as of the publication date. (The index, however, will not include last-minute changes.) Completely revised editions are issued each month. Upon being replaced, the obsolete directories should be destroyed. Because it is intended primarily as a reference aid this publication includes as many governments of the world as is considered practicable, some of them not yet fully independent and others not officially recognized by the United States. Regimes with which there are no diplomatic exchanges are indicated by the initials "NDE." For the convenience of the user, a key to abbreviations is included. Governments are listed in alphabetical order according to the most commonly used version of each country's name. The spellings of the personal names in this directory follow transliteration systems generally agreed upon by US Government agencies, except when officials use or have stated a preference for alternate spellings of their names or when the news media or official documents issued by an individual's country use an alternate spelling. Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS Administration Asst. Assistant Government Brig. Brigadier International Capt. Captain Lieutenant Cdr. Commander Major Cdte. Comandante Marshal Chmn. Chairman Member Col. Colonel Minister, Ministry Com. Committee National Comdr. Commodore No Diplomatic Exchange Comn. Commission Org. Organization Del. Delegate Pres. President Dep. Deputy RAdm. Rear Admiral Dept. Department Res. Research Dir. Director Ret. Retired Dev. Development Sci. Scientific Div. Division Sec. Secretary Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Tech. Technical VAdm. Vice Admiral Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 President, Revolutionary Council ..................................................... Prime Minister ................................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Min. of Agriculture & Land Reform ............................................... Min. of Commerce ............................................................................ Min, of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Electrical Energy ................................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................ Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Higher & Vocational Education ......................................... Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Irrigation ............................................................................... Min. of Justice & Attorney General ................................................. Min. of Light Industry & Foodstuffs ................................................ Min. of Mines & Industries ............................................................... Min. of Nationalities & Tribal Affairs .............................................. Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Planning ................................................................................ Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Public Works ........................................................................ Min. of Transport .............................................................................. Minister Without Portfolio ................................................................ Babrak Karmal Keshtmand, Soltan Ali Dad, Go] Sarbuland,'Abdol Maiid Abawi, Khalil Ahmad Aryan, Abdul Rashid Rafi, Mohammad, Lt. Gen. Mangal, Sarwar Lakanwal,'Abdul Ghafar, Dr. Jalalar, Mohammad Khan Watanjar, Mohammad Aslam, Lt. Col. Qayyumi,'Abdul Samad Paktin, Raz Mohammad Kabir, Mohammad Dost, Shah Mohammad Ghiasi, Burhan Gulabzoi, Sayed Mohammad Sorkhabi, Mohammad Shah Baghlani, Mohammad Bashir Aziz, Mohammad Danesh, Mohammad Esmail Laeq, Solayman Mohammad, Nazar, Maj. Gen. Mangal, Sarwar Kamyar, Mohammad Nabi, Dr. Mohammad, Nazar Mazdooryar, Sher Jan, Lt. Col. Yaqubi, Faqir Mohammad ALBANIA, PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF-NDE Chairman, Presidium, People's Assembly ....................................... Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier) ...................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Min. of Agriculture ............................................................................ Min. of Communal Services .............................................................. Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Construction ......................................................................... Min. of Domestic Trade .................................................................... Min. of Education & Culture ........................................................... Min. of Energy ................................................................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Foreign Trade ...................................................................... Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Industry & Mines ................................................................. Min. of Internal Affairs ..................................................................... Min. of Light Industry & Food Industry ......................................... Alia, Ramiz Carcani, Adil Bekteshi, Besnik Mihali, Qiriako Myftiu, Manush Thomai, Themie Arapi, Kudret Babameto, Luan Hoxha, Farudin Murati, Osman Cami, Tefta Hametaj, Lavdosh Gjyzari, Niko Malile, Reis Korbeci, Shane Alushani, Aili, Dr. Celiku, Hairedin Isai, Hekuran Kapo, Vito Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 ALBANIA, PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF-NDE (Cont.) Min. of People's Defense .................................................................. Murra, Prokop Chmn., State Planning Comn ........................................................... Papajorgji, Harilla President ............................................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Min, of State for the Presidency ....................................................... Min. of Agriculture & Fishing .......................................................... Min. of Commerce ............................................................................ Min. of Culture & Tourism ............................................................. Min. of Energy, Chemical & Petrochemical Industries ................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min, of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Heavy industry .................................................................... Min, of Higher Education ................................................................. Min. of Hydraulics, Environment & Forests ................................... Min. of Information ........................................................................... Min. of Interior & Localities ............................................................. Min, of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Light Industry ...................................................................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Min. of Planning & Natl. Development .......................................... Min. of Posts & Telecommunications .............................................. Min. of Professional Training & Labor ............................................ Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Public Works ........................................................................ Min. of Religious Affairs .................................................................... Min. of Social Protection ................................................................... Min. of Transportation ...................................................................... Min. of Urban Planning, Construction & Housing ......................... Min. of Veterans., .............................................................................. Min. of Youth & Sports .................................................................... Bendjedid, Chadli, Col. Brahimi, Abdelhamid Abdelghani. Mohamed Ben Ahmed Kasdi, Merbah, Col. Khellef, Abdelaziz Meziane, Abdelmajid Nabi, Belkacem Benhamouda, Boualem Taleb Ibrahimi, Ahmed, Dr. Saadi, Selim, Lt. Col. Bererhi, Abdelhak Rafik Rouighi, Mohamed Rouis, Bachir Yala, M'hamed Hadi Baki, Boualem Messaoudi, Zitouni Bendjedid, Chadli, Col. Kherroubi, Mohamed Cherif Oubouzar, Ali Bessaieh, Boualem, Col, Nabi, M'hamed Houhou, Djamel Eddine Benfreha, Ahmed Chibane, Abderrahmane Ounissi, Thor Goudjil, Salah Belayat, Abderrahmane Nemmiche, Djelloul Bakhti Bouchama, Kama] President ............................................................................................. Min. of Agriculture & Forestry ........................................................ Min. of Construction & Housing ...................................................... Min, of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Energy ................................................................................... Min. of External Relations ................................................................ Min, of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Fisheries ................................................................................ Min. of Foreign Trade ...................................................................... Min. of Health ................................................................................... Santos, Jose Eduardo dos Domingos, Evaristo, Maj. Flora, Jorge Henriques Tonha, Pedro Maria, Col. Teixeira, Augusto Lopes Van-Dunem, Pedro de Castro, Lt. Col. Santos, Jose Eduardo dos Matos, Augusto Teixeira de Carvalho, Emilio Jose Guerra de Martins, Ismael Gaspar Neto, Antonio Jose Ferreira Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Industry ................................................................................. Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Internal Trade ...................................................................... Min. of justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor & Social Security ................. Min. of Petroleum ............................................................................. Min. of Planning ................................................................................ Min, of Provincial Coordination ....................................................... Min. of State Security ........................................................................ Min. of Transport & Communications ............................................. Vice Min. of Agriculture ................................................................... Vice Min. of Agriculture for Forestry .............................................. Vice Min. of Communications .......................................................... Vice Min. of Construction ................................................................. Vice Min. of Defense & Chief of Staff, Armed Forces ................... Vice Min. of Defense & Cdr., People's Navy .................................. Vice Min. of Defense & Cdr., People's Defense Organization ..................................................................................... Vice Min. of Defense & Commisar, National Policy Directorate ....................................................................................... Vice Min. of Education for Basic Training ..................................... Vice Min. of Education for Higher & University Education ......................................................................................... Vice Min. of Energy .......................................................................... Vice Min. of External Relations ...................................................... Vice Min, of Finance ........................................................................ Vice Min. of Health ........................................................................... Vice Min. of Industry ........................................................................ Vice Min. of Industry ........................................................................ Vice Min. of Interior ......................................................................... Vice Min. of Internal Trade ............................................................. Vice Min. of Petroleum ..................................................................... Vice Min. of Petroleum ..................................................................... Vice Min. of Planning ....................................................................... Vice Min. of State Security ................................ Vice Min. of Transport ...................................................................... Secretary of State for Cooperation ................................................... Secretary of State for Culture ........................................................... Secretary of State for Physical Education & Sports ........................ Secretary of State for Social Affairs .................................................. Secretary of the President for Judicial Matters ............................... Secretary of the Council of Ministers .............................................. Governor of the National Bank ........................................................ Santos, Henrique de Carvalho Rodrigues, Manuel Alexandre Duarte, Lt. Col. Junior, Adriano Pereira dos Santos Boavida, Diogenes Assis Silva, Horacio Pereira Bras da Van-Dunem, Pedro de Castro, Lt. Col. Nascimento, Lopo do Domingos, Evaristo, Maj. Paulo, juliao Mateus, Col. Sousa, Manuel Bernardo de Roxo, Antonio Joaquim Mande, Graciano Ribeiro, Lucinio Tavares Neto, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira Franca, Antonio dos Santos, Lt. Col. Alfredo, Manuel Augusto, Lt. Col. Paiva, Francisco Magalhaes, Lt. Col. Matias, Joaquim da Silva Martins, Joao Filipe Santos, Carlos Alberto dos Moura, Venancio da Silva Santos, Sebastiao de Sousa e Sambo, Luis Gomes Fernandes, Justino Jose Branco, Adelino Filipe Galvao Santos, Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Dias, Joaquim Guerreiro Santos, Carlos Alberto dos Costa, Desiderio da Graca Verissimoda Silva, Antonio Henriques Castro, Delfim de, Cdte. Bonga, Eduardo Paulo Fernandes, Carlos Antonio Cardoso, Boaventura da Silva Mingas, Rui Vieira Dias Gil, Rodeth Teresa Maquina Silva, Jose Fernandes, Flavio Joao Matos, Augusto Teixeira de Governor General .............................................................................. Jacobs, Wilfred Ebenezer, Sir Prime Minister ................................................................................... Bird, Vere C., Sr. Deputy Prime Minister ..................................................................... Bird, Lester Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (Cont.) Min. of Agriculture, Lands & Fisheries ........................................... Yearwood, Robin Min. of Consumer Protection ........................................................... Min. of Economic Development, Tourism & Energy .................... Bird, Lester Min. of Education, Culture, Youth Affairs & Sports ....................... Harris, Reuben Min. of External Affairs .................................................................... Bird, Lester Min. of Finance ................................................................................. St. Luce, John Min. of Health ................................................................................... O'Marde, Christopher Min. of Labor, Housing, Cooperatives & Development Control Authority ............................................................................ Freeland, Adolphus Min. of Legal Affairs ......................................................................... Ford, Keith Min. of Local Affairs ......................................................................... Min. of Public Utilities, Communications & Aviation .................... Bird, Vere, Jr. Min. of Public Works ........................................................................ Humphreys, Hilroy Min. Without Portfolio ...................................................................... Joseph, Molwyn Min. Without Portfolio ...................................................................... Cochran, Eustace Min. Without Portfolio ...................................................................... Christian, Douglas Min. Without Portfolio ...................................................................... Marshall, Hugh Min. Without Portfolio... ................................................................... Simon, Henderson Min., Office of the Prime Minister ................................................... Parliamentary Secretary .................................................................... Bird, Vere, Jr. Cabinet Secretary .............................................................................. Stevens, Lounel Attorney General ............................................................................... Ford, Keith ARGENTINA (ARGENTINE REPUBLIC) President ............................................................................................. Alfonsin, RaUl Vice President .................................................................................... Martinez, Victor Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Borras, Raul Min. of Economy ............................................................................... Grinspun, Bernardo Min. of Education & Justice ............................................................. Alconada Aramburu, Carlos Min. of Foreign Relations & Worship .............................................. Caputo, Dante Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Troccoli, Antonio Min. of Labor & Social Security ....................................................... Barrionuevo, Hugo Min. of Public Health & Social Action ............................................ Neri, Aldo Min. of Public Works & Services ..................................................... Carranza, Roque Sec. Gen. of the Presidency .............................................................. Lopez, German Governor General .............................................................................. Stephen, Ninian, Sir Prime Minister ................................................................................... Hawke, Robert Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Bowen, Lionel Attorney General ............................................................................... Bowen, Lionel Treasurer ............................................................................................ Keating, Paul Special Min. of State .......................................................................... Young, Michael Jerome Min. for Community Services .......................................................... Grimes, Don Min. for Defense ................................................................................ Beazley, Kim Min. for Education ............................................................................ Ryan, Susan Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH OF (Cont.) Min. for Employment & Industrial Relations ................................. Min, for Finance.. ..... ................ .......... .......................................... * Min. for Foreign Affairs .................................................................... Min. for Housing & Construction ..................................................... Min. for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs ............................................ Min, of Industry Technology & Commerce .................................... Min. for Primary Industry ................................................................ Min. for Resources & Energy ..................... .. ............. ......... Min. for Social Security ..................................................................... Min. for Trade ................................................................................... Willis, Ralph Walsh, Peter Hayden, William West, Stewart Hurford, Chris Button, John Kerin, John Evans, Gareth Howe, Brian Dawkins, John President ............................................................................................. Chancellor .......................................................................................... Vice Chancellor ................................................................................ Min. for Agriculture & Forestry .................... ...................... Min. for Construction & Technology .............................................. Min. for Education & Arts ................................................................ Min. for Family Affairs ..................................................................... Min. for Finance ................................................................................ Min. for Foreign Affairs .................................................................... Min. for Health & Environmental Protection ................................. Min. for the Interior .......................................................................... Min. for Justice .................................................................................. Min. for Natl. Defense ...................................................................... Min. for Science & Research ............................................................ Min. for Social Administration ......................................................... Min. for Trade, Commerce & Industry ........................................... Min. for Transport & Nationalized Industries ................................. State Sec. for Agriculture .................................................................. State Secretary for the Chancellery ................................................. State Secretary for the Chancellery ................................................. State Sec. for Commerce, Trade & Industry ................................... State Sec. for Construction & Technology ....................................... State Sec. for Finance ........................................................................ State Sec. for Health & Environment .............................................. Kirchschlager, Rudolf Sinowatz, Fred Steger, Norbert Haiden, Gunter Sekanina, Karl Moritz, Herbert Frohlich-Sandner, Gertrude Vranitzky, Franz Gratz, Leopold Steyrer, Kurt, Dr. Blecha, Karl Ofner, Harald Frischenschlager, Friedhelm Fischer, Heinz Dallinger, Alfred Steger, Norbert Lacina, Ferdinand Murer, Gerulf Dohnal, Johanna Loschnak, Franz Schmidt, Erich Eypeltauer, Beatrix Bauer, Holger Ferrari-Brunnenfeld, Mario BAHAMAS, COMMONWEALTH OF THE Governor General .............................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister .......................................................................... Min. of Economic Affairs, Fishing & Agriculture ........................... Min, of Education .............................................................................. Min. of External Affairs & Tourism ................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Health ................................................................................... Cash, Gerald C., Sir Pfndling, Lynden O. Maycock, Alfred T. Adderley, Paul L. Maynard, Clement T. Pindling, Lynden O. Gay, Norman, Dr. Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86S00596R000200800001-0 BAHAMAS, COMMONWEALTH OF THE (Cont.) Min. of Labor, Youth, Sports, & Community Affairs ..................... Min. of National Security ................................................................. Min. of Transport & Local Government ......................................... Min. of Works & Utilities and Housing & Natl. Insurance .......................................................................................... Attorney General ............................................................................... Speaker of the House of Assembly ................................................... Coakley, Livingston N. Roker, A. Loftus Bethel, Philip M. Rolle, Darrell Adderley, Paul L. Darling, Clifford A m i r .................................................................................................... Prime Minister ................................................................................... Min. of Commerce & Agriculture .................................................... Min. of Development & Industry (Acting) ...................................... Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Finance & Natl. Economy .................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ..... ........................................................... Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Housing ................................................................................. Min. of Information ........................................................................... Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Justice & Islamic Affairs ...................................................... Min. of Labor & Social Affairs .......................................................... Min. of Public Works, Electricity & Water .................................... Min. of Transportation & Communication ...................................... Min. of State for Cabinet Affairs (Acting) ........................................ Min. of State for Legal Affairs .......................................................... Khalifa, Isa bin Sulman Al Khalifa, Khalifa bin Salman Al Qasim, Habib 'Abd al-Karim, Ibrahim Fakhru, 'Ali Muhammad, Dr. 'Abd al-Karim, Ibrahim Khalifa, Muhammad bin Mubarak Al 'Urayid, Jawad Salim al- Khalifa, Khalid ibn 'Abdallah Al Mu'ayyid, Tariq 'Abd al-Rahman al- Khalifa, Muhammad ibn Khalifa ibn Hamid Al Khalif a, 'Abdallah ibn Khalid Al Khalifa, Khalifa ibn Salman ibn Muhammad Al Jishi, Majid al- Humaydan, Ibrahim Muhammad Hasan Mu'ayyid, Tariq 'Abd al-Rahman al- Bahama, Husayn Muhammad al- BANGLADESH, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) ..................................... Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator (DCMLA) .................... President ............................................................................................. Vice President .................................................................................... Prime Minister .............................................................. ..................... Min. of Agriculture ............................................................................ Min. of Commerce ............................................................................ Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Energy ................................................................................... Min. of Establishment & Reorganization ......................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Food . ..................................................................................... Min. of Foreign Affairs (Acting) ....................................................... Min, of Health & Population Control .............................................. Min. of Home Affairs ........................................................................ Min. of Industries .............................................................................. Ershad, Hussain Mohammad, Lt. Gen. Ahmed, Sultan, RAdm. Ershad, Hussain Mohammad, Lt. Gen. Matin, M. A. Ahmed, Sultan, RAdm. Ershad, Hussain Mohammad, Lt. Gen. Chowdhury, Shamsul Huda Chowdhury, Mohabbat Jan, Maj. Gen. Mahmood, Abdul Gaffar, Air Vice Marshal, Ret. Ershad, Hussain Mohammad, Lt. Gen. Huq, Shamsul, Maj. Gen., Ret. Siddique, Abdul Manan, Maj. Gen. Mahmud, Sultan, Air VMar. Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86S00596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BANGLADESH, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF (Cont.) Min. of Information ........................................................................... Min. of Irrigation, Water Development, & Flood Control ............ Min. of Jute & Textiles ...................................................................... Min. of Labor & Manpower ............................................................. Min. of Land Administration & Land Reforms.. .., ... .... ... .. .... ... ...Min. of Law & Justice... ..... ... . .. ... - .. ... ........ ... ......... .... Min. of Local Government, Rural Development & Cooperatives ..................................................................................... Min. of Planning ................................................................................ Min. of Political & Parliamentary Affairs ....................................... Min. of Ports, Shipping & Inland Water Transport ........................ Min. of Relief & Rehabilitation ....................................................... Min. of Religious Affairs & Endowments ........................................ Min. of Social Welfare & Women's Affairs ..................................... Min. of Works .................................................................................... Min. Without Portfolio ..................................................................... Min. of State for Food ....................................................................... Min. of State for Freedom Fighter Affairs ...................................... Min. of State for Sports & Youth Development .............................. Min, of State for Student Affairs ...................................................... Min. of State for Tribal Affairs ......................................................... Adviser to the President in Charge of Civil Aviation & Tourism .......... ................................................................................. Adviser to the President & Principal Financial Secretary ........................................................................................... Adviser to the President & Principal Foreign Secretary ................ Special Secretary to the President .................................................... President of Bangladesh Jute Mills Association ............................... Governor General .............................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister ................................... _........... .......................... Min. of Agriculture, Food & Consumer Affairs .............................. ... Min. of Caribbean Affairs.... , - ...... ... ... ... ... ..... ....... .... .... .. Min. of Cultural Affairs ..................................................................... Min, of Education ............................................................................. Min, of External Affairs .................................................................... Min. of Finance & Planning ............................................................ Min. of Health & Community Service ............................................ Min. of Housing, Lands & Environment ......................................... Min of Information & Communications......_ ................................. Min. of Labor, Social Security & Sports .......................................... Min. of Parliamentary Affairs .................................................. ..... ... Min. of Trade, Tourism & Industry ................................................. Min. of Transport & Works .............................................................. Min. of State for Finance .................................................................. Huq, Shamsul, Maj. Gen., Ret. Islam Khan, Mohammad Aminul, Air VMar,, (Ret.) Ali, M. Korbaj Hossain, Shah Moazzem, Lt. Gen. Haq, M. A. Rahman Khan, Ataur, Dr. Majeed Khan, A., Dr. Rahman Khan, Ataur, Dr. Ahmed, Reazuddin Ali, Yusuf Bakr, Khandaker Abu, Dr. Khatun, Shafia, Dr. Munim, Mohammad Abut, Maj. Gen. Chowdhury, Mizanur Rahman Bhashani, Abu Nasir Khan, Dr. Chowdhury, Zakar Khan Swapan, Shafiqul Ghani Bablu, Ziauddin Chakma, Upendra Syeduzzaman, M. Chowdhury, H. R. Rahman, Mofizur Sattar, M. A. Springer, Hugh, Sir Adams, J. M. G. St. John, H. Bernard Cheltenham, Richard L. "Johnny' St. John, H. Bernard Barrow, Nigel Ansley Miller, Billie Antoinette Tull, Louis R. Adams, J. M. G. Trotman, O'Brien Brathwaite, Lloyd B. Barrow, Nigel Ansley Bradshaw, Delisle O. Craig, Lionel S. St. John, H. Bernard Johnson, Victor L. Griffith, Clyde Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BARBADOS (Cont.) Attorney General ............................................................................... Tull, Louis R. King .................................................................................................... Prime Minister ................................................................................... Vice Prime Minister .......................................................................... Vice Prime Minister .......................................................................... Vice Prime Minister .......................................................................... Min. of Brussels Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of the Budget ............................................................................ Min, of Communications, Posts, Telephones & Telegraph ............ Min. of Economic Affairs .................................................................. Min. of Employment & Labor ......................................................... Min. of Finance & Foreign Commerce ........................................... Min. of Foreign Relations ................................................................. Min. of Interior & Public Office ....................................................... Min. of Justice & Institutional Reform ............................................ Min. of National Defense .................................................................. Min. of Natl. Education (Flemish) ................................................... Min. of Natl. Education (Francophone) ........................................... Min. of Public Works & Middle Classes .......................................... Min. of Science Policy & Planning ................................................... Min. of Social Welfare & Institutional Reform ............................... Min. of Transport .............................................................................. Sec. of State for Brussels Affairs ....................................................... Sec, of State for Brussels Affairs ....................................................... Sec. of State of Cooperation for Development ................................ Sec. of State for Energy .................................................................... Sec, of State for European Affairs & Agriculture ............................ Sec. of State for Foreign Commerce ................................................ Sec. of State for Pensions .................................................................. Sec. of State for Posts, Telegraph & Telephones ............................. Sec. of State for Public Affairs .......................................................... Sec. of State for Social Welfare ........................................................ Governor General .............................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Deputy Prime Minister ..................................................................... Min. of Commerce, Industry, Fishing & Cooperatives .................. Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Economic Development ...................................................... Min. of Education, Youth, Tourism & Transport ........................... Min. of Energy & Communications ................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Home Affairs & Establishment ........................................... Min. of Housing ................................................................................ Baudouin I Martens, Wilfried De Clereq, Willy Nothomb, Charles-Ferdinand Gol, Jean Hatry, Paul Maystadt, Philippe De Croo, Herman Eyskens, Marc Hansenne, Michel De Clercq, Willy Tindemans, Leo Nothomb, Charles-Ferdinand Gol, Jean Vreven, Alfred Coens, Daniel Bertouille, Andre Olivier, Louis Maystadt, Philippe Dehaene, Jean-Luc De Croo, Herman Goor-Eyben, Cecile Neyts-Uyttebroeck, Anne-Marie De Donnea, Francois-Xavier Knoops, Etienne De Keersmaeker, Paul Kempinaire, Andre Mainil, Pierre d'Hondt-van Opdenbosch, Paula Waltniel, Louis Aerts, Firmin Gordon, Minita Esquivel, Manuel A. Thompson, Curl Juan, Eduardo Esquivel, Manuel A. Barrow, Dean 0 Aikman, Derek Alpuche, Israel Esquivel, Manuel A. Barrow, Dean 0 Thompson, Curl Elrington, Hubert Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BELIZE (Cont.) Min. of Locai Government Social Services & Community Devel- opment ................................................................................................ Min. of Health, Labor & Sports ........................................................ Min. of Natural Resources ................................................................ Min. of Social Security ...................................................................... Min. of Works.., ............ . .. ... ..... ........ ......... .... .. .... ... ............. .Attorney General ............................................................................... Goldson, Philip Aragon, Elodio Lindo, Dean Esquivel, Manuel Wagner, Charles Elrington, Hubert President ............................................................................................. Min. of Commerce, Crafts & Tourism ............................................ Min. of Culture, Youth & Sports ...................................................... Min. of Defense & Armed Forces ................................................... Min. of Equipment & Transport ...................................................... Min. of Finance & Economy ............................................................ Min. of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation ........................................... Min. of Information & Communication ......................................... Min. of Interior & Territorial Administration ................................. Min. of Justice & Inspection of Public & Semi-Public Enterprises ......... .............................................................................. Min. of Labor & Social Affairs .......................................................... Min. of Nursery & Primary Education ............................................ Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Rural Development & Cooperatives ................................... Min, of Secondary & Higher Education .......................................... Min. Delegate to the President in Charge of Plan & Statistics ............................................................................................ Prefect of Atacora Province .............................................................. Prefect of Atlantic Province ............................................................. Prefect of Borgou Province ............................................................... Prefect of Mono Province ................................................................. Prefect of Oueme Province ............................................................. Prefect of Zou Province .................................................................... Governor ............................................................................................ Deputy Governor ............................................................................... Premier.. ............ ... ..... ... ... .... .... .. ......... ........ .... ........ .. .... ... ....Min. of Community & Cultural Affairs ........................................... Min, of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Environment ......................................................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Health & Social Services ...................................................... Min. of Home Affairs ........................................................................ Min. of Industry & Technology ....... .. .............. Min. of Legislative Affairs ................................................................. Kerekou, Mathieu, Brig. Gen. Dankoro, Soule Ali, Moussa Traore Kerekou, Mathieu, Brig. Gen. Gado, Gii:gissou Antonio, Hospice Affo, Frederic Assogba Houdou, Ali Zodehougan, Edouard Dassi, Didier, Lt. Col. Atchade, Andre Akpo, Philippe, Cpt. Guezodje, Vincent, Lt. Col. Biaou, Adolphe, Capt. Alladaye, Michel Salami, Zulkifouli Moussa, Soule Sambo, Soule Codjia, Gandonou Azonhiho, Martin Dohou Santos, Felicien dos Adegble, Moustapha Dunrossil, Viscount Herdman, Mark Swan, John W. D. Simons, Gerald Thomas, George Davis, Haskins James, Clarence, Dr. Decouto, Ann Cartwright Sharpe, John, Sir Stubbs, John Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BERMUDA (Cont.) Min. of Marine, Air & Transport Services ....................................... Min. of Tourism ................................................................................. Miry. of Works & Housing ................................................................. Min. of Youth, Sport & Recreation .................................................. Min. Without Portfolio ...................................................................... Stallard, Sidney Pearman, Irving Edness, Quinton Burgess, Maxwell Collis, Charles King .................................................................................................... King's Representative in Ministry of Development ........................ King's Representative in Ministry of Finance ................................. Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min, of Home Affairs ........................................................................ Min. of Trade & Industry ................................................................. Wangchuck, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Dechhen Wangmo, Princess Wangchuck, Sonam Chhoden, Princess Penjor, Sangye Tsering, Dawa Jagar, Tamji Wangchuck, Namgyal President ............................................................................................. Vice President .................................................................................... Min. of Aeronautics ........................................................................... Min. of Agriculture, Campesino Affairs & Livestock Affairs ............................................................................................... Min. of Agriculture, Campesino Affairs & Livestock Affairs ............................................................................................... Min. of Education & Culture ........................................................... Min, of Energy & Hydrocarbons ...................................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Finance ............._.................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs & Worship .................................................. Min. of Housing & Urban Affairs ..................................................... Min. of Industry, Commerce & Tourism ......................................... Min. of Information ........................................................................... Min. of Integration ............................................................................ Min. of Integration.. I ...... I ............................................. ................... Min. of Interior, Migration & Justice ............................................... Min. of Labor & Labor Development ............................................. Min. of Mining & Metallurgy ........................................................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Planning & Coordination ..................................................... Min. of Social Services & Public Health .......................................... Min. of Transport & Communications ............................................. Min. Sec. Gen. of the Presidency ..................................................... Sites Zuazo, Hernan Paz Zamora, Jaime Arnez Camacho, Antonio, Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Moscoso Riveros, Guillermo Camacho Pena, Alfonso Zavaleta, Ronald Bonifaz Gutierrez, Oscar Mercado, Gualberto Fernandez Saavedra, Gustavo Capnbianco Rivera, Guillermo Montero Mur, Hugo Rueda Pena, Mario Agreda Valderrama, Jorge Fernandez, Percy Alvarez Plata, Federico Medina Pinedo, Jorge Pommier Gomez, Luis Cardenas Mallo, Manuel; Col. Fernandez, Rene Torres Goitia, Javier Poppe Martinez, Hernando Urioste Fernandez, Miguel Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BOTSWANA, REPUBLIC OF President ............................................................................................. Vice President .................................................................................... Min. of Agriculture ............................................................................ Min, of Commerce & Industry ......................................................... Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of External Affairs .................................................................... Min. of Finance & Economic Development ................................... Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Home Affairs ........................................................................ Min. of Local Government & Lands ................................................ Min. of Mineral Resources & Water Affairs .................................... Min. of Public Service & Information ............................................. Min. of Works & Communications .................................................. Attorney General ............................................................................... Masire, Quett K.J., Dr. Mmusi, Peter Meswele, Washington Nwako, M. P. Kwako Morake, Kebatlamang P. Chiepe, Gaositwe K. T., Miss Mmusi, Peter Makgekgenene, Lemme Kgabo, Englishman Mothibamele, Lesedi, Mrs. Mogwe, Archibald M. Kwelagobe, Daniel K. Blackbeard, Colin Mokama, M. D. BRAZIL, FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF Figueiredo, Joao Baptista de Oliveira, Gen. (Ret.) Vice President .................................................................................... Chaves de Mendonca, Antonio Aureliano Min. of Aeronautics ........................................................................... Delio Jardim de Mattos, Gen. (Ret.) Min. of Agriculture ............................................................................ Jost, Nestor Min. of Army .......... ......................??...... ............. .... """""..... ... Pires de Carvalho e Albuquerque, Walter, Min, of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Education & Culture ........................................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Industry & Commerce ......................................................... Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Justice., .... ..... ............... ..... .... ... ........ .... ....... ......... ..Min. of Labor ..................................................................................... Min. of Mines & Energy ................................................................... Min. of Navy ...................................................................................... Min. of Transportation & Public Works .......................................... Min. of Welfare & Social Security........... Minister-Chief of the Planning Secretariat of the Presidency ........................................................................................ Chief, Civilian Household of the Presidency .................................. Chief, Military Household of the Presidency .................................. Chief, Natl. Intelligence Service ..................................................... Chief, Special Min. for Land Related Issues ................................... Gen. (Ret.) Mattos, Haroldo Correa de, Col. (Ret.) Ferraz, Ester de Figueiredo Galveas, Ernane Guerreiro, Ramiro Elisio Saraiva Arcoverde, Waldyr Mendes Badaro, Murilo Paulino Andreazza, Mario David, Col. (Ret.) Abi-Ackel, Ibrahim Macedo, Murillo Cals de Oliveira, Cesar, Col. (Ret.) Karam, Alfredo, Adm. Severn, Cloraldino Snares Passarinho, Jarbas Gonsalves Delfim Netto, Antonio Leit3o de Abreu, Joao Ludwig, Rubem Carlos, Brig. Gen. Medeiros, Octavio Aguiar de, Div. Gen. Venturini, Danilo, Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Sultan .................................................................................................. Hassanal Bolkiah, Sir Prime Minister ................................................................................... Hassanal Bolkiah, Sir Min. of Communication .................................................................... Bahrin bin Abbas Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BRUNEI (Cont.) Min. of Culture, Youth and Sports ................................................... Min, of Defense ................................................................................. Min, of Development ........................................................................ Min. of Education and Health .......................................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min, of Internal Affairs ..................................................................... Min. of Law ....................................................................................... Jefri Bolkiah Omar Ali Saifuddin, Sir Rahman bin Taib, Abdul Aziz bin Umar, Abdul Hassanal Bolkiah, Sir Mohamed Bolkiah Hassanal Bolkiah, Sir Bahrin bin Abbas Chairman, State Council ................................................................... 1st Dep. Chairman, State Council .................................................... Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier) ...................................... 1st Dep. Chairman, Council of Ministers ........................................ Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers ......................................... Min. of Chemical Industry ............................................................... Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Construction & Territorial-Settlement Organization ..................................................................................... Min. of Energy & Raw Material Resources ..................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Foreign Trade ...................................................................... Min. of Forests & Forest Industry .................................................... Min. of Internal Affairs ..................................................................... Min. of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Machine Building ................................................................. Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Min, of Production & Trade for Consumer Goods ......................... Min, of Public Health ....................................................................... Min, of Transportation ...................................................................... Min. Extraordinary & Ambassador Plenipotentiary to the USSR ................................................................................................. Chmn., Bulgarian Nat'l. Bank .......................................................... Chmn., Com. for Culture ................................................................. Chmn., Natl. Agro-Industrial Union ................................................ Chmn., State Planning Com ............................................................. Churn., State Com. for Science & Technical Progress .................... Member without Portfolio ................................................................ Zhivkov, Todor Khristov Tanchev, Petur Zhelev Filipov, Georgi (Grisha) Stanchev Aleksandrov, Chudomir Asenov Bonev Panayotov, Stanish Bozhinov, Todor Iliev Karamanev, Georgi Mitev Lukanov, Andrey Karlov Stoichkov, Grigor Georgiev Yordanov Momchev, Georgi Pankov, Georgi Tsankov Vanchev, Pando Vulev Stoichkov, Grigor Georgiev Bozhinov, Todor Iliev Belchev, Belcho Antonov Mladenov, Petur Toshev Khristov, Khristo Iliev Markov Spasov, Yanko Stoyanov, Dimitur Ivanov Daskalova, Svetla Raykova Doynov, Ognyan Nakov Dzhurov, Dobri Yordanov, Army Gen. Fol, Aleksandur Nikolaev Karamanev, Georgi Mitev Popivanov, Radoy Petrov Tsanov Ivanov, Vasil Zhulev, Dimitur Aleksandrov Kolarov, Vasil Georgiev Yordanov Momchev, Georgi Petkov Yordanov, Aleksandur Bonev Panayotov, Stanish Todoriev, Nikola Khristov Chakurov, Toncho Ivanov Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BURKINA FASO (In August 1984, the Republic of Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso) Chairman, CNR; Head of Government ........................................... Min. of State to the Presidency in Charge of Justice ..................... Min. of Agriculture & Livestock ...................................................... Min. of Budget ................................................................................... .. Min. of Commerce & People's Supply., ..................... .................. Min. of Economic Promotions .......................................................... Min. of Environment & Tourism ..................................................... Min. of Equipment ............................................................................ Min. of External Relations & Cooperation ...................................... Min. of Family Affairs & National Solidarity .................................. Min. of Financial Resources ............................................................. Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Higher Education & Scientific Research ............................ Min. of Information & Culture ............................................ ......... Min. of Internal Affairs & Security .................................................. Min. of Labor, Social Security & Civil Service ............................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Min. of Planning & Development .................................................... Min. of Sports & Leisure ................................................................... Min. of Transport & Communications ............................................. Min. of Water Resources ................................................................... Sankara, Thomas, Capt. Compaore, Blaise, Capt. Traore, Seydou Ouedraogo, Adele Coeffe, Alain Zongo, Henri, Capt. Poda, Raymond Compaore, Leonard Guissou, Basile Laetare Ouedraogo, Josephine Barro, Justin Damo Kabore, Abdoul Salam Tiendrebeogo, Issa Lamien, Watamou Ouedraogo, Ernest Nongma Toe, Fidele Lingani, Jean-Baptiste Boukary, Maj. Some, Philippe Ouedraogo, Youssouf Sawadogo, Rita Diawara, Omar Tapsoba, Michel BURMA, SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF (The Minister for Cooperatives and the Minister for Livestock Breeding and Fisheries are different individuals.) President ............................................................................................. Prime Minister .................................................................................. Deputy Prime Minister ..................................................................... Deputy Prime Minister .................................................................... ...... Min. for Agriculture & Forests, ............... .... ... .... ... ... ... .... .. Min. for Construction ........................................................................ Min. for Cooperatives ....................................................................... Min. for Culture ................................................................................ Min. for Defense ............................................................................... Min. for Education ............................................................................ Min. for Foreign Affairs .................................................................... Min. for Health .................................................................................. Min. for Home & Religious Affairs .................................................. Min. for Industry No. 1 ..................................................................... Min. for Industry No. 2 .................................................................... Min. for Information ......................................................................... Min. for Labor ................................................................................... Min. for Livestock Breeding & Fisheries ......................................... Min. for Mines ................................................................................... Min. for Planning & Finance ........................................................... Min. for Social Welfare ..................................................................... Min. for Trade .................................................................................. San Yu Maung Maung Kha Tun Tin Kyaw Htin, Gen. Ye Gaung Hla Tun, U Sein Tun, U Aung Kyaw Myint, U Kyaw Htin, Gen. Kyaw Nyein, U Chit Hlaing, U Tun Wai Min Gaung, Maj. Gen. Tint Swe, U Maung Cho, U Aung Kyaw Myint, U Ohn Kyaw Sein Tun Than Tin, U Tun Tin Ohn Kyaw Khin Maung Gyi, U Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 BURMA, SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF (Cont.) Min. for Transport & Communications ........................................... Chairman, Council of State .............................................................. Secretary, Council of State ................................................................ Chairman, Burmese Socialist Program Party .................................. Saw Pru, U San Yu Aye Ko Ne Win President ............................................................................................. Min. of the Presidency in Charge of Relations with the Natl. Assembly ................................................................................. Min. of Agriculture & Animal Husbandry ...................................... Min. of Civil Service ......................................................................... Min. of Commerce & Industry ......................................................... Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Energy, Mines & Public Works .......................................... Min. of External Relations & Cooperation ...................................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Information ........................................................................... Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor & Professional Training ............................................ Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Min. of Plan ....................................................................................... Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Rural Development .............................................................. Min. of Social Affairs ......................................................................... Min. of Transport, Posts & Telecommunications ............................ Min. of Women's Affairs ................................................................... Min, of Youth, Sports & Culture ...................................................... Mandi, Stanislas, Lt. Col. Ntibarikure, Mathias Barakamfitiye, Damien Muganga, Albert Bagaza, Jean-Baptiste, Col. Nyaboya, Isidore Nzeyimana, Laurent Ngenzi, Pierre Muyebe, Benoit Kazatsa, Charles, Lt. Col. Ndikumasabo, Vincent Barancira, Cyrille Hakizimana, Isidore Sinamenye, Mathias Nsabimana, Fidele, Maj. Kabura, Jean Mategeko, Caritas Nkenguruste, Remy Kandecke, Euphrasie, Mrs. Habonimana, Baltazar CAMBODIA (See KAMPUCHEA, DEMOCRATIC) President ............................................................................................. Secretary General of the Presidency ................................................ Minister of Agriculture ...................................................................... Min. of State in Charge of Armed Forces ....................................... Min. of State in Charge of Justice .................................................... Min. of State Delegated to the Presidency in Charge of Relations with the Assembly., . ................. -_ ................................ Min. of Animal Husbandry, Animal Industries & Fisheries ............................................................................................ Min. of Civil Service ......................................................................... Min. of Commerce & Industry ......................................................... Min. of Data Processing & Procurement ......................................... Biya, Paul Abouen a Tchoyi, David Hayatou, Sadou Andze Tsoungui, Gilbert Ouandji Ngongang, Andre Hamadjoda,Adjoudi Ze Nguele, Rene Nomo Ongolo, Edouard Kamga, Daniel Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Equipment ............................................................................ Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs- ................................................................... Min. of Higher Education & Scientific Research ............................ Min, of Housing & Urban Development ........................................ Min. of Information & Culture ........................................................ Min. of Labor & Social Welfare ...................................................... Min. of Mines & Power ..................................................................... Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Min. of State for Plarihning & Territorial Development ............... Min. of Posts & Telecommunications .............................................. Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Social Affairs ......................................................................... Min. of Territorial Administration ................................................... Min. of Transport ............................................................................. Min. of Women's Affairs.. ................. .............. .................. .... ........ Min. of Youth & Sports ..................................................................... Min. to the Presidency in Charge of Missions ................................. Min. to the Presidency in Charge of Missions ................................. Min. to the Presidency ...................................................................... Min. Delegated to the General State Inspectorate & Administrative Reform- ................................................................ Min. Delegated to the Min. of Foreign Affairs ................................ Governor General ............................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Dep. Prime Minister... .................. .... ... .. ....... ... ... .. .........Min, of Agriculture ........................................................................... Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Consumer & Corporate Affairs ........................................... Min. of Employment & Immigration .............................................. Min. of Energy, Mines & Resources ................................................. Min. of the Environment .................................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Fisheries & Oceans ............................................................... Min. of Indian Affairs & Northern Development ........................... Min. of International Trade .............................................................. Miri. of Justice & Attorney General ................................................. Min. of Labor ..................................................................................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Natl. Health & Welfare ....................................................... Min, of Natl. Revenue ...................................................................... Min. of Public Works ....................................................................... Min, of Regional Industrial Expansion ............................................ Min. of Supply & Services ................................................................ Min. of Transport .............................................................................. Min. of Veterans Affairs .................................................................... Dakayi Kamga, Thomas Ntsama, Etienne Eteki Mhoumoua, William Bol Alima, Gilbering Babale, Abdoulaye Sengat-Kuoh, Francois Fofe, Joseph, Dr. Kima, Michael Tabong Mbella Mbappe, Robert Daouda, Youssoufa Tonye Mbog, Felix Ngu, Victor Anomah Nguele, Rose Zang, Mrs. Mengueme, Jean Marcel Benjamin, Itoe Aissatou, Yaou Boubakary Njoya, Ibrahim Mbombo Doumba, Charles Joseph Nkuete, Jean Awunti, Joseph Congwain Oumarou, Aminou Sauve,Jeanne Mulroney, Brian Nielsen, Erik H. Wise, John Masse, Marcel Cote, Michel MacDonald, Flora Isabel Carney, Patricia Blais-Grenier, Suzanne Wilson, Michael Holcombe Fraser, John Allen Crombie, David Edward Kelleher, James Francis Crosbie, John Carnell McKnight, William Hunter Coates, Robert Carman Epp, Arthur Jacob Beatty, Perrin Lasalle, Roche Stevens, Sinclair McKnight Andre, Harvie Mazankowski, Donald Frank Hees, George Harris Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Pres., Queen's Privy Council ............................................................ Pres., Treasury Board, I ................................................................... Sec. of State ........................................................................................ Sec. of State for External Affairs ...................................................... Solicitor General ................................................................................ Govt. Leader in the House .............................................................. Govt. Leader in the Senate ............................................................... Min. for External Relations ............................................................... Min. of State for the Canadian Wheat Board ................................. Min. of State for Finance .................................................................. Min. of State for Fitness & Amateur Sports .................................... Min. of State for Forestry ................................................................. Min. of State for Mines ..................................................................... Min. of State for Multiculturalism ................................................... Min. of State for Science & Technology .......................................... Min. of State for Small Business ....................................................... Min. of State for Transport ............................................................... Min. of State for Tourism ................................................................. Min. of State for Youth .................................................................... Nielsen, Erik H. de Cotret, Robert R. McLean, Walter Franklin Clark, Charles Joseph McKay, Elmer Mackintosh Hnatyshyn, Ramon John Roblin, Duff Vezina, Monique Mayer, Charles James McDougall, Barbara Jean Jelinek, Otto John Merrithew, Gerald S. Layton, Robert E. Murta, Jack Burnett Siddon, Thomas Edward Bissonette, Andre Bouchard, Benoit McMillan, Thomas Michael Champagne, Andree President ............................................................................................. Prime Minister, ......................................................... ......................... Min. of Economy & Finance ............................................................ Min. of Education & Culture ........................................................... Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Health & Social Affairs ........................................................ Min, of Housing & Public Works- .................................................. Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. Of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Min. of Rural Development .............................................................. Min. of Transports & Communications ........................................... Pereira, Aristides Pires, Pedro Silva, Osvaldo Lopes da Tolentino, Andre Corsino Luz, Silvino Manuel da, Col, Gomes, Ireneu, Dr. Ramos, Tito Livio Santos de Oliverira Carvalho, Julio de, Col, Almada, David Hopffer Cordeiro de Chantre, Honorio, Col. Silva, Joao Pereira Vieira, Herculano President, of the Military Committee for Natl. Recovery (CMRN) ........................................................................... Min. of State in Charge of Economy & Finance ............................ Min. of State in Charge of Rural Development .............................. Min. of Civil Service, Labor & Social Security., .... ........................ Min. of Commerce & Industry ......................................................... Min. of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation ..................... Min, of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Justice & Keeper of the Seals .............................................. Min. of Natl. Defense & Veterans Affairs ....................................... Min. of Natl. Education .................................................................... Kolingba, Andre-Dieudonne, Gen. Gervil-Yambala, Jean-Louis, Lt. Col. Gombadi, Alphonse, Col. Pollagba, Stanislas, Maj. Nganafei, Luc, Capt. Nga Gnii-Voueto, Clement Michel Grelombe, Christophe, Lt. Col. Kalene, Gaspard, Maj. Kolingba, Andre-Dieudonne, Gera. Ngaindiro, Gabriel, Maj. Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Posts & Telecommunications .............................................. Min. of Public Health & Social Affairs ............................................ Min. of Public Works & Urban Affairs ............................................ Min, of Transport & Civil Aviation ................................................. Secretary of State in Charge of the General Secretariat of the Government ....................................................... Ngaikouma, Samuel, Capt. Yangongo, Xavier-Sylvestre, Brig. Gen. Nado, Abel, Brig. Gen. Ndougou, Raymond, Capt. President ............................................................................................. Min. of State for Agriculture & Rural Development ...................... Min. of Civil Service ......................................................................... Min. of Economy & Commerce ...................................................... Min. of Finance & Equipment ......................................................... Min. of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation ............................................ Min. of Interior & Administrative Reform ...................................... Min. of Justice & Keeper of Seals ..................................................... Min. of Labor, Employment & Vocational Training ...................... Min, of Livestock & Rural Water .................................................... Min. of National Education, Youth & Sports .................................. Min. of Natural Disasters .................................................................. Min. of Planning & National Reconstruction .................................. Min. of Posts & Telecommunications .............................................. Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Public Works, Mines & Petroleum ..................................... Min. of Social Affairs & Promotion of Women ............................... Min. of Tourism, Waters, Forests ..................................................... Min. of Transportation ...................................................................... Min. Delegate to the President in Charge of Information ..................................................................................... Min. Delegate to the President in Charge of National Defense, Veterans and War Victims .............................................. Min. Counselor to the President of the Republic ............................ Habre, Hissein Djidingar, Dono Ngardoum Djamous, Hassan Adoum, Moussa Seif Roumba Eli Gouara Lassou Etno, Ibrahim Mahamat Golom Yoma, Routouang Naham, Oudalbaye Tahar Guinassou Siddick, Abba Abdel-Dj6lil, Taber Yodoyman, Joseph Halata, Assileck Djimasta, Koibla Kadam, Moussa Kimto, Fatime Diar, Ali Djalbor Choua, Lol Mahamat Guelhot, Ndilnodji, Capt. Homsala, Ouangmoutching President ............................................................................................. Member, Ruling Junta ....................................................................... Member, Ruling Junta ....................................................................... Member, Ruling Junta ....................................................................... Member, Ruling Junta ....................................................................... Min, of Agriculture ............................................................................ Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Economy, Development and Reconstruction .................... Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Relations ................................................................. Min. of Health ................................................................................... Min. of Housing & Urbanization ...................................................... Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, Gen. Benavides Escobar, Cesar, Lt. Gen. Matthei Aubel, Fernando, Maj. Gen. Mendoza Duran, Cesar, Gen. Merino Castro, Jose Toribio, Adm. Prado Aranguiz, Jorge Carvajal, Patricio, RAdm. Collados Nunez, Modesto Escobar Cerda, Luis Del Valle Alliende, Jaime Chinchon Bunting, Winston, Dr. Angel Poduie, Miguel Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Interior .................................................................................. Min. of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor & Social Welfare ....................................................... Min. of Land & Colonization ........................................................... Min. of Mining ................................................................................... Min. of Public Education .................................................................. Min. of Public Works ........................................................................ Min. of Transportation ...................................................................... Min. Sec. Gen. of Government ......................................................... Sec. Gen. of the Presidency .............................................................. Jarpa Reyes, Sergio Onofre Rosende, Hugo Marquez de la Plata Irrarazaval, Alfonso Peri Fagerstrom, Rene, Gen. Lira Ovalle, Samuel Aranguiz Donoso, Horacio Siebert Held, Bruno, Brig. Gen. Escobar, Enrique, Gen. Cuadra Lizana, Francisco Javier Sinclair Oyaneder, Santiago, Brig. Gen. CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF (Taiwan listed at end of directory.) President ............................................................................................. Vice President .................................................................................... Premier, State Council- ................................................................... Vice Premier, State Council ............................................................. Vice Premier, State Council ............................................................. Vice Premier, State Council ............................................................. Vice Premier, State Council ............................................................. State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... State Councilor, State Council .......................................................... Secretary General .............................................................................. Auditor General of Auditing Admin ................................................ Chmn., Central Military Comn ........................................................ Min. in Charge of National Defense Sci., Tech., & Industry Comn ................................................................................. Min. in Charge of State Economic Comn ....................................... Min. in Charge of State Family Planning Comn ............................ Min. in Charge of State Nationalities Affairs Comn ....................... Min. in Charge of State Physical Culture & Sports Comn ................................................................................................ Min. in Charge of State Planning Comn ......................................... Min. in Charge of State Restructuring of Economic System Comn ................................................................................... Min. in Charge of State Sci. & Tech. Comn .................................... Min. of Aeronautics ........................................................................... Min. of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, & Fishery ...................... Min. of Astronautics .......................................................................... Min. of Chemical Industry ............................................................... Li Xiannian Ulanhu Zhao Ziyang Li Peng Tian Jiyun Wan Li Yao Yilin Chen Muhua Fang Yi Gu Mu Ji Pengfei Kang Shi'en Song Ping Wang Bingqian Wu Xueqian Zhang Aiping Zhang Jingfu Tian Jiyun Yu Mingtao Deng Xiaoping Chen Bin Lu Dong Wang Wei Yang Jingren Li Menghua Song Ping Zhao Ziyang Song Jian Mo Wenxiang He Kang ZhangJun Qin Zhongda Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Civil Affairs ........................................................................... Min. of Coal Industry ....................................................................... Min. of Commerce ............................................................................ Min. of Communications .................................................................. ........ Min. of Culture, ..... ..................................... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... Min. of Education .............................................................................. Min. of Electronics Industry ............................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min. of Foreign Economic Relations & Trade ............................... ..... Min. of Forestry., ............................. ... ......... .. .... ... .. _ ... ... .. Min. of Geology & Mineral Resources ............................................. Min. of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor & Personnel ............................................................... Min. of Light Industry ..................................................................... Min. of Machine-Building Industry ................................................. Min. of Metallurgical Industry ......................................................... Min. of National Defense .................................................................. Min. of Nuclear Industry .................................................................. Min. of Ordnance Industry .............................................................. Min. of Petroleum Industry .............................................................. Min. of Posts & Telecommunications .............................................. Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Min. of Public Security ..................................................................... Min. of Radio & Television ............................................................... Min. of Railways ............................................................................... Min. of State Security ........................................................................ Min. of Textile Industry..., ..... I .......................................................... Min. of Urban & Rural Construction & Environmental Protection ......................................................................................... Min. of Water Resources & Electric Power .................................... Pres., People's Bank of China ........................................................... Cui Naifu Gao Yangwen Liu Yi Qian Yongchang Zhu Muzhi He Dongchang Jiang Zemin Wang Bingqian Wu Xuegian Chen Muhua Yang Zhong Sun Daguang Zou Yu Zhao Shouyi Yang Bo Zhou Jiannan Li Dongye Zhang Aiping Jiang Xinxiong Yu Yi Tang Ke Yang Taifang Cui Yueli Liu Fuzhi Wu Lengxi Chen Puru Ling Yun Wu Wenying Rui Xingwen Qian Zhengying Lu Peiiian President ............................................................................................. Presidential Designate ....................................................................... Presidential Designate ....................................................................... Min. of Agriculture & Livestock ...................................................... Min. of Communications .................................................................. Min. of Economic Development ...................................................... Min. of Education ............................................................................. Min. of Finance ................................................................................. Min. of Foreign Affairs ...................................................................... Min, of Government .......................................................................... Min. of justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor ..................................................................................... Min. of Mines & Energy ................................................................... Min. of Natl. Defense ........................................................................ Betancur Cuartas, Belisario G6mez Hurtado, Alvaro Lloreda Caicedo, Rodrigo Castro Guerreo, Gustavo Sanin Posada, Nohemi Duque Escobar, Ivan Zambrano, Doris Eder de Junguito Bonnet, Roberto Ramirez Ocampo, Augusto Castro Castro, Jaime Parejo Gonzalez, Enrique Salazar Chavez, Oscar Leyva Duran, Alvaro Matamoros D'Costa, Gustavo, Gen. Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Public Health ....................................................................... Garcia Burgos, Amaury Min. of Public Works ........................................................................ Beltz Peralta, Hernan COMOROS, FEDERAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF THE (President Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane dissolved the government on 4 October 1984. He has asked the Cabinet ministers to serve in a caretaker capacity until a new government can be formed.) President ............................................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Min. of Finance & Budget ................................................................ Min. of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation ............................................ Min. of Interior in Charge of Civil Service, Labor & Administration Reform ................................................................... Min. of Justice & Health ................................................................... Min. of National Education .............................................................. Min. of Planning & Environment .................................................... Min. of State for Production, Industry & Crafts ............................. Sec. of State for Culture, Youth & Sports ........................................ Sec. of State for Economy & Commerce ......................................... Sec. of State for Posts & Telecommunications, Economy & Commerce .................................................................................... Sec. of State for Transport & Tourism ............................................. Abdallah Abderemane, Ahmed Mroudjae, Ali Nassor, Ali Kafe, Said Madi Moumini, Mohamed Ali, Ali Hassan Massounde, Mohamed Chaher Ben Said Mohamed, Ahmed Ali Hachim, Said Hassane Said Assimakou, Attoumane Djaha, Said Abdou Mbae, Abdillahi Abdou, Antoy President ............................................................................................. Prime Minister ................................................................................... Min. of Administration and Local Government ............................. Min. of Agriculture & Livestock ...................................................... Min. of Basic Education & Literacy ................................................ Min. of Culture & Arts ...................................................................... Min. of Defense ................................................................................. Min. of Energy & Water Power ....................................................... Min. of Finance & Budget ................................................................ Min. of Fisheries ................................................................................ Min. of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation ............................................ Min. of Forestry ................................................................................. Min. Of Industry & Manufacturing .................................................. Min. of Information, Posts & Telecommunications ........................ Min. of Justice .................................................................................... Min. of Labor, Civil Service & Social Insurance ............................. Min. of Mines & Energy ................................................................... Min. of Planning ................................................................................ Min. of Public Health & Social Affairs ............................................ Min. of Public Works, Construction & Housing ............................. Min. of Rural Supply & Cooperative Action ................................... Min. of Scientific Research ............................................................... Min. of Secondary & Higher Education .......................................... Sassou-Nguesso, Denis, Col. Poungui, Ange Edouard Ngollo, Raymond Damase Katali, Francois-Xavier, Col. Bayonne, Bernadette Taty-Loutard, Jean-Baptiste Sassou-Nguesso, Denis, Col. Elenga Ngaporo, Joseph Lekoundzou Itihi Ossetoumba, Justin Bouniam, Ossebi Ndinga-Oba, Antoine Djombo, Henri Noumazalaye, Ambroise Bembet, Christian Gilbert Kimbembe, Dieudonne Combo-Matsiona, Bernard Adada, Rodolphe Moussa, Pierre Bouramoue, Christophe Moundele-Ngollo, Benoit Gisset, Alphonse Boussoukou-Mboumba, Pierre Damien Abibi, Daniel Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Approved For Release 2011/02/15: CIA-RDP86SO0596R000200800001-0 Min. of Small & Medium Enterprises, ............................................. Mi
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	0	95	https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/laos-political-geography/laos	en	Encyclopedia.com			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about Laos", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about Laos", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	LAOS [1] LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT [2] TOPOGRAPHY [3] CLIMATE [4] FLORA AND FAUNA [5] ENVIRONMENT [6] POPULATION [7] MIGRATION [8] ETHNIC GROUPS [9] LANGUAGES [10] RELIGIONS [11] TRANSPORTATION [12] HISTORY [13] GOVERNMENT [14] POLITICAL PARTIES [15] LOCAL GOVERNMENT [16] JUDICIAL SYSTEM [17] ARME	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/laos-political-geography/laos	LAOS LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT TOPOGRAPHY CLIMATE FLORA AND FAUNA ENVIRONMENT POPULATION MIGRATION ETHNIC GROUPS LANGUAGES RELIGIONS TRANSPORTATION HISTORY GOVERNMENT POLITICAL PARTIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL SYSTEM ARMED FORCES INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ECONOMY INCOME LABOR AGRICULTURE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FISHING FORESTRY MINING ENERGY AND POWER INDUSTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DOMESTIC TRADE FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANKING AND SECURITIES INSURANCE PUBLIC FINANCE TAXATION CUSTOMS AND DUTIES FOREIGN INVESTMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT HEALTH HOUSING EDUCATION LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION FAMOUS LAOTIANS DEPENDENCIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Lao People's Democratic Republic Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao CAPITAL: Vientiane (Viangchan) FLAG: The national flag, officially adopted in 1975, is the former flag of the Pathet Lao, consisting of three horizontal stripes of red, dark blue, and red, with a white disk, representing the full moon, at the center. ANTHEM: Pheng Sat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People). MONETARY UNIT: The new kip (k) is a paper currency of 100 at (cents). There are notes of 10, 20, 50, 200, and 500 new kip. k1 = $0.00009 (or $1 = k10,751) as of 2005. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard, but older local units also are used. HOLIDAYS: Anniversary of the Founding of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2 December. To maintain production, the government generally reschedules on weekends such traditional festivals as the Lao New Year (April); Boun Bang-fai (Rocket Festival), the celebration of the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha (May); Boun Khao Watsa, the beginning of a period of fasting and meditation lasting through the rainy season (July); Boun Ok Watsa (Water Holiday), a celebration of the end of the period of fasting and meditation (October); and That Luang, a pagoda pilgrimage holiday (November). TIME: 7 pm = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Laos is a landlocked country on the Indochina Peninsula near the eastern extremity of mainland Southeast Asia. Laos occupies an area of 236,800 sq km (91,429 sq mi), extending 1,162 km (722 mi) sse–nnw and 478 km (297 mi) ene–wsw. Comparatively, the area occupied by Laos is slightly larger than the state of Utah. It is bordered on the n by China, on the e and se by Vietnam, on the s by Cambodia, on the w by Thailand, and on the nw by Myanmar, with a total boundary length of 5,083 km (3,158 mi). The capital of Laos, Vientiane, is located along the country's southwestern boundary. TOPOGRAPHY The terrain is rugged and mountainous, especially in the north and in the Annam Range, along the border with Vietnam. the mountains reach heights of more than 2,700 m (8,860 ft), with Pou Bia, the highest point in Laos, rising to 2,817 m (9,242 ft) in the north-central part of the country. Only three passes cross the mountains to link Laos with Vietnam. The Tran Ninh Plateau, in the northeast, rises to between 1,020–1,370 m (3,350–4,500 ft), and the fertile Bolovens Plateau, in the south, reaches a height of about 1,070 m (3,500 ft). Broad alluvial plains, where much of the rice crop is grown, are found only in the south and west along the Mekong River and its tributaries. Of these, the Vientiane plain is the most extensive. Except for a relatively small area east of the main divide, Laos is drained by the Mekong and its tributaries. the Mekong flows in a broad valley along the border with Thailand and through Laos for 1,805 km (1,122 mi). In its low-water phase, it is almost dry, but it rises more than 6 m (20 ft) during the monsoon period. the river is wide, but except for a navigable stretch between Vientiane and Savannakhét, rapids are numerous. Below Savannakhét and at the extreme south there are large rapids and waterfalls. Floods are common in the rainy season. CLIMATE Laos has a tropical monsoon climate with three main seasons. the rainy season is from May through October, when rainfall averages 127–229 cm (50–90 in). November through February is a cool, dry season. March through April is a hot, dry season, during which temperatures can be as high as 40°c (104°f). Humidity is high throughout the year, even during the season of drought. Average daily temperatures in Vientiane range from 14–28°c (57–82°f) in January, the coolest month, and from 23–34°c (73–93°f) in April, the hottest. FLORA AND FAUNA About 54% of Laos is covered by forest. The forests of southernmost Laos are an extension of the Kampuchean type of vegetation, while the highland forests of the north, consisting of prairies interspersed with thickets, resemble central Vietnam. Bamboo, lianas, rattan, and palms are found throughout Laos. Roaming the forests are panthers and a dwindling number of tigers, elephants, and leopards. The elephant, until 1975 depicted on the national flag as the traditional symbol of Lao royalty, has been used throughout history as a beast of burden. A local breed of water buffalo also is universally used as a draft animal. Reptiles include cobras, geckos, kraits, and Siamese crocodiles. there are many varieties of birds, fish, and insects. As of 2002, there were at least 172 species of mammals, 212 species of birds, and over 8,200 species of plants throughout the country. ENVIRONMENT Soil erosion, deforestation, and flood control are the principal environmental concerns in Laos. The government seeks to control erosion by discouraging the traditional slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by many mountain tribes, and by resettling the tribes in permanent villages. Reforestation projects have been promoted by the government as a means of increasing lumber exports and of restoring valuable hardwoods to logged-out forest areas. Each person was required to plant five trees in the course of the 1981–85 economic plan. In 1986, the government prohibited the cutting of 15 different varieties of trees. At that time, forests were reportedly being consumed at a rate of 300,000 hectares (741,000 acres) per year. Between 1983 and 1993, Laos suffered a further decline of 11.3% in its forest and woodland area. From 1990–2000, the rate of deforestation was about 0.4% per year. In 2003, about 3% of the total land area was protected. Laos has about 190 cu km of renewable water resources with 82% used in farming activity and 10% used for industrial purposes. Only 66% of city dwellers and 38% of rural citizens have access to safe drinking water. The nation's water supply has begun to decrease due to a combination of factors, among them the loss of forest land, uncontrolled agricultural practices, flooding, and drought. Pollution from fires, dust, and cars is also becoming a national problem. According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 30 types of mammals, 21 species of birds, 11 types of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians, 6 species of fish, and 19 species of plants. Endangered species in Laos included the douc langur, three species of gibbon (pileated, crowned, and capped), tiger, Asian elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Thailand brow-antlered deer, kouprey, and Siamese crocodile. the Vietnam warty pig has become extinct. POPULATION The population of Laos in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 5,924,000, which placed it at number 102 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 4% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 40% of the population under 15 years of age. There were 100 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be 2.3%, a rate the government viewed as too high. the projected population for the year 2025 was 8,712,000. The population density was 25 per sq km (65 per sq mi), but the population is unevenly spread, with the greatest concentration in the Mekong Valley. More than 70% of the population is rural, living in some 9,000 villages. The UN estimated that 19% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 4.50%. The capital city, Vientiane (Viangchan), had a population of 716,000 in that year. Other large towns, all on or near the Mekong and its tributaries, are Savannakhét, Pakxé, Luangphrabang (the former royal capital), Muang Xaignabouri, and Ban Houayxay. MIGRATION There has been only limited population movement into Laos in modern times. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, under pressure of combat operations, Black Tai tribesmen moved southward into the Mekong River valley. Between 1975–90, over 360,000 Laotians fled to Thailand and China. The majority resettled and were given new lives in Western nations. To date, more than 27,000 Laotians have repatriated. In 1996, some 6,000 Laotian refugees remained in Thailand, and several hundred remained on collective farms in China. As of 1999, about 1,100 of the small number of refugees still remaining in Ban Napho camp in Thailand were determined not to have valid refugee claims. the two governments agreed that they should return to Laos, with assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In the mid-1990s, as Laos opened up to international investment and development, Vietnamese workers began migrating to Laos—although in relatively small numbers—primarily to work in the construction industry. In 2003 Thailand arrested 19,115 Laotian unauthorized workers, and 6,098 Laotians as illegal foreigners. However, in 2004 Thailand registered 173,000 Laotians as migrant workers. In 2004 Laotians sought refuge, 7,864 in France and 6,214 in the United States. In that same year 569 applied for asylum in Thailand and 101 in the United States. The net migration rate for 2005 was an estimated zero migrants per 1,000 population. the government views the immigration level as satisfactory, but the emigration level as too high. ETHNIC GROUPS About 68% of all Laotians are Lao-Loum, or lowland Lao, a people related to the people of Thailand; thought to have migrated to Laos from southwestern China in the 8th century, the LaoLoum are concentrated in the lowlands along the Mekong. On the hillsides live the Lao-Theung, or slope dwellers, a diverse group dominated by the Lao-Tai (with various subgroups, including the Black Tai), who are ethnically related to the Lao-Loum. they account for 22% of the population. At higher altitudes are the LaoSoung, or mountain dwellers, a diverse group of ethnic minorities of mainly Malayo-Polynesian or proto-Malay backgrounds. they constitute 9% of the population. Important among the Lao-Soung, and more prosperous than most Lao because of the opium poppies they grow, are the Hmong (Meo), a people of Tibeto-Burman origin who supported the American presence until 1975 and, because of their continuing insurgency, became the targets of harassment by government and Vietnamese troops. Other important upland tribes, all with customs and religions considerably different from those of the lowland Lao, are the Ho, Kha, Kho, and Yao (Mien). Ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese account for 1% of the population. LANGUAGES Lao, the official language and the language of the ethnic Lao, is closely related to the language of Thailand. It is monosyllabic and tonal and contains words borrowed from Sanskrit, Pali, and Farsi. Pali, a Sanskritic language, is used among the Buddhist priesthood. Other groups speak the Tibeto–Burman, Non-Khmer, or Miao–Yao languages. French, formerly the principal language of government and higher education, has been largely replaced by Lao. English and various ethnic languages are also spoken. RELIGIONS Theravada Buddhism is practiced by most of the Lao-Loum, whose daily life is shaped by its rituals and precepts. Buddhist temples, found in every village, town, and city, serve as intellectual as well as religious centers. Vientiane and Luangprabang have been called cities of thousands of temples. More than 70 pagodas were built in Vientiane alone in the 16th century, including the famous Wat Phra Keo and That Luang. Despite the major role that Buddhism, its temples, and its priests have played in Laotian life, the average lowland Lao regulates a large part of daily activities in accordance with animistic concepts. Certain spirits (phi ) are believed to have great power over human destiny and to be present throughout the material world, as well as within nonmaterial realms. Thus, each of the four universal elements (earth, sky, fire, and water) has its special phi; every road, stream, village, house, and person has a particular phi; forests and jungles are inhabited by phi. Evil phi can cause disease and must be propitiated by sacrifices. The Lao-Theung and the Lao-Soung, including the upland tribes, are almost exclusively animists, although influenced by Buddhism to some extent. About 2% of the population are Christians, with about 60,000 Protestants and 40,000 Roman Catholics. Most Protestants are members of the Lao Evangelical Church or Seventh-Day Adventists, which are the only two officially recognized Protestant groups. Other minority religions include the Bahaism, Islam, Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Though religious activity was discouraged by the state from 1976 to 1979, freedom of religion has been legally guaranteed since the constitution of 1991. However, the government reserves the right to serve as the final arbiter of permissible religious activities, which the government loosely defines as those practices which serve to promote national interests. Religious affairs are overseen by the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC), an organization of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. TRANSPORTATION Lack of adequate transportation facilities continued to be a major deterrent to economic progress. Of the approximately 14,000 km (8,700 mi) of roads, only about 3,360 km (2,088 mi) were paved in 2002. Many are impassable in the rainy season. Only a single major road connects the northern and southern regions. Most of the roads were damaged by US bombing in the Vietnam war, but the main links with Vietnam (notably Highway 9, from Savannakhét to the Vietnamese port of Da Nang, and Highways 7 and 13, from Vientiane and Savannakhét to the Vietnamese port of Vinh and Ho Chi Minh City, respectively) were rebuilt with Vietnamese aid. Under the 1981–85 economic plan, 844 km (524 mi) of roads were built or improved. There are no railroads in Laos, although in 1994, the government entered into an agreement with a Thai company to build a railroad from Nong Khai in Thailand to Vientiane. In 2006, French president Jacques Chirac reported that his government would support Thai efforts to build this planned railway, which, as of that year, had not been constructed. In 2004 there were an estimated 44 airports; only 9 of had paved runways as of 2005. Vientiane has the only international airport. Major cities in Laos are connected by air services operated by state-run Lao Aviation, founded with Soviet aid in 1976. In 1995, the government signed an agreement with China's Yunnan Airlines forming a joint venture projected to increase Yunnan's holdings of Lao Aviation to 60% while the former pays off the latter's debt. In 2003, about 219,000 passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international airline flights. Landlocked, Laos' only water-transport link with the outside world is via the Mekong River, which forms a large part of the border with Thailand and flows through Cambodia and Vietnam into the South China Sea. As of 2003, the Mekong is navigable for small transport craft and, with its tributaries in Laos, forms a 4,587-km (2,850-mi) inland waterway system, although rapids make necessary the transshipment of cargo. However, another 2,897 km (1,802 mi) are navigable by small craft that draw under 0.5 m. To lessen dependence on Thailand, Laos in 1977 signed an agreement with Vietnam whereby the Vietnamese port of Da Nang would replace Bangkok as the chief outlet for Laos. In 2005, Laos had one merchant vessel of 1,000 GRT or more, a cargo ship, at 2,370 GRT. HISTORY Although archaeological evidence indicates that settlers along the Mekong had learned agriculture, metallurgy, and pottery making by 3000 bc, little is known about the early history of the land that today bears the name of Laos. The lowland Lao are believed to be the descendants of Thai tribes that were pushed southward in the 8th century. According to tradition, the kingdom called Lan Xang ("a million elephants") was established in 756 by King Thao Khoun Lo. In 1353, it was reunified by Fa-Ngoum, who had been raised at the court of Angkor in Kampuchea and returned with a force of Khmer troops. He is also credited with the introduction of Hinayana Buddhism into Laos. Lan Xang waged intermittent wars with the Khmers, Burmese, Vietnamese, and Thai and developed an effective administrative system, an elaborate military organization, and an active commerce with neighboring countries. In 1707, internal dissensions brought about a split of Lan Xang into two kingdoms, Luangphrabang in the north (present-day upper Laos) and Vientiane in the south (lower Laos). Strong neighboring states took advantage of this split to invade the region. Vientiane was overrun and annexed by Siam (Thailand) in 1828, while Luangphrabang became a vassal of both the Chinese and the Vietnamese. In 1893, France, which had already established a protectorate over what is now central and northern Vietnam, extended its control to both Vientiane and Luangphrabang, and Laos was ruled by France as part of Indochina. Although French control over Luangphrabang took the nominal form of a protectorate, the French colonial administration directly ruled the rest of Laos, legal justification being ultimately provided in the Lao-French convention of 1917. During World War II, Laos was occupied by Japan. After the Japanese proclaimed on 10 March 1945 that "the colonial status of Indochina has ended," the king of Luangphrabang, Sisavang Vong, was compelled to issue a declaration of independence. the nationalist Free Lao (Lao Issarak) movement deposed the monarch soon after, but French forces reoccupied Laos, and on 27 August 1946, France concluded an agreement establishing him as king of Laos and reimposing French domination over the country. In May 1947, the king established a constitution providing for a democratic government. On 19 July 1949, Laos nominally became an independent sovereign state within the French Union. Additional conventions transferring full sovereignty to Laos were signed on 6 February 1950 and on 22 October 1953. All special economic ties with France and the other Indochinese states were abolished by the Paris pacts of 29 December 1954. In the meantime, Vietnamese Communist (Viet-Minh) forces had invaded Laos in the spring of 1953. A Laotian Communist movement, the Pathet Lao (Lao State), created on 13 August 1950 and led by Prince Souphanouvong, collaborated with the Viet-Minh during its Laotian offensive. Under the Geneva cease-fire of 21 July 1954, all Viet-Minh and most French troops were to withdraw, and the Pathet Lao was to pull back to two northern provinces, pending reunification talks with the national government under the leadership of Souvanna Phouma (Souphanouvong's half-brother). The negotiations were completed on 2 November 1957, and the Pathet Lao transformed itself into a legal political party called the National Political Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat). However, a political swing to the right that led to the ouster of Souvanna Phouma as prime minister, coupled with the refusal of the Pathet Lao forces to integrate into the Royal Lao Army, led to a renewal of fighting in May 1959. A bloodless right-wing coup in January 1960 was answered in August by a coup led by paratroops, under the command of Capt. Kong Le; in the ensuing turmoil, Souvanna Phouma returned to power. After a three-day artillery battle that destroyed much of Vientiane, right-wing military elements under Gen. Phoumi Nosavan and Prince Boun Oum occupied the capital on 11 December. A new right-wing government under Prince Boun Oum was established, but further military reverses, despite a heavy influx of US aid and advisers, caused the government to ask for a cease-fire in May 1961. An international conference assembled in Geneva to guarantee the cease-fire. All three Laotian political factions agreed on 11 June 1962 to accept a coalition government, with Souvanna Phouma as prime minister. On 23 July, the powers assembled at Geneva signed an agreement on the independence and neutrality of Laos, which provided for the evacuation of all foreign forces by 7 October. The United States announced full compliance, under supervision of the International Control Commission (ICC), set up in 1954. Communist forces were not withdrawn. Fighting resumed in the spring of 1963, and Laos was steadily drawn into the role of a main theater in the escalating Vietnam War. the Laotian segment of the so-called Ho Chi Minh trail emerged as a vital route for troops and supplies moving south from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), also known as North Vietnam, and was the target for heavy and persistent US bombing raids. While the Vientiane government was heavily bolstered by US military and economic support, the Pathet Lao received key support from the DRV, which was reported to have 20,000 troops stationed in Laos by 1974. Efforts to negotiate a settlement in Laos resumed with US backing in 1971, but a settlement was not concluded until February 1973, a month after a Vietnam peace agreement was signed in Paris. On 5 April 1974, a new coalition government was set up, with equal representation for Pathet Lao and non-Communist elements. Souvanna Phouma, 73 years old and in failing health, stayed on as prime minister, while Prince Souphanouvong was brought closer to the center of political authority as head of the newly created Joint National Political Council. The Pathet Lao had by this time asserted its control over three-fourths of the national territory. Following the fall of the US backed regimes in Vietnam and Cambodia in April 1975, the Laotian Communists embarked on a campaign to achieve complete military and political supremacy in Laos. On 23 August, Vientiane was declared "liberated" by the Pathet Lao, whose effective control of Laos was thereby secured. On 2 December 1975, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) was established, with Prince Souphanouvong as president and Kaysone Phomvihan as prime minister. King Savang Vatthana abdicated his throne, ending the monarchy that had survived in Laos for 622 years. Elections for a new National Assembly were called for April 1976; however, voting was put off indefinitely, amid reports of civil unrest and sabotage. A Supreme People's Council was convened, meanwhile, with Prince Souphanouvong as chairman, and was charged with the task of drafting a new constitution. During the late 1970s, the Communists moved to consolidate their control and socialize the economy. Private trade was banned, factories were nationalized, and forcible collectivization of agriculture was initiated. "Reeducation" camps for an estimated 40,000 former royalists and military leaders were established in remote areas; as of 1986, the government maintained that almost all the inmates had been released, but Amnesty International claimed that about 5,000 remained. A 25-year friendship treaty with Vietnam, signed in July 1977, led to closer relations with that country (already signaled by the continued presence in Laos of Vietnamese troops) and with the former USSR, and also to the subsequent dismissal from Laos of all Chinese technicians and advisers. China, for its part, began to give support and training to several small antigovernment guerrilla groups. With the economy in 1979 near collapse, in part because of severe drought in 1977 and flooding in 1978, the Laotian government slowed the process of socialization and announced a return to private enterprise and a readiness to accept aid from the non-Communist world. Throughout the 1980s armed opposition to the government persisted, particularly from the Hmong hill tribe rebels. At the Fourth Party Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), in December 1986, a "new economic management mechanism" (NEM) was set up, aiming at granting increased autonomy in the management of formerly state-run enterprises to the private sector. In 1988 the Lao national legislature, the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), adopted new election laws and the first elections since the formation of the LPDR in 1975 were held. Local and provincial elections were held in 1988, and on 27 March 1989 national elections took place for an enlarged Supreme People's Assembly. In March 1991 the Fifth Party Congress of the LPRP changed Kaysone Phomvihan's title from prime minister to president, elected a new 11-member politburo, pledged to continue economic reforms in line with free-market principles while denying the need for political pluralism, and changed the national motto by substituting the words "democracy and prosperity" for "socialism." the newly elected SPA drafted a constitution adopted on 14 August 1991. The constitution provided for a national assembly functioning on principles of "democratic centralism," established the LPRP as the political system's "leading organ," created a presidency with executive powers, and mandated a market-oriented economy with rights of private ownership. President Kaysone Phomvihan, longtime LPRP leader, died on 21 November 1992. A special session of parliament on 24 November 1992 elected hard-line Communist Nouhak Phoumsavan as the next president. Gen. Khamtai Suphandon, who had been prime minister since 15 August 1991, remained in that post. National Assembly elections were held in December 1992. One day before these elections, three former officials who called for a multiparty democracy and had been detained in 1990 were sentenced to 14 years imprisonment. The National Assembly convened in February 1993 and approved government reorganization designed to improve public administration. On 9 January 1995, longtime leader Prince Souphanouvong died, unofficially marking an end to Laos' long dalliance with hard-line Marxism. Although the NEM had initiated an opening up to international investment and improved relations with the rest of the world, there remained elements of the old guard in positions of power. With the death of Souphanouvong, the only old-time hard-line Marxist still in power as of 1996 was the country's president, Nouhak Phoumsavan. Khamtai Siphandon, prime minister and party chief, was more powerful than Nouhak and is largely credited with exerting a moderating influence on the hard-liner. Nonetheless, there remains a strongly conservative mindset among the politboro members that still pulls the government back from economic flexibility or any hint of political liberalization. Laos has actively improved its already "special relations" with Vietnam and Cambodia, while always seeking to improve relations with Thailand, the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the United States. Periodic meetings are held to promote the cooperative development of the Mekong River region by Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Laos and the People's Republic of China restored full diplomatic relations in 1989 and are now full fledged trading partners. Mutual suspicions, characterizing the relationship between Laos and Thailand, improved with agreements to withdraw troops and resolve border disputes, and agreements between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to repatriate or resettle nearly 60,000 Lao refugees in Thailand. Laos has cooperated with the United States in recovering the remains of US soldiers missing in action in Laos since the Vietnam War and in efforts to suppress drug-trafficking. the US Department of State objects to Laos' restrictions on free speech, freedom of assembly and religious freedom. US Assistant Secretary of State Stanley Roth commented in March 2000 that Laos was unlikely to gain Most Favored Nation trading status unless it accounted for the fate of two naturalized US citizens, Hmong activists who disappeared in Laos during 1999. The debate over whether to grant Laos normal trade relations status was ongoing as of early 2003. On 26 February 1998, Khamtai Siphandon was elected president, and he was reelected in March 2001. Beginning in 2000, Vientiane was hit by a series of bomb blasts, attributed to antigovernment groups based abroad. Bombings targeted crowded markets and buses in the city during 2003. Triggered by Thailand's closing of refugee camps on its side of the Laos-Thai border, tens of thousands of exiles were forced to return home. Most were expected to be jailed or executed for their antigovernment activities, but instead, the government encouraged their peaceful settlement among the lowland population. Certain right-wing guerrilla factions among the Hmong, long fighting the Pathet Lao, subsequently reacted violently to the government's pacification efforts to integrate moderate Hmong villagers. On 6 February 2003 near Vang Vieng, a bus and two Western bicyclers were attacked by gunmen, who killed 12 people. Militant Hmong were blamed for the attack. The government launched a major military crackdown on Hmong insurgents during 2004. Hmong was accused of causing hundreds of civilians' deaths in rebel-held areas. On 24 February 2002, parliamentary elections were held, but all but one of the 166 candidates were from the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). The LPRP won 108 of 109 seats in the National Assembly. Laos hosted the annual ministerial summit of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in November 2004. Under heavy security, the ASEAN ministers met in Vientiane for two days and a significant free trade agreement was signed by ASEAN and China. GOVERNMENT Under the constitution of 1947 (as subsequently amended), Laos was a parliamentary democracy with a king as the nominal chief executive. The monarch was assisted by a prime minister (or president of the Council of Ministers), who was the executive and legislative leader in fact. The prime minister and cabinet were responsible to the national assembly, the main repository of legislative authority, whose 59 members were elected every five years by universal adult suffrage. With the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in December 1975, governmental authority passed to a national congress made up of 264 delegates elected by newly appointed local authorities. The congress in turn appointed a 45-member Supreme People's Council to draw up a new constitution. Pending the completion of this task effective power rested with Kaysone Phomvihan, a longtime Pathet Lao leader who headed the government as chairman of the Council of Ministers and was also secretary-general of the Lao People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party. Prince Souphanouvong, the head of state and president of the Supreme People's Council since 1975, left office in October 1986 because of poor health. He was replaced first by Phoumi Vongvichit, a former vice chairman of the Council of Ministers, and later by Sisomphon Lovansay, a former vice president of the Supreme People's Council. The Lao national legislature, the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), adopted new election laws in 1988, and the first national elections under the new government took place in March 1989 (local elections were held in 1988). Kaysone Phomvihan was elected president and Khamtai Siphandon was named prime minister. The newly elected SPA set out to draft a constitution, which was finished in mid-1990, and adopted on 14 August 1991 by the SPA. Khamtai Siphandon was elected president in 1998, and reelected in 2001. The executive branch consists of the president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, and the Council of Ministers (cabinet) who are appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. the legislative branch is the 109-member National Assembly which is elected by universal suffrage for a period of five years. The judicial branch is the Supreme People's Court Leaders. The constitution calls for a strong legislature elected by secret ballot, but most political power continues to rest with the party-dominated council of ministers, who are much aligned with the military. Laos held celebrations of the 30th year of Communist rule on 23 August 2005. the next national elections were scheduled for 2007. POLITICAL PARTIES Elections to the National Assembly were first held in 1947. In the elections of 4 May 1958, the Pathet Lao's newly organized National Political Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat) won 9 of the 21 seats in contention; 4 were won by the Santiphab faction, a neutralist group allied with them, and 8 were obtained by the Nationalist and Independent parties. After the elections, the Nationalists and Independents combined to establish a new political party, the Rally of the Lao People (Lao Luam Lao), which held 36 of the 59 Assembly seats. The remaining 23 seats were divided among the National Political Front (9), the Santiphab grouping (7), the Democrats (3), the National Union (2), and unaffiliated deputies (2). the leaders of the Rally, upon formation of that party, announced its purpose to be the defense of Laos against "an extremist ideology contrary to the customs and traditions of the Lao country" and the establishment of true unity and independence of the nation against "subversion from within and without." The Front then and later called for a reduction in the size of the armed forces and of US military aid. In December 1959, because of emergency conditions, election of new Assembly deputies was postponed until April 1960. When the balloting was finally held, the opposition Committee for the Defense of the National Interests won a landslide victory. The Committee leader, Phoumi Nosavan, then formed a new political party, the Social Democrats (Paxa Sangkhom). In August 1960, a coup led by Kong Le brought down the government. After a period of struggle, Souvanna Phouma, who had earlier established the Neutralist Party (Lao Pen Kang) in order to build a broader popular following, became prime minister on 11 June 1962. In his 19-man cabinet, 4 posts were held by rightwing politicians, 11 by Neutralists, and 4 others by Pathet Lao adherents. The National Assembly came to the end of its five-year term in 1965. Political instability prevented the holding of national elections, and a provisional assembly was convened to amend the constitution so as to provide a means for maintaining the legislature. The result was a general election held on 18 July, with the franchise limited to civil servants, teachers, merchants, and village headmen. The new National Assembly was convened on 16 August, with the Neutralists retaining 13 seats, the Social Democrats 11, the Rally 8, and various independents 27. the endorsement gained in the limited polling of 1965 was not sufficient to sustain Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma for long, and new voting—the first real and effective election in a decade—took place on 1 January 1967. About 60% of 800,000 eligible voters went to the polls in 1967, despite the Pathet Lao charge that the balloting was illegal. Souvanna Phouma's United Front took 32 of 59 seats in the National Assembly voting. In the last years of the constitutional monarchy, the gulf between the Pathet Lao and the enclave of rightists and neutralists that held governmental power widened appreciably. the pressures of war—both the civil strife within Laos and the larger conflict pressed by the external forces of the United States and the DRV—had thwarted the effectiveness of normal political processes. General elections held on 2 January 1972 were confined to government-controlled areas, with representatives for the Pathet Lao provinces elected by refugees from those regions. Despite the narrow range of political choices available to voters, only 20 of the 60 National Assembly deputies were reelected, reflecting a growing uneasiness both with the war and with the increasing evidence of corrupt practices among government officials. Despite rightwing pressures from within the National Assembly, Souvanna Phouma—whose neutralist policy was favored by both the United States and the DRV—retained the position of prime minister. the withdrawal of US military support for the Thieu regime in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) was followed, in April 1974, by the creation of a new coalition in Vientiane that gave equal political footing to the Pathet Lao. The National Assembly, which had become little more than a forum for disputes among rightwing factions, was dissolved by King Savang Vatthana on 13 April 1975, an act that signaled the end of domestic political opposition to the inexorable progress of the Pathet Lao. The formation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in December 1975 effectively established the Communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) (Phak Pasason Pativat Lao), the political incarnation of the Pathet Lao movement, as the sole political force in Laos. Kaysone Phomvihan, general secretary of the LPRP, was named head of government, and Prince Souphanouvong head of state. The LPRP plays the leading role in the Lao Front for National Reconstruction, which sought to promote socialism and national solidarity. the Third Party Congress of the PPPL, and the first since the party assumed control, was held in Vientiane in April 1982. The congress, whose 228 delegates represented a party membership of 35,000, elected an enlarged Central Committee with 49 full and 6 alternate members. the Central Committee reelected Kaysone as general secretary. the Fourth Party Congress, held in Vientiane in December 1986, established the "new economic management mechanism." In 1988 the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) adopted new elections laws and elections were held the next year—the first since 1975. In 1991, the Fifth Party Congress changed Prime Minister Phomvihan's title to president, a post he held until his death one year later. Elevated to the post of prime minister was Khamtai Suphandon, a generally pro-free market antidemocratic pragmatist of the Singaporean variety. Suphandon had for a time studied Marxism in Hanoi, but in his position as prime minister was considered essentially a transitional figure between the old guard and a new generation of leaders. After Phomvihan's death in 1992, a special session of the SPA elected an old-guard communist, Nouhak Phoumsavan, to the presidency. Elections for the SPA were again held in 1992 but they were marred by the sentencing of three pro-democracy activists to 14 years in prison on the day before balloting. By 1996, Laos' leadership was made up primarily of party functionaries, regardless of the makeup of the SPA. Prime Minister Suphandon held considerable power as did Deputy Prime Minister Khamphoui Keoboualapha, who also served as the administrator of the State Committee for Planning and Cooperation (CPC), considered by many analysts to be a government within a government. A 1998 election retrenched the hard-liners, as "technocrats" vanished from the preapproved slate, replaced with old style LPRP functionaries. This was viewed as a reaction to the social tensions (such as crime and corruption) arising with economic openness, as well as an attempt to reestablish centralized control over provincial matters. The Seventh Party Congress, which took place in March 2001, reelected all eight surviving members of the nine-member politburo. The decision was a clear sign that the party had opted for continuity rather than change. Several governments-in-exile have been set up by former ministers of pre-1975 regimes, and overseas Hmongs and other dissidents have formed opposition organizations. A young pretender to the throne, Prince Soulivong Savang, has rallied support in exile. Some Hmong groups and others have continued a low-level insurgency in rural Laos. Underground antigovernment sentiment may be on the rise among the urban intellectuals. As of late 2005, parties other than the LPRP continued to be proscribed. A glimpse of popular discontent emerged with reports of an October 1999 demonstration in Vientiane, led by students and professors calling for democracy and human rights. the protest was quickly suppressed, and Khamtai's government disavowed all knowledge of its occurrence. LOCAL GOVERNMENT Laos consists of 16 provinces (khoueng), one special zone, Xaisomboun, and the municipality of Vientiane. The provinces are subdivided into districts (muong ), townships (tasseng ), and villages (ban ). The president appoints provincial governors and mayors of municipalities. The prime minister appoints deputy provincial governors and deputy mayors and district chiefs. Since 1975, local administration has been restructured, with elected people's committees in the villages functioning as basic units. Both suffrage and candidacy are open to citizens 18 and over. Village heads administer at the village level. Lack of control over local party members in the rural areas appears to be a source of worry for the politburo, with its implications of corruption and even potential unrest. JUDICIAL SYSTEM The 1991 constitution provides for freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, although, in practice, organized political speech and activities are severely restricted. The reality of religious freedom is equally illusory, with imprisonment of Christian activists in recent years. The constitution contains provisions designed to guarantee the independence of judges and prosecutors, but in practice the courts appear to be subject to influence of other government agencies. Provincial courts are at the next level as appellate courts. There is also a central Supreme Court in Vientiane. In 1993 the government began publishing an official gazette in which all laws and regulations are disseminated. A bar association was formed in 1996 to strengthen the legal profession and individual rights to counsel. Rising crime rates place a burden on Laos's under funded and understaffed legal system. Amnesty International and other human rights groups have called attention to deaths in custody, torture, and substandard conditions in the Laotian prison system. ARMED FORCES In 2005 the number of active personnel in the armed forces of Laos totaled 29,100. Of that total, the Army accounted for 25,600, while the Air Force had 3,500 personnel. The Army's roster of equipment included 25 main battle tanks, 10 light tanks, 50 armored personnel carriers, and 82 artillery pieces (all towed). the Air Force had 22 combat capable aircraft, all of which were MiG-21 fighters. Although Laos did not have a formal navy, the Army did have an estimated 600-man marine section that operated 4 amphibious landing craft and 52 patrol/coastal boats. Laotian paramilitary forces consisted of a village home guard known as the Militia Self-Defense Forces, which numbered more than 100,000 members. The defense budget in 2003 (the latest year for which data was available) totaled $37.8 million. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Laos, a UN member since 14 December 1955, belongs to ESCAP and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as FAO, UNESCO, UNIDO, ILO, WHO, IMF, and the World Bank. the nation participates in the Asian Development Bank, the Colombo Plan, and G-77. It has observer status with the WTO. In 1997, Laos joined ASEAN and AFTA. Since 1961, Laos has been a member of the Nonaligned Movement. Laos's main diplomatic, economic, and military allies have been Vietnam and the former USSR. In 1977, Laos signed a 20year treaty of cooperation with Vietnam. In 2003, Laos and Thailand signed a cooperation agreement that addresses issues of labor and counternarcotics. In environmental cooperation, Laos is part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification. Laos is also a member of the Mekong River Commission with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. ECONOMY One of the world's poorest and least-developed nations, Laos is overwhelmingly agricultural, with 85% of the population still engaged in subsistence farming. Because industrialization is minimal, Laos imports nearly all the manufactured products it requires. Distribution of imports is limited almost entirely to Vientiane and a few other towns, and even there, consumption has been low. the hostilities of the 1960s and 1970s badly disrupted the economy, forcing the country to depend on imports from Thailand to supplement its daily rice requirements. With the curtailment of hostilities in 1975, the development of a unified political structure offered an immediate advantage. the government began in late 1975 to pursue in earnest a variety of projects to repair and improve the infrastructure and make use of the country's ample mineral, lumber, and hydroelectric resources. During 1978–80, the government gave priority to postwar reconstruction, collectivization of agriculture, and improvements in rice production. In 1994 a liberalized Foreign Investment Law was promulgated as the government sought greater economic integration regionally and internationally. By 1997, Laos had made modest improvements. In international investment, it had opened up its economy considerably. In April 1997, the government signed a trade and cooperation agreement with the EC. In July 1997, Laos became a full member of ASEAN and AFTA. In 1998 the government applied for membership in the WTO. More than $5 billion in foreign investment had been made by more than 500 investors, mainly from other ASEAN countries. The government had also made considerable progress in the construction of a modern road network linking Laos to China and Vietnam. The country also announced plans for a second bridge into Thailand and the construction of its first railroad, linking Vientiane with Nong Khai in Thailand. However, the Asian financial crisis dealt the economy a series of blows from which it has not yet recovered. Laos's economy was particularly dependent on Thailand, source of 42% of its foreign investment as well as 45% of imports and 37% of export purchases, which was severely affected by the financial crisis. From June 1997 to June 1999, the Laotian currency, the kip, lost 87% of its value. Growth, which averaged 7% for the six years 1992 to 1997, dropped to 4.8% in 1998, the lowest since 1991. Foreign investment dropped from $179 million in 1996 to $45.3 million in 1998. Growth increased in 1999, to 7.3%, propelled by growth of over 8% in both industry and agriculture, and continued at moderated rates of 5.7% and 6.4% in 2000 and 2001. However, high inflation rates and low declining foreign investments have persisted. Inflation in 2000 was 25% and though it eased to 10% with lower growth in 2001, it was back to double digits, 12% in 2002 and a projected 15% in 2003. Foreign direct investment dropped to $23.9 million in 2001. By late 2002, the kip had fallen to more than 10,000 to one dollar from its level of 1,171 to one dollar in June 1997. In February 2003, the administration of US president George W. Bush submitted legislation supporting the granting of normal trade relations (NTR) to Laos. In 2004, the GDP growth rate was 5.1%, up from 5.8% in 2003; in 2005, the economy expanded at an estimated 7.2%. the inflation rate fluctuated, and at 10.5% in 2004, it did pose some problems to the economy. Despite encouraging growth rates, Laos remained a mainly subsistence agriculture economy, with a poor infrastructure and dependent on foreign aid. In late 2004, Laos gained Normal Trade Relations with the United States, which allows local producers to export at lower tariffs. INCOME The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Laos's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $11.9 billion. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $1,900. the annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 7.2%. the average inflation rate in 2005 was 9.4%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 48.6% of GDP, industry 25.9%, and services 25.5%. According to the World Bank, in 2003 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $1 million. Foreign aid receipts amounted to $299 million or about $53 per capita and accounted for approximately 14.3% of the gross national income (GNI). The World Bank reports that in 2003 household consumption in Laos totaled $1.58 billion or about $28 per capita based on a GDP of $2.1 billion, measured in current dollars rather than PPP. Household consumption includes expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations on goods and services, excluding purchases of dwellings. It was estimated that in 2002 about 40% of the population had incomes below the poverty line. LABOR The estimated labor force was 2.8 million in 2002. In the absence of additional data, it was estimated that 85% were subsistence farmers, with most of the remainder in the public sector as of 1997. In that year the unemployment rate was approximately 5.7%. Labor is organized into a single Federation of Lao Trade Unions (FLTU) which is controlled by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), the authoritarian governmental body. In 2002, the vast majority of the 78,000 members of the FLTU were in the public sector. There is no right to organize, strike, or bargain collectively. Labor disputes have so far been infrequent and the desperate economic situation means that workers have little bargaining power. Children under the age of 15 are forbidden by law from working, but many children work for their families in farms or in shops due to extreme economic hardship. The daily minimum wage was $0.53 in 2002. The labor code limits the workweek to 48 hours with at least one day of rest. AGRICULTURE In 2003, Laos's sown-field area was estimated at 1,031,000 hectares (2,548,000 acres), or 4.5% of the country's total area. Agriculture accounts for 51% of production and as much as 77% of employment. The main crop is rice, almost entirely of the glutinous variety. Except in northern Laos, where some farmers grow dry rice in forest clearings or on hillsides, most Lao are wet-rice farmers. The total area of rice plantings in 2004 was estimated at 770,000 hectares (1,903,000 acres), up from 554,000 hectares (1,369,000 acres) in 1996. Yields, which are relatively low, could be raised substantially through wider use of irrigation and fertilizers. Production, which averaged 609,000 tons annually during 1961–65, rose to 2,529,000 tons in 2004. Less important crops include corn (favored by some upland tribes and stressed by the government as a means of increasing livestock production), manioc, peanuts, and soybeans. The main commercial crops, emphasized by the government as part of its export drive, are coffee, cotton, and tobacco. Also grown are cardamom, tea, ramie, hemp, sugar, bananas, and pineapples. In 2004, the trade deficit for agricultural products was $99.8 million. The mountain peoples have been known to grow large quantities of opium poppies, sold to dealers in the plains. In 2004, the UN estimated that 22,800 households in 846 villages were engaged in opium production, which was estimated at 846 tons that year. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Cattle raising is important, especially in the southern plains and in the valleys of the Noy, Banghiang, and Don rivers. Much of the livestock population was killed in the final stages of the civil war that ended in 1975. As of 2005, livestock included an estimated 1,300,000 head of cattle, 1,130,000 buffalo, 1,750,000 hogs, and 21,000,000 chickens. Livestock products in 2005 included 28,000 tons of pork, 22,500 tons of beef and veal, 16,000 tons of poultry, and 12,800 tons of eggs. FISHING Edible fish, found in the Mekong and other rivers, constitutes the main source of protein in the Laotian diet. The prize catch is the pa beuk, weighing 205 kg (450 lb) or more. Despite the abundance of fish and their important contribution to the Laotian subsistence economy, there has been no systematic commercial fishery development. The total catch in 2003 was 94,700 tons, with aquaculture accounting for 69%. FORESTRY Timber is a major resource and one of Laos's most valuable exports. About 54% of the total area is forested, and about half of the forested area is commercially exploitable. The principal timberproducing areas are around Champasak, Savannakhét, Khammouan, and Vientiane. Muang Paklay, in western Laos, is noted for its teak. Exploitation is easiest in areas near the Mekong River, which facilitates transportation. Elephants and oxen are used in most forestry operations. Aside from timber, firewood, and charcoal, forestry products include benzoin and benzoin bark, bamboo, copra, kapok, palm oil, rattan, various resins, and sticklac. Production of roundwood totaled an estimated 6.3 million cu m (223 million cu ft) in 2004; over 80% of the annual output is burned as fuel. Sawn wood output in 2004 was about 182,000 cu m (6.4 million cu ft); wood-based panels, 13,000 cu m (459,000 cu ft). MINING Laos' mining sector is dominated by tin, gypsum, gold, and limestone. However, mining is the country's smallest, sector, contributing only 0.3% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. Although much of the country remained unprospected, the nature of the terrain has led to ardent speculation about the nation's mineral resources. Other mineral resources thought to possibly exist in Laos were magnesium, antimony, bismuth, copper, lead, manganese, potash, iron ore, silica sand, and tungsten. Also produced in 2004 were barite, cement, gemstones, rock salt, silver, bituminous coal, and zinc. Copper, gemstones, gold, iron ore, lead, potash, tin, and zinc were earmarked for further exploration. Undiscovered resources of iron ore, potash, and rock salt were believed to be substantial. Tin mine output in 2004 was estimated at 340 metric tons, down from 360 metric tons in 2003. Gypsum production, by the State Gypsum Mining Operation from the Dong Hene Mine, in Savannakhét Province, was estimated at 102,000 metric tons for 2004, up from 101,727 metric tons in 2003. The mine's proven ore reserves were estimated to be 18 million tons. Although gold production ceased in 1998–2002, it was resumed in 2003, of which 5,368 kg was produced in 2003, with an estimated 4,000 kg produced in 2004. Important iron deposits, with reserves of 68% ore estimated at 11 billion tons, have been discovered on the Plain of Jars near Xiangkhoang. A substantial deposit of low-grade anthracite coal has been found at Saravan. Output of gemstones in 2004 was estimated at 800,000 carats, down from 2,302,973 carats in 2003. Tungsten and copper deposits and gold-bearing alluvials produced a limited income for the local population but have not been exploited by modern industrial methods. ENERGY AND POWER In 2002, Laos had an electrical generating capacity of 0.639 million kW. Production of electricity in 2002 totaled 3.562 billion kWh, of which almost 98% was hydropower and the remainder from conventional thermal sources. Consumption of electricity in 2002 was 3.013 billion kWh. The nation has an estimated hydroelectric potential of 12,500,000 kW, most of which is undeveloped. The largest power project is the Nam Ngum Dam, located on the Mekong 72 km (45 mi) from Vientiane. Construction began in 1969, with the first stage completed in 1971 and the second stage in 1978. Annual output at Nam Ngum is around 900 million kWh, with about 90% of the electricity produced being supplied to Thailand. An additional 3,000 kW of capacity comes from several smaller hydroelectric facilities. About 17,000 kW is provided by diesel-powered generators throughout Laos. Laos has no known deposits of oil or natural gas, or refining capacity. In 2002, refined oil imports and demand averaged 2,850 barrels per day, each. There were no imports of natural gas in 2002. However, there was limited coal production for that year, totaling 298,000 short tons, of bituminous coal, with consumption equaling output. INDUSTRY Industrial development is rudimentary. There are some small mining operations, charcoal ovens, a cement plant, a few brick works, carpenter shops, a tobacco factory, rice mills, some furniture factories, and more than two dozen sawmills. Industrialization plans center on cotton spinning, garment manufacturing, hydroelectric power projects, brewing, coffee and tea processing, and plywood milling. New resource developments, including the Nam Ngum hydroelectric project and the Vientiane sylvite field, have aided industrial growth. Handicrafts account for an important part of the income of many Laotians. Some villages or areas specialize in certain types of products: silk fabrics, baskets, lacquerware, and gold and silver jewelry and ornaments. Bricks, pottery, iron products, and distilled beverages are made in individual villages. Manufacturing is largely confined to the processing of agricultural—food and natural fibers—and forestry products. From 1998 to 2001, industry grew at an average annual rate of 8.7%. The growth is in large part attributable to governments ponsored construction projects, particularly hydroelectric power projects. By 2002, hydroelectric power had taken the place of garments as the country's leading industrial export, and its leading source of foreign exchange. Most manufactures, however, continued to be imported; exports regularly only amount to 60% of imports. At the end of 2002 the main industrial project under consideration was the construction of the $1.3 billion hydroelectric dam on the Nam Theum River, the power from which would be exported to Thailand. The project was far from realization, lacking both a purchase agreement with the state agency in Thailand, and the World Bank guarantee for the investors. Industry accounted for 25.9% of economic output in 2005, and was seconded by services with a 25.5% share. Agriculture continued to be the main economic sector, with a 48.6% share in the GDP, and with an 80% share in the labor force. the industrial production growth rate was 13% in 2005, almost double the GDP growth rate—an indicator that industry is, now, one of the country's main economic engines. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Like many developing nations, Laos depends primarily on external expertise in science and technology. Sisavangvong University, founded in 1958 at Vientiane, has faculties of agriculture, forestry, and irrigation, and of medicine, a technical college, and a polytechnic. Regional technical colleges are located in Luang Pradang, Savannakét, and Champasak. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 20% of college and university enrollments. DOMESTIC TRADE Before the Pathet Lao came to power, there was a growing market in Laos for capital and consumer goods. Vientiane was the wholesale distributing point for much of the country. In late 1975, private trade was banned and many small traders and businessmen—including Chinese, Japanese, Pakistani, Thai, and Vietnamese—fled the country. The new government subsequently made it clear that the trend toward consumerism would be reversed in favor of a production-oriented society. The Pathet Lao entered directly into the distribution and sale of essential commodities, such as rice and sugar, and prices were brought under control. In 1979, however, the ban on private trade was lifted, and consumer items, which had all but disappeared from circulation, were once again available. In the countryside, barter replaces money as the principal method of exchange. Markets are held at regular intervals, generally one day a week, at central villages or smaller towns. Once or twice a year, lowland farmers barter cloth and handicraft products with the mountain peoples for cereals, deer and rhinoceros horns, and ivory. Certain items recognized as media of exchange include tea, opium, tobacco, salt, silver, and gold. As of 1999, subsistence farming accounted for about 51% of the GDP, employing about 85% of the nation's workforce. The New Economic Mechanism (NEM), a set of economic reforms instituted in 1986 across all sectors of the economy, has begun to demonstrate results in establishing a market-based economy. The government freed the market price of rice and other food staples in 1986, increasing agricultural output despite severe climatic conditions. Later reforms—floating the national currency, the kip, and freeing interest rates—stimulated a market-based economy and controlled inflation. Major land reforms in 1988 included the freedom to sell products at market-determined prices. Growth from these stimuli is demonstrated by the doubling of private shops in Vientiane and abundant fairly-priced goods in the markets. In a 1989 agreement with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the government initiated reforms toward privatization and monetary reforms. The usual hours of business are from 8 am to 4 pm, Monday through Friday. Some factories and private companies extend the workday to 5 pm and factories are permitted to maintain a six day workweek if desired. Banking hours are 8 to 10:30 am and 2 to 3:30 pm, Monday through Friday. FOREIGN TRADE The political reorganization of 1975 brought changes in Laos's foreign trade pattern, because regional alignments were shifting and because the aid needed to finance the nation's imports was no longer available from the United States. In the 1980s, much of the nation's trade was subsidized by the former USSR. The export of CountryExportsImportsBalanceWorld186.1610.9-424.8Thailand72.1419.0-346.9France-Monaco27.127.5-0.4Germany21.44.217.2United Kingdom14.611.63.0Belgium14.3…14.3Japan11.727.4-15.7Italy-San Marino-Holy See9.2…9.2United States8.8…8.8China6.728.7-22.0Vietnam0.233.9-33.7(…) data not available or not significant. electricity, the sale of overflight rights to foreign airlines, wood products, green coffee, and tin are sources of foreign earnings. In 1991 Laos's largest export earner, logging, was banned pending steps to prevent further destruction of the forests. there are 11 million hectares of mature forests in Laos, and about 4.4 million are considered commercially exploitable. The ban on log exports was modified to allow the export of already cut logs and logs from stipulated cutting areas. Foreign aid grants exceeded export earnings in 1991. That year, export revenue decreased by 22% from 1990 because of a reduction of timber exports and a decline (caused by drought) in the production of electricity for export. At the same time the cost of imports increased by 62%, owing to the newly adopted free trade measures, which ended restrictions on imported goods. In 2005, exports reached $379 million (FOB—Free on Board), while imports grew to $541 million (FOB). In 2004, principal exports included garments, electricity, timber and wood products, and coffee; the bulk of them went to the Thailand (19.3%), Vietnam (13.4%), France (8%), Germany (5.3%), and the United Kingdom (5%). Imports included consumption goods, construction and electrical equipment, materials for garment industry, machinery and equipment, and mainly came from Thailand (60.5%), China (10.3%), Vietnam (7.1%), and Singapore (4%). BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Laos has experienced severe trade deficits since independence. From 1963 through mid-1975, substantial deficit financing was provided through the Foreign Exchange Operations Fund (FEOF), an agency backed largely by the United States but also receiving funds from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In June 1975, the flight of gold and hard currencies from the country forced the government to ban exports of gold and silver bullion. A devaluation of the kip had the effect of further inflating its price, with the black market exchange rate soaring. In the 1980s, financing Current Account-82.4 Balance on goods-216.8 Imports-527.9 Exports311.1 Balance on services134.5 Balance on income-33.8 Current transfers33.7Capital Account…Financial Account135.7 Direct investment abroad… Direct investment in Lao Democratic People's Republic23.9 Portfolio investment assets… Portfolio investment liabilities… Financial derivatives… Other investment assets25.2 Other investment liabilities86.6Net Errors and Omissions-57.2Reserves and Related Items3.9(…) data not available or not significant. came mainly from the former USSR, with smaller amounts from multilateral agencies. Since the collapse of communism in Europe, Laos has lost this vital means of support. Even with its recent attraction of international investment ($5 billion from 1988–94), it still relies heavily on aid. Primary sources are Scandinavia, the United States, and Japan. In 1995, the IMF announced a $17 million loan to the country, its second in a series of structural adjustment loans. Laos received a total of $290 million in economic aid in 1998. Total external debt stood at $2.53 billion in 1999. In 2001, the IMF approved a $40.2 million three-year arrangement with Laos, to reduce poverty and support the government's economic reform program. The Lao government is attempting to diversify its trading and investment partners, particularly among other Asian nations. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2001 Laos had exports of goods totaling $311 million and imports totaling $528 million. The services credit totaled $166 million and debit $32 million. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2000 the purchasing power parity of Laos's exports was $325 million while imports totaled $540 million resulting in a trade deficit of $215 million. Exports of goods and services totaled $361million in 2004, up from $359 million in 2003. Imports grew from $482 million in 2003, to $506 million in 2004. The resource balance was consequently negative, and on a downward path—from -$123 million in 2003 to -$145 million in 2004. A different trend was registered for the current account balance, which improved from -$93 million in 2003, to -$45 million in 2004. Foreign exchange reserves (excluding gold) grew to $223 million in 2004, covering more than five months of imports. BANKING AND SECURITIES The central bank, the Bank of the Laotian People's Democratic Republic, regulates a rapidly expanding sector comprising 13 national and foreign-owned banks under the terms of the Commercial Bank and Financial Institutions Act of January 1992. Most of the wholly foreign-owned banks are Thai (such as the Thai Military Bank and Siam Commercial) and many of the joint-venture banks are backed by Thai financiers (such as the Joint Development Bank). The central bank continued to receive technical assistance from multilateral lending agencies, and was gradually strengthening the prudential framework. The banks were believed to be more efficient. The largest commercial bank, established in 1953, is the Bank of Indochina. The large-scale flight of foreign currency that accompanied the Pathet Lao's ascendancy to power led the new government to shut down Vientiane's banks in September 1975. officials subsequently announced the expropriation of most private accounts, claiming they were the property of former rightists and "traitors." Banking reforms of the 1988–89 period opened Laos to foreign banks. Banks in Laos include: Banque Pour le Commerce Exterieur Lao, Joint Development Bank, Nakhonelouang Bank, and the Vientiane Commercial Bank. All banks now provide basic business services and offer a range of deposit and credit facilities. Interest rates are increasingly responsive to market conditions but tend to remain close to rates set by the central bank. Public confidence in the banking system as measured by the level of domestic capital mobilization is still low. Until 1988 the wholly state-controlled system serviced the needs of the command economy, offering uncompetitive rates of interest to savers or producers in need of regular credit. Most families continued to save by investing in gold and jewelry. the system suffered severe liquidity problems in 1990–91 when the "privatization" of former state-owned enterprises was at its peak: old debts were not repaid and new capital arriving as a result of the opening of the economy to foreign investors was coming in too slowly. Laos was badly hit in 1997 by the Asian financial crisis, leading to further liquidity problems in 1998. The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $41.5 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $286.4 million. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 35%. There is no stock exchange. INSURANCE There are no private insurance firms. PUBLIC FINANCE The civil war rendered normal budgetary procedures impossible, the budget being covered largely by US aid and monetary inflation. Deficit financing continued in the 1970s and 1980s, covered mostly by foreign aid from communist nations. With the collapse of this support, however, Laos has increasingly looked to foreign investment capital and Western lending agencies for financial support. Beginning in 1994, the IMF initiated an annual program of loans to assist the country with a structural adjustment program. It lent Laos $17 million in 1995. Still, 31% of the 1995 budget was international aid. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Laos's central government took in revenues of approximately $319.3 million and had expenditures of $434.6 million. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately -$115.3 million. Total external debt was $2.49 billion. TAXATION In 1977, the government introduced a progressive agricultural tax on production. The tax revenues were to be used to develop forestry and mining without the need for outside aid, but the tax had the unwanted side effect of discouraging production by some of the largest landowners and slowing the achievement of self-sufficiency in food. The 1992–93 budget included a new profits tax and a law requiring foreign firms engaged in construction projects to pay taxes. The agricultural tax was replaced by a land tax, and consumption taxes were raised on fuel oil, liquor, beer, and tobacco. The 1989 economic reforms included a new flat tax rate of 20% on profits for foreign-owned companies. The top personal income tax rate is 40% with the marginal rate for the average tax payer 10%. The top corporate tax rate is 35%. CUSTOMS AND DUTIES Import duties are determined on a specific and ad valorem basis and range from 2–40%, mostly not exceeding 25%. Compensatory duties are imposed on imports of commodities in competition with local goods. A general internal tax is collected on the CIFplus-duties value of most imports. Certain commodities—including automobiles, radios, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and sugar—are subject to special excise taxes of up to 104%. A duty-free unloading zone for Laotian imports is located in the Vietnamese port of Da Nang. FOREIGN INVESTMENT Before 1975, Laotian foreign economic relations were conducted under the FEOF and the US Commodity Import Program, under which dollar exchange was provided; Laos in turn allocated dollars to local importers, who then made kip payments to the government for the purchase of foreign goods. There was little direct foreign investment, however. From 1975 until the mid-1980s, all foreign capital has come in the form of development assistance. Reforms, as part of the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) initiated in 1986, included the introduction of a the Laos Foreign Investment Code and Decree in 1989, which established the Foreign Investment Management Cabinet (FIMC). The FIMC oversees the Committee for Investment and Foreign Cooperation (CIFC) with power to authorize and approve investment. All investment proposals, no matter how small, must be submitted to the CIFC of the FIMC, which passes it for screening by the relevant line ministries. The Code and Decree focus on three types of transactions: contractual business, joint ventures, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises. Investment is now allowed in the areas of agriculture, forestry, industry, communications, transport, service, and tourism, for projects using the indigenous raw materials and natural resources of Laos. The Decree details the permitted sectors of foreign investment and outlines restrictions and prohibitions. For instance, environmentally damaging investment, investors with overwhelming debt, long-term projects making great use of imported materials, and enterprises that would compete with local entrepreneurs are prohibited and/or discouraged. Hindrances to foreign investment are poor legal and physical infrastructure and a lack of skilled labor and capital. Additional disadvantages in the landlocked country are high transportation costs and limited domestic and foreign markets. In 1994 a new foreign investment law streamlined regulations and tax structures and included a flat corporate tax rate of 20%. The contractual business mode of foreign investment was eliminated. Although the law stipulated that the preapproval process for new investment was to take only 60 days, delays in fact have been a year or more. Since 1986, foreign investment in Laos has totaled an estimated $5.7 billion, about 75% in hydroelectric power projects. the Asian financial crisis, precipitated by Hong Kong's return to Chinese rule in June 1997, dealt foreign investment flows a blow from which it had not recovered. FDI fell from $170 million in 1996 to $45.3 million in 1998. In 1999, the Thai company that had been granted the concession to build Laos's first railroad in May 1997, backed out of the deal declaring it economically nonviable. A small uptick in FDI to $51.5 million in 1999 was followed by sharp declines in $33.9 million in 2000 and a negligible $23.9 million in 2001 in the face of the continuing depreciation of the currency. the depreciation feeds into a vicious cycle, because with the government's need to conserve its hard currency reserves, it has become increasingly difficult for foreign investors to convert their kip income into foreign exchange. The government in 2002 was rationing foreign exchange, with priorities given to fuel, food, and medicines. Thailand has been Laos's biggest foreign investor, accounting for about 42% of total FDI. In 2001, Laos and Thailand signed an agreement for the construction of a second bridge across the Me Kong, a project abandoned by a Japanese company in 1998 after the concession had been granted in 1996. Two Thai companies are also shareholders in the proposed $1.2 billion 650 MW Nam Theum River hydroelectric power project. The other partners are the Laotian government and the French company, Electicite de France, the largest shareholder. China's Yunnan Province contracted to develop sylvite deposits in the Vientiane Basin. Twelve sylvite-bearing zones have been identified, with an estimated total of 10 billion tons. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The National Plan and Foreign Aid Council was established in June 1956 to prepare a general plan for the development of Laos and to set up a series of five-year plans. In view of its limited capital resources, the government sought increased private foreign investment, continued US governmental economic assistance, and help from international monetary bodies and the Colombo Plan organization. An economic plan drafted by the Laotian government in 1962 was never fully implemented, however, owing to internal instability. Little of the infrastructure for public works, industry, and mining that was abandoned in 1961 has been resumed. Although a major goal of the 1969–74 economic and social development plan, completion of the Nam Ngum Dam, was fulfilled, a host of other targets had to be abandoned because of disruption stemming from the war. US aid to Laos began in 1955 and continued until the United States' pullout in 1975. During this period, the Laotian economy became almost totally dependent on US aid, which amounted to over $900 million in nonmilitary loans and grants and $1.6 billion in military assistance. Following the Pathet Lao takeover in 1975, efforts were made to restructure the Laotian economy along socialist lines. the source of most foreign assistance shifted to China between 1975 and 1979. By 1979, however, with the economy reduced to a virtual standstill because of poor harvests, rapid inflation, and the absence of private incentives, the government abandoned central planning for a mixed model of a centrally coordinated amalgam of state-run enterprises, cooperatives, and private ventures. Laos's first five-year plan (1981–85) after the removal of the Pathet Lao government envisioned increases of 65–68% in the gross social product, 23–24% in agricultural production, and 100–120% in industrial production, as well as completion of repairs on major highways and waterways. During this period the source of aid again shifted, this time to the USSR, Vietnam, and their allies. Aid from Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries totaled $90 million in 1985. Among non-Communist nations, Japan, Australia, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also furnished assistance. In 1985, the US ban on aid was lifted, largely because of Laotian cooperation in accounting for US military personnel missing in action in Laos during the Vietnam War. Aid from international agencies totaled $183.1 million between 1946 and 1986. The targets for the first five-year plan were largely not met, as per capita income fell to $100 and inflation rose to 30% in 1985. Failure was ascribed to an overly rigid central planning approach and in August 1986, as a major part of the second five-year plan (1986–90), the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) was introduced. The New Economic Mechanism (NEM) approved in 1986 (based on chin tanakan may "new thinking") introduced free enterprise initiatives including decentralized decision making, deregulation of pricing and financial systems, and promotion of domestic and international trade and foreign investment. Reforms have been introduced in phases. In 1988 land use reforms and market determined prices were introduced. In 1989 the tax system was modified, the Foreign Investment Code and Decree was implemented, the banking system was restructured, and the privatization of state economic enterprises commenced. Creation of a national taxation system and a customs administration are aimed at increasing government revenue. The Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, the Economic Planning Unit, which monitors existing and new businesses, and the Economic Development Board (EDB), which assists in the establishment of new industries, facilitate foreign investment in most sectors of the economy. Incentives offered to encourage the development of industrial and commercial enterprises include allowing 100% foreign ownership, emphasized exportation of food products, strengthening of economic management, rehabilitation of routes to seaports and rural feeder roads, reform of general education and training, and development of small- and medium-scale projects. The third five-year plan (1991–95) continued previous policies of infrastructure improvement, export growth, and import substitution. Four sectors were considered priority areas for future income for Laos: mining and energy; agriculture and forestry; tourism; and service, as a way-station and service center between China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Laos has untapped mineral resources and proven reserves of gold, gemstones and iron ore. Pulp and paper tree plantations would be substituted for the export of timber and agricultural products to serve the Thai market. Based on Thailand's experience, the government recognizes that mass tourism involves environmental degradation, yet the opening of the Mittaphap (Friendship) Bridge over the Mekong between Laos and Thailand (1994) seemed to open an opportunity for both trade and tourism. A second bridge was approved in 1996 but the Japanese company holding the concession backed out in 1998. In 2002 the second bridge project was revived with an agreement with a Thai company. In 1993 three western oil companies, Enterprise Oil and Monument Oil, both from the United Kingdom, and Hunt Oil of Dallas, engaged in exploration for oil and gas in Laos. These projects, handicapped by inadequate geological maps, unexploded ordnance, tough terrain, encounters with the remnants of the anticommunist insurgency movement, tropical and dietary illness, and the potential expense of drilling and pipeline construction for transport to the Vietnamese coast, had not produced any substantial discoveries. However, two major hydroelectric projects, the Nam Thuen Dam on a tributary of the Mekong in Khammouan province, and the Xeset dam in southern Laos were completed, and produce electricity sold to Thailand. At the sixth party congress, held in March 1996, Laotian officials debated the country's slow pace of opening up to the international investment community. By that year, the country had allowed more than 500 foreign investors, in a variety of sectors, to either establish or buy (in whole or in part) Laotian businesses. the majority of $5 billion (75%) was invested in hydroelectric power. In February 1997, Laos joined ASEAN, though some raised questions about its ability to afford even to attend all the organization's 200 or so annual meetings. Balance of payments problems had emerged almost as soon as the economy opened up to foreign trade and investments, with imports regularly running about 40% above exports. By 1997, Laos had entered into two standby arrangements with the IMF, a one year arrangement under the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF), and a three year arrangement under the Extended Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAP). The credit line for the ESAP arrangement amounted to about $49 million and ran until 7 May 1997. The next month Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule precipitating the Asian financial crisis that was to have devastating effects of Laos's economic development ambitions. From June 1997 to June 2002 the kip depreciated from 1,171 to more than 10,000 to one US dollar. Direct foreign investment (DFI) dropped from $179 million in 1997 to $23.9 million in 2001. In the first six months of 2002, investment flows from ASEAN countries, formally the source of the nearly 60% of FDI, fell to zero. A possibility of some relief from the downward spiral of inflation and dwindling investment was in the likelihood that Laos would be voted normal trade relations (NTR) status in 2003 by the US Congress in line with legislation submitted by the administration of US president George W. Bush in 2003. NTR would reduce US tariffs on Laotian imports from an average of over 40% to about 3%, and allow for the implementation of bilateral trade and investment agreement with the United States. In turn, this would open the way for the World Bank to issue guarantees for foreign investment projects in Laos. The healthy growth rates from 2004 and 2005 were expected to remain stable throughout 2006 and 2007. The main growth engine continued to be the industrial sector, and mining and construction in particular. Agriculture remained vulnerable to finicky weather conditions, but the government has committed itself to offer help to farmers. Tourism is a sector with strong potential but its immediate future was negatively influenced by security concerns and a still weak infrastructure. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT By almost any measure, Laos is one of the world's most impoverished nations. Food intake does not meet basic requirements; there are virtually no sanitary facilities; and contamination of drinking water is widespread. Almost no families own cars, and bicycles and radios are considered luxuries. In general, the lowland Lao have the highest living standards, with lower standards prevailing among the upland tribes. The majority of the population engages in subsistence farming, and the country is heavily reliant on foreign aid. the first social insurance system was implemented in 2001. There is a special program for public employees. Employees in enterprises with ten or more employees are covered by work injury insurance. Although the constitution establishes equal rights for women, they have traditionally been subservient to men and have generally been discouraged from obtaining an education. However, the government claims that it has encouraged women to assume a larger role in national life, and girls are increasingly attending school. It has been reported that in urban areas, working women have higher incomes than their male counterparts. Violence against women, including domestic violence, is not widespread. The Family Code provides women with equal inheritance and marriage rights. Trafficking in women and girls for the sex trade persisted, but in 2004 legislation was passed to provide protection from these activities. Minority highland tribes have limited ability to influence government decisions. The highland Hmong tribe, furthermore, reports instances of discrimination and harassment. The Law on Nationality grants greater citizenship rights to the Chinese and Vietnamese minorities. Political dissent is not tolerated, and detention without due process is not uncommon. Prison conditions are harsh, and the government suppresses the freedoms of speech, assembly, and association and restricts freedom of religion. HEALTH The use of Western medicine has improved health generally and reduced the incidence of malaria and smallpox specifically, but high infant mortality and a variety of health problems remained. Most urban areas, including Vientiane, lack pure water and sanitary disposal systems. In 2000, 90% of the population had access to safe drinking water and 46% had adequate sanitation. In parts of Laos, malaria—the most serious health threat—is known to affect the majority of children. In 1995, there were 1,365 new cases of cholera. Other health problems are acute upper respiratory infections (including pneumonia and influenza), diarrhea and dysentery, parasites, yaws, skin ailments, various childhood diseases, hepatitis, venereal disease, and tuberculosis. Common diseases have been malaria, measles, and leprosy. In 1999, there were 171 reported cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants. In the mid1990s, a UNICEF survey found iodine deficiencies and goiter to be common problems in rural areas of Laos. Programs to increase iodine levels via salt intake were being instituted. An estimated 25% of school-age children were reported to have goiter. Children up to one year of age were vaccinated against tuberculosis, 69%; diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 48%; polio, 57%; and measles, 73%. Vaccination rates were 56% for DPT and 71% for measles. The prevalence of underweight children was 44%, greater than the average of developing countries in South East Asia. As of 2004, there were an estimated 59 physicians, 103 nurses, and 5 dentists per 100,000 people. Health care expenditure was estimated at 2.5% of GDP. Average life expectancy in 2005 was estimated at 55.08 years and infant mortality was estimated at 85.22 per 1,000 live births. The total fertility rate has remained nearly constant over the last years. The fertility rate in 2000 was five children per woman during her childbearing years. the overall mortality rate in 2002 was estimated at 12.7 per 1,000 people; the maternal mortality rate in 1998 was 650 per 100,000 live births. The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 0.10 per 100 adults in 2003. As of 2004, there were approximately 1,700 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated 200 deaths from AIDS in 2003. HOUSING The typical house is rectangular, built entirely of wooden planks and bamboo, with a thatched roof, and is raised off the ground on wooden pilings 1–2 m (3–6 ft) high. There is a critical housing shortage in the towns, and many dwellings are substandard. As of 2000, 90% of the population had access to improved water sources and 46% had access to improved sanitation. EDUCATION Education in Laos is compulsory for five years of primary education. This is followed by three years of lower secondary and three years of upper secondary studies. At this stage, students may choose to continue to a three-year technical school or higher technical college. The academic year runs from September to July. In 2001, about 7% of children between the ages of three and five were enrolled in some type of preschool program. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 85% of age-eligible students. The same year, secondary school enrollment was about 35% of age-eligible students. It is estimated that about 74% of all students complete their primary education. the student-to-teacher ratio for primary school was at about 31:1 in 2003. There are three universities in the country: the National University of Laos, Souphanouvong University, and Champasack University. There were also regional technical colleges and several teacher training colleges. In 2003, about 5% of the tertiary age population were enrolled in some type of higher education program. The adult literacy rate for 2004 was estimated at about 68.7%, with 77% for men and 60.9% for women. As of 2003, public expenditure on education was estimated at 2.8% of GDP, or 11% of total government expenditures. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS The National Library (Vientiane), with volumes in French, Lao, and English, is the nation's largest library. In addition, a Buddhist institute owns a number of classical manuscripts. Many excellent traditional works of art and architecture may be seen in Vientiane and Luangphrabang. Of particular interest in the latter city is the former royal palace and the Prabang (Golden Buddha), which was brought to Laos from Cambodia in the days of Fa-Ngoum. Also in Vientiane is the Museum of Religious Art. the Luang Prabang National Museum opened in 1976. MEDIA Beginning in 1992 telephone owners were able to direct dial internationally, and private facsimile machines were permitted. In 2003, there were an estimated 12 mainline telephones for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were approximately 20 mobile phones in use for every 1,000 people. All communications, including the radio network, are operated by the government. Regular radio broadcasts were begun from Vientiane in 1968 and are now carried by Lao National Radio. Most broadcasts are in Lao, but government news broadcasts are also in English, French, and other languages. Domestic television service from Lao National TV began in 1983; in addition, programs are available by satellite from the former USSR, and it is possible to pick up Thai broadcasts. As of 1999 there were 9 AM and 4 FM radio stations, and 4 television stations. In 2003, there were an estimated 148 radios and 52 television sets for every 1,000 people. The same year, there were 3.5 personal computers for every 1,000 people. The press is government-controlled. The sole news agency is the Laos News Agency; the only foreign news bureaus are those of the former USSR and Vietnam. As of 2002, there were two daily newspapers, Vientiane Mai (New Vientiane ), with a circulation of 2,500; and Khao San Pathet Lao (Laos Newsletter, published in French and English as well as Lao), with a circulation of 1,200. Pasason (the People ) is a monthly publication with a 2002 circulation of 28,000. the Vientiane Times, published in English is available twice a week. Although there are constitutional provisions for freedom of speech and the press, the government is said to exert broad control over the exercise of these rights. All domestically produced newspapers, radio, and television are controlled by the Ministry of Information, which reacts harshly to expressions of political dissent. ORGANIZATIONS The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry is located in Vientiane. The Lao People's Revolutionary Party and its allied social and political groups in the Lao Front for National Reconstruction have dominated Laotian life. The cooperative movement has been intensively developed. There is also a Lao Unified Buddhists' Association. The Mekong River Commission serves an important role in working toward sustainable development in the region. The Lao Medical Association promotes research and education on health issues and works to establish common policies and standards in healthcare. There are several sports associations promoting amateur competition in such pastimes as tennis, badminton, tae kwon do, and track and field. The Red Cross is active. TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION The main tourist destinations are the capital, Vientiane, and Luang Prabang. Facilities are limited in other parts of the country. Vientiane is popular for its Buddhist pagodas, French colonial architecture, and landmarks. The city of Luang Prabang is located at the junction of the Nam Khan and Mekong Rivers in the North. Great views of temples and the land are seen from Mount Phousi in the center of the city. In 2003, there were 636,361 visitors who arrived in Laos. Of these visitors, almost 60% came from Thailand. there were 12,289 hotel rooms with 18,877 beds that same year. Valid passports and visas are required for entry into Laos. Visas can be obtained upon arrival at most border crossings. If purchased upon arrival, the visa is valid for up to 15 days. Visas purchased through a Lao embassy are valid for up to 30 days. In 2005, the US Department of State estimated the daily cost of staying in Laos at $130. FAMOUS LAOTIANS One of the most cherished figures in Laotian history is Fa-Ngoum, who unified Lan Xang in the 14th century. Another dynastic personage still revered is the monarch Sethathirat, in whose reign (1534–71) the famous That Luang shrine was built. Chao Anou (r.1805–28) is remembered for having fought a war to recover Laotian independence from the Siamese (Thais) and for having restored Vientiane to a glory it had not known since the 16th century. Important 20th-century figures include Souvanna Phouma (1901–84), former prime minister; Prince Souphanouvong (1902–95), a half-brother of Souvanna Phouma, leader of the Pathet Lao and president of Laos from 1975 to 1986; and Kaysone Phomvihan (1920–1992), former chairman of the Council of Ministers. DEPENDENCIES Laos has no territories or colonies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Castle, Timothy N. At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Chan, Sucheng. Hmong Means Free: Life in Laos and America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. Evans, Grant. A Short History of Laos: The Land In Between. London, Eng.: Orion, 2003. Hamilton-Merritt, Jane. Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. Kremmer, Christopher. Bamboo Palace: Discovering the Lost Dynasty of Laos. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Leibo, Steven A. East and Southeast Asia, 2005. 38thed. Harpers Ferry, W.Va.: Stryker-Post Publications, 2005. Mansfield, Stephen. Lao Hill Tribes: Traditions and Patterns of Existence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pyle, Richard. Lost over Laos: A True Story of Tragedy, Mystery, and Friendship. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2003. Stuart-Fox, Martin. Historical Dictionary of Laos. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001. Zasloff, Joseph J., and Leonard Unger (eds.). Laos: Beyond the Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Laos Compiled from the September 2006 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes. Official Name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic PROFILE PEOPLE HISTORY GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS ECONOMY FOREIGN RELATIONS U.S.-LAO RELATIONS TRAVEL PROFILE Geography Area: 236,800 sq. km. (91,430 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Utah. Cities: Capital—Vientiane (2005 pop. est. 698,318). Other principal towns—Savannakhet, Luang Pra-bang, Pakse, Thakhek. Terrain: rugged mountains, plateaus, alluvial plains. Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (November to April). People Nationality: Noun and adjective—Lao (sing. and pl.). Population: (2005) 5.6 million. Annual growth rate: (2005) 2.5%. Ethnic groups: Lao-Tai Language Family (8 ethnic groups) 64.9%; Mon-Khmer Language Family (32 ethnic groups) 25.4%; Hmong-lu Mien (2 ethnic groups) 8.5%; Other ethnic groups (including Vietnamese and Chinese) 0.2%; Unknown: 1%. Religions: Buddhism: 66.8%; Others (including Animism: 30.9%; Christianity: 1.5%; Unknown (including Baha’i and Muslim) 0.7% Languages: Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages. Education: Literacy—53% (World Bank est.). Health: (2005) Infant mortality rate—82.2/1,000. Life expectancy—55 years (World Bank est.) Work force: (2.77 million, 2005) Agriculture—78.5%; industry and services—21.5% (2005). Government Type: Communist state. Government branches: Executive—President (head of state); Chairman, Council of Ministers (prime minister and head of government); 10-member Politburo; 52-member Central Committee. Legislative—115-seat National Assembly. Judicial—district, provincial, and a national Supreme Court. Political parties: Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP)—only legal party. Political subdivisions: 16 provinces, one special region, and Vientiane prefecture. Economy GDP: (2005 est.) $2.5 billion. Per capita income: (2004) $390. GDP growth rate: (2005 est.) 7.2%. Natural resources: Hydroelectric power, timber, and minerals. Agriculture: (45.5% of GDP, 2005 est.) Primary products—glutinous rice, coffee, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, tobacco, ginger, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry, sweet potatoes, cotton, tea, and peanuts. Industry: (28.7% of GDP, 2005 est.) Primary types—garment manufacturing, electricity production, copper, gypsum, and tin mining, wood and wood processing, cement manufacturing, agricultural processing, and tourism. Industrial growth rate: (2005 est.) 13%. Services: (2005 est.) 25.8.% of GDP. Trade: Exports (2005 est.)—$379 million: gold and copper, garments, electricity, wood and wood products, coffee and other agricultural products, rattan, and tin. Major markets—Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Germany. Imports (2005 est.)—$541 million. Major imports—fuel, food, consumer, goods, machinery and equipment, vehicles and spare parts. Major suppliers—Thailand, China, Vietnam, Singapore. PEOPLE Laos’ population was estimated at 5.6 million in 2005, dispersed unevenly across the country. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 698,000 residents in 20
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	61	https://www.ebay.com/itm/256302992582	en	USA UN World Leaders Rare Stamp MNH Laos Republic President Khamtai Siphandone	https://i.ebayimg.com/im…iTQUb/s-l400.jpg	https://i.ebayimg.com/im…iTQUb/s-l400.jpg	[ "https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/KDAAAOSw8c5iTQUb/s-l1600.jpg", "https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/KDAAAOSw8c5iTQUb/s-l1600.jpg", "https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/FO8AAOSwPwJhTNom/s-l64.jpg", "https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/FO8AAOSwPwJhTNom/s-l140.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	(C ondition Superb MNH Mint Never Hinged. Liberia rare stamp very limited issue only 200 known to exist. a) this is a very rare stamp only 200 copies are known to exist.	en		eBay	https://www.ebay.com/itm/256302992582	Will usually ship within same business day if paid before 14:00 PDT (excludes weekends and holidays). Expected ship time may vary and is based on seller's order cut-off time.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	97	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/stars-and-sickles-an-alternative-cold-war.280530/page-26	en	Stars and Sickles - An Alternative Cold War	https://www.odsas.net/images_dynamic/thumbnails2.php?path=962760-666&max_height=610&max_width=410&rotate=0&bw=0&lighter=100&darker=100&negative=0&flop=0		[ "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/styles/default/xenforo/xenforo-logo.png", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/95/95422.jpg?1466614374", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.newsapi.com.au%2Fimage%2Fv1%2F0b9f917d97b950b2f8a5d852bd03f36b&hash=18850fde461e1784f30a9ce4025f7c4b", "https://www.odsas.net/images_dynamic/thumbnails2.php?path=962760-666&max_height=610&max_width=410&rotate=0&bw=0&lighter=100&darker=100&negative=0&flop=0", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonicbomb.com%2Fcontent%2Fatomic%2Fcarc%2Fus%2Fivy%2Flimg%2Fking1.jpg&hash=2345247c75b754d98154def5ef6c0c17", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fassets%2Fpictures%2F11474%2Ffour_col_tupouiv.jpg&hash=7aaf5230a3e13e339aa301d230fccf3e", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Hua_Guofeng-1.jpg", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/95/95422.jpg?1466614374", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/95/95422.jpg?1466614374", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/95/95422.jpg?1466614374", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag-map_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/904px-Flag-map_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/220px-Vientianne1973.jpg", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fl7.alamy.com%2Fzooms%2Fe91888ebeacd4cab9ee285aa6f788e30%2Fpropaganda-vientiane-laos-a05fwf.jpg&hash=ef250473143e80c91496f5b88792839e", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorypak.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F03%2FYahya-Khan.jpg&hash=612e96132c3d0b136d58ccf1f93ee953", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Mukti_Bahini_posters.jpg", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-l5lQuGswerI%2FUU9TXejTVnI%2FAAAAAAAAAFs%2F-YownALN61g%2Fs1600%2F3933477041_b8ec141880.jpg&hash=3f756bbb3d6c93a681c6012e88555f74", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindependentbd.com%2Fassets%2Fnews_images%2FSheikh-Mujibur-Rahman.jpg&hash=d21ed8bfc52f2f1d06f93bd2f611c7ce", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/66/66714.jpg?1651034282", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/25/25810.jpg?1633774035", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/66/66714.jpg?1651034282" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Hrvatskiwi" ]	2013-05-24T00:14:14+00:00	Hi WotanArgead, there will be an update about Yugoslavia, although not for a while, given that there are other things that are taking priority at the...	en		alternatehistory.com	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/stars-and-sickles-an-alternative-cold-war.280530/page-26	The diverse and widely-spread nations of the South Pacific spent many of the post-war years under the continued rule of various colonial administrations. Whilst superficially the situation was "back to normal" after the defeat of the Japanese, in practice the Pacific War had changed the region forever. Much of Pasifika was exposed to modern industrial technology, goods and alternative methods of governance and organisation which disturbed the traditional tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples. Of the three major Pacific island subregions (Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia), Melanesia experienced the most turbulent post-war history. The Republic of South Maluku (Republik Maluku Selatan, RMS), supported by the West, won it's independence from Indonesia and aligned itself with the Oceanian Treaty Organisation (OTO), joining the collective security community in 1955, to the outrage of Indonesia and later Revolutionary Nusantara, which denounced the RMS as an "ersatz national liberation movement cobbled together by a conspiracy of feudal rulers and international financial interests". The South Moluccan economy largely revolves around the extraction of relatively high-value natural resource extraction: cloves and nutmeg, a cornerstone of the local economy since the colonial period (where the region was known as the 'Spice Islands'), continued to be extracted. Fishing, pearl diving and lobster harvesting also constitute significant sectors of the economy, along with logging of ironwood, teak and ebony for use in the production of luxury furniture. With a high proportion of military-trained males, well-known for their martial skill, South Maluku also earned notoriety as a significant source nation for mercenaries, serving throughout the Pasifika region and beyond. Self-administration in West Papua, then known as Netherlands New Guinea, was first established in 1960, and incrementally expanded to include more duties until 1975, where West Papuan independence was dated to coincide with the independence of Papua New Guinea. Whilst there was some discussion about the possibility of uniting West Papua with Papua New Guinea, in practice such plans were not seriously pursued, largely as a result of divergences dating back to the colonial administration. In the years following Indonesian independence (and accelerating after the Communist seizure of power in Indonesia), the Dutch engaged in mass resettlement of Indos (people of mixed European and Indonesian, primarily Javan and Sundanese descent) in the West Papuan coastal regions. The relatively affluent and educated Indos rapidly dominated business and administrative life in the territory (also assimilating many ethnic Chinese). After independence, West Papua struggled to maintain a balance between the Indo-dominated commercial and bureaucratic spheres, and the Papuan-dominated military and political sectors. Whilst some progress has been made over time, this de facto social segregation has persisted, contrasting with the more cosmopolitan Papua New Guinea. West Papua maintained the constitutional monarchy after independence, retaining Queen Juliana of the Netherlands as Queen of West Papua. Papua New Guinea, the site of prolonged contention between the Japanese and Australian forces during WWII, remained under Australian administration until 1975. Whilst prospects for the maintenance of democracy appeared poor, Papua New Guinea surprised many commentators by dealing with political issues smoothly via the constitutional process. Part of this could be ascribed to the fact that political powerbases in the country were generally very small, and thus whilst the coalition governments which governed PNG were often shaky, there was no ability for any ambitious strongman to emerge and seize power. The biggest challenge to the fledgling nation was the unilateral declaration of independence of the island of Bougainville as the 'Republic of the North Solomons" a mere five days before Papua New Guinea was scheduled to achieve full sovereignty. The secessionist sentiment on the island was motivated by both cultural and economic concerns. The local "blackskins" considered themselves distinct from the Papuan "redskins" and balked at the idea that their destiny should be chosen by these "foreigners". The Roman Catholic Church, the most powerful organisation in the islands, endorsed the separatist move. Furthermore, the Papuan government derived a significant chunk of their income from the Panguna open mine on Bougainville, operated by Australian company Conzinc Rio Tinto. The locals received less than 1% of the revenue from the mine, which also caused significant ecological damage. Many Bougainvilleans had also been displaced by mining prospecting activities. The Republic of North Solomons was unrecognised by Australia and Papua New Guinea, and the leader of the secessionist movement, John Momis, entered into negotiations with the Papua New Guinean government, securing an agreement where Bougainville would be granted significant autonomy. Nevertheless, tension regarding the operation of the Panguna mine would flare again in the late 1980s. The Panguna mine, source of the Bougainville conflicts In the Solomon Islands, local councils were established in the 1950s as a step towards eventual self-rule. By 1970 a constitution was introduced and elections were held. This constitution was contested and a new, more popular constitution was adopted in 1974. Full self-government was granted by the British in 1976, with independence following in 1978, although the British monarchy was retained. The political landscape of the New Hebrides underwent a seismic shift after WWII. The experience of industrial goods and the stationing of American forces, as well as their (from the local perspective) rapid departure prompted the development of 'cargo cults', largely revolving around a messianic "John Frum" figure who would supposedly return and bring prosperity to the islanders. These cargo cults often developed into political movements, espousing 'self-help' philosophies and communal cooperation. Many of these movements sought the end of colonial rule, as the British and French had, in the natives' eyes, proved incapable of bringing the kind of prosperity that "John Frum" would bring. Whilst Britain sought to decolonise entirely after WWII, the French were more pugnacious in their desire to retain the New Hebrides as a colonial possession, largely due to fears that Hebridean independence would encourage agitation by New Caledonian natives, where a greater French settler population existed. The first political party in the country was established in the early 1970s, the New Hebrides National Party. Renamed the Vanua'aku Party in 1974, the party pushed for independence. In 1974, the Vanua'aku Party dispossessed foreign land and asset owners, who were compensated financially. Two rebellions occurred in the prelude to Hebridean independence, in Tanna and Espiritu Santo. Tanna had sought independence in 1974 as the Nation of Tanna, but was suppressed by the Anglo-French authorities. In 1980, there was another attempt at secession, with the declaration of the Tafea Nation, it's name derived from the initials of the five islands it sought to incorporate (Tanna, Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango and Aneityum). This prompted a stand-off between British and French troops, the former of which had been sent to reinstate the authority of the government, whilst the latter was present to protect the fledgling Tafea Nation. Whilst there was no deaths in the standoff, French paratroopers fired warning shots, with the British Scotsguardsmen coming close to returning fire. Eventually, the British Colonial Office backed down, allowing Tafea to gain independence, but the British government, as well as the Australian and New Zealand governments, refused to recognise Tafea [161]. In May 1980, the Nagriamel movement, led by Jimmy Stevens, declared an independent Republic of Vemerana on Espiritu Santo, the largest island in the Hebridean archipelago. Stevens was backed by private French interests and the Phoenix Foundation, an organisation of American libertarian businessmen who sought to create a haven in the South Pacific territory. France recognised Vemeranese independence on June 3rd, and on June 5th Vemeranese tribal chiefs elected French ambassador Philippe Allonneau "King of Vemerana", whilst Jimmy Stevens became Prime Minister. The capital, Luganville, was renamed Allonneauopolis. The Port-Vila government, lacking an army, requested assistance from Papua New Guinea to repress the rebellion, but the Papuans refused after it became known that the French had stationed a small force of Garde Mobile on Espiritu Santo [162]. Recognition for Vemerana and Tafea was limited to each other and France. The New Hebrides, renamed Vanuatu, was granted independence on 7th July 1978, although British and French presence remained until the secession of Tafea and Vemerana led to the expulsion of French influence from the remainder of the islands, with British (and later Australian) troops based in the remaining islands as a countermeasure to French intrigues. Nagriamel supporters, Vemerana In 1946, New Caledonia had become an overseas territory, with French citizenship extended to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity, by 1953. The 1969-1972 nickel boom saw an influx of Europeans and Polynesians, reducing the Melanesian majority to a plurality. By this time, pro-independence forces were becoming more organised. The largest pro-independence group was the Caledonian Union (UC), which had shifted from an autonomist group to a full-fledged nationalist organisation by the mid-1970s. The more radical, Marxist wing of the independence movement was the Party of Kanak Liberation (Palika). French authorities proved hostile to the independence movement, but allowed the UC to campaign whilst the Palika organisation was driven underground [163]. Fiji's future was from the beginning uncertain. In the prelude to independence, Indo-Fijians, descendants of Indians brought to the islands to harvest sugar, began to outnumber the native Fijians. Fearful of being dominated under a democratic system, many of the native chiefs agitated for a continuation of British rule. The British refused to stay, and sought to establish a sustainable political equilibrium through the formation of a bicameral parliament, with the Senate dominated by Fijian chiefs, whilst the House of Representatives would be composed of popularly-elected politicians, with quotas for Indians, Fijians, Rotumans and other groups. --- [161] IOTL the French gave less support, and as such there was not a military stand-off. [162] Similarly as in [161], although the French were in favour of Vemerana IOTL, they did not support them militarily. There were no French troops there IOTL, and the presence of Papuan troops dissuaded rebellion. [163] IOTL the Palika organisation was active, but was not banned. For more information on Indochina, see https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...rnative-cold-war.280530/page-17#post-10989768 and https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...rnative-cold-war.280530/page-17#post-10999005 === Having achieved regional dominance through military intervention in the neighbouring states of Laos and Kampuchea and the reunification of Vietnam, the Vietnamese Communists spent the 1970s consolidating their power, both internally and amongst their client states. This would eventually culminate in a controversial regional integration policy. Several critics, amongst them their nominal allies the Chinese, considered Vietnamese hegemony over Kampuchea and Laos to constitute 'social imperialism'. By contrast, the Vietnamese saw themselves as liberators, disestablishing 'feudalism' and acting as the 'vanguard' for the construction of socialism in Indochina. The local view of the Vietnamese presence was often more complicated. The seizure of Cambodia and the toppling of the Lon Nol government was met with outrage by the American and Thai representatives at the United Nations. The Soviet and Congolese delegations defended the Vietnamese particularly vigorously, although the Chinese were conspicuously silent on the issue. Whilst Vietnamese aggression towards Cambodia was clearly blatant expansionism, criticism was largely silenced with the return of Prince Norodom Sihanouk to his country. Sihanouk denounced Lon Nol and his rightist allies, entering into an alliance of convenience with the Vietnamese in order to retain his throne and his privileged position in the country. Aware of the high standing of the Prince in the eyes of his people, the Vietnamese sought to utilise Sihanouk to legitimate their occupation in the eyes of the Cambodian people. The Khmer Rouge, the local Communists, were installed into power, led by Nuon Chea, who revealed a new flag and renamed the country 'Democratic Kampuchea'. The leadership of the Khmer Rouge countered anti-Sihanouk sentiments, pushed by figures such as Saloth Sar, by claiming that Kampuchea was still in essence a feudal society and required the unity represented by the monarch to pursue "internal national liberation" and provide both legitimacy and stability to the new regime. "In our country, the peasant need not know the dialectic" said Chea, "he need only that the Prince know it, or at least follow it". People's Republic of Kampuchea From the beginning, Kampuchea proved a problem for the Vietnamese. Whilst dependent on Hanoi, the Khmer Rouge noticeably chafed at their leash. Compared with the Pathet Lao, the Kampuchean Communists were downright rebellious, often openly contradicting and even disrespecting the Vietnamese in meetings between the Communist parties. Despite this fact, the Khmer Rouge leadership knew who their control depended on, and the more vocal and radical anti-Vietnamese Khmer Rouge such as Saloth Sar were sidelined within the Party[167]. Aside from being a political weak link for the Vietnamese, it was also an area of constant guerrilla warfare. Khmer nationalists, primarily from the Khmer Serei issarak continue to strike at Vietnamese occupation forces from the Thai border, where they received support from the Thais and Americans in the form of arms, food and training. In response to these attacks, the Vietnamese regularly engaged, with assistance from Kampuchean forces, in raids deep into Thai territory. Diplomatically, the Vietnamese dismissed these instances as cases of accidental 'hot pursuit' over the border by its forces, but Vietnamese persistence eventually resulted in skirmishes with Thai forces, who more often than not were ambushed or fired upon first by the Vietnamese. In response the Thais situated artillery in sites along the border. In a sense, some of these skirmishes illustrated the callousness of proxy conflicts during the Cold War, with the Thais training artillery on refugee camps inhabited by anti-Communist Khmers, knowing that the Vietnamese would be drawn to these camps as targets. The resulting barrages often killed more Khmers than Vietnamese. Recognising that these raids were both ineffective and risked escalation, and uncertain whether they would be able to decisively defeat the Thais should it come to all-out war, the Vietnamese changed their defense strategy in Kampuchea. Le Duc Anh, commander of the PAVN forces in Kampuchea, was architect of the K5 Plan, known in the West as the 'bamboo curtain'. The plan involved clearing long patches of tropical forest as well as slashing and uprooting tall vegetation in order to cut a 700km-long, 500m-wide swathe along the Kampuchean-Thai border, bristling with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines at a density of 3,000 mines/km of frontage. This solution was expensive and irritated local farmers, who were tasked with cutting down regrowth. Eventually, the local farmers were resettled in plots confiscated from landholders in other parts of the country, and prisoners were used to cut the regrowth. The K5 Plan, whilst ambitious, was largely ineffective. Constant maintenance proved a drain on resources and it failed to effectively deter Khmer guerrillas, who persistently found gaps along the 700km border. Nevertheless, there was little doubt that it would prove a formidable obstacle should the Thais attempt an offensive into Kampuchea[168]. Pathet Lao soldiers in Vientiane, 1973. At this point, Caltex had not operated that particular gas station for a few years In neighbouring Laos, the Communist takeover was followed by a period of severe repression. Whilst the Pathet Lao declared a moderate policy, pleasantly surprising much of the population, particularly the small professional and business classes, Souphanouvong, half-brother of Prince Phetxarat and leader of the Pathet Lao, soon went back on his word and demanded immediate change. Prince Souvanna Phouma, leader of the Neutralists and Prime Minister of Laos, resigned and King Sisavang Vatthana was forced to abdicate. The King and his immediate family would die in a re-education camp near the Vietnamese border. Souphanouvong became the figurehead President of the newly-declared Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), although the real power lay with Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane. The inception of the Pathet Lao regime saw the cessation of printing of non-Communist newspapers and a large-scale purge of the civil service, army and police. Thousands were sent to "reeducation camps" deep in the remote jungles of Laos. The professional and intellectual classes fled en masse, and anticommunist leader Vang Pao led thousands of his Hmong fighters and their families into Thailand. Those Hmong that remained were discriminated against severely, granted few of the relatively rudimentary rights of ordinary Lao citizens. Political power in the LPDR was concentrated in the hands of four men: Prime Minister and General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane; economics chief Nuhak Phumsavon; planning minister Sali Voykhamxao; and security chief Khamtai Siphandon. This small clique, with the acquiescence and assistance of the Vietnamese, monopolised governance of the LPDR. Unchallenged as leader of the LPDR, Kaysone introduced collectivisation of agriculture. All land was declared state property and farms were merged into cooperatives. Unlike in states like China however (and even Vietnam), there existed no real feudal landholder class in Laos. Most of the farmland in Laos was owned by smallholders, meaning that there was little benefit that could be gained from collectivisation at all. The productive farmland was also primarily situated in areas inhabited by the culturally-dominant Lowland Lao. The Pathet Lao had always relied not on the Lowland, but the Highland Lao for support. Thus most of the Lowland Lao farmers, who already had no particular loyalty to the Communists, were alienated by their land reform. Rebelling against collectivisation and rice procurement, many Lao farmers sold their crops at low prices in Thailand. As state procurements fell sharply in both volume and value, and with the cutoff of US aid being replaced by a mere trickle of Soviet, Chinese and Vietnamese aid, shortages, unemployment and economic hardship emerged in the towns. Of even greater concern to the Pathet Lao regime, the royalist Lao National Revolutionary Front began to operate from bases in Thailand. In response, the Lao government began to restrict movement, institute tight censorship and curtail "decadent" activities such as cinema entertainment or nightlife. By 1977, recognising the failures of their repressive mode of governance, controls on movement were limited and agriculture was decollectivised. In Vietnam itself, the Communists sought to institute a socialist system throughout the country. The newly-annexed south was gradually communised, although initially some degree of private enterprise was deemed necessary to maintain international trade. The Second Five Year Plan, from 1976 to 1980, set unrealistically high goals for the average annual growth rate of industry (set at 16 to 19%), agriculture (8 to 10%) and national income (13-14%). Development plans were to focus equally on both agricultural and industrial development, intended to allow Vietnam to bypass the capitalist stage of development. The influence of Trotskyist groups in southern Vietnam on this policy is disputed by historians. Whilst on the surface such a policy appears Trotskyist, not only had the Trotskyists been decimated in the immediate postwar period by the Viet Minh, but the DRV engaged in a purge of many 'left communist' Viet Cong groups, including Maoists and those that appeared to hold "Trotskyist ideas" (even though no group claimed affiliation with the Fourth International). Regardless, collectivisation and repossession of crops had a negative impact on economic development, which stagnated. With the death of Mao Tse-Tung and the rise of the Hua Kuo-feng clique in China, the Vietnamese, concerned with the developing Sino-Soviet Rapprochement, sought a means to permanently tighten its hold on Laos and Kampuchea, precluding any struggle with China over regional hegemony. In order to do so, Pham Van Dong resurrected Ho Chi Minh's idea of an "Indochinese Socialist Federation". In 1979, the Hue Declaration was announced, where Vietnamese, Laotian and Kampuchean leaders declared the Socialist Federation of Indochina (SFI), comprised of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as the DRV was renamed in 1976), Democratic Kampuchea and the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Each nation maintained their own head of state (for instance, Sihanouk in Kampuchea) and even their own armed forces, although they were all under the overall command of the Minister of Defence (always Vietnamese). The Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao became the Indochinese Communist Party-Kampuchea and Indochinese Communist Party-Laos respectively, but their operation stayed largely the same. The SFI was largely a project that limited the ability of the Kampuchean and Laotian elites to act independently of Hanoi, but ensured military, financial and diplomatic support from Vietnam to the elites of Kampuchea and Laos. In 1978, collectivisation in Vietnam began to be reversed, although it was maintained in Kampuchea into the 1980s. A Laotian propaganda poster showing revolutionary women of Laos, Kampuchea and Vietnam standing in solidarity, gazing towards a brighter future --- [167] I thought sidelining Pol Pot would be much better than doing something corny like killing him. I assume that in difference circumstances (i.e. where the Vietnam War didn't happen) that even though anti-Vietnamese sentiment will still be there in the Khmer Rouge (and Cambodian society in general), that the radicals like Pol Pot should be able to be sidelined. That goes double without Mao being able to poke his nose in too much. [168] The K5 plan was done IOTL, and is the primary reason why the modern Thai-Cambodian border is one of the most heaviest-mined on the planet. Unfortunately a lot of people have been killed or disabled by unexploded ordinance and mines. IIRC more so in Cambodia than in Vietnam. Anyhow, ITTL the plan isn't abandoned as it was IOTL, due to the more permanent nature of Vietnamese presence.
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	3	81	https://dokumen.pub/post-war-laos-the-politics-of-culture-history-and-identity-9789812305602.html	en	war Laos: The Politics of Culture, History and Identity 9789812305602	https://dokumen.pub/img/…789812305602.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…789812305602.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/post-war-laos-the-politics-of-culture-history-and-identity-9788776940058-8776940055-9789812303554-9812303553-9789812303561-9812303561.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/strike-patterns-notes-from-postwar-laos-9781503630710.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/a-history-of-laos.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/young-british-muslims-identity-culture-politics-and-the-media-9780748643738.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/transnational-culture-transnational-identity-the-politics-and-ethics-of-global-culture-exchange-9780755622870-9780755631001.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/literature-of-girmitiya-history-culture-and-identity-9811946205-9789811946202.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/history-memory-and-politics-in-postwar-japan-9781626378858.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-figural-jew-politics-and-identity-in-postwar-french-thought-9780226315133.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/american-labor-and-the-cold-war-grassroots-politics-and-postwar-political-culture-9780813555058.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/social-theory-and-the-politics-of-identity.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/post-war-laos-the-politics-of-culture-history-and-identity-9789812305602.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	More than a quarter of century after the end of the war in 1975, the Lao leadership is still in search for a compelling...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/post-war-laos-the-politics-of-culture-history-and-identity-9789812305602.html	Table of contents : Contents Acknowledgements A Note on Transcription, Spelling and Translation Map of Laos Provinces 1. Post-war Laos: An Introduction 2. The Awakening of Ethnic Identity in Colonial Laos? 3. Cultural Order and Discipline: The Politics of National Culture 4. The Origins of the Lao People: In Search of an Autonomous History 5. An “Heroic Village” 6. Ethnic Classification and Mapping Nationhood 7. From Inclusion to Re-marginalization 8. Conclusion Appendices References Index About the Author Citation preview
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	22	https://worldwide-politics.fandom.com/wiki/President_of_Laos	en	President of Laos	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115082821	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115082821	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20221007190047", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/78/Emblem_of_Laos.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/350?cb=20240115082821", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/c/c4/Thongloun_Sisoulith.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/350?cb=20231118205218", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/1/1e/Souphanouvong.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084126", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/3/3e/Phoumi_Vongvichit.png/revision/latest?cb=20240115084111", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/7/71/Kaysone_Phomvihane.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084035", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/8/86/Nouhak_Phoumsavanh.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115084006", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/a/a9/Khamtai_Siphandon.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083943", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/6/6b/Choummaly_Sayasone.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083914", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/b/bd/Bounnhang_Vorachit.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240115083832", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/worldwide-politics/images/c/c4/Thongloun_Sisoulith.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20231118205218", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Worldwide Politics Wiki" ]	2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00	The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Worldwide Politics Wiki	https://worldwide-politics.fandom.com/wiki/President_of_Laos	The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking him first in the Politburo. History[] Background[] The office of the President of the People's Democratic Republic traces its lineage back to Prince Souphanouvong, the first President of the People's Democratic Republic, a member of the deposed royal family and one of the Three Princes, who became President when the former Kingdom of Laos was overthrow by the Pathet Lao in 1975, at the end of the Laotian Civil War. Duties and rights[] Term limits[] The president is elected by the National Assembly for a term of five years, with no term limits. A candidate must receive at least two-thirds support from lawmakers present and voting in order to be elected. Role and authority[] The president represents Laos internally and externally, supervises the work as well as preserving the stability of the national governmental system and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country. The President appoints the prime minister, vice president, ministers and other officials with the consent of the National Assembly. Additionally, the President is the commander-in-chief of the Lao People's Armed Forces. However, as Laos is a one party communist state. The highest and the most powerful political position is the general secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, not the President. The general secretary controls the Politburo and the Secretariat, Laos' top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder as de facto leader of Laos. However, the offices have often been held concurrently. Since Laos is a one-party state, all the presidents of the People's Democratic Republic have been members of the party while holding office. List of presidents[] No. Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Term of office Election Prime minister(s) Took office Left office Time in office 1 Souphanouvong (1909–1995) 2 December 1975 29 October 1986 10 years, 331 days - Kaysone Phomvihane – Phoumi Vongvichit (1909–1994) - Acting 29 October 1986 15 August 1991 4 years, 290 days 2 Kaysone Phomvihane (1920–1992) 15 August 1991 21 November 1992 1 year, 98 days 1991 Khamtai Siphandon 3 Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1910–2008) 25 November 1992 24 February 1998 5 years, 91 days - Khamtai Siphandon 4 Khamtai Siphandon (born 1924) 24 February 1998 8 June 2006 8 years, 104 days 1996 2001 Sisavath Keobounphanh Bounnhang Vorachith 5 Choummaly Sayasone (born 1936) 8 June 2006 20 April 2016 9 years, 317 days 2006 2011 Bouasone Bouphavanh Thongsing Thammavong 6 Bounnhang Vorachit (born 1937) 20 April 2016 22 March 2021 4 years, 336 days 2016 Thongloun Sisoulith 7 Thongloun Sisoulith (born 1945) 22 March 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days 2021 Phankham Viphavanh Sonexay Siphandone See also[]
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	1	20	https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.laos/c/xxJ_E1k8OLs	en	Re: Khamtay Siphandon the richest Lao leader.	https://www.gstatic.com/…/groups_32dp.png	https://www.gstatic.com/…/groups_32dp.png	[ "https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/i/productlogos/groups/v9/web-48dp/logo_groups_color_1x_web_48dp.png", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjUSP3bab5KwcK3TK0rwecYcKtYrjfnptv5iWCCwD4TJUjR3tw=s40-c", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjWXQDRK-wzKzo0BiItYFcYki7ya4Mb3SORpcArPoD1cIt0I2lb6=s40-c", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjWXQDRK-wzKzo0BiItYFcYki7ya4Mb3SORpcArPoD1cIt0I2lb6=s40-c", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjUdiKEJON1sbRqZ-kis0Dd9DRI9uZ9w5Mu4x5V3h7F91XoM=s40-c", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjU8h_fiQXxUM3O1srnxL537BQDPnWSIXziwLt_9Glo0mw8i2w=s40-c" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	//www.gstatic.com/images/branding/product/1x/groups_32dp.png		https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.laos/c/xxJ_E1k8OLs	khamtai siphamdon stole all the laos money for himself that is why he has more money than the country of laos combine.Laos is in debt of billions, trillions and this man is having close to billions of dollars? what kind of business does he has or do? the last time i heard of his business is prostitution business. he own and run the largest prostitution night club in vientiane, laos. his source of wealth is the national wealth so that mean his wealth is not form self made but the wealth of the nation of laos. all those foreigner aid that he stole for himself and never build his country. he just keep printing fake money to exchange for dollars and foreigner money that come in laos. all the laos money are fake, garbage. like little kids play money. soon or later he is gonna have to pay it all back to the hmong and laos people. it doesn't matter where he hid his money, he and his family will pay fo it. amen
correct_leader_00141	FactBench	2	75	https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/2003282794	en	Laos salutes 30 years of communism	https://www.taipeitimes.…51202172304.jpeg	https://www.taipeitimes.…51202172304.jpeg	[ "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/logo1_forfooter.gif", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/logo.gif", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/home.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/search2.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/times.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/twitter.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/facebook.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/line.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/images/2005/12/03/20051202172304.jpeg", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/right.png", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/images/2024/07/21/thumbs/p05-240721-306.jpg", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/images/2024/07/20/thumbs/P05-240720-301.jpg", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/images/2024/07/17/thumbs/P05-240717-309.jpg", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/images/2024/07/19/thumbs/P05-240719-305.jpg", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/logo1_forfooter.gif", "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/assets/images/rss.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "台北時報", "The Taipei Times" ]	null	[ "台北時報" ]	2005-12-03T00:00:00	Bringing Taiwan to the World and the World to Taiwan		https://www.taipeitimes.…_icon-mobile.jpg		https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/12/03/2003282794	RED-LETTER DAY The secretive Asian state held a huge Soviet-style National Day parade to celebrate the 30-year anniversary of the People's Revolutionary Party's triumph AP One of the world's last communist nations yesterday celebrated its triumph over a US-backed government 30 years ago with a mass Soviet-style rally almost extinct in the post-Cold War world. More than 25,000 soldiers, government officials and members of state youth organizations were marshaled at dawn on a vast square to hear 81-year-old president and communist party chief Khamtay Siphandone read a 12-page speech. Flanked on a high reviewing stand by the eight other members of the all-powerful Politburo, Khamtay recalled the revolutionary struggle against the US but focused largely on the Laos' liberalized economic policy. "The economy is improving throughout the country. People are experiencing a better standard of living," he said, citing progress in agriculture, mining, tourism and hydropower. Although still among the world's poorest nations, Laos has registered impressive growth rates over the past decade and the World Bank estimates the economy, fueled by foreign investment and a boost in exports, will grow by 7 percent next year. Khamtay said the Lao People's Revolutionary Party would continue to set the course for the country as it has since a 600-year-old monarchy was abolished and the victorious Pathet Lao guerrillas proclaimed Laos a communist state on Dec. 2, 1975. Backed by the Vietnamese, the Pathet Lao fought a Vientiane government held up by US aid and overcame intense aerial bombardment and a secret, CIA-trained army of ethnic Hmong guerrillas. The government collapsed in mid-1975 following the defeats of similar US-supported governments in South Vietnam and Cambodia. Aging veterans of the war, many proudly wearing chestfulls of medals, took part in Friday's one-and-a-half-hour ceremony at That Luang square, bordered by a huge socialist-style National Assembly building as well as the country's most sacred Buddhist monastery, the golden-spired Pha That Luang. Red and gold banners were strung around the square, reading "Long live the Lao People's Democratic Republic" and "Peace, Independence, Democracy, Prosperity." The more than 1km-long formation included 900 cheerleaders with pink and white pompoms and little girls with pigtails and bouquets of plastic flowers performing dances before the leaders. But unlike Soviet and other communist celebrations of the bygone era, there was no display of military might and the only weapons visible were those carried by the honor guard. A lone helicopter flew over at the end of the ceremony. Entry was by invitation only with Vientiane's ordinary people and a sprinkling of foreign tourists viewing the proceedings from outside the cordoned off area. "The change of regime in 1975 was a radical one in our history. It was not just a change of rulers but a deep change in the direction of the country. The monarchy was abolished and people seized power," Foreign Ministry spokesman Yong Chanthalansy said on the eve of the event. "Sometimes the changes were painful, but 30 years later the people have come to realize that they were all worth it." Although the government has liberalized the economy and slightly loosened its grip on the media, the 100,000-strong party brooks no opposition. Observers say that reforms have been faster in Laos' communist neighbors, Vietnam and China. "People are much more confident than before. They see that the government as being serious about reform," Yong said.
7196	dbpedia	2	7	https://www.themoviedb.org/person/29999-warner-baxter%3Flanguage%3Den-US	en	Warner Baxter	https://media.themoviedb…nsTSrFse5tPy.jpg	https://media.themoviedb…nsTSrFse5tPy.jpg	[ "https://www.themoviedb.org/assets/2/v4/logos/v2/blue_short-8e7b30f73a4020692ccca9c88bafe5dcb6f8a62a4c6bc55cd9ba82bb2cd95f6c.svg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w300_and_h450_bestv2/vX605wp5rnjezGUnsTSrFse5tPy.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/nPN8HKJnNzpvuYRMFBIJ3LalSAm.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/sRwHEfjPmRhK9rbqV3XNThERKCX.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/x1XSQeLUdoi72P5UOXqAyL46B9a.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/mUJCt9wBvsspffPacWFo66F8VoM.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/dDWQjYnnxNTsU99mpjr4CRPOry7.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/ekUnNnFDK4d1ewTbslECb3md296.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/gn5AyRZOQl1hdzpamXlr31Yjnct.jpg", "https://media.themoviedb.org/t/p/w150_and_h225_bestv2/zBRPNKU85TOmSzXVLzUF3lmlDRL.jpg", "https://www.themoviedb.org/assets/2/v4/logos/v2/blue_square_2-d537fb228cf3ded904ef09b136fe3fec72548ebc1fea3fbbd1ad9e36364db38b.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Movies", "TV Shows", "Streaming", "Reviews", "API", "Actors", "Actresses", "Photos", "User Ratings", "Synopsis", "Trailers", "Teasers", "Credits", "Cast" ]	null	[]	null	Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as The Cisco Kid in the 1928 film In Old Arizona for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in westerns, and played The Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career.	de	/assets/2/apple-touch-icon-57ed4b3b0450fd5e9a0c20f34e814b82adaa1085c79bdde2f00ca8787b63d2c4.png	The Movie Database	https://www.themoviedb.org/person/29999-warner-baxter	Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as The Cisco Kid in the 1928 film In Old Arizona for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in westerns, and played The Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career. Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as The Cisco Kid in the 1928 film In Old Arizona for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in westerns, and played The Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career.
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If two movies could take home the top prize, would ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’ have an Oscar?	en	https://assets.vulture.c…e/icon.76x76.png	Vulture	https://www.vulture.com/article/best-oscar-best-picture-losers.html	This story was originally published February 6, 2019 and has been updated to reflect the events of the 96th annual Academy Awards. Whatever your opinion of the Academy Awards, if you care about film, you can’t just dismiss them. If nothing else, the Academy’s winners double as a history of film. An imperfect history, sure, but a history nonetheless. Running through the list of Best Picture winners, you’ll see trends wax and wane and at least get a rough sense of what was valued in movies for each year and the progression of trends. Around the World in 80 Days’ Best Picture win, for instance, looks like the pendulum swinging back from the grit of On the Waterfront and Marty, the previous years’ winners. But what if each year produced two winners? Madness, right? But it would have the advantage of offering a fuller picture of what was going on in the world of film at the time. This list attempts to do just that: Pick a second film from the list of Best Picture nominees that would both make for a deserving winner and offer a fuller sense of film history. It’s not an attempt to pick a winner from the year in its entirety. (Though Danny Peary’s 1993 book Alternate Oscars proves there’s a lot to be learned from doing that.) It’s not an attempt to suggest that these films are better than the films that won, even if they sometimes are. (Ahem, Crash. Ahem, Braveheart.) It’s an attempt to identify each year’s best Best Picture loser, perhaps suggest a film that could deservingly sit beside the winner as a fine second choice. Consider it an alternate path through Oscars history. So let’s start from the very beginning, back when winners were announced in advance and the awards ceremony consisted of an elaborate dinner. 1st Academy Awards: 1927/28 Winner: Wings Best Loser: Sunrise The 1st Academy Awards makes choosing an accompanying Best Picture winner easy: The Academy officially chose one for itself. For one year only, the Oscars selected both an “Outstanding Picture” and a “Best Unique and Artistic Picture.” The idea was to distinguish more commercial films from more artistically inclined efforts (shades of the controversial Outstanding Achievement in Popular Film prize announced, then dropped, in 2018). Retroactively, Outstanding Picture winner Wings was named as that year’s Best Picture winner, consigning Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans to a footnote, if only in terms of awards history. Yet Sunrise is a stunning achievement that could just as easily have taken the honor. The story of an unnamed man (George O’Brien) and woman (Janet Gaynor, who won Best Actress for her work here) in a state of marital discord, it finds F.W. Murnau bringing the German Expressionist techniques he pioneered with films like Nosferatu and The Last Laugh to Hollywood. It’s decidedly, to use the Academy’s terms, unique and artistic, though whether that puts it into a different category than a more popular film like William Wellman’s high-flying Wings remains a surprisingly lively question this deep into the Oscars’ existence. 2nd Academy Awards: 1928/29 Winner: The Broadway Melody Best Loser: In Old Arizona Where Sunrise would come to typify the sort of film that usually wins Best Picture — a serious artistic statement from a major director — In Old Arizona typifies the sort of film that would rarely take the top prize in the future, an unpretentious, crowd-pleasing genre film (albeit one that builds to an unexpectedly grim ending). It still works pretty well on those terms, though enjoying it now means looking past the sight of heavily made-up white actors playing Latino characters. Still, this adaptation of an O. Henry story tilts all its sympathies toward the outlaw hero the Cisco Kid (Warner Baxter, in a Best Actor–winning role) and away from the pompous white soldier charged with tracking him down. The popularity of the film would help make Cisco Kid a movie, radio, pulp, comics, and TV staple for years to come, played several more times by Baxter, then later by Cesar Romero and, most recently, Jimmy Smits. 3rd Academy Awards: 1929/30 Winner: All Quiet on the Western Front Best Loser: The Big House The prison drama The Big House performs a similar sleight of hand, setting up a new prisoner sent up on a manslaughter charge after a drunk-driving incident (a young Robert Montgomery) as the hero, but focusing instead on a pair of hardened criminals (Chester Morris and Wallace Beery) who turn out to be not as irredeemable as they first appear. A highly influential film that set the pattern for prison movies to come, it’s a gripping piece of filmmaking, filled with images of how prisons dehumanize those within its bars, that builds to a violent climax that still looks pretty shocking. 4th Academy Awards: 1930/31 Winner: Cimarron Best Loser: The Front Page The only problem with The Front Page is that Lewis Milestone’s adaptation of Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur’s play about fast-talking journalists on the crime beat will always be overshadowed by Howard Hawks’s even better His Girl Friday, a take on the same material but with a gender flip that makes it do double duty as a romantic comedy. But Milestone’s film is no small accomplishment either. Starring Adolphe Menjou and Pat O’Brien, it’s fast-paced and funny and finds the director doing his best to break past the limitations of the early sound era and bring visual flair to the dialogue-driven material. 5th Academy Awards: 1931/32 Winner: The Grand Hotel Best Loser: Shanghai Express Speaking of visual flair, Josef von Sternberg didn’t abandon the stunning visual style he developed in the silent era once sound entered the picture. He also picked up an ideal collaborator in the form of Marlene Dietrich, an actress who understood just how powerfully she could hold the screen with a world-weary look and a breathtaking costume. Shanghai Express is the fourth of seven films that Dietrich made with Sternberg between 1930 and 1935. Set in a China in the midst of political turmoil, it stars Dietrich as a “coaster” — a woman of questionable reputation who moves among the men of the ruling class — who unexpectedly reunites with the man she truly loves on a train destined to be taken over by revolutionaries. Sternberg and Dietrich’s partnership thrived in the pre-Code era, and the film mixes unforgettable images with a complicated depiction of sexual mores that wouldn’t fly a few years later. 6th Academy Awards: 1932/33 Winner: Cavalcade Best Loser: 42nd Street Nor, for that matter, would 42nd Street, a behind-the-scenes musical drama about the tough business of putting on a show during the Depression that doesn’t hide the rough edges or turn its characters into saints. (Ginger Rogers, for instance, plays a heroine nicknamed “Anytime Annie.”) This early in the sound era, movies were still figuring out what musicals could be. But they didn’t want for talented creators with big ideas, including Busby Berkeley, who directed the film’s musical sequences. Berkeley understood that there was more to a movie musical than pointing a camera at performers and letting it roll, that the camera itself has to be part of the choreography, and that sense is already very much in place in this early effort of what would turn out to be a long career. 7th Academy Awards: 1934 Winner: It Happened One Night Best Loser: The Thin Man Frank Capra’s road movie/romantic comedy It Happened One Night became the first film to sweep the Oscars in every major category, dominating the awards so thoroughly that seemingly nobody else had a chance. It was also a too rare instance of a comedy taking the top prize, though the charming romantic mystery The Thin Man — starring Myrna Loy and William Powell as a crime-solving couple who love mystery, alcohol, their dog, and each other — wouldn’t have been a bad choice either. The film kicked off a delightful series, but this first entry is the sharpest and best, with Loy and Powell’s sexual chemistry and bons mots drowning out virtually any other aspect of the film — not that that’s any reason to complain. 8th Academy Awards: 1935 Winner: Mutiny on the Bounty Best Loser: Top Hat The plot of Top Hat is the flimsiest of farces in which a string of misunderstandings keep Fred Astaire’s and Ginger Rogers’s characters from getting together until the film’s final moments. It’s also a pure delight, with Astaire and Rogers at their most charming as they dance their way through a string of missed connections and moments of mistaken identities to a series of songs written by Irving Berlin. The pair appeared together in ten films, and though both had tremendous success apart from one another, there’s a kind of magic to seeing them together. Top Hat surrounds them with colorful characters, drops them into lush sets, and lets that magic happen. 9th Academy Awards: 1936 Winner: The Great Ziegfeld Best Loser: Dodsworth Adapted from a Sinclair Lewis novel subsequently turned into a successful play, Dodsworth stars Walter Huston and Ruth Chatterton as a retirement-age couple who get to know each other again while traveling to Europe, only to learn that they don’t relish each others’ company anymore. The film wouldn’t work with a director who couldn’t focus intensely on the inner lives of its characters. Fortunately, it had William Wyler, who knew how to pull that off better than virtually anyone else, via a combination of assured, understated filmmaking and a reliance on strong performances. Wyler already had dozens of films to his credit when he made Dodsworth, but it’s with this film here that he earned the first of many Oscar nominations. 10th Academy Awards: 1937 Winner: The Life of Emile Zola Best Loser: The Awful Truth The Oscars fell into hard-to-break patterns fairly early in its existence, one of them being a tendency to take serious films more, well, seriously than comedies. It Happened One Night’s multi-category sweep a few years earlier and Capra’s second Best Picture triumph for 1938 would prove notable exceptions, and Leo McCarey’s screwball comedy The Awful Truth — in which Cary Grant and Irene Dunne figure out that maybe getting divorced isn’t such a hot idea after all — probably didn’t stand a chance up against the likes of A Star Is Born, The Good Earth, Lost Horizon, and the ultimate winner, The Life of Emile Zola. It’s a sterling example of the form, however, and Grant and Dunne make ideal sparring partners, so ideal that they’d appear in two more films together. 11th Academy Awards: 1938 Winner: You Can’t Take It With You Best Loser: Grand Illusion Another bad habit for the Academy: only occasionally remembering that great films are often made in countries that don’t speak English, efforts usually relegated to the Best Foreign Language Film category. That category wouldn’t even be introduced until 1947, but at least the awards for 1938 acknowledged the existence of Jean Renoir’s Grand Illusion, a humanistic story of the first World War released as a second such war loomed on the horizon. 12th Academy Awards: 1939 Winner: Gone With the Wind Best Loser: The Wizard of Oz Every once in a while there’s a year that’s home to more enduring classics than most years. Sometimes the Best Picture nominees don’t reflect this. (The nominees for 1999, for instance, leave out Being John Malkovich, Magnolia, The Matrix, Fight Club, The Talented Mister Ripley, Boys Don’t Cry, The Iron Giant … the list goes on.) But sometimes they do. Gone With the Wind — a giant cultural phenomenon if nothing else — beat out Dark Victory, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Ninotchka, Of Mice and Men, Stagecoach, The Wuthering Heights, Goodbye Mr. Chips, and Love Affair to win Best Picture. It also beat out an equally, if not more, enduring film from director Victor Fleming: The Wizard of Oz, which has since become several generations’ first bewitching introduction to both musicals and classic Hollywood filmmaking. 13th Academy Awards: 1940 Winner: Rebecca Best Loser: The Great Dictator 1940 wasn’t quite 1939, but it still produced more timeless movies than most years. Both Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford directed two Best Picture nominees (Hitchcock’s Rebecca took the prize) and with The Philadelphia Story, George Cukor delivered one of the greatest romantic comedies. But if we want this list to double as a shadow history of other trends in Oscar-nominated films, let’s give this slot to The Great Dictator, both because Charlie Chaplin isn’t represented anywhere else — on this list or the list of actual winners — and because nobody else was making a film like it in 1940. Even after the outbreak of World War II, Hollywood wasn’t rushing to make films condemning Hitler; Chaplin served as his own producer for the film, in which he plays the dual roles of fascist dictator Adenoid Hynkel and his look-alike, an unnamed Jewish barber who gets swept up into the ugly business of authoritarianism. It was a risky undertaking, mixing absurd humor with biting satire in the service of a heartfelt plea for peace, but it became a hit with critics and audiences alike. 14th Academy Awards: 1941 Winner: How Green Was My Valley Best Loser: Citizen Kane How Green Was My Valley beating out Citizen Kane — for years the consensus choice for the greatest film ever made — to win Best Picture is one of the easiest examples to point to of Oscar getting it wrong. This overlooks two facts: (1) How Green Was My Valley is also pretty great, and (2) the competition was tough that year, which also saw nominations go to Here Comes Mr. Jordan, The Little Foxes, The Maltese Falcon, Sergeant York, and Suspicion, among others. (The Academy would cap the nominee number at five a few years later, and it would stay that way until 2009.) That said, none of those movies are Citizen Kane, first-time director Orson Welles’s rise-and-fall story (co-scripted by Herman Mankiewicz) inspired by the life of William Randolph Hearst and filled with every filmmaking trick Welles knew (and many he invented). 15th Academy Awards: 1942 Winner: Mrs. Miniver Best Loser: The Magnificent Ambersons 1942 was another year with an abundance of great Best Picture nominees (Yankee Doodle Dandy and The Pride of the Yankees among them), yet it still makes the most sense to choose an Orson Welles film as our alternate. The Magnificent Ambersons was taken out of Welles’s hands before he finished it, setting him up to have high-profile conflicts with studios and producers for the rest of his career. The tacked-on ending still sticks out, but the depiction of a midwestern family’s dimming prospects and fading optimism is both endlessly inventive and deeply affecting. 16th Academy Awards: 1943 Winner: Casablanca Best Loser: The Ox-Bow Incident When David O. Selznick made a big push for the 1946 film Duel in the Sun, Variety dismissed it as a “glorified Western.” The genre wasn’t held in universally low esteem — Cimarron won Best Picture; Stagecoach and others earned nominations — but talking of it dismissively didn’t exactly raise any eyebrows either. Such was the uphill battle faced by Westerns even at the height of their popularity. But even the most snobbish viewer could see that William Wellman’s The Ox-Bow Incident was no ordinary Western. A story of mob mentality taken to a deadly extreme, it stars Henry Fonda as a cowboy who joins a posse to track down some murderers only to watch as its pursuit of justice spins out of control. The prolific Wellman directed Wings, the first Best Picture winner, and here seizes on the story’s timelessness and helps set the stage for the morally ambiguous Westerns that would dominate the 1950s. 17th Academy Awards: 1944 Winner: Going My Way Best Loser: Double Indemnity Billy Wilder and co-writer Raymond Chandler didn’t create film noir with this adaptation of a James M. Cain story about an insurance agent (Fred MacMurray), a femme fatale (Barbara Stanwyck), and the murderous scheme they embark on together. But film noir certainly wouldn’t have been the same without the combination of Wilder’s sour take on humanity and Chandler’s dialogue. The Academy was more in the mood for uplift, honoring Going My Way, in which Bing Crosby plays a laid-back priest. But it’s Wilder’s film whose influence would seep into the groundwater. 18th Academy Awards: 1945 Winner: The Lost Weekend Best Loser: Mildred Pierce Did any director thrive in the studio system quite as much as Michael Curtiz? Born in Hungary, Curtiz enjoyed great success in the European film industry, and then even greater success when he became Warner Bros.’s No. 1 in-house director, a stint that included Casablanca, a long association with Errol Flynn, and more. Curtiz was meticulous and adaptive and at first none-too-thrilled to be working with Joan Crawford, who needed a comeback and to prove her worth to Warner Bros. when she landed the lead in Mildred Pierce. She achieved both aims, and won over Curtiz, with this noir-influenced James M. Cain adaptation about a mother who gives and gives to a daughter who takes more than she deserves. It’s an example of every piece of the studio machinery working in perfect sync — from the star to the shadow-drenched compositions — to create art as heartbreaking as it is thrilling. 19th Academy Awards: 1946 Winner: The Best Years of Our Lives Best Loser: It’s a Wonderful Life World War II upended the professional lives of both director Frank Capra and actor James Stewart. Capra focused on making morale-boosting documentaries about the war. Stewart fought, returning shaken by his experiences as an airman. He would rarely discuss his time in the service in later years, and he struggled to resume acting, pausing before accepting the role of George Bailey, the small-town savings-and-loan proprietor who comes to realize how much his life has touched those around him. The film underperformed at the box office, only becoming a Christmas staple years later after a copyright lapse led to near-constant airings on local stations in the ’70s and ’80s. It didn’t lack for plaudits at the time, however, earning five Oscar nominations, including a Best Actor nod for Stewart and a Best Director nomination for Capra. It lost them all to The Best Years of Our Lives, another thoughtful consideration about what really matters, similarly informed by the war years. They now make a satisfying double feature. 20th Academy Awards: 1947 Winner: Gentleman’s Agreement Best Loser: Great Expectations David Lean wouldn’t win any Academy Awards until he became the go-to architect of thoughtful epics like Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia. But he might just as rightly have won for this adaptation of Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, which streamlines the novel without losing Dickens’s clever plotting, rich characters, or flair for grotesquerie. Its nomination provided another sign that the British film industry remained alive and well in the years after World War II — to say nothing of what was happening in Italy, Japan, France, Sweden, and elsewhere. More would follow. 21st Academy Awards: 1948 Winner: Hamlet Best Loser: The Red Shoes We can probably thank The Red Shoes for inspiring an entire generation of dancers, and it’s not hard to see why. Its story about pursuing artistic perfection no matter what the personal cost goes to some tragic places, but there’s so much beauty along the way that it almost seems worth it. That ambiguity is at the heart of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger’s story, which centers on a ballerina who struggles to reconcile her need to pursue her artistic gifts with her desire for happiness. Powell and Pressburger were pushing boundaries as well, blurring the lines between filmmaking and choreography — and reality and dreams — in the stunning dance sequences and making bold use of Technicolor in ways never attempted before. It’s a tale of obsession made with obsessive attention to detail and a stunning command of film’s power to stir and move. 22nd Academy Awards: 1949 Winner: All the King’s Men Best Loser: A Letter to Three Wives A case of a clever idea elevated by a thoughtful filmmaker and a perfect cast, A Letter to Three Wives gives viewers three stories of unsettled marriages for the price of one. Originally based on the novel A Letter to Five Wives before being trimmed (at one point Anne Baxter was to have played a fourth wife), it opens with three wives (Jeanne Crain, Ann Sothern, and Linda Darnell) receiving a letter from a never-seen friend informing them that she’s leaving town with one of their husbands. As the day passes, each reflects on whether or not it could be her husband — and whether or not she should blame herself if it is. It’s a rich setup that Joseph Mankiewicz uses to depict the domestic discontents beneath the surface of postwar American prosperity. 23rd Academy Awards: 1950 Winner: All About Eve Best Loser: Sunset Boulevard There’s long been a strand of self-loathing to the film industry, and sometimes that self-loathing leads to great movies. It’s evident in All About Eve, a film about the cutthroat world of Broadway that could just as easily have been about Hollywood. And it’s essentially the raison d’être of Billy Wilder’s equal parts tragic and darkly funny Sunset Boulevard, in which a struggling screenwriter (William Holden) discovers Hollywood’s gothic underbelly after stumbling into an intense relationship with an unstable star of the silent age (Gloria Swanson). Swanson’s own history — she’d been one of Paramount’s biggest stars but had struggled professionally since her heyday — is just one way the film holds a dark mirror up to the town that made it possible. 24th Academy Awards: 1951 Winner: An American in Paris Best Loser: A Place in the Sun Adapting Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy, George Stevens chose to focus on the interior lives of its characters: a striving factory worker (Montgomery Clift), the co-worker he romances and impregnates (Shelley Winters), and the smart-set object of desire (Elizabeth Taylor) who leads him to make some cruel choices. Powered by intense performances and Stevens’s craftsmanship, it’s powered by the tension between its raw emotions and the artfulness of their presentation — the same combination that powered another nominee that might just as easily have taken the year’s Best Picture prize, A Streetcar Named Desire. 25th Academy Awards: 1952 Winner: The Greatest Show on Earth Best Loser: High Noon A Western in which the hero spends much of the film fearing for his life, unable to rally those he’s sworn to protect to help him in spite of the righteousness of his cause, High Noon didn’t fit the genre’s usual mold, and it didn’t please all of the genre’s admirers. Howard Hawks has said he made Rio Bravo as a response to the film, turned off by the seeming helplessness of the hero, played by Gary Cooper. But the Fred Zinnemann–directed film struck a chord with audiences and critics alike, many of which did not miss that its central conflict mirrored the paranoia of the McCarthy era. But though it won four Oscars, including a Best Actor prize for Gary Cooper, controversy surrounded it thanks to the hounding of screenwriter Carl Foreman for taking the fifth before HUAC. (Among those doing the criticizing, John Wayne, who’d turned down the Cooper role and whose The Quiet Man was also nominated for Best Picture that year.) Foreman ended up blacklisted and Cecil B. DeMille’s popular, if little loved, The Greatest Show on Earth took the top prize. 26th Academy Awards: 1953 Winner: From Here to Eternity Best Loser: Roman Holiday The film that made Audrey Hepburn a movie star, Roman Holiday is the ideal to which all romantic comedies aspire, and builds to a lovely, bittersweet ending that few have dared to duplicate. Hepburn plays Ann, a princess who sneaks away from her handlers and gets to explore Rome in the company of Joe (Gregory Peck), a worldly reporter who at first doesn’t recognize her, then conspires to exploit the friendship — an instinct that lasts until he realizes that he’s falling for her. Co-scripted by a long-uncredited Dalton Trumbo, it’s both a love letter to Rome and distillation of what it feels like to fall unexpectedly in love, even when there’s little hope of that love lasting beyond the length of a fling. 27th Academy Awards: 1954 Winner: On the Waterfront Best Loser: The Caine Mutiny Humphrey Bogart became famous by playing a certain type of cool, hard-bitten character, but he created some of his best performances by tweaking his onscreen persona. In a Lonely Place, for instance, finds him plumbing the darkness beneath the surface of a hardened loner. And in The Caine Mutiny, he portrays a naval captain who cracks in slow-motion, his air of authority hiding the rage and paranoia that drives him. There’s much to recommend in Edward Dmytryk’s adaptation of Herman Wouk’s novel, about a mutiny and its ensuing court martial in the midst of World War II, but it’s Bogart’s haunting work that makes it unforgettable. 28th Academy Awards: 1955 Winner: Marty Best Loser: Mister Roberts To continue the theme of naval rebellion: Henry Fonda spent years playing the lead of Mister Roberts on Broadway — so long, in fact, that by the time this film adaptation came around, some considered him too old, and too long out of movies, to play the part. But the film suggests no one else could have played it half as well, pitting Fonda’s Roberts, a junior-grade naval lieutenant, against a tyrannical captain played by James Cagney as they work an unglamorous assignment during World War II. The film’s a strange but potent mix of irreverence and patriotism. Roberts wants to fight but is kept away from the war by his dull commanding officer’s whims, so he retaliates with insubordination. It has a tattered origin, too. John Ford directed it until illness and conflict drove him away, leading to Mervyn LeRoy and an uncredited Josh Logan taking over. (Logan, co-writer of the theatrical version, also directed another 1955 Best Picture nominee, Picnic.) But the humor keeps it lively from beginning to end, and the performances — including a Best Supporting Actor–winning turn from Jack Lemmon — are priceless. 29th Academy Awards: 1956 Winner: Around the World in 80 Days Best Loser: Giant George Stevens won his second Best Director prize for Giant, a sprawling story of oil, Texas, racism, and thwarted passion starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, and (in his final role) James Dean. Yet it wasn’t enough to overcome the publicity blitz created by producer Mike Todd for his star-packed adaptation of Jules Verne’s novel. (That Todd was married to Taylor added an extra twist to the tale.) Nonetheless, in the middle of a decade in which prestige pictures often emphasized bigness, Giant remains a model of how to tell an intimate story on a grand scale, focusing on the lives of a handful of characters without letting them become dwarfed by the landscape or the extended running time. 30th Academy Awards: 1957 Winner: The Bridge on the River Kwai Best Loser: 12 Angry Men The film industry saw television as a threat from the moment it was introduced, and spent much of the ’50s trying to create new ways to compete with the new medium on the block, from wide-screen movies to 3-D. But TV and film found that their coexistence could be mutually beneficial, with television sometimes serving as a proving ground for film material and a new generation of film directors honing their skills on the small screen, where they learned to work fast and make the most of a few sets and limited budgets. 12 Angry Men benefited from both those trends, adapting a previously produced teleplay and serving as the feature-film debut of Sidney Lumet, who’d worked extensively in television. Lumet and a remarkable cast headed by Henry Fonda create high drama as jurors arguing a case that all but Fonda’s character sees as open-and-shut — leading him to dig in in an attempt to make everyone else see it his way. 31st Academy Awards: 1958 Winner: Gigi Best Loser: The Defiant Ones Producer and director Stanley Kramer’s name has become synonymous with righteous films about pressing social issues, and while that’s not entirely unfair, it doesn’t quite capture the variety of films that bear his name, from High Noon, The Caine Mutiny, and The Wild One (which he produced) to It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, an attempt to make comedy on an epic scale. The Defiant Ones is, literally and figuratively, one of his most bare-knuckled efforts, chaining Sidney Poitier and Tony Curtis together as escaped prisoners and forcing them to work out their differences if they want to survive. The film deals with prejudice by folding it into a propulsive chase movie, letting the politics serve the narrative and not the other way around. Kramer didn’t always get that balance right, but it works here. 32nd Academy Awards: 1959 Winner: Ben-Hur Best Loser: Anatomy of a Murder Otto Preminger was no stranger to taboo-smashing when he made Anatomy of a Murder, having previously directed The Moon Is Blue — scandalous for its then-shocking discussion of sexuality — and The Man With the Golden Arm, which dealt frankly with drug addiction. The legal thriller Anatomy of a Murder was no exception, shocking audiences with a courtroom drama filled with graphic discussions of rape. That it was Jimmy Stewart as a laid-back lawyer doing much of the talking only made it more shocking, and the film was even banned for a time in Chicago. Once smashed, taboos have a hard time being restored, and its straightforward approach to adult material helped set the stage for the decade to come, one in which the once-inescapable Motion Picture Production Code would first lose power before being replaced by the modern ratings system. 33rd Academy Awards: 1960 Winner: The Apartment Best Loser: The Sundowners Robert Mitchum rarely got to show his gentler side, but it’s on full display in this Fred Zinnemann–directed story about Irish-Australian settlers living a peripatetic existence along Australian frontier. Mitchum plays a man whose wanderlust is challenged by the needs of his wife (Deborah Kerr) and son, and Zinnemann’s beautiful shots of the Australian wilderness make it easy to see why anyone would find it hard to stay in one place. It’s a film of high stakes, if little overt drama, highlighted by Peter Ustinov’s comic supporting turn. Those qualities might have made it easy to choose a masterpiece like The Apartment over it, but it remains an involving story of a family’s by turns joyful and perilous existence. 34th Academy Awards: 1961 Winner: West Side Story Best Loser: The Hustler A tale of moral compromise and the heavy price of success set in the seedy world of competitive pool, Robert Rossen’s The Hustler earned nine Academy Award nominations, and gave Newman one of his most famous roles, one he’d revisit years later in The Color of Money, for which he’d finally win a Best Actor trophy after six nominations. The film became a hit unexpectedly, its success spurred in part by rave reviews and a sense that the film knew the ins and outs of the world it was depicting. (That Rossen had once hustled pool probably helped.) Though shot in Cinemascope, it’s defined by a sense of claustrophobia. These are characters who always feel like the walls are about to close in on them. Often they’re right. 35th Academy Awards: 1962 Winner: Lawrence of Arabia Best Loser: To Kill a Mockingbird It’s not hard to see why Gregory Peck’s performance as Atticus Finch has become synonymous with unbending American virtue in the face of fierce opposition. Peck plays Finch as a man with a deep sense of right and wrong, but also as someone capable of deep disappointment, someone who struggles with how to convey the injustice of life to his children. Like the film around him and the Harper Lee novel from which it’s adapted, he’s hopeful but clear-eyed, aware of how hard it is to champion justice and tolerance in a world that often seems to want neither. 36th Academy Awards: 1963 Winner: Tom Jones Best Loser: How the West Was Won The concept of “too big to fail,” coined for the banking system, can extend to movies, too. Cleopatra was a notorious flop in 1963, but that didn’t stop it from winning a Best Picture nomination anyway. It’s worth seeing if only to see what all that money looks like on the screen, but for a better example of Hollywood going big — in the most literal sense — check out How the West Was Won, a star-filled omnibus film directed by John Ford, Henry Hathaway, and George Marshall that charts the progress of Western expansion via a series of loosely related stories. Its full effect will be lost on even the biggest home screen, however. It’s the most ambitious film shot in true Cinerama, a process involving three cameras, three projectors, and an arcing screen that creates an immersive quality rivaled only by IMAX. It’s a good movie, but an even better spectacle. 37th Academy Awards: 1964 Winner: My Fair Lady Best Loser: Dr. Strangelove Stanley Kubrick set out to make Dr. Strangelove as a straight thriller, but the deeper he got into the project, the more absurdity he saw in Cold War politics and the careful balancing act needed to keep a policy of mutually assured destruction from tipping over into a nuclear apocalypse. The result — an obsidian-black comedy in which Peter Sellers plays multiple roles — depicts a crisis set in motion by the one man’s cracked mind, but kept in motion by the insane systems around it. It’s filled with comic high points, but it’s the queasy sense that the fate of the world has never been more perilous that makes it haunting — now as much as ever. 38th Academy Awards: 1965 Winner: The Sound of Music Best Loser: Dr. Zhivago Seeing the biggest movies of 1965 meant sitting still for a while. The winner, the Julie Andrews–starring musical The Sound of Music, clocks in at 174 minutes. Doctor Zhivago, which tied it with five nominations, runs 193 minutes. Director David Lean didn’t want for Oscar success, having taken both Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia to Best Picture wins and winning Best Director for both, but here the Academy ultimately went with the lighter option with The Sound of Music, a box-office smash that didn’t do much for critics at the time. The years have been kind to The Sound of Music, but there would have been no shame in giving Lean a third win for his sweeping story of upheaval in Russia starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie, an emerging star who’d win Best Actress for a different Best Picture nominee, the stylish British morality play Darling. 39th Academy Awards: 1966 Winner: A Man for All Seasons Best Loser: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? In filmmaking, there are big risks and small risks. Taking a shockingly profane Edward Albee play about one long, dark night in the lives of a hard-drinking middle-aged couple — and handing it over to a first-time director — is itself a pretty big risk. Casting married movie stars who seemed at first too young and glamorous for the parts only made it more risky. But with his adaptation of Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Mike Nichols showed audiences something they’d never seen before, stripping away the glamour from Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton and letting their harsh words draw blood as they spend an evening with a younger couple who gets drawn into the emotional quicksand around them. The risk paid off with a nomination, though not a trophy, and helped push the boundaries of what was permissible in movies in ways that would never be pushed back. 40th Academy Awards: 1967 Winner: In the Heat of the Night Best Loser: Bonnie and Clyde Containing everything from talking animals to amoral criminals, the nominees for 1967 double as a cross-section of what was going on in Hollywood at the time, so much so that Mark Harris used it as the subject for his excellent book Pictures at a Revolution. Filtering a story of prejudice through a tense thriller set in the Deep South, In the Heat of the Night took the top prize. Elsewhere, both The Graduate and Bonnie and Clyde captured a Hollywood filled with fresh ideas, the product of an emerging generation of new filmmakers and the influence of the French New Wave. Of the two, Bonnie and Clyde is the more radical, and its violent antiheroes — Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway playing a pair of notorious Depression-era outlaws — made it the more controversial, so let’s make it our alternate choice and let it serve as a stand-in for the seismic changes going on around it. 41st Academy Awards: 1968 Winner: Oliver! Best Loser: The Lion in Winter Sometimes the Best Picture field is defined by what it leaves out. 1968 could have seen nods for 2001: A Space Odyssey, Faces, Rosemary’s Baby, or any number of other challenging films. Instead, the Academy played it safe, awarding the splashy Dickens musical Oliver! and not getting all that adventurous with the nominees, either. The Lion in Winter, in which Peter O’Toole’s Henry II and Katharine Hepburn’s Eleanor of Aquitaine argue over who should succeed him as King of England, proved controversial in part because it looked like such a safe choice, even prompting several critics to resign from the New York Film Critics Circle after it won that prize. Groundbreaking it’s not, but O’Toole and Hepburn (who’d win her second Best Actress prize for her work) are remarkable and the film’s sharp exchanges give it an electric charge that makes it anything but staid. 42nd Academy Awards: 1969 Winner: Midnight Cowboy Best Loser: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid The breakout success of Easy Rider marked a turning point that would help define the next decade of films, a shaggier period less beholden to the old ways of doing things. The Best Picture nominations overlooked it, as well as another sign of things to come, Sam Peckinpah’s ultraviolent Western The Wild Bunch. But another Best Picture nominee offered a more playful variation on The Wild Bunch’s elegiac spirit, the George Roy Hill–directed Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford as outlaws roaming an Old West that’s starting to leave them behind. Scripted by William Goldman, it used one of film’s most venerable genres to explore the idea of changing times as a turbulent decade drew to a close. 43rd Academy Awards: 1970 Winner: Patton Best Loser: Five Easy Pieces The 43rd Academy Awards provided even more evidence of the upheaval happening in the movie business. In the Best Picture category, hip and irreverent New Hollywood films like MAS*H and Five Easy Pieces vied with the cornball Airport and Love Story (even if the latter dressed up its sappy narrative with New Wave–inspired filmmaking). The winner, the sharp biopic Patton, belonged to neither camp, but Five Easy Pieces — a Bob Rafelson–directed film fueled by the restlessness and discontent of the ’60s, in which Jack Nicholson plays a man who believes he doesn’t fit in anywhere — would have represented the changing times. 44th Academy Awards: 1971 Winner: The French Connection Best Loser: The Last Picture Show Peter Bogdanovich made his feature directorial debut in 1968 with the inventive, low-budget thriller Targets, but his meteoric ascent began a few years later with this Larry McMurtry adaptation about a small Texas town and the reckless youth that call it home in the early 1950s. Bogdanovich grew up idolizing (and later often befriending) the directors and actors of classic Hollywood, but he never slavishly imitated them. Instead, he made films that bridged the gap between new and old. Shot in black-and-white and filled with images influenced by classic Westerns, The Last Picture Show pays homage to Bogdanovich’s influences but has a restless, New Hollywood energy and downbeat tone, all its own. 45th Academy Awards: 1972 Winner: The Godfather Best Loser: Cabaret Bob Fosse’s adaptation of John Kander and Fred Ebb’s musical takes many liberties with its source material — cutting some characters and songs, adding others, expanding the narrative — but it captures the same sense of mounting doom as the openness and personal liberties of Weimar-era Berlin fade with the rise of fascism. Fosse’s challenges included mounting a musical at a moment when they’d fallen out of favor, and though Cabaret bears little in common with golden age Hollywood musicals, the presence of Liza Minnelli as its star provides a sense of continuity. Anyone expecting a happy ending, however, was in for a shock, and the film’s depiction of ambiguous sexuality and cultural chaos felt just as connected to the ascendant glam-rock movement, which embraced it, as it was to the MGM spectacles of old. 46th Academy Awards: 1973 Winner: The Sting Best Loser: Cries and Whispers Film from non-English-speaking countries, however remarkable, usually have to settle for winning in the Best Foreign Language Film category, but every once in a while one breaks through. It’s highly unlikely the Academy would ever have honored Ingmar Bergman’s Cries and Whispers — one of the director’s most grueling films — with a trophy, but doing so would have acknowledged his many contributions to the explosion of European filmmaking talent trying to make sense of what had happened to the world in the years after the Second World War. (Even if The Sting is, admittedly, much more fun.) 47th Academy Awards: 1974 Winner: The Godfather Part II Best Loser: The Conversation Were it not for the inclusion of Irwin Allen’s dull, star-studded disaster movie The Towering Inferno, this would be a contender for the strongest field of Best Picture nominees ever produced. Bob Fosse’s Lenny and Roman Polanski’s Chinatown remain revered classics, but the year belonged to Francis Ford Coppola, if only because of numbers; Coppola released not one but two Best Picture nominees in 1974. Giving the second slot to another Coppola film might seem excessive, but not only is The Conversation a masterpiece that can stand side by side with The Godfather Part II, it’s a strikingly different film, trading in the epic sweep of his gangster classics for disturbing intimacy in a portrait of a surveillance expert (Gene Hackman) who comes undone when he gets too close to an assignment. 48th Academy Awards: 1975 Winner: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Best Loser: Nashville A magnum opus attempting to do nothing less than capture the downcast spirit of post-Watergate America, Robert Altman’s Nashville follows two dozen characters during a few eventful days in Music City, USA, a place where entertainment and politics intersect and dreamers and cynics rub shoulders. Altman’s habit of carving movies out of hours of heavily improvised footage could easily have gotten away from him — as it sometimes did elsewhere — but the results here are stunning, veering from comedy to tragedy and ending in a kind of fevered madness. 49th Academy Awards: 1976 Winner: Rocky Best Loser: Taxi Driver In 1976, the feel-good picture of the year told the story of a scrappy boxer who rises from obscurity, fights the champ — and loses, securing only a moral victory in the process. Such was the spirit of the times, but Rocky Balboa’s journey looks downright triumphant next to that of Travis Bickle (Robert De Niro), the alienated cabbie for whom New York has become a living hell. Director Martin Scorsese and screenwriter Paul Schrader take the film to the sort of dark places few movies dare to go. The Academy responded with a nomination but no award, but its vision of one disturbed man’s plumbing of the lower depths has proved enduring. 50th Academy Awards: 1977 Winner: Annie Hall Best Loser: Star Wars The ill-defined Outstanding Achievement in Popular Film idea may or may not return in the future. But even if it’s a bad idea, there is some logic to it. Films that capture the public imagination via sensation, action, and special effects tend not to win Best Picture even when they become one of their era’s defining moments. There’s no better example of that than the films of 1977, when Star Wars helped define blockbuster filmmaking, became a pop-culture phenomenon, and took over the imaginations of a whole generation — only to see the top honor go to Woody Allen’s bittersweet story of an on-again, off-again love affair. (Star Wars didn’t exactly fade into obscurity due to the loss, however.) 51st Academy Awards: 1978 Winner: The Deer Hunter Best Loser: Coming Home Mainstream films mostly stayed away from the topic of the Vietnam War until years after the fall of Saigon, but in 1978, two such films earned Best Picture nominations. Michael Cimino’s The Deer Hunter offered a nightmarish vision of the war, but Hal Ashby’s Coming Home is just as uncompromising in its own way, depicting the homefront experiences of a Marine captain (Bruce Dern), his wife (Jane Fonda), and a paraplegic veteran (Jon Voight) in late-’60s California. The leads and Ashby’s intuitive direction — often paced to the rhythms of hit songs from the ’60s before they became soundtrack clichés — helps capture the spirit of a country still figuring out what it had been through, what it meant, and where it needed to go next. 52nd Academy Awards: 1979 Winner: Kramer vs. Kramer Best Loser: Breaking Away A determinedly small film that’s all the better for its tight focus, this Peter Yates–directed coming-of-age story follows four friends as they try to navigate the strange space between high school and the rest of their lives. The focus belongs to Dave (Dennis Christopher), a talented cyclist infatuated with all things Italian who — with the help of friends played by Dennis Quaid, Daniel Stern, and Jackie Earle Haley — concentrates on participating in a big race and trying to figure out what’s next for him. Filmed and set in Bloomington, Indiana, it keeps a light tone without losing sight of the limited options to the working-class children of the quarry workers who built the college town that now looks down on them. 53rd Academy Awards: 1980 Winner: Ordinary People Best Loser: The Elephant Man As with the year How Green Was My Valley beat Citizen Kane, Scorsese’s searing Raging Bull loss to Robert Redford’s Ordinary People has become an easy example of how the Oscars often get it wrong. That’s not really fair to Ordinary People, which is a pretty terrific in its own right. But because another Scorsese film got one of our spots above (and will get one below), let’s give this one to The Elephant Man, David Lynch’s retelling of the friendship between John Merrick (John Hurt), a deformed man exhibit in a Victorian freak show, and Frederick Teaves (Anthony Hopkins), a doctor who takes him into his care and helps restore his sense of dignity. A moving costume drama that’s also very much a David Lynch film, it mixes striking black-and-white photography with a compassion for outsiders of all kinds. 54th Academy Awards: 1981 Winner: Chariots of Fire Best Loser: Reds A decades-in-the-making passion project for director and star Warren Beatty, Reds brought the sweep of a Hollywood epic to a subject most epics wouldn’t touch: the life of radical journalist Jack Reed (Beatty), a writer now best known for Ten Days That Shook The World, his account of Russia’s October Revolution. Ambitious at every level, Beatty’s film mixes an all-star cast (one that includes Diane Keaton and Jack Nicholson), stately narrative filmmaking, and documentary interviews with those who knew Reed and his circle. It earned Beatty a Best Director trophy, but the Best Picture prize proved more elusive, perhaps in part because of the film’s refusal to draw any easy conclusions about the radical ideas it depicts. 55th Academy Awards: 1982 Winner: Gandhi Best Loser: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial A fairy tale set in the American suburbs and dressed up in science-fiction trappings, Steven Spielberg’s E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial suggests that even the most mundane settings could be filled with wonder via the story of an alien who takes refuge with a family still reeling from divorce. For years the highest-grossing movie of all time, its emotionally rich, visually stunning storytelling captures everything Spielberg did better than everyone else at this point in his career. He made it look easy. The many imitators that followed proved that wasn’t the case. 56th Academy Awards: 1983 Winner: Terms of Endearment Best Loser: The Right Stuff Adapting Tom Wolfe’s book about the early days of the American space program, Philip Kaufman delivered a movie equal parts epic and irreverent, capturing the danger of spaceflight (and the test-pilot programs that preceded it) and the absurdity of a political environment that pushed it into existence and the media circus surrounding the original astronauts and their wives. In other words, it stays true to the tone cultivated by Wolfe, a movie equally at home depicting awesome achievements and the flawed men and women who made it possible. 57th Academy Awards: 1984 Winner: Amadeus Best Loser: Places in the Heart Sally Field’s “You like me!” acceptance speech after she won Best Actress honors for Places in the Heart gave the Oscars a moment sure to be featured in highlight reels from now until the end of the Oscars themselves. Field is remarkable in the film, and it wouldn’t have been a bad Best Picture choice, either. Written and directed by Robert Benton (Kramer vs. Kramer) and beautifully shot by Néstor Almendros, it stars Field as a widow who forms a makeshift family that includes a blind lodger (John Malkovich) and a homeless man (Danny Glover) in a deeply prejudiced Depression-era Texas town. Benton drew from his own memories growing up in Texas, and the mix of affection for and repulsion toward the place that made him can be felt from beginning to end. 58th Academy Awards: 1985 Winner: Out of Africa Best Loser: Prizzi’s Honor Few directors stayed as engaged and interested in risk from the beginning of their career to the end as John Huston, who kept taking chances until his death in 1985. Prizzi’s Honor, Huston’s penultimate film, became both a critical and popular favorite, but it might have been a disaster without a director as capable of balancing comedy, suspense, and romance, or willing to compromise with a less daring ending — though a cast that includes Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, and Anjelica Huston (John’s daughter) certainly helps, too. 59th Academy Awards: 1986 Winner: Platoon Best Loser: A Room With a View From the ’60s through the aughts, producer Ismail Merchant, director James Ivory, and screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala made immaculately sculpted films for art-house audiences, often literary adaptations capturing a way of life now lost to time. Their commercial and critical success found a high-water mark in the ’80s and early ’90s, beginning with this spirited E.M. Forster adaptation starring Helena Bonham Carter, Daniel Day Lewis, Judi Dench, and Maggie Smith. A Room With a View offers stunning Florentine cityscapes, gorgeous costumes, and peerlessly rendered depictions of yearning and repression — essentially everything a Forster adaptation needs and with a cast it’s impossible to imagine improving upon. The team became a kind of lazy shorthand for tastefully unadventurous filmmaking, and unfairly so. Their best films burst with intelligence and passion. 60th Academy Awards: 1987 Winner: The Last Emperor Best Loser: Broadcast News At once a funny, carefully realized look a complicated relationship and an incisive, prescient study of the power of mass media, James L. Brooks’s Broadcast News is the result both of Brooks’s exhaustive research and the skills with dialogue and character he’d spent years honing via film and TV work. Albert Brooks and Holly Hunter co-star as a journalist and producer, respectively, working in TV news whose aforementioned complicated relationship is shaken up by the arrival of an attractive, inexperienced, charming new reporter (William Hurt) who’s slowly revealed to be a chilling suggestion of journalism’s future. 61st Academy Awards: 1988 Winner: Rain Man Best Loser: Working Girl Some types of movies that often have a hard time winning Best Picture Oscars, especially in the past few decades: comedies in general, romantic comedies in particular, and most films focused more on women than men. Mike Nichols’s Working Girl, in which Melanie Griffith keeps losing her footing as she climbs the corporate ladder while dealing with sexism and a treacherous boss (Sigourney Weaver), checks all those boxes, making it a dark horse in the year’s race, even if it was one of the most sophisticated and winning comedies of the decade. Playing a character who’s a mix of brains and Staten Island–bred determination, Griffith’s at her most charming here. 62nd Academy Awards: 1989 Winner: Driving Miss Daisy Best Loser: Born on the Fourth of July Oliver Stone would discover there was no cinematic flourish or excessive gesture he didn’t like in the 1990s, but with Born on the Fourth of July, he made one of the best films of 1989, a late entry in a cycle of ’80s movies reckoning with the legacy of the Vietnam War. It’s territory he’d previously explored with the semi-autobiographical (and Oscar-winning) Platoon, but here he uses the experiences of Ron Kovic, a Marine turned antiwar activist who became one of the most prominent voices for veterans after returning home and adjusting to life as a paraplegic. Tom Cruise plays Kovic memorably in a performance that tears down all his movie-star charm, requiring him to be vulnerable onscreen in a way he’d never been before and has rarely been since. 63rd Academy Awards: 1990 Winner: Dances With Wolves Best Loser: Goodfellas Ten years after making one of the best films of his career and losing the Best Picture Oscar to a movie star making his directorial debut, Martin Scorsese did it again. Goodfellas didn’t take the prize but, to put it mildly, it would make a fine alternate choice, having gone on to become one of the most admired — and most imitated — films of the ’90s, a film that captures both the transgressive rush of living outside the law and the long, paranoid comedown of staying in the life too long. 64th Academy Awards: 1991 Winner: The Silence of the Lambs Best Loser: Beauty and the Beast One of the most beloved products of the Disney animation renaissance that began in the late 1980s — a string of films that breathed new life into both the studio and theatrical animation on the whole — Beauty and the Beast made news as the first animated feature to earn a Best Picture nomination. It would remain the only such film to earn that distinction until 2009, by which time the animated output of Disney, Pixar, and other studios had helped the form shed its reputation as strictly kids’ stuff. Combining classic hand-drawn animation with some computer-assisted flourishes, Beauty and the Beast now looks like a bridge between the past and the future. 65th Academy Awards: 1992 Winner: Unforgiven Best Loser: The Crying Game Neil Jordan’s The Crying Game was so defined by its twist that all the other elements that made the film compelling got a bit lost in the conversation. The big reveal is, of course, an unforgettable moment, but it’s just one part of a complex political thriller that begins with a member of the IRA (Stephen Rea) developing a bond with a British soldier (Forest Whitaker) he’s helped to kidnap — a bond that leads him to make good on a promise to look after the soldier’s London girlfriend (Jaye Davidson). It works both as a propulsive suspense film and as an exploration of the slipperiness of identity — national, ideological, sexual, and otherwise. 66th Academy Awards: 1993 Winner: Schindler’s List Best Loser: The Fugitive The Fugitive almost plays like the result of a dare: What if you made a movie that was basically one long chase scene? Could it work? Could it still feel substantial? Adapting a ’60s TV series that had been a pop-culture sensation in its day, Andrew Davis brought in actors with the gravity to elevate an already smart script, casting Harrison Ford as the wrongly accused man on the run and Tommy Lee Jones as the lawman determined to bring him in. It’s one of the rare action movies to have earned a Best Picture nomination, and it’s not hard to picture it as a winner (at least in a year when Schindler’s List didn’t effectively shut down any competition from the moment of its release). 67th Academy Awards: 1994 Winner: Forrest Gump Best Loser: Pulp Fiction Quentin Tarantino (and co-writer Roger Avary) had to settle for the Best Original Screenplay trophy for the era-defining Pulp Fiction. But whether you see Forrest Gump as a sentimental celebration of all things boomer or a sly send-up of the same, Pulp Fiction had more to say about where we were headed as a culture than where we’d been. Which isn’t to say that Pulp Fiction isn’t as rooted in the past in its own way as the Robert Zemeckis–directed winner, but its attempts to get beneath the surface of genre tropes and B-movie thrills through a mix of earnest admiration and irony helped reinvent them for a new generation. 68th Academy Awards: 1995 Winner: Braveheart Best Loser: Babe It’s rare that the Academy gets a chance to reward a film and its polar opposite in the same year. The films of 1995, however, offered just such a chance. Instead of going with a story of macho sacrifice and revenge, it could have given the Best Picture honors to Babe, a film that emphasizes the importance of sensitivity, tolerance, and communication via the tale of a pig who doesn’t know he’s not supposed to do the work of a sheepdog so goes ahead and does it anyway. The Academy didn’t, but in our alternative universe, we can. 69th Academy Awards: 1996 Winner: The English Patient Best Loser: Fargo “Who are you people?” Billy Crystal quipped in the opening monologue of an Oscars ceremony he dubbed “Sundance by the Sea.” It was a year in which independent filmmaking made itself felt, a trend evident even in the Best Picture category. Of the five nominees, only one, Jerry Maguire, came from a major studio (and even it mostly played like an indie). The award went to the stately The English Patient, arguably the nominee most indebted to classic Hollywood filmmaking. It could just as easily have gone to Joel and Ethan Coen’s Fargo, however, a better representative of what was happening away from the traditional Hollywood system, where the usual rules don’t apply and a film about a pregnant police officer investigating a murder in the upper Midwest could get a green light and find an enthusiastic audience. 70th Academy Awards: 1997 Winner: Titanic Best Loser: L.A. Confidential From their labyrinthine plots to their unvarnished — but historically accurate — racial attitudes and language, James Ellroy’s novels have long proven difficult to adapt. Curtis Hanson’s pass at one of his best books cracked the code. It streamlined the plot and turned down the heat on the racism but left the spirit intact, and in Guy Pearce and Russell Crowe — a pair of Australian actors then relatively new to American audiences — it found the perfect embodiment of Ellroy’s morally conflicted protagonists. The result was a fresh take on classic noir themes set in a seedy, bygone L.A. It plays like it was ripped from the pages of one of Ellroy’s books, set in a place where one wrong turn could take anyone down the path to ruin. 71st Academy Awards: 1998 Winner: Shakespeare in Love Best Loser: Saving Private Ryan Much like Schindler’s List, everyone knew Saving Private Ryan — an acclaimed film on an important historical topic from a top-tier filmmaker — would win Best Picture from the moment it was released. And then … it just didn’t. Twenty years later, it seems all the odder that a pleasant trifle like Shakespeare in Love — a film released and relentlessly promoted by the Weinstein brothers’ Miramax at the height of its powers — would win out over one of the capstone achievements of Steven Spielberg’s career. But, hey, in our alternate-universe Oscars, that’s easy enough to correct. 72nd Academy Awards: 1999 Winner: American Beauty Best Loser: The Sixth Sense 1999 was a wild year at the movies, yielding one singular film after another, from Three Kings to Fight Club to Magnolia to Being John Malkovich to The Blair Witch Project to The Matrix. Some of these confirmed emerging directors like Spike Jonze and David O. Russell as major talents. Others, like The Matrix, broke new ground with stunning special effects. The year’s Best Picture nominees, however, barely reflected any of this. American Beauty wasn’t exactly a safe choice for the winner, but it was hardly the most inventive offering of the year. Nor were The Cider House Rules or The Green Mile, or even The Insider, a fantastic Michael Mann movie, but one from an established director challenging himself to bring the same sort of tension to a docudrama that he had previously brought to crime films. Of the nominees, The Sixth Sense provided the best indication of what was happening elsewhere in the film world. A seemingly out-of-nowhere supernatural drama crafted with discipline by M. Night Shyamalan, a filmmaker most moviegoers had never heard of, it became a cultural phenomenon by taking viewers by surprise — but the twist never would have worked without the patience Shyamalan invested in the filmmaking or the careful performances by Bruce Willis and Haley Joel Osment. 73rd Academy Awards: 2000 Winner: Gladiator Best Loser: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Assuming the Academy sought to reward an action film with lyrical elements as 2000’s Best Picture, they had two easy choices: Ridley Scott’s Gladiator and Ang Lee’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. They went with the one that emphasized the action over the lyricism, however. Combat is a form a communication in Lee’s modern riff on the wuxia films of his youth, using stunning fight scenes to tell a story of doomed love starring Chow Yun-fat and Michelle Yeoh. 74th Academy Awards: 2001 Winner: A Beautiful Mind Best Loser: In the Bedroom Big often wins at the Oscars, and in most years, indies struggle to compete with deep-pocketed studio projects. Despite its critical acclaim and multiple nominations, In the Bedroom never really stood a chance. The first official Sundance selection to earn a Best Picture nomination, the debut film from actor turned director Todd Field is a gutting depiction of violence and its aftermath, watching as the marriage of a happily married couple (played by Tom Wilkinson and Sissy Spacek) fractures after the murder of their son. It’s a small story told with precision, delicacy, and an unflinching commitment to following difficult choices to their unsettling conclusions — all qualities that make it remarkable, even if they may also have hurt its chances to take home any prizes. 75th Academy Awards: 2002 Winner: Chicago Best Loser: Gangs of New York Martin Scorsese would finally win an Oscar a few years later for The Departed, but it would have been just as fitting for him to have won for this story of a rough, long-lost New York starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis. The film has its problems, particularly toward the end, but its ambition and commitment to recreating 19th-century Manhattan, down to its last muddy detail, mark it as one of the last of the old-style epics, before green screens and CGI made depictions of the past much less tactile and, all too often, much less immersive. 76th Academy Awards: 2003 Winner: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Best Loser: Lost in Translation Any skepticism still lingering about Sofia Coppola after her 1999 debut The Virgin Suicides dissipated with this story of a young woman (Scarlett Johansson) who doesn’t know what to do with herself or her life, and who, left to her own devices in Tokyo, crosses paths with a middle-aged movie star (Bill Murray) in the midst of a midlife crisis. Their relationship keeps shifting the more time they spend together, and the two find an undeniable connection, even if they can’t quite decide what form that connection should take. Coppola’s assured sophomore effort revels in that ambiguity, and in the between-worlds state of its main characters, two people who may never meet again but who come to understand that their chance encounter will reshape how they look at the world for the rest of their lives. 77th Academy Awards: 2004 Winner: Million Dollar Baby Best Loser: Sideways It’s a credit to how appealing Alexander Payne makes California wine country (and wine itself) look in Sideways that the film provided both the region and its major industry with an economic boost for years after its release — because otherwise it treats its protagonist’s vino obsession as a symptom of a larger problem. A divorced, middle-aged writer, Miles (Paul Giamatti), drinks too much on occasion, but his real problem is the rut into which he’s driven himself, one that no weekend trip to his favorite vineyards with his more successful best friend Jack (Thomas Haden Church) can cure. He’s a mess and he knows it, and his self-loathing ought to make him unbearably unpleasant to watch. But Giamatti’s performance — so prickly and yet so vulnerable — finds Miles’s humanity, and a dim, persistent hopefulness in a film that brought some of the best elements of character-driven ’90s indie films to a wider audience in the succeeding decade. 78th Academy Awards: 2005 Winner: Crash Best Loser: Brokeback Mountain We said up front that this would not necessarily be a collection of films that should have won over less deserving winners. But let’s make one exception, because Crash is, well, terrible: a superficial but overheated look at racism that winds up making some pretty pat conclusions. Brokeback Mountain, by contrast, illustrates a different kind of prejudice via a tragic love story, but Ang Lee always puts the film’s characters — movingly played by Jake Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger — first, focusing on their desires and the disappointments of a world that wants to keep them apart. Even putting aside its value as a breakthrough film that brought a gay love story to mainstream audiences, it’s a deeply felt and beautifully realized film — and its virtues look even more pronounced when it’s placed next to the year’s winner. 79th Academy Awards: 2006 Winner: The Departed Best Loser: Letters From Iwo Jima Martin Scorsese finally directed a Best Picture winner (and nabbed a Best Director award) for The Departed, but the Academy could just as easily have given a third trophy to Clint Eastwood for the second of two 2006 films revisiting the Battle of Iwo Jima. Flags of Our Fathers, which recounted the struggle to take a rocky island stronghold from the Japanese in World War II from the American side, is also worthwhile. But its counterpart, which treats the battle from the perspective of the Japanese forces, is even more remarkable, capturing the hellish conditions in which the soldiers fought and the unforgiving ideology that brought them to the battlefield in the first place. 80th Academy Awards: 2007 Winner: No Country for Old Men Best Loser: There Will Be Blood Do you sometimes have a hard time remembering whether it was No Country for Old Men or There Will Be Blood that won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2007? If so, you’re not alone. Both are tough, violent films anchored by frightening, larger-than-life performances by great actors. And both find darkness at the heart of different chapters of American history. The award went to No Country, a fine choice. But in this alternate universe we’re creating, let’s give it to Paul Thomas Anderson’s film instead. 81st Academy Awards: 2008 Winner: Slumdog Millionaire Best Loser: Milk Gus Van Sant’s biopic of slain gay rights leader Harvey Milk could easily have fallen into the usual biopic traps, either by trying too hard to show how its subject changed the world or by turning him into a thinly characterized saint. Spearheaded by an empathetic Sean Penn performance, Milk does none of that as it depicts Milk’s immersion in activism, political rise, and murder at the hands of a fellow politician. The film turns an important chapter in American history into a compelling personal story that shows, rather than tells, how one person can make the first ripples leading to sweeping changes. 82nd Academy Awards: 2009 Winner: The Hurt Locker Best Loser: Up If our Best Picture winners ideally function as a cross-section of what we’ve valued in movies throughout their history, one of the great oversights is that the top honor never went to a Pixar film during that studio’s golden age. Up may not be the best Pixar film, but it’s the best of the two to have earned a Best Picture nomination. (Nothing against the great Toy Story 3, but it’s not even the best Toy Story movie.) The tear-jerking opening segment contains some of the best storytelling the studio has ever created, and the rest is pretty terrific, too (especially if you like talking dogs). 83rd Academy Awards: 2010 Winner: The King’s Speech Best Loser: The Social Network It’s a daunting task, attempting to document history while it’s still in progress. Given what’s happened with Facebook and its founder Mark Zuckerberg in the years since 2010, The Social Network might seem to have been premature. But at the turn of the decade, the changes wrought by Facebook were already making themselves felt, and Zuckerberg’s story was already one worth telling. With the strengths of screenwriter Aaron Sorkin and director David Fincher balancing each other out, the film follows Facebook’s evolution from an idea to an unstoppable force and Zuckerberg from his time as a cocky kid with a vision to his adulthood as a mogul adrift in a world he helped create. 84th Academy Awards: 2011 Winner: The Artist Best Loser: The Tree of Life For his magnum opus, The Tree of Life, Terrence Malick set about telling the smallest possible story — the mid-20th-century coming-of-age of a Texas boy who shares some biographical details with Malick — and the largest possible story, leaping from the beginning of time to the afterlife. In the process, the director erases any distinction between the two, letting one life and all its joy and anguish stand in for all of existence. It’s a film of images, moods, and moments more than one of plot, and it expects viewers to fill in the bits of narratives it elides. And although Malick has struggled to recreate the power of this approach in his subsequent films, it’s powerful and affecting here, playing like the film he had spent a lifetime waiting to make, in part out of a need to understand what that lifetime meant. 85th Academy Awards: 2012 Winner: Argo Best Loser: Zero Dark Thirty Misrepresented in the press before it was even completed and misunderstood after its release, Zero Dark Thirty, Kathryn Bigelow’s sweeping look at the manhunt for Osama bin Laden, as seen through the eyes of Maya, an increasingly obsessive CIA analyst played by Jessica Chastain, works both as a journalistic recounting of recent history and as a consideration of the moral ground surrendered by the U.S. in the years after 9/11. Revenge comes at a terrible price, as is evident in Chastain’s haunted eyes in a quiet final shot that’s as unnerving as any of the preceding action scenes. 86th Academy Awards: 2013 Winner: 12 Years a Slave Best Loser: Gravity Few directors are as adept at combining technical daring with moving storytelling as Alfonso Cuarón, and with Gravity, he found a project that pushed both of those things to their limits. Stranding Sandra Bullock in space and following her increasingly desperate attempts to find her way home, Gravity is a special-effects triumph meant to be seen on the biggest screen possible (and one of the few post-Avatar films to make meaningful use of 3D). But its power comes just as much from Bullock’s role as a woman struggling to maintain her will to live in the midst of desperate circumstances, and haunted by a profound loss. Cuarón’s images would have been impossible in any previous year, but the film’s themes are timeless. 87th Academy Awards: 2014 Winner: Birdman Best Loser: Boyhood Where Alexander Iñárritu’s Birdman (or the Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) created the illusion of having been shot in a single take, Richard Linklater’s Boyhood played with time in a different fashion. Shot over a period of 12 years, the latter film chronicles the coming-of-age of a Texas kid in a series of well-chosen vignettes. It’s fascinating to watch Linklater attempt to tell a story in a way that had never really been attempted before, meanwhile capturing a changing America in the background. (Dig those iMacs! Remember Harry Potter release parties?) But the film works in large part because Linklater, as usual, lets profundity come to the movie rather than straining to reach it. We see Mason (Ellar Coltrane) go through some rites of passage, but mostly we observe ordinary but telling moments as he gets older and comes into his own. There had never been a film quite like it, and there probably never will be again. 88th Academy Awards: 2015 Winner: Spotlight Best Loser: Mad Max: Fury Road Tom McCarthy’s Spotlight, a dramatization of the Boston Globe’s Pulitzer–winning investigation into child sex abuse, is a remarkable feat of clear-eyed, efficient, somber filmmaking. George Miller’s Mad Max: Fury Road is in many ways its opposite, a seemingly insane undertaking shot under punishing circumstances and set in a fantastic, speed-crazed, post-apocalyptic world. But Miller’s film — a decades-later installment of a series the director originated in 1979 — is, in its own way, a model of effective storytelling, dropping viewers into a violent, chaotic, resource-starved wasteland and counting on them to catch up as it pits a pair of heroes (Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron) against some cruel overlords. It’s excess with a point, mixing indelible images with powerful emotions. 89th Academy Awards: 2016 Winner: Moonlight Best Loser: Manchester by the Sea The 89th Academy Awards will always be infamous for the mistaken announcement of La La Land — which had been considered a possible, even likely, winner throughout much of the race — as Best Picture. In reality, the award went to the great Moonlight. And though La La Land remains a finely crafted, tunefully entertaining film that doesn’t deserve the backlash it’s attracted, it’s to the Academy’s credit that it went with an unconventional coming-of-age story from an emerging filmmaker that shone a light on corners of the world rarely represented in movies. In a world without Moonlight, however, Kenneth Lonergan’s Manchester by the Sea would also have been a fine choice: a gutting story of loss played with painful intensity — and some well-chosen lighter moments — by a cast led by Casey Affleck. 90th Academy Awards: 2017 Winner: The Shape of Water Best Loser: Lady Bird Finally, the 2017 Best Picture nominees suggest another year defined by abundance and variety. The nomination of Guillermo del Toro’s The Shape of Water (which won) and Jordan Peele’s Get Out (a serious contender by most prognosticators’ estimations) signaled that the lines between prestige and genre films had gotten blurrier. Meanwhile, the continued presence of Paul Thomas Anderson and Christopher Nolan in the running confirmed that they remained some of our most reliably ambitious auteurs; their nominations could be seen coming the moment each of their respective films was announced. Not so for our suggested alternative. Greta Gerwig had co-written several previous films and co-directed one, but Lady Bird, her solo debut as a writer and director, still came as a surprise, with its disarmingly personal take on growing up in a certain time and place (Sacramento in the early ‘00s), making an autobiographical coming-of-age story feel at once specific and universal. Gerwig’s film filled the screen with funny, moving performances from the whole cast, but especially from Saoirse Ronan and Laurie Metcalf, as a mother and daughter whose relationship is as fractious as it is loving. Where other nominees went as big as possible, Gerwig proved small could be equally powerful. 91st Academy Awards: 2018 Winner: Green Book Best Loser: Roma Sometimes you just know a Best Picture winner is going to turn into a “Wait, what?” As in: “Wait, what? Dances with Wolves beat Goodfellas?” And so forth. Sometimes it just takes seconds for that feeling to kick in. With Green Book, that feeling kicked in almost immediately. “Wait, what? Green Book beat BlacKkKlansman / Black Panther / A Star is Born / The Favourite?” And, more than anything, it applies to Alfonso Cuarón’s deeply personal tribute to not just the times and place that made him but also the live-in maid who helped raise him (played by first-time actress Yalitza Aparicio). It’s a journey through the past not through Cuarón’s eyes but through hers, a one-of-a-kind movie shot in gorgeous black and white that acknowledges the past’s hold on the present and refuses to confine what’s come before nostalgia and misty memories. And it’s that quality that sets it apart Green Book, too, a film too content to think of the past and its divisions as settled business rather than part of an ongoing story. Roma movingly acknowledged that the act of remembering can be as painful as it is revelatory. 92nd Academy Awards: 2019 Winner: Parasite Best Loser: Once Upon a Time … in Hollywood Bong Joon Ho’s Parasite winning Best Picture felt shocking for a few reasons. For one, a foreign-language film had never before claimed the top prize, making the honor surprising enough. But it also felt a little off that the Academy would get it so right just one year after getting it so wrong. Most pundits had pegged Sam Mendes’s 1917 as the winner, but the unusually strong movie year of 2019 presented an array of great choices, many of which ended up with nominations. In retrospect, it’s weird how quickly the Best Picture buzz died down around Martin Scorsese’s disarmingly elegiac The Irishman, Greta Gerwig’s daring adaptation of Little Women, and Noah Baumbach’s nuanced divorce drama Marriage Story, all of which might have made strong runs in other years and will certainly be remembered long after awards season ends. So will Quentin Tarantino’s Once Upon a Time … in Hollywood, which finds the director — once an indie interloper, now an industry veteran — re-creating the Los Angeles of his youth and using a story of a friendship, aging, and insecurity to reflect on a moment of tremendous change in film history. The film allowed Tarantino (mostly) to put aside a fixation on revenge narratives that have dominated his 21st-century work in service of a funny, introspective film about the passage of time, the dimming of dreams, and the small triumphs that come from making art within a system that doesn’t always value it — a quality that makes it as much about Hollywood’s present and future as about its past. 93rd Academy Awards: 2020 Winner: Nomadland Best Loser: Minari It’s a rare year when none of the Best Picture nominees would be an outright embarrassing winner, but 2020 was just such a year. In fact, several of 2020’s nominated films feel like all-timers, the sort of movies that will live well beyond their year of release, whether as topics of controversial conversation like Promising Young Woman or late discoveries like The Father and Judas and the Black Messiah. It’s tough to pick just one second choice, but the nuances of Lee Isaac Chung’s Minari — which make it the sort of film that rewards, and invites, repeat viewings — gives the film an edge over the competition. The story follows South Korean immigrants trying to make a new start as farmers in the American Midwest in the 1980s — a plan that puts husband Jacob (Steven Yeun) and wife Monica (Han Ye-ri) increasingly at odds with one another as the circumstances stack up against them. The movie explores universal themes of family and community through the specific details of a particular time and place (not coincidentally, the time and place Chung came of age). Youn Yuh-jung won Best Supporting Actress for her performances as a grandmother whose behavior baffles the family’s youngest member, David (Alan Kim), and rightly so, but every element of the film serves a story of memories lived in childhood but not fully understood until years later. 94th Academy Awards: 2021 Winner: CODA Best Loser: The Power of the Dog Wait, did the Academy actually award a Best Picture winner at the 94th Oscars? Can anyone actually remember anything that happened after the slap? CODA won Best Picture? If you say so. Actually, CODA’s win makes a lot of sense: It’s a warm, lovingly rendered, nicely acted, broadly appealing movie with a feel-good ending. It’s not a bad choice at all, but picking it over Jane Campion’s thorny, thematically complicated, and darkly funny The Power of the Dog feels like taking the easy way out. A study masculinity in its most toxic form set against the last days of the Old West, it explores a specifically American way in which machismo, denial, and violence get bundled together and the lives that get destroyed because of it (except, of course, when they don’t). 95th Academy Awards: 2022 Winner: Everything Everywhere All at Once Best Loser: Tár The 95th Academy Awards will be remembered for the sweeping triumph of the widely loved, ambitious, and deeply emotional Everything Everywhere All at Once. That film will almost certainly be remembered as one of the signature films of 2022, a combination of family drama and genre-spanning action-adventure that straddles the art house and the multiplex. And while the Best Picture category didn’t lack worthwhile nominees likely to be talked about in years to come (including a couple of massive box-office hits), it’s Todd Field’s Tár that best captures something elusive about the contemporary moment. In telling the story of Lydia Tár (Cate Blanchett), an acclaimed composer and conductor who experiences a personal downfall, Todd Field’s film creates a sense of unshakable unease. Lydia’s undoing is of her own making, but it also suggests how easily everything in our lives can fall away and an unnerving sense that the way we see ourselves might be much different from the way others see us. Its inspirations are rooted in Me Too and its focus falls squarely on one difficult, flawed character’s rarefied existence, but its depiction of a life coming unmoored is haunting in ways that stretch beyond its origins. 96th Academy Awards: 2023 Winner: Oppenheimer Best Loser: Killers of the Flower Moon
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"https://wtop.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Tropical_Weather_Ernesto_71541-180x120.jpg", "https://wtop.com/wp-content/themes/wtop-new/images/fnn-logo.svg", "https://wtop.com/wp-content/themes/wtop-new/assets/img/logo_footer_desktop_WTOPnews_horizontal.png", "https://wtop.com/wp-content/themes/wtop-new/assets/img/loading.gif", "https://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=16067480&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-sgZGQjSAzUNrD.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Associated Press" ]	2024-03-11T05:57:09+00:00	“Oppenheimer,” a solemn three-hour biopic that became an unlikely billion-dollar box-office sensation, was crowned best picture at a 96th Academy Awards that doubled as a coronation for Christopher Nolan.	en	https://wtop.com/wp-cont…h-icon-57x57.png	WTOP News	https://wtop.com/entertainment/2024/03/oppenheimer-set-to-overpower-at-the-oscars-sunday-night/	LOS ANGELES (AP) — “Oppenheimer,” a solemn three-hour biopic that became an unlikely billion-dollar box-office sensation, was crowned best picture at a 96th Academy Awards that doubled as a coronation for Christopher Nolan. After passing over arguably Hollywood’s foremost big-screen auteur for years, the Oscars made up for lost time by heaping seven awards on Nolan’s blockbuster biopic, including best actor for Cillian Murphy, best supporting actor for Robert Downey Jr. and best director for Nolan. In anointing “Oppenheimer,” the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences did something it hasn’t done for more than a decade: hand its top prize to a widely seen, big-budget studio film. In a film industry where a cape, dinosaur or Tom Cruise has often been a requirement for such box office, “Oppenheimer” brought droves of moviegoers to theaters with a complex, fission-filled drama about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the creation of the atomic bomb. “For better or worse, we’re all living in Oppenheimer’s world,” said Murphy in his acceptance speech. “I’d like to dedicate this to the peacemakers.” As a film heavy with unease for human capacity for mass destruction, “Oppenheimer” also emerged — even over its partner in cultural phenomenon, “Barbie” – as a fittingly foreboding film for times rife with cataclysm, man-made or not. Sunday’s Oscars at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles unfolded against the backdrop of wars in Gaza and Ukraine, and with a potentially momentous U.S. election on the horizon. Awards for the documentary winner, “20 Days in Mariupol,” and best international film, “The Zone of Interest,” brought geopolitics into the Oscar spotlight. The most closely watched contest went to Emma Stone, who won best best actress for her performance as Bella Baxter in “Poor Things.” In what was seen as the night’s most nail-biting category, Stone won over Lily Gladstone of “Killers of the Flower Moon.” Gladstone would have become the first Native American to win an Academy Award. Instead, Oscar voters couldn’t resist the full-bodied extremes of Stone’s “Poor Things” performance. The win for Stone, her second best actress Oscar following her 2017 win for “La La Land,” confirmed the 35-year-old as arguably the preeminent big-screen actress of her generation. The list of women to win best actress two or more times is illustrious, including Katharine Hepburn, Frances McDormand, Ingrid Bergman and Bette Davis. “Oh, boy, this is really overwhelming,” said Stone, who fought back tears and a broken dress during her speech. Sunday’s broadcast had razzle dazzle, including a sprawling song-and-dance rendition of the “Barbie” hit “I’m Just Ken” by Ryan Gosling, with an assist on guitar by Slash and a sea of Kens who swarmed the stage. But protest and politics intruded on an election-year Academy Awards. Late during the show, host Jimmy Kimmel read a critical social media post from former president Donald Trump. “Thank you for watching,” said Kimmel. “Isn’t it past your jail time?” Nolan has had many movies in the Oscar mix before, including “Inception,” “Dunkirk” and “The Dark Knight.” But his win Sunday for direction is the first Academy Award for the 53-year-old filmmaker. Addressing the crowd, Nolan noted cinema is just over a hundred years old. “Imagine being there 100 years into painting or theater,” said Nolan, who shared the best-picture award with Emma Thomas, his wife and producer. “We don’t know where this incredible journey is going from here. But to know that you think that I’m a meaningful part of it means the world to me.” Downey, nominated twice before (for “Chaplin” and “Tropic Thunder”), also notched his first Oscar, crowning the illustrious second act of his up-and-down career. “I’d like to thank my terrible childhood and the academy, in that order,” said Downey, the son of filmmaker Robert Downey Sr. “Barbie,” last year’s biggest box-office hit with more than $1.4 billion in ticket sales, ultimately won just one award: best song (sorry, Ken) for Billie Eilish and Finneas’ “What Was I Made For?” It’s their second Oscar, two years after winning for their James Bond theme, “No Time to Die.” Protests over Israel’s war in Gaza snarled traffic around the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, slowing stars’ arrival on the red carpet and turning the Oscar’ attention toward the ongoing conflict. Some protesters shouted “Shame!” at those trying to reach the awards. Jonathan Glazer, the British filmmaker whose chilling Auschwitz drama “The Zone of Interest” won best international film, drew connections between the dehumanization depicted in his film and today. “Right now, we stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people, whether the victims of October the 7th in Israel, or the the ongoing attack on Gaza, all the victims, this dehumanization, how do we resist?” A year after “Navalny” won the same award, Mstyslav Chernov’s “20 Days in Mariupol,” a harrowing chronicle of the early days of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, won best documentary. The win, a first for The Associated Press and PBS’ “Frontline,” came as the war in Ukraine passed the two-year mark with no signs of abating. Chernov, the Ukrainian filmmaker and AP journalist whose hometown was bombed the day he learned of his Oscar nomination, spoke forcefully about Russia’s invasion. “This is the first Oscar in Ukrainian history, and I’m honored,” said Chernov. “Probably I will be the first director on this stage to say I wish I’d never made this film. I wish to be able to exchange this (for) Russia never attacking Ukraine.” In the early going, Yorgos Lanthimos’ Frankenstein-riff “Poor Things” ran away with three prizes for its sumptuous craft, including awards for production design, makeup and hairstyling and costume design. “Poor Things” fared second best to “Oppenheimer,” with a total of four awards. Kimmel, hosting the ABC telecast for the fourth time, opened the awards with an monologue that emphasized Hollywood as “a union town” following 2023’s actor and writer strikes, drew a standing ovation for bringing out teamsters and behind-the-scenes workers — who are now entering their own labor negotiations. The night’s first award was one of its most predictable: Da’Vine Joy Randolph for best supporting actress, for her performance in Alexander Payne’s “The Holdovers.” An emotional Randolph was accompanied to the stage by her “Holdovers” co-star Paul Giamatti. “For so long I’ve always wanted to be different,” said Randolph. “And now I realize I just need to be myself.” Though Randolph’s win was widely expected, an upset quickly followed. Hayao Miyazaki’s “The Boy and the Heron” won for best animated feature, a surprise over the slightly favored “Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse.” Miyazaki, the 83-year-old Japanese anime master who came out of retirement to make “The Boy and the Heron,” didn’t attend the ceremony. He also didn’t attend the 2003 Oscars when his “Spirited Away” won the same award. Best original screenplay went to “Anatomy of a Fall,” which, like “Barbie,” was penned by a couple: director Justine Triet and Arthur Harari. “This will help me through my midlife crisis, I think,” said Triet. In adapted screenplay, where “Barbie” was nominated — and where some suspected Greta Gerwig would win after being overlooked for director — the Oscar went to Cord Jefferson, who wrote and directed his feature film debut “American Fiction.” He pleaded for executives to take risks on young filmmakers like himself. “Instead of making a $200 million movie, try making 20 $10 million movies,” said Jefferson, previously an award-winning TV writer. The Oscars belonged largely to theatrical-first films. Though it came into the awards with 19 nominations, Netflix was a bit player. Its lone win came for live action short: Wes Anderson’s “The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar,” based on the story by Roald Dahl. The win for “Oppenheimer” offered Hollywood a chance to celebrate despite swirling storm clouds in the film industry. Nolan’s film debuted last year just as actors joined screenwriters in a prolonged strike over streaming economics and artificial intelligence. The actors’ strike ended in November, but little of Hollywood’s unease subsided. Streaming has proved less lucrative for most studios not named Netflix. But “Barbenheimer” was the kind of unplanned phenomenon Hollywood needs more of. The two films could also give a lift to the Oscar telecast, which has historically benefitted from having big movies in contention. The Academy Awards’ largest audience ever came when James Cameron’s “Titanic” swept the 1998 Oscars. ___ AP’s Ryan Pearson and Krysta Fauria contributed to this report ___ For more coverage of this year’s Academy Awards, visit: https://apnews.com/hub/academy-awards Copyright © 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, written or redistributed.
7196	dbpedia	3	94	https://www.gettyimages.in/photos/warner-baxter%3Ffamily%3Deditorial%26page%3D3	en	Getty Images			[ "https://www.gettyimages.in/sign-in/assets/static/white-f114c2d21e50f9b239ac.svg", "https://www.gettyimages.in/sign-in/assets/static/black-dd9588e3db810afab0eb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Getty Images India. Find high resolution royalty-free images, editorial stock photos, vector art, video footage clips and stock music licensing at the richest image search photo library online.	en			null
7196	dbpedia	2	37	https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/32356350372838-warner-baxter	en	Warner Baxter	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://static.rrauction.com/images/logos/RRAuctionLogo.svg", "https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.png", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3235/3235635.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/images/thumbnails/dna-pre-certified2_thumb.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "RR Auction" ]	null	Sold for $294 \| Actor (1889–1951) who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1929 for his first starring role in In Old Arizona. Vintage glossy 8 x 10	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/32356350372838-warner-baxter	Actor (1889–1951) who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1929 for his first starring role in In Old Arizona. Vintage glossy 8 x 10 20th Century Fox publicity photo, signed and inscribed in-person in fountain pen “To Saul, Heaps of good wishes, Warner Baxter.” Reverse of photo bears collector’s stamp date of July 27, 1940, the date the signature was acquired. In fine condition, with a few light surface marks and a couple trivial corner tip creases. Saul Goodman Collection. Pre-certified PSA/DNA and RRAuction COA. Auction Info Auction Title: Dates: #372 - Ended June 15, 2011 This item is Pre-Certified by PSA/DNA Buy a third-party letter of authenticity for $35.00 *This item has been pre-certified by a trusted third-party authentication service, and by placing a bid on this item, you agree to accept the opinion of this authentication service. If you wish to have an opinion rendered by a different authenticator of your choosing, you must do so prior to your placing of any bid. RR Auction is not responsible for differing opinions submitted 30 days after the date of the sale.
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https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/best-actor-oscars.jpg?quality=75&w=2400 2400w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "TIME Photo" ]	2015-02-19T22:32:54+00:00	One best leading man has claimed the top prize at each ceremony each year. From Emil Jannings to Rami Malek, see photos of them all.	en	/favicon.ico	TIME	https://time.com/3715226/best-actors-oscar-history-photos/	By TIME Photo Updated: February 24, 2019 11:59 PM [ET] \| Originally published: February 19, 2015 5:32 PM EST; Since the first Academy Awards in 1929, one actor has been chosen each year as the previous year’s best movie performer. From Clark Gable to Tom Hanks, the winners are legendary, though not without controversy. Adrien Brody’s 2003 win for The Pianist surprised viewers who expected the Academy to go for more established choices like Jack Nicholson or Daniel-Day Lewis. In 2016, Leonardo DiCaprio broke what many considered a long-standing curse, winning Best Actor for his performance in The Revenant — his first ever Academy Award. In 2017, Casey Affleck won the award for his role in Manchester By the Sea. In 2018, Gary Oldman nabbed it for playing Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. Rami Malek’s performance as Queen frontman Freddie Mercury earned him the statue in 2019. MORE See All the Best Actress Winners in Oscar History
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7196	dbpedia	0	80	https://www.101bananas.com/film/oscars.html	en	Academy Awards (The Oscars) 1929			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A reference listing of past winners for Best Picture, Actor, Actress, Director, and International Film	en			null	THE ACADEMY AWARDS, 1929-2024 The Academy Awards (better known as “The Oscars”) are the most prominent film award in the United States. Though there will always be debate over whether certain year’s winners were really the best, as opposed to just the favorite, winning an Oscar still carries enormous prestige. The Awards are given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, a professional honorary organization which currently has a voting membership of over 9,400. Actors make up the largest voting bloc with a membership of over 1,300. Academy Awards are nicknamed “Oscars,” which is also the nickname of the statuette that is awarded. (No one knows for certain, but one commonly accepted story is that the name was born when Academy librarian Margaret Herrick first saw the statuette and said “It looks just like my uncle Oscar!”). When the Awards first began, in order to qualify a film had to open in Los Angeles during the twelve months ending on July 31 of the previous year. Beginning in 1934, it was changed so that each year’s Awards are given to films that actually opened at any time in the previous calendar year, January 1 to December 31. Awards are usually presented in February or March, for the previous year’s films. The following listing gives the Academy Award winners for Best Motion Picture, Actor in a Leading Role, Actress in a Leading Role, Director, and International Feature Film. (Prior to the awards for 2019, this last category was called Foreign Language Film. Competitive awards for Best Foreign Language Film began with the awards for 1956, though between 1947-1955 the Academy did present special honorary awards to the best foreign language film.) Winners are CAPITALIZED and listed first; other nominations for that year are listed following the winner. Note that this listing is by the year the award was presented (for movies from the previous year), NOT by the year of the movie’s release. 2024 Picture: OPPENHEIMER, American Fiction, Anatomy of a Fall, Barbie, The Holdovers, Killers of the Flower Moon, Maestro, Past Lives, Poor Things, The Zone of Interest Actor: CILLIAN MURPHY in Oppenheimer, Bradley Cooper in Maestro, Colman Domingo in Rustin, Paul Giamatti in The Holdovers, Jeffrey Wright in American Fiction Actress: EMMA STONE in Poor Things, Annette Bening in Nyad, Lily Gladstone in Killers of the Flower Moon, Sandra Hüller in Anatomy of a Fall, Carey Mulligan in Maestro Director: CHRISTOPHER NOLAN for Oppenheimer, Justine Triet for Anatomy of a Fall, Martin Scorsese for Killers of the Flower Moon, Yorgos Lanthimos for Poor Things, Jonathan Glazer for The Zone of Interest International: THE ZONE OF INTEREST (United Kingdom) 2023 Picture: EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE ALL AT ONCE, Elvis, The Fabelmans, Tár, Top Gun: Maverick, Triangle of Sadness, Women Talking Actor: BRENDAN FRASER in The Whale, Austin Butler in Elvis, Colin Farrell in The Banshees of Inisherin, Paul Mescal in Aftersun, Bill Nighy in Living Actress: MICHELLE YEOH in Everything Everywhere All at Once, Cate Blanchett in Tár, Ana de Armas in Blonde, Andrea Riseborough in To Leslie, Michelle Williams in The Fabelmans Director: DANIEL KWAN AND DANIEL SCHEINERT for Everything Everywhere All at Once, Martin McDonagh for The Banshees of Inisherin, Steven Spielberg for The Fabelmans, Todd Field for Tár, Ruben Östlund for Triangle of Sadness International: ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT (Germany) 2022 Picture: CODA, Belfast, Don't Look Up, Drive My Car, Dune, King Richard, Licorice Pizza, Nightmare Alley, The Power of the Dog, West Side Story Actor: WILL SMITH in King Richard, Javier Bardem in Being the Ricardos, Benedict Cumberbatch in The Power of the Dog, Andrew Garfield in tick, tick...BOOM!, Denzel Washington in The Tragedy of Macbeth Actress: JESSICA CHASTAIN in The Eyes of Tammy Faye, Olivia Colman in The Lost Daughter, Penélope Cruz in Parallel Mothers, Nicole Kidman in Being the Ricardos, Kristen Stewart in Spencer Director: JANE CAMPION for The Power of the Dog, Kenneth Branagh for Belfast, Ryusuke Hamaguchi for Drive My Car, Paul Thomas Anderson for Licorice Pizza, Steven Spielberg for West Side Story International: DRIVE MY CAR (Japan) 2021 Picture: NOMADLAND, The Father, Judas and the Black Messiah, Mank, Minari, Promising Young Woman, Sound of Metal, The Trial of the Chicago 7 Actor: ANTHONY HOPKINS in The Father, Riz Ahmed in Sound of Metal, Chadwick Boseman in Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, Gary Oldman in Mank, Steven Yeun in Minari Actress: FRANCES McDORMAND in Nomadland, Viola Davis in Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, Andra Day in The United States vs. Billie Holiday, Vanessa Kirby in Pieces of a Woman, Carey Mulligan in Promising Young Woman Director: CHLOÉ ZHAO for Nomadland, Thomas Vinterberg for Another Round, David Fincher for Mank, Lee Isaac Chung for Minari, Emerald Fennell for Promising Young Woman International: ANOTHER ROUND (Denmark) 2020 Picture: PARASITE, 1917, Ford v Ferrari, The Irishman, Jojo Rabbit, Joker, Little Women, Marriage Story, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Actor: JOAQUIN PHOENIX in Joker, Antonio Banderas in Pain and Glory, Leonardo DiCaprio in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, Adam Driver in Marriage Story, Jonathan Pryce in The Two Popes Actress: RENÉE ZELLWEGER in Judy, Cynthia Erivo in Harriet, Scarlett Johansson in Marriage Story, Saoirse Ronan in Little Women, Charlize Theron in Bombshell Director: BONG JOON-HO for Parasite, Sam Mendes for 1917, Todd Phillips for Joker, Martin Scorsese for The Irishman, Quentin Tarantino for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood International: PARASITE (South Korea) 2019 Picture: GREEN BOOK, Black Panther, BlacKkKlansman, Bohemian Rhapsody, The Favourite, Roma, A Star Is Born, Vice Actor: RAMI MALEK in Bohemian Rhapsody, Christian Bale in Vice, Bradley Cooper in A Star Is Born, Willem Dafoe in At Eternity’s Gate, Viggo Mortensen in Green Book Actress: OLIVIA COLMAN in The Favourite, Yalitza Aparicio in Roma, Glenn Close in The Wife, Lady Gaga in A Star Is Born, Melissa McCarthy in Can You Ever Forgive Me? Director: ALFONSO CUARÓN for Roma, Yorgos Lanthimos for The Favourite, Spike Lee for BlacKkKlansman, Adam McKay for Vice, Pawel Pawlikowski for Cold War Foreign: ROMA (Mexico) 2018 Picture: THE SHAPE OF WATER, Call Me by Your Name, Darkest Hour, Dunkirk, Get Out, Lady Bird, Phantom Thread, The Post, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri Actor: GARY OLDMAN in Darkest Hour, Timothée Chalamet in Call Me by Your Name, Daniel Day-Lewis in Phantom Thread, Daniel Kaluuya in Get Out, Denzel Washington in Roman J. Israel, Esq. Actress: FRANCES McDORMAND in Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Sally Hawkins in The Shape of Water, Margot Robbie in I, Tonya, Saoirse Ronan in Lady Bird, Meryl Streep in The Post Director: GUILLERMO DEL TORO for The Shape of Water, Christopher Nolan for Dunkirk, Jordan Peele for Get Out, Greta Gerwig for Lady Bird, Paul Thomas Anderson for Phantom Thread Foreign: A FANTASTIC WOMAN (Chile) 2017 Picture: MOONLIGHT, Arrival, Fences, Hacksaw Ridge, Hell or High Water, Hidden Figures, La La Land, Lion, Manchester by the Sea Actor: CASEY AFFLECK in Manchester by the Sea, Andrew Garfield in Hacksaw Ridge, Ryan Gosling in La La Land, Viggo Mortensen in Captain Fantastic, Denzel Washington in Fences Actress: EMMA STONE in La La Land, Natalie Portman in Jackie, Ruth Negga in Loving, Meryl Streep in Florence Foster Jenkins, Isabelle Huppert in Elle Director: DAMIEN CHAZELLE for La La Land, Denis Villeneuve for Arrival, Mel Gibson for Hacksaw Ridge, Barry Jenkins for Moonlight, Kenneth Lonergan for Manchester by the Sea Foreign: THE SALESMAN (Iran) 2016 Picture: SPOTLIGHT, The Big Short, Bridge of Spies, Brooklyn, Mad Max: Fury Road, The Martian, The Revenant, Room Actor: LEONARDO DICAPRIO in The Revenant, Bryan Cranston in Trumbo, Matt Damon in The Martian, Michael Fassbender in Steve Jobs, Eddie Redmayne in The Danish Girl Actress: BRIE LARSON in Room, Cate Blanchett in Carol, Jennifer Lawrence in Joy, Charlotte Rampling in 45 Years, Saoirse Ronan in Brooklyn Director: ALEJANDRO G. IÑÁRRITU for The Revenant, Adam McKay for The Big Short, George Miller for Mad Max: Fury Road, Lenny Abrahamson for Room, Tom McCarthy for Spotlight Foreign: SON OF SAUL (Hungary) 2015 Picture: BIRDMAN OR (THE UNEXPECTED VIRTUE OF IGNORANCE), American Sniper, Boyhood, The Grand Budapest Hotel, The Imitation Game, Selma, The Theory of Everything, Whiplash Actor: EDDIE REDMAYNE in The Theory of Everything, Steve Carell in Foxcatcher, Bradley Cooper in American Sniper, Benedict Cumberbatch in The Imitation Game, Michael Keaton in Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Actress: JULIANNE MOORE in Still Alice, Marion Cotillard in Two Days, One Night, Felicity Jones in The Theory of Everything, Rosamund Pike in Gone Girl, Reese Witherspoon in Wild Director: ALEJANDRO G. IÑÁRRITU for Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), Richard Linklater for Boyhood, Bennett Miller for Foxcatcher, Wes Anderson for The Grand Budapest Hotel, Morten Tyldum for The Imitation Game Foreign: IDA (Poland) 2014 Picture: 12 YEARS A SLAVE, American Hustle, Captain Phillips, Dallas Buyers Club, Gravity, Her, Nebraska, Philomena, The Wolf of Wall Street Actor: MATTHEW MCCONAUGHEY in Dallas Buyers Club, Christian Bale in American Hustle, Bruce Dern in Nebraska, Leonardo DiCaprio in The Wolf of Wall Street, Chiwetel Ejiofor in 12 Years a Slave Actress: CATE BLANCHETT in Blue Jasmine, Amy Adams in American Hustle, Sandra Bullock in Gravity, Judi Dench in Philomena, Meryl Streep in August: Osage County Director: ALFONSO CUARÓN for Gravity, David O. Russell for American Hustle, Alexander Payne for Nebraska, Steve McQueen for 12 Years a Slave, Martin Scorsese for The Wolf of Wall Street Foreign: THE GREAT BEAUTY (Italy) 2013 Picture: ARGO, Amour, Beasts of the Southern Wild, Django Unchained, Les Misérables, Life of Pi, Lincoln, Silver Linings Playbook, Zero Dark Thirty Actor: DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in Lincoln, Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook, Hugh Jackman in Les Misérables, Joaquin Phoenix in The Master, Denzel Washington in Flight Actress: JENNIFER LAWRENCE in Silver Linings Playbook, Jessica Chastain in Zero Dark Thirty, Emmanuelle Riva in Amour, Quvenzhané Wallis in Beasts of the Southern Wild, Naomi Watts in The Impossible Director: ANG LEE for Life of Pi, Michael Haneke for Amour, Benh Zeitlin for Beasts of the Southern Wild, Steven Spielberg for Lincoln, David O. Russell for Silver Linings Playbook Foreign: AMOUR (Austria) 2012 Picture: THE ARTIST, The Descendants, Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, The Help, Hugo, Midnight in Paris, Moneyball, The Tree of Life, War Horse Actor: JEAN DUJARDIN in The Artist, Demián Bichir in A Better Life, George Clooney in The Descendants, Gary Oldman in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Brad Pitt in Moneyball Actress: MERYL STREEP in The Iron Lady, Glenn Close in Albert Nobbs, Viola Davis in The Help, Rooney Mara in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, Michelle Williams in My Week with Marilyn Director: MICHEL HAZANAVICIUS for The Artist, Alexander Payne for The Descendants, Martin Scorsese for Hugo, Woody Allen for Midnight in Paris, Terrence Malick for The Tree of Life Foreign: A SEPARATION (Iran) 2011 Picture: THE KING’S SPEECH, Black Swan, The Fighter, Inception, The Kids Are All Right, 127 Hours, The Social Network, Toy Story 3, True Grit, Winter’s Bone Actor: COLIN FIRTH in The King’s Speech, Javier Bardem in Biutiful, Jeff Bridges in True Grit, Jesse Eisenberg in The Social Network, James Franco in 127 Hours Actress: NATALIE PORTMAN in Black Swan, Annette Bening in The Kids Are All Right, Nicole Kidman in Rabbit Hole, Jennifer Lawrence in Winter’s Bone, Michelle Williams in Blue Valentine Director: TOM HOOPER for The King’s Speech, Darren Aronofsky for Black Swan, David O. Russell for The Fighter, David Fincher for The Social Network, Joel and Ethan Coen for True Grit Foreign: IN A BETTER WORLD (Denmark) 2010 Picture: THE HURT LOCKER, Avatar, The Blind Side, District 9, An Education, Inglourious Basterds, Precious, A Serious Man, Up, Up In the Air Actor: JEFF BRIDGES in Crazy Heart, George Clooney in Up In the Air, Colin Firth in A Single Man, Morgan Freeman in Invictus, Jeremy Renner in The Hurt Locker Actress: SANDRA BULLOCK in The Blind Side, Helen Mirren in The Last Station, Carey Mulligan in An Education, Gabourey Sidibe in Precious, Meryl Streep in Julie & Julia Director: KATHRYN BIGELOW for The Hurt Locker, James Cameron for Avatar, Quentin Tarantino for Inglourious Basterds, Lee Daniels for Precious, Jason Reitman for Up In the Air Foreign: THE SECRET IN THEIR EYES (Argentina) 2009 Picture: SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Frost/Nixon, Milk, The Reader Actor: SEAN PENN in Milk, Richard Jenkins in The Visitor, Frank Langella in Frost/Nixon, Brad Pitt in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Mickey Rourke in The Wrestler Actress: KATE WINSLET in The Reader, Anne Hathaway in Rachel Getting Married, Angelina Jolie in Changeling, Melissa Leo in Frozen River, Meryl Streep in Doubt Director: DANNY BOYLE for Slumdog Millionaire, Stephen Daldry for The Reader, David Fincher for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Ron Howard for Frost/Nixon, Gus Van Sant for Milk Foreign: OKURIBITO (DEPARTURES) (Japan) 2008 Picture: NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN, Atonement, Juno, Michael Clayton, There Will Be Blood Actor: DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in There Will Be Blood, George Clooney in Michael Clayton, Johnny Depp in Sweeney Todd, Tommy Lee Jones in In the Valley of Elah, Viggo Mortensen in Eastern Promises Actress: MARION COTILLARD in La Vie en Rose, Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth, Julie Christie in Away From Her, Laura Linney in The Savages, Ellen Page in Juno Director: JOEL AND ETHAN COEN for No Country For Old Men, Julian Schnabel for The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, Jason Reitman for Juno, Tony Gilroy for Michael Clayton, Paul Thomas Anderson for There Will Be Blood Foreign: THE COUNTERFEITERS (Austria) 2007 Picture: THE DEPARTED, Babel, Letters From Iwo Jima, Little Miss Sunshine, The Queen Actor: FOREST WHITAKER in The Last King of Scotland, Leonardo DiCaprio in Blood Diamond, Ryan Gosling in Half Nelson, Peter O’Toole in Venus, Will Smith in The Pursuit of Happyness Actress: HELEN MIRREN in The Queen, Penélope Cruz in Volver, Judi Dench in Notes on a Scandal, Meryl Streep in The Devil Wears Prada, Kate Winslet in Little Children Director: MARTIN SCORSESE for The Departed, Alejandro González Iñárritu for Babel, Clint Eastwood for Letters From Iwo Jima, Stephen Frears for The Queen, Paul Greengrass for United 93 Foreign: THE LIVES OF OTHERS (Germany) 2006 Picture: CRASH, Brokeback Mountain, Capote, Good Night and Good Luck, Munich Actor: PHILIP SEYMOUR HOFFMAN in Capote, Terrence Howard in Hustle & Flow, Heath Ledger in Brokeback Mountain, Joaquin Phoenix in Walk the Line, David Strathairn in Good Night and Good Luck Actress: REESE WITHERSPOON in Walk the Line, Judi Dench in Mrs. Henderson Presents, Felicity Huffman in Transamerica, Keira Knightley in Pride & Prejudice, Charlize Theron in North Country Director: ANG LEE for Brokeback Mountain, Bennett Miller for Capote, Paul Haggis for Crash, George Clooney for Good Night and Good Luck, Steven Spielberg for Munich Foreign: TSOTSI (South Africa) 2005 Picture: MILLION DOLLAR BABY, The Aviator, Finding Neverland, Ray, Sideways Actor: JAMIE FOXX in Ray, Don Cheadle in Hotel Rwanda, Johnny Depp in Finding Neverland, Leonardo DiCaprio in The Aviator, Clint Eastwood in Million Dollar Baby Actress: HILARY SWANK in Million Dollar Baby, Annette Bening in Being Julia, Catalina Sandino Moreno in Maria Full of Grace, Imelda Staunton in Vera Drake, Kate Winslet in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Director: CLINT EASTWOOD for Million Dollar Baby, Taylor Hackford for Ray, Mike Leigh for Vera Drake, Alexander Payne for Sideways, Martin Scorsese for The Aviator Foreign: THE SEA INSIDE (Spain) 2004 Picture: THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING, Lost In Translation, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Mystic River, Seabiscuit Actor: SEAN PENN in Mystic River, Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Ben Kingsley in House of Sand and Fog, Jude Law in Cold Mountain, Bill Murray in Lost In Translation Actress: CHARLIZE THERON in Monster, Keisha Castle-Hughes in Whale Rider, Diane Keaton in Something’s Gotta Give, Samantha Morton in In America, Naomi Watts in 21 Grams Director: PETER JACKSON for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Fernando Meirelles for City of God, Sofia Coppola for Lost In Translation, Peter Weir for Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Clint Eastwood for Mystic River Foreign: THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS (Canada) 2003 Picture: CHICAGO, Gangs of New York, The Hours, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, The Pianist Actor: ADRIEN BRODY in The Pianist, Nicolas Cage in Adaptation, Michael Caine in The Quiet American, Daniel Day-Lewis in Gangs of New York, Jack Nicholson in About Schmidt Actress: NICOLE KIDMAN in The Hours, Salma Hayek in Frida, Diane Lane in Unfaithful, Julianne Moore in Far from Heaven, Renee Zellweger in Chicago Director: ROMAN POLANSKI for The Pianist, Rob Marshall for Chicago, Martin Scorsese for Gangs of New York, Stephen Daldry for The Hours, Pedro Almodovar for Talk to Her Foreign: NOWHERE IN AFRICA (Germany) 2002 Picture: A BEAUTIFUL MIND, Gosford Park, In the Bedroom, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Moulin Rouge Actor: DENZEL WASHINGTON in Training Day, Russell Crowe in A Beautiful Mind, Sean Penn in I Am Sam, Will Smith in Ali, Tom Wilkinson in In the Bedroom Actress: HALLE BERRY in Monster’s Ball, Judi Dench in Iris, Nicole Kidman in Moulin Rouge, Sissy Spacek in In the Bedroom, Renee Zellwegger in Bridget Jones’s Diary Director: RON HOWARD for A Beautiful Mind, Ridley Scott for Black Hawk Down, Robert Altman for Gosford Park, Peter Jackson for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, David Lynch for Mulholland Drive Foreign: NO MAN’S LAND (Bosnia-Herzegovina) 2001 Picture: GLADIATOR, Chocolat, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Erin Brockovich, Traffic Actor: RUSSELL CROWE in Gladiator, Javier Bardem in Before Night Falls, Tom Hanks in Cast Away, Ed Harris in Pollock, Geoffrey Rush in Quills Actress: JULIA ROBERTS in Erin Brockovich, Joan Allen in The Contender, Juliette Binoche in Chocolat, Ellen Burstyn in Requiem for a Dream, Laura Linney in You Can Count On Me Director: STEVEN SODERBERGH for Traffic, Stephen Daldry for Billy Elliot, Ang Lee for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich, Ridley Scott for Gladiator Foreign: CROUCHING TIGER, HIDDEN DRAGON (Taiwan) 2000 Picture: AMERICAN BEAUTY, The Cider House Rules, The Green Mile, The Insider, The Sixth Sense Actor: KEVIN SPACEY in American Beauty, Russell Crowe in The Insider, Richard Farnsworth in The Straight Story, Sean Penn in Sweet and Lowdown, Denzel Washington in The Hurricane Actress: HILARY SWANK in Boys Don’t Cry, Annette Bening in American Beauty, Janet McTeer in Tumbleweeds, Julianne Moore in The End of the Affair, Meryl Streep in Music of the Heart Director: SAM MENDES for American Beauty, Spike Jonze for Being John Malkovich, Lasse Hallstrom for The Cider House Rules, Michael Mann for The Insider, M. Night Shyamalan for The Sixth Sense Foreign: ALL ABOUT MY MOTHER (Spain) 1999 Picture: SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE, Elizabeth, Life is Beautiful, Saving Private Ryan, The Thin Red Line Actor: ROBERTO BENIGNI in Life is Beautiful, Tom Hanks in Saving Private Ryan, Ian McKellen in Gods and Monsters, Nick Nolte in Affliction, Edward Norton in American History X Actress: GWYNETH PALTROW in Shakespeare in Love, Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth, Fernanda Montenegro in Central Station, Meryl Streep in One True Thing, Emily Watson in Hilary and Jackie Director: STEVEN SPIELBERG for Saving Private Ryan, Roberto Benigni for Life is Beautiful, John Madden for Shakespeare in Love, Terrence Malick for The Thin Red Line, Peter Weir for The Truman Show Foreign: LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL (Italy) 1998 Picture: TITANIC, L.A. Confidential, As Good As It Gets, Good Will Hunting, The Full Monty Actor: JACK NICHOLSON in As Good As It Gets, Matt Damon in Good Will Hunting, Dustin Hoffman in Wag the Dog, Robert Duvall in The Apostle, Peter Fonda in Ulee’s Gold Actress: HELEN HUNT in As Good As It Gets, Judi Dench in (Her Majesty) Mrs. Brown, Helena Bonham Carter in The Wings of the Dove, Kate Winslet in Titanic, Julie Christie in Afterglow Director: JAMES CAMERON for Titanic, Peter Cattaneo for The Full Monty, Atom Egoyan for The Sweet Hereafter, Curtis Hanson for L.A. Confidential, Gus Van Sant for Good Will Hunting Foreign: CHARACTER (Netherlands) 1997 Picture: THE ENGLISH PATIENT, Fargo, Jerry Maguire, Secrets and Lies, Shine Actor: GEOFFREY RUSH in Shine, Tom Cruise in Jerry Maguire, Ralph Fiennes in The English Patient, Woody Harrelson in The People vs. Larry Flynt, Billy Bob Thornton in Sling Blade Actress: FRANCES MCDORMAND in Fargo, Brenda Blethyn in Secrets and Lies, Diane Keaton in Marvin’s Room, Kristin Scott Thomas in The English Patient, Emily Watson in Breaking the Waves Director: ANTHONY MINGHELLA for The English Patient, Joel Coen for Fargo, Milos Forman for The People vs. Larry Flynt, Scott Hicks for Shine, Mike Leigh for Secrets and Lies Foreign: KOLYA (Czech Republic) 1996 Picture: BRAVEHEART, Apollo 13, Babe, Il Postino, Sense and Sensibility Actor: NICOLAS CAGE in Leaving Las Vegas, Richard Dreyfuss in Mr. Holland’s Opus, Anthony Hopkins in Nixon, Sean Penn in Dead Man Walking, Massimo Troisi in Il Postino Actress: SUSAN SARANDON in Dead Man Walking, Elisabeth Shue in Leaving Las Vegas, Sharon Stone in Casino, Meryl Streep in The Bridges of Madison County, Emma Thompson in Sense and Sensibility Director: MEL GIBSON for Braveheart, Mike Figgis for Leaving Las Vegas, Chris Noonan for Babe, Michael Radford for Il Postino, Tim Robbins for Dead Man Walking Foreign: ANTONIA’S LINE (Netherlands) 1995 Picture: FORREST GUMP, Four Weddings and a Funeral, Pulp Fiction, Quiz Show, The Shawshank Redemption Actor: TOM HANKS in Forrest Gump, Morgan Freeman in The Shawshank Redemption, Nigel Hawthorne in The Madness of King George, Paul Newman in Nobody’s Fool, John Travolta in Pulp Fiction Actress: JESSICA LANGE in Blue Sky, Jodie Foster in Nell, Miranda Richardson in Tom and Viv, Winona Ryder in Little Women, Susan Sarandon in The Client Director: ROBERT ZEMECKIS for Forrest Gump, Woody Allen for Bullets Over Broadway, Krzysztof Kieslowski for Red, Robert Redford for Quiz Show, Quentin Tarantino for Pulp Fiction Foreign: BURNT BY THE SUN (Russia) 1994 Picture: SCHINDLER’S LIST, The Fugitive, In the Name of the Father, The Piano, The Remains of the Day Actor: TOM HANKS in Philadelphia, Daniel Day-Lewis in In the Name of the Father, Laurence Fishburne in What’s Love Got to Do With It, Anthony Hopkins in The Remains of the Day, Liam Neeson in Schindler’s List Actress: HOLLY HUNTER in The Piano, Angela Bassett in What’s Love Got to Do With It, Stockard Channing in Six Degrees of Separation, Emma Thompson in The Remains of the Day, Debra Winger in Shadowlands Director: STEVEN SPIELBERG for Schindler’s List, Robert Altman for Short Cuts, Jane Campion for The Piano, James Ivory for The Remains of the Day, Jim Sheridan for In the Name of the Father Foreign: BELLE EPOQUE (Spain) 1993 Picture: UNFORGIVEN, The Crying Game, A Few Good Men, Howards End, Scent of a Woman Actor: AL PACINO in Scent of a Woman, Robert Downey, Jr. in Chaplin, Clint Eastwood in Unforgiven, Stephen Rea in The Crying Game, Denzel Washington in Malcolm X Actress: EMMA THOMPSON in Howards End, Catherine Deneuve in Indochine, Mary McDonnell in Passion Fish, Michelle Pfeiffer in Love Field, Susan Sarandon in Lorenzo’s Oil Director: CLINT EASTWOOD for Unforgiven, Robert Altman for The Player, Martin Brest for Scent of a Woman, James Ivory for Howards End, Neil Jordan for The Crying Game Foreign: INDOCHINE (France) 1992 Picture: THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS, Beauty and the Beast, Bugsy, JFK, The Prince of Tides Actor: ANTHONY HOPKINS in The Silence of the Lambs, Warren Beatty in Bugsy, Robert De Niro in Cape Fear, Nick Nolte in The Prince of Tides, Robin Williams in The Fisher King Actress: JODIE FOSTER in The Silence of the Lambs, Geena Davis in Thelma & Louise, Laura Dern in Rambling Rose, Bette Midler in For the Boys, Susan Sarandon in Thelma & Louise Director: JONATHAN DEMME for The Silence of the Lambs, Barry Levinson for Bugsy, Ridley Scott for Thelma & Louise, John Singleton for Boyz N the Hood, Oliver Stone for JFK Foreign: MEDITERRANEO (Italy) 1991 Picture: DANCES WITH WOLVES, Awakenings, Ghost, The Godfather, Part III, GoodFellas Actor: JEREMY IRONS in Reversal of Fortune, Kevin Costner in Dances With Wolves, Robert De Niro in Awakenings, Gerard Depardieu in Cyrano de Bergerac, Richard Harris in The Field Actress: KATHY BATES in Misery, Anjelica Huston in The Grifters, Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman, Meryl Streep in Postcards from the Edge, Joanne Woodward in Mr. and Mrs. Bridge Director: KEVIN COSTNER for Dances With Wolves, Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather, Part III, Stephen Frears for The Grifters, Barbet Schroeder for Reversal of Fortune, Martin Scorsese for GoodFellas Foreign: JOURNEY OF HOPE (Switzerland) 1990 Picture: DRIVING MISS DAISY, Born on the Fourth of July, Dead Poets Society, Field of Dreams, My Left Foot Actor: DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in My Left Foot, Kenneth Branagh in Henry V, Tom Cruise in Born on the Fourth of July, Morgan Freeman in Driving Miss Daisy, Robin Williams in Dead Poets Society Actress: JESSICA TANDY in Driving Miss Daisy, Isabelle Adjani in Camille Claudel, Pauline Collins in Shirley Valentine, Jessica Lange in Music Box, Michelle Pfieffer in The Fabulous Baker Boys Director: OLIVER STONE for Born on the Fourth of July, Woody Allen for Crimes and Misdemeanors, Kenneth Branagh for Henry V, Jim Sheridan for My Left Foot, Peter Weir for Dead Poets Society Foreign: CINEMA PARADISO (Italy) 1989 Picture: RAIN MAN, The Accidental Tourist, Dangerous Liaisons, Mississippi Burning, Working Girl Actor: DUSTIN HOFFMAN in Rain Man, Gene Hackman in Mississippi Burning, Tom Hanks in Big, Edward James Olmos in Stand and Deliver, Max von Sydow in Pelle the Conqueror Actress: JODIE FOSTER in The Accused, Glenn Close in Dangerous Liaisons, Melanie Griffith in Working Girl, Meryl Streep in A Cry in the Dark, Sigourney Weaver in Gorillas in the Mist Director: BARRY LEVINSON for Rain Man, Charles Crichton for A Fish Called Wanda, Mike Nichols for Working Girl, Alan Parker for Mississippi Burning, Martin Scorsese for The Last Temptation of Christ Foreign: PELLE THE CONQUEROR (Denmark) 1988 Picture: THE LAST EMPEROR, Broadcast News, Fatal Attraction, Hope and Glory, Moonstruck Actor: MICHAEL DOUGLAS in Wall Street, William Hurt in Broadcast News, Marcello Mastroianni in Dark Eyes, Jack Nicholson in Ironweed, Robin Williams in Good Morning, Vietnam Actress: CHER in Moonstruck, Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction, Holly Hunter in Broadcast News, Sally Kirkland in Anna, Meryl Streep in Ironweed Director: BERNARDO BERTOLUCCI for The Last Emperor, John Boorman for Hope and Glory, Lasse Hallstrom for My Life as a Dog, Norman Jewison for Moonstruck, Adrian Lyne for Fatal Attraction Foreign: BABETTE’S FEAST (Denmark) 1987 Picture: PLATOON, Children of a Lesser God, Hannah and Her Sisters, The Mission, A Room with a View Actor: PAUL NEWMAN in The Color of Money, Dexter Gordon in ’Round Midnight, Bob Hoskins in Mona Lisa, William Hurt in Children of a Lesser God, James Woods in Salvador Actress: MARLEE MATLIN in Children of a Lesser God, Jane Fonda in The Morning After, Sissy Spacek in Crimes of the Heart, Kathleen Turner in Peggy Sue Got Married, Sigourney Weaver in Aliens Director: OLIVER STONE for Platoon, Woody Allen for Hannah and Her Sisters, James Ivory for A Room with a View, Roland Joffe for The Mission, David Lynch for Blue Velvet Foreign: THE ASSAULT (Netherlands) 1986 Picture: OUT OF AFRICA, The Color Purple, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Prizzi’s Honor, Witness Actor: WILLIAM HURT in Kiss of the Spider Woman, Harrison Ford in Witness, James Garner in Murphy’s Romance, Jack Nicholson in Prizzi’s Honor, Jon Voight in Runaway Train Actress: GERALDINE PAGE in The Trip to Bountiful, Anne Bancroft in Agnes of God, Whoopi Goldberg in The Color Purple, Jessica Lange in Sweet Dreams, Meryl Streep in Out of Africa Director: SYDNEY POLLACK for Out of Africa, Hecter Babenco for Kiss of the Spider Woman, John Huston for Prizzi’s Honor, Akira Kurosawa for Ran, Peter Weir for Witness Foreign: THE OFFICIAL STORY (Argentina) 1985 Picture: AMADEUS, The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart, A Soldier’s Story Actor: F. MURRAY ABRAHAM in Amadeus, Jeff Bridges in Starman, Albert Finney in Under the Volcano, Tom Hulce in Amadeus, Sam Waterston in The Killing Fields Actress: SALLY FIELD in Places in the Heart, Judy Davis in A Passage to India, Jessica Lange in Country, Vanessa Redgrave in The Bostonians, Sissy Spacek in The River Director: MILOS FORMAN for Amadeus, Woody Allen for Broadway Danny Rose, Robert Benton for Places in the Heart, Roland Joffe for The Killing Fields, David Lean for A Passage to India Foreign: DANGEROUS MOVES (Switzerland) 1984 Picture: TERMS OF ENDEARMENT, The Big Chill, The Dresser, The Right Stuff, Tender Mercies Actor: ROBERT DUVALL in Tender Mercies, Michael Caine in Educating Rita, Tom Conti in Reuben, Reuben, Tom Courtenay in The Dresser, Albert Finney in The Dresser Actress: SHIRLEY MACLAINE in Terms of Endearment, Jane Alexander in Testament, Meryl Streep in Silkwood, Julie Walters in Educating Rita, Debra Winger in Terms of Endearment Director: JAMES L. BROOKS for Terms of Endearment, Bruce Beresford for Tender Mercies, Ingmar Bergman for Fanny and Alexander, Mike Nichols for Silkwood, Peter Yates for The Dresser Foreign: FANNY & ALEXANDER (Sweden) 1983 Picture: GANDHI, E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial, Missing, Tootsie, The Verdict Actor: BEN KINGSLEY in Gandhi, Dustin Hoffman in Tootsie, Jack Lemmon in Missing, Paul Newman in The Verdict, Peter O’Toole in My Favorite Year Actress: MERYL STREEP in Sophie’s Choice, Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, Jessica Lange in Frances, Sissy Spacek in Missing, Debra Winger in An Officer and a Gentleman Director: RICHARD ATTENBOROUGH for Gandhi, Sidney Lumet for The Verdict, Wolfgang Petersen for Das Boot, Sydney Pollack for Tootsie, Steven Spielberg for E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial Foreign: TO BEGIN AGAIN (Spain) 1982 Picture: CHARIOTS OF FIRE, Atlantic City, On Golden Pond, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Reds Actor: HENRY FONDA in On Golden Pond, Warren Beatty in Reds, Burt Lancaster in Atlantic City, Dudley Moore in Arthur, Paul Newman in Absence of Malice Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in On Golden Pond, Diane Keaton in Reds, Marsha Mason in Only When I Laugh, Susan Sarandon in Atlantic City, Meryl Streep in The French Lieutenant’s Woman Director: WARREN BEATTY for Reds, Hugh Hudson for Chariots of Fire, Louis Malle for Atlantic City, Mark Rydell for On Golden Pond, Steven Spielberg for Raiders of the Lost Ark Foreign: MEPHISTO (Hungary) 1981 Picture: ORDINARY PEOPLE, Coal Miner’s Daughter, The Elephant Man, Raging Bull, Tess Actor: ROBERT DE NIRO in Raging Bull, Robert Duvall in The Great Santini, John Hurt in The Elephant Man, Jack Lemmon in Tribute, Peter O’Toole in The Stunt Man Actress: SISSY SPACEK in Coal Miner’s Daughter, Ellen Burstyn in Resurrection, Goldie Hawn in Private Benjamin, Mary Tyler Moore in Ordinary People, Gena Rowlands in Gloria Director: ROBERT REDFORD for Ordinary People, David Lynch for The Elephant Man, Roman Polanski for Tess, Richard Rush for The Stunt Man, Martin Scorsese for Raging Bull Foreign: MOSCOW DOES NOT BELIEVE IN TEARS (U.S.S.R.) 1980 Picture: KRAMER vs. KRAMER, All That Jazz, Apocalypse Now, Breaking Away, Norma Rae Actor: DUSTIN HOFFMAN in Kramer vs. Kramer, Jack Lemmon in The China Syndrome, Al Pacino in And Justice For All, Roy Scheider in All That Jazz, Peter Sellers in Being There Actress: SALLY FIELD in Norma Rae, Jill Clayburgh in Starting Over, Jane Fonda in The China Syndrome, Marsha Mason in Chapter Two, Bette Midler in The Rose Director: ROBERT BENTON for Kramer vs. Kramer, Francis Ford Coppola for Apocalypse Now, Bob Fosse for All That Jazz, Edouard Molinaro for La Cage Aux Folles, Peter Yates for Breaking Away Foreign: THE TIN DRUM (Federal Republic of Germany) 1979 Picture: THE DEER HUNTER, Coming Home, Heaven Can Wait, Midnight Express, An Unmarried Woman Actor: JON VOIGHT in Coming Home, Warren Beatty in Heaven Can Wait, Gary Busey in The Buddy Holly Story, Robert De Niro in The Deer Hunter, Laurence Olivier in The Boys From Brazil Actress: JANE FONDA in Coming Home, Ingrid Bergman in Autumn Sonata, Ellen Burstyn in Same Time, Next Year, Jill Clayburgh in An Unmarried Woman, Geraldine Page in Interiors Director: MICHAEL CIMINO for The Deer Hunter, Woody Allen for Interiors, Hal Ashby for Coming Home, Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for Heaven Can Wait, Alan Parker for Midnight Express Foreign: GET OUT YOUR HANDKERCHIEFS (France) 1978 Picture: ANNIE HALL, The Goodbye Girl, Julia, Star Wars, The Turning Point Actor: RICHARD DREYFUSS in The Goodbye Girl, Woody Allen in Annie Hall, Richard Burton in Equus, Marcello Mastroianni in A Special Day, John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever Actress: DIANE KEATON in Annie Hall, Anne Bancroft in The Turning Point, Jane Fonda in Julia, Shirley MacLaine in The Turning Point, Marsha Mason in The Goodbye Girl Director: WOODY ALLEN for Annie Hall, George Lucas for Star Wars, Herbert Ross for The Turning Point, Steven Spielberg for Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Fred Zinnemann for Julia Foreign: MADAME ROSA (France) 1977 Picture: ROCKY, All the President’s Men, Bound for Glory, Network, Taxi Driver Actor: PETER FINCH in Network, Robert De Niro in Taxi Driver, Giancarlo Giannini in Seven Beauties, William Holden in Network, Sylvester Stallone in Rocky Actress: FAYE DUNAWAY in Network, Marie-Christine Barrault in Cousin, Cousine, Talia Shire in Rocky, Sissy Spacek in Carrie, Liv Ullmann in Face to Face Director: JOHN G. AVILDSEN for Rocky, Ingmar Bergman for Face to Face, Sidney Lumet for Network, Alan J. Pakula for All the President’s Men, Lina Wertmuller for Seven Beauties Foreign: BLACK & WHITE IN COLOR (Ivory Coast) 1976 Picture: ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST, Barry Lyndon, Dog Day Afternoon, Jaws, Nashville Actor: JACK NICHOLSON in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Walter Matthau in The Sunshine Boys, Al Pacino in Dog Day Afternoon, Maximilian Schell in The Man in the Glass Booth, James Whitmore in Give ’Em Hell, Harry! Actress: LOUISE FLETCHER in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Isabelle Adjani in The Story of Adele H., Ann-Margret in Tommy, Glenda Jackson in Hedda, Carol Kane in Hester Street Director: MILOS FORMAN for One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Robert Altman for Nashville, Federico Fellini for Amarcord, Stanley Kubrick for Barry Lyndon, Sidney Lumet for Dog Day Afternoon Foreign: DERSU UZALA (U.S.S.R.) 1975 Picture: THE GODFATHER, PART II, Chinatown, The Conversation, Lenny, The Towering Inferno Actor: ART CARNEY in Harry and Tonto, Albert Finney in Murder on the Orient Express, Dustin Hoffman in Lenny, Jack Nicholson in Chinatown, Al Pacino in The Godfather, Part II Actress: ELLEN BURSTYN in Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, Diahann Carroll in Claudine, Faye Dunaway in Chinatown, Valerie Perrine in Lenny, Gena Rowlands in A Woman Under the Influence Director: FRANCIS FORD COPPOLA for The Godfather, Part II, John Cassavetes for A Woman Under the Influence, Bob Fosse for Lenny, Roman Polanski for Chinatown, Francois Truffaut for Day for Night Foreign: AMARCORD (Italy) 1974 Picture: THE STING, American Graffiti, Cries and Whispers, The Exorcist, A Touch of Class Actor: JACK LEMMON in Save the Tiger, Marlon Brando in Last Tango in Paris, Jack Nicholson in The Last Detail, Al Pacino in Serpico, Robert Redford in The Sting Actress: GLENDA JACKSON in A Touch of Class, Ellen Burstyn in The Exorcist, Marsha Mason in Cinderella Liberty, Barbra Streisand in The Way We Were, Joanne Woodward in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams Director: GEORGE ROY HILL for The Sting, Ingmar Bergman for Cries and Whispers, Bernardo Bertolucci for Last Tango in Paris, William Friedkin for The Exorcist, George Lucas for American Graffiti Foreign: DAY FOR NIGHT (France) 1973 Picture: THE GODFATHER, Cabaret, Deliverance, The Emigrants, Sounder Actor: MARLON BRANDO in The Godfather, Michael Caine in Sleuth, Laurence Olivier in Sleuth, Peter O’Toole in The Ruling Class, Paul Winfield in Sounder Actress: LIZA MINNELLI in Cabaret, Diana Ross in Lady Sings The Blues, Maggie Smith in Travels With My Aunt, Cicely Tyson in Sounder, Liv Ullmann in The Emigrants Director: BOB FOSSE for Cabaret, John Boorman for Deliverance, Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather, Joseph L. Mankiewicz for Sleuth, Jan Troell for The Emigrants Foreign: THE DISCREET CHARM OF THE BOURGEOISIE (France) 1972 Picture: THE FRENCH CONNECTION, A Clockwork Orange, Fiddler on the Roof, The Last Picture Show, Nicholas and Alexandra Actor: GENE HACKMAN in The French Connection, Peter Finch in Sunday, Bloody Sunday, Walter Matthau in Kotch, George C. Scott in The Hospital, Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Actress: JANE FONDA in Klute, Julie Christie in McCabe and Mrs. Miller, Glenda Jackson in Sunday, Bloody Sunday, Vanessa Redgrave in Mary, Queen of Scots, Janet Suzman in Nicholas and Alexandra Director: WILLIAM FRIEDKIN for The French Connection, Peter Bogdanovich for The Last Picture Show, Norman Jewison for Fiddler on the Roof, Stanley Kubrick for A Clockwork Orange, John Schlesinger for Sunday, Bloody Sunday Foreign: THE GARDEN OF THE FINZI-CONTINIS (Italy) 1971 Picture: PATTON, Airport, Five Easy Pieces, Love Story, MASH Actor: GEORGE C. SCOTT in Patton, Melvyn Douglas in I Never Sang For My Father, James Earl Jones in The Great White Hope, Jack Nicholson in Five Easy Pieces, Ryan O’Neal in Love Story Actress: GLENDA JACKSON in Women in Love, Jane Alexander in The Great White Hope, Ali MacGraw in Love Story, Sarah Miles in Ryan’s Daughter, Carrie Snodgrass in Diary of a Mad Housewife Director: FRANKLIN SCHAFFNER for Patton, Robert Altman for MASH, Federico Fellini for Fellini Satyricon, Arthur Hiller for Love Story, Ken Russell for Women in Love Foreign: INVESTIGATION OF A CITIZEN ABOVE SUSPICION (Italy) 1970 Picture: MIDNIGHT COWBOY, Anne of the Thousand Days, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Hello, Dolly!, Z Actor: JOHN WAYNE in True Grit, Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days, Dustin Hoffman in Midnight Cowboy, Peter O’Toole in Goodbye, Mr. Chips, Jon Voight in Midnight Cowboy Actress: MAGGIE SMITH in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, Genevieve Bujold in Anne of the Thousand Days, Jane Fonda in They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?, Liza Minnelli in The Sterile Cuckoo, Jean Simmons in The Happy Ending Director: JOHN SCHLESINGER for Midnight Cowboy, Costa-Gavras for Z, George Roy Hill for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Arthur Penn for Alice’s Restaurant, Sydney Pollack for They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? Foreign: Z (Algeria) 1969 Picture: OLIVER!, Funny Girl, The Lion in Winter, Rachel, Rachel, Romeo and Juliet Actor: CLIFF ROBERTSON in Charly, Alan Arkin in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, Alan Bates in The Fixer, Ron Moody in Oliver!, Peter O’Toole in The Lion in Winter Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in The Lion in Winter and BARBRA STREISAND in Funny Girl (tie), Patricia Neal in The Subject Was Roses, Vanessa Redgrave in Isadora, Joanne Woodward in Rachel, Rachel Director: SIR CAROL REED for Oliver!, Anthony Harvey for The Lion in Winter, Stanley Kubrick for 2001: A Space Odyssey, Gillo Pontecorvo for The Battle of Algiers, Franco Zeffirelli for Romeo and Juliet Foreign: WAR AND PEACE (U.S.S.R.) 1968 Picture: IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT, Bonnie And Clyde, Doctor Dolittle, The Graduate, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Actor: ROD STEIGER in In the Heat of the Night, Warren Beatty in Bonnie And Clyde, Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate, Paul Newman in Cool Hand Luke, Spencer Tracy in Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, Anne Bancroft in The Graduate, Faye Dunaway in Bonnie And Clyde, Edith Evans in The Whisperers, Audrey Hepburn in Wait Until Dark Director: MIKE NICHOLS for The Graduate, Richard Brooks for In Cold Blood, Norman Jewison for In the Heat of the Night, Stanley Kramer for Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, Arthur Penn for Bonnie And Clyde Foreign: CLOSELY WATCHED TRAINS (Czechoslovakia) 1967 Picture: A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS, Alfie, The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming, The Sand Pebbles, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Actor: PAUL SCOFIELD in A Man for All Seasons, Alan Arkin in The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming, Richard Burton in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Michael Caine in Alfie, Steve McQueen in The Sand Pebbles Actress: ELIZABETH TAYLOR in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Anouk Aimee in A Man and a Woman, Ida Kaminska in The Shop on Main Street, Lynn Redgrave in Georgy Girl, Vanessa Redgrave in Morgan! Director: FRED ZINNEMANN for A Man for All Seasons, Michelangelo Antonioni for Blow-up, Richard Brooks for The Professionals, Claude Lelouch for A Man and a Woman, Mike Nichols for Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Foreign: A MAN AND A WOMAN (France) 1966 Picture: THE SOUND OF MUSIC, Darling, Doctor Zhivago, Ship of Fools, A Thousand Clowns Actor: LEE MARVIN in Cat Ballou, Richard Burton in The Spy Who Came In From the Cold, Laurence Olivier in Othello, Rod Steiger in The Pawnbroker, Oskar Werner in Ship of Fools Actress: JULIE CHRISTIE in Darling, Julie Andrews in The Sound of Music, Samantha Eggar in The Collector, Elizabeth Hartman in A Patch of Blue, Simone Signoret in Ship of Fools Director: ROBERT WISE for The Sound of Music, David Lean for Doctor Zhivago, John Schlesinger for Darling, Hiroshi Teshigahara for Woman in the Dunes, William Wyler for The Collector Foreign: THE SHOP ON MAIN STREET (Czechoslovakia) 1965 Picture: MY FAIR LADY, Becket, Dr. Strangelove, Mary Poppins, Zorba the Greek Actor: REX HARRISON in My Fair Lady, Richard Burton in Becket, Peter O’Toole in Becket, Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek, Peter Sellers in Dr. Strangelove Actress: JULIE ANDREWS in Mary Poppins, Anne Bancroft in The Pumpkin Eater, Sophia Loren in Marriage Italian Style, Debbie Reynolds in The Unsinkable Molly Brown, Kim Stanley in Seance on a Wet Afternoon Director: GEORGE CUKOR for My Fair Lady, Michael Cacoyannis for Zorba the Greek, Peter Glenville for Becket, Stanley Kubrick for Dr. Strangelove, Robert Stevenson for Mary Poppins Foreign: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW (Italy) 1964 Picture: TOM JONES, America, America, Cleopatra, How the West Was Won, Lilies of the Field Actor: SIDNEY POITIER in Lilies of the Field, Albert Finney in Tom Jones, Richard Harris in This Sporting Life, Rex Harrison in Cleopatra, Paul Newman in Hud Actress: PATRICIA NEAL in Hud, Leslie Caron in The L-Shaped Room, Shirley MacLaine in Irma La Douce, Rachel Roberts in This Sporting Life, Natalie Wood in Love with the Proper Stranger Director: TONY RICHARDSON for Tom Jones, Federico Fellini for 8 1/2, Elia Kazan for America, America, Otto Preminger for The Cardinal, Martin Ritt for Hud Foreign: 8-1/2 (Italy) 1963 Picture: LAWRENCE OF ARABIA, The Longest Day, The Music Man, Mutiny on the Bounty, To Kill a Mockingbird Actor: GREGORY PECK in To Kill a Mockingbird, Burt Lancaster in Birdman of Alcatraz, Jack Lemmon in Days of Wine and Roses, Marcello Mastroianni in Divorce - Italian Style, Peter O’Toole in Lawrence of Arabia Actress: ANNE BANCROFT in The Miracle Worker, Bette Davis in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Katharine Hepburn in Long Day’s Journey Into Night, Geraldine Page in Sweet Bird of Youth, Lee Remick in Days of Wine and Roses Director: DAVID LEAN for Lawrence of Arabia, Pietro Germi for Divorce - Italian Style, Robert Mulligan for To Kill a Mockingbird, Arthur Penn for The Miracle Worker, Frank Perry for David and Lisa Foreign: SUNDAYS AND CYBELE (France) 1962 Picture: WEST SIDE STORY, Fanny, The Guns of Navarone, The Hustler, Judgment at Nuremberg Actor: MAXIMILIAN SCHELL in Judgment at Nuremberg, Charles Boyer in Fanny, Paul Newman in The Hustler, Spencer Tracy in Judgment at Nuremberg, Stuart Whitman in The Mark Actress: SOPHIA LOREN in Two Women, Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Piper Laurie in The Hustler, Geraldine Page in Summer and Smoke, Natalie Wood in Splendor in the Grass Director: JEROME ROBBINS and ROBERT WISE for West Side Story, Federico Fellini for La Dolce Vita, Stanley Kramer for Judgment at Nuremberg, J. Lee Thompson for The Guns of Navarone, Robert Rossen for The Hustler Foreign: THROUGH A GLASS DARKLY (Sweden) 1961 Picture: THE APARTMENT, The Alamo, Elmer Gantry, Sons and Lovers, The Sundowners Actor: BURT LANCASTER in Elmer Gantry, Trevor Howard in Sons and Lovers, Jack Lemmon in The Apartment, Laurence Olivier in The Entertainer, Spencer Tracy in Inherit the Wind Actress: ELIZABETH TAYLOR in Butterfield 8, Greer Garson in Sunrise at Campobello, Deborah Kerr in The Sundowners, Shirley MacLaine in The Apartment, Melina Mercouri in Never on Sunday Director: BILLY WILDER for The Apartment, Jack Cardiff for Sons and Lovers, Jules Dassin for Never on Sunday, Alfred Hitchcock for Psycho, Fred Zinnemann for The Sundowners Foreign: THE VIRGIN SPRING (Sweden) 1960 Picture: BEN-HUR, Anatomy of a Murder, The Diary of Anne Frank, The Nun’s Story, Room at the Top Actor: CHARLTON HESTON in Ben-Hur, Laurence Harvey in Room at the Top, Jack Lemmon in Some Like It Hot, Paul Muni in The Last Angry Man, James Stewart in Anatomy of a Murder Actress: SIMONE SIGNORET in Room at the Top, Doris Day in Pillow Talk, Audrey Hepburn in The Nun’s Story, Katharine Hepburn in Suddenly, Last Summer, Elizabeth Taylor in Suddenly, Last Summer Director: WILLIAM WYLER for Ben-Hur, Jack Clayton for Room at the Top, George Stevens for The Diary of Anne Frank, Billy Wilder for Some Like It Hot, Fred Zinnemann for The Nun’s Story Foreign: BLACK ORPHEUS (France) 1959 Picture: GIGI, Auntie Mame, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Defiant Ones, Separate Tables Actor: DAVID NIVEN in Separate Tables, Tony Curtis in The Defiant Ones, Paul Newman in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Sidney Poitier in The Defiant Ones, Spencer Tracy in The Old Man and the Sea Actress: SUSAN HAYWARD in I Want to Live, Deborah Kerr in Separate Tables, Shirley MacLaine in Some Came Running, Rosalind Russell in Auntie Mame, Elizabeth Taylor in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Director: VINCENTE MINNELLI for Gigi, Richard Brooks for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Stanley Kramer for The Defiant Ones, Mark Robson for The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, Robert Wise for I Want to Live! Foreign: MY UNCLE (France) 1958 Picture: THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI, Peyton Place, Sayonara, 12 Angry Men, Witness for the Prosecution Actor: ALEC GUINNESS in The Bridge On The River Kwai, Marlon Brando in Sayonara, Anthony Franciosa in A Hatful of Rain, Charles Laughton in Witness for the Prosecution, Anthony Quinn in Wild Is the Wind Actress: JOANNE WOODWARD in The Three Faces of Eve, Deborah Kerr in Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison, Anna Magnani in Wild is the Wind, Elizabeth Taylor in Raintree County, Lana Turner in Peyton Place Director: DAVID LEAN for The Bridge On The River Kwai, Joshua Logan for Sayonara, Sidney Lumet for 12 Angry Men, Mark Robson for Peyton Place, Billy Wilder for Witness for the Prosecution Foreign: NIGHTS OF CABIRIA (Italy) 1957 Picture: AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS, Friendly Persuasion, Giant, The King and I, The Ten Commandments Actor: YUL BRYNNER in The King and I, James Dean in Giant, Kirk Douglas in Lust for Life, Rock Hudson in Giant, Laurence Olivier in Richard III Actress: INGRID BERGMAN in Anastasia, Carroll Baker in Baby Doll, Katharine Hepburn in The Rainmaker, Nancy Kelly in The Bad Seed, Deborah Kerr in The King and I Director: GEORGE STEVENS for Giant, Michael Anderson for Around the World in 80 Days, Walter Lang for The King and I, King Vidor for War and Peace, William Wyler for Friendly Persuasion Foreign: LA STRADA (Italy) 1956 Picture: MARTY, Love is a Many-Splendored Thing, Mister Roberts, Picnic, The Rose Tattoo Actor: ERNEST BORGNINE in Marty, James Cagney in Love Me or Leave Me, James Dean in East of Eden, Frank Sinatra in The Man With the Golden Arm, Spencer Tracy in Bad Day at Black Rock Actress: ANNA MAGNANI in The Rose Tattoo, Susan Hayward in I’ll Cry Tomorrow, Katharine Hepburn in Summertime, Jennifer Jones in Love is a Many-Splendored Thing, Eleanor Parker in Interrupted Melody Director: DELBERT MANN for Marty, Elia Kazan for East of Eden, David Lean for Summertime, Joshua Logan for Picnic, John Sturges for Bad Day at Black Rock Foreign: SAMURAI: THE LEGEND OF MUSASHI (Japan) 1955 Picture: ON THE WATERFRONT, The Caine Mutiny, The Country Girl, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Three Coins in the Fountain Actor: MARLON BRANDO in On The Waterfront, Humphrey Bogart in The Caine Mutiny, Bing Crosby in The Country Girl, James Mason in A Star Is Born, Dan O’Herlihy in Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Actress: GRACE KELLY in The Country Girl, Dorothy Dandridge in Carmen Jones, Judy Garland in A Star Is Born, Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina, Jane Wyman in Magnificent Obsession Director: ELIA KAZAN for On The Waterfront, Alfred Hitchcock for Rear Window, George Seaton for The Country Girl, William Wellman for The High and the Mighty, Billy Wilder for Sabrina Foreign: GATE OF HELL (Japan) 1954 Picture: FROM HERE TO ETERNITY, Julius Caesar, The Robe, Roman Holiday, Shane Actor: WILLIAM HOLDEN in Stalag 17, Marlon Brando in Julius Caesar, Richard Burton in The Robe, Montgomery Clift in From Here to Eternity, Burt Lancaster in From Here to Eternity Actress: AUDREY HEPBURN in Roman Holiday, Leslie Caron in Lily, Ava Gardner in Mogambo, Deborah Kerr in From Here to Eternity, Maggie McNamara in The Moon is Blue Director: FRED ZINNEMANN for From Here to Eternity, George Stevens for Shane, Charles Walters for Lili, Billy Wilder for Stalag 17, William Wyler for Roman Holiday Foreign: (No Award) 1953 Picture: THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH, High Noon, Ivanhoe, Moulin Rouge, The Quiet Man Actor: GARY COOPER in High Noon, Marlon Brando in Viva Zapata!, Kirk Douglas in The Bad and the Beautiful, Jose Ferrer in Moulin Rouge, Alec Guinness in The Lavender Hill Mob Actress: SHIRLEY BOOTH in Come Back, Little Sheba, Joan Crawford in Sudden Fear, Bette Davis in The Star, Julie Harris in The Member of the Wedding, Susan Hayward in With a Song in My Heart Director: JOHN FORD for The Quiet Man, Cecil B. DeMille for The Greatest Show On Earth, John Huston for Moulin Rouge, Joseph L. Mankiewicz for Five Fingers, Fred Zinnemann for High Noon Foreign: FORBIDDEN GAMES (France) 1952 Picture: AN AMERICAN IN PARIS, Decision Before Dawn, A Place in the Sun, Quo Vadis?, A Streetcar Named Desire Actor: HUMPHREY BOGART in The African Queen, Marlon Brando in A Streetcar Named Desire, Montgomery Clift in A Place in the Sun, Arthur Kennedy in Bright Victory, Fredric March in Death of a Salesman Actress: VIVIEN LEIGH in A Streetcar Named Desire, Katharine Hepburn in The African Queen, Eleanor Parker in Detective Story, Shelley Winters in A Place in the Sun, Jane Wyman in The Blue Veil Director: GEORGE STEVENS for A Place in the Sun, John Huston for The African Queen, Elia Kazan for A Streetcar Named Desire, Vincente Minnelli for An American in Paris, William Wyler for Detective Story Foreign: RASHOMON (Japan) 1951 Picture: ALL ABOUT EVE, Born Yesterday, Father of the Bride, King Solomon’s Mines, Sunset Boulevard Actor: JOSE FERRER in Cyrano de Bergerac, Louis Calhern in The Magnificent Yankee, William Holden in Sunset Boulevard, James Stewart in Harvey, Spencer Tracy in Father of the Bride Actress: JUDY HOLLIDAY in Born Yesterday, Anne Baxter in All About Eve, Bette Davis in All About Eve, Eleanor Parker in Caged, Gloria Swanson in Sunset Boulevard Director: JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for All About Eve, George Cukor for Born Yesterday, John Huston for The Asphalt Jungle, Carol Reed for The Third Man, Billy Wilder for Sunset Boulevard Foreign: THE WALLS OF MALAPAGA (France/Italy) 1950 Picture: ALL THE KING’S MEN, Battleground, The Heiress, A Letter to Three Wives, Twelve O’Clock High Actor: BRODERICK CRAWFORD in All the King’s Men, Kirk Douglas in Champion, Gregory Peck in Twelve O’Clock High, Richard Todd in The Hasty Heart, John Wayne in Sands of Iwo Jima Actress: OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in The Heiress, Jeanne Crain in Pinky, Susan Hayward in My Foolish Heart, Deborah Kerr in Edward, My Son, Loretta Young in Come to the Stable Director: JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for A Letter to Three Wives, Carol Reed for The Fallen Idol, Robert Rossen for All the King’s Men, William A. Wellman for Battleground, William Wyler for The Heiress Foreign: THE BICYCLE THIEF (Italy) 1949 Picture: HAMLET, Johnny Belinda, The Red Shoes, The Snake Pit, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Actor: LAURENCE OLIVIER in Hamlet, Lew Ayres in Johnny Belinda, Montgomery Clift in The Search, Dan Dailey in When My Baby Smiles at Me, Clifton Webb in Sitting Pretty Actress: JANE WYMAN in Johnny Belinda, Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc, Olivia de Havilland in The Snake Pit, Irene Dunne in I Remember Mama, Barbara Stanwyck in Sorry, Wrong Number Director: JOHN HUSTON for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Anatole Litvak for The Snake Pit, Jean Negulesco for Johnny Belinda, Laurence Olivier for Hamlet, Fred Zinnemann for The Search Foreign: MONSIEUR VINCENT (France) 1948 Picture: GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT, The Bishop’s Wife, Crossfire, Great Expectations, Miracle on 34th Street Actor: RONALD COLMAN in A Double Life, John Garfield in Body and Soul, Gregory Peck in Gentleman’s Agreement, William Powell in Life With Father, Michael Redgrave in Mourning Becomes Electra Actress: LORETTA YOUNG in The Farmer’s Daughter, Joan Crawford in Possessed, Susan Hayward in Smash Up - The Story of a Woman, Dorothy McGuire in Gentleman’s Agreement, Rosalind Russell in Mourning Becomes Electra Director: ELIA KAZAN for Gentleman’s Agreement, George Cukor for A Double Life, Edward Dmytryk for Crossfire, Henry Koster for The Bishop’s Wife, David Lean for Great Expectations Foreign: SHOE-SHINE (Italy) 1947 Picture: THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES, Henry V, It’s A Wonderful Life, The Razor’s Edge, The Yearling Actor: FREDRIC MARCH in The Best Years of Our Lives, Laurence Olivier in Henry V, Larry Parks in The Jolson Story, Gregory Peck in The Yearling, James Stewart in It’s A Wonderful Life Actress: OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in To Each His Own, Celia Johnson in Brief Encounter, Jennifer Jones in Duel in the Sun, Rosalind Russell in Sister Kenny, Jane Wyman in The Yearling Director: WILLIAM WYLER for The Best Years of Our Lives, Clarence Brown for The Yearling, Frank Capra for It’s A Wonderful Life, David Lean for Brief Encounter, Robert Siodmak for The Killers 1946 Picture: THE LOST WEEKEND, Anchors Aweigh, The Bells of St. Mary’s, Mildred Pierce, Spellbound Actor: RAY MILLAND in The Lost Weekend, Bing Crosby in The Bells of St. Mary’s, Gene Kelly in Anchors Aweigh, Gregory Peck in The Keys of the Kingdom, Cornel Wilde in A Song to Remember Actress: JOAN CRAWFORD in Mildred Pierce, Ingrid Bergman in The Bells of St. Mary’s, Greer Garson in The Valley of Decision, Jennifer Jones in Love Letters, Gene Tierney in Leave Her to Heaven Director: BILLY WILDER for The Lost Weekend, Clarence Brown for National Velvet, Alfred Hitchcock for Spellbound, Leo McCarey for The Bells of St. Mary’s, Jean Renoir for The Southerner 1945 Picture: GOING MY WAY, Double Indemnity, Gaslight, Since You Went Away, Wilson Actor: BING CROSBY in Going My Way, Charles Boyer in Gaslight, Barry Fitzgerald in Going My Way, Cary Grant in None But the Lonely Heart, Alexander Knox in Wilson Actress: INGRID BERGMAN in Gaslight, Claudette Colbert in Since You Went Away, Bette Davis in Mr. Skeffington, Greer Garson in Mrs. Parkington, Barbara Stanwyck in Double Indemnity Director: LEO MCCAREY for Going My Way, Alfred Hitchcock for Lifeboat, Henry King for Wilson, Otto Preminger for Laura, Billy Wilder for Double Indemnity 1944 Picture: CASABLANCA, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Heaven Can Wait, The Human Comedy, In Which We Serve, Madame Curie, The More the Merrier, The Ox-Bow Incident, The Song of Bernadette, Watch on the Rhine Actor: PAUL LUKAS in Watch on the Rhine, Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca, Gary Cooper in For Whom the Bell Tolls, Walter Pidgeon in Madame Curie, Mickey Rooney in The Human Comedy Actress: JENNIFER JONES in The Song of Bernadette, Jean Arthur in The More the Merrier, Ingrid Bergman in For Whom the Bell Tolls, Joan Fontaine in The Constant Nymph, Greer Garson in Madame Curie Director: MICHAEL CURTIZ for Casablanca, Clarence Brown for The Human Comedy, Henry King for The Song of Bernadette, Ernst Lubitsch for Heaven Can Wait, George Stevens for The More the Merrier 1943 Picture: MRS. MINIVER, The Invaders, Kings Row, The Magnificent Ambersons, The Pied Piper, The Pride of the Yankees, Random Harvest, The Talk of the Town, Wake Island, Yankee Doodle Dandy Actor: JAMES CAGNEY in Yankee Doodle Dandy, Ronald Colman in Random Harvest, Gary Cooper in The Pride of the Yankees, Walter Pidgeon in Mrs. Miniver, Monty Woolley in The Pied Piper Actress: GREER GARSON in Mrs. Miniver, Bette Davis in Now, Voyager, Katharine Hepburn in Woman of the Year, Rosalind Russell in My Sister Eileen, Teresa Wright in The Pride of the Yankees Director: WILLIAM WYLER for Mrs. Miniver, Michael Curtiz for Yankee Doodle Dandy, John Farrow for Wake Island, Mervyn LeRoy for Random Harvest, Sam Wood for Kings Row 1942 Picture: HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY, Blossoms in the Dust, Citizen Kane, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, Hold Back the Dawn, The Little Foxes, The Maltese Falcon, One Foot in Heaven, Sergeant York, Suspicion Actor: GARY COOPER in Sergeant York, Cary Grant in Penny Serenade, Walter Huston in All That Money Can Buy, Robert Montgomery in Here Comes Mr. Jordan, Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Actress: JOAN FONTAINE in Suspicion, Bette Davis in The Little Foxes, Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn, Greer Garson in Blossoms in the Dust, Barbara Stanwyck in Ball of Fire Director: JOHN FORD for How Green Was My Valley, Alexander Hall for Here Comes Mr. Jordan, Howard Hawks for Sergeant York, Orson Welles for Citizen Kane, William Wyler for The Little Foxes 1941 Picture: REBECCA, All This, and Heaven Too, Foreign Correspondent, The Grapes of Wrath, The Great Dictator, Kitty Foyle, The Letter, The Long Voyage Home, Our Town, The Philadelphia Story Actor: JAMES STEWART in The Philadelphia Story, Charles Chaplin in The Great Dictator, Henry Fonda in The Grapes of Wrath, Raymond Massey in Abe Lincoln in Illinois, Laurence Olivier in Rebecca Actress: GINGER ROGERS in Kitty Foyle, Bette Davis in The Letter, Joan Fontaine in Rebecca, Katharine Hepburn in The Philadelphia Story, Martha Scott in Our Town Director: JOHN FORD for The Grapes of Wrath, George Cukor for The Philadelphia Story, Alfred Hitchcock for Rebecca, Sam Wood for Kitty Foyle, William Wyler for The Letter 1940 Picture: GONE WITH THE WIND, Dark Victory, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, Love Affair, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Ninotchka, Of Mice and Men, Stagecoach, The Wizard of Oz, Wuthering Heights Actor: ROBERT DONAT in Goodbye, Mr. Chips, Clark Gable in Gone With The Wind, Laurence Olivier in Wuthering Heights, Mickey Rooney in Babes in Arms, James Stewart in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Actress: VIVIEN LEIGH in Gone With The Wind, Bette Davis in Dark Victory, Irene Dunne in Love Affair, Greta Garbo in Ninotchka, Greer Garson in Goodbye, Mr. Chips Director: VICTOR FLEMING for Gone With The Wind, Frank Capra for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, John Ford for Stagecoach, Sam Wood for Goodbye, Mr. Chips, William Wyler for Wuthering Heights 1939 Picture: YOU CAN’T TAKE IT WITH YOU, The Adventures of Robin Hood, Alexander’s Ragtime Band, Boys Town, The Citadel, Four Daughters, Grand Illusion, Jezebel, Pygmalion, Test Pilot Actor: SPENCER TRACY in Boys Town, Charles Boyer in Algiers, James Cagney in Angels With Dirty Faces, Robert Donat in The Citadel, Leslie Howard in Pygmalion Actress: BETTE DAVIS in Jezebel, Fay Bainter in White Banners, Wendy Hiller in Pygmalion, Norma Shearer in Marie Antoinette, Margaret Sullavan in Three Comrades Director: FRANK CAPRA for You Can’t Take It With You, Michael Curtiz for Angels With Dirty Faces, Michael Curtiz for Four Daughters, Norman Taurog for Boys Town, King Vidor for The Citadel 1938 Picture: THE LIFE OF EMILE ZOLA, The Awful Truth, Captains Courageous, Dead End, The Good Earth, In Old Chicago, Lost Horizon, One Hundred Men and a Girl, Stage Door, A Star is Born Actor: SPENCER TRACY in Captains Courageous, Charles Boyer in Conquest, Fredric March in A Star is Born, Robert Montgomery in Night Must Fall, Paul Muni in The Life of Emile Zola Actress: LUISE RAINER in The Good Earth, Irene Dunne in The Awful Truth, Greta Garbo in Camille, Janet Gaynor in A Star is Born, Barbara Stanwyck in Stella Dallas Director: LEO MCCAREY for The Awful Truth, William Dieterle for The Life of Emile Zola, Sidney Franklin for The Good Earth, Gregory La Cava for Stage Door, William Wellmann for A Star is Born 1937 Picture: THE GREAT ZIEGFELD, Anthony Adverse, Dodsworth, Libeled Lady, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Romeo and Juliet, San Francisco, The Story of Louis Pasteur, A Tale of Two Cities, Three Smart Girls Actor: PAUL MUNI in The Story of Louis Pasteur, Gary Cooper in Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Walter Huston in Dodsworth, William Powell in My Man Godfrey, Spencer Tracy in San Francisco Actress: LUISE RAINER in The Great Ziegfeld, Irene Dunne in Theodora Goes Wild, Gladys George in Valiant Is the Word for Carrie, Carole Lombard in My Man Godfrey, Norma Shearer in Romeo and Juliet Director: FRANK CAPRA for Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Gregory La Cava for My Man Godfrey, Robert Z. Leonard for The Great Ziegfeld, W. S. Van Dyke for San Francisco, William Wyler for Dodsworth 1936 Picture: MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY, Alice Adams, The Broadway Melody of 1936, Captain Blood, David Copperfield, The Informer, Lives of a Bengal Lancer, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Les Miserables, Naughty Marietta, Ruggles of Red Gap, Top Hat Actor: VICTOR MCLAGLEN in The Informer, Clark Gable in Mutiny on the Bounty, Charles Laughton in Mutiny on the Bounty, Franchot Tone in Mutiny on the Bounty Actress: BETTE DAVIS in Dangerous, Elisabeth Bergner in Escape Me Never, Claudette Colbert in Private Worlds, Katharine Hepburn in Alice Adams, Miriam Hopkins in Becky Sharp, Merle Oberon in The Dark Angel Director: JOHN FORD for The Informer, Michael Curtiz for Captain Blood, Henry Hathaway for Lives of a Bengal Lancer, Frank Lloyd for Mutiny on the Bounty 1935 Picture: IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT, The Barretts of Wimpole Street, Cleopatra, Flirtation Walk, The Gay Divorcee, Here Comes the Navy, The House of Rothschild, Imitation of Life, One Night of Love, The Thin Man, Viva Villa!, The White Parade Actor: CLARK GABLE in It Happened One Night, Frank Morgan in Affairs of Cellini, William Powell in The Thin Man Actress: CLAUDETTE COLBERT in It Happened One Night, Grace Moore in One Night of Love, Norma Shearer in The Barretts of Wimpole Street Director: FRANK CAPRA for It Happened One Night, Victor Schertzinger for One Night of Love, W. S. Van Dyke for The Thin Man 1934 Picture: CAVALCADE, A Farewell to Arms, 42nd Street, I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang, Lady for a Day, Little Women, The Private Life of Henry VIII, She Done Him Wrong, Smilin’ Through, State Fair Actor: CHARLES LAUGHTON in The Private Life of Henry VIII, Leslie Howard in Berkeley Square, Paul Muni in I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in Morning Glory, May Robson in Lady for a Day, Diana Wynyard in Cavalcade Director: FRANK LLOYD for Cavalcade, Frank Capra for Lady For a Day, George Cukor for Little Women 1933 Picture: GRAND HOTEL, Arrowsmith, Bad Girl, The Champ, Five Star Final, One Hour With You, Shanghai Express, The Smiling Lieutenant Actor: FREDRIC MARCH in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and WALLACE BEERY in The Champ (tie), Alfred Lunt in The Guardsman Actress: HELEN HAYES in The Sin of Madelon Claudet, Marie Dressler in Emma, Lynn Fontanne in The Guardsman Director: FRANK BORZAGE for Bad Girl, King Vidor for The Champ, Josef von Sternberg for Shanghai Express 1932 Picture: CIMARRON, East Lynne, The Front Page, Skippy, Trader Horn Actor: LIONEL BARRYMORE in A Free Soul, Jackie Cooper in Skippy, Richard Dix in Cimarron, Fredric March in The Royal Family of Broadway, Adolphe Menjou in The Front Page Actress: MARIE DRESSLER in Min and Bill, Marlene Dietrich in Morocco, Irene Dunne in Cimarron, Ann Harding in Holiday, Norma Shearer in A Free Soul Director: NORMAN TAUROG for Skippy, Clarence Brown for A Free Soul, Lewis Milestone for The Front Page, Wesley Ruggles for Cimarron, Josef von Sternberg for Morocco 1931 Picture: ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT, The Big House, Disraeli, The Divorcee, The Love Parade Actor: GEORGE ARLISS in Disraeli, George Arliss in The Green Goddess, Wallace Beery in The Big House, Maurice Chevalier in The Big Pond, Maurice Chevalier in The Love Parade, Ronald Colman in Bulldog Drummond, Ronald Colman in Condemned, Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song Actress: NORMA SHEARER in The Divorcee, Nancy Carroll in The Devil’s Holiday, Ruth Chatterton in Sarah and Son, Greta Garbo in Anna Christie, Greta Garbo in Romance, Norma Shearer in Their Own Desire, Gloria Swanson in The Trespasser Director: LEWIS MILESTONE for All Quiet On The Western Front, Clarence Brown for Anna Christie, Robert Z. Leonard for The Divorcee, Ernst Lubitsch for The Love Parade, King Vidor for Hallelujah 1930 Picture: THE BROADWAY MELODY, Alibi, Hollywood Revue, In Old Arizona, The Patriot Actor: WARNER BAXTER in In Old Arizona, George Bancroft in Thunderbolt, Chester Morris in Alibi, Paul Muni in The Valiant, Lewis Stone in The Patriot Actress: MARY PICKFORD in Coquette, Ruth Chatterton in Madame X, Betty Compson in The Barker, Jeanne Eagels in The Letter, Corinne Griffith in The Divine Lady, Bessie Love in Broadway Melody Director: FRANK LLOYD for The Divine Lady (also nominated or considered for Drag and Weary River), Lionel Barrymore for Madame X, Harry Beaumont for Broadway Melody, Irving Cummings for In Old Arizona, Ernst Lubitsch for The Patriot 1929 Picture: WINGS, The Racket, Seventh Heaven [The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command are omitted from the latest official Academy list] Actor: EMIL JANNINGS in The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command, Richard Barthelmess in The Noose and The Patent Leather Kid [Charles Chaplin, originally announced for The Circus, was removed from the category and given a special Honorary Award instead] Actress: JANET GAYNOR in Seventh Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise, Louise Dresser in A Ship Comes In, Gloria Swanson in Sadie Thompson Director: FRANK BORZAGE for Seventh Heaven, Herbert Brenon for Sorrell and Son, King Vidor for The Crowd
7196	dbpedia	0	18	https://www.nysun.com/article/salvaging-a-troubled-star-of-early-hollywood	en	Salvaging a Troubled Star of Early Hollywood	https://wp.nysun.com/wp-…g&fl=progressive	https://wp.nysun.com/wp-…g&fl=progressive	[ "https://www.nysun.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F08%2FWarner_Baxter_as_Jay_Gatsby_in_The_Great_Gatsby_1926_Retouched.jpg&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F08%2FWarner_Baxter_as_Jay_Gatsby_in_The_Great_Gatsby_1926_Retouched.jpg&w=1200&q=75 2x", "https://www.nysun.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2Frollyson-carl-768x768-1.webp&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2Frollyson-carl-768x768-1.webp&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://www.nysun.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2Frollyson-carl-768x768-1.webp&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.nysun.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2Frollyson-carl-768x768-1.webp&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://www.nysun.com/_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fhomepage%2Flogo.webp&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fhomepage%2Flogo.webp&w=1080&q=75 2x", "https://www.nysun.com/assets/images/homepage/logo.svg", "https://www.nysun.com/assets/images/homepage/google1.svg", "https://www.nysun.com/assets/images/homepage/facebook1.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "CARL ROLLYSON" ]	2023-08-30T10:23:00+00:00	Warner Baxter pursued stardom as intensely as his male contemporaries, but he did not have the stamina that attended the success of contemporaries like…	en	/assets/favicon-32x32.png	The New York Sun	https://www.nysun.com/article/salvaging-a-troubled-star-of-early-hollywood	‘The Accidental Star: The Life and Films of Warner Baxter’ By Dan Van Neste BearManor Media, 498 pages One of the important Hollywood stars and leading men of the 1930s, winner of an Academy Award, appearances in 104 silent and sound films, and yet until now there has been no biography of Warner Baxter. Dan Van Neste provides a chapter that speculates on the neglect of his subject. Few of Baxter’s films are available in VHS and DVD formats, and the cable movie channels do not regularly show his films. Mr. Van Neste notes that many of Baxter’s silent films have been lost. Then, too, the versatile Baxter did not establish a stable screen persona, and certain critics have dismissed him as having little charisma. I would add a few more reasons for Baxter’s eclipse: His Academy Award-winning portrayal of the Cisco Kid is in “Old Arizona” — not a film on anyone’s Top 10 list, though Mr. Van Neste makes a good case for it. Baxter pursued stardom as intensely as his male contemporaries, but he did not have the stamina that attended the success of contemporaries like Clark Gable and James Cagney. The unsteady Baxter, beset with doubts, dropped from public view at crucial times in his career. As a biographical subject, Baxter is fascinating. He brought to the screen a powerful depiction of the gentleman hero that Ronald Colman had perfected as early as “The White Sister” (1923). Baxter idolized Colman and patterned himself after his mentor, dressing like him, adopting that same pencil-thin mustache, and sometimes exuding the Colman-like charm that beguiled generations of women who longed for him and men who wanted to be him. Yet Baxter the man and the actor had a brooding, troubled quality that perhaps put off some moviegoers. In two of his best films, “The Road to Glory” and “Slave Ship,” he plays heroes with divided sensibilities — in the first an Army officer played out after the depredations of World War I, and in the second a conflicted slaver who renounces his illegal traffic in human cargo for the love of young woman who brings him back to a full sense of humanity. Such roles required an intensity of preparation that exhausted Baxter, who never seemed to be able to take his work as other than a test of both his talent and his character. As a result, he suffered his roles, always fearing failure and supposing — even when at the top of his popularity — that he was about to lose his place in the hierarchy of stardom. As the diligent and perceptive Mr. Van Neste shows, Baxter was able to relax into his roles only when he abandoned his A-list ambitions and signed a contract with Columbia Pictures to do a Crime Doctor series of B-programmers, starring in 10 films about a psychiatrist-detective, Dr. Robert Ordway, Added to Baxter’s frequent mental breakdowns were a series of accidents in the making of his films and then the onset of arthritis and prostate cancer. It seemed, as Mr. Van Neste suggests, that Baxter often thought of himself as on the verge of death. In addition to offering a superb narrative of Baxter’s life and career, starting with his early years in Ohio and running all the way to his tight circle of friends that included not only Colman but also William Powell and Tim McCoy, a star of Westerns, Mr. Van Neste includes a separate section on all of Baxter’s films, including cast lists, directors, screenwriters, plot summaries, a list of reviews, production notes, interesting facts, and trivia. Thus Mr. Van Neste has produced not only an entertaining and perceptive narrative, but a reference book with material that often does not make it into a biographer’s narrative. In the case of the first biography of a subject, this additional information is most welcome and instructive. Beyond the biographer’s story, what makes this book significant is the careful attention to accuracy, pointing out errors and misperceptions in Baxter’s biography — also making Mr. Van Neste’s book a fine contribution to a reliable history of Hollywood. Mr. Rollyson’s work in progress is a biography of Ronald Colman.
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"I always dreamed of hosting the Oscars exactly four times," Kimmel said in a statement last November when he was tapped to host the award show again. Who hosted the 2024 Oscars? Jimmy Kimmel took the stage for his fourth turn as Oscar host at the ceremony on Sunday, March 10, 2024. For over 20 years, Kimmel has been hosting his late-night show "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" When Kimmel started hosting the Oscars, he brought onto the Oscars stage a long-running gag from his show, the supposed feud between him and Matt Damon. "Matt Damon and I have a complicated relationship," Kimmel told CBS' "Sunday Morning" with a laugh in 2017. During the Oscars earlier that year, Damon was announced as a guest when he and Ben Affleck walked onstage to present the nominees for best original screenplay. Then, in the orchestra pit, Kimmel directed the musicians to play off Damon as he was speaking before the winner was announced. But it didn't take long for Kimmel to learn that things don't always go according to plan at the Oscars and some things are just out of the host's control during the highly choreographed show. The night ended with "La La Land" mistakenly being announced as best picture instead of "Moonlight," the actual winner. The slipup resulted in the producers of "La La Land" going onstage and giving acceptance speeches as various officials gathered behind them to figure out what went wrong. Amid the commotion, Kimmel was sitting in the audience next to Damon preparing to close out the show. "So we're sitting there, and you just kind of figure, well, you know, the host will go onstage and clear this up," Kimmel said later. "And then I remember, oh, I'm the host." The night ended with Kimmel reminding the audience that the Oscars is, after all, just an award show, and he made an offhand promise to never host again. "I blame myself for this," Kimmel told the audience. "…I knew I would screw this show up, I really did." It turned out the envelope that presenters Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway opened onstage was a duplicate one for the best actress award, which went to Emma Stone of "La La Land" right before the best picture category. Who hosted the Oscars in the past? Kimmel's fourth time hosting is unusual for the show in recent years. In his opening monologue in 2017, he said, "This is my first time here, and the way you people go through hosts, it's probably my last time here." Whoopi Goldberg is the last person to host the show four times, tying Jack Lemmon and passing three-timers Jerry Lewis and David Niven in 2002. Johnny Carson has hosted five times, and Billy Crystal hosted for the ninth time in 2012. Bob Hope holds the record for the most times as the Oscars' master of ceremonies at 19, but hosts now rarely return to emcee after their first or second time. Ten years ago, Ellen DeGeneres used her last time hosting the Oscars to set a record for the most retweets with a celebrity-packed selfie that included Bradley Cooper, Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts and Meryl Streep. But not all hosts' performances work out. In 2011, Anne Hathaway co-hosted the ceremony with James Franco in a widely panned performance that was an apparent attempt to attract younger viewers. Hathaway told "Entertainment Tonight" in 2019 that the hardest part about hosting is the day after the show and "finding out how you actually did." "Because it feels nice – everybody tells you it's going well and then …," Hathaway told ET. In a video promoting Sunday night's broadcast, best supporting actress nominee America Ferrera described what makes hosting the Oscars such a tightrope walk in a parody of a key speech her character gave in "Barbie." "You can never show off, never fall down, never fail, never show fear," she tells Kimmel. "Nobody says thank you, and everyone has something critical to say online. If it goes well, no one says anything, but if it doesn't, it's your fault." (The video also takes a moment to let Kimmel, Ferrera and her co-stars Ryan Gosling and Kate McKinnon freak out over "Barbie" director Greta Gerwig not being nominated for best director.) The Hollywood Reporter called being the Oscars host "the least wanted job in Hollywood" in 2018 following Kevin Hart's sudden departure from emceeing the upcoming 2019 ceremony amid renewed criticism of past comments he made that were called homophobic. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ended up going without a host for the first time in 30 years and didn't have an official host again until 2022, when Regina Hall, Amy Schumer and Wanda Sykes co-hosted the ceremony. However, the most-talked-about moment of the night ended up being Will Smith slapping Chris Rock in the face onstage over a joke Rock made about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith. Here's a complete list of Oscars hosts from the academy, including the emcees for both ceremonies that were held in 1930: 2023: Jimmy Kimmel 2022: Regina Hall, Amy Schumer and Wanda Sykes 2021: No host 2020: No host 2019: No host 2018: Jimmy Kimmel 2017: Jimmy Kimmel 2016: Chris Rock 2015: Neil Patrick Harris 2014: Ellen DeGeneres 2013: Seth MacFarlane 2012: Billy Crystal 2011: James Franco and Anne Hathaway 2010: Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin 2009: Hugh Jackman 2008: Jon Stewart 2007: Ellen DeGeneres 2006: Jon Stewart 2005: Chris Rock 2004: Billy Crystal 2003: Steve Martin 2002: Whoopi Goldberg 2001: Steve Martin 2000: Billy Crystal 1999: Whoopi Goldberg 1998: Billy Crystal 1997: Billy Crystal 1996: Whoopi Goldberg 1995: David Letterman 1994: Whoopi Goldberg 1993: Billy Crystal 1992: Billy Crystal 1991: Billy Crystal 1990: Billy Crystal 1989: No host 1988: Chevy Chase 1987: Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn and Paul Hogan 1986: Alan Alda, Jane Fonda and Robin Williams 1985: Jack Lemmon, with co-hosts Candice Bergen, Jeff Bridges, Glenn Close, Michael Douglas, Gregory Hines, William Hurt, Amy Irving, Diana Ross, Tom Selleck and Kathleen Turner 1984: Johnny Carson 1983: Walter Matthau, Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore and Richard Pryor 1982: Johnny Carson 1981: Johnny Carson 1980: Johnny Carson 1979: Johnny Carson 1978: Bob Hope 1977: Warren Beatty, Ellen Burstyn, Jane Fonda and Richard Pryor 1976: Goldie Hawn, Gene Kelly, Walter Matthau, George Segal and Robert Shaw 1975: Sammy Davis Jr., Bob Hope, Shirley MacLaine and Frank Sinatra 1974: John Huston, David Niven, Burt Reynolds and Diana Ross 1973: Carol Burnett, Michael Caine, Charlton Heston and Rock Hudson 1972: Sammy Davis Jr., Helen Hayes, Alan King and Jack Lemmon 1971: No host 1970: No host 1969: No host 1968: Bob Hope 1967: Bob Hope 1966: Bob Hope 1965: Bob Hope 1964: Jack Lemmon 1963: Frank Sinatra 1962: Bob Hope 1961: Bob Hope 1960: Bob Hope 1959: Bob Hope, Jerry Lewis, David Niven, Laurence Olivier, Tony Randall and Mort Sahl 1958: Bob Hope, Jack Lemmon, David Niven, Rosalind Russell, James Stewart and Donald Duck 1957: Jerry Lewis, with Celeste Holm in New York 1956: Jerry Lewis, with Claudette Colbert and Joseph L. Mankiewicz in New York 1955: Bob Hope, with Thelma Ritter in New York 1954: Donald O'Connor, with Fredric March in New York 1953: Bob Hope, with Conrad Nagel in New York 1952: Danny Kaye 1951: Fred Astaire 1950: Paul Douglas 1949: Robert Montgomery 1948: No host 1947: Jack Benny 1946: Bob Hope and James Stewart 1945: John Cromwell and Bob Hope 1944: Jack Benny 1943: Bob Hope 1942: Bob Hope 1941: Bob Hope 1940: Bob Hope 1939: Frank Capra 1938: Bob Burns 1937: George Jessel 1936: Frank Capra 1935: Irvin S. Cobb 1934: Will Rogers 1932: Conrad Nagel 1931: Lawrence Grant 1930: Conrad Nagel 1930: William C. DeMille 1929: Douglas Fairbanks and William C. DeMille Who has been the best received Oscars host? In a look back at the performances of past Oscars hosts, Elle gave top billing to Billy Crystal, highlighting how he would pretend to narrate celebrities' inner-most thoughts as the camera closed in on different stars in the audience. British newspaper the Independent hailed Bob Hope, noting that the academy bestowed him with an honorary award in 1966, when he was hosting for the 15th time. "You couldn't tip me or anything, huh?" Hope said after receiving a gold medal from the academy's president. In 2020, Vogue included Whoopi Goldberg among its list of the seven best Oscars hosts, noting that she and Jack Lemmon are the only Academy Award winners to have hosted. "No one can hold a room like Goldberg," the magazine said. How are Oscars hosts chosen? Kimmel's fourth time as host was announced by Academy CEO Bill Kramer and President Janet Yang in a statement, with Oscars executive producers Raj Kapoor and Katy Mullan calling Kimmel "one of the all-time great Oscars hosts." Kimmel told entertainment news outlet Deadline that ABC — which has televised the Oscars for decades and broadcasts Kimmel's late-night show — and Kramer wanted him to host again. Kimmel said Kramer's enthusiasm played a part in his decision. "I mean he really wanted me, and he wanted my wife Molly (McNearney) to executive produce, and he even wanted her to executive produce if I wasn't hosting the show, and you know, that stuff ultimately means something," Kimmel said. Kimmel also left the door open to possibly coming back for a fifth time. "I would never be so presumptuous as to assume that they would want me back year after year after year," Kimmel told Deadline, "but this year, they wanted me, and they asked me, and so, I'm definitely going to do this one."
7196	dbpedia	2	40	https://www.livemint.com/news/world/oscar-2024-live-nominations-date-academy-awards-2024-india-timing-oppenheimer-ott-barbie-poor-things-maestro-best-actor-11710074342150.html	en	Oscars 2024 LIVE updates: Oppenheimer wins ‘Best Picture award’, Christopher Nolan's film bags 7 awards	https://www.livemint.com…710124091472.JPG	https://www.livemint.com…710124091472.JPG	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035286&cv=3.6.0&cj=1", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/livemint-logo-v2.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/static/epaperIcon.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/nav-arrow.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/icon-back.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/600x338/AWARDS-OSCARS--376_1710124053344_1710124091472.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/AWARDS-OSCARS--515_1710128995093.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/96th-Academy-Awards---Press-Room-88_1710127526939.jpg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/96th-Academy-Awards---Show-183_1710123624159.jpg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/AWARDS-OSCARS--317_1710123208968.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/AWARDS-OSCARS--249_1710122075823.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/APTOPIX-US-Israel-Palestinians-California-Oscars-1_1710119982750.jpg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/AWARDS-OSCARS--102_1710119029548.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/AWARDS-OSCARS--206_1710118585792.JPG", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/96th-Academy-Awards---Show-60_1710116782443.jpg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/img/2024/03/11/original/96th-Academy-Awards---Press-Room-14_1710116313774.jpg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-mint.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/ico-fb.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/ico-tw.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/linked-in-footer-new.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/ico-yt.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/dev/footer-play.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/dev/footer-app.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-ht.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-hindustan.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-ht-tech.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-mint-lounge.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/budget/2022/images/logo-ht-auto.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/static/subscribe-for-free.svg", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/dev/user-default.png", "https://www.livemint.com/lm-img/images/new/icross.png" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/cW8VLC9nnTo?si=8NyU60X5cXB9Olt2" ]	[]	[ "Oscars 2024", "Oscars 2024 LIVE", "96th annual Academy Awards", "Los Angeles", "Oppenheimer", "oscar 2024 live", "oscar 2024 nominations", "oscar 2024 date", "oscar 2024 winners", "academy awards 2024", "oscar awards 2024 india timing", "barbie", "poor things", "maestro", "best actor", "Oscar 2024 LIVE updates" ]	null	[ "Livemint" ]	2024-03-11T00:30:02+05:30	Oscars 2024 LIVE Updates: The 96th annual Academy Awards are over. Film Oppenheimer, which was nominated in 13 categories, won seven Oscars today, including best film, best director for Christopher Nolan, best actor for Cillian Murphy. Catch LIVE updates here	en	https://www.livemint.com…ons/mintfavi.svg	mint	https://www.livemint.com/news/world/oscar-2024-live-nominations-date-academy-awards-2024-india-timing-oppenheimer-ott-barbie-poor-things-maestro-best-actor-11710074342150.html
7196	dbpedia	1	42	https://andtherunnerupis.com/1928-29-awards/	en	1928–29 – And the Runner	https://i0.wp.com/andthe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/andthe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	[ "https://i0.wp.com/andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/cropped-Podcast-Banner.png?fit=1441%2C480&ssl=1", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/podcast-subscribe-buttons/assets/img/icons/Apple-Podcasts.svg", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/podcast-subscribe-buttons/assets/img/icons/Stitcher.svg", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/podcast-subscribe-buttons/assets/img/icons/Spotify.svg", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/podcast-subscribe-buttons/assets/img/icons/Google-Podcasts.png", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/social-media-widget/images/default/32/twitter.png", "https://andtherunnerupis.com/wp-content/plugins/social-media-widget/images/default/32/instagram.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://i0.wp.com/andthe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1		https://andtherunnerupis.com/1928-29-awards/	The following is the average ranking of Oscar nominees by the Twitter followers of And the Runner-Up Is. Followers ranked the nominees of the above-the-line categories for the 2nd Academy Awards, which rewarded the films of 1928 and 1929. Results are tallied using a positional voting system, where the nominees receive points based on their rank position on each submission and the nominee with the most points overall wins Bold = the actual Academy Award winner BEST PICTURE In Old Arizona Alibi The Broadway Melody The Hollywood Revue of 1929 – The Patriot BEST DIRECTOR Frank Lloyd – The Divine Lady Irving Cummings – In Old Arizona Harry Beaumont – The Broadway Melody Lionel Barrymore – Madame X Frank Lloyd – Weary River Frank Lloyd – Drag – Ernst Lubitsch – The Patriot BEST ACTOR Paul Muni – The Valiant Warner Baxter – In Old Arizona Chester Morris – Alibi George Bancroft – Thunderbolt – Lewis Stone – The Patriot BEST ACTRESS Jeanne Eagels – The Letter Bessie Love – The Broadway Melody Ruth Chatterton – Madame X Mary Pickford – Coquette Corinne Griffith – The Divine Lady Betty Compson – The Barker BEST SCREENPLAY Our Dancing Daughters – Josephine Lovett The Valiant – Tom Barry The Last of Mrs. Cheyney – Hans Kraly A Woman of Affairs – Bess Meredyth In Old Arizona – Tom Barry The Leatherneck – Elliott Clawson Skyscraper – Elliott Clawson
7196	dbpedia	0	75	https://www.cinemasight.com/awards-history/66th-academy-awards-1993/66th-academy-awards-1993-nominees-and-winners/	en	66th Academy Awards (1993): Nominees and Winners	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://i0.wp.com/www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Cinema_Sight_Title.png?fit=774%2C77&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.cinemasight.com/Images/OscarsPrev.png?ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.cinemasight.com/Images/OscarsNext.png?ssl=1", "https://awardslandscape.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/UAADB_Title_Card.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Title_Card.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Oscar_Hopefuls_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Reviews_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Previews_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Home_Viewing_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polls_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Academy_Awards_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Predictions_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Precursors_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Gallery_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/General_Film_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/General_Awards_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Xpired_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Site_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Contributors_Header-1024x554.png", "https://www.cinemasight.com/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/images/monsterinsights-badge-light.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2014-02-06T05:01:25+00:00	NOMINATIONS AWARDS 12 8 – 7 – 5 – 3 – – Schindler’s List The Piano The Remains of the Day The Fugitive In the Name of the Father The Age of Innocence Philadelphi…	en		Cinema Sight by Wesley Lovell	https://www.cinemasight.com/awards-history/66th-academy-awards-1993/66th-academy-awards-1993-nominees-and-winners/	NOMINATIONS AWARDS 12 8 – 7 – 5 – 3 – – Schindler’s List The Piano The Remains of the Day The Fugitive In the Name of the Father The Age of Innocence Philadelphia Cliffhanger In the Line of Fire Jurassic Park 7 3 – 2 1 – – – – – – – Schindler’s List Jurassic Park The Piano Philadelphia The Age of Innocence Belle Epoque Black Rider (Schwarzfahrer) Defending Our Lives The Fugitive I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School Mrs. Doubtfire The Wrong Trousers NOMINATION/WIN TALLY LEGEND Best Picture winner Best Picture nominee Nominations are listed for all films receiving 3 or more BEST PICTURE The Fugitive – Arnold Kopelson In the Name of the Father – Jim Sheridan The Piano – Jan Chapman The Remains of the Day – Mike Nichols, John Calley, Ismail Merchant Schindler’s List – Steven Spielberg, Gerald R. Molen, Branko Lustig DIRECTING In the Name of the Father – Jim Sheridan The Piano – Jane Campion The Remains of the Day – James Ivory Schindler’s List – Steven Spielberg Short Cuts – Robert Altman ACTOR IN A LEADING ROLE Daniel Day-Lewis – In the Name of the Father Laurence Fishburne – What’s Love Got to Do with It Tom Hanks – Philadelphia Anthony Hopkins – The Remains of the Day Liam Neeson – Schindler’s List ACTRESS IN A LEADING ROLE Angela Bassett – What’s Love Got to Do with It Stockard Channing – Six Degrees of Separation Holly Hunter – The Piano Emma Thompson – The Remains of the Day Debra Winger – Shadowlands ACTOR IN A SUPPORTING ROLE Leonardo DiCaprio – What’s Eating Gilbert Grape Ralph Fiennes – Schindler’s List Tommy Lee Jones – The Fugitive John Malkovich – In the Line of Fire Pete Postlethwaite – In the Name of the Father ACTRESS IN A SUPPORTING ROLE Holly Hunter – The Firm Anna Paquin – The Piano Rosie Perez – Fearless Winona Ryder – The Age of Innocence Emma Thompson – In the Name of the Father WRITING (Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published) The Age of Innocence – Jay Cocks, Martin Scorsese In the Name of the Father – Terry George, Jim Sheridan The Remains of the Day – Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Schindler’s List – Steven Zaillian Shadowlands – William Nicholson WRITING (Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen) Dave – Gary Ross In the Line of Fire – Jeff Maguire Philadelphia – Ron Nyswaner The Piano – Jane Campion Sleepless in Seattle – Nora Ephron, David S. Ward, Jeff Arch MUSIC (Original Song) “Again” – Poetic Justice – Music, Lyric by Janet Jackson, James Harris III, Terry Lewis “The Day I Fall In Love” – Beethoven’s 2nd – Music, Lyric by Carole Bayer Sager, James Ingram, Clif Magness “Philadelphia” – Philadelphia – Music, Lyric by Neil Young “Streets Of Philadelphia” – Philadelphia – Music, Lyric by Bruce Springsteen “A Wink And A Smile” – Sleepless in Seattle – Music by Marc Shaiman; Lyric by Ramsey McLean MUSIC (Original Score) The Age of Innocence – Elmer Bernstein The Firm – Dave Grusin The Fugitive – James Newton Howard The Remains of the Day – Richard Robbins Schindler’s List – John Williams FILM EDITING The Fugitive – Dennis Virkler, David Finfer, Dean Goodhill, Don Brochu, Richard Nord, Dov Hoenig In the Line of Fire – Anne V. Coates In the Name of the Father – Gerry Hambling The Piano – Veronika Jenet Schindler’s List – Michael Kahn CINEMATOGRAPHY Farewell My Concubine – Gu Changwei The Fugitive – Michael Chapman The Piano – Stuart Dryburgh Schindler’s List – Janusz Kaminski Searching for Bobby Fischer – Conrad L. Hall ART DIRECTION Addams Family Values – Art Direction: Ken Adam; Set Decoration: Marvin March The Age of Innocence – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Robert J. Franco Orlando – Art Direction: Ben Van Os, Jan Roelfs The Remains of the Day – Art Direction: Luciana Arrighi; Set Decoration: Ian Whittaker Schindler’s List – Art Direction: Allan Starski; Set Decoration: Ewa Braun COSTUME DESIGN The Age of Innocence – Gabriella Pescucci Orlando – Sandy Powell The Piano – Janet Patterson The Remains of the Day – Jenny Beavan, John Bright Schindler’s List – Anna Biedrzycka-Sheppard MAKEUP Mrs. Doubtfire – Greg Cannom, Ve Neill, Yolanda Toussieng Philadelphia – Carl Fullerton, Alan D’Angerio Schindler’s List – Christina Smith, Matthew Mungle, Judy Alexander Cory SOUND Cliffhanger – Michael Minkler, Bob Beemer, Tim Cooney The Fugitive – Donald O. Mitchell, Michael Herbick, Frank A. Montaño, Scott D. Smith Geronimo: An American Legend – Chris Carpenter, D. M. Hemphill, Bill W. Benton, Lee Orloff Jurassic Park – Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy, Ron Judkins Schindler’s List – Andy Nelson, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, Ron Judkins SOUND EFFECTS EDITING Cliffhanger – Wylie Stateman, Gregg Baxter The Fugitive – John Leveque, Bruce Stambler Jurassic Park – Gary Rydstrom, Richard Hymns VISUAL EFFECTS Cliffhanger – Neil Krepela, John Richardson, John Bruno, Pamela Easley Jurassic Park – Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett, Michael Lantieri The Nightmare before Christmas – Pete Kozachik, Eric Leighton, Ariel Velasco Shaw, Gordon Baker FOREIGN LANGUAGE FILM Belle Epoque – Spain Farewell My Concubine – Hong Kong Hedd Wyn – United Kingdom The Scent of Green Papaya – Vietnam The Wedding Banquet – Taiwan DOCUMENTARY (Feature) The Broadcast Tapes of Dr. Peter – David Paperny, Arthur Ginsberg Children of Fate – Susan Todd, Andrew Young For Better or for Worse – David Collier, Betsy Thompson I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School – Susan Raymond, Alan Raymond The War Room – D.A. Pennebaker, Chris Hegedus DOCUMENTARY (Short Subject) Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann – Steven Cantor, Peter Spirer Chicks in White Satin – Elaine Holliman, Jason Schneider Defending Our Lives – Margaret Lazarus, Renner Wunderlich SHORT FILM (Animated) Blindscape – Stephen Palmer The Mighty River – Frédéric Back, Hubert Tison Small Talk – Bob Godfrey, Kevin Baldwin The Village – Mark Baker The Wrong Trousers – Nick Park SHORT FILM (Live Action) Black Rider (Schwarzfahrer) – Pepe Danquart Down on the Waterfront – Stacy Title, Jonathan Penner The Dutch Master – Susan Seidelman, Jonathan Brett Partners – Peter Weller, Jana Sue Memel The Screw (La Vis) – Didier Flamand HONORARY AWARD To Deborah Kerr, in appreciation for a full career’s worth of elegant and beautifully crafted performances. JEAN HERSHOLT HUMANITARIAN AWARD Paul Newman GORDON E. SAWYER AWARD Petro Vlahos SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWARD (Academy Award of Merit) To PANAVISION for the Auto Panatar anamorphic photographic lens. [Lenses and Filters] To MANFRED G. MICHELSON of Technical Film Systems, Incorporated, for the design and development of the first sprocket-driven film transport system for color print film processors which permits transport speeds in excess of 600 feet per minute. [Laboratory] SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWARD (Scientific and Engineering Award) To MARK LEATHER, LES DITTERT, DOUGLAS SMYTHE and GEORGE JOBLOVE for the concept and development of the Digital Motion Picture Retouching System for removing visible rigging and dirt/damage artifacts from original motion picture imagery. [Systems] To FRITZ GABRIEL BAUER for the design, development and manufacture of the Moviecam Compact Modular 35mm motion picture camera system. [Camera] SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWARD (Technical Achievement Award)
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"https://nypost.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/vip-helpers/images/vip-powered-dark-small.png" ]	[ "https://open.spotify.com/embed-podcast/show/5xv9h8rSRF15mqs8WeEVgz" ]	[]	[ "Awards", "Entertainment", "Celebrities", "Movies", "academy awards", "academy of motion picture arts and sciences", "america ferrera", "annette bening", "barbie", "bradley cooper", "carey mulligan", "christopher nolan", "Cillian Murphy", "emily blunt", "emma stone", "greta gerwig", "jimmy kimmel", "margot robbie", "mark ruffalo", "martin scorsese", "oscars", "paul giamatti", "robert de niro", "robert downey jr.", "ryan gosling", "sterling k. brown" ]	null	[ "Jack Hobbs" ]	2024-01-23T00:00:00	The nominations for the 96th Academy Awards were announced by Zazie Beetz and Jack Quaid at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills on Tuesday.	en	https://nypost.com/wp-co…t/apple-icon.png	New York Post	https://nypost.com/2024/01/23/entertainment/oscar-nominations-2024-see-the-full-list-of-nominees/	And the Oscar goes to . . . Nominations for the 96th annual Academy Awards were announced Tuesday. The nominees were revealed by actors Zazie Beetz and Jack Quaid at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, mere weeks after the star-studded Golden Globes and Emmy Awards aired. This year, Christopher Nolan’s “Oppenheimer” led the nominees with a whopping 13 nods. The film was followed by the Emma Stone and Mark Ruffalo-led “Poor Things” with 11 and “Barbie” trailing with a mere eight nominations. In a shocking turn of events, neither Margot Robbie, who starred in the hit film “Barbie,” nor Leonardo DiCaprio in “Killers of the Flower Moon,” were nominated. “Barbie” director Greta Gerwig was also snubbed in her category. This year’s Academy Award ceremony will be hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, marking his fourth time as emcee. “We are thrilled about Jimmy returning to host and Molly [McNearney] returning as executive producer for the Oscars,” Academy CEO Bill Kramer and Academy President Janet Yang previously said in a statement. “They share our love of movies and our commitment to producing a dynamic and entertaining show for our global audience. We are deeply grateful to Jimmy, Molly and their teams for their incredible creativity and partnership and for going on this ride with us again.” Kimmel, 56, joked that he “always dreamed of hosting the Oscars exactly four times.” The award show is slated to air from the Dolby Theater in LA on March 10 on ABC. Find the full list of the nominations below. Best Picture “American Fiction” “Anatomy of a Fall” “Barbie” “The Holdovers” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Maestro” “Oppenheimer” “Past Lives” “Poor Things” “The Zone of Interest” Best Actress Annette Bening — “Nyad” Lily Gladstone — “Killers of the Flower Moon” Sandra Hüller — “Anatomy of a Fall” Carey Mulligan — “Maestro” Emma Stone — “Poor Things” Best Actor Bradley Cooper — “Maestro” Colman Domingo — “Rustin” Paul Giamatti — “The Holdovers” Cillian Murphy — “Oppenheimer” Jeffrey Wright — “American Fiction” Best Supporting Actor Sterling K. Brown — “American Fiction” Robert De Niro — “Killers of the Flower Moon” Robert Downey Jr. — “Oppenheimer” Ryan Gosling — “Barbie” Mark Ruffalo — “Poor Things” Best Supporting Actress Emily Blunt — “Oppenheimer” Danielle Brooks — “The Color Purple” America Ferrera — “Barbie” Jodie Foster — “Nyad” Da’Vine Joy Randolph — “The Holdovers” Best Director Justine Triet — “Anatomy of a Fall” Martin Scorsese — “Killers of the Flower Moon” Christopher Nolan — “Oppenheimer” Yorgos Lanthimos — “Poor Things” Jonathan Glazer — “The Zone of Interest” Best Original Screenplay “Anatomy of a Fall” “The Holdovers” “Maestro” “May December” “Past Lives” Best Adapted Screenplay “American Fiction” “Barbie” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” “The Zone of Interest” Best Cinematography “El Conde” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Maestro” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” Best Original Score “American Fiction” “Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” Best Song “The Fire Inside” — “Flamin’ Hot” “I’m Just Ken” — “Barbie” “It Never Went Away” — “American Symphony” “Wahzhazhe (A Song for My People)” — “Killers of the Flower Moon” “What Was I Made For?” — “Barbie” Best Editing “Anatomy of a Fall” “The Holdovers” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” Best Production Design “Barbie” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Napoleon” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” Best Costume Design “Barbie” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Napoleon” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” Best Makeup and Hairstyling “Golda” “Maestro” “Oppenheimer” “Poor Things” “The Zone of Interest” Best Sound “The Creator” “Maestro” “Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning Part One” “Oppenheimer” “The Zone of Interest” Best Visual Effects “The Creator” “Godzilla Minus One” “Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3” “Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning Part One” “Napoleon” Best International Feature “Io Capitano” “Perfect Days” “Society of the Snow” “The Teacher’s Lounge” “The Zone of Interest” Best Animated Feature “The Boy and the Heron” “Elemental” “Nimona” “Robot Dreams” “Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse” Best Animated Short “Letter to a Pig” “Ninety-Five Senses” “Our Uniform” “Pachyderme” “War Is Over! Inspired by the Music of John & Yoko” Best Live-Action Short “The After” “Invincible” “Knight of Fortune” “Red, White and Blue” “The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar” Best Documentary Feature “Bobi Wine: The People’s President” “The Eternal Memory” “Four Daughters” “To Kill a Tiger” “20 Days in Mariupol” Best Documentary Short “The ABCs of Book Banning” “The Barber of Little Rock” “Island in Between” “The Last Repair Shop” “Nǎi Nai and Wài Pó” . Advertisement
7196	dbpedia	3	20	https://actoroscar.blogspot.com/2014/08/alternate-best-actor-1933-warner-baxter.html	en	Best Actor: Alternate Best Actor 1933: Warner Baxter in 42nd Street	https://blogger.googleus…+42nd+street.PNG	https://blogger.googleus…+42nd+street.PNG	[ "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8is74HbV5BawSv4p-ODjctQXxz8LgvfRlW3hjqhqGgBBBq0VgSQwJ3Zmc_VeH1iPIl3DNqRFEJNfOomRbh1JnGkX-gLY5fDyAQlR0IWqQGKD6d9QMbU1InKt2QFEL0Il4h10m6Y3i2g8w/s1600/Warner+Baxter+42nd+street.PNG", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFB0vezyBX7F20WxKElimmKWxMaytssjZckhyphenhyphenc_7KVe-VVbsq_UYkwlspF1YgawrSfiqi8Tv1RcCAg9-7FsDuQD8_KjEWbLxMY6_-alKrEE-Gf97RBzkSE-wCX3PvV9_YOdqso7i76vU-B/s1600/4.png", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl7rls8oMiya4glGBdjZ83vaCHw3DS5ZWkkMEpTZVUe5X8HpYjlngQb5UTc4xrkS0nolPtDtYixbfZ3ZRIRfYu7eaKll35-C-blBHEhR9cvqRVgQwhs_gvt8qzS8bg5w/s45-c/Laurence+Olivier+s.png", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl7rls8oMiya4glGBdjZ83vaCHw3DS5ZWkkMEpTZVUe5X8HpYjlngQb5UTc4xrkS0nolPtDtYixbfZ3ZRIRfYu7eaKll35-C-blBHEhR9cvqRVgQwhs_gvt8qzS8bg5w/s45-c/Laurence+Olivier+s.png", "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl7rls8oMiya4glGBdjZ83vaCHw3DS5ZWkkMEpTZVUe5X8HpYjlngQb5UTc4xrkS0nolPtDtYixbfZ3ZRIRfYu7eaKll35-C-blBHEhR9cvqRVgQwhs_gvt8qzS8bg5w/s220/Laurence+Olivier+s.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Louis Morgan", "View my complete profile" ]	null	Warner Baxter did not receive an Oscar nomination Julian Marsh in 42nd Street. 42nd Street is an entertaining film that is the prototype...	en	https://actoroscar.blogspot.com/favicon.ico		https://actoroscar.blogspot.com/2014/08/alternate-best-actor-1933-warner-baxter.html
7196	dbpedia	3	2	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0062828/awards/	en	Warner Baxter	https://m.media-amazon.c…Mjpg_UX1000_.jpg	https://m.media-amazon.c…Mjpg_UX1000_.jpg	[ "https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/batch/1/OP/A1EVAM02EL8SFB:140-8259912-7257736:KKNN08Z1BZ2NZRASBVKG$uedata=s:%2Fuedata%2Fuedata%3Fstaticb%26id%3DKKNN08Z1BZ2NZRASBVKG:0", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQ3NTA0NDk0NV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMTUyNjU2._V1_QL75_UY133_CR3,0,90,133_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMjE0ODAxNzQ0M15BMl5BanBnXkFtZTgwNTk4ODQwMjE@._V1_QL75_UX50_CR0,0,50,74_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQ3NTA0NDk0NV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMTUyNjU2._V1_QL75_UX50_CR0,0,50,50_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/IMDb/Mobile/DesktopQRCode-png.png", "https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/batch/1/OP/A1EVAM02EL8SFB:140-8259912-7257736:KKNN08Z1BZ2NZRASBVKG$uedata=s:%2Fuedata%2Fuedata%3Fnoscript%26id%3DKKNN08Z1BZ2NZRASBVKG:0" ]	[]	[]	[ "Warner Baxter", "Awards", "Awards", "Nominations", "Oscars", "MTV Movie Awards", "Emmys", "Won", "Winner", "Nominated", "Nominee" ]	null	[ "IMDb" ]	null	Warner Baxter - Awards - IMDb - Awards, nominations, and wins	en	https://m.media-amazon.c…B1582158068_.png	IMDb	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0062828/awards/	1930 Winner Oscar Best Actor in a Leading Role In Old Arizona
7196	dbpedia	1	81	https://www.screentimecentral.com/leading-actor-oscar-nominees	en	Screen Time Central	https://static.wixstatic…01cfe0%7Emv2.jpg	https://static.wixstatic…01cfe0%7Emv2.jpg	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/0030f7_9bbd45032dab436d824a82a6d4fcf280~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_288,h_192,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/0030f7_9bbd45032dab436d824a82a6d4fcf280~mv2.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Screen time data for every Best Actor Oscar-nominated performance	en	https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico	Screen Time Central	https://www.screentimecentral.com/leading-actor-oscar-nominees	Emil Jannings (The Way of All Flesh) - unknown (lost film) Paul Muni (I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang) - 1:01:17 / 66.25% Clark Gable (Gone with the Wind) - 1:11:07 / 30.52% Gary Cooper (The Pride of the Yankees) - 1:16:51 / 59.84% Gary Cooper (For Whom the Bell Tolls) - 1:35:16 / 57.71% Bing Crosby (Going My Way) - 1:20:07 / 63.55% Cary Grant (None but the Lonely Heart) - 1:34:34 / 83.63% Gregory Peck (The Keys of the Kingdom) - 1:49:25 / 79.94% Fredric March (The Best Years of Our Lives) - 1:03:19 / 37.29% Dan Dailey (When My Baby Smiles At Me) - 48:36 / 52.25% Fredric March (Death of a Salesman) - 1:17:31 / 70.14% Montgomery Clift (A Place in the Sun) - 1:37:22 / 79.92% Kirk Douglas (The Bad and the Beautiful) - 1:08:29 / 58.18% Montgomery Clift (From Here to Eternity) - 1:02:10 / 52.73% James Mason (A Star Is Born) - 1:21:17 / 46.10% James Cagney (Love Me or Leave Me) - 1:06:48 / 54.84% Frank Sinatra (The Man with the Golden Arm) - 1:33:06 / 78.28% Yul Brynner (The King and I) - 1:01:23 / 42.49% Spencer Tracy (The Old Man and the Sea) - 1:12:43 / 84.02% Laurence Harvey (Room at the Top) - 1:33:50 / 80.12% Richard Burton (The Spy Who Came in from the Cold) - 1:21:03 / 72.33% Alan Arkin (The Russians Are Coming The Russians Are Coming) - 37:39 / 29.93% Paul Scofield (A Man for All Seasons) - 1:14:10 / 61.62% Rod Steiger (In the Heat of the Night) - 48:21 / 44.05% Warren Beatty (Bonnie and Clyde) - 1:09:10 / 62.10% Alan Arkin (The Heart is a Lonely Hunter) - 1:01:54 / 50.03% Melvyn Douglas (I Never Sang for My Father) - 44:09 / 47.96% Jack Nicholson (The Last Detail) - 1:19:24 / 76.42% Jack Nicholson (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) - 1:14:33 / 55.89% Maximilian Schell (The Man in the Glass Booth) - 1:27:58 / 75.66% Al Pacino (...And Justice for All) - 1:27:05 / 73.20% Tom Cruise (Born on the Fourth of July) - 1:34:09 / 65.34% Laurence Fishburne (What's Love Got to Do with It) - 58:07 / 49.50% Daniel Day-Lewis (In the Name of the Father) - 1:18:03 / 58.79% Anthony Hopkins (The Remains of the Day) - 1:21:07 / 60.47% Massimo Troisi (The Postman) - 1:10:26 / 65.10% Woody Harrelson (The People vs. Larry Flynt) - 1:10:44 / 54.51% Jack Nicholson (As Good As It Gets) - 1:16:55 / 55.53% Forest Whitaker (The Last King of Scotland) - 42:34 / 34.63% Will Smith (The Pursuit of Happyness) - 1:42:19 / 87.15% Johnny Depp (Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street) - 1:03:09 / 54.32% Tommy Lee Jones (In the Valley of Elah) - 1:06:12 / 54.65% Daniel Day-Lewis (There Will Be Blood) - 1:57:00 / 73.93% Brad Pitt (The Curious Case of Benjamin Button) - 1:25:40 / 51.61% George Clooney (Up in the Air) - 1:13:56 / 67.63% Demian Bichir (A Better Life) - 1:02:49 / 64.48% Chiwetel Ejiofor (12 Years a Slave) - 1:37:18 / 72.59% Leonardo DiCaprio (The Wolf of Wall Street) - 2:21:07 / 78.54% Eddie Redmayne (The Theory of Everything) - 1:17:13 / 62.63% Casey Affleck (Manchester by the Sea) - 1:40:02 / 72.80% Daniel Kaluuya (Get Out) - 1:06:23 / 63.84% Timothée Chalamet (Call Me By Your Name) - 1:49:34 / 83.09% Bradley Cooper (A Star Is Born) - 1:35:13 / 70.22% Leonardo DiCaprio (Once Upon a Time in Hollywood) - 1:01:12 / 37.93% Jonathan Pryce (The Two Popes) - 1:12:42 / 57.71% Adam Driver (Marriage Story) - 1:25:03 / 62.10% Denzel Washington (The Tragedy of Macbeth) - 43:36 / 41.48% Benedict Cumberbatch (The Power of the Dog) - 58:37 / 45.55% Will Smith (King Richard) - 1:30:10 / 62.33%
7196	dbpedia	3	61	http://www.welcometosilentmovies.com/features/starhomes/home2.htm	en	The Estate of Warner Baxter, Bel			[ "http://www.welcometosilentmovies.com/features/starhomes/baxter.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Despite the fact that he'd been in films since 1917, Warner Baxter never really made much of an impact on the silent era. It wasn't until his 1929 Academy Award-winning performance as the Cisco Kid in In Old Arizona that he gained greater recognition. He made a few more notable pictures in the 1930s, including his signature role as impresario Julian Marsh in 42nd Street, before his declining mental health forced him to retire. He died in 1951. His four acre, Tudor-style home on Nimes Road was built in 1933. Like its owner, the house was "solid, stolid and uneccentric..nothing flashy, with everything in quiet good taste."
7196	dbpedia	1	78	https://wildrumpusbooks.com/book/9798887712253	en	The Accidental Star - The Life and Films of Warner Baxter (hardback)	https://wildrumpusbooks.…avicon-32x32.png	https://wildrumpusbooks.…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://wildrumpusbooks.com/sites/default/files/styles/logo/public/2024-05/wild-rumpus-logo-no-address-2020.jpg?itok=0h0jv-yY", "https://images.booksense.com/images/253/712/9798887712253.jpg", "https://wildrumpusbooks.com/themes/custom/bookworm/images/ada_compliance.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A Best Actor Academy Award on his mantle, a four-decade-long acting career on his resume, 104 feature films in his filmography, enough great reviews to fill a dozen scrapbooks, the highest paid actor in Hollywood in 1938, and the second highest in 1937, a popular star admired and loved by coworkers and fans everywhere, a man beloved by his wife, family, and friends whose philanthropy, community service, and acts of kindness won him wide approbation. Those were but a few of the accomplishments of Warner Baxter, the actor and the man. Yet in spite of all his achievements, the life of Warner Baxter was no bed of roses. An insecure, troubled man bedeviled by grave self-doubts, negative thoughts and inner demons which he never seemed totally able to control, Baxter often appeared incapable of enjoying his many triumphs. On a surface level, his unhappiness and inner turmoil appear irrational, but when one learns his history, past experiences, and the astonishing series of accidents, injuries, and catastrophes which befell Baxter and those closest to him throughout his life, his insecurities and instability become considerably more understandable. Similarly sad is the fact that since his early death in 1951, Warner Baxter's fame and professional legacy have basically faded into oblivion, an unjust victim of time and neglect. Who was Warner Baxter? Why is he important? How is it possible such an acclaimed and popular actor, someone so admired by fans and Hollywood elites during his heyday could be disregarded and/or forgotten today? The Accidental Star chronicles the dramatic life and career of this talented, versatile and vastly underrated film star in an attempt to answer those questions. A native of Charlotte, Michigan, author, biographer Dan Van Neste has been chronicling entertainment history for over thirty years. He is the author of three acclaimed film books: The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows (2011), The Magnificent Heel: The Life and Films of Ricardo Cortez (2017), and They Coulda Been Contenders: Twelve Actors Who Should Have Been Cinematic Superstars (2019). He lives in Lansing, Michigan.	en	/sites/default/files/2024-05/favicon-32x32.png	IndieCommerce	https://wildrumpusbooks.com/book/9798887712253	Description A Best Actor Academy Award on his mantle, a four-decade-long acting career on his resume, 104 feature films in his filmography, enough great reviews to fill a dozen scrapbooks, the highest paid actor in Hollywood in 1938, and the second highest in 1937, a popular star admired and loved by coworkers and fans everywhere, a man beloved by his wife, family, and friends whose philanthropy, community service, and acts of kindness won him wide approbation. Those were but a few of the accomplishments of Warner Baxter, the actor and the man. Yet in spite of all his achievements, the life of Warner Baxter was no bed of roses. An insecure, troubled man bedeviled by grave self-doubts, negative thoughts and inner demons which he never seemed totally able to control, Baxter often appeared incapable of enjoying his many triumphs. On a surface level, his unhappiness and inner turmoil appear irrational, but when one learns his history, past experiences, and the astonishing series of accidents, injuries, and catastrophes which befell Baxter and those closest to him throughout his life, his insecurities and instability become considerably more understandable. Similarly sad is the fact that since his early death in 1951, Warner Baxter's fame and professional legacy have basically faded into oblivion, an unjust victim of time and neglect. Who was Warner Baxter? Why is he important? How is it possible such an acclaimed and popular actor, someone so admired by fans and Hollywood elites during his heyday could be disregarded and/or forgotten today? The Accidental Star chronicles the dramatic life and career of this talented, versatile and vastly underrated film star in an attempt to answer those questions. A native of Charlotte, Michigan, author, biographer Dan Van Neste has been chronicling entertainment history for over thirty years. He is the author of three acclaimed film books: The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows (2011), The Magnificent Heel: The Life and Films of Ricardo Cortez (2017), and They Coulda Been Contenders: Twelve Actors Who Should Have Been Cinematic Superstars (2019). He lives in Lansing, Michigan.
7196	dbpedia	2	95	https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/33239650431103-warner-baxter	en	Warner Baxter	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://static.rrauction.com/images/logos/RRAuctionLogo.svg", "https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.png", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3323/3323965_1.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/images/thumbnails/dna-pre-certified2_thumb.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "RR Auction" ]	null	Sold for $0 \| Vintage matte-finish 8 x 10 photo of Baxter in his Academy Award-winning role as the Cisco Kid, signed and inscribed in fountain pen,	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/33239650431103-warner-baxter	Vintage matte-finish 8 x 10 photo of Baxter in his Academy Award-winning role as the Cisco Kid, signed and inscribed in fountain pen, “For—Mr. and Mrs. Jacques, with my sincere best wishes always, Warner Baxter.” Mounting and old tape remnants to corner tips, a missing corner tip, a couple horizontal creases to left edge, and a bit of mild rippling, otherwise fine condition. Pre-certified PSA/DNA and RR Auction COA. Auction Info Auction Title: Hollywood Auction Dates: #431 - Ended June 26, 2014 This item is Pre-Certified by PSA/DNA Buy a third-party letter of authenticity for $35.00 *This item has been pre-certified by a trusted third-party authentication service, and by placing a bid on this item, you agree to accept the opinion of this authentication service. If you wish to have an opinion rendered by a different authenticator of your choosing, you must do so prior to your placing of any bid. RR Auction is not responsible for differing opinions submitted 30 days after the date of the sale.
7196	dbpedia	0	62	https://www.digitalhit.com/academy-awards/19th/winners/	en	19th Annual Academy Awards Results and Commentary (1947)	https://www.digitalhit.c…emy/fboscars.jpg	https://www.digitalhit.c…emy/fboscars.jpg	[ "https://www.digitalhit.com/graphics/960oscar.jpg" ]	[ "https://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=000000&IS2=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=digitalhitentert&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B009L147EE" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Results and commentary	en	/favicon.svg	DigitalHit.com	https://www.digitalhit.com/academy-awards/19th/winners/	©A.M.P.A.S.® Date of Ceremony: Thursday, March 13, 1947 For films released in: 1946 Host(s): Jack Benny Nominations List Other years: < 18th 20th > Jack Benny hosted the 19th Academy Awards when they were presented at the Shrine Auditorium on Thursday, March 13, 1947. Moving to the Shrine allowed tickets to be sold to the public and for the first time the general public will able to witness Hollywood’s biggest night. The Best Years of Our Lives and its post-war story took home seven of eight awards it was nominated for: Best Motion Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Film Editing, Best Music (Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture), and Best Writing (Screenplay). Results Best Motion Picture The Best Years of Our Lives Samuel Goldwyn Productions Best Directing The Best Years of Our Lives William Wyler Best Actor The Best Years of Our Lives Fredric March Best Actress To Each His Own Olivia de Havilland Best Actor in a Supporting Role The Best Years of Our Lives Harold Russell Best Actress in a Supporting Role The Razor's Edge Anne Baxter Best Art Direction (Black-and-White) Anna and the King of Siam Lyle Wheeler , William Darling , Thomas Little and Frank E. Hughes Best Art Direction (Color) The Yearling Cedric Gibbons , Paul Groesse and Edwin B. Willis Best Cinematography (Black-and-White) Anna and the King of Siam Arthur Miller Best Cinematography (Color) The Yearling Charles Rosher, Leonard Smith and Arthur Arling Best Documentary (Short Subject) Seeds of Destiny United States Department of War Best Film Editing The Best Years of Our Lives Daniel Mandell Best Music (Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture) The Best Years of Our Lives Hugo Friedhofer Best Music (Scoring of a Musical Picture) The Jolson Story Morris Stoloff Best Music (Song) The Harvey Girls "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer Best Short Subject (Cartoon) The Cat Concerto Frederick Quimby Best Short Subject (One-reel) Facing Your Danger Gordon Hollingshead Best Short Subject (Two-reel) A Boy and His Dog Gordon Hollingshead Best Sound Recording The Jolson Story Columbia Studio Sound Department and John Livadary Best Special Effects Blithe Spirit Thomas Howard Best Writing (Original Screenplay) The Seventh Veil Muriel Box and Sydney Box Best Writing (Screenplay) The Best Years of Our Lives Robert E. Sherwood Best Writing (Original Motion Picture Story) Vacation from Marriage Clemence Dane Special Award Laurence Olivier Note: …for his outstanding achievement as actor, producer and director in bringing Henry V to the screen. Harold Russell Note: …for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance in The Best Years of Our Lives. Ernst Lubitsch Note: …for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture. Claude Jarman Jr Note: …outstanding child actor of 1946. Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Samuel Goldwyn Scientific or Technical Award (Class III) Harlan L. Baumbach and Paramount West Coast Laboratory Note: …for an improved method for the quantitative determination of hydroquinone and metol in photographic developing baths. Herbert E. Britt Note: …for the development and application of formulas and equipment for producing cloud and smoke effects. Burton F. Miller and Warner Bros. Studio Sound and Electrical Departments Note: …for the design and construction of a motion picture arc lighting generator filter. Carl W. Faulkner Note: …for the reversed bias method, including a double bias method for light valve and galvonometer density recording. Mole-Richardson Company Note: …for the Type 450 super high intensity carbon arc lamp. Arthur F. Blinn, Robert O. Cook, C.O. Slyfield and Walt Disney Studio Sound Department Note: …for the design and development of an audio finder and track viewer for checking and locating noise in sound tracks. Burton F. Miller and Warner Bros. Studio Sound Department Note: …for the design and application of an equalizer to eliminate relative spectral energy distortion in electronic compressors. Marty Martin and Hal Adkins Note: …for the design and construction of equipment providing visual bullet effects. Harold Nye and Warner Bros. Studio Electrical Department Note: …for the development of the electronically controlled fire and gaslight effect.
7196	dbpedia	3	60	https://www.album-online.com/detail/en/M2JiYTcwMA/warner-baxter-1934-leroy-march-1889-may-1951-was-american-alb4053242	en	Warner Baxter, 1934. Artist: Unknown.	https://www.album-online…m_alb4053242.jpg	https://www.album-online…m_alb4053242.jpg	[ "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/logo-album-66h.png", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/logo-a-40h.png", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/search.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/plus.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/camera.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/photos/prev/M2JiYTcwMA/album_alb4053242.jpg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/pinterest_black.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/twitter_black.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/facebook_black.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/copy_black.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/envelope_black.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/add_item.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/remove_item.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/print.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/share.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/web/views/images/wait.gif", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/facebook.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/linkedin.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/pinterest.svg", "https://www.album-online.com/common/images/twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Download this stock image (alb4053242) from album-online.com - Warner Baxter, 1934. Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 - May 7, 1951) was an American actor, known for his role as The Cisco Kid in In Old Arizona (1929), for which he won the second Academy Award for Best Actor in the 1928?1929 Academy Awards. From An Album of Film Stars; Second Series issued by John Player & Sons. [Imperial Tobacco & Co Ltd, 1934].	en		Album	https://www.album-online.com/detail/en/M2JiYTcwMA/warner-baxter-1934-leroy-march-1889-may-1951-was-american-alb4053242
7196	dbpedia	3	76	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_old_arizona	en	In Old Arizona	https://resizing.flixste…735_p_v10_aa.jpg	https://resizing.flixste…735_p_v10_aa.jpg	[ "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/rtlogo.9b892cff3fd.png", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/5b6ff500-1663-11ec-ae31-05a670d2d590--rtactordefault.png", "https://resizing.flixster.com/G791AWTQ4l-d6VvP1sVcHqmWENA=/fit-in/128x128/v2/http://resizing.flixster.com/44jlDHD3soEKOxBMSGOKLrMDfDQ=/128x128/v1.YzsyNDg3O2c7MTk5ODA7MjA0ODsxNTI7MTY4", "https://resizing.flixster.com/NVxISzql9b4W_NwUdIxPb4QlVLE=/fit-in/128x128/v2/http://resizing.flixster.com/ux1y79dvS7SQpj_MBw6Z6GB438s=/128x128/v1.YzszMzQ0O2c7MTk5ODA7MjA0ODsxNTA7MTUw", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/5b6ff500-1663-11ec-ae31-05a670d2d590--rtactordefault.png", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/5b6ff500-1663-11ec-ae31-05a670d2d590--rtactordefault.png", "https://resizing.flixster.com/2IlKpSeQ_OqZl2fdFvf58LtWg_I=/fit-in/128x128/v2/http://resizing.flixster.com/aIvZHmaymHbAOim6yFaoEpncuNM=/38x40/v1.YzsxNjM4O2c7MTk5ODA7MjA0ODszODs0MA", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1929-01-20T00:00:00	In this early Western, notorious bandit the Cisco Kid (Warner Baxter) is so feared that he rarely has to fire his gun to rob a stagecoach. His ravishing girlfriend, Tonia (Dorothy Burgess), often accuses him of being unfaithful, but he assures her that he loves only her, and even composes a song in her name. When Cavalry Sgt. Mickey Dunn (Edmund Lowe) arrives with a mission to capture or kill the Mexican Robin Hood, Cisco matches wits with him and discovers an unexpected betrayal.	en	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/favicon.ico	Rotten Tomatoes	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_old_arizona	Let's keep in touch! > Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on: Upcoming Movies and TV shows Rotten Tomatoes Podcast Media News + More Sign me up No thanks
7196	dbpedia	1	80	https://letterboxd.com/actor/warner-baxter/	en	Films starring Warner Baxter	https://s.ltrbxd.com/sta…are.a06cd562.png	https://s.ltrbxd.com/sta…are.a06cd562.png	[ "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", 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"https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty-poster-150.8e416b46.png", "https://s.ltrbxd.com/static/img/empty.f00c82c0.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Films starring Warner Baxter	en	https://s.ltrbxd.com/sta…6px.a8f34e0d.svg		https://letterboxd.com/actor/warner-baxter/	Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as The Cisco Kid in the 1928 film In Old Arizona for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in westerns, and played The Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career.
7196	dbpedia	1	38	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/warner-baxter-2nd-actor-to-win-the-academy-awards-best-actor-oscar-for-his-role-in-old-arizona-baxter-was-an--567453621785332866/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-03-10T12:43:49+00:00	Warner Baxter. 2nd Actor to win the Academy Awards' Best Actor Oscar (for his role in Old Arizona). Baxter was an American actor who started his movie career in silent movies. Baxter's most notable silent films are probably The Great Gatsby (1926) and The Awful Truth (1925). When talkies came out, Baxter became even more famous. Baxter's most notable talkies are In Old Arizona (1929), 42nd Street (1932), Slave Ship (1937), Kidnapped (1938) and The Slippery Pearls.	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/warner-baxter-2nd-actor-to-win-the-academy-awards-best-actor-oscar-for-his-role-in-old-arizona-baxter-was-an-ame--149604018845958654/
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"https://people.com/thmb/F1aZn9rEatijk9c_Q-OXDxMFCmg=/282x188/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/it-ends-with-us-043024-6-c1a3768b5cc24e79bdeab683bec4d3bb.jpg", "https://people.com/thmb/F1aZn9rEatijk9c_Q-OXDxMFCmg=/282x188/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/it-ends-with-us-043024-6-c1a3768b5cc24e79bdeab683bec4d3bb.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alexandra Schonfeld", "www.facebook.com" ]	2023-03-12T13:00:00-04:00	From Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington to Sidney Poitier and Brendan Fraser, a list of every man who has ever won the Best Actor award at the Oscars	en	/favicon.ico	Peoplemag	https://people.com/movies/best-actor-oscars-winners-through-the-years/	Since the first ceremony nearly 100 years ago, the Academy Awards have recognized some of the greatest performances both in front of — and behind — the camera in film. As part of each year's celebration, dating all the way back to 1929, a select group of actors and actresses are honored for their performances in some of the previous year's most lauded films. From Sidney Poitier becoming the first Black man to win the title in 1964 to Daniel Day-Lewis' reign as the winningest actor in the category, here's a look back at every actor who has won the award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. 2023: Brendan Fraser, The Whale Following a decades-long break from the industry, Oscar winner Fraser made a triumphant return in The Whale, which follows the story of a reclusive man trying to repair his relationship with his teen daughter. 2022: Will Smith, King Richard Smith won his first Oscar in 2022 for his performance as Richard Williams — Venus and Serena's father — in King Richard. The moment was overshadowed, though, as earlier in the night the actor slapped comedian Chris Rock on stage following a joke about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith. 2021: Anthony Hopkins, The Father Hopkins became the oldest star to win the Best Actor title when he was awarded the prize for his performance in The Father at age 83. 2020: Joaquin Phoenix, Joker Phoenix won the award for his role as the titular villain. The actor is currently filming the movie's sequel, Joker: Folie à Deux. 2019: Rami Malek, Bohemian Rhapsody Malek's performance as Freddie Mercury in the biographical Bohemian Rhapsody, about Queen's rise to stardom, won him the award in 2019. 2018: Gary Oldman, Darkest Hour Oldman took home the award in 2018 for his role as Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. 2017: Casey Affleck, Manchester by the Sea Affleck won the Best Actor title in 2017 for his performance as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. 2016: Leonardo DiCaprio, The Revenant More than two decades after his first Oscar nomination, DiCaprio took home the award for Best Actor for his role as frontiersman Hugh Glass in The Revenant in 2016. 2015: Eddie Redmayne, The Theory of Everything Redmayne won the award for his performance as theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, alongside Felicity Jones. 2014: Matthew McConaughey, Dallas Buyers Club In 2014, McConaughey won his first Oscar for his performance as Ron Woodroof in Dallas Buyers Club. The film was based on Woodroof's real-life story of being diagnosed with HIV and smuggling medicine into Texas to give to others living with the disease. 2013: Daniel Day-Lewis, Lincoln Day-Lewis scored his third Oscar in 2013 for Best Actor for his performance as Abraham Lincoln; the feat made him the winningest actor in the category's history. 2012: Jean Dujardin, The Artist In the silent, black-and-white film, The Artist, Dujardin's performance as a screen star, George Valentin, won him the award in 2012. 2011: Colin Firth, The King's Speech Firth won the award in 2011 for his performance as King George VI in The King's Speech. 2010: Jeff Bridges, Crazy Heart Bridges' performance as country singer Otis "Bad" Blake in Crazy Heart won the actor the award in 2010. Bridges also sang on the soundtrack for the film, covering Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire." 2009: Sean Penn, Milk Penn's portrayal of Harvey Milk — California's first openly gay elected official — won him his second Oscar for Best Actor in 2009. 2008: Daniel Day-Lewis, There Will Be Blood Day-Lewis' second Oscar came in 2008 for his performance as Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood. 2007: Forest Whitaker, The Last King of Scotland Whitaker's portrayal of Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland won him the award in 2007. 2006: Philip Seymour Hoffman, Capote Seymour Hoffman's first Oscar nomination also yielded his first, and only, win in 2006 for his performance as Truman Capote in Capote. The actor died less than a decade later in 2014 at the age of 46. 2005: Jamie Foxx, Ray Foxx won the award for his portrayal of the iconic musician, Ray Charles, in Ray in 2005. 2004: Sean Penn, Mystic River Penn picked up his first Oscar for Best Actor in 2004 for his performance as Jimmy Markum in Mystic River. 2003: Adrien Brody, The Pianist Brody's portrayal of Wladyslaw Szpilman in the autobiography adaptation, The Pianist, won him the award in 2003. 2002: Denzel Washington, Training Day Washington took home his second Oscar in 2002 for his performance in Training Day as Alonzo Harris. In 2022, he received his 10th Oscar nomination for his work in The Tragedy of Macbeth and extended his record as the most-nominated Black actor in Academy Awards history. 2001: Russell Crowe, Gladiator Crowe scored the award in 2001 for his role as Maximus in Ridley Scott's Gladiator. 2000: Kevin Spacey, American Beauty Spacey's performance as Lester Burnham in American Beauty won him the title in 2000. 1999: Roberto Benigni, Life Is Beautiful Benigni both starred in and directed 1998's Life Is Beautiful ,which won him the award for Best Actor in 1999. 1998: Jack Nicholson, As Good as It Gets Nicholson's performance as Melvin Udall in As Good As It Gets won him his second Best Actor award — and third overall Oscar including his Best Actor in a Supporting Role in 1984 for his performance in Terms of Endearment. 1997: Geoffrey Rush, Shine Rush took him the award in 1997 for his role as piano prodigy David Helfgott in Shine. 1996: Nicolas Cage, Leaving Las Vegas Cage won the award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Ben Sanderson in the film adaptation of the novel of the same name, Leaving Las Vegas. 1995: Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump Hanks won back-to-back awards in the category, first for his role in 1993's Philadelphia and second for his role as the titular character in Forrest Gump. 1994: Tom Hanks, Philadelphia Hanks took home his first Oscar in 1994 for his portrayal of Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia. 1993: Al Pacino, Scent of a Woman Pacino won his sole Oscar in 1993 for his performance in Scent of a Woman as Lt. Colonel Frank Slade, a veteran who unbeknownst to his caretaking niece, persuades a young man she's hired to look after him to drive him to New York City. 1992: Anthony Hopkins, The Silence of the Lambs Portraying the psychopathic killer Hannibal Lecter, Hopkins' performance in The Silence of the Lambs won him the award in 1992. 1991: Jeremy Irons, Reversal of Fortune Irons' starring role as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune won him the title in 1991. 1990: Daniel Day-Lewis, My Left Foot Day-Lewis took home his first Oscar in 1990 for his role as Christy Brown in My Left Foot. 1989: Dustin Hoffman, Rain Man Hoffman received his second Oscar in 1989 for his performance as Raymond Babbitt in Rain Man. 1988: Michael Douglas, Wall Street Douglas' role in the first Wall Street film as Gordon Gekko won him the award for Best Actor in 1988. Douglas reprised the role more than two decades later in the 2010 sequel Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps 1987: Paul Newman, The Color of Money After decades in the industry, Newman won his first competitive Oscar in 1987 for his performance as Eddie Felson in The Color of Money. The year prior, he won an honorary award for his career as a whole. 1986: William Hurt, Kiss of the Spider Woman Hurt won the award in 1986 for his performance as Luis Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman. 1985: F. Murray Abraham, Amadeus White Lotus star Abraham scored an Oscar in 1985 for his performance in Amadeus as a composer, Antonio Salieri, whose rival is none other than Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 1984: Robert Duvall, Tender Mercies Duvall's performance as Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies won the actor the award in 1984. 1983: Ben Kingsley, Gandhi Kingsley's portrayal of the titular character in the biographical film won him the Best Actor honor in 1984. 1982: Henry Fonda, On Golden Pond Though Fonda was unable to attend the 1982 ceremony in person, his daughter, Jane, accepted the award on his behalf and delivered it to the actor for his performance as Norman Thayer Jr. in On Golden Pond. At the time was the oldest actor to have received the honor. 1981: Robert De Niro, Raging Bull De Niro's performance as Jake LaMotta in Martin Scorsese's Raging Bull won the actor the title in 1981. 1980: Dustin Hoffman, Kramer vs. Kramer Hoffman took home the Oscar in 1980 for his performance as Ted Kramer in Kramer vs. Kramer. 1979: Jon Voight, Coming Home Voight's performance in Coming Home as Luke Martin won him the Oscar in 1979. Jane Fonda also won the Oscar this year for her performance opposite Voight. 1978: Richard Dreyfuss, The Goodbye Girl Dreyfuss' performance as Elliot Garfield in The Goodbye Girl won him the Oscar in 1978. 1977: Peter Finch, Network Finch took home the award in 1977 for his performance as anchorman Howard Beale in Network. 1976: Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Nicholson won his first Oscar in 1976 for his performance as Randle Patrick McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. 1975: Art Carney, Harry and Tonto Carney won the award in 1975 for his performance as Harry Coombes in Harry and Tonto. 1974: Jack Lemmon, Save the Tiger Lemmon's performance as Harry Stoner in Save the Tiger won him the title in 1974. 1973: Marlon Brando, The Godfather Native American activist Sacheen Littlefeather famously appeared on Brando's behalf in 1973 and refused to accept the award for his performance as Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather due to the film industry's treatment of Native Americans. 1972: Gene Hackman, The French Connection Hackman's performance as detective Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle in The French Connection won him the award in 1972. 1971: George C. Scott, Patton Scott took home the award in 1971 for his performance as General George S. Patton in Patton. 1970: John Wayne, True Grit Wayne won the Oscar in 1970 for his performance as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit. 1969: Cliff Robertson, Charly Robertson's portrayal of the titular character in Charly earned him the award for Best Actor in 1969. 1968: Rod Steiger, In the Heat of the Night Steiger took home the award in 1968 for his performance as Police Chief Bill Gillespie in In The Heat of the Night, which he starred in with Sidney Poitier. 1967: Paul Scofield, A Man for All Seasons Scofield's performance as Sir Thomas Moore in A Man for All Seasons won him the award in 1967. 1966: Lee Marvin, Cat Ballou Marvin nabbed the award in 1966 for his performance as both Kid Shelleen and Tim Strawn in Cat Ballou. 1965: Rex Harrison, My Fair Lady Harrison's performance as Professor Henry Higgins alongside Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady won the award in 1965. 1964: Sidney Poitier, Lilies of the Field Poitier became the first Black man to win Best Actor in 1962 for his performance as Homer Smith, a handyman building a chapel in the desert, in Lilies of the Field. 1963: Gregory Peck, To Kill a Mockingbird Peck's performance as Atticus Finch in the screen adaptation of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird won the award in 1963. 1962: Maximilian Schell, Judgement at Nuremberg Schell took him the award in 1962 for his portrayal of defense attorney Hans Rolfe in Judgement at Nuremberg. 1961: Burt Lancaster, Elmer Gantry Lancaster's performance as the titular character in Elmer Gantry earned him the award in 1961. 1960: Charlton Heston, Ben-Hur Heston's performance as Judah Ben-Hur in Ben-Hur won him the award in 1960. 1959: David Niven, Separate Tables In 1959, Niven took home the award for Best Actor for his performance as veteran Major Angus Pollack in Separate Tables. 1958: Alec Guinness, The Bridge on the River Kwai Guinness earned the award in 1958 for his performance as Colonel Nicholson in the war film The Bridge on the River Kwai. 1957: Yul Brynner, The King and I Brynner's portrayal of King Mongkut in the film adaptation of the classic Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, The King and I, won him the award in 1957. 1956: Ernest Borgnine, Marty Borgnine's performance as the titular character in the romance film, Marty, won the award in 1956. 1955: Marlon Brando, On the Waterfront Brando's role of Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront won the actor his first Oscar. 1954: William Holden, Stalag 17 Holden won the award for Best Actor in 1954 for his performance as Sgt. J.J. Sefton in Stalag 17. 1953: Gary Cooper, High Noon Cooper's performance as Will Kane in High Noon, alongside Grace Kelly, won him the title in 1953. 1952: Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen Bogart's performance as Charlie Allnut in The African Queen earned the award in 1952. 1951: José Ferrer, Cyrano de Bergerac Ferrer took home the award in 1951 for his performance as the titular character in the film adaption of the play of the same name by Edmond Rostand. 1950: Broderick Crawford, All the King's Men Crawford's portrayal of Willie Stark in 1949's All the King's Men won him the award in 1950. 1949: Laurence Olivier, Hamlet Olivier's performance as the titular character in Hamlet — which he also directed and wrote the screenplay for — won him the Oscar for Best Actor in a leading role. The film also won the award for Best Picture. 1948: Ronald Colman, A Double Life Colman won the award in 1948 for his performance as Anthony John in A Double Life. 1947: Fredric March, The Best Years of Our Lives March's performance as Al Stephenson in The Best Years of Our Lives won him the Oscar in 1947. 1946: Ray Milland, The Lost Weekend Milland's starring role as Don Birnam in the film adaptation of the novel of the same name earned the actor the award in 1946. 1945: Bing Crosby, Going My Way Crosby won the award in 1945 for his performance as Father O'Malley in Going My Way. 1944: Paul Lukas, Watch on the Rhine Lukas won the award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Kurt Muller in Watch on The Rhine. 1943: James Cagney, Yankee Doodle Dandy Cagney's portrayal of real-life composer, playwright and performer George M. Cohan in Yankee Doodle Dandy won him the title in 1943. 1942: Gary Cooper, Sergeant York Cooper took home the award in 1942 for his performance as Alvin C. York in Sergeant York. 1941: James Stewart, The Philadelphia Story Stewart's performance as Macaulay Connor in The Philadelphia Story alongside Katharine Hepburn won him the Oscar in 1941. 1940: Robert Donat, Goodbye, Mr. Chips Donat took home the award in 1940 for his role as Arthur Chipping in Goodbye, Mr. Chips. 1939: Spencer Tracy, Boys Town Tracy won the award in 1939 for his performance as Father Flanagan in Boys Town. 1938: Spencer Tracy, Captains Courageous Tracy's starring role as Manuel Fidello in Captains Courageous won the award in 1938. 1937: Paul Muni, The Story of Louis Pasteur Muni took home the award in 1937 for his starring role as Louis Pasteur in The Story of Louis Pasteur. 1936: Victor McLaglen, The Informer McLaglen's performance as Gypo Nolan in The Informer won him the award in 1936. 1935: Clark Gable, It Happened One Night Legendary actor Gable took home his first and only Oscar in 1935 for his performance as Peter Warne in It Happened One Night. 1934: Charles Laughton, The Private Life of Henry VIII Laughton's role as the titular character in The Private Life of Henry VIII won him the award in 1934. 1933: Wallace Beery, The Champ Beery earned the award in 1933 for his performance as Champ in The Champ. 1932: Lionel Barrymore, A Free Soul Barrymore won the award for his performance as Stephen Ashe in A Free Soul. 1931: George Arliss, Disraeli Arliss' portrayal of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli won the actor the title. 1930: Warner Baxter, In Old Arizona Baxter won the award for his performance as the Cisco Kid in the Western film, In Old Arizona. 1929: Emil Jannings, The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command
7196	dbpedia	2	82	https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Warner-Baxter/awards	en	Warner Baxter Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Warner Baxter	https://static.toiimg.com/imagenext/medley-topic/thumb/photo/image/show/83/Warner-Baxter?imgsize=7984	https://static.toiimg.com/imagenext/medley-topic/thumb/photo/image/show/83/Warner-Baxter?imgsize=7984	[ "https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/imgsize-23456,msid-61472593,width-168,resizemode-4/61472593.jpg", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=593671331875494&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "Warner Baxter", "Warner Baxter Movies", "Warner Baxter Photos", "Warner Baxter Biography", "Warner Baxter news" ]	null	[]	null	Warner Baxter Awards: Check out the list of awards and nominations received by Warner Baxter. Warner Baxter has won 0 awards.	en	https://m.timesofindia.c…-precomposed.png	The Times of India	https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Warner-Baxter/awards
7196	dbpedia	0	58	https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/03/10/oppenheimer-crowned-best-picture-at-an-academy-awards-shadowed-by-war/	en	‘Oppenheimer’ crowned best picture at an Academy Awards shadowed by war	https://www.bostonherald…jpg?w=1024&h=677	https://www.bostonherald…jpg?w=1024&h=677	[ "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/BostonHerald_WebsiteLogoBlue.svg", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_10503_ecce97-1.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_44648_edf006.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_98284.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_61150_4437ee.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Oscars-Jimmy_Kimmel_01265_341036.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_33710.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Portraits_75128.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Arrivals_56531.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Arrivals_00654.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Arrivals_40251.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Portraits_24794.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Portraits_33612.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Arrivals_29047.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Portraits_74266.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/96th_Academy_Awards_Oscar_Nominees_Luncheon_-_Portraits_58937.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_31439_a18b98.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_65024_25dabc.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_89053_81a114.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_45489_e1a6b5.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Awards_Season_98641_69982e.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Oscars_Blockbusters_92893.jpg?w=620", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Meningitis_Deaths_Michigan_56229.jpg?w=525", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Obit_Scott_Bloomquist_65705.jpg?w=452", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Herald_BridgePhoto.jpg", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Herald_BridgePhoto.jpg", "https://www.bostonherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/BostonHerald_WebsiteLogoBlue.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Associated Press" ]	2024-03-10T00:00:00	“Oppenheimer,” a solemn three-hour biopic that became an unlikely billion-dollar box-office sensation, was crowed best picture at a 96th Academy Awards that doubled as a coronation for Christopher Nolan. The most closely watched contest of the Academy Awards went to Emma Stone, who won best best actress for her performance as Bella Baxter in “Poor Things.” Christopher Nolan and Cillian Murphy have won their first Oscars. Robert Downey Jr. won best supporting actor at the Academy Awards, notching his first Oscar and handing the 58-year-old actor a crowning moment in an up-and-down career. Protests over Israel’s war in Gaza snarled traffic around the Academy Awards on Sunday, slowing stars’ arrival at the red carpet and turning the Oscar spotlight toward the ongoing conflict.	en	https://www.bostonherald…aldIcon.jpg?w=32	Boston Herald	https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/03/10/oppenheimer-crowned-best-picture-at-an-academy-awards-shadowed-by-war/	By JAKE COYLE (AP Film Writer) LOS ANGELES (AP) — “Oppenheimer,” a solemn three-hour biopic that became an unlikely billion-dollar box-office sensation, was crowned best picture at a 96th Academy Awards that doubled as a coronation for Christopher Nolan. After passing over arguably Hollywood’s foremost big-screen auteur for years, the Oscars made up for lost time by heaping seven awards on Nolan’s blockbuster biopic, including best actor for Cillian Murphy, best supporting actor for Robert Downey Jr. and best director for Nolan. In anointing “Oppenheimer,” the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences did something it hasn’t done for more than a decade: hand its top prize to a widely seen, big-budget studio film. In a film industry where a cape, dinosaur or Tom Cruise has often been a requirement for such box office, “Oppenheimer” brought droves of moviegoers to theaters with a complex, fission-filled drama about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the creation of the atomic bomb. “For better or worse, we’re all living in Oppenheimer’s world,” said Murphy in his acceptance speech. “I’d like to dedicate this to the peacemakers.” As a film heavy with unease for human capacity for mass destruction, “Oppenheimer” also emerged — even over its partner in cultural phenomenon, “Barbie” – as a fittingly foreboding film for times rife with cataclysm, man-made or not. Sunday’s Oscars at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles unfolded against the backdrop of wars in Gaza and Ukraine, and with a potentially momentous U.S. election on the horizon. Awards for the documentary winner, “20 Days in Mariupol,” and best international film, “The Zone of Interest,” brought geopolitics into the Oscar spotlight. The most closely watched contest went to Emma Stone, who won best best actress for her performance as Bella Baxter in “Poor Things.” In what was seen as the night’s most nail-biting category, Stone won over Lily Gladstone of “Killers of the Flower Moon.” Gladstone would have become the first Native American to win an Academy Award. Instead, Oscar voters couldn’t resist the full-bodied extremes of Stone’s “Poor Things” performance. The win for Stone, her second best actress Oscar following her 2017 win for “La La Land,” confirmed the 35-year-old as arguably the preeminent big-screen actress of her generation. The list of women to win best actress two or more times is illustrious, including Katharine Hepburn, Frances McDormand, Ingrid Bergman and Bette Davis. “Oh, boy, this is really overwhelming,” said Stone, who fought back tears and a broken dress during her speech. Sunday’s broadcast had razzle dazzle, including a sprawling song-and-dance rendition of the “Barbie” hit “I’m Just Ken” by Ryan Gosling, with an assist on guitar by Slash and a sea of Kens who swarmed the stage. But protest and politics intruded on an election-year Academy Awards. Late during the show, host Jimmy Kimmel read a critical social media post from former president Donald Trump. “Thank you for watching,” said Kimmel. “Isn’t it past your jail time?” Nolan has had many movies in the Oscar mix before, including “Inception,” “Dunkirk” and “The Dark Knight.” But his win Sunday for direction is the first Academy Award for the 53-year-old filmmaker. Addressing the crowd, Nolan noted cinema is just over a hundred years old. “Imagine being there 100 years into painting or theater,” said Nolan, who shared the best-picture award with Emma Thomas, his wife and producer. “We don’t know where this incredible journey is going from here. But to know that you think that I’m a meaningful part of it means the world to me.” Downey, nominated twice before (for “Chaplin” and “Tropic Thunder”), also notched his first Oscar, crowning the illustrious second act of his up-and-down career. “I’d like to thank my terrible childhood and the academy, in that order,” said Downey, the son of filmmaker Robert Downey Sr. “Barbie,” last year’s biggest box-office hit with more than $1.4 billion in ticket sales, ultimately won just one award: best song (sorry, Ken) for Billie Eilish and Finneas’ “What Was I Made For?” It’s their second Oscar, two years after winning for their James Bond theme, “No Time to Die.” Protests over Israel’s war in Gaza snarled traffic around the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, slowing stars’ arrival on the red carpet and turning the Oscar’ attention toward the ongoing conflict. Some protesters shouted “Shame!” at those trying to reach the awards. Jonathan Glazer, the British filmmaker whose chilling Auschwitz drama “The Zone of Interest” won best international film, drew connections between the dehumanization depicted in his film and today. “Right now, we stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people, whether the victims of October the 7th in Israel, or the the ongoing attack on Gaza, all the victims, this dehumanization, how do we resist?” A year after “Navalny” won the same award, Mstyslav Chernov’s “20 Days in Mariupol,” a harrowing chronicle of the early days of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, won best documentary. The win, a first for The Associated Press and PBS’ “Frontline,” came as the war in Ukraine passed the two-year mark with no signs of abating. Chernov, the Ukrainian filmmaker and AP journalist whose hometown was bombed the day he learned of his Oscar nomination, spoke forcefully about Russia’s invasion. “This is the first Oscar in Ukrainian history, and I’m honored,” said Chernov. “Probably I will be the first director on this stage to say I wish I’d never made this film. I wish to be able to exchange this (for) Russia never attacking Ukraine.” In the early going, Yorgos Lanthimos’ Frankenstein-riff “Poor Things” ran away with three prizes for its sumptuous craft, including awards for production design, makeup and hairstyling and costume design. “Poor Things” fared second best to “Oppenheimer,” with a total of four awards. Kimmel, hosting the ABC telecast for the fourth time, opened the awards with an monologue that emphasized Hollywood as “a union town” following 2023’s actor and writer strikes, drew a standing ovation for bringing out teamsters and behind-the-scenes workers — who are now entering their own labor negotiations. The night’s first award was one of its most predictable: Da’Vine Joy Randolph for best supporting actress, for her performance in Alexander Payne’s “The Holdovers.” An emotional Randolph was accompanied to the stage by her “Holdovers” co-star Paul Giamatti. “For so long I’ve always wanted to be different,” said Randolph. “And now I realize I just need to be myself.” Though Randolph’s win was widely expected, an upset quickly followed. Hayao Miyazaki’s “The Boy and the Heron” won for best animated feature, a surprise over the slightly favored “Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse.” Miyazaki, the 83-year-old Japanese anime master who came out of retirement to make “The Boy and the Heron,” didn’t attend the ceremony. He also didn’t attend the 2003 Oscars when his “Spirited Away” won the same award. Best original screenplay went to “Anatomy of a Fall,” which, like “Barbie,” was penned by a couple: director Justine Triet and Arthur Harari. “This will help me through my midlife crisis, I think,” said Triet. In adapted screenplay, where “Barbie” was nominated — and where some suspected Greta Gerwig would win after being overlooked for director — the Oscar went to Cord Jefferson, who wrote and directed his feature film debut “American Fiction.” He pleaded for executives to take risks on young filmmakers like himself. “Instead of making a $200 million movie, try making 20 $10 million movies,” said Jefferson, previously an award-winning TV writer. The Oscars belonged largely to theatrical-first films. Though it came into the awards with 19 nominations, Netflix was a bit player. Its lone win came for live action short: Wes Anderson’s “The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar,” based on the story by Roald Dahl. The win for “Oppenheimer” offered Hollywood a chance to celebrate despite swirling storm clouds in the film industry. Nolan’s film debuted last year just as actors joined screenwriters in a prolonged strike over streaming economics and artificial intelligence. The actors’ strike ended in November, but little of Hollywood’s unease subsided. Streaming has proved less lucrative for most studios not named Netflix. But “Barbenheimer” was the kind of unplanned phenomenon Hollywood needs more of. The two films could also give a lift to the Oscar telecast, which has historically benefitted from having big movies in contention. The Academy Awards’ largest audience ever came when James Cameron’s “Titanic” swept the 1998 Oscars. ___ AP’s Ryan Pearson and Krysta Fauria contributed to this report ___ For more coverage of this year’s Academy Awards, visit: https://apnews.com/hub/academy-awards
7196	dbpedia	1	55	https://www.vvdailypress.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/03/03/desert-panorama-more-locally-filmed/13605168007/	en	Desert panorama: more locally filmed movies heralded at the Academy Awards	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	[ "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/2018/03/03/NVIC/ghows-VV-668c1549-c928-3895-e053-0100007f5ef3-edae9d93.jpeg?crop=2999,2255,x0,y57?width=320&height=240" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Matthew Cabe, Victorville Daily Press" ]	2018-03-03T00:00:00	From Joshua Tree to Victorville, Edwards AFB and beyond, these 11 films shot in the High Desert went on to earn Hollywood's highest praise.	en	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	Victorville Daily Press	https://www.vvdailypress.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/03/03/desert-panorama-more-locally-filmed/13605168007/	Submitted for your consideration last year were 15 films with local ties that either won or were nominated for Academy Awards. Given Hollywood’s history of casting the versatile High Desert in its productions, that list could only grow upon further research. So it has. Here, then, are 11 more films shot in the High Desert, a vast region that includes parts of San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Kern and Inyo counties. This crop amassed 16 statuettes and 47 nominations. Once again, they are listed chronologically by release year. 1. “In Old Arizona” (1928): This Pre-Code Western is among the only adaptations to remain faithful to O. Henry’s original short story in depicting the Cisco Kid as a cold-blooded killer, according to historian Chon Noriega. “In Old Arizona” received five Academy Award nominations in 1930. Warner Baxter won for Best Actor. It was shot, in part, in Joshua Tree and the surrounding desert. 2. “Lost Horizon” (1937): Before John Ford used Lucerne Valley’s Rabbit Dry Lake for the “Stagecoach” chase scene, director Frank Capra transformed the same flat space into an isolated airplane refueling depot en route to Shangri-La in the Himalayas. “Lost Horizon” earned seven Oscar nominations in 1938, winning for Best Art Direction and Best Film Editing. 3. “The Grapes of Wrath” (1940): Speaking of Ford, two years after his Lucerne Valley trip, the director took to farther reaches of the High Desert for scenes in his adaptation of John Steinbeck’s novel. In the film, the Joad family enters Needles after crossing into California via Route 66’s Old Trails Bridge. Another scene places them just east of Daggett at a state inspection station. “The Grapes of Wrath” received seven nods from the Academy. Ford won for Best Director while Jane Darwell took Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Ma Joad. 4. “The Great Lie” (1941): This dramatic gem was tentatively titled “Far Horizon” when Bette Davis and Mary Astor were brought to Victorville’s 3 Sage Hens Ranch — near modern-day Spring Valley Lake — in December 1940 for a 4-day shoot. A Victor Press article noted “fine weather” meant the crew wrapped up its work in just two days, but that pace didn’t thwart the opportunity for a photograph of the actresses with the Philips family, who owned the ranch. Astor’s role won her the Best Supporting Actress Oscar. 5. “The Story of G.I. Joe” (1945): Locals buzzed in November 1944 when the cast and crew of this William A. Wellman-directed World War II film descended on “the outskirts of Victorville” to shoot what eventually stood in for North African locales. The story focuses on infantrymen as detailed in columns by war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Hundreds of soldiers were part of the cast. They camped in tents locally during a two-week stay. Many of them, along with Pyle, were killed during the Battle of Okinawa before the film’s premiere. “G.I. Joe” received four Academy Award nominations, including the only one of Robert Mitchum’s storied career. 6. “The Bad and the Beautiful” (1952): Kirk Douglas was no stranger to the High Desert. He frequented the Apple Valley Inn and learned to ride horses at the Apple Valley Livery Stables for 1951’s “Along the Great Divide.” This film, though, was no Western. “The Bad and the Beautiful,” details the seedy inner workings of Hollywood with Douglas, Lana Turner and Dick Powell at its center. Several scenes were shot in Lake Arrowhead. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, the film scored five Oscars from six nods. Douglas was the lone miss, losing Best Actor to Gary Cooper in “High Noon.” 7. “The Great White Hope” (1970): Iconic actor James Earl Jones received his only Academy Award nom to date for his portrayal of Jack Jefferson in this film that drew from the life of Jack Johnson, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champ. Jane Alexander was nominated in the Best Actress category. A scene wherein the two drive to the mountains for a tryst was shot at Cedar Lake just south of Big Bear Lake. Though neither won, Jones and Alexander earned Tony Awards in 1969 while “The Great White Hope” was on Broadway. 8. “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” (1977): Two years after “Jaws” made Steven Spielberg the most popular filmmaker in Hollywood, “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” made him one of the most acclaimed. The film follows Richard Dreyfuss’ journey toward contact with extraterrestrial life, garnering nine Oscar nominations along the way. "Encounters" won Best Cinematography and the Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The opening scene, which depicts Mexico’s Sonora Desert, was filmed on El Mirage Dry Lake, 10 miles northwest of Adelanto. 9. “Jurassic Park” (1993): And lest we forget Spielberg’s little dinosaur drama, which was sadly overshadowed by some colorless fare remembered today for being a “Seinfeld” punchline. While “Schindler’s List” (also Spielberg) stole the 66th Academy Awards, “Jurassic Park” makes this list for the archeological dig scene filmed at Red Rock Canyon State Park located 86 miles northwest of Barstow. It won Oscars for Best Visual Effects, Sound and Sound Effects Editing. 10. “Iron Man” (2008) and “Iron Man 2” (2010): In their characters, themes and proliferation, superhero pictures are, no doubt, today’s Westerns. As such, it’s hard to find one that wasn’t shot in some remote desert. But Jon Favreau’s first “Iron Man” stands apart for its multiple High Desert locations. Lone Pine’s Alabama Hills, Edwards Air Force Base and Palmdale Regional Airport all make appearances. “Iron Man 2” was shot at Edwards, too, but it’s only here because Marvel Studios mandated it. The films combined for three nods in the Sound Editing and Visual Effects categories. Matthew Cabe can be reached at MCabe@VVDailyPress.com or at 760-951-6254. Follow him on Twitter @DP_MatthewCabe.
7196	dbpedia	0	19	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103916	en	Academy Award for Best Actor	https://upload.wikimedia…-version.svg.png	https://upload.wikimedia…-version.svg.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oscar-free-version.svg/220px-Oscar-free-version.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Premio_Oscar.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103916	Language Label Description Also known as
7196	dbpedia	0	81	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/433049320390829159/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2013-11-19T07:08:35+00:00	In Old Arizona, Warner Baxter, 1928 Photo. Find art you love and shop high-quality art prints, photographs, framed artworks and posters at Art.com. 100% satisfaction guaranteed.	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/433049320390829159/
7196	dbpedia	2	77	https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/movies/category/warner-baxter	en	Category: Warner Baxter	http://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/the-prisoner-of-shark-island-635270845-large-orig.jpg?315	http://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/the-prisoner-of-shark-island-635270845-large-orig.jpg?315	[ "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/the-prisoner-of-shark-island-635270845-large-orig.jpg?315", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/783495.jpg?151", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/6991325.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/9880633.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/2391949.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/577474.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/5642215.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/1234197.jpg?134", "https://www.weebly.com/weebly/images/file_icons/file.png", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/4424709.jpg?180", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/9204288_orig.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/6255125.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/7266137_orig.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/2295689_orig.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/5543966.jpg?89", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/1489845_orig.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/1790913_orig.jpg", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/9488615.jpg?93", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/6215414.jpg?92", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/6327986.jpg?92", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/6687636.jpg?90", "https://claytonsahib.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/6/4/5164096/2840854_orig.jpg", "http://badges.classicmoviehub.com/24.jpg", "https://www.weebly.com/weebly/images/file_icons/pdf.png", "http://c.statcounter.com/9813728/0/7981ed58/1/", "http://c.statcounter.com/9813728/0/7981ed58/1/", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/site/footer/footer-toast-published-image-1.png", "http://c.statcounter.com/9813728/0/7981ed58/1/" ]	[]	[]	[ "classic film", "classic movies", "serials", "mounties", "william powell", "dick powell", "" ]	null	[]	null	I'm a bit of a history buff. I love times past, the pathways of human endeavour and all that sort of thing, to a degree that one might describe as pathological. Seriously. If one were to...	en		PHANTOM EMPIRES	http://claytonsahib.weebly.com/1/category/warner-baxter	I'm a bit of a history buff. I love times past, the pathways of human endeavour and all that sort of thing, to a degree that one might describe as pathological. Seriously. If one were to calculate how much time I've spent fantasizing about having a time machine, I think the result may not be a flattering one. So, it should go without saying that I love historical films. The Prisoner of Shark Island is such a film, and quite right up my alley. Loosely based on real events, the setting is the immediate end of the war between the states. Lincoln and his people have kept the union intact, while also shattering the slavery tradition in the south forever (one certainly hopes). In retaliation, Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe; our film begins in this way. Boothe, as we know, was injured in his escape, and he and his co-conspirator are trying to make their getaway with him in this condition, on horseback, at 5a.m., in torrential rain. Not a good omen, certainly! They find their way to the home of a southern doctor, Dr. Samuel Mudd, played by Warner Baxter. Dr. Mudd is a character that wouldn't get much play these days, as he was a slave owner and a southerner, but, as presented, was a fair and decent chap. In this spirit he fixes Boothe's leg, and Boothe goes off into the night...but the identity of Lincoln's assassin was not known to the doctor. later that day Boothe's pursuers arrive, and they arrest him, the fervor of righteous justice blinding them to his innocence. His trial goes in a similar fashion. The nation had no sympathy for supporters of the assassination at that time, and in reality, a number of regular people were lynched across the country for expressing that view. Although he escaped the hanging that was the punisment of the direct conspirators, the doctor is put into a brutal prison on an island in the Dry Tortugas (off the tip of Florida, now a national park), plagued by the prerequisite dastardly guard (played so well by John Carradine), consumed by that doomed feeling that would certainly accompany such an injustice. It will be his own dignity and medical knowledge that will help him to survive. Will his lovely wife find a way to get him released, or will he have to find his own escape? I loved this film. Warner Baxter was so incredibly multi-layered, and I'm more and more becoming a fan of his stuff. He's very good in this; he's both noble and irritable, and the fact that he was a slave holder and a confederate don't dull my sympathy for his character. After watching him as the Cisco Kid relatively recently (reviewed HERE), as well as his turn in the Crime Doctor series, he has become one of those names that I'm starting to keep an eye out for, more and more. John Carradine was also great in this, being his usual dastardly self, and yet his humanity was not at all in question throughout. The rest of the cast was quite fine, and the direction and staging was perfect and precise; everything was worth looking at, and the story had no fluff or flab. One can attribute these qualities to the sure hand of director John Ford, who consistently amazes me with his projects. The 1930's. For so long they've been seen as the imperfect precursor to the 40's; that primitive period between the golden decade of silent film, and the perfected era during WWII. I so disagree. The 30's were a great and wild time, full of imagination and zip! The pulp fiction vibe, the radio drama vibe, tinges of classic novels, with silent-era colour and drama. The Prisoner of Shark Island has all that and more. For an added bonus, Dr. Mudd was played on the radio by Gary Cooper in Lux Radio Theater's production of the story. It's highly enjoyable, and just as well produced. It has the interesting addition of the then-elderly daughter of the real Samuel Mudd, sharing an anecdote of her father's life. Both the film and the otr audio are well worth seeking out, in both cases! "Cisco Kid was a friend of mine" ~ The Chicano band WAR ~ song: 'Cisco Kid' Along with the lyrics of the funky song mentioned above, most people today only know the southwestern hero character The Cisco Kid from the popular 50's television series starring Duncan Renaldo; in truth, the character of The Cisco Kid has a longer and broader history. I've been a fan of the show for most of my life (Cisco is on my list of hero ideals), but only in the last decade or so did I realise how many films, radio shows, comic books featured Cisco. The Cisco Kid had his origins in the short story The Caballero's Way, by the mustachioed writer William Sydney Porter, better known by his pen name, O. Henry. This was a different Cisco Kid from the one that we've all come to know and love; he was a wild killer, wanted and hunted from all quarters. Here's how Cisco was introduced to the world: The Cisco Kid had killed six men in more or less fair scrimmages, had murdered twice as many (mostly Mexicans), and had winged a larger number whom he modestly forbore to count. Therefore a woman loved him. ...and here's another bit: He killed for the love of it—because he was quick-tempered— to avoid arrest—for his own amusement—any reason that came to his mind would suffice. Interesting, wot? As I first read those lines, I tried to imagine the suave and gentle Duncan Renaldo murdering people; it did not compute. "Winging" and "scrimmaging" are very much a part of the character that I know, but the murdering part had been weeded out of my mind by subsequent portrayals of this personal hero of mine, not only by Renaldo, but also by Cesar Romero and Gilbert Roland. I found it interesting, the contrast between the two Ciscos, and I wondered where the divide between the two began. The idea that a Latin American character existed as an American icon in the first half of the 20th century is a miracle in itself (along with the most famous of them all, Johnston McCulley's Zorro), but a foreign killer (with brown skin) being transformed into a dashing hero is fascinating. Especially in these days of overblown southern border issues and illegal immigration concerns. On the other hand, there have been more Hispanic-American action films of the last few decades, including Robert Rodriguez' blood-fest, Machete, and the earlier El Mariachi. I'm certain that the original Cisco Kid would not be out of place in those, but the Cisco Kid as an Oscar winner in 1930? Both amazing and seemingly unlikely. Warner Baxter Released in 1929, the film In Old Arizona is interesting on so many levels. It is apparently the first sound film to be made outdoors, and the first major western to have sound. It stars the charming actor Warner Baxter as a very dashing Cisco Kid. Apparently the famed actor & director Raoul Walsh was slated for the role, but the auto accident that gave him his characteristic eye patch made it impossible. Luckily, Batxer was chosen, and was quite as perfect a choice as a non-hispanic actor could be. I have mixed feelings on that subject. It seems as if choosing an ethnically-correct actor would be best, but I love my Mr. Moto films, and the Warner Oland Charlie Chan movies are staples in my viewing experience. I honestly couldn't imagine anyone else in those parts. In any case, Duncan Reynaldo was actually Romanian-American, so in the end, it's the acting that matters to me. That, and the respect given the character by the filmmaker and the script. In Old Arizona has these things in spades. Baxter was a more rakish Cisco than Renaldo, which fits the film, as he's an actual bandit, versus Renaldo's Cisco, who is basically a Mexicanised Hopalong Cassidy. It's a very interesting film, structure-wise, as well. The story wanders around more than a later film would; I think that some modern film-watchers might find it a bit too loose. Silent movie people will really enjoy it, I think. I thought it was a great example of early western drama. Also, being one of the first talkie westerns, in singing a couple of charming songs in the picture, Baxter may also be the first singing gunslinger. I was surprised by how pleasant a voice he had. I'm a big fan of his Crime Doctor films, so to hear his musical side was a treat for me. At the time of the film's release, these various elements swirled together in such a pleasant way as to garner five nominations in the second-ever Academy Awards, with Baxter winning in the category of best actor! As the Cisco Kid! In the end, the reason that I chose The Cisco Kid (and in turn the film itself) as a good representative of Hispanic culture in America, is the very notoriety of the character. So many of my Mexican-American friends have talked about how Cisco was the only character on TV that shared their background, and in fact, that song by WAR was created out of the same feeling; to see their "one of us" in the media was important for so many who grew up in the mid 20th Century. To have him be idolised by the mainstream was big-time stuff. To have that same Latino character win the most important film award must have felt incredible, especially in the late 1920's, when racism against Latinos was pretty strong in southwestern America. I highly suggest that film fans seek it out; it's a fun, important movie, and Warner Baxter fans will love to see him as Cisco! A few images of the various Cisco Kids...including the unfortunate one on the end... (click image to enlarge, then use the arrow keys ← → to change images )
7196	dbpedia	2	20	https://oscars.fandom.com/wiki/Best_Actor	en	Best Actor	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/oscars/images/e/e8/Fraseroscar.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20240130182744	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/oscars/images/e/e8/Fraseroscar.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20240130182744	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/oscars/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20211006080254", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/oscars/images/e/e8/Fraseroscar.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20240130182744", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Oscars Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	The Academy Award for Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry. The award...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/oscars/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210713164425	Oscars Wiki	https://oscars.fandom.com/wiki/Best_Actor	The Academy Award for Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actress winner. Prior to the 49th Academy Awards ceremony (1976), this award was simply known as the Academy Award of Merit for Performance by an Actor. Since its inception, however, the award has commonly been referred to as the Oscar for Best Actor. While actors are nominated for this award by Academy members who are actors and actresses themselves, winners are selected by the Academy membership as a whole. History[] In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year. At the ceremony held in 2013 for films of 2012, Daniel Day-Lewis became the first actor to win in this category three times, surpassing Marlon Brando, Gary Cooper, Tom Hanks, Dustin Hoffman, Fredric March, Jack Nicholson, Sean Penn and Spencer Tracy who all have two wins. Tracy and Laurence Olivier have been nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. Best Actor By Decade 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s • 2000s • 2010s 1st Academy Awards (1927/28) Winner Emil Jannings — The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh Nominees Richard Barthelmess — The Noose and The Patent Leather Kid Winner (Special Award) Charles Chaplin, for acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus[1] 2nd Academy Awards (1928/29) Winner Warner Baxter — In Old Arizona[2] Nominees George Bancroft — Thunderbolt[2] Chester Morris — Alibi[2] Paul Muni — The Valiant[2] Lewis Stone — The Patriot[2] 3rd Academy Awards (1929/30) Winner George Arliss — Disraeli[3] Nominees George Arliss — The Green Goddess[3] Wallace Beery — The Big House Maurice Chevalier — The Big Pond and The Love Parade Ronald Colman — Bulldog Drummond and Condemned Lawrence Tibbett — The Rogue Song 1930s 4th Academy Awards (1930/31) Winner Lionel Barrymore — A Free Soul Nominees Jackie Cooper — Skippy Richard Dix — Cimarron Fredric March — The Royal Family of Broadway Adolphe Menjou — The Front Page 5th Academy Awards (1931/32) Winner Wallace Beery — The Champ[4] and Fredric March — Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Nominees Alfred Lunt — The Guardsman 6th Academy Awards (1932/33) Winner Charles Laughton — The Private Life of Henry VIII Nominees Leslie Howard — Berkeley Square(came in 3rd) Paul Muni — I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang(came in 2nd) 7th Academy Awards (1934) Winner Clark Gable — It Happened One Night Nominees Frank Morgan — The Affairs of Cellini(came in 2nd) William Powell — The Thin Man(came in 3rd) 8th Academy Awards (1935) Winner Victor McLaglen — The Informer Nominees Clark Gable — Mutiny on the Bounty Charles Laughton — Mutiny on the Bounty(came in 3rd) Paul Muni — Black Fury(came in 2nd)[5] Franchot Tone — Mutiny on the Bounty 9th Academy Awards (1936) Winner Paul Muni — The Story of Louis Pasteur Nominees Gary Cooper — Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Walter Huston — Dodsworth William Powell — My Man Godfrey Spencer Tracy — San Francisco 10th Academy Awards (1937) Winner Spencer Tracy — Captains Courageous Nominees Charles Boyer — Conquest Fredric March — A Star Is Born Robert Montgomery — Night Must Fall Paul Muni — The Life of Emile Zola 11th Academy Awards (1938) Winner Spencer Tracy — Boys Town Nominees Charles Boyer — Algiers James Cagney — Angels with Dirty Faces Robert Donat — The Citadel Leslie Howard — Pygmalion 12th Academy Awards (1939) Winner Robert Donat — Goodbye, Mr. Chips Nominees Clark Gable — Gone with the Wind Laurence Olivier — Wuthering Heights Mickey Rooney — Babes in Arms James Stewart — Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1940s 13th Academy Awards (1940) Winner James Stewart — The Philadelphia Story Nominees Charles Chaplin — The Great Dictator Henry Fonda — The Grapes of Wrath Raymond Massey — Abe Lincoln in Illinois Laurence Olivier — Rebecca 14th Academy Awards (1941) Winner Gary Cooper — Sergeant York Nominees Cary Grant — Penny Serenade Walter Huston — All That Money Can Buy Robert Montgomery — Here Comes Mr. Jordan Orson Welles — Citizen Kane 15th Academy Awards (1942) Winner James Cagney — Yankee Doodle Dandy Nominees Ronald Colman — Random Harvest Gary Cooper — The Pride of the Yankees Walter Pidgeon — Mrs. Miniver Monty Woolley — The Pied Piper 16th Academy Awards (1943) Winner Paul Lukas — Watch on the Rhine Nominees Humphrey Bogart — Casablanca Gary Cooper — For Whom the Bell Tolls Walter Pidgeon — Madame Curie Mickey Rooney — The Human Comedy 17th Academy Awards (1944) Winner Bing Crosby — Going My Way Nominees Charles Boyer — Gaslight Barry Fitzgerald — Going My Way Cary Grant — None but the Lonely Heart Alexander Knox — Wilson 18th Academy Awards (1945) Winner Ray Milland — The Lost Weekend Nominees Bing Crosby — The Bells of St. Mary's Gene Kelly — Anchors Aweigh Gregory Peck — The Keys of the Kingdom Cornel Wilde — A Song to Remember 19th Academy Awards (1946) Winner Fredric March — The Best Years of Our Lives Nominees Laurence Olivier — Henry V Larry Parks — The Jolson Story Gregory Peck — The Yearling James Stewart — It's a Wonderful Life 20th Academy Awards (1947) Winner Ronald Colman — A Double Life Nominees John Garfield — Body and Soul Gregory Peck — Gentleman's Agreement William Powell — Life with Father Michael Redgrave — Mourning Becomes Electra 21st Academy Awards (1948) Winner Laurence Olivier — Hamlet Nominees Lew Ayres — Johnny Belinda Montgomery Clift — The Search Dan Dailey — When My Baby Smiles at Me Clifton Webb — Sitting Pretty 22nd Academy Awards (1949) Winner Broderick Crawford — All the King's Men Nominees Kirk Douglas — Champion Gregory Peck — Twelve O'Clock High Richard Todd — The Hasty Heart John Wayne — Sands of Iwo Jima 1950s 23rd Academy Awards (1950) Winner José Ferrer — Cyrano de Bergerac Nominees Louis Calhern — The Magnificent Yankee William Holden — Sunset Blvd. James Stewart — Harvey Spencer Tracy — Father of the Bride 24th Academy Awards (1951) Winner Humphrey Bogart — The African Queen Nominees Marlon Brando — A Streetcar Named Desire Montgomery Clift — A Place in the Sun Arthur Kennedy — Bright Victory Fredric March — Death of a Salesman 25th Academy Awards (1952) Winner Gary Cooper — High Noon Nominees Marlon Brando — Viva Zapata! Kirk Douglas — The Bad and the Beautiful José Ferrer — Moulin Rouge Alec Guinness — The Lavender Hill Mob 26th Academy Awards (1953) Winner William Holden — Stalag 17 Nominees Marlon Brando — Julius Caesar Richard Burton — The Robe Montgomery Clift — From Here to Eternity Burt Lancaster — From Here to Eternity 27th Academy Awards (1954) Winner Marlon Brando — On the Waterfront Nominees Humphrey Bogart — The Caine Mutiny Bing Crosby — The Country Girl James Mason — A Star Is Born Dan O'Herlihy — Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 28th Academy Awards (1955) Winner Ernest Borgnine — Marty Nominees James Cagney — Love Me or Leave Me James Dean — East of Eden Frank Sinatra — The Man with the Golden Arm Spencer Tracy — Bad Day at Black Rock 29th Academy Awards (1956) Winner Yul Brynner — The King and I Nominees James Dean — Giant Kirk Douglas — Lust for Life Rock Hudson — Giant Laurence Olivier — Richard III 30th Academy Awards (1957) Winner Alec Guinness — The Bridge on the River Kwai Nominees Marlon Brando — Sayonara Anthony Franciosa — A Hatful of Rain Charles Laughton — Witness for the Prosecution Anthony Quinn — Wild Is the Wind 31st Academy Awards (1958) Winner David Niven — Separate Tables Nominees Tony Curtis — The Defiant Ones Paul Newman — Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Sidney Poitier — The Defiant Ones Spencer Tracy — The Old Man and the Sea 32nd Academy Awards (1959) Winner Charlton Heston — Ben-Hur Nominees Laurence Harvey — Room at the Top Jack Lemmon — Some Like It Hot Paul Muni — The Last Angry Man James Stewart — Anatomy of a Murder 1960s 33rd Academy Awards (1960) Winner Burt Lancaster — Elmer Gantry Nominees Trevor Howard — Sons and Lovers Jack Lemmon — The Apartment Laurence Olivier — The Entertainer Spencer Tracy — Inherit the Wind 34th Academy Awards (1961) Winner Maximilian Schell — Judgment at Nuremberg Nominees Charles Boyer — Fanny Paul Newman — The Hustler Spencer Tracy — Judgment at Nuremberg Stuart Whitman — The Mark 35th Academy Awards (1962) Winner Gregory Peck — To Kill a Mockingbird Nominees Burt Lancaster — Birdman of Alcatraz Jack Lemmon — Days of Wine and Roses Marcello Mastroianni — Divorce--Italian Style Peter O'Toole — Lawrence of Arabia 36th Academy Awards (1963) Winner Sidney Poitier — Lilies of the Field Nominees Albert Finney — Tom Jones Richard Harris — This Sporting Life Rex Harrison — Cleopatra Paul Newman — Hud 37th Academy Awards (1964) Winner Rex Harrison — My Fair Lady Nominees Richard Burton — Becket Peter O'Toole — Becket Anthony Quinn — Zorba the Greek Peter Sellers — Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb 38th Academy Awards (1965) Winner Lee Marvin — Cat Ballou Nominees Richard Burton — The Spy Who Came In from the Cold Laurence Olivier — Othello Rod Steiger — The Pawnbroker Oskar Werner — Ship of Fools 39th Academy Awards (1966) Winner Paul Scofield — A Man for All Seasons Nominees Alan Arkin — The Russians Are Coming The Russians Are Coming Richard Burton — Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Michael Caine — Alfie Steve McQueen — The Sand Pebbles 40th Academy Awards (1967) Winner Rod Steiger — In the Heat of the Night Nominees Warren Beatty — Bonnie and Clyde Dustin Hoffman — The Graduate Paul Newman — Cool Hand Luke Spencer Tracy — Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 41st Academy Awards (1968) Winner Cliff Robertson — Charly Nominees Alan Arkin — The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Alan Bates — The Fixer Ron Moody — Oliver! Peter O'Toole — The Lion in Winter 42nd Academy Awards (1969) Winner John Wayne — True Grit Nominees Richard Burton — Anne of the Thousand Days Dustin Hoffman — Midnight Cowboy Peter O'Toole — Goodbye, Mr. Chips Jon Voight — Midnight Cowboy 1970s 43rd Academy Awards (1970) Winner George C. Scott — Patton[6] Nominees Melvyn Douglas — I Never Sang for My Father James Earl Jones — The Great White Hope Jack Nicholson — Five Easy Pieces Ryan O'Neal — Love Story 44th Academy Awards (1971) Winner Gene Hackman — The French Connection Nominees Peter Finch — Sunday Bloody Sunday Walter Matthau — Kotch George C. Scott — The Hospital Topol — Fiddler on the Roof 45th Academy Awards (1972) Winner Marlon Brando — The Godfather[7] Nominees Michael Caine — Sleuth Laurence Olivier — Sleuth Peter O'Toole — The Ruling Class Paul Winfield — Sounder 46th Academy Awards (1973) Winner Jack Lemmon — Save the Tiger Nominees Marlon Brando — Last Tango in Paris Jack Nicholson — The Last Detail Al Pacino — Serpico Robert Redford — The Sting 47th Academy Awards (1974) Winner Art Carney — Harry and Tonto Nominees Albert Finney — Murder on the Orient Express Dustin Hoffman — Lenny Jack Nicholson — Chinatown Al Pacino — The Godfather Part II 48th Academy Awards (1975) Winner Jack Nicholson — One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest Nominees Walter Matthau — The Sunshine Boys Al Pacino — Dog Day Afternoon Maximilian Schell — The Man in the Glass Booth James Whitmore — Give 'em Hell, Harry! 49th Academy Awards (1976) Winner Peter Finch — Network Nominees Robert De Niro — Taxi Driver Giancarlo Giannini — Seven Beauties William Holden — Network Sylvester Stallone — Rocky 50th Academy Awards (1977) Winner Richard Dreyfuss — The Goodbye Girl Nominees Woody Allen — Annie Hall Richard Burton — Equus Marcello Mastroianni — A Special Day John Travolta — Saturday Night Fever 51st Academy Awards (1978) Winner Jon Voight — Coming Home Nominees Warren Beatty — Heaven Can Wait Gary Busey — The Buddy Holly Story Robert De Niro — The Deer Hunter Laurence Olivier — The Boys from Brazil 52nd Academy Awards (1979) Winner Dustin Hoffman — Kramer vs. Kramer Nominees Jack Lemmon — The China Syndrome Al Pacino — ...And Justice for All Roy Scheider — All That Jazz Peter Sellers — Being There 1980s 53rd Academy Awards (1980) Winner Robert De Niro — Raging Bull Nominees Robert Duvall — The Great Santini John Hurt — The Elephant Man Jack Lemmon — Tribute Peter O'Toole — The Stunt Man 54th Academy Awards (1981) Winner Henry Fonda — On Golden Pond Nominees Warren Beatty — Reds Burt Lancaster — Atlantic City Dudley Moore — Arthur Paul Newman — Absence of Malice 55th Academy Awards (1982) Winner Ben Kingsley — Gandhi Nominees Dustin Hoffman — Tootsie Jack Lemmon — Missing Paul Newman — The Verdict Peter O'Toole — My Favorite Year 56th Academy Awards (1983) Winner Robert Duvall — Tender Mercies Nominees Michael Caine — Educating Rita Tom Conti — Reuben, Reuben Tom Courtenay — The Dresser Albert Finney — The Dresser 57th Academy Awards (1984) Winner F. Murray Abraham — Amadeus Nominees Jeff Bridges — Starman Albert Finney — Under the Volcano Tom Hulce — Amadeus Sam Waterston — The Killing Fields 58th Academy Awards (1985) Winner William Hurt — Kiss of the Spider Woman Nominees Harrison Ford — Witness James Garner — Murphy's Romance Jack Nicholson — Prizzi's Honor Jon Voight — Runaway Train 59th Academy Awards (1986) Winner Paul Newman — The Color of Money Nominees Dexter Gordon — 'Round Midnight Bob Hoskins — Mona Lisa William Hurt — Children of a Lesser God James Woods — Salvador 60th Academy Awards (1987) Winner Michael Douglas — Wall Street Nominees William Hurt — Broadcast News Marcello Mastroianni — Dark Eyes Jack Nicholson — Ironweed Robin Williams — Good Morning, Vietnam 61st Academy Awards (1988) Winner Dustin Hoffman — Rain Man Nominees Gene Hackman — Mississippi Burning Tom Hanks — Big Edward James Olmos — Stand and Deliver Max von Sydow — Pelle the Conqueror 62nd Academy Awards (1989) Winner Daniel Day Lewis — My Left Foot Nominees Kenneth Branagh — Henry V Tom Cruise — Born on the Fourth of July Morgan Freeman — Driving Miss Daisy Robin Williams — Dead Poets Society 1990s 63rd Academy Awards (1990) Winner Jeremy Irons — Reversal of Fortune Nominees Kevin Costner — Dances With Wolves Robert De Niro — Awakenings Gerard Depardieu — Cyrano de Bergerac Richard Harris — The Field 64th Academy Awards (1991) Winner Anthony Hopkins — The Silence of the Lambs Nominees Warren Beatty — Bugsy Robert De Niro — Cape Fear Nick Nolte — The Prince of Tides Robin Williams — The Fisher King 65th Academy Awards (1992) Winner Al Pacino — Scent of a Woman Nominees Robert Downey, Jr. — Chaplin Clint Eastwood — Unforgiven Stephen Rea — The Crying Game Denzel Washington — Malcolm X 66th Academy Awards (1993) Winner Tom Hanks — Philadelphia Nominees Daniel Day-Lewis — In the Name of the Father Laurence Fishburne — What's Love Got to Do with It Anthony Hopkins — The Remains of the Day Liam Neeson — Schindler's List 67th Academy Awards (1994) Winner Tom Hanks — Forrest Gump Nominees Morgan Freeman — The Shawshank Redemption Nigel Hawthorne — The Madness of King George Paul Newman — Nobody's Fool John Travolta — Pulp Fiction 68th Academy Awards (1995) Winner Nicolas Cage — Leaving Las Vegas Nominees Richard Dreyfuss — Mr. Holland's Opus Anthony Hopkins — Nixon Sean Penn — Dead Man Walking Massimo Troisi — The Postman (Il Postino) 69th Academy Awards (1996) Winner Geoffrey Rush — Shine Nominees Tom Cruise — Jerry Maguire Ralph Fiennes — The English Patient Woody Harrelson — The People vs. Larry Flynt Billy Bob Thornton — Sling Blade 70th Academy Awards (1997) Winner Jack Nicholson — As Good as It Gets Nominees Matt Damon — Good Will Hunting Robert Duvall — The Apostle Peter Fonda — Ulee's Gold Dustin Hoffman — Wag the Dog 71st Academy Awards (1998) Winner Roberto Benigni — Life is Beautiful Nominees Tom Hanks — Saving Private Ryan Ian McKellen — Gods and Monsters Nick Nolte — Affliction Edward Norton — American History X 72nd Academy Awards (1999) Winner Kevin Spacey — American Beauty Nominees Russell Crowe — The Insider Richard Farnsworth — The Straight Story Sean Penn — Sweet and Lowdown Denzel Washington — The Hurricane 2000s 73rd Academy Awards (2000) Winner Russell Crowe — Gladiator Nominees Javier Bardem — Before Night Falls Tom Hanks — Cast Away Ed Harris — Pollock Geoffrey Rush — Quills 74th Academy Awards (2001) Winner Denzel Washington — Training Day Nominees Russell Crowe — A Beautiful Mind Sean Penn — I Am Sam Will Smith — Ali Tom Wilkinson — In the Bedroom 75th Academy Awards (2002) Winner Adrien Brody — The Pianist Nominees Nicolas Cage — Adaptation Michael Caine — The Quiet American Daniel Day-Lewis — Gangs of New York Jack Nicholson — About Schmidt 76th Academy Awards (2003) Winner Sean Penn — Mystic River Nominees Johnny Depp — Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Ben Kingsley — House of Sand and Fog Jude Law — Cold Mountain Bill Murray — Lost in Translation 77th Academy Awards (2004) Winner Jamie Foxx — Ray Nominees Don Cheadle — Hotel Rwanda Tobey Maguire — Spider-Man 2 Leonardo DiCaprio — The Aviator Clint Eastwood — Million Dollar Baby 78th Academy Awards (2005) Winner Philip Seymour Hoffman — Capote Nominees Terrence Howard — Hustle & Flow Heath Ledger — Brokeback Mountain Joaquin Phoenix — Walk the Line David Strathairn — Good Night, and Good Luck. 79th Academy Awards (2006) Winner Forest Whitaker — The Last King of Scotland Nominees Leonardo DiCaprio — Blood Diamond Ryan Gosling — Half Nelson Peter O'Toole — Venus Will Smith — The Pursuit of Happyness 80th Academy Awards (2007) Winner Daniel Day-Lewis — There Will Be Blood Nominees George Clooney — Michael Clayton Johnny Depp — Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Tommy Lee Jones — In the Valley of Elah Viggo Mortensen — Eastern Promises 81st Academy Awards (2008) Winner Sean Penn — Milk Nominees Richard Jenkins — The Visitor Frank Langella — Frost/Nixon Brad Pitt — The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Mickey Rourke — The Wrestler 82nd Academy Awards (2009) Winner Jeff Bridges — Crazy Heart Nominees George Clooney — Up in the Air Colin Firth — A Single Man Morgan Freeman — Invictus Jeremy Renner — The Hurt Locker 2010s 83rd Academy Awards (2010) Winner Colin Firth — The King's Speech Nominees Javier Bardem — Biutiful Jeff Bridges — True Grit Jesse Eisenberg — The Social Network James Franco — 127 Hours 84th Academy Awards (2011) Winner Jean Dujardin — The Artist Nominees Demián Bichir — A Better Life George Clooney — The Descendants Gary Oldman — Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Brad Pitt — Moneyball 85th Academy Awards (2012) Winner Daniel Day-Lewis — Lincoln Nominees Bradley Cooper — Silver Linings Playbook Hugh Jackman — Les Misérables Joaquin Phoenix — The Master Denzel Washington — Flight 86th Academy Awards (2013) Winner Matthew McConaughey — Dallas Buyers Club Nominees Christian Bale — American Hustle Bruce Dern — Nebraska Leonardo DiCaprio — The Wolf of Wall Street Chiwetel Ejiofor — 12 Years a Slave 87th Academy Awards (2014) Winner Eddie Redmayne — The Theory of Everything Nominees Steve Carell — Foxcatcher Bradley Cooper — American Sniper Benedict Cumberbatch — The Imitation Game Michael Keaton — Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) 88th Academy Awards (2015) Winner Leonardo DiCaprio — The Revenant Nominees Bryan Cranston — Trumbo Matt Damon — The Martian Michael Fassbender — Steve Jobs Eddie Redmayne — The Danish Girl 89th Academy Awards (2016) Winner Casey Affleck — Manchester by the Sea Nominees Andrew Garfield — Hacksaw Ridge Ryan Gosling — La La Land Viggo Mortensen — Captain Fantastic Denzel Washington — Fences 90th Academy Awards (2017) Winner Gary Oldman — Darkest Hour Nominees Timothée Chalamet — Call Me By Your Name Daniel Day-Lewis — Phantom Thread Daniel Kaluuya — Get Out Denzel Washington — Roman J. Israel, Esq. 91st Academy Awards (2018) Winner Rami Malek — Bohemian Rhapsody Nominees Christian Bale — Vice Bradley Cooper — A Star is Born Willem Dafoe — At Eternity's Gate Viggo Mortensen — Green Book 92nd Academy Awards (2019) Winner Joaquin Phoenix — Joker Nominees Antonio Banderas — Pain and Glory Leonardo DiCaprio — Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Adam Driver — Marriage Story Jonathan Pryce — The Two Popes 2020s 93rd Academy Awards (2020) Winner Anthony Hopkins — The Father Nominees Riz Ahmed — Sound of Metal Chadwick Boseman — Ma Rainey's Black Bottom Gary Oldman — Mank Steven Yeun — Minari 94th Academy Awards (2021) Winner Will Smith — King Richard Nominees Javier Bardem — Being the Ricardos Benedict Cumberbatch — The Power of the Dog Andrew Garfield — tick, tick… BOOM! Denzel Washington — The Tragedy of Macbeth 95th Academy Awards (2022) Winner Brendan Fraser — The Whale Nominees Austin Butler — Elvis Colin Farrell — The Banshees of Inisherin Paul Mescal — Aftersun Bill Nighy — Living 95th Academy Awards (2022) Winner TBD Nominees Bradley Cooper — Maestro Colman Domingo — Rustin Paul Giamatti — The Holdovers Cillian Murphy — Oppenheimer Jeffrey Wright — American Fiction
7196	dbpedia	0	4	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Warner-Baxter/471085	en	Warner Baxter	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=160638381132823&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/15510053/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=1;dc_seg=806891421", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoDesktop.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoTruncated.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/12/140912-004-41457667.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/76245-004-BF754DA2.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inspire.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inform.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-educate.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-subscribe-yellow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Warner Baxter", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "article" ]	null	[]	null	(1891–1951). American actor Warner Baxter began his career during the silent film era before successfully turning to talkies (see motion pictures). He won an Academy Award…	en	/resources/icons/favicons/bkids/bkids-favicon-57c.png	Britannica Kids	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Warner-Baxter/471085	(1891–1951). American actor Warner Baxter began his career during the silent film era before successfully turning to talkies (see motion pictures). He won an Academy Award for best actor for his role as the Cisco Kid in the adventure film In Old Arizona (1929). Warner Leroy Baxter was born on March 29, 1889, in Columbus, Ohio. When he was still a child he moved to San Francisco, California, with his mother (his father had died). Baxter began his career in vaudeville, and by 1914 he had secured a bit part in a silent film. By the early 1920s he was starring in several silent movies a year, and at the end of the decade he was able to transition into talkies successfully. Baxter became a well-known star after the film In Old Arizona. In it he used his smoldering glances and a heavy Mexican accent to charm audiences and critics alike. Baxter reprised the same role in the films The Cisco Kid (1931) and Return of the Cisco Kid (1939). In the 1930s Baxter starred opposite several leading ladies, including Carole Lombard in the western The Arizona Kid (1930) and Loretta Young in the comedies Wife, Doctor and Nurse (1937) and Wife, Husband and Friend (1939). He was also successfully paired numerous times with Myrna Loy in films such as Penthouse (1933), Broadway Bill (1934), and To Mary—with Love (1936) and with Janet Gaynor—the winner of the first Oscar for best actress—in films such as Daddy Long Legs (1931) and Paddy the Next Big Thing (1933).
7196	dbpedia	0	78	https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-sad-stories-9-acting-682163/	en	Oscars: The Sad Stories of 9 Acting Nominees Who Committed Suicide	https://www.hollywoodrep…440&h=810&crop=1	https://www.hollywoodrep…440&h=810&crop=1	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035310&c4=&cv=3.9&cj=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24cover.lores_.jpg?w=1154", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24cover.lores_.jpg?w=1154", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/peters_young_hartman_a_l.jpg?w=2000&h=1126&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Toxic-3.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/YOUR-LIFE-WITHOUT-ME-stills-2.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/TDW-11260_R-copy.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2539_FP_00622A-H-2024.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/It-Ends-With-Us-everett-H-2024-1.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Eternal-Champions-Main-H-2024.jpg?w=260&h=150&crop=1", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/wp-content/themes/vip/pmc-hollywoodreporter-2021/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0238/6647/products/2019_37_540x.jpg", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel?a.1=&a.2=p-31f3D02tYU8zY" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Scott Feinberg" ]	2014-02-26T17:59:58+00:00	Oscar fairy tales don't always have happy endings: one long-ago nominee died of starvation, another jumped to her death from a fifth-floor window and still another committed a murder-suicide.	en	https://www.hollywoodrep…cons/favicon.png	The Hollywood Reporter	https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-sad-stories-9-acting-682163/	The 86th Academy Awards ceremony will take place in Hollywood on Sunday night, and it will be a — if not the — high point in the lives of many of the acting nominees, just as Oscar night has been for the last 85 years. Many of these 20 individuals will go on to even greater fame and fortune, but, inevitably, some will go on to experience hardships, disappointments and perhaps even a return to anonymity that will make them pine for that one night on which they stood firmly in the spotlight, with a sense of love and appreciation from their colleagues and indeed much of the world. Sadly, for one reason or another, nine people who received acting Oscar nominations in years past, but then fell upon hard times, took an irreversible course of action to deal with their problems: they deliberately ended their own lives. In an effort to ensure that they are not forgotten — and at the risk of being a little bit of a downer — here is a recap of each of their stories, high points and low. CHESTER MORRIS (1901-1970) Oscar History: Best remembered as the character “Boston Blackie” in a series of 1940 B-movie detective films, Morris was nominated years earlier, at the second Oscars, for best actor for Alibi (1929). (He lost to In Old Arizona’s Warner Baxter.) Death: At the age of 69, the actor overdosed on barbiturates. No suicide note was ever found, but he was known to be dying of cancer and so the prevailing belief has always been that he deliberately took his own life. PHOTOS: 2014 Oscar Nominees SUSAN PETERS (1921-1952) Oscar History: For her first significant role, in Random Harvest (1942), 21-year-old Peters received a best supporting actress nomination, becoming one of the youngest nominees in history, at the time. (She lost to Mrs. Miniver’s Teresa Wright.) Death: On New Year’s Day 1945, Peters and her husband were out duck hunting when a rifle accidentally discharged. A bullet lodged in her spinal cord, paralyzing her from the waist down. The 23-year-old wife and mother became increasingly depressed, separated from her husband and ultimately stopped eating. She died of starvation and kidney failure. GEORGE SANDERS (1906-1972) Oscar History: For his work as a ruthless theater critic in All About Eve (1950), Sanders won best supporting actor. Death: In his later years, Sanders suffered a stroke and displayed signs of dementia, which caused him to become depressed. One night, he checked into a hotel near Barcelona and was found dead two days later alongside five empty bottles of barbiturates and a note that read: “Dear World, I am leaving because I am bored. I feel I have lived long enough. I am leaving you with your worries in this sweet cesspool. Good luck. George Sanders.” MAGGIE McNAMARA (1929-1978) Oscar History: For her work in the big-screen version of the controversial film The Moon Is Blue (1953), which was adapted from a Broadway production in which she also starred, McNamara was nominated for best actress. (She lost to Roman Holiday’s Audrey Hepburn.) Death: Following a divorce and a nervous breakdown, McNamara’s career began to wane. She received her last big-screen credit in 1964 and then fell out of the public eye, working temp jobs as a typist to pay the bills. She was found dead in her apartment — the result of an overdose of prescription tranquilizers and sleeping pills — with a suicide note on her piano. FEINBERG FORECAST: Scott’s Final Picks for Who Will Win at Sunday’s Oscars CHARLES BOYER (1899-1978) Oscar History: The suave Frenchman received four best actor nominations over the years, for Conquest (1937), losing to Captain Courageous’ Spencer Tracy; Algiers (1938), losing to Tracy again, for Boys Town; Gaslight (1944), losing to Going My Way’s Bing Crosby; and Fanny (1961), losing to Judgment at Nuremberg’s Maximilian Schell. Death: Two days after the death of Boyer’s wife of 44 years, and two days before his 79th birthday, Boyer deliberately overdosed on barbiturates. (Nearly 13 years earlier, the couple’s only child had committed suicide, as well.) GIG YOUNG (1913-1978) Oscar History: Young was nominated for best supporting actor three times over an 18-year span, for Come Fill the Cup (1951), losing to A Streetcar Named Desire’s Karl Malden; Teacher’s Pet (1958), losing to The Big Country’s Burl Ives; and They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? (1969), for which he finally won. He described hearing his name called as the winner as “the greatest moment of my life.” Death: Less than a decade after his Oscar win, and only three weeks after the 64-year-old married a 31-year-old German actress named Kim Schmidt — his fifth wife — Young shot her and then himself in their New York City apartment. It remains unclear what brought about this incident — or why the actor, in his will, left most of his estate, including his Oscar, to his former agent, but only $10 to his teenage daughter, whom he had denied paternity. PHOTOS: THR’s Nominees Night RACHEL ROBERTS (1927-1980) Oscar History: For her work as a widowed landlady in the British New Wave film This Sporting Life (1963), Roberts received a best actress nomination. (She lost to Hud’s Patricia Neal.) Death: Heartbroken following her 1971 divorce from Rex Harrison, whose fourth wife she had been, she became increasingly depressed. In 1980, after attempting to win him back one last time, she swallowed a considerable amount of barbiturates and some other caustic substance, which brought about her immediate death and sent her body crashing through a glass window, outside of which her gardener later found her. ELIZABETH HARTMAN (1943-1987) Oscar History: In her first film performance at the height of the Civil Rights era, Hartman, who was white, portrayed a blind girl who falls in love with a black man, played by Sidney Poitier, in A Patch of Blue (1965), and received a best actress nomination. She was just 22, the category’s youngest nominee ever, at that time. (She lost to Darling’s Julie Christie.) Death: “That initial success beat me down,” Hartman told an interviewer later in life. “I was not ready for that.” She struggled to find additional quality roles (she was mostly asked to play other disabled characters) and began to suffer from depression, paranoia and agoraphobia. She eventually gave up acting and moved to Pittsburgh, where she worked at a museum and subsisted on government and familial handouts while receiving outpatient treatment. (She had attempted suicide by overdose on prior occasions.) On the fifth anniversary of her move from Hollywood, she jumped out of the window of her fifth-floor apartment. RICHARD FARNSWORTH (1920-2000) Oscar History: The onetime stunt man and extra in films as early as Gone With the Wind (1939) became a respected character actor and earned noms for best supporting actor for Comes a Horseman (1978) and best actor for The Straight Story (1999). (He lost to The Deer Hunter’s Christopher Walken and American Beauty’s Kevin Spacey, respectively.) Death: Little more than one month after his 80th birthday, and little more than six months after he attended the Oscars as a nominee for the second time, Farnsworth, who had been diagnosed years earlier with terminal cancer that left him partially paralyzed and caused him great pain, decided to take matters into his own hands and shot himself to death.
7196	dbpedia	3	56	https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/warner-baxter-actor%3Fpage%3D2	en	Getty Images			[ "https://www.gettyimages.com/sign-in/assets/static/white-f114c2d21e50f9b239ac.svg", "https://www.gettyimages.com/sign-in/assets/static/black-dd9588e3db810afab0eb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Getty Images Deutschland. Finden Sie hochauflösende lizenzfreie Bilder, Bilder zur redaktionellen Verwendung, Vektorgrafiken, Videoclips und Musik zur Lizenzierung in der umfangreichsten Fotobibliothek online.	de			null
7196	dbpedia	0	54	https://nerdist.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-to-talk-about-2024-oscars-all-nominees-best-director-picture-actor-actress/	en	How to Sound Smart Talking About the 2024 Oscars (Even if You Didn't Watch Everything)	https://legendary-digita…ure-Nominees.jpg	https://legendary-digita…ure-Nominees.jpg	[ "https://legendary-digital-network-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/29062507/2024-Best-Picture-Nominees.jpg", "https://legendary-digital-network-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/29055557/BEST-PICTURE.jpg", "https://img.youtube.com/vi/i0MbLCpYJPA/default.jpg", "https://nerdist.com/wp-content/themes/nerdist_2021/img/icon-play-youtube.png", "https://img.youtube.com/vi/FUXawkH-ONM/default.jpg", "https://nerdist.com/wp-content/themes/nerdist_2021/img/icon-play-youtube.png", "https://img.youtube.com/vi/zpZSPNLbGWg/default.jpg", "https://nerdist.com/wp-content/themes/nerdist_2021/img/icon-play-youtube.png", 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Our in-depth look at the six major categories will help you.	en	https://legendary-digita…review-32x32.png	Nerdist	https://nerdist.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-to-talk-about-2024-oscars-all-nominees-best-director-picture-actor-actress/	Have you seen every film nominated for a major Academy Award this year? Whether you (somehow) did or not, we want to help you impress everyone you talk to about the Oscars, which will air on March 10. And we can do that because we really did watch every film nominated for either best picture, director, or acting. So if you want to sound smart discussing the nominees, snubs, surprises, favorites, and more of the six most prestigious categories, this in-depth guide to the 96th Academy Awards will let you do just that. Jump To (Best Picture and Best Director): Best Picture Nominees // What to Say About Best Picture Films // Best Picture Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Picture // Who Should Win Best Picture // Best Director Nominees // What to Say About Best Directors // Best Director Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Director // Who Should Win Best Director Jump To (Best Actor and Actress Awards): Best Actress in Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actress in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actress // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actress // Best Actor in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actor // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actor BEST PICTURE Nominees What You Need to Know About the Oscar Nominees for Best Picture Oppenheimer is the overwhelming favorite, and with a leading 13-nominations it’ll likely already have a lot of statues before the night’s biggest trophy is handed out. What makes the seeming inevitability of its victory even more impressive is that this is a loaded category. The Holdovers, Killers of the Flower Moon, Past Lives, Poor Things, and The Zone of Interest would all be worthy winners. And American Fiction, Barbie, and Anatomy of a Fall are excellent movies worthy of their nominations. If Maestro wins we’re looking at the biggest bribery scandal in human history. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee American Fiction: Considering our current reality, it’s hard to create good satire anymore. Yet somehow American Fiction’s Cord Jefferson created great satire in his directorial debut with his incredible adaptation of Percival Everett’s Erasure. The story of Thelonious “Monk” Ellison—a respected but struggling Black author whose anonymous joke novel parodying how white people think of Black Americans becomes a massive hit—is funny, moving, and incredibly insightful. It’s one of 2023’s most re-watchable films, too. Anatomy of A Fall: Did Sandra Voyter murder her husband or did he leap to his death? It’s a great question that makes for a compelling mystery, but that’s not what makes Anatomy of a Fall great. It’s the way the film uses our own conceptions and biases against us, leading us to think Sandra is definitely innocent one moment and definitely guilty the next. It’s also a human story that offers meaningful reflection on the nature of truth, relationships, self, and culpability. This is a movie that stays with you. Unfortunately that freaking song stays with you, too. Barbie: Somehow Greta Gerwig made a movie about an iconic toy under the watchful eye of the toy’s owner, and it not only didn’t suck, it was both a record-setting box office smash and critical darling. How?! How was Barbie this good, this funny, this moving, and this poignant when it probably should have been nothing more than an expensive commercial? It’s basically a movie miracle. The Holdovers: This might be the best acted movie of the year, as it’s three leads are all operating at the highest level. But not enough people have talked about how The Holdovers is also one of the best movies ever made about class in America. Maybe that’s because its a character study that does so many things well it’s easy to overlook that important element. Alexander Payne’s laugh-out-loud period film meticulously peels away its many layers, revealing unexpected depths. You can’t fully appreciate what it’s about until it’s over, in what stands as a masterclass of storytelling in every way. Killers of The Flower Moon: Maybe the greatest American director ever created a masterpiece about the banality of evil, in a true story of an attempted genocide, and somehow no one thinks Killers of the Flower Moon is going to win Best Picture. We’re spoiled. Time will help us realize just how good this movie really is, especially its innovative final scene which reminds us we’re to all responsible for how peoples’ painful pasts are bastardized for profit and entertainment. Maestro: One thing you have to give Maestro credit for is that it made every single viewer under 40 who go online to find out why Leonard Bernstein was such an important artist. By not even attempting to answer that question Bradley Cooper did wonders for search engines everywhere. Oppenheimer: What more could you want or expect from a movie? Oppenheimer tells the story of arguably the most consequential person in human history (hopefully he is not!), with a story that is equally entertaining and insightful, epic and intimate. It’s a visual marvel, yet rooted in a painfully human tale of success, ambition, and regret. It’s haunting, reflective, and hard to forget. It also has has a new famous actor show up unexpectedly every five minutes. Can’t overlook that. Past Lives: Past Lives is proof that the most interesting thing that ever happens in life is simply living it. First-time writer-director Celine Song’s absolutely gorgeous movie about the choices we make and how we must deal with them after is mostly just two people talking. But it’s everything they aren’t saying that carries so much weight in a quiet, meditative piece on relationships and who we are. Past Lives is stunning, heartbreaking, and absolutely captivating. Even though almost nothing technically happens everything does. Poor Things: Poor Things is the most unique nominee for Best Picture. It’s also arguably the category’s most visually engaging contender. But that only scratches the surface of why this ended up with the second most nominations this year (11). Smart, strange, and unflinching, this feminist tale turns a Frankenstein-esque creation into a living treatise on sexuality, family, patriarchy, and female empowerment. It’s also really freaking funny. The Zone of Interest: Classics Professor Laura Swift wrote ancient Greek dramatists thought not showing violence onstage “forced their audience to imagine the horrors for themselves,” and “the power of imagination can do far more than any stage gore.” The Zone of Interest is a haunting work of art that exemplifies how true that is. It takes place outside the walls of Auschwitz, with a story about how seemingly otherwise regular people have the capacity for unimaginable evil. The film doesn’t merely implicate our ancestors for their past failures, though. It forces us to face our responsibility for fighting back against those forces now. It’s tough to watch, but impossible to look away from. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Picture All of Us Strangers—which somehow got shut out entirely from the Oscars—is the most obvious snub. Less obvious but no less deserving is Godzilla Minus One. It’s a spectacle with real depth. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “Someday people will realize Oppenheimer and Barbie should have shared this award because together they saved movie theaters for another generation.” “The dog’s affection for her removed any ambiguity from Anatomy of a Fall.” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “Maestro should win Best Picture.” Kidding. This is supposed to be a hot take to “spice things up,” not burn down your credibility forever. Here’s a real hot take you can use: “Without the ‘Barbenheimer’ phenomenon The Zone of Interest would definitely win Best Picture.” Who Will Win Best Picture at the 2024 Oscars? Easy: Oppenheimer. Who Should Win Best Picture at the 2024 Oscars? Not quite as easy considering how many amazing movies are nominated, but still Oppenheimer. It’s a remarkable film in every way. From its script, direction, themes, and subject matter to sound, visual effects, and acting, it’s a total powerhouse of a theatrical experience and deserves Hollywood’s biggest recognition. In a lot of other years Past Lives, Killers of the Flower Moon, or The Zone of Interest would easily win. Jump To (Best Picture and Best Director): Best Picture Nominees // What to Say About Best Picture Films // Best Picture Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Picture // Who Should Win Best Picture // Best Director Nominees // What to Say About Best Directors // Best Director Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Director // Who Should Win Best Director Jump To (Best Actor and Actress Awards): Best Actress in Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actress in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actress // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actress // Best Actor in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actor // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actor BEST DIRECTOR Nominees What You Need to Know About the Oscar Nominees for Best Director Overwhelming favorite Christopher Nolan is almost certainly joining the list of Oscar-winning directors. Betting markets give the other four nominees the same general long-shot odds. If one of them had emerged as the most obvious “second” choice by now they might have a slim chance at a late upset, but hearing any name other than Nolan’s called for Best Director would be a genuinely shocking outcome. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee Justine Triet: Triet was a no-brainer nomination. She got amazing performances out of everyone in her cast, and with a deft hand managed to make just a couple of otherwise normal locations (a home and a courtroom) feel like dynamic places that somehow felt both enormous and stifling. Christopher Nolan: Oppenheimer, which is equal parts grand spectacle and poignant human drama, is the culmination of Christopher Nolan’s entire career. It’s the film where he truly mastered all of his skills to create something that stands above his other movies (which is really saying something considering his past works). Oppenheimer is a world class director at his absolute apex. Martin Scorsese: If Marty Scorsese stopped making movies when he turned 70, he might still be the greatest American director in history. Instead he went ahead and delivered one of his best, most important, most impressive works of art in his freaking 80s. And Killers of the Flower Moon’s incredible final scene, which reframed the entire film, is one of the best cappers to any movie ever. Yorgos Lanthimos: Poor Things is a visual feast, a series of moving paintings of a fascinating world filled by fascinating characters. It’s also incredibly funny thanks in large part to Yorgos Lanthimos’s ability to mine humor with his camera. From the way he brings us inside a brothel to how long he lingers on a mad scientist burping a giant gas bubble, Lanthimos’ hands are all over this unusual movie, but in the best way. You never see him pulling the proverbial strings, you just feel what they’re doing. Jonathan Glazer: Considering its subject matter, The Zone of Interest might have had the highest level of difficulty of any 2023 film. Jonathan Glazer didn’t just pull it off, though, he made something outstanding. His stylistic approach, impeccable framing, and acute sense of time and place turned every scene into a living work of twisted art. He captured the inherent evil of his story entirely with his camera. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Director What more did Greta Gerwig need to do as a director to earn a nomination? No, we’re actually asking because we’d like to know. Same for Celine Song. Past Lives is a powerhouse of a film and her deft direction is a big reason why. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “If Best Director is supposed to reward a director’s efforts and nothing else, than Chad Stahelski should have been nominated for John Wick: Chapter 4. He filmed four of the greatest action sequences ever in a single movie!” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “Nolan winning for Oppenheimer is nothing more than a make-up Oscar for Tenet.” Who Will Win Best Director at the 2024 Oscars? Christopher Nolan, and by extension people who inexplicably love to be really weird talking about Christopher Nolan. Who Should Win Best Director at the 2024 Oscars? Nolan, but we don’t fault anyone who thinks Glazer should edge him out. ACTRESS IN A LEADING ROLE Nominees What You Need to Know About the Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominees Of the six major categories this is the closest race according to the betting odds. Previous winner Emma Stone (La La Land) and Lily Gladstone, the first Native American actress ever nominated for Best Actress, are vying for the win. This is also Bening’s fifth acting nomination. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee Emma Stone: What made Emma Stone’s performance, which was as physically taxing as it was emotionally draining, so incredible is that she managed to make Bella feel real when the character easily could have seemed like a cartoon. Stone delivered a one-of-one performance in a nearly impossible part. Lily Gladstone: Lily Gladstone is the heart of Killers of the Flower Moon, which asks so much of her even though the film’s plot doesn’t revolve around her. She carries the emotional weight and pain of so many people, which she does with a moving, authentic performance that stays with you long after the movie ends. Annette Bening: What makes Bening so good in Nyad is that she never caves into the temptation to make her character seem likable. Her Diana is grating, selfish, and frequently unpleasant to be around. Not everyone would be willing to come across like that on screen, but that’s why Bening is such a standout. Carey Mulligan: Carey Mulligan is far and away the best part of Maestro (and we don’t mean that as feint praise) as actress Felicia Montealegre, Leonard Bernstein’s wife. It’s a performance that is equally evocative during the character’s understated moments as it is in scenes where Felicia can no longer hide her emotions. Mulligan is so good she even pulls off a Mid-Atlantic accent without sounding like she’s doing a bit. Now that’s impressive! Sandra Hüller: For much of Anatomy of a Fall Sandra Hüller is asked to be the most German German who ever German’d. She plays a reserved, nearly stoic wife and mother accused of her husband’s murder. And she’s absolutely riveting the whole time. But what turns a great performance into a special one is when her character Sandra Voyter unleashes all her pent-up emotions. It’s like seeing a volcano thought dormant completely erupt. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role? Margot Robbie’s omission for Barbie is obvious as it is absurd. She gave one of the year’s best performances in an extremely difficult role she seems to have been dinged for making look easy. Past Lives’s Greta Lee was also as deserving of a Best Actress nomination as anyone. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “I actually think Sandra Hüller was even better in The Zone of Interest than she was in Anatomy of a Fall.” “History will judge the Academy poorly for overlooking Cailee Spaeny in Priscilla.” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “Natalie Portman and Julianne Moore both should have been nominated for playing such interesting sociopaths in May December.” Who Will Win Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2024 Oscars? For a month the oddsmakers had Stone winning a very, very close race over Gladstone, but it now looks like a true coin flip. We’ll say it comes up Stone, who gets her second Oscar. Who Should Win Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2024 Oscars? This one is really hard, but we’ll go with Emma Stone. Her Bella Baxter was a marvel when she could have been an annoying disaster in even slightly lesser hands. ACTOR IN A LEADING ROLE Nominees What You Need to Know About the Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominees This is really a battle between two of Hollywood’s best actors without an Oscar. Either Cillian Murphy or Paul Giamatti will no longer be a part of that club by night’s end. A late surge of support for Murphy has him as the favorite, but he’s not a lock. Meanwhile, Bradley Cooper was actually nominated for “Most Acting,” but when the Academy remembered that category doesn’t exist they moved him into this one. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee Jeffrey Wright: It’s one thing to give a great performance in a movie that can only be as good as its leading man. It’s another to give a flawless performance in such a part. That’s exactly what Jeffrey Wright provides in American Fiction. He makes an icy a**hole wholly sympathetic and likable, as his Monk is funny, frustrating, and way too smart for his own good. Paul Giamatti: It’s impossible to have a better pairing of role and performer than Giamatti’s turn as curmudgeon Paul Hunham. He’s absolutely perfect as a strict, lonely teacher, as Giamatti is both hilarious and heartbreaking in a part that requires an incredible depth of character work. Literally no one else would have been as good playing Hunham. Bradley Cooper: Uh…that big conducting sequence was worth all the work Bradley Cooper put into it making his performance authentic. That was cool. Cillian Murphy: It’s easy to overrate a leading performance in a great movie. It’s also easy to confuse the “size” of a part with quality of acting. Anyone who suggests either of those things is why Murphy is the favorite to go home with this award didn’t see Oppenheimer. He had the single most challenging, most comprehensive part of the year and all he did was give a staggering performance. Without him, Oppenheimer wouldn’t be winning Best Picture. Colman Domingo: This nomination is only shocking because Rustin seemed like the type of movie the Academy would overlook. But anyone who saw this biopic knows Domingo more than deserves this recognition. He’s outstanding as gay civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, in role that requires Domingo to be both full of joy and full of pain, as well as flashy and quietly self-reflective. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role? Past Lives’ Teo Yoo. Not only does he give a moving, quiet performance, he transforms in such a way it’s almost as though another actor tales over the part when his character ages. Andrew Scott also has more than a legitimate gripe for not getting a nod. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “Colman Domingo easily could have pulled off the Scarlett Johanneson and had two acting nominations this year. He’s that good in The Color Purple in a very different role from Rustin.” “In a few years we’ll all realize we didn’t really appreciate Christian Friedel’s terrifying performance in The Zone of Interest enough.” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “Paul Giamatti gives the third best performance in The Holdovers.” Who Will Win Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 2024 Oscars? Cillian Murphy will be among the many on the night who take home an Oscar for Oppenheimer. Who Should Win Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 2024 Oscars? Oppenheimer is a masterpiece that rests entirely on the back of Murphy, who is in roughly 137% of its scenes. It’s the performance of a lifetime and he deserves to win even if Giamatti is more than worthy of finally getting a long overdue Oscar. Jump To (Best Picture and Best Director): Best Picture Nominees // What to Say About Best Picture Films // Best Picture Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Picture // Who Should Win Best Picture // Best Director Nominees // What to Say About Best Directors // Best Director Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Director // Who Should Win Best Director Jump To (Best Actor and Actress Awards): Best Actress in Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actress in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actress // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actress // Best Actor in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actor // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actor ACTRESS IN A SUPPORTING ROLE Nominees What You Need to Know the Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominees Da’vine Joy Randolph has won roughly a gazillion pre-Oscars awards and there’s no reason to think she won’t also nab Hollywood’s biggest trophy. If Academy voters want to find a way to honor Barbie, though, America Ferrera might pull off the upset. And you can’t entirely rule out an Oppenheimer wave carrying Emily Blunt to victory. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee America Ferrera: Ferrera’s nomination is about far more than just her all-time great Barbie monologue, even if that scene alone made her deserving of one. She was hilarious, compassionate, heartbreaking, and, mostly importantly, wonderfully human in a story set in a fantasy world. Danielle Brooks: The Color Purple is a movie full of excellent performances, but no one in the film commands the screen quite like Danielle Brooks. She’s a force of nature whether she’s taking charge or facing the brutal reality of an unjust world that wants to keep her quiet. Da’vine Joy Randolph: The hardest thing an actor can do is create a character that feels entirely real. Not many people, even the best, can give a performance so authentic you forget they’re playing a fictional person in a story. That’s what Randolph accomplishes in her honest, moving portrayal of a grieving mother. You can’t overstate how incredible she is in The Holdovers. Jodie Foster: Foster’s role as the best friend of an overly obnoxious, self-centered, ambitious swimmer isn’t showy, but the movie only works because of Foster’s understated performance. She offers the perfect counterpoint to Bening. It’s no surprise Jodie freaking Foster is great, but it is surprising the Academy noticed that greatness in the type of part it often takes for granted. Emily Blunt: Oppenheimer has two scenes where the movie turns on a dime. One is the Trinity Test where they set off the first-ever nuclear bomb. The other is Emily Blunt’s testimony during her husband’s clearance hearing. In a movie featuring roughly 9,000 great actors, it’s Blunt who steals an entire scene in a way no one else does. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role? Penélope Cruz for Ferrari. She gives one of the best performances of her life as a grieving mother, bitter wife, and shrewd business woman. Also, Taraji P. Henson just as easily could have grabbed a supporting spot alongside her The Color of Purple co-star. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “The only reason Rosamund Pike didn’t get nominated is because everyone hated the big twist in Saltburn.” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “A long simmering anti-Tom Cruise sentiment from some Academy voters prevented Vanessa Kirby from being recognized for Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning.” Who Will Win Best Actress in a Supporting Role at the 2024 Oscars? Only people who don’t like money will bet against Da’Vine Joy Randolph, but of the six major categories Best Supporting Actress tends to have the most surprise winners. If that happens this year, it’ll be Ferrera holding an Oscar. Who Should Win Best Actress in a Supporting Role? We’d celebrate a surprise Ferrera win, but Randolph deserves this. ACTOR IN A SUPPORTING ROLE Nominees What You Need to Know About the Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominees Robert Downey Jr. earned his first Oscar nomination in 1993 for Chaplin. He’s fully expected to get his Oscar win in 2024. His victory would included defeating his fellow Marvel Avenger, Mark Ruffalo. He’d also be besting two-time Academy winner Robert De Niro, who took home this exact statue in 1975 for The Godfather Part Two. Also, people are really upset Ken got nominated when Barbie didn’t, including Ryan Gosling himself. How To Sound Smart Talking About Every Nominee Sterling K. Brown: Brown’s recently out, cocaine-loving brother of Monk shows you can have a total blast playing a part while still making your character feel grounded. This surprise nomination is the good kind of Oscars surprise. Ryan Gosling: Getting an Oscars acting nomination for a comedic role isn’t technically impossible, it’s just nearly impossible. Gosling was simply too good in Barbie for the Academy to deny him a spot. Plus he gave us “I’m Just Ken.” He should get a second nomination for that alone. Robert De Niro: It’s easy to take another amazing performance from a living legend for granted, but what Robert De Niro did in Killers of the Flower Moon should not be overlooked. He’s absolutely chilling as the personification of the film’s main theme. He conveys a depth of evil with nothing more than a slight look or a small lilt of his head. It’s not just his best performance in years, it stands among his best ever. Robert Downey Jr.: Somehow turning an obscure comic book character into an iconic movie figure, all while anchoring the most successful movie franchise ever, made some people forget Robert Downey Jr. is a tremendous actor. Oppenheimer more than reminded him. He’s captivating and elusive, and only in totality can you appreciate what he achieves in his role as the disgraced Lewis Strauss. Mark Ruffalo: Is Mark Ruffalo over-the-top as a cocky and debased rogue in Poor Things? Yes. Is he so ridiculous he’s essentially playing a cartoon character? Also yes. That’s exactly why he’s nominated. He gives the exact kind of memorable performance the film needed from him. Who Got Robbed of an Oscar Nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role? May December‘s Charles Melton should call the Oscars police. (They’re based inside an abandoned movie theater in the Valley.) He wasn’t just robbed of a nomination, he might have been robbed of the win. Same goes for The Holdovers‘ Dominic Sessa, who is just as good as his two fellow nominated co-stars. Something Interesting You Can Say That No One Can Disprove “If Warner Bros. put Gosling up for Lead Actor where he actually belongs Michael Cera would have rightfully earned a supporting nom for Barbie. Classic Allan, really.” Hot Take to Spice Things Up “Mark Ruffalo got the Poor Thing slot that should have went to his co-star Willem Dafoe, but the Academy was afraid of showing the mad scientist’s face in the montage video.” Who Will Win Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the 2024 Oscars? Downey is genuinely great on those merits alone he’d likely win. But it doesn’t hurt he’s also Hollywood royalty, both because of his family and the billions he’s helped the industry pull in. Who Should Win Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the 2024 Oscars? We saved our toughest choice for last. ….Gosling. Ask us a week from now and we very well might say Downey, whose performance seems strangely underrated at this point. But what Gosling did in an equally important movie feels singular. Who else could have played that part as well? The movie had like 500 Kens and they couldn’t. If he does win, for the rest of the night they should rename the Dolby Theater the Mojo Dojo Casa Theater. If you don’t know what that means then you will definitely want to rely on this piece when trying to sound smart at your Oscars party. Cleary you’re still far behind on what happened in theaters last year. Jump To (Best Picture and Best Director): Best Picture Nominees // What to Say About Best Picture Films // Best Picture Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Picture // Who Should Win Best Picture // Best Director Nominees // What to Say About Best Directors // Best Director Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Director // Who Should Win Best Director Jump To (Best Actor and Actress Awards): Best Actress in Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actress in Leading Role // Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Who Should Win Best Actor in a Leading Role // Best Actress in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actress in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actress Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actress // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actress // Best Actor in Supporting Role Nominees // What to Say About Best Actor in Supporting Role // Best Supporting Actor Hot Take // Who Will Win Best Supporting Actor // Who Should Win Best Supporting Actor
7196	dbpedia	0	15	https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/warner-baxter-movies/	en	Ultimate Movie Rankings	https://www.ultimatemovi…x400-150x150.jpg	https://www.ultimatemovi…x400-150x150.jpg	[ "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/OIP-11.jpg", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/in_old_arizona_warner_baxter.jpg", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-50.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-45.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-40.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/core/UMR-Logo-Rating-Icon-Teal-40.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/1d60e5279b1fcf707c279c28bd954295.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ruby-keeler-warner-42nd-st.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=monsterid&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=monsterid&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=monsterid&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=monsterid&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3577cf3a522207a53d0d3ccf3be365d0?s=60&d=monsterid&r=g", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/elemental-disney-plus_fmMbSXi-300x169.webp", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/new-le.png", "https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3-books-294x300.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-12-14T01:42:26-05:00	Ranking Warner Baxter Movies. Includes Warner Baxter Box Office Grosse. Best Warner Baxter Movies. Worst Warner Baxter Movies. Reviews, Awards and Trailers.	en	https://www.ultimatemovi…x400-150x150.jpg	Ultimate Movie Rankings \| Ranking Movies Since 2011	https://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/warner-baxter-movies/
7196	dbpedia	1	59	https://www.rarefilmposters.com/product/warner-baxter-2/	en	Rare Film Posters	https://www.rarefilmpost…axter-scaled.jpg	https://www.rarefilmpost…axter-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/Shop-Logo-2-Copy-2.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/Warner-Baxter-scaled.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/57-7-300x300.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/Kwaidan-300x300.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/SECRET-AGENT-1936-MADELEINE-CARROLL-145-300x300.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/DAUGHTER-OF-THE-DRAGON-A-300x300.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/Shop-Logo-2-394x160.jpg", "https://www.rarefilmposters.com/wp-content/uploads/logo-visa-mastercard-paypal.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-09-09T10:29:59+00:00	Original 1927 8 7/8 inch x 6 7/8 inch Paramount Photogravure Portrait of WARNER BAXTER. Warner Leroy Baxter (1889 – 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as the Cisco Kid in the 1928 film “In Old Arizona”, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in Westerns, and played the Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career. The overall print size is 12 1/4 inch x 8 1/2 inch. The portrait is in fine condition.	en		Rare Film Posters	https://www.rarefilmposters.com/product/warner-baxter-2/	Original 1927 8 7/8 inch x 6 7/8 inch Paramount Photogravure Portrait of WARNER BAXTER. Warner Leroy Baxter (1889 – 1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter became known for his role as the Cisco Kid in the 1928 film “In Old Arizona”, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanizing, charismatic Latin bandit types in Westerns, and played the Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career. The overall print size is 12 1/4 inch x 8 1/2 inch. The portrait is in fine condition.
7196	dbpedia	1	52	https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/32356350372838-warner-baxter	en	Warner Baxter	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://static.rrauction.com/images/logos/RRAuctionLogo.svg", "https://www.rrauction.com/favicon.png", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/content/images/larger/3235/3235635.jpg", "https://d2skn5554g4boz.cloudfront.net/images/thumbnails/dna-pre-certified2_thumb.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "RR Auction" ]	null	Sold for $294 \| Actor (1889–1951) who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1929 for his first starring role in In Old Arizona. Vintage glossy 8 x 10	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/32356350372838-warner-baxter	Actor (1889–1951) who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1929 for his first starring role in In Old Arizona. Vintage glossy 8 x 10 20th Century Fox publicity photo, signed and inscribed in-person in fountain pen “To Saul, Heaps of good wishes, Warner Baxter.” Reverse of photo bears collector’s stamp date of July 27, 1940, the date the signature was acquired. In fine condition, with a few light surface marks and a couple trivial corner tip creases. Saul Goodman Collection. Pre-certified PSA/DNA and RRAuction COA. Auction Info Auction Title: Dates: #372 - Ended June 15, 2011 This item is Pre-Certified by PSA/DNA Buy a third-party letter of authenticity for $35.00 *This item has been pre-certified by a trusted third-party authentication service, and by placing a bid on this item, you agree to accept the opinion of this authentication service. If you wish to have an opinion rendered by a different authenticator of your choosing, you must do so prior to your placing of any bid. RR Auction is not responsible for differing opinions submitted 30 days after the date of the sale.
7196	dbpedia	0	49	https://thenationaldesk.com/news/from-the-desk/blockbuster-biopic-oppenheimer-set-to-dominate-at-the-oscars-sunday-night-cillian-murphy-barbie-margot-robbie-96th-academy-awards-jimmy-kimmel-host-lily-gladstone-killers-of-the-flower-moon-poor-things-emma-stone	en	Blockbuster biopic 'Oppenheimer' set to dominate at the Oscars Sunday night	https://thenationaldesk.…061514144648.jpg	https://thenationaldesk.…061514144648.jpg	[ "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/assets/national/images/logos/brand-light-no-text.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/assets/national/images/logos/brand-dark-no-text.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/accessibility/userway-transparent.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/media2/16x9/full/1015/center/80/7c4ca62e-a632-4c64-9a73-8cb8eae789ec-large16x9_AP24061514144648.jpg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/media2/3000x1688/3000/648/0x0/80/293541ed-e48a-4c5f-9358-85a7f7b1bbae-AP24064653201265.jpg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/media2/5933x3337/5933/648/0x294/80/fe186a78-cc75-4398-be69-54b635deaf63-AP24066606610503.jpg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/ui/sbg-gallery_w.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/media2/5470x3076/5470/648/0x274/80/9cfc983c-6380-464e-9086-9cbf748c8d8f-AP24066606733710.jpg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/social/facebook.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/social/twitter.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/social/email.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/social/facebook.svg", "https://thenationaldesk.com/resources/defaults/news_3.0/icons/social/twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Oppenheimer", "Oscars", "Nolan", "Best film", "Cillian Murphy", "Christopher Nolan", "Academy Awards", "Biopic" ]	null	[ "JAKE COYLE", "Film", "www.facebook.com" ]	2024-03-10T11:22:28+00:00	Hi, "Oppenheimer." When Hollywood gathers for the 96th Academy Awards on Sunday, the blockbuster biopic is widely expected to overpower all competition.	en	/resources/assets/national/images/logos/national-favicon.png	The National Desk	https://thenationaldesk.com/news/from-the-desk/blockbuster-biopic-oppenheimer-set-to-dominate-at-the-oscars-sunday-night-cillian-murphy-barbie-margot-robbie-96th-academy-awards-jimmy-kimmel-host-lily-gladstone-killers-of-the-flower-moon-poor-things-emma-stone	that became an , was crowned best picture at a 96th Academy Awards that doubled as a coronation for Christopher Nolan. After passing over arguably Hollywood's foremost big-screen auteur for years, the Oscars made up for lost time by heaping seven awards on Nolan's blockbuster biopic, including best actor for Cillian Murphy, best supporting actor for Robert Downey Jr. and best director for Nolan.\ In anointing "Oppenheimer," the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences did something it hasn't done for more than a decade: hand its top prize to a widely seen, big-budget studio film. In a film industry where a cape, dinosaur or Tom Cruise has often been a requirement for such box office, "Oppenheimer" brought droves of moviegoers to theaters with a complex, fission-filled drama about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the creation of the atomic bomb. For better or worse, we're all living in Robert Oppenheimer's world," said Murphy in his acceptance speech. "I'd like to dedicate this to the peacemakers. As a film heavy with unease for human capacity for mass destruction, "Oppenheimer" also emerged – even over its partner in cultural phenomenon, "Barbie" – as a fittingly foreboding film for times rife with cataclysm, man-made or not. Sunday's Oscars at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles unfolded against the backdrop of wars in Gaza and Ukraine, and with a potentially momentous U.S. election on the horizon. The most closely watched contest of the Academy Awards went to Emma Stone, who won best best actress for her performance as Bella Baxter in "Poor Things." In what was seen as the night's most nail-biting category, Stone won over Lily Gladstone of the first Native American to win an Academy Award. Instead, Oscar voters couldn't resist the full-bodied extremes of Stone's "Poor Things" performance. The win for Stone, her second best actress Oscar following her 2019 win for "La La Land," confirmed the 35-year-old as arguably the preeminent big-screen actress of her generation. The list of women to win best actress two or more times is illustrious, including Katherine Hepburn, Frances McDormand, Ingrid Bergman and Bette Davis. "Oh, boy, this is really overwhelming," said Stone. Nolan has had many movies in the Oscar mix before, including "Inception," "Dunkirk" and "The Dark Knight." But his win Sunday for direction is the first Academy Award for the 53-year-old filmmaker. In his acceptance speech, Nolan noted cinema is just over a hundred years old. We don't know where this incredible journey is going from here," said Nolan. "But to think that I'm a meaningful part of it means the world to me. Protest and politics intruded on an election-year Academy Awards on Sunday, the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, and awards went to "Oppenheimer," and Sunday's broadcast, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, had plenty of razzle dazzle, including a sprawling song-and-dance rendition of the "Barbie" hit "I'm Just Ken" by Ryan Gosling, with an assist on guitar by Slash. A sea of Kens swarmed the stage. The lead winner, as expected was "Oppenheimer," the blockbuster biopic. Though not quite the clean sweep that some expected, "Oppenheimer" was overpowering all competition — including its release-date companion, "Barbie" — winning awards for its cinematography, editing, score and Robert Downey Jr.'s supporting performance. Downey, nominated twice before (for "Chaplin" and "Tropic Thunder"), notched his first Oscar, crowning the illustrious second act of his up-and-down career. "I'd like to thank my terrible childhood and the academy, in that order," said Downey, the son of filmmaker Robert Downey Sr. "Barbie," last year's biggest box-office hit with more than $1.4 billion in ticket sales, didn't win an award until almost three hours into the ceremony. It won best song (sorry, Ken) for Billie Eilish and Finneas' "What Was I Made For?" It's their second Oscar, two years after winning for their James Bond theme, "No Time to Die." But after an awards season that stayed largely inside a Hollywood bubble, geopolitics played a prominent role. Protests over Israel's war in Gaza snarled traffic around the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, slowing stars' arrival on the red carpet and turning the Oscar spotlight toward the ongoing conflict. Some protesters shouted "Shame!" at those trying to reach the awards. Jonathan Glazer, the British filmmaker whose chilling Auschwitz drama "The Zone of Interest" won best international film, drew connections between the dehumanization depicted in his film and today. "Right now, we stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people, whether the victims of October the 7th in Israel, or the the ongoing attack on Gaza, all the victims, this dehumanization, how do we resist?" The war in Gaza was on the minds of many attendees, as was the war in Ukraine. A year after "Navalny" won the same award, Mstyslav Chernov's "20 Days in Mariupol," a harrowing chronicle of the early days of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, won best documentary. The win, a first for The Associated Press and PBS' "Frontline," came as the war in Ukraine passed the two-year mark with no signs of abating. Mstyslav Chernov, the Ukrainian filmmaker and AP journalist whose hometown was bombed the day he learned of his Oscar nomination, spoke forcefully about Russia's invasion. This is the first Oscar in Ukrainian history," said Chernov. "And I'm honored. Probably I will be the first director on this stage to say I wish I'd never made this film. I wish to be able to exchange this (for) Russia never attacking Ukraine. In the early going, Yorgos Lanthimos' Frankenstein-riff "Poor Things" ran away with three prizes for its sumptuous craft, including awards for production design, makeup and hairstyling and costume design. Kimmel, hosting the ABC telecast for the fourth time, opened the awards with an monologue that drew a few cold looks (from Downey, Sandra Hüller and Messi, the dog from best-picture nominee "Anatomy of a Fall"). But Kimmel, emphasizing Hollywood as "a union town" following 2023's actor and writer strikes, drew a standing ovation for bringing out teamsters and behind-the-scenes workers — who are now entering their own labor negotiations. The night's first award was one of its most predictable: Da'Vine Joy Randolph for best supporting actress, for her performance in Alexander Payne's "The Holdovers." An emotional Randolph was accompanied to the stage by her "Holdovers" co-star Paul Giamatti. "For so long I've always wanted to be different," said Randolph. "And now I realize I just need to be myself." Though Randolph's win was widely expected, an upset quickly followed. Hayao Miyazaki's "The Boy and the Heron" won for best animated feature, a surprise over the slightly favored "Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse." Miyazaki, the 83-year-old Japanese anime master who came out of retirement to make "The Boy and the Heron," didn't attend the ceremony. He also didn't attend the 2003 Oscars when his "Spirited Away" won the same award. Best original screenplay went to "Anatomy of a Fall," which, like "Barbie," was penned by a couple: director Justine Triet and Arthur Harari. "This will help me through my midlife crisis, I think," said Triet. In adapted screenplay, where "Barbie" was nominated — and where some suspected Greta Gerwig would win after being overlooked for director — the Oscar went to Cord Jefferson, who wrote and directed his feature film debut "American Fiction." He pleaded for executives to take risks on young filmmakers like himself. "Instead of making a $200 million movie, try making 20 $10 million movies," said Jefferson, previously an award-winning TV writer. The Oscars belonged largely to theatrical-first films. Though it came into the awards with 19 nominations, Netflix was a bit player. Its lone win came for live action short: Wes Anderson's "The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar," based on the story by Roald Dahl. While "Barbie" bested (and helped lift) "Oppenheimer" at the box office, it took a back seat to Nolan's film at the Oscars. Gerwig was notably overlooked for best director, sparking an outcry that some, even Hillary Clinton, said mimicked the patriarchy parodied in the film.
7196	dbpedia	1	6	https://www.onthisday.com/people/warner-baxter	en	Warner Baxter (Actor)	https://www.onthisday.co…baxter.jpg?w=360	https://www.onthisday.co…baxter.jpg?w=360	[ "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/warner-baxter.jpg?w=360", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/flags/united-states.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/burgess-meredith.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/james-caan.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/mel-gibson.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/sean-connery.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/stan-laurel.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/will-smith.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/facebook.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/instagram.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Warner Baxter was best known for his Academy Award-winning performance in the film "In Old Arizona" (1928). Baxter started his career as an extra...	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	On This Day	https://www.onthisday.com/people/warner-baxter	Profession: Actor Biography: Warner Baxter was best known for his Academy Award-winning performance in the film "In Old Arizona" (1928). Baxter started his career as an extra in 1914. His first starring role was in the silent film "Sheltered Daughters" (1921). During the 1920s, he starred in 48 movies, including notable roles in "The Great Gatsby" (1926) and "West of Zanzibar" (1928) with Lon Chaney. In 1928, Baxter played the Cisco Kid in "In Old Arizona" for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. This made him a top romantic lead actor and by 1936 he was the highest-paid actor in Hollywood, making $284,000 that year. Baxter married actress Winifred Bryson in 1918, and they remained married until his death in 1951. In the early 1940s, he had a mental breakdown because of the stress of being a contract star at 20th Century Fox. After this, he only acted in lower-budget films like the Crime Doctor series in the 1940s. Baxter lived in Malibu and was active in the community. He was named honorary mayor from 1946 to 1949 and was close friends with actors William Powell and Ronald Colman. Baxter died at the age of 62 in 1951 after undergoing a lobotomy and suffering further illness. Born: March 29, 1889 Birthplace: Columbus, Ohio, USA Generation: Lost Generation Star Sign: Aries
7196	dbpedia	2	11	https://www.flickr.com/photos/truusbobjantoo/53575372377	en	Warner Baxter,	https://live.staticflick…ee5f39a5e0_b.jpg	https://live.staticflick…ee5f39a5e0_b.jpg	[ "https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53575372377_ee5f39a5e0.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53575372377_ee5f39a5e0.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "warnerbaxter", "warner", "baxter", "american", "actor", "hollywood", "moviestar", "cinema", "cine", "film", "kino", "picture", "screen", "movie", "movies", "filmstar", "filmster", "star", "vintage", "postcard" ]	null	[ "Flickr", "Truus, Bob & Jan too!", "Bob & Jan too!" ]	2024-08-17T14:20:46.699000+00:00	Vintage card. <b>Warner Baxter</b> (1889-1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter is known for his role as the Cisco Kid in the film <i>In Old Arizona</i> (1928), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanising, charismatic Latin bandit types in Westerns and played the Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career. Warner Leroy Baxter was born in 1889, in Columbus, Ohio. His parents were Edwin F. Baxter, a cigar stand operator, and Jennie (Jane) B. Barrett. His father died before Warner was five, and he and his mother went to live with her brother. Baxter claimed to have an early pre-disposition toward show business: "I discovered a boy a block away who would eat worms and swallow flies for a penny. For one-third of the profits, I exhibited him in a tent." Mother and son later moved to New York City, where he became active in dramatics, both participating in school productions and attending plays. In 1898, the two moved to San Francisco, where he graduated from Polytechnic High School. Both survived the severe earthquake of 1906 but lost all their belongings. They lived in a tent for two weeks "in mortal terror of the fire" and returned to Columbus in 1908. After selling farm implements for a living, Baxter worked for four months as the partner of Dorothy Shoemaker in an act on the Keith Vaudeville Circuit. In 1910, he joined a theatre group and played vaudeville. This led him to New York City, where he enjoyed his first successes on Broadway. Baxter began his film career as an extra in 1914 in a stock company. Baxter became a member of The Lambs, a professional theatrical club in NYC, in 1918. He had his first starring role in the silent drama Sheltered Daughters (Edward Dillon, 1921) opposite Justine Johnston. In the same year, he acted in First Love (Maurice Campbell, 1921), The Love Charm (Thomas N. Heffron, 1921) with Wanda Hawley, and Cheated Hearts (Hobart Henley, 1921) opposite Herbert Rawlinson. He soon became a matinee idol. Baxter starred in 48 features during the 1920s. His most notable silent film roles were in the comedy The Awful Truth (Paul Powell, 1925) with Agnes Ayres, and The Great Gatsby (Herbert Brenon, 1926), the first film adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary classic of the same name. He played the title role of Jay Gatsby opposite Lois Wilson as Daisy. Baxter also played an island love interest opposite dancer Gilda Gray in Aloma of the South Seas (Maurice Tourneur, 1926) and an alcoholic doctor in West of Zanzibar (Tod Browning, 1928) with Lon Chaney. Warner Baxter's most notable starring role was as The Cisco Kid in In Old Arizona (Irving Cummings, 1929), the first all-talking Western. For his role, he won the second Academy Award for Best Actor. He played the Cisco Kid again in the ensemble short film The Stolen Jools (William C. McGann, 1931). Baxter also starred in 42nd Street (Lloyd Bacon, 1933), Grand Canary (Irving Cummings, 1934) and Broadway Bill (Frank Capra, 1934). Many consider his best role, that of the doctor who treated Abraham Lincoln's assassin, in John Ford's The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936). Other notable sound films were Slave Ship (Tay Garnett, 1937) with Wallace Beery and Kidnapped (Otto Preminger, 1938) with Freddie Bartholomew. When not acting, Baxter was an inventor who co-created a searchlight for revolvers in 1935, which allowed a shooter to more clearly see a target at night. He also developed a radio device that allowed emergency crews to change traffic signals from two blocks away, providing them with safe passage through intersections. By 1936, Baxter was the highest-paid actor in Hollywood, but by 1943, he had slipped to B movie roles. He was then known as Dr. Robert Ordway in the Crime Doctor series of 10 films which began with Crime Doctor (Michael Gordon, 1943). However, Baxter was now more comfortable, both with his career and his life with his wife, actress Winifred Bryson: "It's wonderful. I make two of them (the Crime Doctor films) a year. Columbia has juggled it so I can make two in a row. That takes about eight weeks of my time. The rest of the year I relax. I travel. I enjoy life". Baxter suffered from arthritis for several years. In 1951, he underwent a lobotomy as a last resort to ease the chronic pain and later that year, he died of pneumonia at age 62. He was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. For his contributions to the motion-picture industry, Warner Baxter has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Sources: Ed Stephan (IMDb), Wikipedia (Dutch, German and English) and IMDb. <b>And, please check out our blog <a href="http://filmstarpostcards.blogspot.com/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">European Film Star Postcards</a>.</b>	en	https://combo.staticflickr.com/pw/favicon.ico	Flickr	https://www.flickr.com/photos/truusbobjantoo/53575372377	Vintage card. Warner Baxter (1889-1951) was an American film actor from the 1910s to the 1940s. Baxter is known for his role as the Cisco Kid in the film In Old Arizona (1928), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. He frequently played womanising, charismatic Latin bandit types in Westerns and played the Cisco Kid or a similar character throughout the 1930s, but had a range of other roles throughout his career. Warner Leroy Baxter was born in 1889, in Columbus, Ohio. His parents were Edwin F. Baxter, a cigar stand operator, and Jennie (Jane) B. Barrett. His father died before Warner was five, and he and his mother went to live with her brother. Baxter claimed to have an early pre-disposition toward show business: "I discovered a boy a block away who would eat worms and swallow flies for a penny. For one-third of the profits, I exhibited him in a tent." Mother and son later moved to New York City, where he became active in dramatics, both participating in school productions and attending plays. In 1898, the two moved to San Francisco, where he graduated from Polytechnic High School. Both survived the severe earthquake of 1906 but lost all their belongings. They lived in a tent for two weeks "in mortal terror of the fire" and returned to Columbus in 1908. After selling farm implements for a living, Baxter worked for four months as the partner of Dorothy Shoemaker in an act on the Keith Vaudeville Circuit. In 1910, he joined a theatre group and played vaudeville. This led him to New York City, where he enjoyed his first successes on Broadway. Baxter began his film career as an extra in 1914 in a stock company. Baxter became a member of The Lambs, a professional theatrical club in NYC, in 1918. He had his first starring role in the silent drama Sheltered Daughters (Edward Dillon, 1921) opposite Justine Johnston. In the same year, he acted in First Love (Maurice Campbell, 1921), The Love Charm (Thomas N. Heffron, 1921) with Wanda Hawley, and Cheated Hearts (Hobart Henley, 1921) opposite Herbert Rawlinson. He soon became a matinee idol. Baxter starred in 48 features during the 1920s. His most notable silent film roles were in the comedy The Awful Truth (Paul Powell, 1925) with Agnes Ayres, and The Great Gatsby (Herbert Brenon, 1926), the first film adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary classic of the same name. He played the title role of Jay Gatsby opposite Lois Wilson as Daisy. Baxter also played an island love interest opposite dancer Gilda Gray in Aloma of the South Seas (Maurice Tourneur, 1926) and an alcoholic doctor in West of Zanzibar (Tod Browning, 1928) with Lon Chaney. Warner Baxter's most notable starring role was as The Cisco Kid in In Old Arizona (Irving Cummings, 1929), the first all-talking Western. For his role, he won the second Academy Award for Best Actor. He played the Cisco Kid again in the ensemble short film The Stolen Jools (William C. McGann, 1931). Baxter also starred in 42nd Street (Lloyd Bacon, 1933), Grand Canary (Irving Cummings, 1934) and Broadway Bill (Frank Capra, 1934). Many consider his best role, that of the doctor who treated Abraham Lincoln's assassin, in John Ford's The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936). Other notable sound films were Slave Ship (Tay Garnett, 1937) with Wallace Beery and Kidnapped (Otto Preminger, 1938) with Freddie Bartholomew. When not acting, Baxter was an inventor who co-created a searchlight for revolvers in 1935, which allowed a shooter to more clearly see a target at night. He also developed a radio device that allowed emergency crews to change traffic signals from two blocks away, providing them with safe passage through intersections. By 1936, Baxter was the highest-paid actor in Hollywood, but by 1943, he had slipped to B movie roles. He was then known as Dr. Robert Ordway in the Crime Doctor series of 10 films which began with Crime Doctor (Michael Gordon, 1943). However, Baxter was now more comfortable, both with his career and his life with his wife, actress Winifred Bryson: "It's wonderful. I make two of them (the Crime Doctor films) a year. Columbia has juggled it so I can make two in a row. That takes about eight weeks of my time. The rest of the year I relax. I travel. I enjoy life". Baxter suffered from arthritis for several years. In 1951, he underwent a lobotomy as a last resort to ease the chronic pain and later that year, he died of pneumonia at age 62. He was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. For his contributions to the motion-picture industry, Warner Baxter has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Sources: Ed Stephan (IMDb), Wikipedia (Dutch, German and English) and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
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Powell", "Maureen Chowdhury", "Lisa Respers France", "Marianne Garvey" ]	2024-03-10T19:55:18+00:00	The stars were out for the 2024 Oscars at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, and Christopher Nolan’s “Oppenheimer” dominated, as expected. Read our updates on Jimmy Kimmel’s monologue, the red carpet, big winners and more.	en	/media/sites/cnn/apple-touch-icon.png	CNN	https://www.cnn.com/entertainment/live-news/oscars-academy-awards-03-10-24/index.html	Jon Batiste performs emotional ballad "It Never Went Away" at Oscars “It Never Went Away” couldn’t be more personal for Jon Batiste. The celebrated New Orleans artist performed the song from “American Symphony,” the documentary that tells the story of him trying to write a symphony as his wife, author Suleika Jaouad, battled leukemia. Batiste brought his full self to the performance of a song which, with its poignant lyrics, very much feels like a love letter to their relationship. The piano intro alone is moving and the Grammy-winning artist made clear why the song was nominated. Fellow nominee Billie Eilish was shown clapping enthusiastically for Batiste. Did you spot Angelina Jolie's cameo on the Oscars red carpet? “American Symphony” documentary star Suleika Jaouad arrived at tonight’s Academy Awards in a gown crafted by an up-and-coming designer who knows the red carpet well — Angelina Jolie. Jolie was not seen crossing the red carpet this evening herself, but her creation commanded attention worthy of an A-Lister. A head-turning detail was on the back of the gown: hand-drawn illustrations — courtesy of the artist Chaz Guest — of a composer directing his orchestra adorning the silk. Jolie was inspired by the documentary’s message of resilience and the healing powers music can have, she told Vogue, and wanted to feature Jaouad’s husband, Jon Batiste, who also stars in the documentary (and is nominated for best original song). "Oppenheimer," which many expect to have a big night, has picked up another win The Oscar for best editing goes to “Oppenheimer.” “Oppenheimer” was the highest grossing R-rated movie of 2023, and “marks the fastest a Universal R-rated film has hit the $200 million threshold domestically,” according to Universal Pictures. "Godzilla Minus One" has won the Oscar for best visual effects The Oscar for best visual effects has gone to “Godzilla Minus One.” Robert Downey Jr. has won his first Oscar Don’t call it a comeback. Robert Downey Jr. won the best supporting actor Academy Award for his role in this season’s award show darling: “Oppenheimer.” It follows his best supporting actor wins at the Golden Globes and BAFTA, and marks his first Oscar win. He also thanked his wife, Susan Downey, “for loving him back to life.” The actor’s role as Lewis Strauss — the man who clashed with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb — has been hailed as one of his best performances. John Cena gives out costume design Oscar in his birthday suit Thank goodness that envelope was extra large. John Cena couldn’t open the winner’s envelope because he appeared naked on stage, and used it to cover his private parts. After hiding behind the set design, Kimmel coaxed him out after a conversation about a streaking bit he was originally supposed to do live on stage. “The male body is not a joke,” Cena said. “Mine is,” Kimmel replied. “Dude I don’t wrestle naked, I wrestle in jorts,” Cena said. (“Jorts” are jean shorts, for the uninitiated). “Jorts are worse than naked,” Kimmel said. Cena then had the crowd in fits as he walked out, covered in nothing but the envelope. Behind the bit: Cena wasn’t actually naked, a source close to production tells CNN. “He was covered in the groin and butt crack area — and the envelope was velcroed to him,” this source says. The reason for the safety measures around Cena’s private parts? The show had to make sure there were no FCC violations, CNN understands. Jonathan Glazer speaks out against war in Gaza as he accepts Oscar for "The Zone of Interest" “The Zone of Interest” has been awarded the Oscar for best international feature film. Writer and director Jonathan Glazer used his acceptance speech to speak about the war in Gaza. “Whether the victims of October 7 in Israel, or the ongoing attack on Gaza, all are victims of this dehumanization,” Glazer continued. About the movie: The United Kingdom-made film centers on the real-life Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss and his family, who live bucolic and seemingly mundane lives next door to the infamous concentration camp. But viewers never see the unspeakable horrors taking place just on the other side of the garden wall. Instead, they hear them. CNN’s Harmeet Kaur contributed reporting to this post. Emily Blunt And Ryan Gosling get competitive over "Barbenheimer" while presenting Emily Blunt and Ryan Gosling were in competitive mode while acknowledging movie stunts on stage at the Oscars. The two starts of the movies talked about the cultural phenomenon of what’s been termed “Barbenheimer,” the massive popularity of two recent movies, “Barbie” and “Oppenheimer. Blunt noted how the night was going for “Oppenheimer,” saying to Gosling, “And the way this awards season turned out, wasn’t that much of a rivalry so let it go.” Gosling replied, “It’s true. You guys are doing very well, congratulations. But I think I figured out why they call it Barbieheimer and they didn’t call it Oppenbarbie.” “Why?” Blunt asked. Gosling explained, “I think you guys are at the tail end of that because you were riding Barbie’s coattails all summer.” "Poor Things" is on a roll with third Oscar of the night “Poor Things” has earned its third Oscar of the night, this time for best costume design. It earlier won the awards for best production design and for best makeup and hairstyling. Holly Waddington accepted the award and thanked her fellow nominees for inspiring her to become a costume designer. She also thanked the cast for going with whatever she threw at them — especially Emma Stone, the lead actress in the film. In “Poor Things,” Stone plays a child-like woman who is reanimated by a mad professor-type using the brain of her unborn child. The post was updated with Waddington’s remarks from the stage, 2nd Oscar of the night for "Poor Things" “Poor Things” has won the Academy Award for best production design, the second award tonight for the movie by Yorgos Lanthimos. Billie Eilish offers beautiful, stripped down rendition of "What Was I Made For" Billie Eilish was joined by her brother, Finneas, for her performance of her hit song from “Barbie.” With just the two of them — Finneas on piano — she offered an emotional version of the song. The song feels so deeply personal that many people have assumed that it’s about the singer, something she denies. “It was so purely about ‘Barbie’ and how she feels, and I felt I could look through her eyes and see the world and write from her perspective,” she told the Los Angeles Times recently. “And I was truly not thinking about myself. We weren’t talking about my life.” Eilish was simply made for this. Ryan Gosling, Jon Batiste and Billie Eilish among performers for tonight's show Ryan Gosling isn’t just Ken, he’s also now officially a celebrated singer. It was announced last month that the “Barbie” star will perform the movie’s hit song “I’m Just Ken,” along with collaborator Mark Ronson at today’s Academy Awards ceremony. Producers of the Oscars appear to be leaning to star power at this year’s show. “I’m Just Ken” is up for best original song as Gosling is competing in the best supporting actor category. And it’s not the only “Barbie” song up for the sought-after award. “What Was I Made For?” from the soundtrack is also nominated and will be performed by Billie Eilish and her brother Finneas O’Connell. The song recently snagged a Grammy for song of the year. Jon Batiste is set to perform “It Never Went Away” from the film “American Symphony,” while Becky G will hit the stage with “The Fire Inside” from “Flamin’ Hot.” Scott George and the Osage Singers are set to perform “Wahzhazhe (A Song For My People)” from “Killers of the Flower Moon.” America Ferrera sparkles in Barbie-pink chainmail gown In a night of muted tones (so far), America Ferrera wowed in a slinky, shimmering pink gown, courtesy of Versace. Per E! News, stylist Karla Welch said the luxury house cycled through 10 different types of chainmail to arrive at the final look. “Barbie” has provided a wealth of inspiration for cast members’ red-carpet looks during the year, from Margot Robbie’s literal adaptations of famous Barbie dolls to Ryan Gosling’s Kenergy-infused suits. Tonight, Ferrera hopes to take home the award for best supporting actress for her role as mom Gloria in the blockbuster hit, which would be a historic win — only two other Latina actors have won in the category with Mercedes Ruehl in 1991 and Ariana DeBose in 2021. Oscars host Jimmy Kimmel on the role of politics during the Oscars Oscars host Jimmy Kimmel is not planning to devote much time to on Sunday is politics. However, it all depends on the news cycle. That likely means no jokes about former President Donald Trump, though Kimmel has had a lot to say about the presumptive Republican presidential nominee on his late-night show in the past. Kimmel said that he’s prepared for how another Trump administration would impact late-night television, but he’s “more worried about the country than my monologues.” “I just cannot believe that anyone thinks it would be a good idea to put him back in the White House,” Kimmel said. Despite his strong opinions about Trump, Kimmel told CNN he’d like to have a conversation with him on “Jimmy Kimmel Live!” “I would absolutely have him on the show,” Kimmel said. “I do think there are a lot of questions I would like to ask him, and I would like to get actual answers. I think most of the interviews that he does don’t require those.” Watch his response in the clip below: Video Ad Feedback 1e2e8839-3534-4ebf-9dfc-a6448421ff2f.mp4 01:19 - Source: cnn Ramy Youssef, Mark Ruffalo and Billie Eilish are wearing matching pins to Oscars. What do they represent? Ramy Youssef, Mark Ruffalo and Billie Eilish wore matching red lapel pins to the Academy Awards, but what do they mean? The pins call for a ceasefire in the Israel-Hamas war. A group of over 400 stars have joined Artists4Ceasefire, which in late October first published a letter urging the US Congress and President Joe Biden to call for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and Israel through Artists4Ceasefire.org. In a press statement, Artists4Ceasefire said: “The pin symbolizes collective support for an immediate and permanent cease-fire, the release of all of the hostages and for the urgent delivery of humanitarian aid to civilians in Gaza.” Other stars who have signed the letter include Cate Blanchett, Ben Affleck, Jennifer Lopez, Bradley Cooper, Annie Lennox and America Ferrera. The post was updated with the detail that Mark Ruffalo was also wearing the ceasefire pin. Why Taylor Swift or Aaron Rodgers jokes won't likely come up in Kimmel's monologue Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce may have been the buzziest subject of football season, but for award season, Jimmy Kimmel isn’t so sure the celebrity couple will get a mention in his opening monologue at the Oscars on Sunday. When asked if he plans to talk about Swift and Kelce onstage during his fourth time as host of Hollywood’s biggest night, Kimmel told CNN in an interview this week that the duo is “not off limits, but probably played out.” It’s a careful balance, Kimmel explained, to poke fun at the celebrities gathered inside the Dolby Theatre, while not offending them. On Aaron Rodgers, who ignited a controversy with Kimmel after falsely suggesting the comedian would be mentioned in court documents connected to the Jeffrey Epstein case, Kimmel quipped, “Uh, I don’t know who that is.” Jokes aside, Kimmel said he doesn’t plan to mention Rodgers during the Oscars ceremony, and the athlete is not likely to be invited onto “Jimmy Kimmel Live!” anytime soon. “Probably not,” Kimmel responded when asked if there’s a world in which he would have Rodgers on his show as a guest. “The way I look at it,” he continued, “The next step is for Aaron Rodgers to reach out to me – not the other way around. So, I don’t see that happening. Listen, we have some major differences in the way we think.” "Oppenheimer" leads Oscars contenders with 13 nominations As expected, “Oppenheimer” had a strong showing when the 96th Academy Awards nominees were revealed last month. The Christopher Nolan film leads Oscar contenders with 13 nominations. The fantasy film “Poor Things,” starring Emma Stone, followed with 11, while the Martin Scorsese drama “Killers of the Flower Moon” got 10 nominations. The summer blockbuster “Barbie” earned eight nominations. Here are the nominees in three key categories, and check out the full list of nominees here. Best picture: “American Fiction” “Anatomy of a Fall” “Barbie” “The Holdovers” “Killers of the Flower Moon” “Maestro” “Oppenheimer” “Past Lives” “Poor Things” “The Zone of Interest” Best actor in a leading role: Bradley Cooper, “Maestro” Colman Domingo, “Rustin” Paul Giamatti, “The Holdovers” Cillian Murphy, “Oppenheimer” Jeffrey Wright, “American Fiction” Best actress in a leading role: Annette Bening, “Nyad” Lily Gladstone, “Killers of the Flower Moon” Sandra Hüller, “Anatomy of a Fall” Carey Mulligan, “Maestro” Emma Stone, “Poor Things” Wolfgang Puck previews menu for the exclusive Governors Ball after the Oscars Famed chef and restaurateur Wolfgang Puck spoke to CNN’s Elizabeth Wagmeister on the red carpet a short time ago. He’s the man behind the menu at the exclusive Governors Ball, the lavish after-party held after each Academy Awards. Some of the night’s biggest stars will feast on smoked salmon, macaroni and cheese, mushroom risotto with truffles, Peking duck and much more, Puck said. He also told Wagmeister about some of his favorite interactions with A-listers, including the time actor Joaquin Phoenix stepped into the kitchen to enjoy his meal with the staff, and the time Julia Roberts kissed the chefs as she exited through the kitchen. Legendary funny-man Bill Murray also made an appearance on one occasion, throwing steak salt everywhere. Analysis: "Barbie" saved the box office, but "Oppenheimer" is the movie awards voters have been waiting for “Barbie” might have saved the summer box office, but as the lengthy build-up to the Oscars nears its end, “Oppenheimer” is clearly the movie that award voters have been waiting for. Director Christopher Nolan’s historical epic about the father of the atomic bomb added awards from the Screen Actors Guild and the Producers Guild of America over the weekend – the latter having emerged as one of the most reliable bellwethers for the Academy Awards, aligning with the best-picture winner 11 of the last 14 years. Throw in the film’s 13 Academy Award nominations and previous wins at the Golden Globes, Directors Guild of America, the BAFTAs and the Critics Choice Awards, and while there could always be some stunning surprise, to all appearances the Oscar race is likely over except for the acceptance speeches thanking the Academy and Universal Pictures. In hindsight, the golden hardware showered on “Oppenheimer” should have been predictable, given all the boxes that the film checks. Near the top of that list, despite trailing “Barbie” in revenues the film still grossed nearly $1 billion worldwide, providing award voters with a rare mix of prestige – a star-studded cast, a long-admired director and weighty material – and the kind of commercial success that actually might help attract TV viewers. Read more about Oppenheimer Ryan Gosling says what everyone’s thinking about "Barbie" Oscar nomination omissions: Read his full statement Ryan Gosling is grateful for his Oscar nomination, but joined the chorus of people who question the omission of his costar Margot Robbie and director Greta Gerwig from their individual respective categories. Gosling was nominated in the supporting actor category for his portrayal of Mattel’s Ken doll in “Barbie,” last year’s biggest blockbuster, starring alongside Robbie’s titular Barbie. His nomination counts as one of the eight nods that the film received, but the furor over the hit movie’s director Gerwig and Robbie not earning individual nominations in the director and lead actress categories, respectively, has been ongoing since the nominations were announced. (“Barbie” was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures, which like CNN is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery.) While Gerwig and Robbie were not recognized individually, they did each earn Oscar nominations this week. Gerwig was recognized in the adapted screenplay category alongside her “Barbie” co-writer (and husband) Noah Baumbach, and Robbie was nominated as a producer with the film’s best picture nomination, alongside three others. In his statement, Gosling also honored his costar America Ferrera, who earned a surprise supporting actress nod for her performance in the film. Read Gosling’s full statement, as provided to CNN. "Godzilla: Minus One" team steps onto the red carpet in clawed heels Method dressing on the red carpet has reached new heights this season (most recently with the incredible looks from the “Dune: Part Two” press tour), and the creative team from “Godzilla: Minus One” certainly got the memo with matching clawed heels. Director Takashi Yamazaki, and CGI and visual effects directors Masaki Takahashi, Kiyoko Shibuya and Tatsuji Nojima each got a little lift with reptilian claws cupping their heeled shoes and boots. They also posed with Godzilla figures from the kaiju film. “Godzilla: Minus One” nabbed a slew of awards at the Japan Academy Film Prize (otherwise known as the Japanese Academy Awards) two days ago, and the team hopes to take home the Oscar for Visual Effects tonight. They are up against the teams from “Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3,” “Mission Impossible — Dead Reckoning Part One,” “The Creator” and “Napoleon.”
7196	dbpedia	2	85	https://trettleman.medium.com/the-2nd-academy-awards-assessed-april-1930-454e0a84b813	en	The 2nd Academy Awards Assessed (April 1930)	https://miro.medium.com/…BQZGZ8TJ7PA.jpeg	https://miro.medium.com/…BQZGZ8TJ7PA.jpeg	[ "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1z1D0XX8KdFCye0FlMLdPFA.jpeg", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1*z1D0XX8KdFCye0FlMLdPFA.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tristan Ettleman", "trettleman.medium.com" ]	2020-01-20T19:29:00.229000+00:00	We’re approaching the 92nd Academy Awards and the resolution of my 1929 viewing list, so it’s time for a lil Oscars history, I suppose. In the course of my “reviews” of old awards shows, relatively…	en	https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19	Medium	https://trettleman.medium.com/the-2nd-academy-awards-assessed-april-1930-454e0a84b813	We’re approaching the 92nd Academy Awards and the resolution of my 1929 viewing list, so it’s time for a lil Oscars history, I suppose. In the course of my “reviews” of old awards shows, relatively silly affairs that nevertheless yield some insight into contemporary industry tastes, I take a look at the categories and nominees and provide my thoughts within those parameters. For this “assessment” of the 2nd Academy Awards, held on April 3, 1930, I won’t be introducing films not on the Academy’s docket. Said docket, however, wasn’t publicized for the second ceremony; the Academy has done retrospective research to find judges’ shortlists in lieu of a contemporary, official nominee list. Such a scenario yielded a long-standing anecdote that Mary Pickford, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and wife of Douglas Fairbanks, its first president (who at this time had been replaced by William C. DeMille [host of this ceremony too]), campaigned heavily for Best Actress while her competitors never even knew they were being considered. But I suppose I’ll get to the quality of her performance in COQUETTE anyways. As with the first few Academy Awards ceremonies, the second was not recognizing the best films from a calendar year. Instead, films released between August 1, 1928 and July 31, 1929 were in the eligible window. As such, the 2nd Academy Awards also coincided with the full embracing of sound by the American film industry…and therefore also marking the nominees and winners for the year as relatively mediocre, even compared to just the one previous, comparable event. The first years of the sound era were not as strong as the final years of the silent one, and that disparity was especially clear for the films on display for the 1930 Oscars. One of the best American sound films of 1929’s eligible release window, the Marx Brothers’ THE COCOANUTS, didn’t make into consideration either. The 2nd Academy Awards, held at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, were also the first to be broadcast, on local radio station KNX. Since it was held so long after the end of its eligibility period (just about eight months), 1930 was also the only year that two Oscars ceremonies were held; in November, the 3rd Academy Awards recognized the best in film from August 1, 1929 to July 31, 1930. Back to the 2nd, however: it eschewed the first’s announcement of winners beforehand, the aforementioned list of official nominees, and even five of the 12 categories from the previous year. IN OLD ARIZONA and THE PATRIOT (the latter unfortunately lost) were the big nominees with five each. However, seven films won just one award each, making it the only Academy Awards ceremony where no film took home more than one statue. And so, without further ado, let’s see how often my opinion lined up with the Academy of 1930’s. Well, some brief ado: I’ll rank the films in each category from top to bottom, bolding my “what should have won” choice and marking the actual winner with a * and lost films/films that are not easy to track down with a ~, removing the latter from consideration. Outstanding Picture ALIBI (1929) THE BROADWAY MELODY (1929)* THE HOLLYWOOD REVUE OF 1929 (1929) IN OLD ARIZONA (1928) THE PATRIOT (1928)~ Look, this wasn’t an easy choice for me. Mostly because all four of the existing nominees for Outstanding Picture (to become Best Picture) were all pretty mediocre. Go figure that the mostly silent Ernst Lubitsch movie had to be lost. Noted as “one of the worst Best Picture winners,” THE BROADWAY MELODY isn’t really too terrible. It’s a novelty, certainly, but the existence of a plot within it makes it marginally more engaging than THE HOLLYWOOD REVUE OF 1929, another novelty stage production that was truly a variety show with MGM and vaudeville talent that could now show their stuff in the sound era. IN OLD ARIZONA is a technical achievement with its outdoor sound, I suppose, but a pretty miserable ol’ Western. ALIBI, directed by Roland West, who in the silent era had turned out some pretty good pictures like THE BAT (1926), had to take it home just because of the hint of the visual eye he had displayed just a few years earlier. It’s a stiff and overplayed gangster movie, but ultimately, Chester Morris’ decent portrayal of a two-timing criminal and the film’s climactic shootout and “grisly” death scene leave much more of an impact. Best Director Harry Beaumont — THE BROADWAY MELODY Frank Lloyd — WEARY RIVER (1929) Lionel Barrymore — MADAME X (1929) Irving Cummings — IN OLD ARIZONA Frank Lloyd — THE DIVINE LADY (1929)* Frank Lloyd — DRAG (1929)~ Ernst Lubitsch — THE PATRIOT~ And I can’t even give West credit again since he (and ALIBI by extension) weren’t nominated for Best Director. The cohesion between the Best Picture and Best Director categories had not yet been established, and so I had to end up giving a nod to Harry Beaumont for THE BROADWAY MELODY. I randomly stumbled upon a contemporary, glowing evaluation of the film from noted French filmmaker René Clair the same day as the time of this writing. This was after I had already selected it/Beaumont, but it helps my case. Clair reminded me that THE BROADWAY MELODY was one of the most mobile sound films of the year, a standout element from the suddenly stationary American film industry. This was Beaumont’s most notable film, including those from his lengthy silent career (besides fellow nominee OUR DANCING DAUGHTERS), and if his legacy was to shape the form of backstage musicals on film, then it’s certainly a significant one. Everyman director Frank Lloyd (best known for MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY [1935], most likely) was also an established silent veteran, and won with the silent THE DIVINE LADY. It’s not a very engaging film, from Corinne Griffith’s central performance to John F. Seitz’s cinematography to, yes, Lloyd’s orchestration of the whole thing (all nominated, however). Lloyd did a much better job with the part-talkie WEARY RIVER, otherwise a slightly above average gangster melodrama. And Lionel Barrymore’s turn behind the camera, MADAME X, is a middling fallen woman picture. Nobody, including director of the aforementioned “miserable ol’ western” IN OLD ARIZONA, Irving Cummings, pulled off a great success. Best Actor Paul Muni — THE VALIANT (1929) George Bancroft — THUNDERBOLT (1929) Chester Morris — ALIBI Warner Baxter — IN OLD ARIZONA* Lewis Stone — THE PATRIOT~ Paul Muni’s film debut immediately distinguished him from the pack in the brave new world of sound film. Part of the first wave of stage recruits that the movie studios found they needed to keep step with the technological innovation, Muni played a romanticized martyr, an apparently honest, principled man who nevertheless murdered a man for undisclosed reasons. He maintains his anonymous identity even in the face of his apparent sister, who does not remember her brother after many years. Muni’s “James Dyke” tells his…well, this sister about the heroism of her brother, who he fought with in World War I…and who died in the conflict. It’s a shockingly tender yet resolved performance, leagues ahead of the film’s relatively basic plotting and staging (THE VALIANT is based on a one-act play). It’s also leagues ahead of the other performances in the Best Actor category. George Bancroft, ironically, plays a character in a similar situation, facing the death penalty with stoicism and stubbornness. But Josef von Sternberg’s first muse falters in the pair’s first sound film; Bancroft’s roughness was best suited for the silent screen when it came to von Sternberg’s crime films. Chester Morris, as noted, turns in a decent, wisecracking performance for ALIBI, a flip side of the criminal coin from Muni and Bancroft’s performances. Warner Baxter’s Cisco Kid is a Zorro-like outlaw, made uncomfortable, however, by Baxter’s brownface. It’s interesting that four of the five nominated performances are those of criminals, a harbinger perhaps of the Pre-Code fascination with gangsters and other amoral characters. Best Actress Mary Pickford — COQUETTE (1929)* Jeanne Eagels — THE LETTER (1929) Ruth Chatterton — MADAME X Bessie Love — THE BROADWAY MELODY Corinne Griffith — THE DIVINE LADY Betty Compson — THE BARKER (1928)~ Well, the controversy of Mary Pickford’s performance shouldn’t necessarily obscure the fact that her role in COQUETTE is superior to her fellow nominees’. However, that doesn’t really tell the full story, which is…Mary Pickford’s performance in COQUETTE is alright. Widely publicized as America’s Sweetheart’s first sound film, the Southern drama is a lukewarm, static melodrama. Pickford portrays a decent evolution for her central, spoiled turned tragic character, a portrayal that is just a minimal step ahead of her peers’ similar, fallen-woman-esque characters. Bessie Love is the deviation from that trend, but in fact, the rightful BROADWAY MELODY nomination would be for Love’s co-star Anita Page, who delivers a clever, fast-talking performer, the most alive character in the whole movie. Best Writing THE LAST OF MRS. CHEYNEY (1929) — Hanns Kraly THE VALIANT — Tom Barry THE LEATHERNECK (1929) — Elliot Clawson OUR DANCING DAUGHTERS (1928) — Josephine Lovett IN OLD ARIZONA — Tom Barry A WOMAN OF AFFAIRS (1928) — Bess Meredyth SKYSCRAPER (1928) — Elliot Clawson THE PATRIOT — Hanns Kraly~ THE COP (1928) — Elliot Clawson~ SAL OF SINGAPORE (1928) — Elliot Clawson~ WONDER OF WOMEN (1929) — Bess Meredyth~ The abundance of writing nominees (11, distilled down from Original Story and Adaptation from the first ceremony) is the most obvious example of the 2nd Oscars’ lack of official nominees. It’s really too bad THE PATRIOT is lost; I can’t evaluate its writing’s quality alongside those three other films. In any event, the greatest writing from the batch comes from THE LAST OF MRS. CHEYNEY, a “dramedy” directed by Sidney Franklin. Norma Shearer and Basil Rathbone deliver dry line after dry line, making THE LAST OF MRS. CHEYNEY one of the funniest American films of the year. In fact, it was in the running for one of my favorites from 1929, period, for a while. Its collection of goofy rich people are more effective caricatures than most any of the numerous “rich people” dramas and comedies of the time. My infatuation with Paul Muni in THE VALIANT doesn’t extend quite as far as its dialogue and stretched-thin plot points, but Tom Barry’s script deserves praise for its characterization. THE LEATHERNECK is a “rousing” military adventure typical of the era, except its tragic in medias res beginning distinguishes it from ultimate camp. OUR DANCING DAUGHTERS, an early Joan Crawford vehicle, is a less entertaining rich person dramedy than THE LAST OF MRS. CHEYNEY, IN OLD ARIZONA’s writing is one of its least offensive parts, A WOMAN OF AFFAIRS is quite honestly a mediocre Garbo-Gilbert picture, and SKYSCRAPER is a boring B movie. Best Art Direction STREET ANGEL (1928) — Harry Oliver ALIBI — William Cameron Menzies DYNAMITE (1929) — Mithcell Leisen THE BRIDGE OF SAN LUIS REY (1929) — Cedric Gibbons~ THE AWAKENING (1928) — William Cameron Menzies~ THE PATRIOT — Hans Dreier~ Harry Oliver, a frequent collaborator of Frank Borzage, took European inspiration for his set design of the late 1920s, hitting gold with 7TH HEAVEN (1927), STREET ANGEL, and LUCKY STAR (1929). STREET ANGEL may have been the weakest of that “trilogy” (all starring Charles Farrell and Janet Gaynor), comprehensively and in its art direction, but its expansive sets still envelop the viewer with stark shadows and lighting. ALIBI, from the art-deco man himself, William Cameron Menzies, is elegant and refined, if a little cold. I have a number of issues with Cecil B. DeMille’s DYNAMITE, but its mansion designs contrast its small-mining-town settings well. Best Cinematography WHITE SHADOWS IN THE SOUTH SEAS (1928) — Clyde De Vinna* STREET ANGEL — Ernest Palmer IN OLD ARIZONA — Arthur Edeson OUR DANCING DAUGHTERS — George Barnes THE DIVINE LADY — John F. Seitz 4 DEVILS (1928) — Ernest Palmer~ STREET ANGEL’s cinematography, from Ernest Palmer, is suffused with light and shadow, a beautiful complement to the faces of its stars, Harry Oliver’s sets, and Frank Borzage’s humanist direction. But Clyde De Vinna’s contributions to an ethnographic silent adventure film from W.S. Van Dyke and, more notably, Robert Flaherty, belie WHITE SHADOWS IN THE SOUTH SEAS’ ultimately typical structure. De Vinna’s cinematography, however, is exceptional, full of intimate moments and wide shots in the nature of Tahiti. I take back what I said about IN OLD ARIZONA’s writing being its least offensive part; its wide vistas are photographed effectively. OUR DANCING DAUGHTERS and THE DIVINE LADY’s camerawork are camouflaged.
7196	dbpedia	3	71	https://wildrumpusbooks.com/book/9798887712253	en	The Accidental Star - The Life and Films of Warner Baxter (hardback)	https://wildrumpusbooks.…avicon-32x32.png	https://wildrumpusbooks.…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://wildrumpusbooks.com/sites/default/files/styles/logo/public/2024-05/wild-rumpus-logo-no-address-2020.jpg?itok=0h0jv-yY", "https://images.booksense.com/images/253/712/9798887712253.jpg", "https://wildrumpusbooks.com/themes/custom/bookworm/images/ada_compliance.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A Best Actor Academy Award on his mantle, a four-decade-long acting career on his resume, 104 feature films in his filmography, enough great reviews to fill a dozen scrapbooks, the highest paid actor in Hollywood in 1938, and the second highest in 1937, a popular star admired and loved by coworkers and fans everywhere, a man beloved by his wife, family, and friends whose philanthropy, community service, and acts of kindness won him wide approbation. Those were but a few of the accomplishments of Warner Baxter, the actor and the man. Yet in spite of all his achievements, the life of Warner Baxter was no bed of roses. An insecure, troubled man bedeviled by grave self-doubts, negative thoughts and inner demons which he never seemed totally able to control, Baxter often appeared incapable of enjoying his many triumphs. On a surface level, his unhappiness and inner turmoil appear irrational, but when one learns his history, past experiences, and the astonishing series of accidents, injuries, and catastrophes which befell Baxter and those closest to him throughout his life, his insecurities and instability become considerably more understandable. Similarly sad is the fact that since his early death in 1951, Warner Baxter's fame and professional legacy have basically faded into oblivion, an unjust victim of time and neglect. Who was Warner Baxter? Why is he important? How is it possible such an acclaimed and popular actor, someone so admired by fans and Hollywood elites during his heyday could be disregarded and/or forgotten today? The Accidental Star chronicles the dramatic life and career of this talented, versatile and vastly underrated film star in an attempt to answer those questions. A native of Charlotte, Michigan, author, biographer Dan Van Neste has been chronicling entertainment history for over thirty years. He is the author of three acclaimed film books: The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows (2011), The Magnificent Heel: The Life and Films of Ricardo Cortez (2017), and They Coulda Been Contenders: Twelve Actors Who Should Have Been Cinematic Superstars (2019). He lives in Lansing, Michigan.	en	/sites/default/files/2024-05/favicon-32x32.png	IndieCommerce	https://wildrumpusbooks.com/book/9798887712253	Description A Best Actor Academy Award on his mantle, a four-decade-long acting career on his resume, 104 feature films in his filmography, enough great reviews to fill a dozen scrapbooks, the highest paid actor in Hollywood in 1938, and the second highest in 1937, a popular star admired and loved by coworkers and fans everywhere, a man beloved by his wife, family, and friends whose philanthropy, community service, and acts of kindness won him wide approbation. Those were but a few of the accomplishments of Warner Baxter, the actor and the man. Yet in spite of all his achievements, the life of Warner Baxter was no bed of roses. An insecure, troubled man bedeviled by grave self-doubts, negative thoughts and inner demons which he never seemed totally able to control, Baxter often appeared incapable of enjoying his many triumphs. On a surface level, his unhappiness and inner turmoil appear irrational, but when one learns his history, past experiences, and the astonishing series of accidents, injuries, and catastrophes which befell Baxter and those closest to him throughout his life, his insecurities and instability become considerably more understandable. Similarly sad is the fact that since his early death in 1951, Warner Baxter's fame and professional legacy have basically faded into oblivion, an unjust victim of time and neglect. Who was Warner Baxter? Why is he important? How is it possible such an acclaimed and popular actor, someone so admired by fans and Hollywood elites during his heyday could be disregarded and/or forgotten today? The Accidental Star chronicles the dramatic life and career of this talented, versatile and vastly underrated film star in an attempt to answer those questions. A native of Charlotte, Michigan, author, biographer Dan Van Neste has been chronicling entertainment history for over thirty years. He is the author of three acclaimed film books: The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows (2011), The Magnificent Heel: The Life and Films of Ricardo Cortez (2017), and They Coulda Been Contenders: Twelve Actors Who Should Have Been Cinematic Superstars (2019). He lives in Lansing, Michigan.
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Actor: Penthouse. Warner Baxter claimed to have an early pre-disposition toward show business: "I discovered a boy a block away who would eat worms and swallow flies for a penny. For one-third of the profits, I exhibited him in a tent." When he was age 9, his widowed mother moved to San Francisco where, following the earthquake of 1906, his family lived in a tent for two weeks...	en	https://m.media-amazon.c…B1582158068_.png	IMDb	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0062828/	Warner Baxter claimed to have an early pre-disposition toward show business: "I discovered a boy a block away who would eat worms and swallow flies for a penny. For one-third of the profits, I exhibited him in a tent." When he was age 9, his widowed mother moved to San Francisco where, following the earthquake of 1906, his family lived in a tent for two weeks "in mortal terror of the fire." By 1910 he was in vaudeville and from there went on to Broadway plays and movies. A matinée idol in the silents, he came to prominence as the Cisco Kid with In Old Arizona (1928), for which he won an Oscar. He went on to star with Myrna Loy in Penthouse (1933) and to what many consider his best role, that of the doctor who treated Abraham Lincoln's assassin, in Der Gefangene der Haifischinsel (1936). That year his $284,000 income topped the industry. In 1943, after slipping into a string of B-pictures, he began his Dr. Ordway "Crime Doctor" series with Crime Doctor (1943). He had suffered a nervous breakdown, and these pictures were easy on him (studio sets for one month, two films a year). Following a lobotomy to relieve pains of arthritis, he died of pneumonia.
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7196	dbpedia	0	65	https://www.amazon.com.be/-/en/Dan-Van-Neste/dp/B0CDK3DLKX	en	The Life and Films of Warner Baxter (hardback) : Van Neste, Dan: Amazon.com.be: Books	https://m.media-amazon.c…CB600081501_.png		[ "https://fls-eu.amazon.com.be/1/batch/1/OP/AMEN7PMS3EDWL:261-1183917-7145411:GMSVZSV1Q7ME5Q0H7ER4$uedata=s:%2Frd%2Fuedata%3Fstaticb%26id%3DGMSVZSV1Q7ME5Q0H7ER4:0", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/51/gno/sprites/nav-sprite-global-1x-reorg-privacy._CB600081501_.png", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/51/marketing/prime/2022PrimeBrand/SWM_EN._CB630144860_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/51/marketing/prime/amazonprime_hybrid_ES_FR._CB636153191_.png", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41zdzFrnkgL._SY445_SX342_.jpg", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/grey-pixel.gif", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png", "https://fls-eu.amazon.com.be/1/batch/1/OP/AMEN7PMS3EDWL:261-1183917-7145411:GMSVZSV1Q7ME5Q0H7ER4$uedata=s:%2Frd%2Fuedata%3Fnoscript%26id%3DGMSVZSV1Q7ME5Q0H7ER4:0" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Accidental Star - The Life and Films of Warner Baxter (hardback) : Van Neste, Dan: Amazon.com.be: Books	en			https://www.amazon.com.be/-/en/Dan-Van-Neste/dp/B0CDK3DLKX	A Best Actor Academy Award on his mantle, a four-decade-long acting career on his resume, 104 feature films in his filmography, enough great reviews to fill a dozen scrapbooks, the highest paid actor in Hollywood in 1938, and the second highest in 1937, a popular star admired and loved by coworkers and fans everywhere, a man beloved by his wife, family, and friends whose philanthropy, community service, and acts of kindness won him wide approbation. Those were but a few of the accomplishments of Warner Baxter, the actor and the man. Yet in spite of all his achievements, the life of Warner Baxter was no bed of roses. An insecure, troubled man bedeviled by grave self-doubts, negative thoughts and inner demons which he never seemed totally able to control, Baxter often appeared incapable of enjoying his many triumphs. On a surface level, his unhappiness and inner turmoil appear irrational, but when one learns his history, past experiences, and the astonishing series of accidents, injuries, and catastrophes which befell Baxter and those closest to him throughout his life, his insecurities and instability become considerably more understandable. Similarly sad is the fact that since his early death in 1951, Warner Baxter's fame and professional legacy have basically faded into oblivion, an unjust victim of time and neglect. Who was Warner Baxter? Why is he important? How is it possible such an acclaimed and popular actor, someone so admired by fans and Hollywood elites during his heyday could be disregarded and/or forgotten today? The Accidental Star chronicles the dramatic life and career of this talented, versatile and vastly underrated film star in an attempt to answer those questions. A native of Charlotte, Michigan, author, biographer Dan Van Neste has been chronicling entertainment history for over thirty years. He is the author of three acclaimed film books: The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows (2011), The Magnificent Heel: The Life and Films of Ricardo Cortez (2017), and They Coulda Been Contenders: Twelve Actors Who Should Have Been Cinematic Superstars (2019). He lives in Lansing, Michigan.
7196	dbpedia	2	93	https://www.cftech.com/en/information-resources/64-history-of-oscar-award-winners-in-big-5-categories	en	History of Oscar award winners in Big 5 Categories			[ "https://www.cftech.com/templates/rt_requiem/custom/images/cftech_image6_33pct.gif", "https://www.cftech.com/images/Media/history-of-the-oscars.jpg" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/TcpkFZw9sKw", "https://youtu.be/TcpkFZw9sKw" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Admin" ]	2017-02-26T03:16:45+00:00	The awards ceremony was first broadcast to radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be str	en	/favicon.ico		null	Academy Award nominees vying for Oscars statuettes at annual award ceremonies generally happen on a Sunday evening in the last week of February in Los Angeles. The Academy Awards -- more commonly known as the Oscars -- are the oldest and most influential of film awards, often serving as an influencing model from which other types of performing arts award ceremonies fashion their format. The awards, first presented in May 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, a non-profit professional organization whose acronym stands for "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences" AMPAS is based in Beverly Hills, California, and was founded in 1927. The awards ceremony was first broadcast to radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. Pricewaterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) has managed the Academy Awards balloting process since 1935 - all but the first six years of the Oscars. Ever since 1941, when their now-famous confidential envelope system was introduced, marking the first year of complete secrecy, "the Envelope Please" has become a familiar phrase that evokes the thought of the Academy Awards® ceremony. Except for the early years of the institution, the awards honored films made during the previous 12-month calendar year. At first, to be eligible for an award, a film had to open in Los Angeles during the twelve months ending on July 31 of the preceding year. To allow each ceremony to cover films for a single calendar year - matching the eligibility period, the 1932/33 awards were based on a 17-month qualifying period. Ever since then, beginning with the 1934 awards ceremony, all awards have been based on openings in the previous calendar year. Through whatever qualifying format changes that might have evolved through the years, recognition of a core group of awards, known as the "Big Five," Oscars has been more of a constant throughout the Academy Awards evolution. The so-called "Big Five" awards are categorized as: Best Picture Actor in a Leading Role Actress in a Leading Role Directing Writing (either Original Screenplay or Adapted Screenplay) Right up to the 88th Academy Award nominations in 2016, 42 films have been nominated for the "Big Five" including three 1967 films ("Bonnie and Clyde," "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner," and "The Graduate") and three 1981 films ("Atlantic City," "On Golden Pond," and "Reds"). The following video, 'The history of the Oscars' from The Telegraph newspaper, will provide a comprehensive annotated summary set to music of the Academy Awards through the years, including how the famous Oscar gold trophy statue was awarded its name, as well as to take a look at some of the most famous Oscar moments over the years. Make sure to check the AMPAS news stream below the Oscars history chart. Oscars Instagram Oscars' Big 5 winners from the beginning of its history Year Best Picture Actor in a Leading Role Actress in a Leading Role Directing Writing (Original Screenplay/Adapted Screenplay) 1927/28 (1st) Wings (Paramount Famous Lasky) Emil Jannings -- The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh Janet Gaynor -- 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise Frank Borzage -- 7th Heaven Benjamin Glazer -- 7th Heaven 1928/29 (2nd) The Broadway Melody (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) Warner Baxter -- In Old Arizona Mary Pickford -- Coquette Frank Lloyd -- The Divine Lady Hans Kraly -- The Patriot 1929/30 (3rd) All Quiet on the Western Front (Universal) George Arliss -- Disraeli Norma Shearer -- The Divorcee Lewis Milestone -- All Quiet on the Western Front The Big House -- Frances Marion 1930/31 (4th) Cimarron (RKO Radio) Lionel Barrymore -- A Free Soul Marie Dressler -- Min and Bill Skippy -- Norman Taurog Cimarron -- Howard Estabrook 1931/32 (5th) Grand Hotel (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) Wallace Beery -- The Champ Helen Hayes -- The Sin of Madelon Claudet Bad Girl -- Frank Borzage Bad Girl -- Edwin Burke 1932/33 (6th) Cavalcade (Fox) Charles Laughton -- The Private Life of Henry VIII Katharine Hepburn -- Morning Glory Cavalcade -- Frank Lloyd Little Women -- Victor Heerman, Sarah Y. Mason 1934 (7th) It Happened One Night (Columbia) Clark Gable -- It Happened One Night Claudette Colbert -- It Happened One Night It Happened One Night -- Frank Capra It Happened One Night -- Robert Riskin 1935 (8th) Mutiny on the Bounty (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) Victor McLaglen -- The Informer Bette Davis -- Dangerous The Informer -- John Ford The Informer -- Dudley Nichols 1936 (9th) The Great Ziegfeld (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) Paul Muni -- The Story of Louis Pasteur Luise Rainer -- The Great Ziegfeld Mr. Deeds Goes to Town -- Frank Capra The Story of Louis Pasteur -- Pierre Collings, Sheridan Gibney 1937 (10th) The Life of Emile Zola (Warner Bros.) Spencer Tracy -- Captains Courageous Luise Rainer -- The Good Earth The Awful Truth -- Leo McCarey The Life of Emile Zola -- Norman Reilly Raine, Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg 1938 (11th) You Can't Take It with You (Columbia) Spencer Tracy -- Boys Town Bette Davis -- Jezebel You Can't Take It with You -- Frank Capra Pygmalion -- Screenplay and Dialogue by George Bernard Shaw; Adaptation by W. P. Lipscomb, Cecil Lewis, Ian Dalrymple 1939 (12th) Gone with the Wind (Selznick International Pictures) Robert Donat -- Goodbye, Mr. Chips Vivien Leigh -- Gone with the Wind Gone with the Wind -- Victor Fleming Gone with the Wind -- Sidney Howard 1940 (13th) Rebecca (Selznick International Pictures) James Stewart -- The Philadelphia Story Ginger Rogers -- Kitty Foyle The Grapes of Wrath -- John Ford The Great McGinty -- Preston Sturges 1941 (14th) How Green Was My Valley (20th Century-Fox) Gary Cooper -- Sergeant York Joan Fontaine -- Suspicion How Green Was My Valley -- John Ford Here Comes Mr. Jordan -- Sidney Buchman, Seton I. Miller 1942 (15th) Mrs. Miniver (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) James Cagney -- Yankee Doodle Dandy Greer Garson -- Mrs. Miniver Mrs. Miniver -- William Wyler Woman of the Year -- Ring Lardner, Jr., Michael Kanin 1943 (16th) Casablanca (Warner Bros.) Paul Lukas -- Watch on the Rhine Jennifer Jones -- The Song of Bernadette Casablanca -- Michael Curtiz Princess O'Rourke -- Norman Krasna 1944 (17th) Going My Way (Paramount) Bing Crosby -- Going My Way Ingrid Bergman -- Gaslight Going My Way -- Leo McCarey Wilson -- Lamar Trotti 1945 (18th) The Lost Weekend (Paramount) Ray Milland -- The Lost Weekend Joan Crawford -- Mildred Pierce The Lost Weekend -- Billy Wilder Marie-Louise -- Richard Schweizer 1946 (19th) The Best Years of Our Lives (Samuel Goldwyn Productions) Fredric March -- The Best Years of Our Lives Olivia de Havilland -- To Each His Own The Best Years of Our Lives -- William Wyler The Seventh Veil -- Muriel Box, Sydney Box 1947 (20th) Gentleman's Agreement (20th Century-Fox) Edmund Gwenn -- Miracle on 34th Street Loretta Young -- The Farmer's Daughter Gentleman's Agreement -- Elia Kazan The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer -- Sidney Sheldon 1948 (21st) Hamlet (J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities Films) Laurence Olivier -- Hamlet Jane Wyman -- Johnny Belinda The Treasure of the Sierra Madre -- John Huston The Treasure of the Sierra Madre -- John Huston 1949 (22nd) All the King's Men (Robert Rossen Productions) Broderick Crawford -- All the King's Men Olivia de Havilland -- The Heiress A Letter to Three Wives -- Joseph L. Mankiewicz A Letter to Three Wives -- Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1950 (23rd) All about Eve (20th Century-Fox) José Ferrer -- Cyrano de Bergerac Judy Holliday -- Born Yesterday All about Eve -- Joseph L. Mankiewicz All about Eve -- Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1951 (24th) An American in Paris (Arthur Freed, Producer) Humphrey Bogart -- The African Queen Vivien Leigh -- A Streetcar Named Desire A Place in the Sun -- George Stevens A Place in the Sun -- Michael Wilson, Harry Brown 1952 (25th) The Greatest Show on Earth -- Cecil B. DeMille, Producer Gary Cooper -- High Noon Shirley Booth -- Come Back, Little Sheba The Quiet Man -- John Ford The Bad and the Beautiful -- Charles Schnee 1953 (26th) From Here to Eternity (Buddy Adler, Producer) William Holden -- Stalag 17 Audrey Hepburn -- Roman Holiday From Here to Eternity -- Fred Zinnemann From Here to Eternity -- Daniel Taradash 1954 (27th) On the Waterfront (Sam Spiegel, Producer) Marlon Brando -- On the Waterfront Grace Kelly -- The Country Girl On the Waterfront -- Elia Kazan The Country Girl -- George Seaton 1955 (28th) Marty (Harold Hecht, Producer) Ernest Borgnine -- Marty Anna Magnani -- The Rose Tattoo Marty -- Delbert Mann Marty -- Paddy Chayefsky 1956 (29th) Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Todd, Producer) Yul Brynner -- The King and I Ingrid Bergman -- Anastasia Giant -- George Stevens The Red Balloon -- Albert Lamorisse 1957 (30th) The Bridge on the River Kwai (Sam Spiegel, Producer) Alec Guinness -- The Bridge on the River Kwai Joanne Woodward -- The Three Faces of Eve The Bridge on the River Kwai -- David Lean Designing Woman -- George Wells 1958 (31st) Gigi (Arthur Freed, Producer) David Niven -- Separate Tables Susan Hayward -- I Want to Live! Gigi -- Vincente Minnelli The Defiant Ones -- Nedrick Young, Harold Jacob Smith 1959 (32nd) Ben-Hur (Sam Zimbalist, Producer) Charlton Heston -- Ben-Hur Simone Signoret -- Room at the Top Ben-Hur -- William Wyler Pillow Talk -- Story by Russell Rouse, Clarence Greene; Screenplay by Stanley Shapiro, Maurice Richlin 1960 (33rd) The Apartment (Billy Wilder, Producer) Burt Lancaster -- Elmer Gantry Elizabeth Taylor -- Butterfield 8 The Apartment -- Billy Wilder The Apartment -- Billy Wilder, I. A. L. Diamond 1961 (34th) West Side Story -- Robert Wise, Producer Maximilian Schell -- Judgment at Nuremberg Sophia Loren -- Two Women West Side Story -- Robert Wise, Jerome Robbins Splendor in the Grass -- William Inge 1962 (35th) Lawrence of Arabia (Sam Spiegel, Producer) Gregory Peck -- To Kill a Mockingbird Anne Bancroft -- The Miracle Worker Lawrence of Arabia -- David Lean Divorce--Italian Style -- Ennio de Concini, Alfredo Giannetti, Pietro Germi 1963 (36th) Tom Jones (Tony Richardson, Producer) Sidney Poitier -- Lilies of the Field Patricia Neal -- Hud Tom Jones -- Tony Richardson How the West Was Won -- James R. Webb 1964 (37th) My Fair Lady (Jack L. Warner, Producer) Rex Harrison -- My Fair Lady Julie Andrews -- Mary Poppins My Fair Lady -- George Cukor Father Goose -- Story by S. H. Barnett; Screenplay by Peter Stone, Frank Tarloff 1965 (38th) The Sound of Music (Robert Wise, Producer) Lee Marvin -- Cat Ballou Julie Christie -- Darling The Sound of Music -- Robert Wise Darling -- Frederic Raphael 1966 (39th) A Man for All Seasons (Fred Zinnemann, Producer) Paul Scofield -- A Man for All Seasons Elizabeth Taylor -- Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? A Man for All Seasons -- Fred Zinnemann A Man and a Woman -- Story by Claude Lelouch; Screenplay by Claude Lelouch, Pierre Uytterhoeven 1967 (40th) In the Heat of the Night (Walter Mirisch, Producer) Rod Steiger -- In the Heat of the Night Katharine Hepburn -- Guess Who's Coming to Dinner The Graduate -- Mike Nichols Guess Who's Coming to Dinner -- William Rose 1968 (41st) Oliver! (John Woolf, Producer) Cliff Robertson -- Charly Katharine Hepburn -- The Lion in Winter (tied with) Barbra Streisand -- Funny Girl Oliver! -- Carol Reed The Producers -- Mel Brooks 1969 (42nd) Midnight Cowboy (Jerome Hellman, Producer) John Wayne -- True Grit Maggie Smith -- The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Midnight Cowboy -- John Schlesinger Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- William Goldman 1970 (43rd) Patton (Frank McCarthy, Producer) George C. Scott -- Patton Glenda Jackson -- Women in Love Patton -- Franklin J. Schaffner Patton -- Francis Ford Coppola, Edmund H. North 1971 (44th) The French Connection (Philip D'Antoni, Producer) Gene Hackman -- The French Connection Jane Fonda -- Klute The French Connection -- William Friedkin The Hospital -- Paddy Chayefsky 1972 (45th) The Godfather (Albert S. Ruddy, Producer) Marlon Brando -- The Godfather Liza Minnelli -- Cabaret Cabaret -- Bob Fosse The Candidate -- Jeremy Larner 1973 (46th) The Sting (Tony Bill, Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips, Producers) Jack Lemmon -- Save the Tiger Glenda Jackson -- A Touch of Class The Sting -- George Roy Hill The Sting -- David S. Ward 1974 (47th) The Godfather Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, Producer; Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos, Co-Producers) Art Carney -- Harry and Tonto Ellen Burstyn -- Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore The Godfather Part II -- Francis Ford Coppola Chinatown -- Robert Towne 1975 (48th) One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (Saul Zaentz and Michael Douglas, Producers) Jack Nicholson -- One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest {"Randle Patrick McMurphy"} Louise Fletcher -- One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest {"Nurse Mildred Ratched"} One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest -- Milos Forman Dog Day Afternoon -- Frank Pierson 1976 (49th) Rocky (Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff, Producers) Peter Finch -- Network Faye Dunaway -- Network Rocky -- John G. Avildsen Network -- Paddy Chayefsky 1977 (50th) Annie Hall (Charles H. Joffe, Producer) Richard Dreyfuss -- The Goodbye Girl Diane Keaton -- Annie Hall Annie Hall -- Woody Allen Annie Hall -- Woody Allen, Marshall Brickman 1978 (51st) The Deer Hunter -- Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino and John Peverall, Producers Jon Voight -- Coming Home Jane Fonda -- Coming Home The Deer Hunter -- Michael Cimino Coming Home -- Story by Nancy Dowd; Screenplay by Waldo Salt, Robert C. Jones 1979 (52nd) Kramer vs. Kramer (Stanley R. Jaffe, Producer) Dustin Hoffman -- Kramer vs. Kramer Sally Field -- Norma Rae Kramer vs. Kramer -- Robert Benton Breaking Away -- Steve Tesich 1980 (53rd) Ordinary People (Ronald L. Schwary, Producer) Robert De Niro -- Raging Bull Sissy Spacek -- Coal Miner's Daughter Ordinary People -- Robert Redford Melvin and Howard -- Bo Goldman 1981 (54th) Chariots of Fire (David Puttnam, Producer) Henry Fonda -- On Golden Pond Katharine Hepburn -- On Golden Pond Reds -- Warren Beatty Chariots of Fire -- Colin Welland 1982 (55th) Gandhi (Richard Attenborough, Producer) Ben Kingsley -- Gandhi Meryl Streep -- Sophie's Choice Gandhi -- Richard Attenborough Gandhi -- John Briley 1983 (56th) Terms of Endearment (James L. Brooks, Producer) Robert Duvall -- Tender Mercies Shirley MacLaine -- Terms of Endearment Terms of Endearment -- James L. Brooks Tender Mercies -- Horton Foote 1984 (57th) Amadeus (Saul Zaentz, Producer) F. Murray Abraham -- Amadeus Sally Field -- Places in the Heart Amadeus -- Milos Forman Places in the Heart -- Robert Benton 1985 (58th) Out of Africa (Sydney Pollack, Producer) William Hurt -- Kiss of the Spider Woman Geraldine Page -- The Trip to Bountiful Out of Africa -- Sydney Pollack Witness -- Screenplay by Earl W. Wallace, William Kelley; Story by William Kelley, Pamela Wallace, Earl W. Wallace 1986 (59th) Platoon (Arnold Kopelson, Producer) Paul Newman -- The Color of Money Marlee Matlin -- Children of a Lesser God Platoon -- Oliver Stone Hannah and Her Sisters -- Woody Allen 1987 (60th) The Last Emperor (Jeremy Thomas, Producer) Michael Douglas -- Wall Street Cher -- Moonstruck The Last Emperor -- Bernardo Bertolucci Moonstruck -- John Patrick Shanley 1988 (61st) Rain Man (Mark Johnson, Producer) Dustin Hoffman -- Rain Man Jodie Foster -- The Accused Rain Man -- Barry Levinson Rain Man -- Screenplay by Ronald Bass, Barry Morrow; Story by Barry Morrow 1989 (62nd) Driving Miss Daisy (Richard D. Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck, Producers) Daniel Day Lewis -- My Left Foot Jessica Tandy -- Driving Miss Daisy Born on the Fourth of July -- Oliver Stone Dead Poets Society -- Tom Schulman 1990 (63rd) Dances With Wolves (Jim Wilson and Kevin Costner, Producers) Jeremy Irons -- Reversal of Fortune Kathy Bates -- Misery Dances With Wolves -- Kevin Costner Ghost -- Bruce Joel Rubin 1991 (64th) The Silence of the Lambs -- Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt and Ron Bozman, Producers Anthony Hopkins -- The Silence of the Lambs Jodie Foster -- The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs -- Jonathan Demme Thelma & Louise -- Callie Khouri 1992 (65th) Unforgiven -- Clint Eastwood, Producer Al Pacino -- Scent of a Woman Emma Thompson -- Howards End Unforgiven -- Clint Eastwood The Crying Game -- Neil Jordan 1993 (66th) Schindler's List (Steven Spielberg, Gerald R. Molen and Branko Lustig, Producers) Tom Hanks -- Philadelphia Holly Hunter -- The Piano Schindler's List -- Steven Spielberg The Piano -- Jane Campion 1994 (67th) Forrest Gump (Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch and Steve Starkey, Producers) Tom Hanks -- Forrest Gump Jessica Lange -- Blue Sky Forrest Gump -- Robert Zemeckis Pulp Fiction -- Screenplay by Quentin Tarantino; Stories by Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary 1995 (68th) Braveheart (Mel Gibson, Alan Ladd, Jr. and Bruce Davey, Producers) Nicolas Cage -- Leaving Las Vegas Susan Sarandon -- Dead Man Walking Braveheart -- Mel Gibson The Usual Suspects -- Christopher McQuarrie 1996 (69th) The English Patient (Saul Zaentz, Producer) Geoffrey Rush -- Shine Frances McDormand -- Fargo The English Patient -- Anthony Minghella Fargo -- Ethan Coen, Joel Coen 1997 (70th) Titanic (James Cameron and Jon Landau, Producers) Jack Nicholson -- As Good as It Gets Helen Hunt -- As Good as It Gets Titanic -- James Cameron Good Will Hunting -- Ben Affleck, Matt Damon 1998 (71st) Shakespeare in Love (David Parfitt, Donna Gigliotti, Harvey Weinstein, Edward Zwick and Marc Norman, Producers) Roberto Benigni -- Life Is Beautiful Gwyneth Paltrow -- Shakespeare in Love Saving Private Ryan -- Steven Spielberg Shakespeare in Love -- Marc Norman, Tom Stoppard 1999 (72nd) American Beauty (Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks, Producers) Kevin Spacey -- American Beauty Hilary Swank -- Boys Don't Cry American Beauty -- Sam Mendes American Beauty -- Alan Ball 2000 (73rd) Gladiator (Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig, Producers) Russell Crowe -- Gladiator Julia Roberts -- Erin Brockovich Traffic -- Steven Soderbergh Almost Famous -- Written by Cameron Crowe 2001 (74th) A Beautiful Mind (Brian Grazer and Ron Howard, Producers) Denzel Washington -- Training Day Halle Berry -- Monster's Ball A Beautiful Mind -- Ron Howard Gosford Park -- Written by Julian Fellowes 2002 (75th) Chicago -- Martin Richards, Producer Adrien Brody -- The Pianist Nicole Kidman -- The Hours The Pianist -- Roman Polanski Talk to Her -- Written by Pedro Almodóvar 2003 (76th) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (Barrie M. Osborne, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh, Producers) Sean Penn -- Mystic River Charlize Theron -- Monster The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King -- Peter Jackson Lost in Translation -- Written by Sofia Coppola 2004 (77th) Million Dollar Baby (Clint Eastwood, Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg, Producers) Jamie Foxx -- Ray Hilary Swank -- Million Dollar Baby Million Dollar Baby -- Clint Eastwood Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind -- Screenplay by Charlie Kaufman; Story by Charlie Kaufman & Michel Gondry & Pierre Bismuth 2008 (81st) Slumdog Millionaire -- Christian Colson, Producer Sean Penn -- Milk Kate Winslet -- The Reader Slumdog Millionaire -- Danny Boyle Milk -- Written by Dustin Lance Black 2009 (82nd) The Hurt Locker (Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier and Greg Shapiro, Producers) Jeff Bridges -- Crazy Heart Sandra Bullock -- The Blind Side The Hurt Locker -- Kathryn Bigelow The Hurt Locker -- Written by Mark Boal 2010 (83rd) The King's Speech (Iain Canning, Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin, Producers) Colin Firth -- The King's Speech Natalie Portman -- Black Swan The King's Speech -- Tom Hooper The King's Speech -- Screenplay by David Seidler 2011 (84th) The Artist (Thomas Langmann, Producer) Jean Dujardin -- The Artist Meryl Streep -- The Iron Lady The Artist -- Michel Hazanavicius Midnight in Paris -- Written by Woody Allen 2012 (85th) Argo (Grant Heslov, Ben Affleck and George Clooney, Producers) Daniel Day-Lewis -- Lincoln Jennifer Lawrence -- Silver Linings Playbook Life of Pi -- Ang Lee Django Unchained -- Written by Quentin Tarantino 2013 (86th) 12 Years a Slave (Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen and Anthony Katagas, Producers) Matthew McConaughey -- Dallas Buyers Club Cate Blanchett -- Blue Jasmine Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón Her -- Written by Spike Jonze 2014 (87th) Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (Alejandro G. Iñárritu, John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole, Producers) Eddie Redmayne -- The Theory of Everything Julianne Moore -- Still Alice Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) -- Alejandro G. Iñárritu Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) -- Written by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris, Jr. and Armando Bo 2015 (88th) Spotlight (Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Nicole Rocklin and Blye Pagon Faust, Producers) Leonardo DiCaprio -- The Revenant Brie Larson -- Room The Revenant -- Alejandro G. Iñárritu Spotlight -- Written by Josh Singer and Tom McCarthy 2016 (89th) Moonlight (Adele Romanski, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, Producers) Casey Affleck -- Manchester by the Sea Emma Stone -- La La Land La La Land -- Damien Chazelle Manchester by the Sea -- Written by Kenneth Lonergan 2017 (90th) The Shape of Water (Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale, Producers) Gary Oldman -- Darkest Hour Frances McDormand -- Three Billboards outside Ebbing, Missouri The Shape of Water -- Guillermo del Toro Get Out -- Written by Jordan Peele Call Me by Your Name -- Screenplay by James Ivory 2018 (91st) Green Book (Jim Burke, Charles B. Wessler, Brian Currie, Peter Farrelly and Nick Vallelonga, Producers) Rami Malek – Bohemian Rhapsody Olivia Colman – The Favourite Roma – Alfonso Cuarón Green Book -- Written by Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie, Peter Farrelly (original screenplay) BlacKkKlansman -- Written by Charlie Wachtel & David Rabinowitz and Kevin Willmott & Spike Lee (adapted screenplay) 2019 (92nd) Parasite (Kwak Sin Ae and Bong Joon Ho, Producers) Joaquin Phoenix – Joker Renée Zellweger – Judy Parasite – Bong Joon Ho Jojo Rabbit – Written by Taika Waititi (adapted screenplay) Parasite – Written by Bong Joon Ho, Han Jin Won (original screenplay) 2020 (93rd) Nomadland (Frances McDormand, Peter Spears, Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey and Chloé Zhao, Producers) Anthony Hopkins -- The Father {"Anthony"} Frances McDormand -- Nomadland {"Fern"} Nomadland -- Chloé Zhao The Father -- Screenplay by Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (Adapted Screenplay) Promising Young Woman -- Written by Emerald Fennell (Original Screenplay) 2021 (94th) CODA (Philippe Rousselet, Fabrice Gianfermi and Patrick Wachsberger, Producers) Will Smith – King Richard Jessica Chastain – The Eyes of Tammy Faye The Power of the Dog – Jane Campion CODA – Screenplay by Siân Heder (Adapted Screenplay); Belfast – Written by Kenneth Branagh (Original Screenplay) 2022 (95th) Everything Everywhere All At Once (Daniel Kwan, Daniel Scheinert and Jonathan Wang, Producers) Brendan Fraser – The Whale Michelle Yeoh – Everything Everywhere All at Once Everything Everywhere All At Once – Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert Everything Everywhere All At Once – Written by Daniel Kwan & Daniel Scheinert (Original Screenplay) Women Talking – Screenplay by Sarah Polley (Adapted Screenplay) 2023 (96th) Oppenheimer (Emma Thomas, Charles Roven and Christopher Nolan, Producers) Robert Downey Jr. – Oppenheimer Emma Stone – Poor Things Oppenheimer – Christopher Nolan American Fiction – Written for the screen by Cord Jefferson Anatomy of a Fall – Screenplay - Justine Triet and Arthur Harari View Academy Award books, videos, and memorabilia on Amazon Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Twitter Tweets by TheAcademy You have been reading History of Oscar award winners in Big 5 Categories
7196	dbpedia	3	10	https://www.oscarchamps.com/2021/10/08/1928-29-warner-baxter/	en	29 – Warner Baxter – Academy Award Best Picture Winners	https://www.oscarchamps.…-Old-Arizona.jpg		[ "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-a-Warner-Baxter.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-01-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-02-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-03-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-04-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-05-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1928-29-Warner-Baxter-In-Old-Arizona-06-150x150.jpg", "https://www.oscarchamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Spacer.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Author Snugglecub" ]	2021-10-08T00:00:00		en			https://www.oscarchamps.com/2021/10/08/1928-29-warner-baxter/	1928-29 – Warner Baxter In Old Arizona This wasn’t a bad movie. In fact, the film was actually nominated for Outstanding Picture at the 2nd Academy Awards. But how much of that was due to its leading man, Warner Baxter? I’d have to say, not much. At this point, I’ve not watched any of the other films that had Best Actor nominations, so I’ll admit that I might be mistaken. But I didn’t think the role demanded much of Baxter. And yet, he took home the Oscar for his performance, so I must really be missing something. In the whole movie the character of the Cisco Kid had two, maybe three expressions on his face. There was the happy rogue who thought very highly of himself. There was the suspicious lover who questioned the fidelity of his woman. And then there was the angry bandit who was betrayed by that same woman. There wasn’t much else to the part. The character wasn’t terribly deep, and there was very little character development. He was a conscientious bandit who only stole from wealthy corporations, and not innocent individuals. He was a happy-go-lucky guy who chuckled at his own escapades as a bandito. That only really changed at the end of the film when he learned that the woman he loves has happily betrayed him for the reward money. He gets angry. And after he tricks her lover into shooting her, he becomes sad, rides away into the night, and the movie ends. The part just wasn’t that complicated, and that was reflected in the range of his acting. In other words, his acting was just fine. It was the role that was lackluster. Maybe if the script had given the Cisco Kid a bit more internal conflict when he turns the tables on Tonia, and she is killed. Maybe if he showed the least bit of fear, trepidation, or even remorse about his own criminal behavior. But he seemed just as jolly and carefree when shooting the vigilantes that tracked him down as when he was slyly shaking hands with the cavalry sergeant who was ordered to bring him in, dead or alive. It was all the same to the character, and that was the fault of the script. Well, the Academy voters apparently disagreed with me.
7196	dbpedia	3	8	https://www.onthisday.com/people/warner-baxter	en	Warner Baxter (Actor)	https://www.onthisday.co…baxter.jpg?w=360	https://www.onthisday.co…baxter.jpg?w=360	[ "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/warner-baxter.jpg?w=360", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/flags/united-states.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/burgess-meredith.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/james-caan.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/mel-gibson.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/sean-connery.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/stan-laurel.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/people/will-smith.jpg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/facebook.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/instagram.svg", "https://www.onthisday.com/images/twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Warner Baxter was best known for his Academy Award-winning performance in the film "In Old Arizona" (1928). Baxter started his career as an extra...	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	On This Day	https://www.onthisday.com/people/warner-baxter	Profession: Actor Biography: Warner Baxter was best known for his Academy Award-winning performance in the film "In Old Arizona" (1928). Baxter started his career as an extra in 1914. His first starring role was in the silent film "Sheltered Daughters" (1921). During the 1920s, he starred in 48 movies, including notable roles in "The Great Gatsby" (1926) and "West of Zanzibar" (1928) with Lon Chaney. In 1928, Baxter played the Cisco Kid in "In Old Arizona" for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. This made him a top romantic lead actor and by 1936 he was the highest-paid actor in Hollywood, making $284,000 that year. Baxter married actress Winifred Bryson in 1918, and they remained married until his death in 1951. In the early 1940s, he had a mental breakdown because of the stress of being a contract star at 20th Century Fox. After this, he only acted in lower-budget films like the Crime Doctor series in the 1940s. Baxter lived in Malibu and was active in the community. He was named honorary mayor from 1946 to 1949 and was close friends with actors William Powell and Ronald Colman. Baxter died at the age of 62 in 1951 after undergoing a lobotomy and suffering further illness. Born: March 29, 1889 Birthplace: Columbus, Ohio, USA Generation: Lost Generation Star Sign: Aries
7196	dbpedia	3	92	https://www.vvdailypress.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/03/03/desert-panorama-more-locally-filmed/13605168007/	en	Desert panorama: more locally filmed movies heralded at the Academy Awards	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	[ "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/2018/03/03/NVIC/ghows-VV-668c1549-c928-3895-e053-0100007f5ef3-edae9d93.jpeg?crop=2999,2255,x0,y57?width=320&height=240" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Matthew Cabe, Victorville Daily Press" ]	2018-03-03T00:00:00	From Joshua Tree to Victorville, Edwards AFB and beyond, these 11 films shot in the High Desert went on to earn Hollywood's highest praise.	en	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	Victorville Daily Press	https://www.vvdailypress.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/03/03/desert-panorama-more-locally-filmed/13605168007/	Submitted for your consideration last year were 15 films with local ties that either won or were nominated for Academy Awards. Given Hollywood’s history of casting the versatile High Desert in its productions, that list could only grow upon further research. So it has. Here, then, are 11 more films shot in the High Desert, a vast region that includes parts of San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Kern and Inyo counties. This crop amassed 16 statuettes and 47 nominations. Once again, they are listed chronologically by release year. 1. “In Old Arizona” (1928): This Pre-Code Western is among the only adaptations to remain faithful to O. Henry’s original short story in depicting the Cisco Kid as a cold-blooded killer, according to historian Chon Noriega. “In Old Arizona” received five Academy Award nominations in 1930. Warner Baxter won for Best Actor. It was shot, in part, in Joshua Tree and the surrounding desert. 2. “Lost Horizon” (1937): Before John Ford used Lucerne Valley’s Rabbit Dry Lake for the “Stagecoach” chase scene, director Frank Capra transformed the same flat space into an isolated airplane refueling depot en route to Shangri-La in the Himalayas. “Lost Horizon” earned seven Oscar nominations in 1938, winning for Best Art Direction and Best Film Editing. 3. “The Grapes of Wrath” (1940): Speaking of Ford, two years after his Lucerne Valley trip, the director took to farther reaches of the High Desert for scenes in his adaptation of John Steinbeck’s novel. In the film, the Joad family enters Needles after crossing into California via Route 66’s Old Trails Bridge. Another scene places them just east of Daggett at a state inspection station. “The Grapes of Wrath” received seven nods from the Academy. Ford won for Best Director while Jane Darwell took Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Ma Joad. 4. “The Great Lie” (1941): This dramatic gem was tentatively titled “Far Horizon” when Bette Davis and Mary Astor were brought to Victorville’s 3 Sage Hens Ranch — near modern-day Spring Valley Lake — in December 1940 for a 4-day shoot. A Victor Press article noted “fine weather” meant the crew wrapped up its work in just two days, but that pace didn’t thwart the opportunity for a photograph of the actresses with the Philips family, who owned the ranch. Astor’s role won her the Best Supporting Actress Oscar. 5. “The Story of G.I. Joe” (1945): Locals buzzed in November 1944 when the cast and crew of this William A. Wellman-directed World War II film descended on “the outskirts of Victorville” to shoot what eventually stood in for North African locales. The story focuses on infantrymen as detailed in columns by war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Hundreds of soldiers were part of the cast. They camped in tents locally during a two-week stay. Many of them, along with Pyle, were killed during the Battle of Okinawa before the film’s premiere. “G.I. Joe” received four Academy Award nominations, including the only one of Robert Mitchum’s storied career. 6. “The Bad and the Beautiful” (1952): Kirk Douglas was no stranger to the High Desert. He frequented the Apple Valley Inn and learned to ride horses at the Apple Valley Livery Stables for 1951’s “Along the Great Divide.” This film, though, was no Western. “The Bad and the Beautiful,” details the seedy inner workings of Hollywood with Douglas, Lana Turner and Dick Powell at its center. Several scenes were shot in Lake Arrowhead. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, the film scored five Oscars from six nods. Douglas was the lone miss, losing Best Actor to Gary Cooper in “High Noon.” 7. “The Great White Hope” (1970): Iconic actor James Earl Jones received his only Academy Award nom to date for his portrayal of Jack Jefferson in this film that drew from the life of Jack Johnson, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champ. Jane Alexander was nominated in the Best Actress category. A scene wherein the two drive to the mountains for a tryst was shot at Cedar Lake just south of Big Bear Lake. Though neither won, Jones and Alexander earned Tony Awards in 1969 while “The Great White Hope” was on Broadway. 8. “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” (1977): Two years after “Jaws” made Steven Spielberg the most popular filmmaker in Hollywood, “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” made him one of the most acclaimed. The film follows Richard Dreyfuss’ journey toward contact with extraterrestrial life, garnering nine Oscar nominations along the way. "Encounters" won Best Cinematography and the Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The opening scene, which depicts Mexico’s Sonora Desert, was filmed on El Mirage Dry Lake, 10 miles northwest of Adelanto. 9. “Jurassic Park” (1993): And lest we forget Spielberg’s little dinosaur drama, which was sadly overshadowed by some colorless fare remembered today for being a “Seinfeld” punchline. While “Schindler’s List” (also Spielberg) stole the 66th Academy Awards, “Jurassic Park” makes this list for the archeological dig scene filmed at Red Rock Canyon State Park located 86 miles northwest of Barstow. It won Oscars for Best Visual Effects, Sound and Sound Effects Editing. 10. “Iron Man” (2008) and “Iron Man 2” (2010): In their characters, themes and proliferation, superhero pictures are, no doubt, today’s Westerns. As such, it’s hard to find one that wasn’t shot in some remote desert. But Jon Favreau’s first “Iron Man” stands apart for its multiple High Desert locations. Lone Pine’s Alabama Hills, Edwards Air Force Base and Palmdale Regional Airport all make appearances. “Iron Man 2” was shot at Edwards, too, but it’s only here because Marvel Studios mandated it. The films combined for three nods in the Sound Editing and Visual Effects categories. Matthew Cabe can be reached at MCabe@VVDailyPress.com or at 760-951-6254. Follow him on Twitter @DP_MatthewCabe.